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Look for a full-size article on the recent Gateway Pacific Terminal developments in the Thursday, March 29, issue of The Northern Light.
Welcome to the Lighthouse, the official blog of The Northern Light newspaper. The Lighthouse is the place for some breaking news, previews of upcoming articles, smaller news items and some tidbits of local information that might not make it into the print edition of The Northern Light.
The Northern Light reporter Brandy Kiger will be the main contributor to The Lighthouse, but other staff from The Northern Light may add items from time to time.
The Lighthouse is a work in progress and may undergo substantial changes as readers react to the content posted here. The Northern Light kindly asks for the patience of its readers as we edge ever so slightly into the world of blogging.
Thank you, and enjoy The Lighthouse Blog!


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Investing a little time into finding the right washing routine for your diapers will make your cloth diapering experience a whole lot simpler! The most important thing to consider is your local water chemistry and how it interacts with detergent. If you do your homework and use good care practices, your diapers will not stink, they will stay absorbent and you should never need to learn about stripping.
Click here to read more...Cloth Diaper Care Made Easy
Wednesday, May 1, 2013 3:28:00 PM America/New_York
4 Comments |
Posted in Diaper Care
By Wazoodle Fabrics
Snapping Kam Snaps
Tuesday, April 30, 2013 2:01:00 PM America/New_York
Snaps come in many sizes, shapes and materials. The snaps we sell are Size 20 plastic snaps used for clothing and medical products.
0 Comments |
Posted By Wazoodle Fabrics
Designing with Zorb and Zorb II
Tuesday, April 30, 2013 12:09:00 PM America/New_York
ZORB is one of the few specialty materials designed specifically to reduce cost while improving performance in cloth diapers. It's inexpensive, durable, easy to work with and in most cases will simply swap out any existing material used in a diaper design. ZorbII is a uniquely designed and contructed speciality fabric in which the absorbent fibers that make up Zorb have been embedded between the two faces of a double knit fabric, essentially it's like having three layers as one.
Click here to read more...

subset: commoncrawl


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About me
I was born in South West France, between Bordeaux and Toulouse.
At the age of 18 I moved to England for a couple of years before leaving for the United States.
Since 2007 I am established in Edinburgh Scotland.
Photography has always enabled me to keep track of my journeys around the world from Western Europe to America, from Africa to Eastern Europe...
Scotland is a wonderful place for photography; from the Highlands to the Isle of Skye, great shot opportunities are just around the corner.
Tom Migot


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Madrid Armchair
The Madrid Armchair features an external frame made of highly polished stainless steel. The cushions are made of multi-density foam for firm support and plush comfort. The leather is hand-selected, expertly sewn and piped. The lines are clean, straight and precise. Incredible quality, style and comfort at an unbelievable price.
- 1"diameter stainless steel tube frame with a high polish finish
- Hardwood box frame construction with CFS foam
- Top grain corrected Italian leather in color of your choice
- TSSA registered
Weight: 66 lbs
Height: 28"
Width: 35"
Depth: 26.5"
Seat Height: 16"
Seat Depth: 21"
- (1) Madrid Armchair
LTL Freight (Truck)
- No Assembly Required
The Madrid Armchair is manufactured by Nuevo Living.
This item is also referenced as HGGA108, HGGA109.
One year manufacturer's warranty against defects
1-877-224-6663 or 973-276-0444
WIN free furniture, lighting & decor. Stay current on design trends, style tips and Inmod news. We respect your privacy. |
Toll Free: 1-877-22-INMOD or 1-877-224-6663 International: 973-276-0444 (9am-6pm E.S.T., mon-fri |
Copyright 2003-2013 by Evofurniture, LLC. All rights reserved.


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*Applications for the 2014-2015 Fellowship are due Friday, 3 January 2014*
OSA and MRS offer a congressional fellowship program providing members with an invaluable opportunity of public policy learning. Fellows contribute effective use of optical and materials science knowledge in government and broaden awareness of the value of scientist- and engineer-government interaction among our memberships, the federal government, and the public.
The Fellow spends one year working as a special legislative assistant on the staff of a member of Congress or congressional committee. Activities may involve conducting legislative or oversight work, assisting in congressional hearings and debates and preparing briefs and writing speeches. The Fellow also attends an orientation program administered by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on congressional and executive branch operations, which includes guidance in the congressional placement process, and a year-long seminar series on science and public policy issues. The AAAS also administers many other aspects of the program for the OSA/MRS Fellow, as well as other Fellows sponsored by nearly two dozen scientific societies.
A prospective 2014-2015 Fellow must have a record of success in research or scholarship in a field relevant to optical science and technology and/or materials, familiarity with the discipline, and a working understanding of the scientific communities. The Fellow must also demonstrate sensitivity toward policy issues and have a strong interest in applying scientific and technical knowledge to United States public policy issues. The Fellow must be able to work quickly and communicate effectively to both scientific and non-scientific audiences on a wide variety of topics and work cooperatively with individuals having diverse viewpoints. An applicant is expected to be a member of OSA or MRS (or an applicant for membership) and have a PhD by 1 September 2014. US citizenship is not required; however, applicants must be authorized to work in the United States. Specifically excluded as selection criteria are age, sex, creed, race, ethnic background, and partisan political affiliation. Applicants will be evaluated based on the following categories:
The 2014-2015 Fellow will have a one-year appointment beginning Sept. 1, 2014. The Fellowship stipend will be $72,000, plus additional funds for health insurance, travel and relocation expenses to the Washington, D.C. area.
Applications for the 2014-2015 Fellowship must be emailed or post-marked by Friday, 3 January 2014. Candidates must submit the following materials:
Application Materials Should be Mailed or Emailed to: OSA/MRS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellow Program c/o Jessica Pagonis The Optical Society 2010 Massachusetts Ave. NW Washington, DC 20036 Office: +1 202.416.1932 Email: email@example.com
NOTE: Applicants applying for both the OSA/MRS and Arthur H. Guenther Congressional Fellowship can send in one set of application materials for both fellowships, as long as it is noted that the materials are for both fellowships.
Directly below is a list of present and past fellows, along with their congressional office placements:
Mirvat Abdelhaq
PhD Physical Chemistry University of Colorado, Boulder
Laura Povlich
PhD Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Michigan
Ashley White
PhD in Materials Science Cambridge University
Gavi Begtrup
PhD in Physics University of California, Berkeley
Amit Mistry
PhD in Bioengineering Rice University
Alicia Jackson
PhD in Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology
PhD in Biological Sciences Northwestern University
Benjamin Jay Gross
PhD in Physical Chemistry Columbia University
Karin Ezbiansky Pavese
PhD in Inorganic Chemistry University of Pennsylvania
Sen. Joseph Lieberman
Colin McCormick
Jeffrey Haeni
PhD in Materials Science Pennsylvania State University
Rep. Rush Holt
Eric Werwa
PhD in Electronic Materials Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Rep. Mike Honda
Susan Ginsberg
PhD in Materials Science and Engineering University of Minnesota
Rep. Howard L. Berman
Arun Seraphin
Sen. Joseph I. Lieberman
Merrilea Mayo
PhD in Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University
Brian Holloway
PhD in Mechanical Engineering University of Florida
Sen. John D. Rockefeller
Michal Freedhoff
PhD in Physical Chemistry University of Rochester
Rep. Edward J. Markey
Kelly Kirkpatrick
PhD in Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Newegg.com - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
Introducing Danze's Bellefleur kitchen faucet – the one with stylish yet practical single-handle, pull-down spout which lets you put the water where you need it. The spray head adjusts from a steady, aerated flow to a powerful spray with the touch of a finger to make cleanup easy. Dual-function head, twist control spray, quiet running hose with spring retraction -- all make doing the dishes almost enjoyable.


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In this morning's Web roundup, Menswear startup Bonobos pockets additional funding. Henrik Fisker has resigned from Fisker Automotive as executive chairman and has left the company. Also, typing isn't what it used to be.
Produced by the editors of Dow Jones VentureWire, Venture Capital Dispatch tracks the fast-moving developments at the intersection of high-tech innovation and venture capital finance. Featuring the VentureWire reporting team in the Silicon Valley, New York, Boston and Shanghai tech centers, Venture Capital Dispatch provides insight into the newest start-ups and latest trends in venture capital investing. Write us at email@example.com. For more information on Dow Jones products covering venture capital and other financial markets, go to www.fis.dowjones.com.


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Six-year-old Eden Wood is retiring from the beauty pageant circuit and taking time to focus on becoming famous. Good for her.
These Hot Boys Will Make Your Day – The Berry | |
Chris Evan's Heart-to-Heart Moment – Lainey Gossip | |
We Can Hardly Handle The Hotness – The Berry | |
Neville Longbottom Continues To Make Us Drool – Lainey Gossip | |
Cuteness Overload: 32 GIFs That Will Make You Awwwww – The Berry | |
Jared Leto Proves That He's Still Sexy – Lainey Gossip |


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Camp Wildflower: Where the Wild Things Grow!
Date: Monday, July 15, 2013
- Friday, July 19, 2013
Time: 9:00AM - 3:00PM
Instructor: Staff
Location: Botanic Garden Grounds
Each summer, the Garden offers two week-long sessions of Camp Wildflower: Where the Wild Things GROW! for children ages 6-12.
Session One: July 15-19;
Session Two: July 22-26
Come and visit our wild and wonderful Garden for a week of fun and learning. Hike, play games, and enjoy hands-on science, arts and crafts, and more. Explore our oak woodland, ponds, and creek; learn about birds, lizards, butterflies, and flowers.
- Space is limited and a limited number of scholarships are available


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4 bedroom(s), 8 pers, Setting ocean and waterfront, Car rental at <165', Spa
Ideal for all age groups and family groups
Isabel Segunda Rental Casa Isabela #48601 > Vieques Island
... >>
37 bookings received for this ad
Copyright © 2014 IHA.COM. All Rights Reserved. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of the
User policy
and the
Privacy rules.


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Juniors Organic Tee (More Styles...)
American Apparel Certified Organic 100% combed cotton t-shirt. It has a juniors / very small fit & medium-lightweight jersey fabric. Sizes: Juniors SM-XL
Mens & Unisex Jump to: Tees Long Sleeve Tanks Sweatshirts Juniors / Women's Fitted Kids & Babies Accessories Description: This t-shirt features a stylized portrait of Barack Obama and a patter of radiating, curlicued swirls around him. Show your asymmetric, idiosyncratic support for Barack Obama with this shirt, which is made sweatshop-free in the USA by American Apparel.
Search: curlicues, swirls, swirling, barack obama, obama
More designs in Barack Obama: The American President


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A: 13 Hawke Street, West Melbourne, VIC 3003 Australia
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Melbourne Budget, Group and School Accommodation
Melbourne on your doorstep!
Miami Hotel is your Melbourne cheap accommodation specialist, our award winning rooms are 3.5 Star rated, with FOXTEL in all Rooms, JIMOJO wireless broadband, FAST internet Kiosks available, 24 Hour reception, FREE off street parking and close by to:
- Etihad Stadium
- Southern Cross Station
- Public Transport
- Queen Victoria Markets
- Festival Hall
- Docklands
- Costco
- Harbourtown Shopping
- Icehouse
- Melbourne City / CBD
- Royal Park
- Melbourne Zoo
- State Netball / Hockey Centre
- Royal Melbourne Hospital
- Royal Childrens Hospital
Our budget accommodation is just what your accountant would recommend, and you won't be skimping on quality, comfort or service.
Make your reservation today by calling
1800 132 333 or book online
** Please note this property has rooms located on the ground, first and second floors of the building, accessed via stairs, no lift.
News & Specials
JT's VICE Coffee Bar - Open Daily
21st February 2014
Open daily JT's VICE Coffee Bar brings to you coffee from Sensory Lab, served by our barista's to your liking..
Miami Hotel Melbourne Facebook
20th February 2013
Group Bookings
We specialise in providing groups a Melbourne Experience to remember, whether you are a school camp, family reunion, sporting team or social group, we've got you covered.
Book Direct and SAVE
Book NOW on our Booking page!
No Booking FEES...
Internet Access
Our coin operated internet kiosks are the perfect option for those who want to use the net, quickly, securely and cost effectively!!
Our wireless internet is fast! With access from anywhere in the hotel, you will be surprised at the convenience.
Operated by JIMOJO there are a range of packages to suit all budgets!!
Copyright © 2009 Miami Hotel Melbourne
Privacy Policy


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The best music and talk stations
Playlists for any mood or activity
Custom radio by artist or song
New & classic episodes on demand
After decades playing and later leading one the of top-selling Mexican numbers, Germán Lizárraga brought back the eclectic "sinaolense" style of the legendary Banda el Recodo founded in 1951 by his father Cruz Lizárraga to a new generation of followers. The talented clarinet player formed his own 18-piece ensemble, called Banda Estrellas de Sinaloa (named after the northern Mexican state), and recorded a self-titled album featuring the hit single "Estoy Sufriendo." The 13-track disc debuted at number 16 on Billboard's Latin albums chart in August 2002. ~ Drago Bonacich, Rovi
Germán Lizárraga y Su Banda Estrellas De Sinaloa
Te Lo Pido
El Rey De La Banda
Somos Más Que Amigos
Con La Carne Al Asador
En Cuenta Regresiva
Alejandro Fernández
Los Temerarios
Los Bukis
El Coyote Y Su Banda Tierr...
Germán Montero


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Fantasies Come Alive with Private Asian Girls
it meas we have the best Private Asian Girls in Australia
Australia is a place to relax and unwind down south. With natural wonders such as many wonderful beaches, the Rottness Island and Pinnacles desert but there is a new and exciting way to enjoy Australia. Welcome to PrivateAsianGirls.com.au, where you can find the company that will take you on another level of enjoying the many tourist spots around Australia. Excite your five senses and feel the passion that these girls can offer on your stay here within the country.
If you are the type of person that have fetishes for Asian girls, then Private Asian Girls will definitely can help you find the right girl that would feed your need. These girls are residents and work full time within Australia as escorts. Browse through the website and out more about these girls and who are available to keep you company as you enjoy the place.
It is no surprise that people nowadays many people are into Asian women. With the popularity of Japanese animation and video games, popularity among these women are on the rise. Charming you with their cuteness and angelic faces, these girls can make your wildest fantasies come true. For these women professionalism is important, working in privacy and treating their profession as a form of business.
Due to society's ignorance within the business, these women are working privately and respectfully, unable to speak about their secret profession. What people see in television and other forms of media is not what it seems; the Australia Asian escort industry is designed to support those people who are in need of somebody that will be there for them. Let us separate human trafficking within the escort service business. These women are not held against their will, they are professionals that are willing to give support and pleasure to anyone who needs them.
We can assure you that our Private Asian Girls are professional with their work and will give you service like you have never seen before. Feeding your fetishes for Asian women and giving you excellent service.


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Turkey breathed life into their faltering FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign but were made to work hard for a 2-0 victory away to Andorra.
Abdullah Avcı's side initially struggled to find a way through their resilient hosts but Selçuk İnan's 30th-minute free-kick was unstoppable, finding the top-right corner from 25 metres. Galatasaray AŞ club-mate Burak Yılmaz doubled the lead in first half added time, rifling in from an acute angle; from then on it was damage limitation for the hosts.
It earned a welcome triumph for a Turkey side who had been four games without a win, friendlies included. They have endured a disappointing start to Group D too, picking up just three points from their opening four games, but Selçuk and Burak have revived hope. The visitors could not add to their lead with Andorra content to soak up the pressure, ending the game without a shot on target, point-less in the section, but with pride intact.
©UEFA.com 1998-2014. All rights reserved.


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How to Take Tests at Disability Services (Students)
Testing Accommodation Policy and Procedures (Students)
- Register with the Office of Disability Services (ODS) by following appropriate ODS procedures.
- Provide appropriate documentation to validate request for testing accommodations.
- Pick up a copy of your Letter of Accommodation and Request for Individualized Testing Accommodation (R.I.T.A.) Form from ODS at the beginning of the semester. It is the student's responsibility to present the Student Accommodation Form to his/her instructor along with the Request for Individualized Testing Accommodations Form (RITA).
- Meet with each of your instructors to discuss testing and the accommodations you require. If you need to test at ODS then you must complete the Request for Individualized Testing Accommodation form with your instructor. Your instructor must sign the R.I.T.A. form and include the scheduled times and dates of tests, and indicate the materials, if any, you will be allowed to bring and use during testing. Note: Do not leave the form with instructor to be filled out. It is the student's responsibility to fill out and return this information to ODS. Testing accommodations at ODS are provided on a "first-come, first-served" basis.
- Communicate with instructors about providing appropriate alternatives for specialized materials like foreign languages, charts, or illustrations.
- Communicate with instructors about providing appropriate alternatives for exams that must be taken outside of the Disability Services office hours.
- Providing a qualified reader identified by the instructor as familiar with the subject matter. Note: Office of Disability Services will not be responsible for providing reader services for testing situations as outlined above.
- Contact the appropriate Disability Services Staff person for assistance if a difficulty should arise (i.e. instructor unavailable to complete the R.I.T.A. form, instructor questions legitimacy of accommodation letter, different accommodations are desired, or extended time presents a scheduling conflict).
- Return the R.I.T.A. form to the Disability Services office no later than five (5) business days prior to your first test date. Subsequent dates may be added to your testing schedule no later than two business days (48 hours) prior to the new test date. Final exams need to be scheduled two weeks prior to the last day of class.
- If circumstances require a cancellation, additional date, or other change in your test schedule, this information must be submitted to the ODS in writing (email, fax, etc.) from the instructor. ODS must receive this information no later than two (2) business days prior to the newly requested date and time. The Office of Disability Services may NOT be able to accommodate students who request final exams to be scheduled or changed with less than two weeks notice. It is the student's responsibility to approach the instructor and ask for the updates as needed.
- Arrive at ODS on time for your testing appointment. Students who arrive more then 30 minutes late for a scheduled exam are considered a "no-show." Students who "no-show" will be advised of their responsibility to go to the classroom to take the exam or speak to the instructor about rescheduling the exam in accordance with all the Testing Accommodations Guidelines and Testing Policies.
- Bring and use only the materials that have been indicated by the instructor on the R.I.T.A. form. Leave all unauthorized materials including jackets, hats, book bags, and cell phones outside the testing room area (a secured, locker will be provided within the ODS office). We are not responsible for lost or stolen items.
- Note: Computer use during testing for students who do not receive computerized accommodations will only be allowed if pre-approved and if the student brings a formatted, blank disk.
- Advise the Testing Coordinator or test proctor of any personal or medical needs that may arise during testing prior to the beginning of the test. Should you encounter any difficulty or other concern during your test, please inform a proctor in the testing area immediately.
- If your instructor indicates on the R.I.T.A. form that breaks are allowed: When taking a break, you must hand the test to a proctor and obtain it again upon your return. No extra time is allotted for these breaks unless warranted by your accommodations. You may not leave the building during a test. All books, book bags, coats, etc. must remain in the ODS Testing office.
- Adhere to the Academic Honesty Policies as stated by the Student handbook. Please be advised that the testing facilities at ODS are monitored by cameras with recording capabilities.
Alternative Testing Arrangements
Appropriate Testing Alternatives
- Testing within the instructor's department (i.e. instructor then provides accommodations).
- The instructor providing an audiotape of the specialized material (i.e. foreign language, charts, diagrams, or illustrations).
- Modifying the format of the test according to universal design.
Disability Services Responsibilities
- Prepare Letters of Accommodation for all approved students. These letters verify that the student has a disability which requires testing accommodations and gives suggestions pertaining thereto.
- Collect the completed Request for Individualized Testing Accommodation (R.I.T.A.) forms from students in suite 230, Student Center.
- Schedule student tests, quizzes, and exams according to the submitted R.I.T.A. forms on a "first-come, first-served" basis and as resources permit.
- Organize and facilitate pick up and delivery of tests and exams based upon written instructions from instructors on R.I.T.A. forms.
- Request and document changes on prescheduled testing and/or non-scheduled testing for students only when lack of resources necessitate.
- Maintain records of the testing accommodation process.
Note: ODS is responsible for providing reasonable accommodations in a timely manner. Noncompliance on the part of the student with the procedures stated above may result in delays in or denial of the provision of accommodations.


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My World And Yours Manga (Original)
Artist description:
The voice of that eight years old inside of me..kept on telling me to never forget the moment when my world met yours
Created Aug 08, 2011. Unless noted Copyright 2011
Pure .
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
wow i love this! The water is really well done, and the light hitting on the perfect spots looks so good! Blows me away! great job! 5/5 and fav
soooo pretty!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!very beautiful work!!!!!!!!!!!!!luv the colors.and again.amazing detail!luv the description!5/5
*jaw drops* OMFG XD You're so amazing =w= everything in this pic looks beautiful 8D ..........................................wonderful XD
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February 14, 2014
Weekly Roundup: Couples + technology, binge reading and 'indie capitalism'
Posted by: Marian Berelowitz - New York in North America
Read our roundups in magazine form on Flipboard, via the iOS and Android app or online; click here to find our magazine collection. -Fast Company publishes its annual "Most Innovative Companies" issue. -A 24-country study by Pew examines rising adoption of mobile phones and the Internet by people in emerging nations. -A new Nielsen report [...]


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Hasbro.com/avengers is the official site of Avengers Toys and Avengers Action Figures from Hasbro. Play Avengers online games and watch Avengers videos.
Get ready to fight crime just like your favorite hero! Slip on your Spider-Man glove and strap your 2-in-1 blaster on your wrist, just like the masked web-slinger! Fill the refillable water cartridge and unleash a water blast at the enemy. If water isn't powerful enough, switch from water to web ......More
Destroy evil with the Gamma Green Smash Fists! These intense green power-fists will make your hands look just like those of the most powerful member of the AVENGERS. You'll feel like nothing can stop you from smashing anything that gets in your way when you slip them on! Your AVENGERS adventures ......More
Take on a secret identity just like your favorite masked web-slinger with this ULTIMATE SPIDER-MAN Hero Mask! When you pull this mask on you'll feel like the wall-crawling hero, and you'll be ready to fight evil all over the neighborhood. Adjust the straps for a comfortable fit and get ready for big ......More
Take on the role of the bringer of lightning with this electronic Thor Lightning Strike Hammer! Villains will fear you when you swing this motion-activated hammer. The crackling lightning storm and crashing thunder sounds will make the action seem immortal! Imagine that you're unleashing the ......More
Take on the identity of the bringer of lightning with this awesome Thor Battle Hammer! Villains will fear you when you swing this powerful hammer, and you'll feel just like Thor as you battle the forces of evil! Includes foam hammer. Product Features: ·Swing your Thor Battle Hammer ·Hammer ......More
Take on the identity of the bringer of lightning with this awesome Thor Hero Mask! Villains will fear you when you pull on this detailed mask, and you'll feel just like Thor as you battle the forces of evil! Thor Hero Mask lets you take on the identity of your favorite superhero! Adjustable ......More
Create your own superhero adventures with the Spider-Man Super Tools Set! With these 4 cool, chunky tools you can shoot out webs and make spiders - you can even make Spidey himself! You get 3 colors of Play-Doh modeling compound to make your own "web-slinging" fun. Make an army of ......More
Pull on the Hero FX Glove and you'll feel just like Spider-Man! This realistic glove looks like it's part of the wall-crawling hero's costume. Move your wrist like the web-slinger to trigger the glove's awesome web-battling sounds, and press the button for rapid-firing sounds! The ......More
Feel just like your favorite armored hero with this brilliant Iron Man Wrist Armor! When you strap this armor on your wrist, you'll feel like the coolest Avenger in the neighborhood! Once you're armored up, load the 2 included missiles and take aim at your enemies. Launch them and then power up ......More
Do you have what it takes to follow in the footsteps of your favorite patriotic hero? Pull on this realistic CAPTAIN AMERICA mask and find out! Adjust the straps for a comfortable fit and arm yourself for the battle against evil. You'll be the hero of the neighborhood in this awesome CAPTAIN AMERICA ......More


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Cellar/Tasting Notes Bucciarelli Chianti Classico is a deep ruby red with garnet hints; extracts and intense fruity bouquet that features scents of ripe blackberry, spice and vanilla flavor. Complex and full flavored. This elegant wine is an ample spectrum of warmth, depth, and richness on the palate finishing with a..
Cellar/Tasting Notes The style of the wine of Chateau Greysac is one of great aromatic finesse combined with good, full body. It is a lovely Medoc with plenty of flavor, sumptuous rich fruit and excellent complexity. Buy it by the case for luxury everyday-affordable enjoyment!
Cellar/Tasting Notes Italian white blend with excellent acidity, ripe fruit and great balance with subtle aromas of herbs, wild flowers and juicy lime citrus that melds into faint licorice and honey flavors offset by a pleasingly tart finish.
Cellar/Tasting Notes With prices for Sancerre over $25 a bottle it's a relief to find a fresh one easily under $20. Lightly grassy and fresh, with the minerality of a solid Sancerre.
Cellar/Tasting Notes Beautiful nose of roses and spring flowers with youthful, fresh palate of black cherry and currants, followed by notes of chocolate and cinnamon, all integrated in perfect balance with soft tannins and fresh acidity. Begs for barbequed meats and pasta with a hearty sauce. Susumaniello is..
Cellar/Tasting Notes Frank and Gray believe that great wines are made in the vineyard. Their winemaking philosophy is that they are caretakers who guide the wine into the bottle. As the wine matures it is simply left to gently age in the barrel. This minimalist approach allows Hartley-Ostini Hitching Post wines to..
Cellar/Tasting Notes Paranga is an alluring red blend of Xinomavro, Merlot and Syrah. Its noteworthy acidity balanced with its intricate herbaceous bouquet and long finish make this a charming and an appealing wine to be enjoyed young and paired with spicy food.
Cellar/Tasting Notes Fresh scents of apple blossom honey and beeswax add to the almond richness of this arneis. It's as smooth as a round riverstone, clean and fragrant. The finish is distinctly Piedmontese in its earthiness; to match braised chicken or a rich fish stew. (12/ 2011)
Cellar/Tasting Notes This beautiful pale pink Rose with orange reflections has a bouquet of elegant roses and wilted flowers. The palate is tart cherry, pomegranate and honeysuckle. It is a complex and serious Rose that can evolve in the bottle for up to 5 years. Pair it with poultry, fish and most..
Cellar/Tasting Notes Gold Medal at concours General Agricole de Paris 2011 Silver Medal at Aux Feminalise 2012, wines tasted only by women. One of the things Morrell is known for is the ability to find every-day affordable Bordeaux that tastes far better than its price. We've been doing it for 65 years!..


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Best MP3 Player Reviews, 40 - 50 Pounds
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CNET UK > Reviews > MP3 Players and Audio > MP3 Players
Creative Zen Stone Plus review
A mere month after its little brother launched, the Zen Stone Plus is here, with everything the lovely original model did, plus a tiny OLED screen, twice the storage capacity, an FM radio, a voice recorder and even a stopwatch Read more
27 June 2007 by Nate Lanxon
CNET UK > Reviews > MP3 Players and Audio > MP3 Players
Archos Gmini XS 100 review
Archos's new svelte, eye-catching music player is like a smaller, lighter version of Apple's iPod Mini. While the 3GB Gmini XS 100 doesn't come packed with extras such as an FM tuner and line-in or voice recording, it boasts an intuitive interface, great music-management features, compatibility with subscription-based music and excellent sound quality Read more
22 August 2005 by Ben Patterson
CNET UK > Reviews > MP3 Players and Audio > MP3 Players
Samsung YP-U5 review
Those seeking an affordable secondary MP3 player could do far worse than the YP-U5. Its battery life is good, it offers above-average sound quality and it supports a decent range of audio formats, although AAC is notably missing. A fitness app also makes it well-suited to gym fanatics Read more
5 June 2009 by Donald Bell
CNET UK > Reviews > MP3 Players and Audio > MP3 Players
iRiver Volcano T7 review
Low-cost, no-nonsense MP3 players enjoy a lot of attention, especially from gym goers needing something light and low cost. In 1GB, 2GB and 4GB capacities, the iRiver Volcano T7 is the latest in this category, providing a cable-free listening experience that's great for the treadmill Read more
14 July 2008 by Nate Lanxon


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Energy Department Announces $6 Million In Awards To Bring Energy-Saving Innovations To Market
January 31, 2000
NEWS MEDIA CONTACT:Chris Kielich, 202/586-5806
Magnets for Motors, Laser Sensors that Detect Natural Gas Leaks, Ceramic Turbine Wheels
Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson announced today that more than $6 million is being awarded in grants to help advance energy efficient, environmentally clean production technologies. Thirty-two projects were competitively selected from 400 proposals.
"The projects receiving grants from the Department of Energy (DOE) today will help industries use less energy, lower production costs and reduce pollution," said Secretary Richardson.
Among the projects selected for funding today are:
o5 a frequency-selective glass material that will be used in cars and buildings to minimize direct solar heating and glare that could result in significant energy savings by minimizing heating and cooling requirements;
- a laser sensor to detect natural gas and petroleum leaks at stations and refineries, resulting in significant energy savings and annual cost savings of $1 million - $2 million per refinery;
- a method to expand the use of magnets in high-temperature applications, resulting in increased motor efficiency;
- a process to improve the performance of high-octane gasoline;
- a ceramic turbine wheel for use in gas-powered turbines that improves cost effectiveness by 15 percent, while reducing the use of fossil fuels; and
- an innovative natural gas industrial furnace that could save up to 70 percent in natural gas fuel.
One group of these projects is funded by DOE's National Industrial Competitiveness through Energy, Environment and Economics (NICE3). The NICE3 awards total $10,236,607 and are cost-shared with a state-industry partnership. The federal government is awarding $3,804,097 and industry is contributing $6,432,510. The other group of projects is funded by DOE's Inventions and Innovation (I&I) program. The I&I grants total $3,584,625.
The Energy Department's NICE3 program was established in 1991 to encourage industry to reduce energy use and waste at its source by providing grants through state agencies. This year's eight NICE3 awardees will be granted up to $525,000 each for their energy-related technology demonstrations. The grants help U.S. companies overcome regulatory, economic and other barriers by demonstrating and commercializing innovative, energy-saving technologies. To increase awareness of the technologies, DOE, state offices and industrial partners will disseminate information about all funded projects nationwide.
This year's 24 I&I awardees will be granted up to $200,000 each for their energy-related inventions. Over the past 20 years, the I&I program has funded more than 500 inventions with nearly 25 percent of them reaching the marketplace. These have achieved cumulative sales of nearly $710 million with energy savings of 600 trillion Btu - enough energy to fuel every car in Pennsylvania for a full year. The program assists inventors and entrepreneurs to bring their energy-saving ideas and technologies to the marketplace by locating technical partners, commercial sponsors and additional funding sources.
The NICE3 and I&I programs support the Energy Department's Industries of the Future (IOF) initiative which promotes energy efficiency in partnership with nine of the most energy-intensive U.S. industries -- agriculture, aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metalcasting, mining, petroleum and steel.
The Department of Energy researches, develops and deploys clean, efficient and renewable energy technologies to help meet America's energy needs while protecting the environment and strengthening the economy. Energy technologies supported and promoted by the department will play a key role in providing Clean Energy for the 21st Century.
I&I and NICE3 Awardees
Inventions and Innovation awardees
Invention |
Inventor & Location |
Funding Amount |
Germanium Compounds as Highly Selective Fluorination Catalysts |
Starmet Corporation, Concord, MA |
$40,000 |
Development of Phosphors for Use in High-Efficiency Lighting and Displays |
Brilliant Technologies Inc., Corvallis, OR |
$40,000 |
Novel Ceramic Composition for Hall-Heroult Cell Anode Application |
Advanced Refractory
Technologies Inc., |
$39,989 |
Functionally Graded Materials for Improved High Temperature Performance of Nd-Fe-B Based Permanent Magnets |
Iowa State
University, |
$39,948 |
Improved Alkylation Contactor |
VHP Inc., Bountiful, UT |
$40,000 |
Low Cost Synthesis and Consolidation of TiC |
University of Idaho,
Institute of Materials & Advanced Processes (IMAP), |
$40,000 |
Iron-Aluminum Alloys for High Efficiency Energy Applications |
Magna-Tech P/M Labs, Cinnaminson, NJ |
$40,000 |
Novel Frequency-Selective Solar Glazing System |
Orion Engineering Inc., Westford, MA |
$40,000 |
A Ceramic Composite Die for Metal Casting |
MER Corporation, Tucson, AZ |
$40,000 |
Electrochemical Method for Extraction Of Oxygen From Air |
James Mulvihill and Associates, Morgan, PA |
$40,000 |
Energy Saving Method for Producing Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol |
Gallatin Research, Bend, OR |
$40,000 |
Improved Refractories Using Engineered Particles |
Inc., |
$40,000 |
Enabling Tool for Innovative Glass Applications |
Michigan Technological University, Institute of Materials Processing, Houghton, MI |
$40,000 |
Laser Sensor for Optimization of Compressor Stations and Refinery Operations |
LaSen Inc., Las Cruces, NM |
$199,632 |
Titanium Matrix Composite Tooling Material for Enhanced Manufacture of Aluminum Die Castings |
Dynamet Technology, Inc., Burlington, MA |
$199,984 |
An Insoluble Titanium-Lead Anode for Sulfate Electrolytes |
Materials and
Electrochemical Research (MER) Corporation, |
$200,000 |
Development of an Innovative Energy Efficient High Temperature Natural Gas-Fired Furnace |
Corp., |
$199,361 |
A New High Temperature Coating for Gas Turbines |
Turbine Coating
Inc., |
$200,000 |
Tough-Coated Hard Powders (TCHP's): A New Paradigm in Mining and Machining Tool Materials |
EnDurAloy Corporation, Savannah, GA |
$200,000 |
A New Energy Saving Method of Manufacturing Ceramic Products from Waste Glass |
Haun Labs, Santa Rosa, CA |
$199,977 |
Distillation Column Flooding Predictor |
Mr. George
Dzyacky, |
$52,900 |
Energy Saving Lightweight Refractory |
Silicon Carbide Products Inc., Horseheads, NY |
$158,041 |
High Intensity Silicon Vertical Multi-Junction Solar Cells |
Inc., |
$142,900 |
Fabrication and Testing of a Prototype Ceramic Furnace Coil |
FM Technologies Inc., Fairfax, VA |
$199,853 |
NICE3 awardees
Technology |
Industrial Partner, State Agency, and Location |
Funding Amount |
Precision Irrigation Technologies for the Agricultural Industry |
Colorado Corn Administrative Committee, Colorado Office of Energy Management, Lakewood, CO |
$455,000 |
Energy Conserving Tool For Combustion Dependent Industries |
Advanced Fuel Research Inc., Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT |
$304,867 |
Energy-Saving Regeneration of Hydrochloric Acid Pickling Liquor |
Green Technology Group, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Sharon, CT |
$475,231 |
Ceramic Turbine Wheel Technology Provides Economic, Efficiency and Environmental Enhancements to Microturbines |
AlliedSignal Power Systems Inc., California Energy Commission, Torrance, CA |
$524,673 |
Supercritical Fluid Purification of Combi-Chem Libraries |
Berger Instruments Inc., Delaware Economic Development Office, Newark, DE |
$500,000 |
Full-Scale 100 Ton/hr. Demonstration of Magnetic Elutriation Technology For Clean and Efficient Processing of Iron Ore |
5R Research Inc., Minnesota Department of Public Service, St. Paul, MN |
$500,000 |
Demonstration of a Three-Phase Rotary Separator Turbine |
Douglas Energy Company, California Energy Commission, Placentia, CA |
$519,326 |
Reducing Foundry Emissions and Green Sand Waste Via Integrated Advanced Oxidation-Underwater Plasma Processing |
Advanced Cast Products Inc., Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Meadville, PA |
$525,000 |


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by iamvitaly » Fri Aug 10, 2007 4:28 pm
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But what's left over is nasty.
"We were thinking about that wastewater, which just goes to the ponds, and it's a potential pollutant" that chokes the life out of streams, says Appalachian State University senior Susan Winston. Last summer, she was part of a student group working at Finca Esperanza Verde (Green Hope Farm) in Nicaragua, where they installed a solar hot-water system for the organic farm. Other ASU students and faculty involved in the project included Jeremy Ferrell, Jeff Ramsdell and Jack Martin.
The year before, another ASU group had set up a mechanical cherry-pulping system (previously, workers had to remove the cherries manually). The wastewater, however, is laden with pulp, sugar, mucilage, phosphates, nitrates and other organic chemicals, Winston explains.
"We wondered what to do with it," she says. Villagers living below the farm had reported that the acidic brew was seeping out of the ponds and into their drinking and cooking water.
The students were supposed to be helping solve problems, not creating them, says Winston, who's majoring in appropriate technology. As part of their summer project, they interviewed villagers to find out what their needs were and what potential solutions would be the best fit with their culture, existing infrastructure and resources. Besides good water, the students learned, the villagers needed an alternative to cooking with firewood -- which creates pollution and isn't a sustainable source, Winston points out.
So the students came up with what they call "fair-trade ethanol": "Sugar-rich water could be good for making ethanol" that could then be used for a number of purposes, including cooking, she notes.
Taking the end product of one process and using it to start another is a key concept in industrial ecology, a field that's been around since the 1970s, ASU professor Kristan Cockerill explains. The idea began catching on after two General Motors executives, Robert Frosch and Nicholas Gallopoulos, wrote an article in Scientific American 30 years ago. "This industrial ecology," they wrote, "would close the loops left open in conventional industrial processes. It would virtually eliminate irreversible flows of virgin materials into pollutants, transforming them into flows complementary to nature's own [by turning] waste into a resource."
In other words, it's about imitating natural processes.
Cockerill got involved in the wastewater project because one of her students -- who has since graduated -- helped prepare a proposal for a $10,000 grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's People, Prosperity and the Planet program. "The students' idea cleans up the water supply and provides energy for other uses," she says.
ASU was recently awarded the P3 grant to fund a phase-one feasibility study. "We know you can compost coffee [grounds]; there may be enough energy in [the wastewater] to create biofuel. Theoretically, it makes sense," says Cockerill.
Only 24 universities earned P3 grants this year, and ASU has two of them (the other one involves studying algae as a biofuel source, says Winston).
For the ethanol project, Winston's student group will return to Finca Esperanza this January to assess the wastewater's sugar content, perform other tests and ship a load of coffee cherries back home for further study.
By some measures, coffee is the second-most-traded commodity in the world (after petroleum), but it's not always profitable for locals in the poorer parts of the world where it grows, and it's often not grown sustainably, Winston points out. At Esperanza, however, the approach taken to producing that valuable crop is part of a much larger, more complex, mutually beneficial ecology. Owned by a Durham, N.C.-based nonprofit -- Sister Communities of San Ramón, Nicaragua -- the farm is run by Nicaraguans. It includes a nature preserve, an eco-lodge and a butterfly farm. The coffee itself is shade-grown and certified fair-trade, and it's bought by another Durham-based entity, Counter Culture Coffee. "It's such a multipurpose project," notes Winston, "dealing with human health, economics, the environment."
If the feasibility study passes muster at a competition in Washington, D.C., in April, she explains, ASU could win a phase-two grant -- $75,000 to take the wastewater idea and "actually do it."
But in any case, the project has already had at least one more immediate impact: Since her trip to Esperanza, notes Winston, "I started drinking more coffee."
For more information about this year's P3 grants, visit the EPA Web site: http://es.epa.gov/ncer/p3/current/index.html.
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HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — A proposal before the Connecticut legislature could give full arrest powers to the police forces of the state's two major Indian gambling tribes.
Chief state's attorney Kevin Kane says he had opposed such proposals, but he is favor now because the tribes behind Mohegan Sun and the Foxwoods Resort Casino are willing to enter into agreements to adhere to state laws and policies.
The bill was proposed by the administration of Gov. Dannel P. Malloy, which has been working with Mohegan Tribe and the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation to ease their financial burdens. By winning authority to carry out tasks typically reserved for state troopers, the tribes would reduce the need for state agents whose salaries have to be covered by the tribes.
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Clarks Euclid Slip On
SKU: #8003384Product Information
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Inverse psoriasis (also known as intertriginous psoriasis) shows up as very red lesions in body folds. It may appear smooth and shiny. Many people have another type of psoriasis elsewhere on the body at the same time.
Inverse psoriasis is found in the armpits, groin, under the breasts and in other skin folds on the body.It is particularly subject to irritation from rubbing and sweating because of its location in skin folds and tender areas. It usually lacks the scale associated with plaque psoriasis due to the moist environment. It is more common in overweight people and people with deep skin folds.
Treatment can be difficult due to the sensitivity of the skin in these areas. Steroid creams and ointments are considered very effective, but they should not be occluded (covered) with plastic dressings. Because the skin is thinner in areas that typically have inverse psoriasis, the risk of side effects from topically applied medicine increases. This is due to the rapid absorption of medication in thin, sensitive skin. Overuse or misuse of steroids can further thin the skin and cause stretch marks. Because these areas are prone to yeast and fungal infections, doctors also may test for infection. If present, they may prescribe diluted topical steroids in combination with other medications. An example is 1 percent or 2 percent hydrocortisone with anti-yeast or anti-fungal agents. Compared to more modern treatment options, Castellani's Paint is not commonly used unless there are clear signs of a secondary bacterial or fungal infection. Castellani's Paint is a prescription that can be used to help dry out oozing, infected areas.
Other topical agents, such as calcipotriene (brand name Dovonex), coal tar or anthralin, can be somewhat effective in treating psoriasis in skin folds. However they also may be irritating. They should be used with caution and under the direction of a health care provider.
Tacrolimus (brand name Protopic) and pimecrolimus (brand name Elidel) are two topical medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of eczema. Many dermatologists have found they work well for psoriasis lesions in the skin folds. People with severe inverse psoriasis may occasionally require UVB (ultraviolet B) light therapy or biologic medications to control the condition.
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Cretaceous Seas Mosasaurs are not closely related to other marine reptiles but are in actuality gigantic lizards that have returned to the sea from the land. Fragmentary remains have been found in the Cretaceous seas covering northeastern Arizona 100 million years ago.
Trinacromerum was a marine reptile belonging to the pliosaurs, the short-necked plesiosaur group. She lived in the Cretaceous seas covering northeastern Arizona 100 million years ago.
First Flight Flight is an innovation that has evolved several times in the animal kingdom. Pteranodon was one of the larger flying reptiles, with a wingspan of as much as 30 feet. They lived about 75 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period.
< Back
Origins of Life
Journey onto Land
Paleozoic Seas
Mammal-Like Reptiles
Triassic Petrified Forest and Wetlands
Kayenta Formation
Cretaceous Seas
First Flight


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The enemy pursues you. He is aggressive. He will get up and in your business. The enemy crushes God's children as often as he can. His ideal way of crushing you is to cause you to question God's goodness and to challenge His wisdom. He is most effective at doing this when God seems silent. Once he crushes your spirit, the enemy will make you feel as if you are dwelling in darkness like those long dead. To dwell in darkness with those long dead is to live without hope, without faith, without light, without God.
Next Slide: When your prayers seem ineffective» |
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Mexican people
Total population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
World ±142,000,000 |
Regions with significant populations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mexico 111,211,789 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
United States | 34,038,599 (2012)a[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canada | 96,005 b[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spain | ~21.107 c[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Germany | ~9.225[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italy | ~6.798[5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brazil | ~6.625[6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
United Kingdom | ~5.297[7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paraguay | ~4.187[8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Costa Rica | ~4.000[9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Netherlands | ~3.758[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spanish, English and 62 indigenous linguistic groups of Amerindian languages. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Christian (Roman Catholicism 82.7%) (Protestant 9.7%) Non-religious 4.7% · other faith 2.9% incl. Jewish · Muslim · Buddhist · Hinduism · Mexicayotl |
Footnotes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a Mexican American b Mexican Canadian |
Mexican people (Spanish: Mexicanos (individuals), Pueblo mexicano (collective)) refers to all persons of the United Mexican States, a multiethnic country in North America, and/or who identify with the Mexican cultural and/or national identity.
Mexico became a nation in 1821 when Mexico achieved independence from the Spanish Empire; this began the process of forging a national identity that fused the cultural traits of indigenous pre-Columbian origin with those of European, particularly Iberian, ancestry. This led to what has been termed "a peculiar form of multi-ethnic nationalism"[11]
The most spoken language by Mexicans is Mexican Spanish, but some may also speak languages from 62 different indigenous linguistic groups and other languages brought to Mexico by recent immigration or learned by Mexican immigrants residing in other nations. Over 78% of the Mexican people live in Mexico but there is a sizable diaspora with nearly 22% living in the United States.
This section requires expansion. (January 2010) |
The Mexican people have varied origins and an identity that has evolved with the succession of conquests among Amerindian groups and by Europeans. The area that is now modern-day Mexico has cradled many predecessor civilizations, going back as far as the Olmec which influenced the latter civilizations of Teotihuacan (200 B.C. to 700 A.D.) and the much debated Toltec people who flourished around the 10th and 12th centuries A.D., and ending with the last great indigenous civilization before the Spanish Conquest, the Aztecs (March 13, 1325 to August 13, 1521). The Nahuatl language was a common tongue in the region of modern Central Mexico during the Aztec Empire, but after the arrival of Europeans the common language of the region became Spanish.
After the conquest of the Aztec empire, the Spanish re-administered the land and expanded their own empire beyond the former boundaries of the Aztec, adding more territory to the Mexican sphere of influence which remained under the Spanish Crown for 300 years. Cultural diffusion and intermixing among the Amerindian populations with the European created the modern Mexican identity which is a mixture of regional indigenous and European cultures that evolved into a national culture during the Spanish Colonial period. This new identity was defined as "Mexican" shortly after the Mexican War of Independence and was more invigorated and developed after the Mexican Revolution when the Constitution of 1917 officially established Mexico as an indivisible pluricultural nation founded on its indigenous roots.
This section requires expansion. (January 2010) |
Mexicano (Mexican) is derived from the word Mexico itself. In the principal model to create demonyms in Spanish, the suffix -ano is added to the name of the place of origin. The term Mexicano as a word to describe the different peoples of the region of Mexico as a single group emerged in the 16th century. In that time the term did not apply to a nationality nor to the geographical limits of the modern Mexican Republic. The term was used for the first time in the first document printed in Barcelona in 1566 which documented the expedition which launched from the port in Acapulco to find the best route which would favor a return journey from the Spanish East Indies to New Spain. The document stated: "el venturoso descubrimiento que los Mexicanos han hecho" (the venturous discovery that the Mexicans have made). That discovery led to the Manila galleon trade route and those "Mexicans" referred to Criollos, Mestizos and Amerindians alluding to a plurality of persons who participated for a common end: the conquest of the Philippines in 1565. (Gómez M., et al. 56)
Ethnic groups
Mestizo Mexicans
The large majority of Mexicans can be classified as "Mestizos", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they identify fully neither with any indigenous culture nor with a particular non-Mexican heritage, but rather identify as having cultural traits and heritage incorporating elements from indigenous and European traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments the "Mestizo identity" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as mestizaje [mestiˈsahe]. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje.[12][13]
Cultural policies in early post-revolutionary Mexico were paternalistic towards the indigenous people, with efforts designed to "help" indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society, eventually assimilating indigenous peoples completely to Mestizo Mexican culture, working toward the goal of eventually solving the "Indian problem" by transforming indigenous communities into mestizo communities.[14]
The term "Mestizo" is not in wide use in Mexican society today and has been dropped as a category in population censuses; it is, however, still used in social and cultural studies when referring to the non-indigenous part of the Mexican population. The word has somewhat pejorative connotations and most of the Mexican citizens who would be defined as mestizos in the sociological literature would probably self-identify primarily as Mexicans. In the Yucatán peninsula the word Mestizo is even used about Maya-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the caste war of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as mestizos.[15] In Chiapas the word "Ladino" is used instead of mestizo.[16]
Sometimes, particularly outside of Mexico, the word "mestizo" is used with the meaning of Mexican persons with mixed Indigenous and European blood. This usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure indigenous genetic heritage would be considered Mestizo either by rejecting his indigenous culture or by not speaking an indigenous language,[15] and a person with a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.[17]
European Mexicans
Mexicans of European descent are generally those of light skin and predominantly European features which are most often associated with Mexico's upper and middle socioeconomic classes. The concept of "white" and race, in general, is defined in Mexico by ancestry and social class as much as it is by biological features. Another group in Mexico, "mestizos" also include people with varying amounts of European ancestry, and there is no clearly defined line between the racial groups of mestizos and güeros.
Europeans began arriving to Mexico with the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, with the descendents of the conquistadors, along with new arrivals from Spain formed an elite but never a majority of the population. Intermixing would produce a mestizo group which would become the majority by the time of Independence, but power remained firmly in the hands of the elite, called "criollo." While almost all European or Caucasian migration into Mexico was Spanish during the colonial period, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European derived populations from North and South America did immigrate to the country. However, at its height, the total immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded twenty percent of the total.[18] Many of these immigrants came with money to invest and/or ties to allow them to become prominent in business and other aspects of Mexican society. However, due to government restrictions many of them left the country in the early 20th century.
While the concept of race is relatively fluid, with large variation in skin color among mestizos, "white" or "European" looks are still strongly preferred in Mexican society, with lighter skin receiving more positive attention and foreign cultures considered to be "white", such as the United States, receiving deference.
Indigenous Mexicans
The number of indigenous Mexicans is judged using the political criteria found in the 2nd article of the Mexican constitution. The Mexican census does not report racial-ethnicity but only the cultural-ethnicity of indigenous communities that preserve their indigenous languages, traditions, beliefs, and cultures.[19]
The Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Languages recognizes 62 indigenous languages as "national languages" which have the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken.[20] According to the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Data Processing (INEGI), approximately 5.4% of the population speaks an indigenous language – that is, approximately half of those identified as indigenous.[21] The recognition of indigenous languages and the protection of indigenous cultures is granted not only to the ethnic groups indigenous to modern-day Mexican territory, but also to other North American indigenous groups that migrated to Mexico from the United States[22] in the nineteenth century and those who immigrated from Guatemala in the 1980s.[23]
According to the National Commission for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples (CDI) there are 14,850,000 indigenous people reported in Mexico in 2010,[24] which constitute 13% of the population in the country.
The absolute indigenous population is growing, but at a slower rate than the rest of the population so that the percentage of indigenous peoples is nonetheless falling.[21][25][26] The majority of the indigenous population is concentrated in the central and southern states, that are generally the least developed, and the majority of the indigenous population live in rural areas.
Some indigenous communities have a degree of autonomy under the legislation of "usos y costumbres", which allows them to regulate some internal issues under customary law.
According to the CDI, the states with the greatest percentage of indigenous population are:[27] Yucatán, with 62.7%, Quintana Roo with 33.8% and Campeche with 32% of the population being indigenous, most of them Maya; Oaxaca with 58% of the population, the most numerous groups being the Mixtec and Zapotec peoples; Chiapas has 32.7%, the majority being Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya; Hidalgo with 30.1%, the majority being Otomi; Puebla with 25.2%, and Guerrero with 22.6%, mostly Nahua people and the states of San Luis Potosí and Veracruz both home to a population of 19% indigenous people, mostly from the Totonac, Nahua and Teenek (Huastec) groups.[28]
The majority of the indigenous population is concentrated in the central and southern states. According to the CDI, the states with the greatest percentage of indigenous population are:[29]
- Yucatán, 62.7%
- Oaxaca, 58%
- Quintana Roo, 33.8%
- Chiapas, 32.7%
- Campeche, 32%
- Hidalgo, 30.1%
- Puebla, 25.2%
- Guerrero, 22.6%
- San Luis Potosí, 19.9%
- Veracruz, 19.2%
Arab Mexicans
An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of Arabic-speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, or Palestinian background.[30]
The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic surnames in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Abed, Mansoor, Harb and Elias.
Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[31] Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq and settled in significant numbers in Nayarit, Puebla, Mexico City and the Northern part of the country (mainly in the states of Baja California, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango, as well as the city of Tampico and Guadalajara . The term "Arab Mexican" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab.
During the Israel-Lebanon war in 1948 and during the Six-Day War, thousands of Lebanese left Lebanon and went to Mexico. They first arrived in Veracruz. Although Arabs made up less than 5% of the total immigrant population in Mexico during the 1930s, they constituted half of the immigrant economic activity.[32]
Immigration of Arabs in Mexico has influenced Mexican culture, in particular food, where they have introduced Kibbeh, Tabbouleh and even created recipes such as Tacos Árabes. By 1765,[citation needed] Dates, which originated from the Middle East, were introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards. The fusion between Arab and Mexican food has highly influenced the Yucatecan[disambiguation needed] cuisine.[33]
Another concentration of Arab-Mexicans is in Baja California facing the U.S.-Mexican border, esp. in cities of Mexicali in the Imperial Valley U.S./Mexico, and Tijuana across from San Diego with a large Arab American community (about 280,000), some of whose families have relatives in Mexico. 45% of Arab Mexicans are of Lebanese descent.
The majority of Arab-Mexicans are Christians who belong to the Maronite Church, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. A scant number are Muslims and Jews of Middle Eastern origins.
Arab net migration to Mexico from 1871 to 1976 | ||||
Year period | Arab immigrants | |||
1871–1880 | 672 | |||
1881–1890 | 3,537 | |||
1891–1900 | 10,572 | |||
1901–1910 | 35,398 | |||
1911–1920 | 39,052 | |||
1921–1930 | 18,894 | |||
1931–1940 | 1,682 | |||
1941–1950 | 2,063 | |||
1951–1960 | 1,083 | |||
1961–1970 | 278 | |||
1971–1976 | -30 | |||
Total | 113,201 |
Afro Mexicans
Afro-Mexicans are an ethnic group which exists in certain parts of Mexico such as the Costa Chica of Oaxaca and Guerrero, Veracruz and in some towns in northern Mexico. The existence of blacks in Mexico is unknown, denied or diminished in both Mexico and abroad for a number of reasons: their small numbers, heavy intermarriage with other ethnic groups and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a "mestizaje" or mixing of European and indigenous. Mexico did have an active slave trade since the early colonial period but from the beginning, intermarriage and mixed race offspring created an elaborate caste system. This system broke down in the very late colonial period and after Independence the legal notion of race was eliminated. The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico's indigenous and European past actively or passively eliminating its African one from popular consciousness
1921 Census
The Mexican Government asked Mexicans about their perception of their own racial heritage. In the 1921 census, residents of the Mexican Republic were asked if they fell into one of the following categories:[34]
- "Indígena pura" (of pure indigenous heritage)
- "Indígena mezclada con blanca" (of mixed indigenous and white heritage)
- "Blanca" (of White or Spanish heritage)
- "Extranjeros sin distinción de razas" (Foreigners without racial distinction)
- "Cualquiera otra o que se ignora la raza" (Either other or chose to ignore the race)
- Pure indigenous heritage: 4,179,440 {29%}
- Mixed indigenous and white: 8,504,561 {59%}
- White or Spanish heritage: 1,404,718 (10%)
- Total population: 14,334,780
Ethnic relations in modern Mexico have grown out of the historical context of the arrival of Europeans, the subsequent colonial period of cultural and genetic miscegenation within the frame work of the castas system, the revolutionary periods focus on incorporating all ethnic and racial group into a common Mexican national identity and the indigenous revival of the late 20th century. The resulting picture has been called "a peculiar form of multi-ethnic nationalism".[11]
Very generally speaking ethnic relations can be arranged on an axis between the two extremes of European and Amerindian cultural heritage, this is a remnant of the colonial Spanish caste system which categorized individuals according to their perceived level of biological mixture between the two groups. Additionally the presence of considerable portions of the population with partly African and Asian heritage further complicates the situation.[36] Even though it still arranges persons along the line between indigenous and European, in practice the classificatory system is no longer biologically based, but rather mixes socio-cultural traits with phenotypical traits, and classification is largely fluid, allowing individuals to move between categories and define their ethnic and racial identities situationally.[37][38]
The large majority of Mexicans can be considered as "Mestizos", meaning that they neither identify fully with any indigenous culture or with a particular non-Mexican heritage, but rather identify as having cultural traits and heritage that is mixed by elements from indigenous and European traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments the "Mestizo identity" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as mestizaje. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje.[12][39]
The category of "indigena" (indigenous) can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak one of Mexico's 62 indigenous languages, this is the categorization used by the National Mexican Institute of Statistics. It can also be defined broadly to include all persons who selfidentify as having an indigenous cultural background, whether or not they speak the language of the indigenous group they identify with. This means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied, cultural activists have referred to the usage of the narrow definition of the term for census purposes as "statistical genocide".[40][41]
The term "Mestizo" is not in wide use in Mexican society today and has been dropped as a category in population censuses, it is however still used in social and cultural studies when referring to the non-indigenous part of the Mexican population. The word has somewhat pejorative connotations and most of the Mexican citizens who would be defined as mestizos in the sociological literature would probably self-identify primarily as Mexicans. In the Yucatán peninsula the word Mestizo is even used about Maya speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the caste war of the lat 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as mestizos.[15] In Chiapas the word "Ladino" is used instead of mestizo.[42]
Sometimes, particularly outside of Mexico, the word "mestizo" is used with the meaning of a person with mixed Indigenous and European blood. This usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of mostly indigenous genetic heritage would be considered Mestizo either by rejecting his indigenous culture or by not speaking an indigenous language,[15] and a person with a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.[17]
Population genetics
A 2012 study published by the Journal of Human Genetics found the Y chromosome ancestry of the Mexican mestizo population to be predominately European (64.9%), followed by Native American (30.8%) and African (4.2%). The European ancestry was prevalent in the north and west (66.7-95%) and Native American ancestry increased in the center and southeast (37-50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0-8.8%).[44] The states that participated in this study where Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatan.[45]
A study conducted by Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) reported that mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 35.05% "Asian" (Amerindian mostly), and 5.03% African. Sonora shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and Guerrero the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest Asian contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as "being racially mixed in some degree"). The study was realized with volunteers from 6 states and an indigenous group known as Zapotecs, with these being Sonora, Zacatecas, Veracruz, Guanajuato, Oaxaca and Yucatan (Mexico is composed of 31 states and one federal district)[46]
The same study found that the Mexico's haplogroup was most similar to the European one, with the percentage of Haplotypes shared being 81%, followed by the Asian haplogroup with 74% and finally the African haplogroup, with a share rate of 64%. It was also noted by the investigators that the African admixture in general didn't come directly from the African slaves brought by the Europeans, but was already part of the genetic admixture of the colonizers themselves.[47] Another study which took place in Mexico city found the Mexican mestizo population to be the one who present the largest variation out of all the mestizo groups of Latin America (with its mestizos being either largely European or Amerindian rather than having a uniform admixture) The results of this study are similar to the ones made by the INMEGEN with the European admixture being 56.8% followed by the Asian ancestry with 39.8% and a small African contribution of 3.4%.[43]
Additional studies suggests a tendency relating a higher European admixture with a higher socioeconomic status and a higher Amerindian ancestry with a lower socioeconomic status: a study made exclusively on low income Mestizos residing in Mexico City found the mean admixture to be 0.590, 0.348, and 0.062 for Amerindian, European and African respectively whereas the European admixture increased to an average of around 70% on mestizos belonging to a higher socioeconomical level.[48]
Mexicans are linguistically diverse, with many speaking European languages as well as various Indigenous Mexican Languages. Spanish is spoken by approximately 92.17% of Mexicans as their first language making them the largest Spanish speaking group in the world[49] followed by Colombia (45,273,925), Spain (41,063,259)[50] and Argentina (40,134,425).[citation needed] Although the great majority speak Spanish de facto the second most populous language among Mexicans is English due to the regional proximity of the United States which calls for a bilingual relationship in order to conduct business and trade as well as the migration of Mexicans into that country who adopt it as a second language.[citation needed]
Mexican Spanish is distinct in dialect, tone and syntax to the Peninsular Spanish spoken in Spain. It contains a large amount of loan words from indigenous languages, mostly from the Nahuatl language such as: "chocolate", "tomate", "mezquite", "chile", and "coyote".[51]
Mexico has no official de jure language,[52] but as of 2003 it recognizes 62 indigenous Amerindian languages as "national languages" along with Spanish which are protected under Mexican National law giving indigenous peoples the entitlement to request public services and documents in their native languages.[53] The law also includes other Amerindian languages regardless of origin, that is, it includes the Amerindian languages of other ethnic groups that are non-native to the Mexican national territory. As such, Mexico's National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo who immigrated from the United States,[54] and recognizes the languages of Guatemalan Amerindian refugees.[55] The most numerous indigenous language spoken by Mexicans is Nahuatl which is spoken by 1.7% of the population in Mexico over the age of 5. Approximately 6,044,547 Mexicans (5.4%) speak an indigenous language according to the 2000 Census in Mexico.[56] There are also Mexicans living abroad which speak indigenous languages mostly in the United States but their number is unknown.[57]
Chipilo Venetian or Chipileño is a diaspora language currently spoken by the descendants of some five hundred 19th century Venetian immigrants to Mexico. The Venetians settled in the State of Puebla, founding the city of Chipilo. This Venetian variety is also spoken in other communities in Veracruz and Querétaro, places where the chipileños settled as well.
Although the city of Puebla has grown so far as to almost absorb it, the town of Chipilo remained isolated for much of the 20th century. Thus, the Cipiłàn/chipileños, unlike other European immigrants that came to Mexico, did not blend into the Mexican culture and retained most of their traditions and their language. To this day, most of the people in Chipilo speak the Venetan or Venetian of their great-grandparents. The variant of the Venetan language spoken by the Cipiłàni/chipileñi is the northern Traixàn-Fheltrìn-Bełumàt. Surprisingly, it has been barely altered by Spanish, as compared to how the dialect of the northern Veneto has been altered by Italian. Given the number of speakers of Venetan, and even though the state government has not done so, the Venetan language has to be considered a minority language in the State of Puebla.
Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements mainly from the United States have been incorporated into Mexican culture.[citation needed]
The Porfirian era (el Porfiriato), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself. Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the mestizaje, of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well.[58] This exalting of mestizaje was a revolutionary idea that sharply contrasted with the idea of a superior pure race prevalent in Europe at the time.[citation needed]
The literature of Mexico has its antecedents in the literatures of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. The most well known prehispanic poet is Nezahualcoyotl. Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of Mesoamerica. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Juana Inés de la Cruz.
In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races, biologically as well as culturally.[58]
Other writers include Alfonso Reyes, José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Carlos Fuentes, Octavio Paz (Nobel Laureate), Renato Leduc, Carlos Monsiváis, Elena Poniatowska, Mariano Azuela ("Los de abajo") and Juan Rulfo ("Pedro Páramo"). Bruno Traven wrote "Canasta de cuentos mexicanos", "El tesoro de la Sierra Madre."
The National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established in 1910,[60] and the university become one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico.[61] UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.[62] Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936),[63] were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.[64] In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.
In 1995 the Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.[65] Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.[66]
In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range.[67] It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust.
The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade. In 2007 Mexico surpassed South Korea as the second largest manufacturer of televisions, and in 2008 Mexico surpassed China, South Korea and Taiwan to become the largest producer of smartphones in the world. There are almost half a million (451,000) students enrolled in electronics engineering programs.[68]
Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes Mariachi, Banda, Norteño, Ranchera and Corridos; on an every-day basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as pop, rock, etc. in both English and Spanish. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of Europe, especially Spain.
Some well-known Mexican singers are Thalía, Luis Miguel, Alejandro Fernández, Julieta Venegas and Paulina Rubio. Mexican singers of traditional music are: Lila Downs, Susana Harp, Jaramar, GEO Meneses and Alejandra Robles. Popular groups are Café Tacuba, Molotov and Maná, among others. Since the early years of 2000s (decade), Mexican rock has seen widespread growth both domesticly and internationally.[citation needed]
Mexican films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. Maria Candelaria (1944) by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico, between 1947 to 1965 some of his master pieces like Los Olvidados (1949), Viridiana (1961) and El angel exterminador (1963). Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Félix, Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, Jorge Negrete and the comedian Cantinflas.
More recently, films such as Como agua para chocolate (1992), Cronos (1993), Y tu mamá también (2001), and Pan's Labyrinth (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores perros, Babel), Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Guillermo del Toro, Carlos Carrera (The Crime of Father Amaro), and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are some of the most known present-day film makers.
Visual arts
Post-revolutionary art in Mexico had its expression in the works of renowned artists such as Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, Rufino Tamayo, Federico Cantú Garza, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Juan O'Gorman. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of Mexican muralism, painted the Man at the Crossroads at the Rockefeller Center in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed the next year because of the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader Lenin.[69] Some of Rivera's murals are displayed at the Mexican National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts.
Mexico has no official religion, and the Constitution of 1917 imposed limitations on the church and sometimes codified state intrusion into church matters. The government does not provide financial contributions to the church, nor does the church participate in public education. However, Christmas is a national holiday and every year during Easter and Christmas all schools in Mexico, public and private, send their students on vacation.
In 1992, Mexico lifted almost all restrictions on the religions, including granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country.[71] Until recently, priests did not have the right to vote, and even now they cannot be elected to public office.
The Catholic Church is the dominant religion in Mexico, with about 82.7% of the population as of 2010. In recent decades the number of Catholics has been declining, due to the growth of other Christian denominations (especially various Protestant churches and Mormonism), which now constitute 9.7% of the population, and non-Christian religions. Despite this, conversion to non-Catholic denominations has been considerably slower than in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. An estimated 2 to 5 million Mexicans (~2% to ~4.5%) adhere to the Santa Muerte Religion, though most of them continue to declare themselves as members of the Catholic Church.[72] Movements of return and revival of the indigenous Mesoamerican religions (Mexicayotl, Toltecayotl) have also appeared in recent decades.[73][74] Islam and Buddhism have both made limited inroads, through immigration and conversion.
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See also
- List of Mexicans
- List of Mexican actors
- Culture of Mexico
- History of Mexico
- Mexican literature
- Mexican cuisine
- Mexico
- Indigenous Mexican
- Mestizo
- Criollo people
- White Mexican
- Arab Mexican
- Afro-Mexican
- Mexican American
- Mexicans in the United Kingdom
- Mexican nobility
- Anti-Mexican sentiment
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- ^ In the total population sample, paternal ancestry was predominately European (64.9%), followed by Native American (30.8%) and African (4.2%). However, the European ancestry was prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and, conversely, Native American ancestry increased in the center and southeast (37–50%), whereas the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0–8.8%), Journal of Human Genetics.
- ^ Results of the study per state
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- ^ [page needed]Unravelling unidentified γ-ray sources with the large millimeter telescope, Alberto Carramiñana and the LMT-GTM collaboration, in The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources, Josep M. Paredes, Olaf Reimer, and Diego F. Torres, eds., Springer Netherlands, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4020-6117-2.
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Further reading
- Oster, Patrick, The Mexicans: a personal portrait of a people, New York : HarperCollins, 2002. ISBN 0-06-097310-2