text:
Dokka Umarov
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (June 2013) |
Dokka Umarov | |
Dokka Umarov during a session of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria commanders in 2003 | |
1st Emir of the Caucasus Emirate | |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office 31 October 2007 |
Preceded by | Position created |
5th President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | |
In office 17 June 2006 – 31 October 2007 |
Preceded by | Abdul Halim Sadulayev |
Succeeded by | Position abolished (Prime Minister in Exile: Akhmed Zakayev) |
Personal details | |
Born | Dokka Khamatovich Umarov Докка Хаматович Умаров 13 April 1964 Kharsenoi, Chechen-Ingush ASSR, Soviet Union |
Nationality | Chechen |
Children | 6 |
Religion | Islam |
Website | Kavkaz Center |
Military service | |
Battles/wars | First Chechen War Second Chechen War North Caucasus Insurgency |
Doku (Dokka) Khamatovich Umarov (Chechen: Ӏумар КӀант Доккa; Russian: Доку Хаматович Умаров; also called by the Arabized name of "Dokka Abu Usman") (born 13 April 1964) is a Chechen Islamist militant in Russia.[1][2] Umarov has claimed responsibility for several attacks on Russian civilians, earning himself a media nickname of "Russia's Bin Laden".[3][4][5][6][7] On 3 February 2012, Umarov ordered his subordinates, in a video posted online, to halt attacks on the civilian population of Russia, while leaving military and security personnel as legitimate targets.[8] However in July 2013 he posted another video announcing the end of this moratorium, and calling on Islamic insurgents in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and the Caucasus to prevent the holding of the Sochi 2014 Olympics "using all the means that Allah permits".[9]
Between 2006 and 2007, Umarov was the underground President of the unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI). He subsequently became the self-proclaimed Emir of the Russian North Caucasus, declaring it an Islamic state of the Caucasus Emirate. He is currently wanted in Russia for the crimes of kidnapping, murder and treason.[10] He is one of the major rebel leaders in Russia and has claimed responsibility for numerous attacks on civilians, including the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings and the 2011 Domodedovo International Airport bombing. The attacks killed 40 and 36 civilians respectively, and injured hundreds.[11]
On 1 August 2010, Umarov resigned his position and appointed Aslambek Vadalov as the new Emir of the Caucasus Emirate. However, on 4 August, he issued a statement "annulling" the previous declaration and stating he would remain in his position.[12] In July 2011, a rebel Sharia court ruled in favour of Umarov over the rift, following which the other rebels re-swore allegiance to him. On 10 March 2011, the United Nations Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee added Umarov to the list of individuals allegedly associated with al-Qaeda.[13]
Early life[edit]
Umarov was born to Khamad Umarov of the Malkoy teip (the same clan as the warlord Arbi Barayev and the Chechen ex-foreign minister Ilyas Akhmadov)[14] in April 1964 in the small village of Kharsenoi (Kharsenoy) in Shatoysky District region in southern Chechnya. He graduated from the construction faculty of the Oil Institute in the Chechen capital Grozny with a higher education degree as a construction engineer.[15]
Dokka Umarov is married, with six children, the youngest of whom was born in 2006.[15] Two of Umarov's brothers, Isa and Musa, have been killed in combat.[16] Since 2003, several of Umarov's relatives (as well as many relatives of the other Chechen separatist leaders),[17] including all of his immediate family, have been kidnapped by "unidentified armed men" (presumably government agents); some of them were promptly released but the others have disappeared and may be dead.[18] Shortly after the Beslan hostage-taking raid in 2004, during which Umarov's close relatives were held for several days at Khankala military base near Grozny,[14] Prosecutor General of Russia Vladimir Ustinov suggested the practice of taking rebel leaders' relatives hostage. In 2005, the Russian leading human rights group Memorial blamed pro-Moscow Chechen forces (Kadyrovtsy) for a policy of abductions of the rebels' relatives.[19][20] On 5 May 2005, a group of masked attackers kidnapped Umarov's wife, his one-year-old son, and his 74-year-old father Khamad (Hamad).[14] According to the rebel sources, Umarov's family was abducted by the employees of the Oil Regiment (Neftepolk, headed by Adam Delimkhanov) and held in a Kadyrov's personal prison in the village of Tsentoroi.[18] A few months before that, on 24 February, Umarov's brother Ruslan had also been kidnapped by armed men and then allegedly tortured by the FSB at Khankala base.[21] Umarov's wife and son were later freed, but his elderly father and the younger brother both "disappeared"; in April 2007, Umarov declared his father was murdered in captivity.[18][22] In August 2005, Umarov's sister Natalia (Natasha) Khumaidova was abducted in the Chechen town of Urus-Martan;[20][23] she was released days later, after local residents protesting for her return rallied and blocked a federal highway.[14] In 2003–2004, his cousin Zaurbek Umarov and nephew Roman Atayev were also reportedly detained in Chechnya and in Ingushetia, and then "disappeared".[21]
First Chechen War and interwar period[edit]
Although Umarov was either in Moscow or the Tyumen Oblast[14] when the first Russian-Chechen war began in December 1994, he returned to Chechnya to fulfill what he said was his patriotic duty to fight. Umarov initially served under the command of Ruslan Gelayev. But in 1996, due to disagreements with Gelayev, he left the unit and joined the command of Akhmed Zakayev, who had also left Gelayev's ranks to lead the special forces unit Borz ("Wolf"). In the course of the war, in which his unit was expanded from a battalion to regiment, Umarov was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and won two of Ichkeria's highest awards for valor and bravery: Hero of the Nation (Kyoman Turpal) and Honour of the Nation (Kioman Syi).[15][24]
Following the Khasav-Yurt Accord that ended the first Chechen war in 1996 and the presidential election of Aslan Maskhadov in January 1997, Umarov was named by Maskhadov to head the Chechen Security Council. In that position, he intervened in July 1998 to quash an armed clash between moderates and Islamic radicals in the city of Gudermes.[24] However, he was forced to resign when the Council was disbanded because of persistent rumors of his participation in hostage-taking "business".[14] In 1999, he was accused of an involvement in the kidnapping of General Gennady Shpigun, Russia's official envoy to Chechnya.
Second Chechen War[edit]
Umarov began the current Chechen war in September 1999 as a field commander, again working closely with Ruslan Gelayev during the siege for Grozny.[25] In early 2000, Umarov sustained a serious wound to his face as he was leaving the surrounded Grozny and was hospitalized in a neutral country alongside Zakayev.[14][24] According to the Georgian Intelligence Service, Umarov then led a force of 130–150 fighters in Georgia's remote Pankisi Gorge before his return to Chechnya in the summer of 2002.
Back in Chechnya, Umarov became the replacement of Isa Munayev on the post of the commander of Southwestern Front, the military region southwest of Grozny that bordered on Georgia and the Russian republic of Ingushetia;[26] he was seen as having been an ally of Vedeno-based Shamil Basayev.[26][27] In 2003, Gelayev led his men in the heavy fighting around the town of Shatoy and according to the Russian sources ordered the bombing of the Ingushetia FSB headquarters in the Ingush capital Magas and the attack on electrical infrastructure facilities in the city of Kislovodsk in Stavropol Krai.[25] After death of Gelayev in February 2004, many of his remaining men joined Umarov's command. The next summer, together with Basayev, Umarov was one of the leaders of a large-scale raid into neighbouring Ingushetia that killed scores of local and federal security forces and officials.[25][28] Through 2005, there were numerous incorrect reports of Umarov's death or grave injury. In January, he was reported having been killed in a gun battle with the Russian special forces near the Georgian border. In March, he was reported as having been seriously wounded by a Spetznaz assassination team. In September, the MVD announced it had found "Umarov's grave" and the following month in October he was once again falsely reported dead in the rebel raid on Nalchik, the capital city of Kabardino-Balkaria.[25] In April 2005, Russian special forces destroyed a small guerrilla unit during a battle in a residential area of Grozny after receiving intelligence that Umarov was with them, yet he was not found among the dead.[25] In May 2005, Umarov was reportedly seriously hurt when he stepped on an anti-personnel mine. He was said to have lost a leg in the blast, but turned out to be only lightly injured and participated in an attack on the village of Roshni-Chu three months later.[14] In May 2006, Chechen police discovered his headquarters bunker in the center of the village of Assinovskaya on the border with Ingushetia, but Umarov managed to escape in time.[29] By this time he had already become a vice-president of the separatist government.
Chechen presidency[edit]
As vice-president, Umarov was automatically elevated to the position as supreme leader of the ChRI following the death of President of Ichkeria Sheikh Abdul-Halim Sadulayev on June 17, 2006.[30] Having become president, Umarov also held such posts as the head of the State Defense Council; Amir (commander) of the Madzhlis Shura of the Caucasus; Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria; and finally, Amir of the Mujahideen of the Caucasus. In his first published comments since assuming the role of president, Umarov vowed to expand the conflict to "many regions of Russia", praised his predecessor Sadulayev, indicated that a special unit was being formed to fight Chechnya's "most odious traitors" (a remark believed to refer to the present federal Chechen administration) and stressed that the Chechen rebels would attack only military and police targets within Russia, including in the newly declared Urals and Volga Region Fronts.[31][32] On June 27, 2006, Umarov appointed the maverick Chechen commander Shamil Basayev to the position of vice-president of the separatist government, simultaneously releasing him from his position as first deputy prime minister;[24] Ichkeria's foreign minister, Usman Firzauli, said that the appointment was meant to force Russia into political negotiations, for if they killed Umarov, then the radical Basayev would have become the official leader of the Chechen separatist movement.[33] However, Basayev was killed soon afterward, in July 2006. In October 2007, Umarov made another controversial move when he posthumously restored the disgraced notorious field commander Arbi Barayev to the rank of brigadier general, which had been stripped of him by Maskhadov in 1998.
On August 18, 2006, Umarov was falsely announced to have surrendered at the Gudermes residence of Ramzan Kadyrov, the Russian-backed leader of Chechnya, under a Russian amnesty provision enacted after Basayev's death; however, Russian authorities later reversed it to a claim of surrender of Umarov's "younger brother and former head of body guards" (Umarov maintains he has no younger brother and the later reports identified the allegedly surrendered person as his older brother Akhmad instead; for their part, the Chechen separatists said that the older Umarov disappeared two years before and claimed that the presentation of the Chechen leader's brother was "a PR stunt").[34] Umarov himself has previously called the amnesty as "a hopeless attempt by the Kremlin regime to shroud the real situation in lies."[35] On November 23, 2006, large numbers of Defense Ministry and FSB troops, without the participation of Chechen police,[36] supported by helicopters and artillery barrages,[37] were reported to have surrounded Umarov and his forces in a forest near the village of Yandi-Katar in the Achkhoy-Martanovsky District, on the internal border between Ingushetia and Chechnya. According to Kommersant sources, Umarov got wounded in the operation but managed to escape the pursuit. He then spent the winter months travelling across the mountains to the nearby republic of Kabardino-Balkaria to meet with local jamaats fighting Russian authorities in the region and consolidate the Caucasian Front, the pan-Caucasian Islamic militant network set up by Sadulayev.[38] In April 2007, a group of fighters that might have been personally led by Umarov shot down a desant helicopter with the Spetsnaz GRU troops near Shatoy, killing at least 18 Russian soldiers.[39]
Leadership of the Caucasus Emirate[edit]
On October 7, 2007,[40] Umarov had proclaimed Imarat Kavkaz (Caucasus Emirate, aimed at uniting Northern Caucasus into a single Islamic state) and at once declared himself its Emir, thereby converting the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria into a vilayat (province) of the new emirate. The move to establish the Emirate was quickly condemned by Akhmed Zakayev, by then until recently Umarov's own minister of foreign affairs. Zakayev, living in exile in London, called upon all separatist fighters and politicians to pledge allegiance directly to the Chechen parliament in an attempt to isolate his former subordinate from power.[41] Zakayev expressed regret that Umarov had caved in to pressure from "provocateurs" and committed a "crime" that undermines the legitimacy of the ChRI. In a one-day period two former senior field commanders, Isa Munayev and Sultan Arsayev, issued statements publicly siding with Zakayev and distancing themselves from Umarov.[42] However, all of the prominent active field commanders in Chechnya, with the sole exception of Amir Mansur (Arbi Evmirzayev, the leader of the Islamic Jamaat of Chechnya who was killed in 2010; also some small-time commanders such as Amir Khamza and Amir Surkho of Islamic Brigade of Chechnya and Staraya Sunzha Sabotage Group), had sided with Dokka Umarov on the decision.[43]
Prominent Radio Liberty journalist Andrei Babitsky reported in November 2007 that Umarov had again travelled to the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria to rest and recuperate for the winter months. Babitsky said that Umarov was in a poor state of health after taking a shrapnel wound to his lower jaw (it is possible Umarov received the wound in 2006 when he broke out of a Russian encirclement on the Chechen/Ingush border[14]) and after his leg was injured in a mine explosion. Pro-Moscow Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov offered him medical care if Umarov were to "beg for forgiveness".[44] In March 2008, Chechnya's chief prosecutor, Valery Kuznetsov, launched a criminal case against Umarov for "inciting inter-ethnic hatred and calling for the overthrow of the Russian government on the Internet" (the penalty for this being just a fine of up to 500,000 rubles and a ban on holding management positions); according to Kommersant, Umarov was earlier on Russia's wanted list, but all the previous and much more serious charges against him were suspended in 2005 (the paper also noted that Zakayev-led ChRI government in exile is investigating Umarov for "attempting to liquidate the independent Chechen state" by declaring the creation of a Caucasus Emirate).[45][46] On May 9, 2009, Ramzan Kadyrov announced that Umarov has been reportedly severely wounded once again and four of his bodyguards have been killed in an operation commanded by Kadyrov's cousin and deputy Adam Delimkhanov (early rumors even claimed that Umarov had even been killed and in June the Russian authorities forensically examined the four burned corpses to see whether they included that of Umarov).[47][48] All this was denied by the rebel sources;[citation needed] in next month Umarov himself phoned the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty to say he is alive;[49] and in an interview conducted in July 2009 with Prague Watchdog Umarov maintained that the last time he was wounded was in 1995 during the First Chechen War.[50] On January 19, 2010, Kadyrov announced that he had launched another Delimkhanov-led special operation in Chechnya's mountains to find and eliminate Umarov.[51] Several more operations to search for Umarov on both sides of the Chechen-Ingush border were conducted by the Russian federal forces and Chechen police since then, without a success.
On 1 August 2010, Kavkaz Center proclaimed that Umarov had officially announced his resignation for health reasons and appointed Aslambek Vadalov as his successor. He appointed Vadalov saying "that jihad should be led by younger and more energetic commanders." Although he added that he would "continue to wage jihad and will do his utmost to help the new leadership. [Stepping down] does not mean that I give up jihad. I will do whatever I can by word and deed."[52] On 4 August, he contradicted the claim issued by him on video saying "Due to the situation in the Caucasus I consider that it is impossible for me to quit my duties. The previous declaration is annulled. It is a falsification. I declare that my health is good to serve Allah. And I will serve the word of Allah and work to kill the enemies of Allah in all the time that he gives me to live on this earth." He called the initial video a "fabrication," but did not say why there was a conflict.[53] Later in 2010, Vadalov and the Arab mujahid Muhannad attempted to overthrow Umarov as the leader of the Caucasus Emirate. The "supreme judge" of the group, Sayfullah and Emir Adam, the "governor of Ingushetia province", continued to support Umarov. Umarov blamed al-Emirat for the split in the group. In April 2011, Muhannad was killed by Russian forces, paving the way for re-unification. In July 2011, the insurgents' supreme Islamic court ruled in favour of recognizing Umarov as the leader of the Caucasus Emirate.[54] Umarov also re-organized the group. Amir Khamzat, the commander of the Riyad-us-Saliheen Martyr Brigade or the organisation's suicide battalion who was named the commander of the western sector. Hussein Gakayev was named to lead the eastern sector. Vadalov and Tarkhan Gaziyev consequently followed suit and re-affirmed their allegiance to Umarov.[54][55] Umarov then warned Russia that it would be the target of a new strengthened insurgency as he promised a year of "blood and tears"[56] as a result of the new unity.[57]
In 2013, Umarov called for a resumption of attacks against Russia. In October, a shahidka attacked a bus in Volgograd.[58]
On January 16 of 2014 Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov stated that Umarov had been killed by Russian government forces in response to his call for attacks on the Sochi olympics.[59]
Religious beliefs and world view[edit]
"Barely religious until late in life",[60] Umarov used to be known as practitioner of the region's "traditional Islam", as opposed to "Wahhabis".[61][62] In 2006, responding to Russian claims that he was an Islamic extremist, he described himself as a "traditionalist" and said: "Before the start of the first war in 1994, when the occupation began and I understood that war was inevitable, I came here as a patriot. I'm not even sure I knew how to pray properly then. It's ridiculous to say I'm a Wahhabist or a radical Muslim."[16] Umarov denied that the Chechen separatism is linked to al-Qaeda or any other international jihadist groups, saying that the rebels' priority is liberty and independence from Russia and peace for the Caucasus.[24] Prior to his 2007 declaration of the Caucasus Emirate, Umarov was commonly viewed as a staunch Chechen nationalist and had been expected by many observers to rather curb the pan-Islamist tendencies in the Chechen separatist movement.[16]
In the same 2007 statement in which Umarov proclaimed his Emirate, he expressed solidarity with "brothers in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and Palestine" and described "everyone who attacked Muslims" as common enemies of Muslims worldwide[citation needed] (his deputy Anzor Astemirov soon retracted this statement, although saying they still held Israel to be an enemy). In the video in which Doku Umarov claimed responsibility for the Domodedovo International Airport bombing, Umarov he criticized the United States and Russia for being hyprocrites, in that if they actually followed their own principles, they would have to surrender world power to China, due to the senior status of Chinese culture.[63][64] In March 2013, Umarov urged Chechens from Western countries to not get involved in the Syrian conflict and instead to fight in the North Caucasus.[65] Four months later, he reversed his position and called for Chechens to join the "jihad" in Syria, so they could later use their experiences in a fight against Russia.[66]
Involvement in attacks against civilians[edit]
Although Umarov announced an end to violence against civilians in 2006, in 2009 he has stated that he does not believe there are any civilians in Russia, but also that civilian casualties would be limited as much as possible.[50] Umarov has personally taken responsibility for attacks in which dozens of civilians have been killed,[11][67] and has been implicated in others. He is currently federally wanted by Russia for alleged crimes including acts of terrorism. During the 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis Umarov had been incorrectly identified by Russian security forces and some hostages as an on-site leader of the hostage takers,[26] a claim which was later officially refuted; Umarov himself condemned the act and distanced himself from terrorism.[61]
On several occasions, Umarov firmly denied any involvement in indiscriminate attacks against civilians and questioned its legitimacy and value. In a June 2005 interview with Andrei Babitsky, he criticized Basayev for ordering the Beslan raid,[61] saying that most of the Chechen resistance does not consider the Beslan hostage taking was a legitimate response to Russian actions in Chechnya ("if we resort to such methods, I do not think any of us will be able to retain his human face").[68] Umarov's controversial appointment of Basayev to the post of prime minister in 2006 was precedeed by a public statement rejecting attacks against civilians as a tactic.[69] In another statement in 2004 Umarov wrote: "Our targets are the Russian occupation forces, their military bases, command headquarters and also their local collaborationists who pursue and kill peaceful Muslims. Civil objects and innocent civilians are not our targets."[25]
However, in early 2009 he has been by his own admission personally involved in the re-activation of notorious Riyadus-Salikhin suicide formation, first set-up and led by Basayev between 1999 and 2004; in the next months a string of suicide attacks killed dozens of people (mostly police officers) and critically injured the Ingush president Yunus-bek Yevkurov, raising fears of a new campaign of attacks directed against Russian civilians.[70] In a July 2009 interview with Prague Watchdog, when asked if people should expect a repetition of events like the Moscow hostage crisis, Umarov responded: "If that is the will of Allah. Shamil [Basayev] did not have the opportunities I have right now. […] As far as possible we will try to avoid civilian targets, but for me there are no civilians in Russia. Why? Because a genocide of our people is being carried out with their tacit consent."[50] In December 2009, the Caucasus Emirate (via Kavkaz Center) took responsibility for the derailment of Nevsky Express, an "act of sabotage" which claimed the lives of 27 people (including two civilian government officials and also many other travellers), reportedly conducted on the orders of Umarov.[67][71] The Caucaus Emirate was officially labeled by Russia as a terrorist organization in January 2010.[72] The same month, in a statement about the upcoming "military actions", Umarov said the re-created Riyad-us-Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs will now operate in the Russian cities outside the Caucasus and "the war will come to their homes", possibly indicating the new wave of bombings such as those conducted by the group in Moscow and elsewhere in 2002–2004 under Basayev's orders.[11] On 31 March 2010, Umarov claimed responsibility for personally ordering the Moscow Metro bombings which took the lives of 40 civilians and injured over 60.[73] He also warned that more attacks were to come on Russian soil because of perceived repressions of Chechnya by Prime Minister Putin.[11] On February 7, 2011 Umarov claimed responsibility in a video posted online for ordering a suicide bombing at Domodedovo International Airport, Russia's busiest airport. The bombing killed 36 people, and was described by Umarov as a "special operation" targeting the Russian society and Putin personally.[74][75]
On 3 February 2012, Umarov made an about-face again, and, in a video posted online, ordered his subordinates to halt attacks on the civilian population of Russia, while leaving military and security personnel as legitimate targets. Umarov gave this order in response to nationwide protests against the Russian government.[76] In June 2013, however, Umarov, accompanied by his deputy Aslan Byutukayev, called for his followers in and outside the Caucasus (in particular in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan) to use "maximum force" to ensure the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics do not take place, claiming that Russia's "barbaric actions" in the region had forced him to retaliate. Umarov said: "Today we must show those who live in the Kremlin […] that our kindness is not weakness. They plan to hold the Olympics on the bones of our ancestors, on the bones of many, many dead Muslims buried on our land by the Black Sea. We as mujahideen are required not to allow that, using any methods that Allah allows us." Russian state mass media, usually quick to denounce Umarov, did not report his threat, but Russia's anti-terrorist committee said it was taking measures to "protect Russian citizens" and was "paying special attention to questions of preparation for hold major sporting events of a global scale" while the Sochi 2014 Organising Committee announced that security would be a top priority.[77][78][79]
Legal status[edit]
Doku Umarov is the most wanted man in Russia. Since 10 March 2011, Umarov has also been put on the United Nations Security Council's Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee list of individuals allegedly associated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban.[13] Since May 2011, the United States government is offering $5 million for information leading to his capture.[80]
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- ^ Top-Terrorist bekennt sich zu Flughafen-Anschlag, Der Spiegel (German)
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- ^ a b c Statement of Presidential Administration of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Chechenpress, June 21, 2006
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- ^ James Hughes, Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad, 2007 (p.120)
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- ^ a b Umarov's Sister Is Abducted, The Moscow Times, 15 August 2005
- ^ (Polish) Ojciec przywódcy czeczeńskiego powstania zamordowany, Gazeta Wyborcza, 20 April 2007 (Polish)
- ^ Senior rebel's relative abducted, Caucasian Knot, 12 August 2005
- ^ a b c d e Chechnya: A Look At Slain Leader's Legacy And Successor, RFE/RL, 21 June 2006
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- ^ Richard Sakwa, Putin: Russia's choice, 2007 (p.238)
- ^ Valentinas Mite (June 28, 2006). "Chechnya: Basayev Appointment Sends Signal To Russia And Beyond". RFE/RL. Retrieved June 29, 2006.
- ^ Sergei Markedonov (August 25, 2006). "An Imperfect Amnesty". Russia Profile. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
- ^ "Chechen rebels surrender". WikiNews. August 18, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2006.
- ^ "Umarov reportedly wounded". The Jamestown Foundation, Chechnya Weekly, Volume 7, Issue 46 (November 30, 2006). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
- ^ "Russian artillery tries to flush out Chechen rebel chief". The Scotsman. November 23, 2006. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
- ^ In the Footsteps of Dokka Umarov: Kadyrov's Trip to Kabardino-Balkaria, The Jamestown Foundation's North Caucasus Analysis, May 17, 2007
- ^ A helicopter with troopers crashed down in Chechnya, Caucasian Knot, Apr 27, 2007
- ^ Two years of Imarat Kavkaz: jihad spreads over Russia's south, Caucasian Knot, Oct 7, 2009
- ^ Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Chechenpress, October 31, 2007
- ^ Russia: Is North Caucasus Resistance Still Serious Threat?, RFE/RL, November 1, 2007
- ^ Ingush Rebels Extend an Olive Branch to Sufis, The Jamestown Foundation, September 25, 2009
- ^ Kadyrov Offers Umarov Medical Care, The Jamestown Foundation, November 15, 2007
- ^ Name of the Internet terrorist searched in Chechnya is Doku Umarov, Caucasian Knot, 1 April 2008
- ^ Umarov Faces Charges of Incitement Via the Internet, The Jamestown Foundation, 3 April 2008
- ^ Apaev: Chechen authorities can hide information about Doku Umarov's death till June 12, Caucasian Knot, Jun 9, 2009
- ^ Kadyrov Says Rebel Leader Injured, Reuters, June 9, 2009
- ^ Chechen rebel chief Umarov says he's alive, planning attacks, UNHCR, July 3, 2009
- ^ a b c "Our possibilities are endless..." (interview with Dokka Umarov), Prague Watchdog, 6 July 2009. Retrieved on 27 February 2009
- ^ Kadyrov Launches Special Operation Targeting Dokka Umarov, The Jamestown Foundation's Eurasia Daily Monitor, January 22, 2010
- ^ "Chechen rebel leader 'steps down' - Europe". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
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- ^ a b Bill Roggio, Internal divisions resolved, claims Caucasus Emirate - The Long War Journal
- ^ Some Chechen Commanders Reaffirm Loyalty To Umarov
- ^ Reuters (2011-07-25). "Islamist militant warns of 'year of blood' f... JPost - Headlines". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ "Umarov Promises New Chapter in Insurgency | News". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/putin-foreign-rivals-trying-weaken-russia-20131022134915610451.html
- ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/doku-umarov-chechen-warlord-who-threatened-sochi-olympics-reportedly-killed/
- ^ Ellen Barry (24 June 2010). "U.S. Declares Chechen Militant a Terrorist". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Andrei Babitsky (July 28, 2005). "Russia: RFE/RL Interviews Chechen Field Commander Umarov". RFE/RL. Retrieved June 19, 2006.
- ^ "Russia: RFE/RL Interviews Chechen Field Commander Umarov – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2010". Rferl.org. July 28, 2005. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ Simon Shuster / Moscow (Feb 8, 2011). "After the Airport Attack, Russia's Most Wanted Terrorist Hones His Message". TIME. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ CİHAN (08-02-2011 13:22). "Çeçen ayrılıkçı lider Umarov, Domodedovo terör saldırısını üstlendi". Haber Alemi. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ Vatchagaev, Mairbek. "Chechen Insurgency Leader Doku Umarov Tells Chechens Not to Fight in Syria | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ "Islamists decide to back Syrian uprising". Wnd.com. 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ a b North Caucasus group in Russia, train bomb, web claim, BBC News, 2 December 2009
- ^ Chechnya: Impact Of Sadulayev's Death Likely To Be Negligible, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|, 17 June 2006
- ^ Liz Fuller (28 June 2006). "Chechnya: The Rise Of Russia's 'Terrorist No. 1'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
- ^ Benjamin Shapiro (21 May 2009). "Caucasus jihad: Terror tactics back on the horizon?". Long War Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ "By blowing up "Neva-Express" train militants from Northern Caucasus wanted to kill civil servants, Caucasian Knot, 2 December 2009". Southdistr.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ Russia's SC labels "Imarat Kavkaz" as terrorist organization, Caucasian Knot, 8 February 2010
- ^ Chechen rebel says he ordered Moscow Metro attacks, BBC. Retrieved on 31 March 2010
- ^ "Chechen warlord Doku Umarov admits Moscow airport bomb". BBC News. 8 Februarty, 2011. Retrieved 8 Februarty, 2011.
- ^ Doku Umarov: Domodedovo Attack Was My Work, The Huffington Post, 7 February 2011
- ^ Caucasus Insurgency Head Backs Halt Of Terror Attacks On Russian Civilians, RFE/RL, 3 February 2012.
- ^ Miriam Elder. "Russian Islamist Doku Umarov calls for attacks on 2014 Winter Olympics | World news". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ "Doku Umarov calls for Islamists to disrupt Sochi Winter Olympics". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ "Caucasus Emirate Leader Calls On Insurgents To Thwart Sochi Winter Olympics". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- ^ "U.S. Offers $5M for Umarov". The Moscow Times. 27 May 2011.
External links[edit]
- Profile: Doku Umarov, BBC News
- (Russian) Умаров, Доку: Президент самопровозглашенной республики Ичкерия, Lenta.ru
Political offices | ||
Preceded by Declaration of Emirate |
Emir of the Caucasus Emirate 2007–Present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
Preceded by Sheikh Abdul Halim |
President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2006–2007 |
Succeeded by Position Abolished (Prime Minister in Exile: Akhmed Zakayev) |
- 1964 births
- Possibly living people
- People from Shatoysky District
- Chechen field commanders
- Emirs of the Caucasian Emirate
- Muslim generals
- People of the Chechen wars
- Politicians of Ichkeria
- Presidents of Chechnya
- Islamist terrorism in Russia
- People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee
- Caucasus Emirate members
- Chechen warlords
- Russian people of Chechen descent
- Chechen people
- Individuals designated as terrorist by the United States government


text:
A finger buffet was on offer to ball sponsor G &T Security and match sponsor Pickles Agriculture Ltd before the match but it was the cordon blue desert of the match which was the highlight of the day. A feast of eight tries, for the Maybole side, in a demolition of promotion hopefuls Stewartry.
Read MoreIt was a poor start to the day. A mix up with the bus company meant that the journey to Oban began three quarters of an hour late. The journey was long and the bus arrived on time but last week's team for some reason did not arrive in Oban.
Read MoreOn Saturday Carrick 1st XV hosted Clydebank on a sunny, warm day at Academy Fields. The side were keen to make up for last week's poor performance and with the return of John Dewar and Gary Thomson Carrick were looking more like the side that defeated Stewartry in their first home game.
Read MoreBoth Carrick teams were on the road last weekend and both gained impressive victories. The firsts beat a struggling Strathaven side 136 to 5 scoring twenty one tries.
Read MoreStrathendrick were last week's visitors to Maybole. The men from Fintry were still sampling the warm Ayrshire sunshine when within a minute they were seven points down.
Read More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Math placement scores on Compass, ASSET, Accuplacer, and THEA will be valid for three (3) years.
There are different application periods for the different nursing programs throughout the year. Admission to a program is based on the total number of points an applicant earns based on the scoring sheet for each program. Students are ranked according to their scores. Students with high scores are accepted into a program or placed on an alternate list. Accepted students and alternates will be notified of their admission status by Lone Star College email.
As space becomes available, students on the alternate list will receive an acceptance email. Emails of non-acceptance will be sent to those who were not accepted into a nursing program. Applicants who were not accepted into a program can reapply to a nursing program during the application period. No waiting list will be kept.
The Basic application will be open for LSC-CyFair , LSC-Montgomery, LSC-North Harris and LSC-Tomball on Wednesday, January 15, 2014*. (Apply)
The Transition application will open for LSC-Montgomery, LSC-North Harris and LSC-Tomball, on Wednesday, January 15, 2014*. (Apply)
*The end date for the Basic and Transition applications has been extended to March 17, 2014. Deadline for HESI exam has been extended to March 6, 2014. Please note that during Spring Break, March 10 - 16, 2014, all offices are closed system-wide. There will be no technical support available.
The Transition application will be open for LSC-Kingwood on Monday, March, 3, 2014. (Apply)
The Vocational Nursing application will open for LSC-CyFair on Wednesday, January 15, 2014. (Apply)
The Vocational Nursing application will be open for LSC-Kingwood on Monday, March 3, 2014. (Apply)
Students applying to a nursing program are encouraged to attend an information session. Check the campus Nursing Departments for information session schedules.
In addition to the immunizations required by the Texas Department of State Health Services for all students seeking entry to a Health Occupations Program, students also may be required to obtain additional immunizations to satisfy clinical agency requirements. Some of these may be, but are not limited to
Students admitted to the Health Occupations programs may be required to show proof of medical health insurance coverage or pass a drug screen as required by clinical affiliates.
If you have taken the required biology courses for any of our nursing programs, but took them more than 5 years prior to your application into nursing, please read our Biology Refresher Course Information.
Starting with the January, 2010 application period (ADN and Transition programs), students who took ENGL 1302 for humanities credit will no longer be given credit. See the approved humanities course requirements list.
In addition to the admission requirements of the system and the completion of the online ADN application, the following are requirements for admission into the associate degree nursing program. The applicant must:
Follow these steps to apply.
Applications to all the LSCS nursing programs exceed available openings therefore the application process is very competitive.Valid certificate of American Heart Association Basic Life Support for Healthcare Providers (CPR card) is needed upon admission.
The LSC-CyFair application will be open from January 15, 2014 through March 6, 2014. (Apply)
The LSC-Kingwood application will be open from March 3, 2014 through May 23, 2014. (Apply)
The LSC-Tomball application will be open from July 7, 2014 through September 5, 2014. Please check back to apply.
In addition to the Lone Star College admission requirements and completion of the online VN application, the following are required for the vocational nursing program:
Lone Star College Associate Degree Nursing and Transition to Professional Nursing for Articulating Students programs are approved by the Texas Board of Nursing and accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN). Information regarding this program is available through the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN), 3343 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 850, Atlanta, GA 30326, 404.975.5000.
Lone Star College System Policy is consistent with Texas law as to requirements and admission of any resident or non-resident student. For admission and tuition purposes, residency is defined within Texas Education Code §54.052.
In addition, LSCS will notify students prior to, but not as a condition or requirement of admission, that health care facilities will require students to have a Social Security number or a Visa as a condition of being assigned to a clinical facility. Students who are unable to complete the LSCS health program clinical skills requirement will not be able to complete the program due to a lack of clinical placement.
Additionally, LSCS will notify students that a Social Security number or a Visa may be required for a background check, and may also be required for taking the licensing examination upon completion of program requirements.


text: INGREDIENTS: BEEF KABOBS: Beef Tenderloin Steak Tips, Green Peppers, Red Peppers, and Mushroom Caps on a stainless steel skewer. RICE PILAF: Cooked Enriched Long Grain Parboiled Rice (Rice, Ferric Orthophosphate, Niacin, Thiamine Mononitrate and Folic Acid), Cooked Wild Rice, Margarine (Liquid Soybean Oil and Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil, Water, Salt, Vegetable Mono and Diglycerides, Whey, Soy Lecithin, Sodium Benzoate added as preservative, Citric Acid added to protect flavor, Artificial Flavor, colored with Beta Carotene, Vitamin A Palmitate added), Mushrooms, Onions, Beef Base (Roasted Beef and Concentrated Beef Stock, Salt, Hydrolyzed {Corn, Gluten, Corn, Wheat and Soy} Proteins, Maltodextrin {from corn}, Corn Oil, Sugar, Natural Flavoring, Dried Whey, Caramel and Yeast Extract), Dehydrated Parsley. GREEN BEANS: Whole Green Beans, Butter (Cream and Salt), Red Peppers, Onions, Olive Oil, Salt, Spice, Granulated Garlic. Allergens: Soybean, Milk and Wheat.


text:
Travel, Trade, and privacy groups are heavily criticizing a Department of Homeland Security program that, for the past several years, has been used to mine, store, and assess the personal data of all travelers, including U.S. citizens, entering or leaving the United States.
The Automated Targeting System began as a cargo-screening program. It has since become a way in which DHS can gather personal data it uses to assign risk assessment profiles on incoming and outgoing travelers.
The original deadline for comments on the program was December 4, but when the scale and nature of the program started receiving widespread attention, DHS extended it to December 29.
Kevin Mitchell, chairman of the Business Travel Coalition, has been a driving force behind an effort to get DHS to reconsider the program. BTC submitted a letter, signed by a number of travel-related companies and organizations, asking DHS to stop the program immediately; to provide more information on it; and to proceed "only through an official rulemaking with a significant public comment period, per requirements of the U.S. Privacy Act of 1974."
David Sobel, senior counsel of the San Francisco-based Electronic Frontier Foundation, says that the existence of the ATS program without a Privacy Act notice suggests the program has been conducted illegally. "But the bottom line is that DHS needs to disclose more information about the system before we can have a meaningful public debate," says Sobel, whose organization deals with electronic privacy and free speech issues.
Mitchell's concerns go beyond privacy issues. In the BTC letter to DHS, Mitchell argues that ATS could have a significant impact on business travel. "Databases are notoriously prone to inaccuracies," he writes. "No doubt ATS will cause delays for travelers, unwarranted interferences, and inconveniences."
Some observers are disturbed that DHS implemented the program with minimal public awareness. ATS is "truly a massive and disturbing passenger profiling program," Mitchell said in an e-mail blast sent to BTC members. "Without any public debate or even U.S. congressional awareness, the system was trained on tens of millions of U.S. and non-U.S. travelers entering and exiting the U.S. during the past several years."
"Never before in American history has our government got into the business of creating mass 'risk assessment' ratings of its own citizens," said Barry Steinhardt, director of the American Civil Liberties Union's Technology and Liberty Project, in a statement. "That is a radical new step with far-reaching implications — but one that has been taken almost thoughtlessly by expanding a cargo-tracking system to incorporate beings, and with little public notice, discussion, or debate."
Travel groups and privacy advocates are also worried that individuals are not allowed access to the ATS data, yet the information can be shared with other government agencies, as well as some foreign entities.


text:
Nokia's much-hyped N8 may be getting the lion's share of column inches right now, but that doesn't mean the firm is ignoring the other end of the mobile phone spectrum. The Nokia 1616 is a low-rent blower which makes calls and sends text messages, but does little else in between.
The Nokia 1616 is available for as little as £10 on pay as you go and can be obtained free of charge with many £10-a-month contracts. Buy it for around £24 SIM-free.
Communication on a shoestring
With its incredibly modest price tag, it's hard not to approach the Nokia 1616 in the same manner in which you'd treat any other piece of budget electrical equipment -- namely, with contempt.
Unashamedly aimed at the absolute bottom end of the mobile phone spectrum, the 1616 suffers from the same uninspiring build quality that afflicted its unfortunate sibling, the similarly named 1661. At just 78g, it's so light it feels like a child's plaything, and the cheap plastic exterior does little to install confidence. The casing is hardly what you'd describe as robust, and applying pressure on the back of the phone causes the battery cover to flex in an alarming fashion.
Mercifully, the 1616 isn't blighted with the same dodgy keypad that plagued the 1661. The all-in-one key mat is designed to keep out dust and is surprisingly comfortable to use. Sadly, the same can't be said for the direction pad, which is awkward to press and lacks a central 'enter' button, meaning you have to move your finger to the left-hand soft key to confirm your selection.
Under the bonnet, things remain distinctly unimpressive. Like the Samsung E1170, the Nokia 1616 lacks a camera or any kind of data connectivity, so sending photos to friends isn't an option -- although low-resolution monochrome picture messages are supported.
The complete absence of Internet connectivity is worth pointing out because the 1616's packaging misleadingly refers to the phone as an Ovi-enabled device, which suggests you can connect to the Ovi Store and download apps and games. This simply isn't the case.
Not on the menu
The 1616's menu system is painfully basic, even when compared to the bare-bones version witnessed on the 1661, but it's easy to find your way around. A sprinkling of intriguing options -- including a handy spreadsheet to keep track of your finances -- helps to add a little value. Because of its straightforward approach and bright, colourful TFT screen, we can certainly see the 1616 finding favour with less-experienced mobile users.
Interestingly, the 1616 boasts a 3.5mm headphone jack. As the packaging warns, however, this is only used to listen to the built-in FM radio. Like so many devices in this class, the phone is incapable of playing MP3 audio and relies solely on retro-sounding polyphonic tunes.
Aside from catching up on the latest episode of The Archers, you can also use the bundled headphones as a hands-free kit. This is a neat gesture as many rival phones, such as the aforementioned Samsung E1170, don't come pre-packed with such accessories.
Like the 1661, the 1616 has a flashlight built into the top of the phone. It throws out a surprisingly powerful beam, and is incredibly useful when you're attempting to locate items in the dark. Another unique feature is the talking clock, accessed by pressing the lower left-hand button on the key pad.
Despite packing a pathetic-sounding 800mAh, the 1616 has impressive stamina. Unlike modern smart phones, which can't be away from a wall charger for more than a day or so, this plucky device can last for days before needing a top up. It also offers an impressive amount of talk time.
With so many cheap phones on the market, it's hard to decide which offers the best deal. All of the phones we've reviewed recently have been seriously lacking in features, and the Nokia 1616 does nothing to buck this unwelcome trend. It's unquestionably competent when it comes to making phone calls and sending messages, however, and at the end of the day, that's what mobiles phones are for.
Although the Samsung E1170 is a more visually alluring proposition, there is actually very little between them. The Nokia 1616 takes the edge thanks to the inclusion of an FM radio, flashlight and bundled headset. If you're a Nokia fan with nothing but loose change to spare, we'd definitely pick this over the 1661, but don't go expecting a dazzling range of options.
Edited by Emma Bayly


text:
Safety light curtains detect hand-instrusion
Omron STI safety curtains reportedly provide simple hand-intrusion detection for stand-alone devices and machines.
Omron Scientific Technologies Inc. F3SJ-E Safety Light Curtains are easy-type safety light curtains that provide simple hand-intrusion detection for use in stand-alone devices and machines. Quick mount brackets and reduced wiring combine with easy-to-view alignment indicators to enable OEMs and end-users to mount the F3SJ-E in half the time it can take to mount other models.
"In straightforward applications where simple on/off hand detection is needed, F3SJ-E safety light curtains deliver the functionality and ease of installation that enable machine builders and end-users to reduce installation time and project costs," said Sergio Aguilar, product manager. "And with one fixed response time, it is easier than ever to calculate the safety distance."
In addition to the newly available easy-type models, F3SJ series safety light curtains are also available in advanced-type models to satisfy varied application needs. Where F3SJ-E models satisfy straightforward hand guarding applications, the company's existing F3SJ-A advanced-type safety light curtains offer series connectivity, finger or hand/limb/body protection configurations and advanced blanking and muting functions that are ideal for use in more complex applications. Both versions conform to the latest Type 4, PLe and SIL3 requirements.
All F3SJ models make selecting and installing a safety light curtain easier than ever, as users need only specify the required configuration type and sensor length. Sensors with protective heights of up to nearly 2.5 meters are available for applications that involve large-sized workpieces. F3SJ series safety light curtains have a lower profile than previous models that allows users to add safety to existing equipment without the safety light curtains getting in the way. F3SJs are available with (0.3 m) M12 connector pigtails or a pre-wired 3 meter cable.
Omron Scientific Technologies Inc.
- Edited by Chris Vavra, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com
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text:
Country of Origin: Imported Care: Mary Green recommends dry cleaning for all charmeuse/satin garments to keep the garments looking like new. Or, hand wash Cold with mild detergent. Do NOT bleach. Hang or lay flat to dry. Low to Moderate iron with steam if pressing is needed.
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text:
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1 result for MULCTS from older pre-Shortz puzzles.
Date | Grid | Clue | Author | Editor |
Friday, August 6, 1993 | 46A | Fines | Bill Polvogt | Maleska |


text:
Chapter 24
Charter references: Notice to city of injury caused by negligence to be given to city within 60 days of occurrence of injury, § 17.1; notice to city of claim for injury arising from street defects, § 17.2.
Cross references: Throwing litter from vehicles, § 10-11; truck loads not to cause litter, § 10-12; preventing junk from falling on streets, § 13-7; junked, dismantled motor vehicles, § 13-21 et seq.; noisy vehicles, sounding of horns, § 16-29; driving or walking on new pavement, § 22-3; downtown development authority, Ch. 30.
State law references: Michigan Vehicle Code, M.S.A., § 9.1801 et seq.; municipal authority, § 9.2306.
Art. I. In General, §§ 24-1 24-10
Art. II. Uniform Traffic Code, §§ 24-11 24-23
Art. III. Auto Parking System, §§ 24-24 24-39
Art. IV. Parking Violations Bureau, §§ 24-40 24-57
Art. V. Impoundment of Vehicles, §§ 24-58
Art. VI. Michigan Motor Vehicle Code, §§ 24-59 24-61
Secs. 24-1 24-10. Reserved.
Editor's note: Former Art. II, §§ 24-11 through 24-13, relative to the Uniform Traffic Code, was derived from the original codification of this Code and Ord. No. 768, § 1, adopted Feb. 1, 1971. Said Article was repealed in its entirety by Ord. No. 939, § 1, adopted Oct. 30, 1978, which ordinance also enacted a new Art. II, §§ 24-11 through 24-13 as herein set forth.
Sec. 24-11. Amendments to Uniform Traffic Code adopted.
The Uniform Traffic Code was adopted on October 30, 1978 under Chapter 24, Article II of the City of Midland Code of Ordinances. Since that date amendments have occurred to the Uniform Traffic Code, all of which were promulgated by the Director of Department of State Police effective January 27, 1981 and published in the quarterly supplement number 5 to the 1979 edition of the Michigan Administrative Code in accordance with 1956 P.A. 262 are hereby adopted by reference amending and adding similarly numbered sections of said Uniform Traffic Code to the City of Midland Code of Ordinances including subsections to the current Article II, Chapter 24-11 and further to adopt by the ordinance from which this section derives future amendments as may occur to the Uniform Traffic Code as if fully recited herein.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78; Ord. No. 1485, 8-14-00; Ord. No. 1504, 4-9-01)
Sec. 24-12. References in code.
References in the Uniform Traffic Code for Michigan cities, townships and villages to "governmental unit" shall mean the City of Midland.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 24-13. Changes in code.
The following sections and subsections of the Uniform Traffic Code for cities, townships and villages are hereby amended or deleted as set forth and additional sections and subsections are added as indicated in this section. Subsequent section numbers used in this section shall refer to the like numbered sections of the Uniform Traffic Code.
Sec. 2.25a. After Section 2.25 add Section 2.25a as follows:
Sec. 2.25a. City manager to be traffic engineer.
References in the Uniform Traffic Code for Michigan cities, townships and villages to the "traffic engineer" shall mean the city manager.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 2.36c. After Section 2.36b add Section 2.36c as follows:
Sec. 2.36c. Regulation of operation, parking and speed of motor vehicles on property of the school district for the City of Midland.
(1) Any person who shall drive or operate a motor vehicle on any property owned or otherwise used by the school district for the City of Midland, except on established and designated roads and automobile parking areas, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
(2) Any person who shall park or cause to be parked a motor vehicle upon any property owned or otherwise used by the school district for the City of Midland not designated and established as a motor vehicle parking area shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
(3) Any person who operates a motor vehicle upon property owned or otherwise used by the school district for the City of Midland in a careless or negligent manner shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
(4) The penalty for violation of this section shall be as provided by Section 9.3 of the Uniform Traffic Code.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 2.36d. After Section 2.36c add Section 2.36d as follows:
Sec. 2.36d. Fire routes.
The traffic engineer is hereby authorized to designate fire routes upon streets or highways or parts of streets or highways and prohibit standing or parking thereon upon certification by the fire chief that such streets or highways or parts of streets or highways are especially required for use in attending fires.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 2.48a. After Section 2.48 add Section 2.48a as follows:
Sec. 2.48a. One-way streets.
The traffic engineer is hereby authorized to determine and designate streets or highways or parts of streets or highways upon which vehicular traffic shall proceed in one direction and maintain appropriate markings, signs, barriers, or other devices to give notice thereof.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 3.12. Enforcing violations on private roads and private property. Section amended to read as follows:
Sec. 3.12. Enforcing violations on private roads and private property.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a police officer may enter upon a private road or other private property to enforce violations of this code, and a city employee assigned for the purpose of issuing parking violations by the city manager may enter upon a private road or other private property for the purpose of issuing notices of parking violations.
(Ord. No. 976, § 1, 5-5-80)
Sec. 5.98b. After Section 5.98a, add Section 5.98b as follows:
Sec. 5.98b. Removal of disabled vehicle.
When a vehicle becomes stalled, or for any reason cannot be moved by its own power, and in consequence obstructs a highway, the owner or operator shall cause the prompt removal of the same by towing or otherwise.
(Ord. No. 935, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.13a. After Section 8.13 add Section 8.13a as follows:
Sec. 8.13a. Parking between sidewalk and curb.
No person shall drive upon, park or stand any vehicle between the curb or curb line and the lot line nearest the street, said area being commonly known as the lawn extension or outlawn, whether or not any sidewalk or curb is actually in place on such street, except when authorized by official signs.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.17a. After Section 8.17 add Section 8.17a as follows:
Sec. 8.17a. Regulation of central business district loading zones.
No person shall be allowed to double-park a commercial vehicle for loading or unloading purposes in the Central Business District (defined as the area bounded by the Tittabawassee River; Jerome, Ellsworth and Cronkright Streets) except in accordance with the following restrictions:
(a) Each loading or unloading operation shall be continuous, and such activity shall not cease for more than ten (10) minutes.
(b) Any loading or unloading operation shall not be permitted on weekdays between the hours of 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. on all streets in the Central Business District, and, in addition, shall not be permitted from 11:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Main, Ashman and Rodd Streets in the Central Business District.
(c) Double-parked commercial vehicles at any one time in a single block of a street in the Central Business District shall be in the same traffic lane.
(d) Notwithstanding any of the foregoing, if a loading zone is available or becomes available during loading or unloading within one hundred (100) feet of the door or entrance where the loading or unloading is taking place or is to take place, a commercial vehicle shall not be permitted to double-park and must use said loading zone.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78; Ord. No. 1485, 8-14-00; Ord. No. 1504, 4-9-01)
Sec. 8.17b. After Section 8.17a, add Section 8.17b as follows:
Sec. 8.17b. Additional regulation of Main Street loading zones.
No person shall park a commercial vehicle of over one ton carrying capacity as rated by the manufacturer or over seventeen (17) feet long (measurement to be overall length including both the commercial vehicle and its load) on Main Street, between George Street and Fitzhugh Street in the city, except for loading and unloading purposes and then not to exceed thirty (30) minutes continuous time.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.21a. After Section 8.21, add Section 8.21a as follows:
Sec. 8.21a. Separate violations for metered parking zone violations or overtime parking violations beyond one hour or fraction thereof.
Whenever a vehicle is parked in a metered parking zone for a longer period of time than is permitted by Section 8.21 above, or is parked at a place beyond the time limits prescribed by official signs as described in Section 8.10(r) above, the traffic ticket or other notice of violation issued for such violation shall indicate in writing the time at which such violation is alleged to have occurred. If the vehicle is not moved within one hour from the time the original traffic ticket or other notice of violation was issued, a second traffic ticket or other notice of violation shall again indicate in writing the time at which it was issued. Thereafter, successive traffic tickets or other notices of violation of like nature shall be issued for each hour the vehicle remains parked in violation of this section.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.25. After Section 8.24 add Section 8.25 as follows:
Sec. 8.25. Power to establish parking lots.
The city may establish parking lots on property owned or leased by the city. The council may, by resolution, fix the regulations, control and maintenance of said parking lots and determine the rate to be charged the public for the use of the same.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.25a. After Section 8.25 add Section 8.25a as follows:
Sec. 8.25a. Regulation of parking lots.
No person shall park, stand, stop or operate a vehicle contrary to any posted regulations in any public parking grounds operated or maintained by the city.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.26. After Section 8.25a add Section 8.26 as follows:
Sec. 8.26. Parking in parks, footwalks, etc.
No person shall park, stand or stop a vehicle on the footwalks, bridge paths, sidewalks, grass plots or planted places of any park or boulevard, except in such areas as may be designated for the parking of automobiles, nor shall any motor vehicle be driven over any lawn, grass plot, bridle path, walkway, or pedestrian trails in any park.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.27. After Section 8.26 add Section 8.27 as follows:
Sec. 8.27. Authority to purchase parking meters.
The city is hereby vested with the authority to enter into a contract for the purchase and installation of parking meters and to provide payment therefore exclusively from the receipts obtained by the city from their operation, and such means of payment shall be in addition to any other purchasing powers heretofore granted the city by its charter or by the laws of the State of Michigan. The city is also authorized, at its discretion, to sell or otherwise dispose of parking meters no longer deemed necessary by the traffic engineer. Sale of such meters will be done in compliance with section 2.22 of the Code of Ordinances.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78; Ord. No. 1504, 4-9-01)
Sec. 8.27a. After Section 8.27 add Section 8.27a as follows:
Sec. 8.27a. Destruction of parking meters.
It shall be unlawful for any unauthorized person to tamper with, open, willfully break or destroy any parking meter.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 8.28. After Section 8.27a add Section 8.28 as follows:
Sec. 8.28. Parking on streets between 3:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. prohibited.
Unless given a special police permit, no person shall park a vehicle between the hours of 3:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. on the streets in the city.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Sec. 9.4a. After Section 9.4 add Section 9.4a as follows:
Sec. 9.4a. Current regulations.
All intersection stops and yield right-of-way requirements, regulations on stopping, standing or parking; prima facie speed limits; one-way streets, roadways and alleys; crosswalks; restricted turns; through streets; angle parking zones; all-night parking restrictions; curb-loading zones; public carrier stands; parking meter zones and spaces; weight restrictions; no-passing zones; traffic-control devices and traffic-control orders heretofore established and effective on the effective date of the code shall be deemed established hereunder, and shall remain effective until rescinded or modified as herein provided.
(Ord. No. 939, § 1, 10-30-78)
Secs. 24-14 24-23. Reserved.
ARTICLE III. Sec. 24-24. System designated.
All street parking spaces where parking fees or charges are collected by means of parking meters, and all off-street parking lots and facilities acquired by the city, shall be maintained and operated by the city as one separate municipal system on a public utility basis, to be known as the City of Midland Automobile Parking System, hereinafter referred to as "the system," and shall include all parking meters, lots, buildings, facilities, equipment or accessories used or useful in connection therewith.
Sec. 24-25. City manager to run system.
The system shall be and remain under the management, supervision and control of the city manager, who may employ or designate such person or persons, or such board or commission, in such capacity or capacities as he deems advisable, to carry on the efficient management and operation of the system. The city manager may make such rules, orders and regulations as he deems advisable and necessary to assure the efficient management and operation of the system, subject, however, to the rights, powers and duties in respect thereto which are reserved by law to the city council.
Sec. 24-26. Fiscal year.
The system shall have an operating or fiscal year commencing on July 1st and ending on June 30th of each year.
Sec. 24-27. Fees and charges.
The parking fees, rates and charges to be collected for the use of street parking spaces by means of parking meters of the system and for off-street parking shall be as established pursuant to city ordinance. Any such ordinance shall contain appropriate penalties for nonpayment of such rates or charges, or for violation of time restrictions.
Sec. 24-28. Purpose of rates and charges.
Rates and charges for the use of the facilities of the system shall be in such amount as to produce revenues sufficient to provide the following in relation to the system:
(1) Pay all operation and maintenance expenses of the system.
(2) Pay the principal and interest on all bonds or other evidences of indebtedness of the city issued for the purposes of the system or any additional parking facilities therefor.
(3) Provide for a reasonable reserve for other needed additions and improvements to the system, including the acquisition of additional parking facilities and traffic control equipment or devices.
Sec. 24-29. Certain funds established; operation of same.
The revenues of the system are hereby ordered to be set aside as collected and deposited in a bank duly qualified to do business in Michigan, in an account to be designated Automobile Parking System.
A budget, showing in detail the estimated costs of administration, operation and maintenance of the system for the next ensuing operating year, shall be prepared simultaneously with the general city budget and approved by the city council.
(Ord. No. 1485, 8-14-00; Ord. No. 1504, 4-9-01)
Sec. 24-30. Records to be kept; annual operating statement; annual audit.
The city manager shall cause to be maintained and kept, proper books of record and account, in which shall be made full and correct entries of all transactions relating to the system. Not later than four (4) months after the close of each fiscal year, the city manager shall cause to be prepared, a statement in reasonable detail, showing the cash income and disbursements of the system at the beginning and close of the operating year and such other information as may be necessary to enable any taxpayer of the city or user of the service furnished to be fully informed as to all matters pertaining to the financial operation of the system during such year. Such annual statement shall be filed in the office of the city clerk, where it shall be open to public inspection. Such books of record and account shall be audited annually by a certified public accountant, to be designated by the city council, and a certified copy of such audit shall be filed with the city clerk.
(Ord. No. 1403, § 1, 1-26-98)
Sec. 24-31. Fines.
Fees for violations of this section shall be imposed as provided in Chapter 21, Article 8.
(Ord. No. 1485, 8-14-00; Ord. No. 1504, 4-9-01)
Secs. 24-32 24-39. Reserved.
ARTICLE IV. Sec. 24-40. Parking violations bureau established; treasurer to supervise.
Pursuant to Section 8395 of the Revised Judicature Act, State of Michigan, being MCL Section 600.8395, a parking violations bureau, for the purpose of accepting civil infraction admissions in parking violation cases occurring within the city and for collecting and retaining civil fines and costs as prescribed by this article, is hereby established. The parking violations bureau shall be under the supervision and control of the city treasurer.
(Ord. No. 1403, § 2, 1-26-98)
Charter references: Council authorized to established traffic violations bureau, § 9.14.
State law references: Parking violations bureau authorized, M.S.A., § 27A.8395.
Sec. 24-41. Duties of treasurer.
The city treasurer shall, subject to the approval of the city council, establish a convenient location for the parking violations bureau, appoint qualified city employees to administer the bureau, and adopt rules and regulations for the operation thereof.
Sec. 24-42. Disposition of violations.
Any violation not scheduled in section 21-130 shall be disposed of by the parking violations bureau. The fact that a particular violation is scheduled shall not entitle the alleged violator to disposition of the violation at the bureau and, in any case, the person in charge of such bureau may refuse to dispose of such violation, in which case any person having knowledge of the facts may make a sworn complaint before any court having jurisdiction of the offense as provided by law.
(Ord. No. 1403, § 2, 1-26-98)
Sec. 24-43. Settling violations.
No violation may be settled at the parking violations bureau, except at the specific request of the alleged violator. No penalty for any violation shall be accepted from any person who denies having committed the offense, and in no case shall the person who is in charge of the bureau determine, or attempt to determine, the truth or falsity of any fact or matter relating to such alleged violation. No person shall be required to dispose of a parking violation at the parking violations bureau and all persons shall be entitled to have any such violation processed before a court having jurisdiction thereof if they so desire. The unwillingness of any person to dispose of any violation at the parking violations bureau shall not prejudice him or in any way diminish the rights, privileges and protection accorded to him by law.
Sec. 24-44. Ticket issuance; information on ticket.
The issuance of a traffic ticket, or notice of violation by a police officer of the city or by a city employee assigned for the purpose of issuing parking violations by the city manager, shall be deemed an allegation of a parking violation. Such traffic ticket or notice of violation shall indicate the length of time in which the person to whom such ticket was issued must respond before the parking violations bureau. It shall also indicate the address of the bureau, the hours during which the bureau is open, the amount of the penalty scheduled for the offense for which the ticket was issued, and shall advise that a warrant for the arrest of the person to whom the ticket was issued will be sought if such a person fails to respond within the time limit.
(Ord. No. 939, § 2, 10-30-78)
Sec. 24-45. Dismissal of parking violation without penalty.
If, after investigation, any police officer assigned by the police chief or the city treasurer or any employee assigned by the treasurer, shall certify that because of a defective parking meter, improper or missing sign, stolen vehicle, or that if all material facts had been known at the time, the parking violation should not have been issued; or, that the parking violation notice is incomplete in a material detail, erroneous, issued to a vehicle licensed out of state, is the responsibility of a nonresident of the state, or that it is not feasible to determine the identity of the violator, the violation may be disposed of by the parking violations bureau without penalty, and the certificate attesting such facts shall be attached to the notice of violation.
(Ord. No. 1403, § 2, 1-26-98)
Sec. 24-46. When complaint shall be sworn for parking offenders.
Quarterly during each year, all parking violations which have been issued for more than thirty (30) days and which have not been disposed of at the parking violations bureau, shall be delivered by the bureau to the police department. If more than two (2) parking violations against a vehicle remain undisposed of at the bureau, notices shall be delivered by the bureau to the police department without waiting for the end of the quarter. Upon receipt of any such undisposed of parking violation, the police department shall have any person having knowledge of the facts make a sworn complaint before any court having jurisdiction of the offense as provided by law.
Sec. 24-47. Collection of penalties.
The parking violations bureau is authorized to collect any penalties due hereunder in any appropriate manner, including but not limited to the use of a third party or agency, provided that any agreement for such collection services is approved by the city council.
(Ord. No. 1403, § 3, 1-26-98)
Sec. 24-48. Right to appeal.
Parking violations may be appealed to the parking violations bureau by the alleged violator. Appeals may be filed on forms available at the parking violations bureau located at the city treasurer's office. The appeal shall be reviewed pursuant to section 24-45. The alleged violator shall be notified in writing of the decision regarding the appeal.
(Ord. No. 1403, § 4, 1-26-98)
Secs. 24-49 24-57. Reserved.
Editor's note: Prior to its reenactment by Ord. No. 1403, § 5, adopted Jan. 26, 1998, Art. V, §§ 24-58 24-71, was repealed in its entirety by Ord. No. 1349, § 1, adopted June 10, 1996. The former Art. V pertained to bicycles, and derived from Ord. No. 1104, adopted April 7, 1986.
Sec. 24-58. Procedure for impoundment of vehicles.
The impounding of vehicles shall be done in accordance with the Uniform Traffic Code section 2.5 or when any vehicle is identified and located whose owner has failed to answer six (6) or more parking violation notices or citations regarding illegal parking.
No person shall willfully interfere with the removal of a vehicle impounded, or being impounded, pursuant to this article. No person shall remove or attempt to remove an impounded vehicle from storage except in accordance with the procedure established by this article.
(Ord. No. 1403, § 5, 1-26-98; Ord. No. 1485, 8-14-00; Ord. No. 1504, 4-9-01)
ARTICLE VI. Sec. 24-59. Code adopted.
The Michigan Motor Vehicle Code, 1949 PA 300, MCL 257.1 to 257.923 and as subsequently amended, is adopted by reference.
(Ord. No. 1543, § 1, 9-23-02)
Sec. 24-60. Reference in code.
References in the Michigan Motor Vehicle Code to "local authorities" shall mean the city.


text:
VA Linux Workstation VArStation XMP
Manufacturer: VA Linux Systems, Inc.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Price: $3,000 to $9,000
Reviewer: Jason Kroll
The VArStation XMP (analogous to the StartX ZP) is a top-quality, high-powered workstation from VA Linux Systems. In the years since its 1993 inception, VA has earned a reputation for producing rock-solid, dependable, performance-maximizing, Linux-based workstations, servers and clusters. Once upon a time, VA also built laptops and hopefully will do so again soon. VA even has an entry-level machine, the SP, if you want to get a taste of the "good life". The XMP lives towards the upper range of workstation machines and is indicative of a typical VA Linux system. Most VA workstations come in the same tower, which is an attractive, solid, heavy container with plenty of space and a powerful fan. Beyond that, VA allows any type of customization you want and provides an on-line system for piecing together whichever components you like. Here's a description of the machine VA Linux Systems sent to Linux Journal for review.
The core of the system is an Intel MS440GX motherboard featuring dual Pentium III Xeon 550MHz processors with 32KB of L1 cache and 512KB of L2 cache, 512MB of RAM and an 8.4GB SCSI drive from Quantum. For comparison (to be somewhat up to date), current VA workstations come with an Ms4406x or Tyan 1832 motherboard, are available with Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon processors, and typically have 512KB of L2 cache with the option of expanding to 2MB of L2 cache. Modern machines also have larger hard drives, usually SCSI of 18.2GB or so and often 512MB or more of SDRAM. What does this jargon mean?
L1 cache is "level 1 cache", static RAM which sits on the processor. When your processor asks for an instruction from memory, it's very likely that the next instruction it will ask for is the one right below the current instruction in memory. Likewise, when one piece of data is loaded, the next piece of data the program will want is probably sitting right below that. Instead of loading the instructions individually, the processor caches 32KB or more on the chip (usually 16KB for instructions and 16KB for data) so it can get at the instructions and data immediately, instead of loading them from RAM every single time. This dramatically improves processor speed. The larger the L1 cache, the less loading from L2 cache and the faster the operation.
L2 cache is the "level 2 cache", static (or sometimes dynamic and static) RAM which sits between L1 and the memory at large. Normal RAM is very slow (but cheap) compared to L2 cache (which in turn is slower and cheaper than L1 cache), so the L2 cache acts as a buffer to store large chunks of memory to be grabbed by the L1 cache, except L2 grabs 512KB or more at a time (depending on the size of your L2 cache) compared to the usual 32KB grabbed by L1. L2 is often considered the bottleneck in computer performance, but VA helpfully recommends that you buy bigger cache only if you do very many floating-point operations and your application is noticeably limited by L2 cache dependency. L1 cache loads instructions very quickly from L2 cache, which loads instructions from RAM, so the system is a kind of filtering pyramid to make sure the most needed instructions are most readily accessible.
One might expect a multitasking OS like Linux, which frequently grabs instructions and data from all over in memory, to attenuate the benefits of cache, but the granulation of multitasking systems is large enough that the effect is minimal, especially on fast processors. (Granulation in this case is the division of tasks into pieces, since multi-processing operating systems actually execute many lines of a task before going on to the next task in a queue, and on a 500MHz chip, many instructions and much data can be covered in a few microseconds before moving to the next task, hence the cache is definitely utilized.) Still, VA Linux recommends increasing performance by adding more memory (since we all know how well Linux takes advantage of extra memory) or using multiple machines rather than overloading on cache, as the most economical approach.
SDRAM, or synchronous dynamic RAM, is dynamic RAM which is synchronized for the system bus speed (which is different from the processor speed). That is, dynamic RAM loses its charge and constantly requires refreshing, and if the RAM refresh is synced to the speed of the processor's system bus, a noticeable performance improvement can be made. VA uses SDRAM which is the most fashionable at the moment. Although it doesn't translate into a monstrous performance increase, especially because of the very high speeds of L1 and L2 cache and the efficiency of this system, at the very least it's not a weak link. The core of hardware performance tends to be based around the CPU.
The motherboard of the VArStation contains two Intel Pentium III Xeon 550MHz chips, though one is by no means compelled to choose such a setup. At the moment, VA Linux offers a range of processors starting with Intel's Celeron 400MHz and ranging up to 600MHz Pentium IIIs and 550MHz Xeons. Workstations have one or two processors, servers are available with four, and clusters have more. The Linux kernel can take advantage of two processors and is said to do well with four, although it is rumored more might be gratuitous and a bit less efficient than distributed computing.
The difference between various chips can be confusing. Why is a Pentium III better than a Pentium II, and what do terms like MMX and Xeon mean? Chip design is actually quite complicated, especially with complex instruction set chips (CISC) like the x86, of which I'm not particularly fond. While there are issues of how a chip manages caching of instructions (and microarchitecture techniques such as multiple-branch prediction, data-flow analysis and speculative execution), much of the performance increase in the latest Pentiums and the like comes from raw speed and cache size, and differences between chip models have to do with cache and assembly-code instructions. For example, MMX means MultiMedia Extensions, which is 57 extra multimedia instructions, eight new registers, larger L1 cache and the ability to perform a single instruction on multiple data, known as SIMD. Xeon is the futuristic name given to the top of the Pentium line, designed for server applications. Xeons are made for multiprocessing and use 100MHz buses and 32KB of L1 cache via a 64-bit bus, with support for larger addresses for dealing with big machines. Xeon 36-bit addressing, for example, can access 64GB of physical memory, which may be 62GB more than Linux kernels support. At the moment, VA Linux uses Pentium IIIs for single-processor machines and Pentium III Xeons for dual-processor workstations. Suffice it to say, III is better than II on the whole, and Xeon is better where parallel processing is concerned. The entry-level machine from VA, the StartX SP, is based on the Celeron 400MHz, which has smaller L2 cache (128KB), although it is located directly on the chip for faster results.
All in all, VA matches the right chips to the right machines so that you get maximum performance for the price. For example, a Celeron is good for a home computer, whereas a Xeon would be inefficient overkill on a single-processor desktop machine. The important thing about Linux box builders, especially VA, is that they know how to optimize systems. VA is quite knowledgeable and helpful in recommending how to get the best performance for the dollar, and there really is an advantage to getting a system that's built especially for Linux machines.
Everything else on the VA boxes is top of the line, from SCSI drives to Ethernet cards to modems. There are no weak links in VA boxes. My only complaint is that the sound cards are not spectacular (for example, I would really like digital I/O), but Linux has a way to go as far as sound support. Video, on the other hand, is top quality and utilizes the latest Matrox cards. Of course, VA Linux computers come optimally preconfigured for the monitors VA sells. The keyboard is nice and heavy, although it has three stupid Windows keys. The mouse is a Logitech (for a right-hander, I might add). You don't have to worry about getting cheap components on a VA system. I asked VA about this. "We want overall quality to be high; we will not sacrifice quality to get the world's cheapest prices," I was told. As for support, VA has 24x7 support staff, but the manual is so thorough you probably won't need support. The manual is actually a very large, thick, technical-looking collection of hardware data for everything in the machine. In addition, VA included Que's Using Linux book, SuSE's Linux Office Suite 99, a rescue disk, a couple of CD-ROMs for the video card and motherboard, and a CD-ROM of the OS. The system software for VA Linux workstations is the VA Linux OS.
Linux has become a key foundation for supporting today's rapidly growing IT environments. Linux is being used to deploy business applications and databases, trading on its reputation as a low-cost operating environment. For many IT organizations, Linux is a mainstay for deploying Web servers and has evolved from handling basic file, print, and utility workloads to running mission-critical applications and databases, physically, virtually, and in the cloud. As Linux grows in importance in terms of value to the business, managing Linux environments to high standards of service quality — availability, security, and performance — becomes an essential requirement for business success.
Sponsored by Red Hat
If you already use virtualized infrastructure, you are well on your way to leveraging the power of the cloud. Virtualization offers the promise of limitless resources, but how do you manage that scalability when your DevOps team doesn't scale? In today's hypercompetitive markets, fast results can make a difference between leading the pack vs. obsolescence. Organizations need more benefits from cloud computing than just raw resources. They need agility, flexibility, convenience, ROI, and control.
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I love that the term "real food" is becoming more commonplace.
It's clear that a movement has begun, with people increasingly wanting to avoid processed and fake foods, and learn to eat a more nutritious and whole-foods based diet.
10 years ago, I was in the same place as many of you. I recognized that my diet wasn't ideal and was damaging my body. I sincerely wanted to improve my poor health and change the way that I ate. Much as I wanted to make those changes, though, two things stood in my way.
For one thing, I couldn't make a sudden switch and change everything all at once. My Campbell's Soup, Wonder Bread, Doritos and Coke-influenced tastebuds needed time to adapt to the flavors of fresh vegetables and whole grains. My cooking skills were sorely lacking. Shopping became a more confusing and time-consuming process initially. Trying to make a 180-degree turnaround would have only overwhelmed and discouraged me.
Secondly, there was a lot of confusion about what eating healthy meant. I read a ton of different books and websites, talked to friends and family and nutritionists and doctors, and often found myself more confused than ever.
Should I become a vegetarian or vegan? I'd tried it once as a teenager and had become anemic, but maybe I just had to learn to do it better? Was dairy inherently bad and only meant for baby cows? Low-fat sounded sensible, but not very appealing.
The idea of healthy eating has become even more popular during this last decade, but it hasn't become more clear what that really means. Today, conflicting dietary theories abound (take your pick from vegetarian, paleo, Atkins, organic, low fat, blood type, raw, or any other myriad of popular options), making it increasingly difficult to know what "real food" actually consists of.
Not to mention that in our society's warped food culture, it's hard to even distinguish real food from fake foods. Processed foods have insidiously wormed their way into even "health food" store products, and likewise conventional companies and Big Agriculture have taken on words such as "all-natural", "whole", "healthy", and "farm fresh" among other terms, making them deceptive and utterly meaningless.
Real food is more than a fad, and more than a cute catchphrase, too.
But there are so many questions to be answered when it comes to real food:
- How exactly do we define real food?
- When you're just starting out, what sorts of simple first steps should you take?
- Which ingredients should you avoid? And how on earth do you read food labels in the first place? For that matter, can real food ever come in packages or from a regular grocery store?
- And if a regular store is all you have, what do you buy?
- Do you have to change how you cook, or are there simple switches and substitutions that you can make?
- What about grains? Should we eat them at all? Should we just eat less of them or prepare them in special ways?
- What if you're a picky eater? How do you change your tastebuds?
- Or one of the most common questions I hear... what if your husband and kids are resistant?
- How on earth do you afford eating better foods when the budget is already tight?
- What if all you know how to make are burnt offerings and things that come in a box?
- How will you manage making your foods from scratch since you don't have hours to spend each day in the kitchen?
- Can you make healthier meals that still taste like the ones you're used to? Can real food actually taste good?
We're launching into a new series called Real Food Made Simple: A Beginner's Guide to Eating Better, and I couldn't be more excited about it.
Throughout the month of January, we'll be answering these questions and many more!
I'm done with complicated eating.
Why does eating always have to seem so complicated? It doesn't need to be. I've been studying nutrition for 10 years, gotten myself all twisted up and turned around at times, and take it from me... it can actually be boiled down to something far more straightforward and manageable that it seems.
Food, even (or maybe especially) healthy food, is meant to be enjoyed. You should actually want to eat these things that are good for you. And it shouldn't require intensive study or complicated calculations to figure out what you should and shouldn't eat.
Yes, science speaks to the matter, but I don't think that what we put in our mouths should ever be reduced purely to scientific theories, iPhone apps, faddish diets, or deprivation.
We can focus on real, whole foods, the types of foods that our great-great-great-grandparents would have eaten and recognized, and make them delicious, without feeling like the nutrition police are out to get us.
If I can accomplish only one thing through this series, I hope that it's this:
To convince you that anyone can make simple strides towards eating better.
If you're in that place, wanting to change but unsure of how to go about it, we are so glad you're here! We're going to take it slow, break it down, and try to make it as easy and practical as we can.
If you have a friend or family member that you think would be interested or would benefit from what we'll be sharing, please, send them our way! If you're already further into your real food journey, would you consider sharing these posts with those around you?


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University Hospital's Transplant Program team is led by regionally and nationally recognized transplant surgeons, from the Department of Surgery of the SUNY Upstate Medical University, chaired by Robert N. Cooney. M.D.
Amy L. Friedman, MD, is Director of the Transplant Program and Professor of Surgery in the College of Medicine. Dr. Friedman joined SUNY Upstate from the Yale University School of Medicine where she served as a member of the surgery faculty since 1994. Prior to joining Yale, Dr. Friedman served on the faculty of the Hospital at the University of Pennsylvania, including as transplant surgery fellow.
Dr. Friedman specializes in live donor kidney transplantation, laparoscopic kidney donation and pancreas transplantation. She has served as principal investigator for numerous drug trials and led a $1.5 million NIH-study on using the Web to educate kidney transplants recipients on drug regimens. Dr. Friedman is editor in chief of the Journal of Patient Safety and Adherence and serves as an article reviewer for Archives of Surgery, American Journal of Transplantation, Transplantation and the American Journal of Kidney Diseases.
She earned her bachelor's degree from Princeton University in 1979 and her medical degree from SUNY Downstate in 1983, where she served as a postdoctoral fellow in surgery and where she completed her residency in general surgery. Dr. Friedman has been recognized for her medical care and research efforts by numerous organizations, including the U.S. Department of Commerce, with the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award, the American Association of Kidney Patients and the American Transplant Congress.
Dilip Kittur, MD, ScD, is Professor of Surgery in the College of Medicine. Prior to joining University Hospital, Dr. Kittur was Associate Professor of Surgery and Director of the Pancreas Transplant Program at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.
A native of Kolhapur, India, Dr. Kittur graduated from Grant Medical College at Bombay University. His surgical training included internship and residency at Sir J. Jeejebhoy Hospital of University of Bombay, India; followed by residency at Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. He completed a fellowship in transplant surgery at Good Samaritan Hospital and a post-doctoral fellowship in the immunology and endocrinology at the Johns Hopkins University.
Dr Kittur is board certified in general surgery. He is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons and an active member of the Association for Academic Surgery, the American Society of Transplant Surgeons and the American Association of Immunologists. He is a past director of the United Network for Organ Sharing and has been a reviewer of the surgical study section of the National Institutes of Health since 1994.


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