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This dataset is part of the project opendata-bundestag.de. It contains side jobs of the members of the German Parliament including their sources, places and amounts of money... -
World Loanword Database
The World Loanword Database, edited by Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor, is a scientific publication by the Max Planck Digital Library, Munich (2009). It provides vocabularies... -
STW Thesaurus for Economics
The thesaurus provides vocabulary on any economic subject: about 6,000 standardized subject headings and about 18,000 entry terms to support individual keywords. You can also... -
Europeana Linked Open Data
data.europeana.eu currently contains open metadata on 2.4 million texts, images, videos and sounds gathered by Europeana. These objects come from data providers who have reacted... -
TCMGeneDIT Dataset
Data exposed: Traditional Chinese medicine, gene and disease association dataset and a linkset mapping TCM gene symbols to Extrez Gene IDs created by Neurocommons Size of dump... -
Public Spending in Greece
The "publingspending" initiative is a free, open, neutral and objective web application. It aims to provide efficient visualizations along with research data of the Hellenic... -
Bundesamt für Statistik (BFS) - Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) Linked...
Bundesamt für Statistik - Swiss Federal Statistical Office data. Currently contains only the classifications. -
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Linked Data
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations datasets and classifications. -
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Linked Data
OECD data and metadata for OECD countries and selected non-member economies. -
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Linked Data
IMF data and metadata -
European Central Bank (ECB) Linked Data
ECB data and metadata -
World Bank Linked Data
The World Bank data published using the Linked Data design principles. Contains statistical observations and code lists from World Development Indicators, World Bank Finances,... -
Open Library data mirror in the Talis Platform
Modeled using the JSON data dumps from the Open Library (http://openlibrary.org/data/ol_dump_latest.txt.gz). Provides a SPARQL endpoint and OpenSearch interface (with RSS 1.0... -
Yale Senselab
About Data exposed: Yale Senselab Size of dump and data set: 216 KB Notes: released without contract The Semantic Web development of SenseLab involves exporting data from... -
World Factbook (FU Berlin)
A partial RDF conversion of the CIA World Factbook, package:cia-world-factbook. -
Many vulnerabilities, attacks and controls semantic data of knowledge collected from OWASP, CWE and CAPEC communities. Our main objective is to improve the security that is... -
UNODC - Statistics on criminal justice
The United Nations office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) provides statistical data on criminal justice on a regular basis. The data is provided as Excel sheets, which can be... -
UniProt UniRef
The UniRef databases provide clustered sets of sequences from UniProt Knowledgebase (including splice variants and isoforms) and selected UniParc records, in order to obtain... -
UniProt UniPathway
Access problems As of 2010-09-30, the dataset is completely inaccessible (no DNS entry). -
UniProt UniParc
Openness Not open. Copyright page states: Copyright 2007-2012 UniProt Consortium. We have chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License...
You can also access this registry using the API (see Dokumentacja API).

subset: commoncrawl


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15 results for "todd archer"
Romo's back has Spieth eyeing new partner
Todd ArcherIRVING, Texas - For years few things riled up some Dallas Cowboys fans than seeing Tony Romo play so much golf. A second back surgery in eight months will once again limit Romo's offseason golf and will force Jordan Spieth to find a new partner at...
Blog | January 08, 2014 -
Tony Romo learns to play the wind
Todd ArcherIRVING, Texas - There has been plenty of talk about the elements leading into Monday's game between the Dallas Cowboys and Chicago Bears. Most of it has been dealing with the cold weather. For rookie wide receiver Terrance Williams, who grew up...
Blog | December 07, 2013 -
Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo has surgery to remove cyst
Todd ArcherTony Romo underwent a minor surgical procedure on his back last month to remove a cyst that will keep him out of organized team activities that begin Tuesday and run for the next three weeks.
Story | Conversation | May 21, 2013 -
'Coach' Tony Romo with a lot on plate
Todd ArcherGRAPEVINE, Texas - Tony Romo's golf hobby has always been a topic of interest. Now that the Dallas Cowboys quarterback has cut back on his golf game this offseason, it remains topical. Romo did not take part in the team's annual sponsors' apprecia...
Blog | May 15, 2013 -
Tony Romo to partner with Jordan Spieth at Pebble Beach National ...
Todd ArcherTony Romo will partner up with Jordan Spieth at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am.
Story | Conversation | February 06, 2013 -
Tony Romo is Cowboys' leading man
Todd ArcherIRVING, Texas -- For some, the Tony Romo narrative will never change until the Dallas Cowboys win a Super Bowl. He will always be the guy with late-game mistakes. He will always be the guy who plays too much golf in the offseason. He will always b...
Blog | September 04, 2012 -
Source -- Tiger Woods to pair with Dallas Cowboys' Tony Romo for ...
Todd ArcherWhen Tiger Woods opens his PGA Tour season at the Pebble Beach National Pro-Am on Feb. 9-12, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo will be his playing partner, according to a source.
Story | Conversation | January 16, 2012 -
Hispanic Heritage Month: Tony Romo's family has been with him eve...
Todd ArcherHispanic Heritage: Tony Romo's family has been with him every step of the way.
Story | Conversation | September 22, 2011 -
Dallas Cowboys' Tony Romo entering next phase
Todd ArcherTony Romo is primed to enter the next phase of his career as an NFL QB.
Story | Conversation | August 08, 2011 -
Dedication to football hurting Dallas Cowboys QB Tony Romo's golf...
Todd ArcherTony Romo's dedication to football during the lockout is hurting his golf game.
Story | Conversation | May 09, 2011 -
Tony Romo shoots 81 to end U.S. Open dream
Todd ArcherTony Romo shot an 81 in local qualifying for the U.S. Open and won't make the cut.
Story | Conversation | May 09, 2011 -
Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo to take another run at U.S. ...
Todd ArcherDallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo will make another attempt at qualifying for the U.S. Open.
Story | Conversation | May 03, 2011 -
Dallas Cowboys QB Tony Romo back to normal after injury
Todd ArcherTony Romo has thrown a few times this offseason, and Dallas Cowboys quarterbacks coach Wade Wilson said Thursday that his delivery, velocity and revolutions on the throws were back to normal.
Story | Conversation | February 17, 2011 -
Dallas Cowboys QB Tony Romo cleared physically, to play golf with...
Todd ArcherIRVING, Texas -- After missing the final 10 games of the Dallas Cowboys season with a fractured left collarbone, quarterback Tony Romo has been cleared physically and will return to action ... with John Daly as his partner.
Story | Conversation | January 19, 2011 -
Inside the ropes with Tony Romo
Matt MosleyAs some of you know, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo made it through the first round of qualifying for the U.S. Open, which will be played next month at Pebble Beach. Karen Crouse of the New York Times says that only three professional athletes ...
Blog | May 22, 2010


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14 The Fine Arts Society of Sarasota Presents Their Creators & Collectors Art & Studio Tour
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March 15, 2014
HUNTINGTON, W.Va. (WSAZ) -- A Huntington man is facing charges after allegedly beating his wheelchair-bound wife.
According to the criminal complaint, the man beat his wife after her two sons left the home.
The woman only has one leg and suffers from a stroke and seizures that make it very difficult for her to speak, according to the complaint.
When the two sons returned to the home, according to the complaint, they found that their mom had a black eye and bruises on her arms. When they asked her what happened, she pointed toward the room that their father was in at the time.
According to the complaint, the sons then took their mother home with them and she continued to feel ill. The woman was taken to Cabell Huntington Hospital and was admitted for having four fractured ribs on her right side.
According to the complaint, the woman later confirmed that it was her husband that caused the injuries.
The woman's husband is being charged with abuse or neglect of an incapacitated adult. He is currently being held in the Western Regional Jail.
His bond was set at $20,000.


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Streamlight Pink Nano Keychain Flashlight LED with 4 Button Batteries Aluminum Pink
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Grouping | Legendary creature |
Similar creatures | Fairy, half-elf, pixie, leprechaun |
Mythology | Germanic, English |
Region | Europe |
An elf (plural: elves) is a type of supernatural being in Germanic mythology and folklore.[1][2] Early elves, whose description depends almost entirely on Norse mythology texts, were a race of beings with magical skills, ambivalent towards humans and capable of either helping or hindering them. But Christianized societies were viewing elves in increasingly sinister light.[3] In Anglo-Saxon England as early as the 10th century, Old English medical books attest to elves afflicting humans and livestock by "elf-shots". The German elf or alp was seen as an "addler" of people in medical books, but already in the High Middle Ages there were prayers warding against it as the agent causing nightmares, and eventually for the alp its identity as nightmare spirits became predominant.
In English literature of the Elizabethan era, "elves" became conflated with the "fairies" of Romance culture, so that the two terms began to be used interchangeably. Romanticist writers were influenced by this (particularly Shakespearean) notion of the "elf," and reimported the word Elf in that context into the German language.
A number of ballads in the British Isles and Scandinavia, perhaps stemming from the medieval period, describe human encounters with the elf, elven-king, elf-maid, etc. The same ballad type (cognate ballads) are often disseminated over several countries. Some common motifs, which may also be seen in English, Scottish and Scandinavian folklore, are elves enticing men with their dance, and causing death, either by elf-shot or entirely unexplained. In Scandinavia, the elves are often conflated with the beings called the huldra or huldufólk.
The "Christmas elves" of contemporary popular culture are of relatively recent tradition, popularized during the late 19th century in the United States, in publications such as Godey's Lady's Book. Elves entered the 20th-century high fantasy genre in the wake of works published by authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien, for which, see Elf (Middle-earth).
The English word elf is from the Old English ælf, elf, ylve, etc.[4] The feminine form ælfen in Old English exists, but strictly used "to gloss only words for nymphs" (See §Female elf as gloss for nymph below)[5][a] In Middle English the feminine form was elve.[b] The feminine form recurs in Middle English as elve(n)[6]
In sister languages the forms are Old Norse álfr, Old High German alp (plural alpî, elpî) and Middle High German alp (feminine singular elbe, plural elbe, elber).[7]
Grimm was "tempted" to see a parallel to the word with Latin albus "white",< which extrapolates to identifying the Proto-Indo-European root *albh- meaning "white".[8][9][10][c] The intermediate Proto-Germanic forms postulated are *albiz for Old English ælf etc. and *albaz for Old Norse álfr.[9][11] A connection to the Rbhus, semi-divine craftsmen in Indian mythology, was also suggested by Kuhn, in 1855.[12][13]
German cognates
The Middle High German alp[15] had the primary sense of "ghostly being" or "specter, spirit".[16][17][18] And already in the Medieval Period, it had developed a narrower sense of "nightmare" (German: Alpdrück),[19] and eventually this became the more prevailing use of the term.[14][20] (See Alp; cf. also mare (in folklore), drude and incubus).
The Modern German Elf (m) (Elfe (f), Elfen) was introduced as a loan from English in the 1740s.[14][20][d] Jacob Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch (1830s), rejected Elfe as a recent Anglicism, and came up with the reconstructed form Elb (m, plural Elbe or Elben), though the form Elbe (f) is attested in Middle High German writings.[23] Jacob Grimm in his Deutsches Wörterbuch deplored the "unhochdeutsch" form Elf, borrowed "unthinkingly" from the English, and Tolkien was inspired by Grimm to recommend reviving the genuinely German form in his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings (1967) and Elb, Elben was consequently reintroduced in the 1972 German translation of The Lord of the Rings.
- In personal names
Throughout Germanic tradition, given names which contain elf as an element are frequently attested. Gothic has no direct testimony of *albs, plural *albeis, but Procopius has the personal name Albila. In the modern period, Alfred is the only name with this element which continues to be in comparatively widespread use.
The eddic poem Völuspá contains a lengthy list of dwarf names that include Gandálfr "Wand-elf", Vindálfr "Wind-elf", and Álfr "Elf".[24] Elsewhere, personages in the Yngling royal house carry names such as Álfr and Gandálfr. Anglo-Saxon historical given names with the elf element include: Ælfwine (m.; continental Albewin, Alboin, Scandinavian Alfvin) "elf-friend", Ælfric (m.; cf. German Alberich) "elf-ruler", Ælfweard (m.) Ælfwaru (f.) "elf-guardian", Ælfsige "elf-victory", Ælfflæd (f.) "elf-beauty", Ælfwynn (f.) "elf-bliss", among others.
In German heroic epic material, Alphart and Alphere (father of Walter of Aquitaine)[25][26] have been regarded as bearing the "elf" element in their names. The OE counterpart to the latter name may be Ælfhere in the Waldere fragment.[27]
In Skaldic poetry, the álfr word stem is used nearly always in a kenning for a warrior or a full-fledged man[28][29](e.g. Jörmunrekr is periphrased by the kenning sóknar alfr ("álfr of attack").)[30]
Also much discussed is the kenning for the sun, álfroðull, literally "glory of the elves"[31] or "ray or rod of the elves."[32] The kenning is suggestive of the elves' close link to the sun to some,[33] although others have been dismissive of such link, since roðull by itself denotes the sun.[34]
The Elder Edda couples the Æsir race of gods and álfar race of elves, mentioning the two classes side-by-side in a number of instances.[35] (This juxtaposition also recurs in Old English ês and ylfe). The association sometimes extends to a third class, the Vanir gods, as in the poem För Skírnis (or Skirnir's Journey).[36][37]
Elves are mentioned as a distinct race, separate from other races such as the Æsir gods, Vanir gods, giants (jǫtnar), dwarves, and mankind (męnn); and the elves evidently do not count among the "gods" (goð) or the "higher powers" (ginn-regin) — in Alvíssmál ("The Sayings of All-Wise").[e] The poem also mentions as a race the denizens of Hel, which may be marginally relevant, insofar as Grimm identifies them with the "dark elves" as distinct from "black elves" in his attempt to rationally explain that there may originally have been three sub-classes of elves. (See #Light-elves and dark-elves below).
Lokasenna relates that a large group of Æsir and elves had assembled at Ægir's court for a banquet, and from the many names named here, veritably "most of the Scandinavian pantheon," scholars have attempted to find a name of the elf here in vain.[38] It has been remarked that no individual elf with a known name has passed down to our knowledge,[39] though some suggest exceptions to this, such as the smith hero Völundr being called "Ruler of Elves" (vísi álfa)[40][f] Völundr also referred to as 'One among the Elven Folk' (álfa ljóði), in the poem Völundarkviða, whose later prose introduction also identifies him as the son of a king of 'Finnar', an Arctic people respected for their shamanic magic (most likely, the Sami).
Just as elves are one of several races of beings, the elf's home Alfheim is assumed to be one of the Nine Worlds of Norse cosmology.[41]
In the Elder Edda, Álfheimr (literally "elf-world") is mentioned as being given to Frey as a tooth-gift—in Grímnismál. This may mean that Frey was given lordship over the dominion of elves. However, Larrington for example glosses Álfheim merely as the name of a "palace"[42]
For additional concrete description of Álfheimr, Snorri's Prose Edda must be consulted:
- "There is one place there that is called the Elf Home (Álfheimr which is the elven city). People live there that are named the light elves (Ljósálfar). But the dark elves (Dökkálfar) live below in earth,in caves and the dark forest and they are unlike them in appearance – and more unlike them in reality. The Light Elves are brighter than the sun in appearance, but the Dark Elves are blacker than pitch." (Snorri, Gylfaginning 17, Prose Edda)
- "Sá er einn staðr þar, er kallaðr er Álfheimr. Þar byggvir fólk þat, er Ljósálfar heita, en Dökkálfar búa niðri í jörðu, ok eru þeir ólíkir þeim sýnum ok miklu ólíkari reyndum. Ljósálfar eru fegri en sól sýnum, en Dökkálfar eru svartari en bik."[43]
For a description of the more real-life geographical region of Álfheimr, see mentions in the §Sagas, below.
Light-elves and dark-elves
The Icelandic mythographer and historian Snorri Sturluson referred to dwarves (dvergar) as "dark-elves" (dökkálfar) or "black-elves" (svartálfar). He referred to other elves as "light-elves" (ljósálfar), which has often been associated with elves' connection with Freyr, the god of fertility (according to Grímnismál, Poetic Edda). Snorri describes the elf differences.
Snorri in the Prose Edda states that the light elves dwell in Álfheim while the dark elves dwell underground.
Black elves
Confusion arises from the introduction of the additional term svartálfar "black elves", which at first appears synonymous to the "dark elves"; Snorri identifies with the dvergar and has them reside in Svartálfaheim. This prompts Grimm to assume a tripartite division of light elves, dark elves and black elves, of which only the latter are identical with dwarves, while the dark elves are an intermediate class, "not so much downright black, as dim, dingy". In support of such an intermediate class between light elves, or "elves proper", on one hand, and black elves or dwarves on the other, Grimm adduces the evidence of the Scottish brownies and other traditions of dwarves wearing grey or brown clothing.
In the Thidrek's Saga a human queen is surprised to learn that the lover who has made her pregnant is an elf and not a man. In the saga of Hrolf Kraki a king named Helgi rapes and impregnates an elf-woman clad in silk who is the most beautiful woman he has ever seen.
Men after death could be venerated and sacrificed to, such as the petty king Olaf Geirstad-Elf.
In addition to this, Kormáks saga accounts for how a sacrifice to elves (álfablót) was apparently believed able to heal a severe battle wound:
- Þorvarð healed but slowly; and when he could get on his feet he went to see Þorðís, and asked her what was best to help his healing.
- "A hill there is," answered she, "not far away from here, where elves have their haunt. Now get you the bull that Kormák killed, and redden the outer side of the hill with its blood, and make a feast for the elves with its flesh. Then thou wilt be healed."[44]
Sigvat Thordarson, a missionary for St. Olaf wrote a poem around 1020, the Austrfaravísur ('Eastern-journey verses') describing his journey to the border areas. While in Sweden, being a Christian was refused board in a heathen household, because an álfablót ("elves' sacrifice") was being conducted there.
From the time of year (close to the autumnal equinox) and the elves' association with fertility and the ancestors, it might be assumed that it had to do with the ancestor cult and the life force of the family. The legendary sagas and more fantastical portions of the bibliographical sagas of the kings contain reference to elves. The fays foreign tales also appear as elves in saga adaptations.
Several sources suggest that elves and men could procreate.
According to Hrólfs saga kraka, Hrolf Kraki's half-sister Skuld was the half-elven child of King Helgi and an elf-woman (álfkona). Skuld was skilled in witchcraft (seiðr) and could cause fallen warriors, including other elves,[45] to rise again. Accounts of Skuld in earlier sources, however, do not include this material.
The Thidrekssaga version of the Nibelungen (Niflungr) describes Högni as the son of a human queen and an elf, but no such lineage is reported in the Eddas, the Volsunga saga, or the Nibelungenlied.
In the saga of Hrolf Kraki a king named Helgi rapes and impregnates an elf-woman who is the most beautiful woman he has ever seen.
Elves and andi
At the beginning of Norna-Gests þáttr, which is a portion of the Greatest Saga of Olaf Tryggvason, the king (Olaf Tryggvasson) noticed the presence of something which could have been either an elf or an andi (spirit) slipping into a locked mansion. The "elf" proved, however, to be Norna-gest, a man endowed with the longevity of many men.
Alfr line of kings
Mention of the land of Álfheimr, somewhat conflated with the view of the elven home Álfheimr is found in the Heimskringla and in The Saga of Thorstein, Viking's Son accounts of a line of local kings who ruled over Álfheim, and since they had elven blood they were said to be more beautiful than most men.
- The land governed by King Alf was called Alfheim, and all his offspring are related to the elves. They were fairer than any other people...[46]
Modern interpretations
In addition to these human aspects, they are commonly described as semi-divine beings associated with fertility and the cult of the ancestors and ancestor worship. The notion of elves thus appears similar to the animistic belief in spirits of nature and of the deceased, common to nearly all human religions; this is also true for the Old Norse belief in dísir, fylgjur and vörðar ("follower" and "warden" spirits, respectively).
Old English elven race
Although Old English writings about the ælf as a supernatural race as described in Norse (Eddic) sources are scarce, some scholars have attempted to reconstruct the lost picture of the benevolent elf in Anglo-Saxon culture.[47]
There is a well-known example from Beowulf (Fitt I, vv. 111–14), where elves are included among "misbegotten creatures" condemned by God, and named alongside Germanic giants (ettins) and hell-devils (orcs).[48][49]
Another example is a fragment of the lost Tale of Wade, which begins "Summe sende ylves ..", and translated by Gollancz as: "..[all creatures who fell] became elves or adders or nickors who live in pools; not one became a man except Hildebrand."[50][51][g] Hildebrand mentioned here is an established character from the Cycle of Dietrich von Berne, and this scene may well have involved them as well as Wate's grandson Widia in a den of monsters, as in the Old English Waldere fragment, a speculation that Rickert advanced.[53] More recently, Alaric Hall suggested "some hostile force sent ylues to beset Wade", though cautioning that the remnant was too short to contextualize it with certainty.[54]
Female elf as gloss for nymph
In Old-English there are some eight compound words with the -ælf (female -ælfen) stem, but these are generally considered coined terms used by glossators to conjure Old English names for types of nymphs in Greco-Roman classical literature,[55][56] and the female form -ælfen itself may be a coinage as well.[57][h]
The nymph types glossed are as follows: landælf (Ruricoras Musas[58] or "country muses") dún- ("hill-"; castalides), feld- ("field-"; moides), munt- ("mountain-"; oreades), sæ- ("sea-"; naiades), wæter- ("water-"; nymphae), and wudu- ("wood-nymph"; dryades).[55]
German heroic poetry
Although the mythological elf is all but absent in Middle High German texts (except as transformed into the sense of "ghostly beings" etc., cf. §Etymology above),[59] some dwarfs (Middle High German: getwerc) that appear in German heroic poetry have been seen as relating to elves, especially when the dwarf's name is Alberich, construed as "Elf-king".[60][i] Of Alberich, Grimm thinks this name echoes the notion of the king of the nation of elves or dwarfs.[62] The Alberich in the epic Ortnit is a dwarf of childlike-stature who turns out to be the real father of the titular character, having ravished his mother. There is an incubus motif here,[63] that recurs in the Thidrekssaga version of the parentage of Hagen (ON Högni), who was the product of his mother Oda being impregnated by an elf (ON álfr) while she lay in bed.[64]
The Alberich who aids Ortnit is paralleled by the French Auberon, who aids Huon de Bordeaux. Both figures occur in 13th-century works, but commentators typically regard Auberon as the derivative form.[65] Auberon entered English literature through Lord Berner's translation of the chanson de geste around 1540, then as Oberon, the king of elves and fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (see below).
Middle ages
- The elf as a spirit playing tricks
In Christianized societies, the elves began to be viewed as spirit that could afflict cattle and people with various conditions, and the mythological notions began to be lost. The loss happened early in Anglo-Saxon England which was an early convert; in Old English, compound as ælfadl "nightmare", ælfsogoða "hiccup", afflictions apparently thought to be caused by elves.
Elf shot
The "elf-shot," recorded since the Anglo-Saxon period refers to a large number of affliction produced in humans and beasts purportedly caused by elves firing shots, .[66] A projectile from an elves or ése (pagan deities) or witches (gif hit wære esa gescot oððe hit wære ylfa gescot oððe hit wære hægtessan gescot) was responsible for sudden pain (such as rheumatism), whose remedy was offered in the Metrical Charm "Against A Sudden Stitch" (Wið færstice) from the late 10th-century medical text Lacnunga. The related Bald's Leechbook from the mid-10th century prescribes for the case "If a horse be ofscoten" the remedy of inscribing Christ's mark on the horse. The operative word ofscoten here, conventionally construed as "elf-shot" has been challenged by A. Hall who proposes "badly pained". Still, the fact remains the medieval formula concludes by saying the cure should be effective should it be the work of elves (Old English: Sy þæt ylfa þe him).[67]
Also, sudden paralysis was sometimes attributed to elf-stroke.
The modern form Elf-shot (or elf-bolt or elf-arrow) from Scotland and Northern England was first attested in a manuscript of about the last quarter of the 16th century, and originally was used in the sense of a 'sharp pain caused by elves'. Later, the word also denoted Neolithic flint arrow-heads, which by the 17th century seem to have been attributed in the region to elvish folk, and which were used in healing rituals, and alleged to be used by witches (and perhaps elves) to injure people and cattle.[68] Compare with the following excerpt from an 1750 ode by Willam Collins:
- There every herd, by sad experience, knows
- How, winged with fate, their elf-shot arrows fly,
- When the sick ewe her summer food forgoes,
- Or, stretched on earth, the heart-smit heifers lie.[69]
German alp
In early medieval sources, the German alp would be described as "cheating" or "deceiving" (Middle High German: trieben, German: trüben) its victims.[70][71] In particular, Germans of the medieval age ascribed incidents of nightmare to the alp,[19] and the idea stuck so that by the early modern age, the alp became known primarily as a spirit causing nightmares. (Hence the word for "nightmare" in German is Alptraum "elf dream", archaic form Alpdruck "elf pressure.") It was believed that nightmares are a result of an elf sitting on the dreamer's chest (incubi). This aspect of German elf-belief largely corresponds to the Scandinavian belief in the mara.
Late Middle Ages to Elizabethan era
- Elf as fairy
From around the Late Middle Ages, the word elf began to be used as a term loosely synonymous with fairy and other beings.[j] This mingling is found already in Geoffrey Chaucer's satirical Sir Thopas (1387 or later) where the title character sets out in quest of the "elf-queen", who dwells in the "countree of the Faerie".[72][73] Edmund Spenser in his Faerie Queene (1590-) uses "fairy" and "elf" interchangeably,[74] though his conceptions of the elf must be treated with caution, since they are "imaginary or allegorical characters" that populate his Utopian world,[75] and Spenser's origins of the "Elfe" and "Elfin kynd" as being made and quickened by Prometheus is entirely his invention.[76]
Significant for the distancing of the concept of elves from its mythological origins was the influence from literature. In Elizabethan England, William Shakespeare imagined elves as little people. He apparently considered elves and fairies to be the same race. In his A Midsummer Night's Dream, his elves are almost as small as insects.[dubious ][k] The influence of Shakespeare and Michael Drayton made the use of elf and fairy for very small beings the norm, and had a lasting effect seen in fairy tales about elves collected in the modern period. But not all traditional tales were contaminated by Shakespearean era notions of elves as the wee people, notably the #Ballads such as The Queen of Elfan's Nourice.
The elf-lock, or a tangle in the hair purportedly caused by the mischief of the elves, can be traced to the Shakespearean period.[77] In a speech in Romeo and Juliet (1592) the "elf-lock" is not caused by an "elf" as such, but Queen Mab who is referred to as "the fairies' midwife", and who travels over people's face unnoticed and matting up their hair.[77][78]
German counterparts of the "elf-lock" are alpzopf, drutenzopf, wichtelzopf, weichelzopf, mahrenlocke, elfklatte, etc. (where alp, drude, mare, and wight are given as the beings responsible). Grimm who compiled the list, also remarked on the similarity to Frau Holle, who entangled people's hair and herself had matted hair.[79]
References to the elf, elfland, or people of elfin nature can be found in a number of ballads of English and Scottish origin, surviving mostly in early modern redactions, though often rooted in Medieval tradition.
In a late version of the ballad of Thomas the Rhymer[80] taken down around 1800, Thomas's abductor is called the "queen of fair Elfland",[81] and commentators have taken license to refer to her variously as "elfin queen,"[82] "queen of Faëry,"[83][84] or "Queen of Elphame",[85] etc., though these do not occur in the ballad text itself. And her original identity is more obscure, since in the ancient verse dating perhaps to c. 1400,[86] she is only referred to as "lady gaye" or "quene" in another "cuntre".[87][l]
In Thomas the Rhymer, the Queen of Elfland is portrayed in a positive light. But in additional ballad examples, elves exhibit sinister character, bent on rape and murder, as in the Childe Rowland, or Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight, in which the Elf-Knight bears away Isabel to murder her. In The Queen of Elfland's Nourice, a woman is abducted to be a wet-nurse to the queen's baby, but promised that she may return home once the child is weaned. In none of these cases is the elf a spritely character with pixie-like qualities.
Sir Olaf/Oluf and the elf is a ballad type widely disseminated, with seventy Scandinavian ballads (counting variants) according to Child's tally.[88] The common premise is that Olaf on his wedding day is invited to dance by elves, he refuses and as a consequence he lies dead the next day, and his would-be bride dies of grief. The ballad group was later been assigned motif number TSB No. "A 63: Elveskud — Elf maid causes man's sickness and death,"[89] encompassing a number of Scandinavian variants (Danish: Elverskud[90] tr. "Elfin Shaft"[91] or "Sir Oluf and the Elf-king's daughter"[92][93][94] Norwegian: Olaf Liljekrans; Swedish: Elf-Qvinnan och Herr Olof,[95][m] tr. "Sir Olof in Elve-Dance" and "The Elf-Woman and Sir Olof" (two versions);[96] Icelandic: Kvæði af Ólafi Liljurós;[97] Faroese: Ólavur Riddarrós og álvarmoy.[98] The Danish version, as its title suggests, features the "elf-shot" as a means for the Elf-king's daughter robbing the hero of his life.[99][100]
In contrast, the hero survives his elfin encounter in the ballad type represented by the Danish Elvehøj[101] (tr. "Elfer Hill").[102] Type TSB A65. Swedish:Ungersven och Elfvorna,[103][n] tr. "The Young Swain and the Elves"[104]
Modern period
In Scandinavian folklore, which is a later blend of Norse mythology and elements of Christian mythology, an elf is called elver in Danish, alv in Norwegian, and alv or älva in Swedish (the first is masculine, the second feminine). The Norwegian expressions seldom appear in genuine folklore, and when they do, they are always used synonymous to huldrefolk or vetter, a category of earth-dwelling beings generally held to be more related to Norse dwarves than elves which is comparable to the Icelandic huldufólk (hidden people).
In Denmark and Sweden, the elves appear as beings distinct from the vetter, even though the border between them is diffuse. The insect-winged fairies in British folklore are often called "älvor" in modern Swedish or "alfer" in Danish, although the correct translation is "feer". In a similar vein, the alf found in the fairy tale The Elf of the Rose by Danish author H. C. Andersen is so tiny that he can have a rose blossom for home, and has "wings that reached from his shoulders to his feet". Yet, Andersen also wrote about elvere in The Elfin Hill. The elves in this story are more alike those of traditional Danish folklore, who were beautiful females, living in hills and boulders, capable of dancing a man to death. Like the huldra in Norway and Sweden, they are hollow when seen from the back.
The elves of Norse mythology have survived into folklore mainly as females, living in hills and mounds of stones.[106] The Swedish älvor.[107][108] (sing. älva) were stunningly beautiful girls who lived in the forest with an elven king. They were long-lived and light-hearted in nature. The elves are typically pictured as fair-haired, white-clad, and (like most creatures in the Scandinavian folklore) nasty when offended. In the stories, they often play the role of disease-spirits. The most common, though also most harmless case was various irritating skin rashes, which were called älvablåst (elven blow) and could be cured by a forceful counter-blow (a handy pair of bellows was most useful for this purpose). Skålgropar, a particular kind of petroglyph found in Scandinavia, were known in older times as älvkvarnar (elven mills), pointing to their believed usage. One could appease the elves by offering them a treat (preferably butter) placed into an elven mill – perhaps a custom with roots in the Old Norse álfablót.
In order to protect themselves against malevolent elves, Scandinavians could use a so-called Elf cross (Alfkors, Älvkors or Ellakors), which was carved into buildings or other objects.[105] It existed in two shapes, one was a pentagram and it was still frequently used in early 20th-century Sweden as painted or carved onto doors, walls and household utensils in order to protect against elves.[105] As the name suggests, the elves were perceived as a potential danger against people and livestock.[105] The second form was an ordinary cross carved onto a round or oblong silver plate.[105] This second kind of elf cross one was worn as a pendant in a necklace and in order to have sufficient magic it had to be forged during three evenings with silver from nine different sources of inherited silver.[105] In some locations it also had to be on the altar of a church during three consecutive Sundays.[105]
The elves could be seen dancing over meadows, particularly at night and on misty mornings. They left a kind of circle where they had danced, which were called älvdanser (elf dances) or älvringar (elf circles), and to urinate in one was thought to cause venereal diseases. Typically, elf circles were fairy rings consisting of a ring of small mushrooms, but there was also another kind of elf circle:
- On lake shores, where the forest met the lake, you could find elf circles. They were round places where the grass had been flattened like a floor. Elves had danced there. By Lake Tisaren,[109] I have seen one of those. It could be dangerous and one could become ill if one had trodden over such a place or if one destroyed anything there.[106]
If a human watched the dance of the elves, he would discover that even though only a few hours seemed to have passed, many years had passed in the real world. Human being invited or lured to the elf dance is a common motif carried over from older Scandinavian ballads (as seen in the §Ballads section).
Elves were not exclusively young and beautiful. In the Swedish folktale Little Rosa and Long Leda, an elvish woman (älvakvinna) arrives in the end and saves the heroine, Little Rose, on condition that the king's cattle no longer graze on her hill. She is described as a beautiful old woman and by her aspect people saw that she belonged to the subterraneans.[110]
Huldra and huldufólk
In Norwegian folklore are huldra or huldrafolk, which Keightley said were the regional names for elves.[111] In Iceland, expression of belief in the cognate huldufólk or "hidden folk", the elves that dwell in rock formations, is still common. If the natives do not explicitly express their belief, they are often reluctant to express disbelief.[112] A 2006 and 2007 study on superstition by the University of Iceland's Faculty of Social Sciences supervised by Terry Gunnell (associate folklore professor), reveal that natives would not rule out the existence of elves and ghosts (similar results of a 1974 survey by Professor Erlendur Haraldsson, Fréttabladid reports). Gunnell stated: "Icelanders seem much more open to phenomena like dreaming the future, forebodings, ghosts and elves than other nations." His results were consistent with a similar study conducted in 1974.[113]
German lore
The notion of the alp (and alias mare, drude) that caused nighmares continued into the early modern age. Meanwhile, Shakespearean and later English notions of elves were introduced into Germany, as discussed above under the #German cognates chapter of etymology. Then legends about the "Erl-king", evidently an import from Scandinavia, but often construed as a form of elf, were German Romanticist writers in the 18th century.
An elven king occasionally appears among the predominantly female elves as in Denmark and Sweden. The legend of Der Erlkönig appears to have originated in fairly recent times in Denmark and Goethe based his poem on "Erlkönigs Tochter" ("Erlkönig's Daughter"), a Danish work translated into German by Johann Gottfried Herder.
The Erlkönig's nature has been the subject of some debate. The name translates literally from the German as "Alder King" rather than its common English translation, "Elf King" (which would be rendered as Elfenkönig in German). It has often been suggested that Erlkönig is a mistranslation from the original Danish ellerkonge or elverkonge, which does mean "elf king".
According to German and Danish folklore, the Erlkönig appears as an omen of death, much like the banshee in Irish mythology. Unlike the banshee, however, the Erlkönig will appear only to the person about to die. His form and expression also tell the person what sort of death they will have: a pained expression means a painful death, a peaceful expression means a peaceful death. This aspect of the legend was immortalised by Goethe in his poem Der Erlkönig, later set to music by Schubert.
Elves and the cobbler
In the first story of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale Die Wichtelmänner, the title protagonists are two naked mannequins, which help a shoemaker in his work. When he rewards their work with little clothes, they are so delighted, that they run away and are never seen again. Even though Wichtelmänner are akin to beings such as kobolds, dwarves and brownies, the tale has been translated into English as The Elves and the Shoemaker, and is echoed in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter stories (see House-elf).
Variations of the German elf in folklore include the moss people[114] and the weisse frauen ("white women"). On the latter Jacob Grimm does not make a direct association to the elves, but other researchers see a possible connection to the shining light elves of Old Norse.[115]
English fairy tales
In the Victorian period stereotype of the elf, appearing in illustrations as tiny men and women with pointed ears and stocking caps. An example is Andrew Lang's fairy tale Princess Nobody (1884), illustrated by Richard Doyle, where fairies are tiny people with butterfly wings, whereas elves are tiny people with red stocking caps.
Christmas elf
In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland the modern children's folklore of Santa Claus typically includes green-clad elves with pointy ears, long noses, and pointy hats as Santa's helpers or hired workers. They make the toys in a workshop located in the North Pole. In this portrayal, elves slightly resemble nimble and delicate versions of the elves in English folktakes in the Victorian period from which they derived. The role of elves as Santa's helpers has continued to be popular, as evidenced by the success of the popular Christmas movie Elf.
Fantasy fiction
The fantasy genre in the 20th century grows out of 19th-century Romanticism. 19th-century scholars such as Andrew Lang and the Grimm brothers collected "fairy-stories" from popular folklore and in some cases retold them freely. A pioneering work of the genre was The King of Elfland's Daughter, a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (1937) is seminal, predating the lecture On Fairy-Stories by the same author by a few years. In the 1939 lecture, Tolkien introduced the term "fantasy" in a sense of "higher form of Art, indeed the most nearly pure form, and so (when achieved) the most potent". Elves played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably The Silmarillion. Tolkien's writing has such popularity that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels (like Quenya, and Sindarin) became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games.
Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (popularized by the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game) tend to be more beautiful and wiser than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.
Explanatory notes
- ^ with plural forms *elfenna, -elfen;[6] also a possible feminine plural -ælfa, found in dunælfa
- ^ with feminine suffix -en (earlier form -inn; from Proto-Germanic *-innja)
- ^ The fact that cognates exist (such as the German elbinne) could suggest a West Germanic *alb(i)innjo, but this is uncertain, as the examples may be simply a transference to the weak declension common in Southern and Western forms of Middle English. The Middle English forms with this weak declension were aluen(e) and eluen(e).
- ^ Although J. R. R. Tolkien attributed the loan of Elf into German to Wieland's 1764 translation of A Midsummer Night's Dream. The same claim was also given in Kluge's dictionary in the 19th century[21][22]
- ^ Cf. "A Study of the Old Norse word Regin". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 15: 251–. 1916.
- ^ Völundr is often regarded as human; he is called the "most skilled of men" in the prose preface to the poem. In German tradition his family is of mermaid lineage: in the Thidrekssaga (aka Vilkina saga), Velundr's father Vadi is given birth by a mermaid (sjákona), and in the German heroic poem Rabenschlacht, his son Witige is rescued by a mermaid kinswoman.
- ^ Alternatively translated "Some are elves, some are adders, / and some are nickers that (dwell near water?). /There is no man except Hildebrand alone." by Wentersdorf[52]
- ^ Shippey elsewhere does concede that hypothetically "There may indeed have been a native notion of 'wood-elves' or 'water-elves'..", Shippey, TA (2005). The shadow-walkers: Jacob Grimm's mythology of the monstrous. Brepols. p. 169. ISBN 9782503520940.
- ^ MHG alp 'elf', rîche "powerful", cf. Goth. reiks 'ruler' can be appropirately interpreted as "ruler of supernatural beings"[61]
- ^ it evolved to a general denotation of various nature spirits like Puck, hobgoblins, Robin Goodfellow, the English and Scots brownie, the Northumbrian English hob and so forth.
- ^ Although Spenser applies elf to full-sized beings in The Faerie Queene.
- ^ Thomas ventures to address her as "qwene of heune" (late ballad:"Queen of Heaven") and she corrects him, saying "I took never so high degree / I am a lady of another country" (late ballad: I am queen of fair Elfland)
- ^ Modern normalized title:Herr Olof och älvorna (Jonsson, Bengt R. (1981). Svenska medeltidsballader.)
- ^ Modern normalized title:Älvefärd (Jonsson, Bengt R. (1981). Svenska medeltidsballader.)
- ^ Lass 1994, p. 205
- ^ Lindow 2002, p. 110
- ^ Jolly 1992, p. 172 (in Neusner ed.)
- ^ Bosworth-Toller, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
- ^ Hall 2004, p. 21
- ^ a b Lewis, Robert E. (1952). Middle English Dictionary E.1. University of Michigan Press. p. 63.
- ^ Marshall Jones Company (1930). Mythology of All Races Series, Volume 2 Eddic, Great Britain: Marshall Jones Company, 1930, pp. 220.
- ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, vol. 2, p. 444
- ^ a b Hall 2004, pp. 56-
- ^ IE root *albh-, in American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 2000. bartleby.com
- ^ Old High German alve meaning "tapeworm" shares proto-Germanic stems *alƀa-z → Old Norse álfr, *alƀi-z → Old English elf. Also cites Mäklelakäinen suggestion that this sense of "tapeworm" is borrowed from how folk belief envisioned the appearance of an "elf or earth-spirit". (Blažek, Václav (2010). The Indo-european "Smith" (snippet). Institute for the Study Of Man. pp. 5–6.)
- ^ a b Kuhn, Adalbert (1855). "Die sprachvergleichung und die urgeschichte der indogermanischen völker". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 4., "Zu diesen ṛbhu, alba.. stellt sich nun aber entschieden das ahd. alp, ags. älf, altn . âlfr"
- ^ in K. Z., p.110, Schrader, Otto (1890). Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples. Frank Byron Jevons (tr.). Charles Griffin & Company,. p. 163.
- ^ a b c Thun, Nils (1969). "The malignant Elves:Notes on Anglo‐Saxon Magic and Germanic Myth". Studia Neophilologica 41 (2): 378–396. doi:10.1080/00393276908587447. (p.378) "Elves and cognate words in Old Germanic languages are used for supernatural beings of widely different kinds..the corresponding German Alb (Alp), Alf, Olf, in most cases a nightmare, sometimes a spirit of disease or even a devil. (The plural Elben, Elber is not common.) Our knowledge of these creatures is largely derived from folk tales and similar sources., citing M. Hofler, Deutsches Krankhaitsnamenbuch (1899)
- ^ Kuhn,[12] Thun[14] and numerous references.
- ^ Lexer, Matthias von (1872). Mittelhochdeutsches handwörterbuch: bd. A-M. S. Hirzel. p. 28.; online query (German: gespenstisches wesen)
- ^ Schrader, Otto (2003). Primitive Rituals Of The Aryan People. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 13. ISBN 8187746505.
- ^ Kluge, Friedrich (1891). An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language. G. Bell & sons. p. 7.
- ^ a b as illustrated in the 14th-century incantation, the Münchener nachtsegen. Hall 2004, pp. 125, Hall 2007, pp. 125–6
- ^ a b c d (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, vol. 2, p. 443
- ^ p.99, note 3, in: Tolkien, J.R.R. (2002), "On Fairy Stories", A Tolkien Miscellany (SFBC): 97–145, ISBN 0739427369 (orig. pub. Dublin Review 1947)
- ^ "Die aufnahme des Wortes knüpft an Wielands Übersetzung von Shakespeares Sommernachtstraum 1764 und and Herders Voklslieder 1774 (Werke 25, 42) an;Kluge, Friedrich (1899). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (6th improved and expanded ed.). Strassbourg: K. J. Trübner. p. 93.
- ^ "With us the word alp still survives in the sense of the night-hag, night-mare, in addition to which our writers of the last century introduced the Engl. elf, a form untrue to our dialect; before that.. the correct pl. elbe or elben. Followed by comparison of elf to aesir gods and dwarfs.[20]
- ^ Larrington, Caroline (1996). The Poetic Edda. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–6. has "Staff-elf", "Wind-elf", "Elf"による
- ^ Paul, Hermann (1900). Grundriss der germanischen philologie unter mitwirkung. K. J. Trübner. p. 268.
- ^ Althof, Hermann, ed. (1902). Das Waltharilied. Dieterich. p. 114.
- ^ Robinson, William Clarke (1885). Introduction to our early English literature. Simpkin. pp. 17–18.
- ^ Hall 2004, p. 37. Citing Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1931) [1860]. Lexicon poeticum., entry under "álfr," which reads "hinc in appellationibus virorum poeticis usurpatur sec. Skaldam". The entry gives as an example the kenning álfr lindar, lit. "elf of the linden tree" that siginified a man or warrior (Latin: vir), which is from Sturla Þórðarson's fragment (preserved in the late Laufás-Edda).
- ^ Motz 1973-74, pp. 98–99
- ^ Ragnarsdrápa 4 (Hall 2004, p. 37)
- ^ Davidson 1943, p. 115
- ^ Motz 1973, p. 95
- ^ Motz 1973, p. 99
- ^ Hall 2004, p. 40
- ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1880, vol. 1, p. 25 lists examples citing Saem. (=Rask, Rasmus Kristian; Afzelius, Arvid August, eds. (1818). Edda Saemundar. Stockholm: Typis Elmenianis.), p. 8b (Völuspá 53); p. 71a (Þrymskviða 7)
- ^ Grimm,[20] citing Afzelius 1818, Saem. 83b, i.e., the stanzas in Skírnismál where Skírnir is interrogated whether he is one of the Æsir, Vanir, or elves.
- ^ Larrington 1996, Skirnir's Journey, stanzas 17-18, p.64
- ^ Hall 2004, p. 43. Not finding the elf is underlying argument for Hall saying Vanir and elves may be assimilated.
- ^ "other divine types are mentioned such as the Elves (ON alfar)..but no important or even specifically named gods are found.." Dumézil, Georges (1973). Gods of the Ancient Northmen. University of California Press. p. 3. ISBN 0520020448.
- ^ Hall 2004, pp. 46-
- ^ Hahn, Werner. Saemunds Edda: Lieder germanischer Göttersage. p. 270. points out that the dwarf Alvis's poem only names 6 worlds, but worlds of 11 beings are named by various poems.
- ^ a palace, like Valaskjálf mentioned in the adjacent stanza. See Grimnir's sayings 5.3 (Larrington 1996, p. 52), and "Annotated Index of Names".
- ^ Sturluson, Snorri. The Younger (or Prose) Edda, Rasmus B. Anderson translation (1897). Chapter 7.
- ^ The Life and Death of Cormac the Skald (Old Norse original: Kormáks saga). Chapter 22.
- ^ Setr Skuld hér til inn mesta seið at vinna Hrólf konung, bróður sinn, svá at í fylgd er með henni álfar ok nornir ok annat ótöluligt illþýði, svá at mannlig náttúra má eigi slíkt standast.[1]
- ^ The Saga of Thorstein, Viking's Son[dead link] (Old Norse original: Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar). Chapter 1.
- ^ (Hall 2004) These attempts are based on onomastics and phraseology, e.g., the compound ælfsciene ("elf-beautiful"), used of seductively beautiful Biblical women in the Old English poems Judith and Genesis A, is cited as an echo of the Norse description of elves as beings as beautiful as the sun.
- ^ Klaeber, Friedrich (1950). Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment (snippet). John R. Clark Hall tr. (3 ed.). Allen & Unwin. p. 5., "þanon untydras ealle onwocon / eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas / swylce gigantas þa wið gode wunnon / lange þrage he him ðæs lean forgeald"
- ^ Hall 2007, pp. 69–70
- ^ MS. 255 in the Library of Peterhouse, Cambridge. Israel Gollancz read a paper to the Philological Society in 1896, summarized in: Jannaris, A. N. (15 February 1896). "The Tale of Wade". Academy (1241): 137.
- ^ Gollancz, Israel (1906). "Gringolet, Gawain's horse". Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research (London) 5: 108.
- ^ Wentersdrop, Karl P. (1966). "Chaucer and the Lost Tale of Wade". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 65: 73.
- ^ Rickert, Edith (1904). "The Old English Offa Saga". MP 2: 73., cited in McConnell, Winder (1978). The Wate Figure in Medieval Tradition. P. Lang. p. 80.
- ^ Hall 2007, p. 104
- ^ a b Shippey 2004, pp. 2–4
- ^ Grimm brothers felt "that these are compounds formed to render the Greek.. and not expressive of a belief in analogous classes of spirits". Keightley 1850, p. 57
- ^ "I have shown that the various compounds combining ælfen with topographical terms are almost certainly ad hoc formations, and that this is probably the case for ælfen itself (§5:3.2)." (Hall 2004, p. 116)
- ^ Cleopatra Glossaries, Wright, Thomas (1873). A second volume of vocabularies. privately printed.
- ^ Croker, Thomas Crofton (1828). of the South of Ireland: The elves in Ireland. The elves in Scotland. On the nature of the elves. The Mabinogion and fairy legends of Wales. J. Murray. p. 56., "The form Alp.. not.. met with in any document previous to the thirteenth century; without doubt, merely because there was no occasion ot make mention of a heathen nothion despised by the learned"; "The middle high German poets sometimes use this expression, though in general very rarely."
- ^ Weston, Jessie Laidlay (1903). The legends of the Wagner drama: studies in mythology and romance. C. Scribner's sons. p. 144.
- ^ Gillespie, George T. (1973). A Catalog of persons named in German heroic literartue. Clarendon Press. pp. 3–4.
- ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, Vol. 2, p.453
- ^ Gillespie 1973, p.3, note3, citing Hempel, Heinrich- (1926). Nibelungenstudien: Nibelungenlied, Thidrikssaga und Balladen (snippet). C. Winters universitätsbuchhandlung. pp. 150–.
- ^ Thidrekksaga. Unger, Carl Rikard (1853). Saga Điðriks konungs af Bern. Feilberg & Landmarks Forlag. p. 172.; Hayme's tr., ch. 169
- ^ Keightley 1850, p. 208, citing Grimm says Auberon derives from Alberich by a usual l→u change.
- ^ Singer, British Academy lecture of 1919, 'Early English Magic and Medicine' (1919–20, 357) quoted in Hall 2005a, p. 195
- ^ Hall, Alaric (2005a). "Calling the shots: the Old English remedy gif hors ofscoten sie and Anglo-Saxon "elf-shot"" (pdf). Neuphilologische Mitteilungen: Bulletin of the Modern Language Society 106 (2): 195–209.
- ^ Hall, Alaric (2005b). "Getting Shot of Elves: Healing, Witchcraft and Fairies in the Scottish Witchcraft Trials". Folklore 116 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1080/0015587052000337699.
- ^ Collins, Willam. 1775. An Ode On The Popular Superstitions Of The Highlands Of Scotland, Considered As The Subject Of Poetry.
- ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, p. 463
- ^ In Lexer's Middle High German dictionary under alp, alb is an example: Pf. arzb. 2 14b= Pfeiffer 1863, p. 44 (Pfeiffer, F. (1863). "Arzenîbuch 2= Bartholomäus" (Mitte 13. Jh.)". Zwei deutsche Arzneibücher aus dem 12. und 13. Jh. Wien.): "Swen der alp triuget, rouchet er sich mit der verbena, ime enwirret als pald niht;" meaning: 'When an alp deceives you, fumigate yourself with verbena and the confusion will soon be gone'. The editor glosses alp here as "malicious, teasing spirit" (German: boshafter neckende geist)
- ^ Keightley 1850, p. 53
- ^ Scott 1803, vol.2, p.210
- ^ "The names given by Spenser to those beings are Fayes (Fées), Farys or Fairies, Elfes and Elfins.. " (Keightley 1850, p. 57)
- ^ Scott 1803, vol.2, p.223n
- ^ Keightley 1850, p. 57
- ^ a b "elf-lock", OED Online (2 ed.) (Oxford University Press), 1989, retrieved 26 November 2009; "Rom. & Jul. I, iv, 90 Elf-locks" is the oldest example of the use of the phrase given by the OED.
- ^ Mercutio's speech in Romeo and Juliet quoted in: Keightley 1850, pp. 331–2
- ^ (Stallybrass tr.) Grimm 1883, vol. 2, p. 464
- ^ a b (Child, Francis James (1884), "37. Thomas Rymer", The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Houghton Mifflin) I: 317–)
- ^ Child's Ballad # 37A, Brown's recited version in Tytler's MS[80]
- ^ Scott 1803, vol.2, p.280, while commenting on the ancient MS. Cotton version
- ^ Scott 1803, vol.2, p.280
- ^ Laing, David; Small, John, eds. (1885), "Thomas off Ersseldoune", Select remains of the ancient popular poetry of Scotland (W. Blackwood and Sons): n/a, while commenting on the ancient Thornton MS. version
- ^ "Queen of Elphame, who initiated Thomas the Rimer into her mysteries." Graves, Robert (1955). The crowning privilege: the Clark lectures, 1954-1955. Cassell. p. 196., and in his Watch the north wind rise (1949), p. 170
- ^ "shortly after 1400, or about a hundred years after Thomas's death," (Murray 1875, p. xxiii), but "MS. to be.. older, probably not much later period than the middle of the fourteenth century." (Wright, Thomas; Thoms, William J. (1879). "Thomas and the Elf Queen". The Folk-Lore Record 2: 165–173.JSTOR 1252468)
- ^ Murray 1875, p. xxiii
- ^ Child, Francis James (1884), "42. Clerk Colvill", The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Houghton Mifflin) I: 374
- ^ Syndergaard 1995; TSB (1978) p.42, 'A63: '
- ^ DgF No. 47; Vol. I, pp. 109-
- ^ Smith-Dampier, E.M. (1920). Danish Ballads. University press. pp. 116–119.
- ^ Jamieson, Robert (1806). Popular ballads and songs (snippet). Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. p. 223.
- ^ Keightley 1850, p. 86n (Keightley notes the Swedish ballad he translated was cognate to Jamieson's Danish ballad)
- ^ These and other available translations by Borrow, Prior, etc., are listed in: Syndergaard 1995, pp. 89–91.
- ^ Geijer, Erik Gustav; Afzelius, Arvid August (1816). Svenska folk-visor 3. Häggströ. p. 162.
- ^ Keightley 1850, pp. 82–86)
- ^ Danish Royal Library online (link to PDF)
- ^ CCF #154; Danmarks gamle Folkeviser Vol.4, pp.849-52. Summarized in Child 1884, pp. 374–5
- ^ Jamieson 1806, p. 224, "Sir Oluf is here ill handled and elf-shot (elleskudt)"
- ^ Smith-Dampier 1920, pp. 114–115 "To the Elfin Shaft or Elfin Bolt was attributed sudden death or seizure of pain, either in man or beast, among Scandinavians."
- ^ DgF No. 46; Vol. I, pp. 105-
- ^ Jamieson 1806, pp. 225-
- ^ Geijer & Afzelius 1816, 3, pp.170-
- ^ Keightley 1850, pp. 86–7
- ^ a b c d e f g The article Alfkors in Nordisk familjebok (1904).
- ^ a b An account given in 1926, Hellström (1990). En Krönika om Åsbro. p. 36. ISBN 91-7194-726-4.
- ^ For the Swedish belief in älvor see mainly Schön, Ebbe (1986). "De fagra flickorna på ängen". Älvor, vättar och andra väsen. ISBN 91-29-57688-1.
- ^ Cf. Keightely's chapter on Scandinavia: Elves (Keightley 1833, pp. 135-Keightley 1850, pp. 78-, Keightley 1870, pp. 78-)
- ^ "Google Maps". Maps.google.com. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ "Lilla Rosa och Långa Leda". Svenska folksagor. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell Förlag AB. 1984. p. 158.
- ^ "The Norwegians call the Elves Huldrafolk, and their music Huldraslaat" (Keightley 1850, p. 79)
- ^ "Novatoadvance.com, Chasing waterfalls ... and elves". Novatoadvance.com. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ "Icelandreview.com, Iceland Still Believes in Elves and Ghosts". Icelandreview.com. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ Thistelton-Dyer, T.F. The Folk-lore of Plants, 1889. Available online by Project Gutenberg. File retrieved 3-05-07.
- ^ Grimm, Jacob (1835). Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology); From English released version Grimm's Teutonic Mythology (1888); Available online by Northvegr 2004-2007, Chapter 32, pages 2,3; Marshall Jones Company (1930). Mythology of All Races Series, Volume 2 Eddic, Great Britain: Marshall Jones Company, 1930, pp. 221-222.
- *Coghlan, Ronan (2002). Handbook of Fairies. Milverton: Capall Bann. ISBN 1898307911.
- Grimm, Jacob, Deutsche Mythologie (1835).
- Grimm, Jacob (1883). "XVII. Wights and Elves". Teutonic mythology 2. James Steven Stallybrass (tr.). W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 439–517.
- Grimm (1883). Teutonic mythology 3. Stallybrass (tr.). pp. 1246ff.
- Grimm (1888). "Supplement". Teutonic mythology 4. Stallybrass (tr.). pp. 1407–1435.
- Hall, Alaric Timothy Peter (2004), The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England (Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow)
- Hall, Alaric (2007). Elves in Anglo-saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity. Boydell Press. pp. 125–6. ISBN 1843832941.
- Jolly, Karen Louise (1992), "Magic, Miracle, and Popular Practice in the Early Medieval West: Anglo-Saxon England", in Neusner, Jacob; Frerichs, Ernest S.; Flesher, Paul Virgil McCracken, Religion, Science, and Magic: In Concert and in Conflict (Oxford University Press): 172, ISBN 978-0-19-507911-1
- Jolly, Karen Louise (1996). Popular Religion in Late Saxon England: Elf Charms in Context. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807822620.
- Keightley, Thomas (1850) [1828]. The Fairy Mythology 1. H. G. Bohn. Vol.2
- 1870 edition at Sacred Texts site
- Lass, Roger (1994). Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45848-1.
- Lindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515382-8.
- Marshall Jones Company (1930). Mythology of All Races Series, Volume 2 Eddic, Great Britain: Marshall Jones Company, 1930, 220-221.
- Scott, Walter (1803). Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 2. James Ballantyne.
- Shippey, TA (2004). "Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem". Tolkien Studies volume=1: 1–15. doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0015.
- Syndergaard, Larry E. (1995). English Translations of the Scandinavian Medieval Ballads: An Analytical Guide and Bibliography. Nordic Institute of Folklore. ISBN 9529724160.
External links
Look up elf in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elf. |
- Wikisource:Prose Edda/Gylfaginning (The Fooling Of Gylfe) by Sturluson, Snorri, 13th century, Edda, in English. Accessed 16 April 2007
- Anderson, H. C.. 1842. The Elf of the Rose (Danish original: Rosen-Alfen).
- Anderson, H. C. 1845. The Elfin Hill (Danish original: Elverhøi).


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By Mr. Toomey of Cambridge, a petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 1650) of Timothy J. Toomey, Jr. relative to increases the maximum fee charged by any person authorized to take bail . The Judiciary.
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"Raqueteers" on the march
One of the founding members of the Retirees Association of Queen's looks back over the first 10 years of the group's history and peers forward to see what lies ahead.
The Retirees Association of Queen's (RAQ), seemingly a mere mewling baby, is 10 years old. Its anniversary – and the number of Review readers among its members – invite a look at its short past and its prospects for the future.
RAQ grew indirectly out the University's 2000 fundraising campaign. Joyce Zakos, longtime member of the Principal's executive staff, and I had been recruited to help with extracting golden ducats from former Queen's staff and profs. To our dismay, we discovered that while many retirees were willing to contribute, there were many others who expressed disgruntlement with the University and felt alienated from their former departments, schools, or faculties.
Joyce, Principal Emeritus Ron Watts, LLD'84, and I bearded then-V-P (Advancement) George Hood, Artsci'78, MPA'81, to suggest that some sort of association be formed, distinct from, but supported by, the University, to foster and maintain ties between Queen's and its former employees. From the very beginning we resolved to include academic, administrative, and support staff.
George helped us get things started. While the University did not put up any money, it provided space for a part-time secretary, a computer and a telephone, and helped in other ways. The impetus for devising an independent fellowship of former Queen's faculty and staff bubbled up from below.
These were some of the key RAQ animators in 2002: Joyce Zakos, Alison (Mackintosh) Morgan, Com'61 (University Secretariat and Economics); the late Dr. Stuart Vandewater (Medicine); Pat Bogstad, Arts'55 (Registrar's Office); the late Bill Wright, BA'53, IR'54 (Personnel Services); the late Alan Green, BA'57 (Economics); Dave Bonham (V-P Resources and Law); Joy Hoselton (Senate Office); the late Dan Soberman, LLD'08 (Law), John Gordon (Business), Peter Dorn (Graphic Design), and others.
The annual membership fee was $15 ($20 for couples). It has now risen to $20 and $30, which includes our membership in the College and University Retirees Association of Canada (CURAC).
What does RAQ do? We're not a union, but rather a social haven. Nevertheless, there is an important committee that monitors Queen's pension plan and facilitates retirees being heard and consulted. Except for the lunch accompanying our annual general meeting, most activities do not involve the whole membership but subgroups with specific interests. Participants sign up in response to announcements made in the triannual RAQ News, in occasional mailed notices and on RAQ's web site www.queensu.ca/retirees/index.html
In partnership with the administration, RAQ assists the University in various programs, including the coaching of candidates who are up for prestigious awards or supervising thesis boards. An oral history project involving members and the University Archives is providing information for the next volume of Queen's history now being written by Carleton University Prof. Emeritus Duncan McDowall, Arts'72, MA'74.
So far, RAQ has not produced the usual organizational cook book, but give it time. Except for the early vision of a retirement home on or near campus, RAQ has more than met its goals and plays a useful role in the lives of many former staff and faculty. and administration. Nevertheless, a cloud may be approaching.
While we're very much alive and kicking, the membership is declining despite the rising number of retirees – not by much, but nevertheless steadily. Efforts are being made to reverse the trend, though this may not be easy to accomplish. One suspected cause for this situation is that the nature of the University community is undergoing subtle change.
What was once a strongly collegial, cohesive community is changing into a more impersonal grouping of individuals focusing strongly on special tasks not particularly related to the institution as a whole. Queen's, like most other such North American institutions, is becoming corporatized; the sense of academic fellowship and of belonging to a joint, shared educational adventure is attenuating.
Efforts are being made to reverse the falling RAQ membership. As with any organization dependent on volunteers, the future depends on the imagination, commitment, and energy of its members. Those qualities, along with current initiatives to encourage membership, should augur well for the future of RAQ as it heads into its second decade
The letter writer, a self-described "long-time and notorious RAQeteer," was RAQ's founding president. He was succeeded by Joyce Zakos, Arlene Aish, and George Brandie, faculty and staff alternating.) – Ed.
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According to NeighborhoodScout's analysis of FBI crime statistics, Marseilles is safer than 79% of the cities and towns in the US of all population sizes. In Illinois, only on the order of 23% of the communities have a lower crime rate than Marseilles. If you live in Marseilles, your chance of becoming a victim of crime in the community is 1 in 106. The US average across communities from the largest to the smallest is 1 in 31.
Additionally, NeighborhoodScout analyzed all cities and towns in America with a similar population size to Marseilles, and we found that the crime rate in Marseilles is one of the lowest in the nation for its size. This means Marseilles is one of the safest places in America in which to live for its size, a very important finding.
The crime data that NeighborhoodScout used for this analysis are the seven offenses from the uniform crime reports, collected by the FBI from 17,000 local law enforcement agencies, and include both violent and property crimes, combined.
Now let us turn to take a look at how Marseilles does for violent crimes specifically, and then how it does for property crimes. This is important because the overall crime rate can be further illuminated by understanding if violent crime or property crimes (or both) are the major contributors to the general rate of crime in Marseilles.
NeighborhoodScout's research shows that Marseilles's violent crime rate is 1 per one thousand inhabitants, which is about average for all communities in America, across all population sizes. Violent crimes that are tracked and included in this rate are armed robbery, aggravated assault, forcible (not statutory) rape, and murder and non-negligent manslaughter. Roughly similar to the national average, our analysis shows that your chance of becoming a victim of violent crime in Marseilles is one in 1020.
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Alpine Inn & Suites1001 2nd Street West, V0E 2S0 Revelstoke (Show map)
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Score from 186 reviews
Free passes to the aquatic center! Very comfy bed and pillows! Beautiful View Quiet part of town but within walking distance of everything
We stopped here because it was one of the last rooms available due to road closures. They have done some minor renovations to dress it up a bit and had I needed it the kitchenette would have been nice.
Nice and roomy, full kitchen was convenient
Very helpful staff
It was clean and the opperators were very accomodating. The parking lot was plowed. Good size rooms.
Liked that the room had a separate bedroom with a door you could close, free pass to the aquatic center
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The Room was clean and quiet
Good price, clean enough
I only stopped for the night and they were available. I didn't do any research into the facility,so I am unable to give a very extensive review
This motel is located in Revelstoke, British Columbia. Boasting an indoor hot tub, this property includes free Wi-Fi. Mount Revelstoke National Park is 5 minutes' drive away. A microwave, refrigerator and tea and coffee making facilities are included in all rooms at Alpine Inn & Suites. Cable TV and free local telephone calls are included. Select rooms offer kitchen facilities. Vending machines offering snacks and drinks are located on-site at the Inn & Suites Alpine. Fax and photocopying services are available. Guests at this motel can enjoy a free pass to the Revelstoke Aquatic Centre which is located 10 minutes' walk away. Revelstoke Golf Club is 2km away. We speak your language! Motel: 38 rooms Why use Booking.com?Why use Booking.com?Low ratesNo booking fees • Save money! • Best Price Guaranteed 436,233 properties worldwide
Including 117,847 vacation rentals Unbiased reviews26,350,000 reviews from real guests We speak your languageWebsite and customer service in English (US) and 41 other languages Booking is safeWhen you book with us your details are protected by a secure connection. ActivitiesSkiing, Hot Tub InternetFree! Wi-Fi is available in all areas and is free of charge. ParkingFree! Free public parking is available on site (reservation is not needed). ServicesVending Machine (Drinks), Fax/Photocopying GeneralNon-smoking Rooms, Family Rooms, Heating, Air Conditioning Languages spokenChinese , English Check-in3:00 PM - 12:00 AM Check-outUntil 11:00 AM Cancellation/
Mountain View MotelLocated just 15 minutes' drive from Revelstoke Mountain ski area, this motel offers free Wi-Fi. A cable TV is provided in each guest room.Most recent booking for this hotel was today at 01:24
Score from 46 reviews
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Revelstoke Gateway InnRevelstoke Mountain Resort is 15 minutes' drive from this motel, which offers guests discounted ski lift tickets, a hot tub and fitness centre. Every room offers a microwave and fridge.Most recent booking for this hotel was yesterday at 08:26
Score from 137 reviews
Review score
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Powder Springs Inn RevelstokeThis motel is 4km from Mount Revelstoke National Park. An on-site restaurant and a terrace are featured. Breakfast is provided daily, and free Wi-Fi is included in each room.Most recent booking for this hotel was yesterday at 20:25
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Sandman Hotel RevelstokeLocated off Trans Canada Highway 1, this hotel is just outside Mt. Revelstoke National Park. It features a restaurant, 2 indoor pools and pet-friendly rooms with free Wi-Fi.
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PSU12 said...
Can't be emphasized enough how much these last few B1G wins can do for our program moving forward. Guys have to start feeling some confidence heading to the offseason and knowing they will be getting Tim Frazier back. Newbill and Marshall grew up a lot as the season progressed and I'm extremely happy their hard work has paid off. No matter what this teams record is, they absolutely gave their all every game and never quit. Will always enjoy rooting for a team that gives that kind of effort no matter what. Pat Chambers has got to have a smile on his face moving to the offseason this year.
Cambria Nittany ●
- 5 stars Rating: 95
1193 votes total - (1627)
- 43 months
- 5 stars
psuflip said...
I do not think Sasa was given choice. Collella is terrible.. he made such boneheaded play near the end of the game. PSU miss one on one foul shot and the ball bounce off to the side. Keep in mind there is only 1:11 seconds to go in the game. So what does Collela do dives at the feet of NW play and fouls him.. Are you kidding me?? There time to play aggressive and time to play smart. If he played the NW player close they may use up 10-15 seconds getting the ball up the court and rush a shot. Instead no time off the clock and NW player makes both foul shots to close it 2 pt. lead. Lucky usually those type of plays come back to haunt you Glad we were not playing a very good team.
MoparMan said...
I couldn't agree with you more on the bad foul issue. However, everyone makes bad choices once in a while. I wouldn't say he is terrible at all. This kid works as hard if not harder than anybody else on the team. IMO...without him and the hustle that he brings, our record could have looked a whole lot worse that it does.


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History of Parliament Trust
Journal of the House of Lords: volume 19: 1709-1714
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'House of Lords Journal Volume 19: 9 December 1709', Journal of the House of Lords: volume 19: 1709-1714 (1767-1830), pp. 17. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=29782 Date accessed: 08 March 2014. Add to my bookshelf
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DIE Veneris, 9 Decembris. E. of Portland takes his Seat. Gee et Ux. versus E. of Jersey, Lewis, et al. Message from H. C. with a Bill. Land Tax Bill. Adjourn.
Domini tam Spirituales quam Temporales præsentes fuerunt:
This Day Henry Earl of Portland sat first in Parliament, upon the Death of his Father William Earl of Portland; and took the Oaths, and made and subscribed the Declaration, and also took and subscribed the Oath of Abjuration, pursuant to the Statutes.
Upon reading, this Day, the Petition of Richard Gee and his Wife, which was offered the Seventh Instant; praying, "That the Day, which is appointed for hearing his Appeal, to which Edwin Lewes and others are Respondents, may be put off to a further Day, his Counsel being sick, as appears by an Affidavit annexed to his Petition:"
It is Ordered, by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, That this House will hear the said Cause, by Counsel, at the Bar, on Tuesday the Twentieth Day of this Instant December, at Eleven a Clock; whereof the Appellant is to cause timely Notice to be given to the Respondents.
A Message was brought from the House of Commons, by Mr. Farrer and others:
With a Bill, intituled, "An Act for granting an Aid to Her Majesty, to be raised by a Land Tax in Great Britain, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ten;" to which they desire the Concurrence of this House.
Hodie 1a vice lecta est Billa, intituled, "An Act for granting an Aid to Her Majesty, to be raised by a Land Tax in Great Britain, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ten."
Dominus Cancellarius declaravit præsens Parliamentum continuandum esse usque ad et in diem Sabbati, decimum diem instantis Decembris, hora undecima Auroræ, Dominis sic decernentibus.
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We had roasted chicken breasts with lemon cream sauce, salad, pasta, and chocolate-chip cookies. Kelly is down-to-earth, has a great sense of humor, and makes you immediately feel like you're her best friend.
When I asked her about her easy friendliness with people, she said, "I'm a Corrigan. We're connectors. We start every interaction like we've known and loved you for years."
Okay, I wasn't exactly alone at lunch with Kelly, who wrote The New York Times bestseller The Middle Place and, most recently, Lift. There were about 115 other people there, too, including some of her Baltimore aunts and cousins.
Kelly is on a national tour to promote her new book. She'll be on the Today show on Thursday (April 29) if you'd like to see her. This evening, she'll also be at Talbots in Annapolis Town Centre, signing books at 6 p.m. (She's a "real-woman" model for the clothing store's catalog. She shares, "They photoshopped out the shamrock tattoo on my ankle.")
At today's sold-out luncheon at Mercy Medical Center, Kelly read excerpts from Lift, which is an 89-page letter to her daughters Georgia, 8, and Claire, 7, about their childhoods. It's sweet, funny, and sad.
I sat in Piedigrotta reading it one afternoon and realized I had tears dripping into my latte. Her first book, The Middle Place, is also poignant—and laugh-out-loud funny in its honesty. Kelly, who now lives outside San Francisco, writes about growing up in Philadelphia and her breast-cancer diagnosis while her girls were still in diapers. At the same time, her dad, George or "Greenie" as he's called, was also diagnosed with cancer.
I know this is a little off topic for the In Good Taste blog, but I wanted to share my experience with Kelly, whose parents grew up in Baltimore. Greenie went to Loyola High School and the University of Maryland, where he was All-American lacrosse. Her mom, Mary Dwyer, grew up in Homeland, went to Notre Dame, and was a teacher in Baltimore for a while. Her brother Scott is a teacher and lacrosse coach at McDonogh.
Also, Kelly worked here for United Way as a fund-raiser in the early '90s. It was her first job after she graduated from the University of Richmond.
I asked her about her life at that time. "I was single and broke, so we did a lot of happy hours. And we slept in until 11 a.m. and then made our way down to Fells Point for eggs and bacon. And if we weren't careful, we'd stay there until midnight."
Yes, she definitely has Baltimore genes.
Today's luncheon was a benefit for The Red Devils, a local organization that helps breast-cancer patients and their families. "We're one of Maryland's best-kept secrets," said Jeanne Backof, the nonprofit group's president. "We want more people to know about us."
I'll be writing more about Kelly and The Red Devils in our June issue. Kelly had a lot more to say about our city, like, "I love the size and the crabs and the accent and the people and the O's." Bless her heart for the part about our struggling Orioles!
Kelly certainly made an impact on today's crowd. Shane Powers of Frederick (and the one guy in the group), said, "It was very inspirational. I'm the single father of three girls. I'm going to have my children read her books."
Photo: kellycorrigan.com


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Off Cobb Bridge Rd (Co. Rd. 37), on Spy Rock Rd (F Westminster, SC 29693
Riley Moore Falls is a relatively short cascade of about 12 feet, but is 100 feet wide. It once powered a mill and is now used occasionally by Class VI whitewater paddlers. The 45 minute, moderate 1 mile hike is worth the travel time. Watch for clusters of daisy fleabane and fern, plus numerous azaleas adorning the falls during springtime.