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Bring it! Glitter Temporary Tattoo
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Your cheer team will love wearing this pink face tattoo!
These Bring It Glitter Temporary Tattoos feature a hot pink tattoo with a spirit logo that says BRING IT! Our Pink Bring It Face Tattoos measure approximately 2 inches x 2 inches. Temporary tattoos apply with water and remove easily with baby oil, tape or rubbing alcohol. Nine sheets containing four temporary tattoos are included in each package.Temporary tattoos are not recommended for use on sensitive skin or around the eyes and are not returnable.
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, contact our Customer Service Department at (firstname.lastname@example.com or 1-800-227-2789).
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- Attractive Design
- Colorful
- Durable
- Easy To Use
- Fun
- Good Value
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My girls used these for a cheer competition.. they looked so cute and sparkled..
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Does this tattoo "Bring It!" only come in pink? I was wanting red. ThanksAsked on 8/25/2012 by Kristy from Pilot Mountian, NC1 answer
I'm sorry but this Bring It Glitter Tattoo only comes in the hot pink color as shown.Answered on 8/27/2012 by csr
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Home > Research > Research Publications |
Staff Reports |
When Is There a Strong Transfer Risk from the Sovereigns to the Corporates? Property Rights Gaps and CDS Spreads |
October 2012 Number 579 |
JEL classification: G15, G38 |
Authors: Jennie Bai and Shang-Jin Wei When a sovereign faces the risk of debt default, it may be tempted to expropriate the private sector. This may be one reason why international investment in private companies has to take into account the sovereign risk. But the likelihood of sovereign risk transferring to corporates and increasing their risk of default may be mitigated by legal institutions that provide strong property rights protection. Using a novel credit default swaps (CDS) data set covering government and corporate entities across thirty countries, we study both the average strength of the transfer risks and the role of institutions in mitigating such risks. We find that 1) sovereign risk on average has a statistically and economically significant influence on corporate credit risks (all else equal, a 100 basis point increase in the sovereign CDS spread leads to an increase in corporate CDS spreads of 71 basis points); 2) the sovereign-corporate relation varies across corporations, with state-owned companies exhibiting a stronger relation with the sovereign; and 3) the presence of strong property rights institutions, however, tends to weaken the connection. In contrast, contracting institutions (offering protection of creditor rights or minority shareholder rights) do not appear to matter much in this context.
Available only in PDF
43 pages / 1,285 kb |

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Changes related to "1911-11-29 (142lbs) Ray Bronson nd-w pts 10 Tommy Howell, Virginia Avenue Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"
From Barry Hugman's History of World Championship Boxing
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With Wubbzy and Walden and Widget, the fun never ends
Wubbzy's Hanukkah MenorahWow! Wow! Wow! Here's a safe & fun way to light each night of Hanukkah. |
Wubbzy Holiday Photo FrameKeep memories close at hand with this Wubbzy holiday photo frame. |
Draw WubbzyYou can do it! Draw Wubbzy on your own! |
Wubbzy Book PlatesKids will go 'Wow!' for Wubbzy's book plates! Print, personalize & stick them in fave books! |
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Wubbzy! Picture PuzzlesChoose one of these picture puzzles and follow the instructions on the bottom of the page to create a jigsaw puzzle for your Wubbzy fan. |
Wubbzy's Reversible PuzzlesIt's Wubbzy on one side and Walden on the other! Wow, wow everybody! |


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Whinging Poms?
In this feature Martin tells the story of England's unhappy tour of Australia in 1958/59.
Whinging Poms?
In this feature Martin tells the story of England's unhappy tour of Australia in 1958/59.
Yes, yes they are.
WWCC - Loyaulte Mi Lie
"People make me happy.. not places.. people"
"When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life." - Samuel Johnson
"Oh my God, there's a castle! A castle!"
Expecting a follow up titled 'Unhygienic Englishmen?'
Parmi | #1 draft pick | Jake King is **** | Big Bash League tipping champion of the universeCome and Paint Turtle
Sounds like the English press did rather more whinging than the players.
All before my time, but it seems that our lack of quality openers did for us, so the talented middle order were usually facing the new ball. And perhaps there was a dash of complacency. Faced with a tougher ordeal than expected, maybe they simply didn't have the stomach for it.
Another belter, fred.
Does show that cricket's a game played on cut strips, not in the pages of Wisden; England's attack practically reads like a who's who of our postwar bowling greats and, on paper, at least looks a match for the home battery.
& another (near) namesake for that thread: John Mortimore, who didn't create such a compelling case for the defence as Rumpole might've.
- As featured in The Independent.
"Predictably, the ending of his international career did not end the argument about Pietersen's merits, as an army of informed commentators and Piers Morgan weighed in to defend or attack him."
- The Guardian's Andrew Anthony
Davo. Wafg
Great read as always Fred
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Public Policy & Political Economy News
Undergraduates Show Competitive Skills in Diplomacy Dec. 09, 2013 — Even though most were first-time competitors, UT Dallas students demonstrated the academic preparation and diplomatic savvy needed to take home the highest honors in a recent United Nations simulation held in the nation's Capitol. Read more » |
Students Make a Difference Through Volunteering for Local Nonprofits Nov. 11, 2013 — Viva Volunteer recently gave more than 380 students the opportunity to give back to the community and participate in the national Make A Difference Day. Audra Jackson, an international political economy sophomore, helped out with a fall children's festival for an afterschool program at Voice of Hope Ministries. Read more » |
State Department Work Gives Public Policy Student Prized Experience Oct. 25, 2013 — Public policy graduate student Daniel Hinson's internship with the State Department has afforded him the opportunity to explore Washington, D.C., New York and potentially a career in foreign affairs. Read more » |
Archer Fellows Describe Studies, Work in Washington D.C. Sept. 30, 2013 — Nine UT Dallas undergraduates were selected to spend the spring semester in Washington, D.C., as part of the Bill Archer Fellow Program offered by the Archer Center. The six juniors and three seniors were among 36 undergraduate participants selected from throughout the UT System. Read more » |
Student Wins State Department Award to Study Arabic in Oman Jul. 01, 2013 — Growing up in a home where her mother studied linguistics, Irene Morse was surrounded by a love for languages. Hearing the cadence and rhythms of different languages gave her a curiosity about other cultures as well. Read more » |
IPE Graduate Student Receives Boren Fellowship to Study in Ukraine Jun. 17, 2013 — A master's degree in international political economy, Brian Couzelis figured, would give him a solid background in both politics and economics, and also enable him to study policy and development issues related to different geographic regions. Read more » |
2 UT Dallas Graduates Head Abroad with Fulbright Program Grants May 30, 2013 — Maija Wallace, who recently graduated with a degree in international political economy, received a Fulbright grant to teach English in Spain. Sponsored by the U.S. State Department, the Fulbright Program offers fellowships to graduate students and graduating seniors to study in more than 140 countries. The nine-month stipend covers such items as flights, books and living expenses. Read more » |
Hoodings Honor 9 Doctoral Graduates Mentored by Same Prof May 22, 2013 — Even in an academic career spanning more than five decades, there still is room for a few firsts. For Dr. Brian J.L. Berry, the unprecedented feat took shape this spring when nine of his doctoral candidates completed their PhDs. Read more » |
Family of Scholars Finds an Academic Home at UT Dallas May 22, 2013 — Rubia da Rocha Valente graduated this year with a PhD in public policy and political economy, but she wasn't the only person in her family receiving a degree from UT Dallas. Read more » |


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New Ron Paul Ad - BIG DOG "New Ron Paul Ad "Big Dog" - http://www.ronpaul2012.com" 97.1 FM Talk
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Website for Remanufactured, OEM Certified Packaging Machinery
April 2, 2009 5:33 am | Product Releases | CommentsPackaging equipment supplier Multivac Inc. has launched a website dedicated to its Certified Pre-owned and Remanufactured equipment business. Those interested in purchasing Pre-owned or Remanufactured Multivac equipment can find full details and instructions at this website.
Redesigned Components for Wireless Systems Website
April 2, 2009 5:33 am | Product Releases | CommentsLaird Technologies Inc.a global leader in the design and manufacture of customized, performance-critical components for wireless systems and other advanced electronics applicationshas launched its newly designed website.
Guide to Ball Screw End Supports
April 2, 2009 5:33 am | Product Releases | CommentsThomson, a Danaher Motion Company, offers the Guide to Ball Screw End Supports. This 54-page guide
Sensing Solutions Catalog
April 2, 2009 5:33 am | Product Releases | CommentsThe 2009 Endevco Product Resource offers detailed information on key applications for Endevco sensing solutions.
Diabetes Device Design Challenge
April 2, 2009 5:33 am | Product Releases | CommentsDo you have an idea for an innovative new diabetes device or web application? This is your chance to win up to $10,000 to realize your design concept, and potentially help transform life with diabetes for millions of people. This competition is open to all.
Guide Details Properties, Latest Innovations in Thermoplastic Resins
April 2, 2009 5:33 am | Product Releases | CommentsThe Thermoplastic Resins Properties Guide features detailed information about Makrolon polycarbonates; Apec high-heat polycarbonates; Bayblend polycarbonate/ABS blends; Makroblend polycarbonate/polyester blends; and Texin, Desmopan, and Utechllan thermoplastic polyurethanes.
Scientific Equipment and Supplies Catalog
April 2, 2009 5:33 am | Product Releases | CommentsCole-Parmer has released the Spring edition of its Preferred Solutions cataloga single source for scientific equipment and supplies.
Top Five Tips for an Efficient Outsourcing Partnership
April 2, 2009 5:32 am | by Chris Coghlin, President and CEO, Cogmedix | Cogmedix | Articles | CommentsWhile outsourcing in the medical device manufacturing industry is growing, there are still a large number of companies who have very little or no experience with this process. For them, it can be a daunting task to determine how best to...
Self-Sealing Sterilization Pouches
April 1, 2009 10:53 am | Qosina | Product Releases | CommentsThese self-sealing sterilization pouches are composed of a blue tinted PET polypropylene front and a surgical paper back. A ¾-in. medical grade tape closure provides a quick and easy seal. The bags are available in a variety of stock sizes from 3.0 x 9.0 in., to 12 x 18 in.
Halogen-Free Adhesives for Assembly of Handheld Electronics
April 1, 2009 10:53 am | Product Releases | CommentsIn response to industry initiatives and legislation designed to protect the environment from halogenated materials, a line of Loctite adhesives and sealants are offered that meet the requirements of IPC IEC #61249-2-21.
Multisensor Measurement Machines Accommodate Multiple Smaller Parts
April 1, 2009 10:53 am | Micro-Vu Corporation | Product Releases | CommentsTen new models that accommodate large parts or multiple smaller parts for three dimensional measurements have been added to the Excel 650 series of multisensor measurement machines.
April 2009 Digital Edition
April 1, 2009 12:00 am | Digital Editions | CommentsInside: Read five tops to help companies outsource in "Top Five Tips for an Efficient Outsourcing Partnership," from Cogmedix. Shared are professionals' opinions on President Obama. Additionally, read about Piezo motor based devices and pumping systems. Check out the selection of products, as well as the offerings for engineers in Design notes.
March 31, 2009 9:26 am | Articles | CommentsReimbursement is a critical issue for medical device manufacturers, but is it so important that it
'Snap-In' Mounting Simplifies Integration of Piezoelectric Micro Motors
March 27, 2009 6:30 am | New Scale Technologies, Inc. | Product Releases | CommentsA stainless steel housing for the SQL-1.8 Squiggle micro motor simplifies mounting of this patented piezoelectric motor into miniature OEM products. The motor measures only 2.7 x 2.8 x 6.0 mm including housing.
Vacuum Pumps Generate High Flows at Vacuum or Pressure
March 27, 2009 6:30 am | KNF Neuberger, Inc. | Product Releases | CommentsType NPK04 micro-miniature swing-piston pumps introduce high-performance and compact solutions to transfer, evacuate, or compress air. These extremely small (2.5 in. long) pumps deliver free flow rates up to 4 LPM and versions can be optimized to generate significantly increased vacuum (up to 21 in.


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Pat Henrique of Saint George, Staten Island, who lost her daughter in the World Trade Center attack, will participate in the borough's 9/11 memorial service to honor her child's tenacity and courage.
Michelle Henrique, 27, was an executive assistant at Fiduciary Trust, which was on the upper floors of Two World Trade Center.
"She was the glue that held this family together," said Pat Henrique.
Michelle Henrique's boyfriend intended to propose to her that December and she was becoming more involved with community organizations.
Pat Henrique says she still feels her daughter's spirit.
"She's with me all the time. I really mean it when I say she was so supportive and got me through the worst of times," said Henrique.
One of 271 victims from Staten Island, Michelle's profile is part of the "Postcards" memorial on the waterfront in Saint George.
The faces of those lost look towards the "Tribute in Light" beams across New York Harbor, enveloped together in a message of love.
While Pat Henrique says it is too emotionally difficult to go anymore to the World Trade Center site, she will spend the anniversary at the Staten Island memorial service and try to display some of that strength which she says came so easily to Michelle.
"Tonight, I will be reading the list of some of the names. I say these people's names with such fervor to let these people know that they will never be forgotten," said Henrique.
The service at the "Postcards" memorial will begin at 6 p.m. today.


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Summations in Dumont man's wife-killing trial dwell on state of mind
Peter Shanley of Dumont was provoked by months of his wife's strange behavior and was driven to his boiling point by a smack on the head with a lamp when he fatally attacked his wife almost three years ago, his attorney told jurors on Tuesday.
An assistant Bergen County prosecutor, meanwhile, argued that Shanley may have been angry and jealous, but he never lost control of his emotions and was the one who started the violent confrontation that ended Debra Shanley's life on April 10, 2010.
The attorneys were making closing remarks in Peter Shanley's murder trial in state Superior Court in Hackensack, in which his state of mind is central to the case. Jurors were scheduled to begin deliberating Wednesday.
Prosecutors are charging Shanley, 60, with murder, and he faces life in prison if convicted. His attorneys argue that Shanley committed the killing in passion-provocation, which would make it the lesser offense of manslaughter that carries a maximum of 10 years in prison.
Defense attorney Brian Neary started his remarks by telling the jury that Peter Shanley was responsible for the death of his wife, but asked jurors to consider the circumstances that led the brutal beating and fatal stabbing of Debra Shanley.
He described the Shanley family as part of a family community in Dumont where people knew each other. The Shanleys were married for 35 years and raised two children, he working at the borough's Department of Public Works and she working as a teacher in the Bergenfield school district, Neary said.
Shanley was described by friends and acquaintances as a gentle giant who often helped others with plowing snow and other tasks. Most of the borough's police officers knew him personally, and he was never violent with his wife during decades of marriage, Neary said.
"In 35 years of marriage, there was no domestic violence," he said. "This was not a house of domestic violence, and he was not a man of violence."
Life changed for the Shanleys in early 2010 when Debra Shanley, 54, joined a motorcycle group. When she was not spending time with her motorcycle friends, she was home retreating into her laptop, Neary said. She grew distant from her family and community, wandering into a new, "secretive" life where Peter Shanley was not invited, he said.
As his frustration grew, Peter Shanley once cut the handlebars on Debra Shanley's motorcycle and put her laptop in the dishwasher, he said.


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Designer and professor, very much interested in design as an agent of change.
I am a conceptual artist and my image-based installations explore issues relating to international trade and commerce, farmer's rights, race and human rights. My goal is to create work that is simultaneously attractive and repulsive. Though the subject of my work varies, the common threa
1979 to 1990
In 1984 he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for the Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, which resulted in a comparative photo-essay entitled The Italian Hilltown and the American Main Street Small Tow


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History of ancient Egypt
History of Egypt | ||||||||||
This article is part of a series |
Prehistoric Egypt pre–3100 BC | ||||||||||
Ancient Egypt | ||||||||||
Early Dynastic Period 3100–2686 BC | ||||||||||
Old Kingdom 2686–2181 BC | ||||||||||
1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BC | ||||||||||
Middle Kingdom 2055–1650 BC | ||||||||||
2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BC | ||||||||||
New Kingdom 1550–1069 BC | ||||||||||
3rd Intermediate Period 1069–664 BC | ||||||||||
Late Period 664–332 BC | ||||||||||
Classical Antiquity | ||||||||||
Achaemenid Egypt 525–332 BC | ||||||||||
Ptolemaic Egypt 332–30 BC | ||||||||||
Roman & Byzantine Egypt 30 BC–641 AD | ||||||||||
Sassanid Egypt 621–629 | ||||||||||
Middle Ages | ||||||||||
Arab Egypt 641–969 | ||||||||||
Fatimid Egypt 969–1171 | ||||||||||
Ayyubid Egypt 1171–1250 | ||||||||||
Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517 | ||||||||||
Early Modern | ||||||||||
Ottoman Egypt 1517–1867 | ||||||||||
French occupation 1798–1801 | ||||||||||
Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805–1882 | ||||||||||
Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914 | ||||||||||
Modern Egypt | ||||||||||
British occupation 1882–1953 | ||||||||||
Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922 | ||||||||||
Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953 | ||||||||||
Republic 1953–present | ||||||||||
Egypt portal |
The history of Ancient Egypt spans the period from the early predynastic settlements of the northern Nile Valley to the Roman conquest in 30 BC. The Pharaonic Period is dated from around 3200 BC, when Lower and Upper Egypt became a unified state, until the country fell under Greek rule in 332 BC.
- 1 Chronology
- 2 Neolithic Egypt
- 3 Dynastic Egypt
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
- Note
- For alternative 'revisions' to the chronology of Egypt, see Egyptian chronology.
Egypt's history is split into several different periods according to the ruling dynasty of each pharaoh. The dating of events is still a subject of research. The conservative dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for a span of about three millennia. The following is the list according to conventional Egyptian chronology.
- Predynastic Period (Prior to 3100 BC)
- Protodynastic Period (Approximately 3100–3000 BC)
- Early Dynastic Period (1st–2nd Dynasties)
- Old Kingdom (3rd–6th Dynasties)
- First Intermediate Period (7th–11th Dynasties)
- Middle Kingdom (12th–13th Dynasties)
- Second Intermediate Period (14th–17th Dynasties)
- New Kingdom (18th–20th Dynasties)
- Third Intermediate Period (21st–25th Dynasties) (also known as the Libyan Period)
- Late Period (26th–31st Dynasties)
Neolithic Egypt[edit]
Neolithic period[edit]
The Nile has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living along it during the Pleistocene. Traces of these early people appear in the form of artifacts and rock carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the oases. To the Egyptians the Nile meant life and the desert meant death, though the desert did provide them protection from invaders.
Along the Nile, in the 12th millennium BC, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had been replaced by another culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering people using stone tools. Evidence also indicates human habitation and cattle herding in the southwestern corner of Egypt, near the Sudan border, before 8000 BC. But according to Barbara Barich the idea of an independent bovine domestication event in Africa must be abandoned because subsequent evidence gathered over a period of thirty years has failed to corroborate this.[1] In light of this the oldest known domesticated bovine remains in Africa are from the Fayum c. 4400 BC.[2] Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies suggest that natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of northern Africa, eventually forming the Sahara (c. 2500 BC).
Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and forced them to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. However, the period from 9000 to 6000 BC has left very little in the way of archaeological evidence.
Predynastic period[edit]
The Nile Valley of Egypt was basically uninhabitable until the work of clearing and irrigating the land along the banks of the river was started.[3] However it appears that this clearance and irrigation was largely under way by about 6000 BC. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings in the Nile Valley.[4] At this time, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in use by 4000 BC. The people of the Nile Valley and on delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[5] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[5] The Predynastic Period continues through this time, variously held to begin with the Naqada culture.
Between 5500 and 3100 BC, during Egypt's Predynastic Period, small settlements flourished along the Nile, whose delta empties into the Mediterranean Sea. By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper Egypt, Ta Shemau, to the south, and Lower Egypt, Ta Mehu, to the north.[6] The dividing line was drawn roughly in the area of modern Cairo.
The Tasian culture was the next to appear in Upper Egypt. This group is named for the burials found at Der Tasa, a site on the east bank of the Nile between Asyut and Akhmim. The Tasian culture group is notable for producing the earliest blacktop-ware, a type of red and brown pottery which has been painted black on its top and interior.[7]
The Badarian Culture, named for the Badari site near Der Tasa, followed the Tasian culture, however similarities between the two have led many to avoid differentiating between them at all. The Badarian Culture continued to produce the kind of pottery called Blacktop-ware (although its quality was much improved over previous specimens), and was assigned the Sequence Dating numbers between 21 and 29.[8] The significant difference, however, between the Tasian and Badarian culture groups which prevents scholars from completely merging the two together is that Badarian sites use copper in addition to stone, and thus are chalcolithic settlements, while the Tasian sites are still Neolithic, and are considered technically part of the Stone Age.[8]
The Amratian culture is named after the site of el-Amra, about 120 km south of Badari. El-Amra was the first site where this culture group was found unmingled with the later Gerzean culture group; however, this period is better attested at the Naqada site, thus it is also referred to as the Naqada I culture.[9] Black-topped ware continued to be produced, but white cross-line ware, a type of pottery which was decorated with close parallel white lines crossed by another set of close parallel white lines, began to be produced during this time. The Amratian period falls between S.D. 30 and 39 in Petrie's Sequence Dating system.[10] Trade between Upper and Lower Egypt was attested at this time, as newly excavated objects indicate. A stone vase from the north was found at el-Amra, and copper, which is not present in Egypt, was apparently imported from the Sinai, or perhaps from Nubia. Obsidian[11] and an extremely small amount of gold[10] were both definitively imported from Nubia during this time. Trade with the oases was also likely.[11]
The Gerzean Culture, named after the site of Gerza, was the next stage in Egyptian cultural development, and it was during this time that the foundation for Dynastic Egypt was laid. Gerzean culture was largely an unbroken development out of Amratian Culture, starting in the delta and moving south through upper Egypt; however, it failed to dislodge Amratian Culture in Nubia.[12] Gerzean culture coincided with a significant drop in rainfall,[12] and farming produced the vast majority of food.[12] With increased food supplies, the populace adopted a much more sedentary lifestyle, and the larger settlements grew to cities of about 5,000 residents.[12] It was in this time that the city dwellers started using mud brick to build their cities.[12] Copper instead of stone was increasingly used to make tools[12] and weaponry.[13] Silver, gold, lapis, and faience were used ornamentally,[14] and the grinding palettes used for eye-paint since the Badarian period began to be adorned with relief carvings.[13]
Dynastic Egypt[edit]
Dynasties of Ancient Egypt |
Early dynastic period[edit]
The historical records of ancient Egypt begin with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3150 BC. According to Egyptian tradition Menes, thought to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt, was the first king. This Egyptian culture, customs, art expression, architecture, and social structure was closely tied to religion, remarkably stable, and changed little over a period of nearly 3000 years.
Egyptian chronology, which involves regnal years, began around this time. The conventional Egyptian chronology is the chronology accepted during the twentieth century, but it does not include any of the major revision proposals that also have been made in that time. Even within a single work, archaeologists often will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers or topics related to ancient Egypt. There also are several possible spellings of the names. Typically, Egyptologists divide the history of pharaonic civilization using a schedule laid out first by Manetho's Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt) that was written during the Ptolemaic era, during the third century BC.
Prior to the unification of Egypt, the land was settled with autonomous villages. With the early dynasties, and for much of Egypt's history thereafter, the country came to be known as the Two Lands. The rulers established a national administration and appointed royal governors.
According to Manetho, the first king was Menes, but archeological findings support the view that the first pharaoh to claim to have united the two lands was Narmer (the final king of the Protodynastic Period). His name is known primarily from the famous Narmer Palette, whose scenes have been interpreted as the act of uniting Upper and Lower Egypt.
Funeral practices for the elite resulted in the construction of mastaba tombs, which later became models for subsequent Old Kingdom constructions such as the Step pyramid.
Old Kingdom[edit]
The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as spanning the period of time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2134 BC). The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids, which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids." The first notable pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (2630–2611 BC) of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of a pyramid (the Step Pyramid) in Memphis' necropolis, Saqqara.
It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as nomes, ruled solely by the pharaoh. Subsequently the former rulers were forced to assume the role of governors or otherwise work in tax collection. Egyptians in this era worshiped their pharaoh as a god, believing that he ensured the annual flooding of the Nile that was necessary for their crops.
The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached their zenith under the Fourth Dynasty. Sneferu, the dynasty's founder, is believed to have commissioned at least three pyramids; while his son and successor Khufu erected the Great Pyramid of Giza, Sneferu had more stone and brick moved than any other pharaoh. Khufu (Greek Cheops), his son Khafra (Greek Chephren), and his grandson Menkaura (Greek Mycerinus), all achieved lasting fame in the construction of their pyramids. To organize and feed the manpower needed to create these pyramids required a centralized government with extensive powers, and Egyptologists believe the Old Kingdom at this time demonstrated this level of sophistication. Recent excavations near the pyramids led by Mark Lehner have uncovered a large city which seems to have housed, fed and supplied the pyramid workers. Although it was once believed that slaves built these monuments, a theory based on the biblical Exodus story, study of the tombs of the workmen, who oversaw construction on the pyramids, has shown they were built by a corvée of peasants drawn from across Egypt. They apparently worked while the annual Nile flood covered their fields, as well as a very large crew of specialists, including stone cutters, painters, mathematicians and priests.
The Fifth Dynasty began with Userkhaf (starting c. 2495 BC) and was marked by the growing importance of the cult of sun god Ra. Consequently less efforts were devoted to the construction of pyramid complexes than during the 4th dynasty and more to the construction of sun temples in Abusir. The decoration of pyramid complexes grew more elaborate during the dynasty and its last king, Unas, was the first to have the pyramid texts inscribed in his pyramid. Egypt's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony, incense such as myrrh and frankincense, gold, copper and other useful metals compelled the ancient Egyptians to navigate of the open seas. Evidence from the pyramid of Sahure, second king of the dynasty, shows that a regular trade existed with the Syrian coast to procure cedar wood. Pharaohs also launched expeditions to the famed Land of Punt, possibly in modern day Ethiopia and Somalia, for ebony, ivory and aromatic resins.
During the sixth dynasty (2345–2181 BC), the power of pharaohs gradually weakened in favor of powerful nomarchs (regional governors). These no longer belonged to the royal family and their charge became hereditary, thus creating local dynasties largely independent from the central authority of the pharaoh. Internal disorders set in during the incredibly long reign of Pepi II (2278–2184 BC) towards the end of the dynasty. His death, certainly well past that of his intended heirs, might have created succession struggles and the country slipped into civil wars mere decades after the close of Pepi II's reign. The final blow came when a severe drought affected the region which resulted from a drastic drop in precipitation during the 22nd century BC, producing consistently low Nile flood levels.[15] The result was the collapse of the Old Kingdom followed by decades of famine and strife.
First Intermediate Period[edit]
After the fall of the Old Kingdom came a roughly 200-year stretch of time known as the First Intermediate Period, which is generally thought to include a relatively obscure set of pharaohs running from the end of the Sixth to the Tenth, and most of the Eleventh Dynasty. Most of these were likely local monarchs who did not hold much power outside of theiod, there are a number of fictional texts known as Lamentations from the early period of the subsequent Middle Kingdom that may shed some light on what happened during this period. Some of these texts reflect on the breakdown of rule, others allude to invasion by "Asiatic bowmen". In general the stories focus on a society where the natural order of things in both society and nature was overthrown.
It is also highly likely that it was during this period that all of the pyramid and tomb complexes were robbed. Further lamentation texts allude to this fact, and by the beginning of the Middle Kingdom mummies are found decorated with magical spells that were once exclusive to the pyramid of the kings of the sixth dynasty.
By 2160 BC a new line of pharaohs (the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties) consolidated Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. A rival line (the Eleventh Dynasty) based at Thebes reunited Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable. Around 2055 BC the Theban forces defeated the Heracleopolitan Pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands. The reign of its first pharaoh, Mentuhotep II marks the beginning of the Middle Kingdom.
Middle Kingdom[edit]
The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC.
The period comprises two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th Dynasty onwards which was centered around el-Lisht. These two dynasties were originally considered to be the full extent of this unified kingdom, but historians now[16] consider the 13th Dynasty to at least partially belong to the Middle Kingdom.
The earliest pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom traced their origin to a nomarch of Thebes, "Intef the Great, son of Iku", who is mentioned in a number of contemporary inscriptions. However, his immediate successor Mentuhotep II is considered the first pharaoh of this dynasty.
An inscription carved during the reign of Wahankh Intef II shows that he was the first of this dynasty to claim to rule over the whole of Egypt, a claim which brought the Thebeans into conflict with the rulers of Herakleopolis Magna, the Tenth Dynasty. Intef undertook several campaigns northwards, and captured the important nome of Abydos.
Warfare continued intermittently between the Thebean and Heracleapolitan dynasties until the 14th regnal year of Nebhetepra Mentuhotep II, when the Herakleopolitans were defeated, and the Theban dynasty began to consolidate their rule. Mentuhotep II is known to have commanded military campaigns south into Nubia, which had gained its independence during the First Intermediate Period. There is also evidence for military actions against Palestine. The king reorganized the country and placed a vizier at the head of civil administration for the country.
Mentuhotep IV was the final pharaoh of this dynasty, and despite being absent from various lists of pharaohs, his reign is attested from a few inscriptions in Wadi Hammamat that record expeditions to the Red Sea coast and to quarry stone for the royal monuments. The leader of this expedition was his vizier Amenemhat, who is widely assumed to be the future pharaoh Amenemhet I, the first king of the 12th Dynasty. Amenemhet is widely assumed by some Egyptologists to have either usurped the throne or assumed power after Mentuhotep IV died childless.
Amenemhat I built a new capital for Egypt, known as Itjtawy, thought to be located near the present-day el-Lisht, although the chronicler Manetho claims the capital remained at Thebes. Amenemhat forcibly pacified internal unrest, curtailed the rights of the nomarchs, and is known to have at launched at least one campaign into Nubia. His son Senusret I continued the policy of his father to recapture Nubia and other territories lost during the First Intermediate Period. The Libyans were subdued under his forty-five year reign and Egypt's prosperity and security were secured.
Senusret III (1878–1839 BC) was a warrior-king, leading his troops deep into Nubia, and built a series of massive forts throughout the country to establish Egypt's formal boundaries with the unconquered areas of its territory. Amenemhet III (1860–1815 BC) is considered the last great pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.
Egypt's population began to exceed food production levels during the reign of Amenemhat III, who then ordered the exploitation of the Fayyum and increased mining operations in the Sinaï desert. He also invited Asiatic settlers to Egypt to labor on Egypt's monuments. Late in his reign the annual floods along the Nile began to fail, further straining the resources of the government. The Thirteenth Dynasty and Fourteenth Dynasty witnessed the slow decline of Egypt into the Second Intermediate Period in which some of the Asiatic settlers of Amenemhat III would grasp power over Egypt as the Hyksos.
Second Intermediate Period and the Hyksos[edit]
The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. This period is best known as the time the Hyksos (an Asiatic people) made their appearance in Egypt, the reigns of its kings comprising the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties.
The Thirteenth Dynasty proved unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt, and a provincial ruling family located in the marshes of the western Delta at Xois broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty. The splintering of the land accelerated after the reign of the Thirteenth Dynasty king Neferhotep I.
The Hyksos first appear during the reign of the Thirteenth Dynasty pharaoh Sobekhotep IV, and by 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris. The outlines of the traditional account of the "invasion" of the land by the Hyksos is preserved in the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, who records that during this time the Hyksos overran Egypt, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty. In the last decades, however, the idea of a simple migration, with little or no violence involved, has gained some support.[17] Under this theory, the Egyptian rulers of 13th Dynasty were unable to stop these new migrants from travelling to Egypt from Asia because they were weak kings who were struggling to cope with various domestic problems including possibly famine.
The Hyksos princes and chieftains ruled in the eastern Delta with their local Egyptian vassals. The Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty rulers established their capital and seat of government at Memphis and their summer residence at Avaris.
The Hyksos kingdom was centered in the eastern Nile Delta and Middle Egypt and was limited in size, never extending south into Upper Egypt, which was under control by Theban-based rulers. Hyksos relations with the south seem to have been mainly of a commercial nature, although Theban princes appear to have recognized the Hyksos rulers and may possibly have provided them with tribute for a period.
Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence from the vassal dynasty in Itj-tawy and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty was to prove the salvation of Egypt and would eventually lead the war of liberation that drove the Hyksos back into Asia. The two last kings of this dynasty were Tao II the Brave and Kamose. Ahmose I completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the delta region, restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan.[18] His reign marks this beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the New Kingdom period.
New Kingdom[edit]
Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt, and attain its greatest territorial extent. It expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
Eighteenth Dynasty[edit]
This was a time of great wealth and power for Egypt. Some of the most important and best-known Pharaohs ruled at this time. Hatshepsut was a pharaoh at this time. Hatshepsut is unusual as she was a female pharaoh, a rare occurrence in Egyptian history. She was an ambitious and competent leader, extending Egyptian trade south into present-day Somalia and north into the Mediterranean. She ruled for twenty years through a combination of widespread propaganda and deft political skill. Her co-regent and successor Thutmose III ("the Napoleon of Egypt") expanded Egypt's army and wielded it with great success. Late in his reign he ordered her name hacked out from her monuments. He fought against Asiatic people and was the most successful of Egyptian pharaohs. Amenhotep III built extensively at the temple of Karnak including the Luxor temple which consisted of two pylons, a colonnade behind the new temple entrance, and a new temple to the goddess Ma'at.
Nineteenth Dynasty[edit]
Ramesses I reigned for two years and was succeeded by his son Seti I. Seti I carried on the work of Horemheb in restoring power, control, and respect to Egypt. He also was responsible for creating the temple complex at Abydos.
Arguably Ancient Egypt's power as a nation-state peaked during the reign of Ramesses II ("the Great") of the 19th Dynasty. He reigned for 67 years from the age of 18 and carried on his immediate predecessor's work and created many more splendid temples, such as that of Abu Simbel on the Nubian border. He sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by 18th Dynasty Egypt. His campaigns of reconquest culminated in the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC, where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II and was caught in history's first recorded military ambush. Ramesses II was famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines; the tomb he built for his sons (many of whom he outlived) in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt.
His immediate successors continued the military campaigns, though an increasingly troubled court complicated matters. Ramesses II was succeeded by his son Merneptah and then by Merenptah's son Seti II. Seti II's throne seems to have been disputed by his half-brother Amenmesse, who may have temporarily ruled from Thebes. Upon his death, Seti II son Siptah, who may have been afflicted with polio during his life, was appointed to the throne by Chancellor Bay, an Asiatic commoner who served as vizier behind the scenes. At Siptah's early death, the throne was assumed by Twosret, the dowager queen of Seti II (and possibly Amenmesse's sister). A period of anarchy at the end of Twosret's short reign saw a native reaction to foreign control leading to the execution of the chancellor, and placing Setnakhte on the throne, establishing the Twentieth Dynasty.
Twentieth Dynasty[edit]
The last "great" pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely regarded to be Ramesses III, the son of Setnakhte who reigned three decades after the time of Ramesses II. In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea People, invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles. He claimed that he incorporated them as subject people and settled them in Southern Canaan, although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states in this region such as Philistia after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 6 and Year 11 respectively.[19]
The heavy cost of these battles slowly exhausted Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of these difficulties is stressed by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during Year 29 of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for the Egypt's favoured and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned.[20] Something in the air prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC.[21] One proposed cause is the Hekla 3 eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland, but the dating of that event remains in dispute.
Following Ramesses III's death there was endless bickering between his heirs. Three of his sons would go on to assume power as Ramesses IV, Ramesses VI and Ramesses VIII respectively. However, at this time Egypt was also increasingly beset by a series of droughts, below-normal flooding levels of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption. The power of the last pharaoh, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the effective defacto rulers of Upper Egypt, while Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Ramesses XI's death. Smendes would eventually found the Twenty-First dynasty at Tanis.
Third Intermediate Period[edit]
After the death of Ramesses XI, his successor Smendes ruled from the city of Tanis in the north, while the High Priests of Amun at Thebes had effective rule of the south of the country, whilst still nominally recognizing Smendes as king.[22] In fact, this division was less significant than it seems, since both priests and pharaohs came from the same family. Piankh, assumed control of Upper Egypt, ruling from Thebes, with the northern limit of his control ending at Al-Hibah. (The High Priest Herihor had died before Ramesses XI, but also was an all-but-independent ruler in the latter days of the king's reign.) The country was once again split into two parts with the priests in Thebes and the Pharaohs at Tanis. Their reign seems to be without any other distinction, and they were replaced without any apparent struggle by the Libyan kings of the Twenty-Second Dynasty.
Egypt has long had ties with Libya, and the first king of the new dynasty, Shoshenq I, was a Meshwesh Libyan, who served as the commander of the armies under the last ruler of the Twenty-First Dynasty, Psusennes II. He unified the country, putting control of the Amun clergy under his own son as the High Priest of Amun, a post that was previously a hereditary appointment. The scant and patchy nature of the written records from this period suggest that it was unsettled. There appear to have been many subversive groups, which eventually led to the creation of the Twenty-Third Dynasty, which ran concurrent with the latter part of the Twenty-Second Dynasty. The country was reunited by the Twenty-Second Dynasty founded by Shoshenq I in 945 BC (or 943 BC), who descended from Meshwesh immigrants, originally from Ancient Libya. This brought stability to the country for well over a century. After the reign of Osorkon II the country had again splintered into two states with Shoshenq III of the Twenty-Second Dynasty controlling Lower Egypt by 818 BC while Takelot II and his son (the future Osorkon III) ruled Middle and Upper Egypt.
After the withdrawal of Egypt from Nubia at the end of the New Kingdom, a native dynasty took control of Nubia. Under king Piye, the Nubian founder of Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, the Nubians pushed north in an effort to crush his Libyan opponents ruling in the Delta. Piye managed to attain power as far as Memphis. His opponent Tefnakhte ultimately submitted to him, but he was allowed to remain in power in Lower Egypt and founded the short-lived Twenty-Fourth Dynasty at Sais. The Kushite kingdom to the south took full advantage of this division and political instability and defeated the combined might of several native-Egyptian rulers such as Peftjaubast, Osorkon IV of Tanis, and Tefnakht of Sais. Piye established the Nubian Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and appointed the defeated rulers to be his provincial governors. He was succeeded first by his brother, Shabaka, and then by his two sons Shebitku and Taharqa. Taharqa reunited the "Two lands" of Northern and Southern Egypt and created an empire that was as large as it had been since the New Kingdom. The 25th dynasty ushered in a renaissance period for Ancient Egypt.[23] Religion, the arts, and architecture were restored to their glorious Old, Middle, and New Kingdom forms. Pharaohs, such as Taharqa, built or restored temples and monuments throughout the Nile valley, including at Memphis, Karnak, Kawa, Jebel Barkal, etc.[24] It was during the 25th dynasty that the Nile valley saw the first widespread construction of pyramids (many in modern Sudan) since the Middle Kingdom.[25][26][27]
The international prestige of Egypt declined considerably by this time. The country's international allies had fallen under the sphere of influence of Assyria and from about 700 BC the question became when, not if, there would be war between the two states. Taharqa's reign and that of his successor, Tanutamun, were filled with constant conflict with the Assyrians against whom there were numerous victories, but ultimately Thebes was occupied and Memphis sacked.
Late Period[edit]
From 671 BC on, Memphis and the Delta region became the target of many attacks from the Assyrians, who expelled the Nubians and handed over power to client kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. Psamtik I was the first to be recognized as the king of the whole of Egypt, and he brought increased stability to the country during a 54-year reign from the new capital of Sais. Four successive Saite kings continued guiding Egypt successfully and peacefully from 610–526 BC, keeping the Babylonians away with the help of Greek mercenaries.
By the end of this period a new power was growing in the Near East: Persia. The pharaoh Psamtik III had to face the might of Persia at Pelusium; he was defeated and briefly escaped to Memphis, but ultimately was captured and then executed.
Persian domination[edit]
Achaemenid Egypt can be divided into three eras: the first period of Persian occupation when Egypt became a satrapy, followed by an interval of independence, and the second and final period of occupation.
The Persian king Cambyses assumed the formal title of Pharaoh, called himself Mesuti-Re ("Re has given birth"), and sacrificed to the Egyptian gods. He founded the Twenty-seventh dynasty. Egypt was then joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.
Cambyses' successors Darius I the Great and Xerxes pursued a similar policy, visited the country, and warded off an Athenian attack. It is likely that Artaxerxes I and Darius II visited the country as well, although it is not attested in our sources, and did not prevent the Egyptians from feeling unhappy.
During the war of succession after the reign of Darius II, which broke out in 404, they revolted under Amyrtaeus and regained their independence. This sole ruler of the Twenty-eighth dynasty died in 399, and power went to the Twenty-ninth dynasty. The Thirtieth Dynasty was established in 380 BC and lasted until 343 BC. Nectanebo II was the last native king to rule Egypt.
Artaxerxes III (358–338 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief period (343–332 BC). In 332 BC Mazaces handed over the country to Alexander the Great without a fight. The Achaemenid empire had ended, and for a while Egypt was a satrapy in Alexander's empire. Later the Ptolemies and then the Romans successively ruled the Nile valley.
Ptolemaic dynasty[edit]
In 332 BC Alexander III of Macedon conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians. He was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. He visited Memphis, and went on a pilgrimage to the oracle of Amun at the Oasis of Siwa. The oracle declared him to be the son of Amun. He conciliated the Egyptians by the respect which he showed for their religion, but he appointed Greeks to virtually all the senior posts in the country, and founded a new Greek city, Alexandria, to be the new capital. The wealth of Egypt could now be harnessed for Alexander's conquest of the rest of the Persian Empire. Early in 331 BC he was ready to depart, and led his forces away to Phoenicia. He left Cleomenes as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt in his absence. Alexander never returned to Egypt.
Following Alexander's death in Babylon in 323 BC, a succession crisis erupted among his generals. Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as regent for both Philip III and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death. Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest companions, to be satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy ruled Egypt from 323 BC, nominally in the name of the joint kings Philip III and Alexander IV. However, as Alexander the Great's empire disintegrated, Ptolemy soon established himself as ruler in his own right. Ptolemy successfully defended Egypt against an invasion by Perdiccas in 321 BC, and consolidated his position in Egypt and the surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322–301 BC). In 305 BC, Ptolemy took the title of King. As Ptolemy I Soter ("Saviour"), he founded the Ptolemaic dynasty that was to rule Egypt for nearly 300 years.
The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions by marrying their siblings, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.[28][29] Hellenistic culture thrived in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.
- ^ Barich, B. E. (1998) People, Water and Grain: The Beginnings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley. Roma: L' Erma di Bretschneider (Studia archaeologica 98).
- ^ Barich et al. (1984) Ecological and Cultural Relevance of the Recent New Radiocabon dates from Libyan Sahara. In: L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz [eds.], Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in Northeastern Africa, Poznan, Poznan Archaeological Museum, pp. 411-17.
- ^ Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Schribner's Sons Publishing: New York, 1966) p. 51.
- ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 6.
- ^ a b Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, p. 52.
- ^ Adkins, L. and Adkins, R. (2001) The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics, p155. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN .
- ^ Gardiner (1964), p.388
- ^ a b Gardiner (1964), p.389
- ^ Grimal (1988) p.24
- ^ a b Gardiner (1964), 390.
- ^ a b Grimal (1988) p.28
- ^ a b c d e f Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 16.
- ^ a b Gardiner (1694), p.391
- ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 17.
- ^ The Fall of the Old Kingdom by Fekri Hassan
- ^ Callender, Gae. The Middle Kingdom Renasissance from The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 2000
- ^ Booth, Charlotte. The Hyksos Period in Egypt. p.10. Shire Egyptology. 2005. ISBN 0-7478-0638-1
- ^ Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt p. 194. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.
- ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.271
- ^ William F. Edgerton, The Strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-Ninth Year, JNES 10, No. 3 (July 1951), pp. 137-145
- ^ Frank J. Yurco, "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause" in Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente, ed: Emily Teeter & John Larson, (SAOC 58) 1999, pp.456-458
- ^ Cerny, p.645
- ^ Diop, Cheikh Anta (1974). The African Origin of Civilization. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. pp. 219–221. ISBN 1-55652-072-7.
- ^ Bonnet, Charles (2006). The Nubian Pharaohs. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 142–154. ISBN 978-977-416-010-3.
- ^ Mokhtar, G. (1990). General History of Africa. California, USA: University of California Press. pp. 161–163. ISBN 0-520-06697-9.
- ^ Emberling, Geoff (2011). Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. pp. 9–11. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0-613-48102-9|978-0-613-48102-9 [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]]] Check
value (help). - ^ Silverman, David (1997). Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-19-521270-3.
- ^ Bowman (1996) pp25-26
- ^ Stanwick (2003)
Further reading[edit]
Pharaonic Egypt[edit]
- Adkins, L. and Adkins, R (2001). The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
- Baines, John and Jaromir Malek (2000). The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt (revised ed.). Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-4036-2.
- Bard, KA (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. NY, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18589-0.
- Bierbrier, Morris (1984). The Tomb Builders of the Pharaohs. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18229-7.
- Booth, Charlotte (2005). The Hyksos Period in Egypt. Shire Egyptology. ISBN 0-7478-0638-1.
- Cerny, J (1975). Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08691-4.
- Clarke, Somers; R. Engelbach (1990). Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-26485-8.
- Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
- Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3.
- Edgerton, William F. (July 1951). "The Strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-Ninth Year". Jnes 10 (No. 3 ed.).
- Gillings, Richard J. (1972). Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs. New York: Dover. ISBN 0-262-07045-6.
- Greaves, R.H.; O.H. Little (1929). Gold Resources of Egypt, Report of the XV International Geol. Congress, South Africa.
- Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Books. ISBN 0-631-17472-9.
- Herodotus ii. 55 and vii. 134
- Kemp, Barry (1991). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01281-3.
- Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1996). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) (3rd ed.). Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited.
- Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
- Lucas, Alfred (1962). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Ed. London: Edward Arnold Publishers.
- Dr. Peter Der Manuelian (1998). Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-89508-913-3.
- Myśliwiec, Karol (2000). The Twighlight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E.(trans. by David Lorton). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
- Nicholson, Paul T. et al. (2000). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45257-0.
- Romer, John. A History of Ancient Egypt:From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid. Allen Lane (2012). ISBN 978-1-84614-377-9
- Robins, Gay (2000). The Art of Ancient Egypt. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00376-4.
- Scheel, Bernd (1989). Egyptian Metalworking and Tools. Haverfordwest, Great Britain: Shire Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-7478-0001-4.
- Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
- Wilkinson, R. H. (2000). The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05100-3.
- Wilkinson, R.H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
- Wilkinson, R.H. (2010). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: The History of a Civilisation from 3000BC to Cleopatra. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-9949-4.
- Yurco, Frank J. (1999). "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause". Saoc 58.
Ptolemaic Egypt[edit]
- Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
- Lloyd, Alan Brian (2000). The Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC) In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
- Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
External links[edit]
- The people of ancient Egypt
- Ancient Egyptian History
- Ancient Egyptian History - Aldokkan
- Glyphdoctors: Online courses in Egyptian hieroglyphics and history
- The Ancient Egypt Site
- Nile File — an interactive introduction to ancient Egypt for children
- Seven Wonder of the World — Ancient Times
- Brian Brown (ed.) (1923) The Wisdom of the Egyptians. New York: Brentano's
- Texts from the Pyramid Age Door Nigel C. Strudwick, Ronald J. Leprohon, 2005, Brill Academic Publishers
- Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989
- WWW-VL: History: Ancient Egypt
- A Short History of Ancient Egypt


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Ex-Wifes Share of Military Retirement Payments Is Subject to Tax
Article: The Tax Court held that a taxpayer's share of her ex-husband's military retirement payments was subject to tax despite the fact that a domestic relations order specified that taxes were to be withheld from the payments before the taxpayer's share of the payments was determined. Published on January 28, 2011
Current Corporate Income Tax Developments (Part I)
Article: During 2008, there were many changes in the area of state and local corporate income taxation. This article focuses on some of the more interesting items in the following corporate income tax areas: nexus, tax base, allocable/apportionable income. Published on January 28, 2011
Decision Not to Reinstate Offer Upheld
Article: The Tax Court held that an IRS Appeals officer's decision in a collection due process hearing not to reinstate a taxpayer's offer in compromise after the taxpayer failed to meet a condition of the offer in compromise was not an abuse of discretion. Published on January 28, 2011
Partner Cannot Sue for Refund of Penalty Paid by Partnership
Article: The Eighth Circuit reversed a district court and held that where a partnership paid a penalty under a closing agreement with the IRS, a partner in the partnership did not have standing to sue for a refund of part of the penalty payment. Published on January 28, 2011
Retaining Key Employees in a Tough Economic Environment
Article: Employee retention has long been an issue in public accounting. Firms across the country are implementing unique as well as time-tested strategies to deal with this concern. Published on January 28, 2011
Claiming Ordinary Losses for Sec. 1244 Stock
Article: Sec. 1244 encourages new investment in small business by permitting investors to claim an ordinary (rather than a capital) loss on the disposition (including worthlessness) of qualifying small business stock. Published on January 28, 2011
Sec. 121 Planning Opportunities After the Housing Assistance Tax Act
Article: The Housing Assistance Tax Act of 2008 (the Housing Act) implemented major revisions to Sec. 121. Published on January 28, 2011
New Material Adviser Reporting Rules
Article: The IRS has issued proposed regulations relating to the reporting rules for material advisers (REG-160872-04). Published on January 28, 2011
Employment Tax Reporting for Disregarded Entities
Article: Many tax-exempt organizations have formed single-member limited liability companies (SMLLCs) as integral parts of their entity structure. However, SMLLCs with employees have new reporting requirements effective January 1, 2009. Published on January 28, 2011
Regulations Eliminate Hot Stock Rule for Certain Reorgs.
Article: The IRS issued regulations that generally hold that the so-called hot stock rule is inapplicable in reorganizations where a subsidiary is a member of the distributing corporation's separate affiliated group. Published on January 28, 2011
Guidance on Unbundling Trust Fees
Article: The IRS announced that for tax years beginning before January 1, 2008, nongrantor trusts and estates would not be required to unbundle their fiduciary fees to determine what portion is subject to the Sec. 67(a) 2% threshold for itemized deductions. Published on January 28, 2011
IRS Explains How Unmarried Taxpayers Allocate First-Time Homebuyer Credit
Article: The IRS has issued Notice 2009-12, explaining how the Sec. 36 first-time homebuyer credit should be allocated between unmarried taxpayers who buy a principal residence together. Published on January 28, 2011
Must LIFO Go to Make Way for IFRS
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Article: A provision in the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 contains new information return reporting requirements related to the settlement of reportable transactions involving payment card (e.g., credit and debit cards) and third-party network transactions. Published on January 28, 2011
Notice 2008-111 Recent Guidance on Intermediary Transactions
Article: On December 2, 2008, the IRS issued Notice 2008-111, which provides guidance on transactions it considers intermediary transaction tax shelters. Published on January 28, 2011
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Status and changes in the UK ecosystems and their services to society: England [chapter 17]
Berry, Pam; Hopkins, John; Sajwaj, Todd; Austen, Melanie; Jones, Laurence; Burnett, Emma. 2011 Status and changes in the UK ecosystems and their services to society: England [chapter 17]. In: UK National Ecosystem Assessment. Understanding nature's value to society. Technical Report. Cambridge, UNEP-WCMC, 693-774.
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Programmes: | CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 onwards > Biodiversity CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 onwards > Water |
CEH Sections: | Emmett |
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NORA Subject Terms: | Agriculture and Soil Science Ecology and Environment Hydrology |
Date made live: | 14 Dec 2011 10:51 |
URI: | http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/16137 |
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Summary (Masterplots II: African American Literature, Revised Edition)
Black Thunder, Arna Bontemps's second novel, tells the fictionalized story of a historical slave revolt that occurred near Richmond, Virginia. The revolt is led by a twenty-four-year-old slave named Gabriel, who is sometimes assigned the surname of his owner and referred to as Gabriel Prosser. Inspired by Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave revolt in Haiti, Gabriel develops a simple plan that falls apart as the result of bad weather and betrayal.
The novel begins by telling of the murder of a slave known as Old Bundy, whom Thomas Prosser, in possession of a newly inherited estate, tramples to death with his horse. The senseless brutality of Bundy's murder incites many local slaves to join Gabriel's efforts to organize a revolt. One of these recruits is Ben, an older house servant who might otherwise not be attracted to a violent revolt.
Bontemps tells his story from multiple points of view, so that in the beginning, readers share with many of the characters the expectation that something is about to happen. By presenting the discussions between many people, including the slaveholders as well as those who, such as M. Creuzot, oppose slavery, Bontemps puts Gabriel's attempt at revolution into the larger historical perspective of the international debate over personal liberty and the rights of man during a period when the French Revolution had made many wealthy landowners and aristocrats fearful of social uprisings.
Gabriel's basic plan is simple. An army of slaves will mass in the woods, sneak into Richmond to arm themselves with weapons from the arsenal there, and take control of the city. On the crucial night, however, an unexpected tempest—the worst in recent memory—intervenes and floods the rivers, preventing the slave army from crossing a river. The storm forces Gabriel to delay his plans. A second...
(The entire section is 760 words.)
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Summary (Identities & Issues in Literature)
Black Thunder, Arna Bontemps' defining novel, is a fictionalized account of the early nineteenth century Gabriel Insurrection, in Virginia. The novel, which chronicles the Gabriel Prosser-led rebellion against the slave owners of Henrico County, was generally lauded by critics as one of the most significant black American works of fiction. Richard Wright praised the work for dealing forthrightly with the historical and revolutionary traditions of African Americans.
Gabriel, a slave convinced that anything "equal to a grey squirrel wants to be free," urges other slaves to revolt against their owners. The rebellion is hastened when a tyrannical slave owner whips another slave, Bundy, to death. Although the insurrection ultimately fails, Prosser nonetheless emerges a hero. The "power of black folk" credo is important to this novel. Bontemps' treatment of Bundy's funeral is faithful in detail to the customs of the time. Bontemps' use of signs and portents pushes the story to its heroic ending. Stunning characterizations of Pharaoh, Drucilla, Ben, and Gabriel become multileveled, believably universal personalities through Bontemps' skillful use of folk material. Elements of magic appear in Black Thunder just as they appear in folktales and beliefs as recorded by collectors.
Bundy's spirit returns to haunt Pharaoh, the slave who betrays the rebellion and whose death is foreshadowed. Use of charms and countercharms is rampant, conjure-poisoning looms at all times, and rebellious slaves debate omens in the stars. The tapestry that Bontemps weaves shows the intricate beliefs of slaves to be colorful and compelling. Bontemps' narrative techniques have origins in black folklore about death, ghosts, and spirits.
Black Thunder's strength, largely, is in its depiction of an alternate worldview, which, while retaining the power to sanctify or punish, is painfully adapting to a new land and people. Critics note that Bontemps situates his story in the politics of the times: Readers see blame for slave unrest placed at the feet of Thomas Jefferson during John Quincy Adams' bitter reelection campaign. Bontemps depicts the Virginia legislature debate considering sectional segregation of blacks, slaves and free, and chronicles the press. Black Thunder was written during the 1930's; some critics believe it reflects the mood of the Depression.
Summary (Masterplots, Fourth Edition)
In 1800, in Henrico County, Virginia, a slave rebellion grows out of Thomas Prosser's beating of his aging slave Bundy, whom he considers to be more of a liability than an asset. Bundy's main wish was to die free, but the beating results in his death. He dreamed of a rebellion like the Toussaint L'Ouverture uprising in Santo Domingo, which drew enough public support to succeed.
A group of French liberals in Richmond, espousing the ideals of the recent French Revolution, opposes slavery. Its members think that slave owners oppress both blacks and poor whites. These liberals, labeled Jacobins and revolutionaries, seek to enlighten Americans and bring about greater equality for oppressed groups throughout the world. Despite their high ideals, the Jacobins are too small a group to be effective in protecting the blacks, who are considered chattel, in their rebellion against involuntary servitude. The Jacobins do, however, circulate abolitionist ideas and ideals, as did Alexander Biddenhurst, a Philadelphia abolitionist who is making plans to smuggle black slaves to Canada and to freedom.
Following Bundy's death and funeral, Gabriel, another slave, solidifies plans for a rebellion to protest this senseless killing. Gabriel is a man of singular leadership and organizational ability, but he is limited in what he can do for the cause he espouses. Obsessed with a bedeviling dream of freedom, he always understands the odds against his succeeding. Despite these odds, he...
(The entire section is 612 words.)


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Chapter 4: Enrolment and confirmation of candidature
4.11 Transfer from PhD to Masters Candidature
A PhD research candidate who has not submitted a thesis for examination may apply to transfer to a Masters degree. Candidates first need to discuss their decision with their Supervisors.
A probationary PhD research candidate may be permitted to transfer to a Masters if confirmation of the probationary PhD is unsuccessful.
A PhD research candidate whose thesis has been submitted for examination and whose examiners have recommended that the thesis be revised or failed may not apply for transfer to the Masters degree.


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Demonstration of radioactive decay using pennies
Learning Goals
- to illustrate the exponential nature of radioactive decay
- to demonstrate the concept of half-life
- to establish the randomness of radioactive decay
- to illustrate the concept that quantity determines the number of isotopes that decay
Context for Use
Teaching Notes and Tips
Teaching Materials
In a large class, give each student a penny. Have the class stand up. Tell them that they will be flipping the penny (you will tell them when); each time they flip one half life will have passed. If their penny lands on heads, they are radioactive and have decayed and they should sit; if their penny lands on tails, they have not decayed and may remain standing. After each "half life", count the people remaining standing and plot it on a piece of graph paper (Acrobat (PDF) 42kB Jun21 04) on the overhead. After about 3 or 4 "half-lives" ask students to predict what's going to happen to the numbers of remaining parent isotopes. Continue the experiment until only one or 2 people are left (usually 6-7 "half-lives").
This can set up a good discussion of what is happening to the number of students still standing (i.e., that the number of isotopes decayed is determined by the initial quantity) and can lead into a discussion of exponential decay, half-life and various other concepts involved in radioactive decay.
Some questions to get the students started thinking about these concepts:
- (After two or three "half-lives") What is happening to the number of students standing? Do the same number of students sit down each time we flip the coins?
- About how many students would have had to sit down if we started with twice as many students? What about if we only had half as many in this class? What does that tell you about how the quantity of "radioactive isotopes" affects the number that decay?
- Can you predict which of you is going to be the first to sit down? Why or why not?
- How is radioactive decay sort of like gambling or playing the lottery?
- If you have a student response system, a quick quiz with questions that cover these four concepts is an easy way to determine the students' understanding.
- Having students work through a short problem (in groups or on their own) that applies these concepts in a geologic context -- a problem where they have to read a graph or calculate how many isotopes are left after x half-lives -- can also provide a quick check.
- A short written quiz might also be a way to assess comprehension.
References and Resources
- Dr. G. Kent Colbath of Cerritos College provides Radiometric Dating (more info) notes and exercise.
- Science Net Link's Isotopes of Pennies (more info)
Contact the Author
Controlled Vocabulary Terms
Resource Type: Activities:Classroom Activity:Short Activity:Demonstration
Special Interest: Quantitative, Large Classroom
Grade Level: College Lower (13-14), College Upper (15-16)
Learning Environment: Large Classes
Quantitative Skills: Probability and Statistics, Geometry and Trigonometry, Graphs
Ready for Use: Ready to Use
Topics: Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics, Time/Earth History


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A few weeks back, Emotiva announced plans to make its new XPR-1 Mono-Block Amp an online exclusive. The company is now shipping the product—and Audioholics seems to think it's more than worth the $1,499 price tag.
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To read the entire review on Audioholics.com, go here. You can also share your thoughts on the product and the review in the Audioholics forum.
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Rescue of Congenital Hypomyelination by Progenitor Cell Transplantation
Rescue of Congenital Hypomyelination by Progenitor Cell TransplantationNeonatal Chimerization with Human Glial Progenitor Cells Can Both Remyelinate and Rescue the Otherwise Lethally Hypomyelinated Shiverer Mouse
Cell Stem Cell, Volume 2, Issue 6,
Pages 519-520,
Publication Date 5 June 2008
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.05.017
Bruce D. Trapp
Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Corresponding author
Replacement of myelin-forming cells is an attractive but unproven therapy for inherited and acquired myelin diseases. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Windrem et al., 2008 describe the first progenitor cell transplantation paradigm that rescues the neurological phenotypes and increases life spans of mice with inherited myelin disease.


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During your appointment, you will need to answer some important questions so that you and your health professional can plan your care together. The following forrms are provided to you as tools to help you prepare for and make the most of your doctor visit.
To save time, you may print the forms and complete them before your appointment, and bring them with you.
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Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
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Math, Money & Time > Measure & Balance
Kaplan Toys offers numerous manipulatives and activities to help children develop their measuring and balance skills. Included are weight sets, balances, protractors, and measuring cubes.
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