text:
Methane | |
Identifiers | |
CAS number | 74-82-8 |
PubChem | 297 |
ChemSpider | 291 |
EC number | 200-812-7 |
UN number | 1971 |
MeSH | Methane |
ChEBI | CHEBI:16183 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL17564 |
RTECS number | PA1490000 |
Beilstein Reference | 1718732 |
Gmelin Reference | 59 |
3DMet | B01450 |
Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
Properties | |
Molecular formula | CH4 |
Molar mass | 16.04 g mol−1 |
Appearance | Colorless gas |
Odor | Odorless |
Density | 0.656g/L @ 25°C, 1 atm 0.716g/L @ 0°C, 1 atm 0.42262 g cm−3 (at 111 K)[2] |
Melting point | −182.5 °C; −296.4 °F; 90.7 K |
Boiling point | −161.49 °C; −258.68 °F; 111.66 K |
Solubility in water | 22.7 mg L−1 |
Solubility | soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, toluene, methanol, acetone |
log P | 1.09 |
kH | 14 nmol Pa−1 kg−1 |
Structure | |
Molecular shape | Tetrahedron |
Dipole moment | 0 D |
Thermochemistry | |
Specific heat capacity C |
35.69 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std molar entropy S |
186.25 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of formation ΔfH |
−74.87 kJ mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of combustion ΔcH |
−891.1–−890.3 kJ mol−1 |
Hazards[3] | |
MSDS | External MSDS |
GHS pictograms | |
GHS signal word | DANGER |
GHS hazard statements | H220 |
GHS precautionary statements | P210 |
EU Index | 601-001-00-4 |
EU classification | F+ |
R-phrases | R12 |
S-phrases | (S2), S16, S33 |
Flash point | −188.0 °C; −306.4 °F; 85.1 K |
Autoignition temperature | 537 °C; 999 °F; 810 K |
Explosive limits | 4.4–17% |
Related compounds | |
Related alkanes | |
Supplementary data page | |
Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. |
Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
(verify) (what is: / ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa) |
Infobox references |
Methane (/ˈmɛθeɪn/ or /ˈmiːθeɪn/) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH
4 (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is the simplest alkane and the main component of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel. However, because it is a gas at normal conditions, it is difficult to store it.
Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (per unit, more so than carbon dioxide[4]). The concentration of methane in Earth's atmosphere in 1998, expressed as a mole fraction, was 1745 nmol/mol (parts per billion, ppb). By 2008, however, global methane levels, which had stayed mostly flat since 1998, had risen to 1800 nmol/mol.[5]
This section requires expansion. (November 2013) |
Methane was first discovered by Alessandro Volta in November 1776, who, after reading a paper by Benjamin Franklin about "flammable air," was inspired to search for the substance in the marshes at Lake Maggiore.[6] Volta captured the gas rising from the marsh, and by 1778 had isolated the pure gas.[7] He also demonstrated means to ignite the gas with an electric spark.[7]
Properties and bonding[edit]
Methane is a tetrahedral molecule with four equivalent C-H bonds. Its electronic structure is described by four bonding molecular orbitals (MOs) resulting from the overlap of the valence orbitals on C and H. The lowest energy MO is the result of the overlap of the 2s orbital on carbon with the in-phase combination of the 1s orbitals on the four hydrogen atoms. Above this level in energy is a triply degenerate set of MOs that involve overlap of the 2p orbitals on carbon with various linear combinations of the 1s orbitals on hydrogen. The resulting "three-over-one" bonding scheme is consistent with photoelectron spectroscopic measurements.
At room temperature and standard pressure, methane is a colorless, odorless gas.[8] The familiar smell of natural gas as used in homes is a safety measure achieved by the addition of an odorant, usually blends containing tert-butylthiol. Methane has a boiling point of −161 °C (−257.8 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere.[9] As a gas it is flammable over a range of concentrations (4.4–17%) in air at standard pressure.
Chemical reactions[edit]
Main reactions with methane are: combustion, steam reforming to syngas, and halogenation. In general, methane reactions are difficult to control. Partial oxidation to methanol, for example, is challenging because the reaction typically progresses all the way to carbon dioxide and water even with incomplete amounts of oxygen. The enzymes methane monooxygenase can produce methanol from methane, but they cannot be used for industrial scale reactions.[10]
Acid-base reactions[edit]
Like other hydrocarbons, methane is a very weak acid. Its pKa in DMSO is estimated to be 56.[11] It cannot be deprotonated in solution, but the conjugate base with methyllithium is known.
A variety of positive ions derived from methane have been observed, mostly as unstable species in low-pressure gas mixtures. These include methenium or methyl cation CH+
3, methane cation CH+
4, and methanium or protonated methane CH+
5. Some of these have been detected in outer space. Methanium can also be produced as diluted solutions from methane with super acids. Cations with higher charge, such as CH2+
6 and CH3+
7, have been studied theoretically and conjectured to be stable.[12]
Despite the strength of its C-H bonds, there is intense interest in catalysts that facilitate C–H bond activation in methane (and other low alkanes).[13]
Methane's heat of combustion is 55.5 MJ/kg.[14] Combustion of methane is multiple step reaction. The following equations are part of the process, with the net result being:
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O (ΔH = −891 k J/mol (at standard conditions))
The species M* signifies an energetic third body, from which energy is transferred during a molecular collision. Formaldehyde (HCHO or H
2CO) is an early intermediate (reaction 7). Oxidation of formaldehyde gives the formyl radical (HCO) (reactions 8, 9 & 10), which then give carbon monoxide (CO) (reactions 11, 12 & 13). Any resulting H
2 oxidizes to H
2O or other intermediates (reaction 14 & 15). Finally, the CO oxidizes, forming CO
2 (reaction 16). In the final stages (reactions 17, 18 & 19), energy is transferred back to other third bodies. The overall speed of reaction is a function of the concentration of the various entities during the combustion process. The higher the temperature, the greater the concentration of radical species and the more rapid the combustion process.[15]
Reactions with halogens[edit]
Methane reacts with halogens given appropriate conditions as follows:
where X is a halogen: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I). This mechanism for this process is called free radical halogenation. It is initiated with UV light or some other radical initiator. A chlorine atom is generated from elemental chlorine, which abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane, resulting in the formation of hydrogen chloride. The resulting methyl radical, CH3•, can combine with another chlorine molecule to give methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and a chlorine atom. This chlorine atom can then react with another methane (or methyl chloride) molecule, repeating the chlorination cycle.[16] Similar reactions can produce dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), chloroform (CHCl3), and, ultimately, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), depending upon reaction conditions and the chlorine to methane ratio.
Methane is used in industrial chemical processes and may be transported as a refrigerated liquid (liquefied natural gas, or LNG). While leaks from a refrigerated liquid container are initially heavier than air due to the increased density of the cold gas, the gas at ambient temperature is lighter than air. Gas pipelines distribute large amounts of natural gas, of which methane is the principal component.
Natural gas[edit]
Methane is important for electrical generation by burning it as a fuel in a gas turbine or steam boiler. Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, burning methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released. At about 891 kJ/mol, methane's heat of combustion is lower than any other hydrocarbon but the ratio of the heat of combustion (891 kJ/mol) to the molecular mass (16.0 g/mol, of which 12.0 g/mol is carbon) shows that methane, being the simplest hydrocarbon, produces more heat per mass unit (55.7 kJ/g) than other complex hydrocarbons. In many cities, methane is piped into homes for domestic heating and cooking purposes. In this context it is usually known as natural gas, which is considered to have an energy content of 39 megajoules per cubic meter, or 1,000 BTU per standard cubic foot.
Methane in the form of compressed natural gas is used as a vehicle fuel and is claimed to be more environmentally friendly than other fossil fuels such as gasoline/petrol and diesel.[17] Research into adsorption methods of methane storage for use as an automotive fuel has been conducted.[18]
Liquefied natural gas[edit]
Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport.
Liquefied natural gas takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia.
The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around 25 kPa or 3.6 psi) by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F).
LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the energy density of LNG is 2.4 times heavier than that of CNG or 60% of that of diesel fuel.[19] This makes LNG cost efficient to transport over long distances where pipelines do not exist. Specially designed cryogenic sea vessels (LNG carriers) or cryogenic road tankers are used for its transport.
LNG, when it is not highly refined for special uses, is principally used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is regasified and distributed as pipeline natural gas. It can be used in natural gas vehicles, although it is more common to design vehicles to use compressed natural gas. Its relatively high cost of production and the need to store it in more expensive cryogenic tanks have hindered widespread commercial use.[20]
Power to gas[edit]
Power to gas is a technology which converts electrical power to a gas fuel. The method is used to convert carbon dioxide and water to methane, (see natural gas) using electrolysis and the Sabatier reaction.[clarification needed] The excess power or off peak power generated by wind generators or solar arrays could theoretically be used for load balancing in the energy grid.[citation needed]
Liquid methane rocket fuel[edit]
In a highly refined form, liquid methane is used as a rocket fuel.[21] While investigations of methane use have existed for decades,[22] no production methane engines have yet been used on orbital spaceflights. This is changing, and liquid methane has recently been selected for the active development of a variety of bipropellant rocket engines.
Since the 1990s, a number of Russian rockets have been proposed to use liquid methane.[23][24] One 1990s Russian engine proposal was the RD-192, a methane/LOX variant of the RD-191.[24] In 2005, US companies Orbitech and XCOR Aerospace developed a demonstration liquid oxygen/liquid methane rocket engine[25] and a larger 7,500 pounds-force (33 kN)-thrust engine in 2007 for potential use as the CEV lunar return engine, before the CEV program was later cancelled.[26][27]
More recently the American private space company SpaceX announced in 2012 an initiative to develop liquid methane rocket engines,[28] including, initially, the very large Raptor rocket engine.[29] Raptor is being designed to produce 4.4 meganewtons (1,000,000 lbf) of thrust with a vacuum specific impulse (Isp) of 363 seconds and a sea-level Isp of 321 seconds,[30] and is expected to begin component-level testing in 2014.[31] In February 2014, the Raptor engine design was revealed to be of the highly efficient and theoretically more reliable full-flow staged combustion cycle type, where both propellant streams—oxidizer and fuel—will be completely in the gas phase before they enter the combustion chamber. Prior to 2014, only two full-flow rocket engines have ever progressed sufficiently to be tested on test stands, but neither engine completed development or flew on a flight vehicle.[30]
In October 2013, the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, a state-owned contractor for the Chinese space program, announced that it had completed a first ignition test on a new LOX methane rocket engine. No engine size was provided.[32]
One advantage of methane is that it is abundant in many parts of the solar system and it could potentially be harvested on the surface of another solar-system body (in particular, Mars[33] and Titan), providing fuel for a return journey.[21][34]
NASA's Project Morpheus has developed a restartable LOX methane rocket engine with 5,000 pounds-force (22 kN) thrust and a specific impulse of 321 seconds suitable for inspace applications including landers. Small LOX methane thrusters 5–15 pounds-force (22–67 N) were also developed suitable for use in a Reaction Control System (RCS).[35][36]
Chemical feedstock[edit]
Although there is great interest in converting methane into useful or more easily liquified compounds, the only practical processes are relatively unselective. In the chemical industry, methane is converted to synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, by steam reforming. This endergonic process (requiring energy) utilizes nickel catalysts and requires high temperatures, around 700–1100 °C:
Related chemistries are exploited in the Haber-Bosch Synthesis of ammonia from air, which is reduced with natural gas to a mixture of carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia.
Methane is also subjected to free-radical chlorination in the production of chloromethanes, although methanol is a more typical precursor.[37]
Biological routes[edit]
Naturally occurring methane is mainly produced by the process of methanogenesis. This multistep process is used by microorganisms as an energy source. The net reaction is:
- CO2 + 8 H+ + 8 e− → CH4 + 2 H2O
The final step in the process is catalysed by the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase. Methanogenesis is a form of anaerobic respiration used by organisms that occupy landfill, ruminants (e.g., cattle), and the guts of termites.
It is uncertain if plants are a source of methane emissions.[38][39][40]
Methane could also be produced by a non-biological process called serpentinization[a] involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.[41]
Industrial routes[edit]
Methane can be produced by hydrogenating carbon dioxide through the Sabatier process. Methane is also a side product of the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide in the Fischer-Tropsch process. This technology is practiced on a large scale to produce longer chain molecules than methane.
Natural gas is so abundant that the intentional production of methane is relatively rare. The only large scale facility of this kind is the Great Plains Synfuels plant, started in 1984 in Beulah, North Dakota as a way to develop abundant local resources of low grade lignite, a resource which is otherwise very hard to transport for its weight, ash content, low calorific value and propensity to spontaneous combustion during storage and transport.
An adaptation of the Sabatier methanation reaction may be used via a mixed catalyst bed and a reverse water gas shift in a single reactor to produce methane from the raw materials available on Mars, utilizing water from the Martian subsoil and carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere.[33]
Laboratory synthesis[edit]
Methane can also be produced by the destructive distillation of acetic acid in the presence of soda lime or similar. Acetic acid is decarboxylated in this process. Methane can also be prepared by reaction of aluminium carbide with water or strong acids.
Methane was discovered and isolated by Alessandro Volta between 1776 and 1778 when studying marsh gas from Lake Maggiore. It is the major component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. The major source of methane is extraction from geological deposits known as natural gas fields, with coal seam gas extraction becoming a major source (see Coal bed methane extraction, a method for extracting methane from a coal deposit, while enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of recovering methane from non-mineable coal seams). It is associated with other hydrocarbon fuels, and sometimes accompanied by helium and nitrogen. The gas at shallow levels (low pressure) forms by anaerobic decay of organic matter and reworked methane from deep under the Earth's surface. In general, sediments buried deeper and at higher temperatures than those that contain oil generate natural gas.
It is generally transported in bulk by pipeline in its natural gas form, or LNG carriers in its liquefied form; few countries transport it by truck.
Alternative sources[edit]
Apart from gas fields, an alternative method of obtaining methane is via biogas generated by the fermentation of organic matter including manure, wastewater sludge, municipal solid waste (including landfills), or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. Rice fields also generate large amounts of methane during plant growth. Methane hydrates/clathrates (ice-like combinations of methane and water on the sea floor, found in vast quantities) are a potential future source of methane. Cattle belch methane accounts for 16% of the world's annual methane emissions to the atmosphere.[42] One study reported that the livestock sector in general (primarily cattle, chickens, and pigs) produces 37% of all human-induced methane.[43] Early research has found a number of medical treatments and dietary adjustments that help slightly limit the production of methane in ruminants.[44] [45] A more recent study, in 2009, found that at a conservative estimate, at least 51% of global greenhouse gas emissions were attributable to the life cycle and supply chain of livestock products, meaning all meat, dairy, and by-products, and their transportation.[46] Many efforts are underway to reduce livestock methane production and trap the gas to use as energy.[47]
Paleoclimatology research published in Current Biology suggests that flatulence from dinosaurs may have warmed the Earth.[48]
Atmospheric methane[edit]
Methane is created near the Earth's surface, primarily by microorganisms by the process of methanogenesis. It is carried into the stratosphere by rising air in the tropics. Uncontrolled build-up of methane in the atmosphere is naturally checked – although human influence can upset this natural regulation – by methane's reaction with hydroxyl radicals formed from singlet oxygen atoms and with water vapor. It has a net lifetime of about 10 years,[50] and is primarily removed by conversion to carbon dioxide and water.
Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer.[51][52]
In addition, there is a large (but unknown) amount of methane in methane clathrates in the ocean floors as well as the Earth's crust. Most methane is the result of biological process called methanogenesis.
In 2010, methane levels in the Arctic were measured at 1850 nmol/mol, a level over twice as high as at any time in the 400,000 years prior to the industrial revolution. Historically, methane concentrations in the world's atmosphere have ranged between 300 and 400 nmol/mol during glacial periods commonly known as ice ages, and between 600 to 700 nmol/mol during the warm interglacial periods. Recent research suggests that the Earth's oceans are a potentially important new source of Arctic methane.[53]
A Bristol University study published in Nature claims that methane under the Antarctic Ice Sheet may yet play an important role globally. Researchers believe these sub-ice environments to be biologically active, in that microbes are converting organic carbon to carbon dioxide and methane.[54] Possible adverse effects projected as the gas escapes into the atmosphere are estimated to have the potential of a sixty trillion dollar impact on the world economy.[55]
The newest IPCC study determined that methane in the Earth's atmosphere is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 over a 100-year period (although accepted figures probably represent an underestimate[56][57]). This means that a methane emission will have 34 times the effect on temperature of a carbon dioxide emission of the same mass over the following 100 years. And methane has 33 times the effect when accounted for aerosol interactions.[58]
Methane has a large effect for a brief period (a net lifetime of 8.4 years in the atmosphere), whereas carbon dioxide has a small effect for a long period (over 100 years). Because of this difference in effect and time period, the global warming potential of methane over a 20-year time period is 72. The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750, and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases (these gases don't include water vapor which is by far the largest component of the greenhouse effect).[59] Usually, excess methane from landfills and other natural producers of methane is burned so CO2 is released into the atmosphere instead of methane, because methane is a more effective greenhouse gas. Recently, methane emitted from coal mines has been successfully utilized to generate electricity.
Methane is essentially insoluble in water. It can however be trapped within a crystal lattice structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice. Significant deposits of methane clathrate have been found under sediments on the ocean floors of Earth at large depths.
Arctic methane release from permafrost and methane clathrates is an expected consequence and further cause of global warming.[60] [61] [62]
Methane is not toxic; however, it is extremely flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is violently reactive with oxidizers, halogens, and some halogen-containing compounds. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Asphyxia may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below about 16% by displacement, as most people can tolerate a reduction from 21% to 16% without ill effects. The concentration of methane at which asphyxiation risk becomes significant is much higher than the 5–15% concentration in a flammable or explosive mixture. Methane off-gas can penetrate the interiors of buildings near landfills and expose occupants to significant levels of methane. Some buildings have specially engineered recovery systems below their basements to actively capture this gas and vent it away from the building.
Methane gas explosions are responsible for many deadly mining disasters.[63] A methane gas explosion was the cause of the Upper Big Branch coal mine disaster in West Virginia on April 5, 2010, killing 25.[64]
Extraterrestrial methane[edit]
Methane has been detected or is believed to exist on all planets of the solar system, as well as on most of the larger moons. In most cases, it is believed to have been created by abiotic processes[clarification needed]. Possible exceptions are Mars and Titan.
- Mercury - the tenuous atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane.[65]
- Venus – the atmosphere contains a large amount of methane from 60 km (37 mi) to the surface according to data collected by the Pioneer Venus Large Probe Neutral Mass Spectrometer[66]
- Moon – traces are outgassed from the surface[67]
- Mars – the Martian atmosphere contains 10 nmol/mol methane.[68] The source of methane on Mars has not been determined. Recent research suggests that methane may come from volcanoes, fault lines, or methanogens,[69] or that it may be a byproduct of electrical discharges from dust devils and dust storms,[70] or that it may be the result of UV radiation.[71] In January 2009, NASA scientists announced that they had discovered that the planet often vents methane into the atmosphere in specific areas, leading some to speculate this may be a sign of biological activity going on below the surface.[72] Analysis of observations made by a Weather Research and Forecasting model for Mars (MarsWRF) and related Mars general circulation model (MGCM) suggests that it is potentially possible to isolate methane plume source locations to within tens of kilometers, which is within the roving capabilities of future Mars rovers.[73] The Curiosity rover, which landed on Mars in August 2012, is able to make measurements that distinguish between different isotopologues of methane;[74] but even if the mission is to determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life forms likely reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach.[75] Curiosity's Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument is capable of tracking the presence of methane over time to determine if it is constant, variable, seasonal, or random, providing further clues about its source.[76] The first measurements with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) indicated that there is less than 5 ppb of methane at the landing site at the point of the measurement.[77][78][79][80] The Mars Trace Gas Mission orbiter planned to launch in 2016 would further study the methane,[81][82] as well as its decomposition products such as formaldehyde and methanol. Alternatively, these compounds may instead be replenished by volcanic or other geological means, such as serpentinization.[41] On July 19, 2013, NASA scientists reported finding "not much methane" (i.e., "an upper limit of 2.7 parts per billion of methane") around the Gale Crater area where the Curiosity rover landed in August, 2012.[83][84][85] On September 19, 2013, NASA scientists, on the basis of further measurements by Curiosity, reported no detection of atmospheric methane with a measured value of 0.18±0.67 ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence limit) and, as a result, conclude that the probability of current methanogenic microbial activity on Mars is reduced.[86][87][88]
- Saturn – the atmosphere contains 4500 ± 2000 ppm methane[89]
- Iapetus
- Titan – the atmosphere contains 1.6% methane and thousands of methane lakes have been detected on the surface.[90] In the upper atmosphere the methane is converted into more complex molecules including acetylene, a process that also produces molecular hydrogen. There is evidence that acetylene and hydrogen are recycled into methane near the surface. This suggests the presence either of an exotic catalyst, or an unfamiliar form of methanogenic life.[91] An apparent lake of liquid methane has been spotted by the Cassini-Huygens probe, causing researchers to speculate about the possibility of life on Titan.[92] Methane showers, probably prompted by changing seasons, have also been observed.[93]
- Enceladus – the atmosphere contains 1.7% methane[94]
- Uranus – the atmosphere contains 2.3% methane[95]
- Ariel – methane is believed to be a constituent of Ariel's surface ice
- Miranda[citation needed]
- Oberon – about 20% of Oberon's surface ice is composed of methane-related carbon/nitrogen compounds
- Titania – about 20% of Titania's surface ice is composed of methane-related organic compounds[citation needed]
- Umbriel – methane is a constituent of Umbriel's surface ice
- Neptune – the atmosphere contains 1.5 ± 0.5% methane[96]
- Pluto – spectroscopic analysis of Pluto's surface reveals it to contain traces of methane[99][100]
- Eris – infrared light from the object revealed the presence of methane ice[102]
- Comet Halley
- Comet Hyakutake – terrestrial observations found ethane and methane in the comet[103]
- Extrasolar planets – methane was detected on extrasolar planet HD 189733b; this is the first detection of an organic compound on a planet outside the solar system. Its origin is unknown, since the planet's high temperature (700 °C) would normally favor the formation of carbon monoxide instead.[104] Research indicates that meteoroids slamming against exoplanet atmospheres could add organic gases such as methane, making the exoplanets look as though they are inhabited by life, even if they are not.[105]
- Interstellar clouds[106]
See also[edit]
- 2007 Zasyadko mine disaster
- Abiogenic petroleum origin
- Aerobic methane production
- Anaerobic digestion
- Anaerobic respiration
- Arctic methane release
- Biogas
- Coal Oil Point seep field
- Energy density
- Global Methane Initiative
- Greenhouse gas
- Halomethane, halogenated methane derivatives.
- Industrial gas
- Lake Kivu (more general: limnic eruption)
- List of alkanes
- Methanation
- Methane clathrate, ice that contains methane.
- Methane on Mars: atmosphere
- Methane on Mars: climate
- Methanogen, archaea that produce methane.
- Methanogenesis, microbes that produce methane.
- Methanotroph, bacteria that grow with methane.
- Methyl group, a functional group related to methane.
- Organic gas
- Thomas Gold
- ^ There are many serpentinization reactions. Olivine is a solid solution between forsterite and fayalite whose general formula is (Fe,Mg)2SiO4. The reaction producing methane from olivine can be written as: Forsterite + Fayalite + Water + Carbonic acid → Serpentine + Magnetite + Methane , or (in balanced form): 18Mg2SiO4 + 6Fe2SiO4 + 26H2O + CO2 → 12Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 4Fe3O4 + CH4
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methane. |
Look up methane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Methane at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
- Gavin Schmidt, Methane: A Scientific Journey from Obscurity to Climate Super-Stardom, NASA Goddard, September 2004
- Methane thermodynamics
- International Chemical Safety Card 0291
- Methane Hydrates
- Safety data for methane
- Catalytic conversion of methane to more useful chemicals and fuels
- CDC – Handbook for Methane Control in Mining


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WHY IS SHE FAMOUS: Dubbed the Queen of Wonderbra, this lingerie model also lit it up in the July 2002 issue of Play..boy. With her incredibly tight body, you'll surely see more of this exotic beauty in the future.
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Back to breakfast. And danishes. And the fact that these are great to eat before you head to they gym. Or why you should head to the gym. Something like that.
*** yes, don't judge the icing in these pictures. I added a bit too much cream and they separated. Add your cream slowly!
Breakfast Pastries
by Shugary SweetsPrep Time: 4 hoursCook Time: 15-17 minutesKeywords: bake breakfast bread
Ingredients (72 small pastries)
- 2 pkg yeast
- 1/2 cup milk, warm
- 6 cup flour
- 1/3 cup sugar
- 2 tsp salt
- 1 cup butter
- 1 1/2 cup warm half and half cream
- 6 egg yolks, beaten
- coarse sugar
- 1 can cherry pie filling (optional)
- 8 oz cream cheese, softened
- 1/3 cup sugar
- 1 egg
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- pinch of salt
- 1 can cherry pie filling (optional)
- 3 cups powdered sugar
- 2 Tbsp butter, softened
- 1/3 cup heavy cream
InstructionsIn a small bowl, warm milk (110 degrees) and dissolve yeast. Meanwhile, in mixer add flour, sugar and salt. Cut in butter until crumbly, on low speed Add the yeast mixture, half and half cream, and egg yolks. Stir until soft dough (a couple minutes). Cover and refrigerate overnight.
***note***If making same day, allow dough to rise in warm place, covered loosely for one to 2 hours.
Punch down dough and divide into fourths. Roll each piece of dough into an 18 inch by 4 inch rectangle. Cut into strips (18 one inch strips).
Place two strips side by side and twist together. Shape into a ring and pinch the ends together. Repeat with remaining strips. Sprinkle with coarse sugar. Place on greased baking sheet and cover. Rise for one hour in warm place.
Using the end of a spoon, make an indentation in the center of each roll.Prepare filling.
In mixer, beat cream cheese with sugar until blended. Beat in egg, vanilla and salt.
Spoon the cream cheese filling into each "well". Bake at 350 degrees for about 15-17 minutes. Remove and cool.
Prepare icing by beating butter, powdered sugar and heavy cream for 3 minutes until desired consistency.
To serve, spoon a small amount of pie filling into each danish and drizzle with icing. Enjoy!
*recipe adapted from Taste of HomePowered by Recipage
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OK, I had my system installed last week and overall I'm fine with it. A few minor complaints but nothing too bad. One thing that bugs me with the H20 HD receiver is the second or so it takes for the receiver to respond after pushing a button. The non-HD standard receiver I have does not have this problem. Is this a problem with the HD DVR, as well? I doubt there is anything I can do about it but I may get the DVR at some point and am curious to see if it has the same problem, which is a bit annoying.
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Global Solutions Network, Inc.
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Global Solutions Network, Inc. (GSN), a small business, protests the conduct of a procurement by the Department of the Army under request for proposals (RFP) No. W91QV1-06-R-0033 for task order management and financial support for the "HRsolutions" program office. The protest contends that a named Army official in the [deleted] office is biased against the protester, that the procurement is being conducted under commercial item procedures, and that the government estimate and workload data in the solicitation are incorrect and misleading.
We deny the protest.
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P6Spy is an open source framework for applications to intercept and optionally modify database statements. The P6Spy distribution includes P6Log, which intercepts and logs the database statements of any application that uses JDBC. This application is particularly useful for developers to monitor the SQL statements produced by EJB servers, enabling the developer to write code that achieves maximum efficiency on the server. P6Spy is designed to be installed in minutes and requires no code changes.
Kalyp is a fantasy-based roguelike game written in Java. Its design is based on traditions set by popular roguelike games, especially Nethack. It is single player and runs in a text terminal. The project focuses mostly on the Artificial Intelligence engine for the non-player characters. Most of the game design will be done in scripting, as the core engine written in Java will handle user interface, rulesets, basic actions, and try to hold it all together.
Platform Independent Petri Net Editor (PIPE) creates and analyses Petri Nets quickly, efficiently, and effectively. A key design feature is the modular approach adopted for analysis, enabling new modules to be written easily and powerfully, using built-in data layer methods for standard calculations. Six analysis modules are provided, including Invariant Analysis, State-Space Analysis (deadlock, etc.), and Simulation Analysis and Classification. PIPE adheres to the XML Petri net standard (PNML). The file format for saving and loading Petri Nets is extensible through the use of XSLT, the default being PNML.
There are many instances when one needs to process certain objects on seperate threads. But spawning a seperate thread per object may cause the system to crash. The Thread Pooling Framework can be used to process the the objects on a predefined number of threads. If all threads are busy, the objects are kept in the pool. Whenever a thread ends, an objects is taken from the pool and processed on a new thread. This continues until the pool is empty.


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Close off an end or divide a 16" Platinum elfa Shelf Basket into sections with our elfa décor Shelf Basket Dividers. Sold in packages of two, they're indispensable for organizing socks, scarves, ties, T-shirts and sweaters.
Item | Enter your zip code for product availability and pickup options at your nearest store. | Quantity | Price |


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Untampered NOAA thermometer data shows that the past decade tied for the second hottest with the 1950s, and was much cooler than the 1930s. The pattern of warming is nearly identical to the first half of the last century.
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- 78 USHCN Stations In 13 States Set Record Lows On March 3
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- Follow Me On Twitter
- NSIDC Grasping For Bad News – Where There Is None
- Great Lakes Set Another Springtime Record – Lake Ontario Up To 62% Ice Cover
- Can We Have A Scenario D?
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- Please, Stop The Stupid
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- Occupy Venus
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- WWF Says That Global Warming Will Evaporate The US
- 1986 : Tom Karl Told Congress That Severe Drought Is A Normal Climate Fluctuation In The US
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- Fifteen Years Into Global Cooling, The Team Continues To Maintain Their Scam
- Big Science At The Met Office
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Product Description
• Corrosion-resistant, heavy-duty gage stainless steel offered as standard.
• Narrow stile bar lengths are designed for use on narrow stile aluminum entrance doors with a 1/2" blade stop frame.
• Antimicrobial coating when ultra clean environments are specified.
• Clear powder coating for outdoor or highly corrosive environments that need added protection. Also minimizes the appearance of fingerprints.
• The partial-length touchpad assembly shall permit field installation of options such as cylinder dogging and exit alarm
• Non-labeled units have hex-key dogging standard.
• Deadlocking latch bolts with 3/4" throw where applicable.
• Size AA Doors (32-1/2"– 48") (touchpad 24-5/8").
• Handed but Field Reversible
• Optional rigid and clutch-style trim, where applicable.
• Mounting hardware including both wood and machine screws, as well as sex nuts where required.
• Available keyed trim handle YRO8 or YC08
• Finish: Stainless Steel Satin 630
Additional Information
Additional Information
Manufacturer | Dorma |
Model | 9600AA |
Dimensions | 48" Wide Doors |
Trim Function | Exit Only |
Handing | Non-Handed |
Certifications | Complies with NFPA 101 life safety code. |
U.L. Listed | U.L. and C.U.L. listed under their continuing reinspection programs and conforms to standards U.L. 10C and U.B.C. 7-2 positive pressure testing |
CA State Fire Marshal | Listed with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection |
ANSI/BHMA | ANSI/BHMA A156.3 Grade 1 |
Warranty | 10 Years - Mechanical |
Weight | 15.0000 |
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Bistro RX in Patterson Park—the latest project by Wayne Mahaffey of Mahaffey's Pub in Canton—invites you to visit the new restaurant.
Its latest tweet on Twitter says: "Looks like it's a go. We will be open on Thursday 10/07 at 4 p.m. Stop in and say hello."
A few months ago, Wayne said in an e-mail that Bistro RX—where the restaurant three … used to be—would be a "wine-centric" restaurant. The name pays tribute to Block's Pharmacy, which once occupied the building at 2901 E. Baltimore St., he said.
Check out more details tomorrow on Jess Blumberg's On the Town blog. Don't miss it!


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Murchies has been an institution in Victoria for decades because of its excellent tea. This little cafe/gift shop offers many types of tea & coffee and has a Read More
Been there, done that? Do tell us about it! Submit a review of this Victoria restaurant today.
User Rating 4 of 5 stars


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Cedar Rapids Weather
Iowa City Regina's Mark Ward Wins Athlete Of The WeekBy KCRG Sports
IOWA CITY, Iowa - Mark Ward, quarterback for the state-bound Iowa City Regina Regals, is this week's winner of the Cedar Rapids Toyota Scion KCRG-TV9 Athlete of the Week, as voted by the fans online and through text messages.
Ward leads the Regals into the state semifinals on Saturday against Dike-New Hartford, which will be aired live on KCRG 9.2. Scott Saville caught up with Ward on Thursday and had some fun with the quarterback, as always. Conversation GuidelinesBe KindDon't use abusive, offensive, threatening, racist, vulgar or sexually-oriented language. Share KnowledgeBe truthful. Share what you know and what you are passionate about. Stay focusedPromote lively and healthy debate. Stay on topic. Ask questions and give feedback on the story's topic. Report TroubleHelp us maintain a quality comment section by reporting comments that are offensive. If you see a comment that is offensive, or you feel violates our guidelines, simply click on the "x" to the far right of the comment to report it. read the full guidelines here » Commenting will be disabled on stories dealing with the following subject matter: Crime, sexual abuse, property fires, automobile accidents, Amber Alerts, Operation Quickfinds and suicides. |
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Annual ReviewA review of The R&A's activities in 2012-2013
Golf Rules in Action DVDGolf Rules in Action explains and demonstrates the basic Rules of the game.
Golf Rules IllustratedA clear, detailed, illustrated explanation of the Rules of Golf.
A Guide to the Rules on Clubs and BallsGuidelines to interpret the Rules relating to the design and manufacture of golf clubs and balls.
Birds and Golf CoursesThis book provides guidance on how to support bird populations through effective management of the roughs and out of play areas.
The GolfersThis book examines in detail the historical background to the painting 'The Golfers'.
Click through to see the award winners from The Junior Open 2012 played 16-18 July at Fairhaven: Full Results Eastern European & Middle East Trophy - Presented by HSBC Southern European Trophy - Presented by Doosan Nordic & Central European Trophy - Presented by Mastercard Asia-Pacific Trophy - Presented by Rolex African Trophy - Presented by Polo Ralph Lauren North American & Caribbean Trophy - Presented by Mercedez-Benz Central & South American Trophy - Presented by Nikon


text: Pretty great stuff – two groovy albums from German maestro Kai Warner, back to back on a single CD! Warner Plays Wagner is exactly what it sounds like – Kai takes on a host of compositions from Richard Wagner – but the results sound even better on record than they do on paper – thanks to Warner's groovy way of mixing strings together with early 70s production modes – all in ways that are far less classical than kind of a hip sort of soundtrack or sound library sort of vibe! Strings are heavy, but the grooves are too – and there's often a nice little bounce on the bottom, which cuts through the orchestrations in a great way, with lots of nice moments you wouldn't expect. Titles include "Tannhauser", "Am Stillen Herd In Winterszeit", "Lohengrin", "Dir Ton Lob", and "Lied An Den Abensternd". Swingin Johann is a whole new take on the music of Strauss – big band versions of older waltz numbers from the 19th century, but pepped up with plenty of that economic miracle German mode of the 70s! Instrumentation is jazz-based, but gets some sound library touches too – a bit of electrification in the bass, and some smoothing in the production – and even a bit of keyboards too. The end result isn't far from Berry Lipmann at the time – and titles include "Wiener Bonbons", "Annen Polka", "Wer Uns Getraut", "Rosen Aus Dem Suden", "Schatz Walzer", "Thema Aus Die Fledermaus", and "Kunstlerleben". © 1996-2014, Dusty Groove, Inc.


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I fell victim to the Target credit card fraud issue in November 2013. In January 2014 5 days before I was supposed to head out on vacation, somebody tried to use my Amex Card at a gas station in Canada - 800 miles from me. As soon as they attempted the transaction, Amex automatically shut down the card and within 2 minutes had sent me a text, email and called me. I spoke with the operator who confirmed that I was not attempting to use the card 800 miles from home and she issued me a new card which arrived at my office not even 48 hours later. My vacation went off without a hitch!The peace of mind with the fraud protection is worth the annual fee in itself. Then there are the other benefits like the membership rewards, premium car rental protection, and the fact that it is a CHARGE card and not a credit card means I am a customer for life :)
The card is great for any purpose. Allows you to pay with ease, welcomed at shopping centers, attractions, airports, car rentals, special events even grocers simply everywhere. You really don't need any other credit card.
The rewards program is pretty good and I never had a problem with the services that are accompanied with the Card.
Have to use too many points for rewards. Would like to earn miles.
I really do like Amex but I just almost fell off my chair when I saw the $125 charge on my statement for annual fee. I think it's too high. I didn't realize the Annual fee was going to be so high. They should really consider lowing that fee. $125 is to high considering the economic situation most of us are facing due to our goverment. I might just cancel this card and go with another one.
I've been using AmEx for the past few years and have always been amazed by the whole program that comes with the membership. So when they launched this new app, I had all of my employees install it on their work phones. It's amazing how much easier it is to keep track of everyone's expenses now that we can all take a photo and send it straight to my online business account. Love it!
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#------------------------------------------------------------------------------## FOREVER YOUNG- Bob Dylan G May God bless and keep you always C G May your wishes all come true May you always do for others A A/G D And let others do for you G May you build a ladder to the stars C Am And climb on every rung G D C And may you stay forever young G D C G May you stay forever young May you grow up to be righteous May you grow up to be true May you always know the truth And see the lights surrounding you May you always be courageous Stand upright and be strong And may you stay forever young May you stay forever young May your hands always be busy May your feet always be swift May you have a strong foundation When the winds of changes shift May your heart always be joyful May your song always be sung May you stay forever young May you stay forever young (originally from Planet Waves, 1973. I listened to the version on Biograph to get these chords) Comments
Popular Bob Dylan tabs & chords Song lyrics. Bob Dylan lyrics
↑ Back to top | Tablatures and chords are parodies/interpretations of the original songs. You may use it for private study, scholarship, research or language learning purposes only |


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The Ariat Bright Lights is a casual women's western style boot made of handcrafted leather with beautiful stitching on the shaft.
Designed for the world's top equestrian athletes! Ariat shoes feature advanced performance, classically innovative designs, and the highest level of quality and durability.
Ariat Bright Lights Jet Black Leather Women's Boot
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Pueraria montana var. lobata
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep
Family: FabaceaeCommon Name: Kudzu vine, Kudzuranker
Category: proposed 1a (NEMBA), 1 (CARA)
Perennial, long-running, hairy vine up to 18 m high, somewhat woody, with tuberous roots, leaf stalks and stems covered with rusty-brown hairs. Leaves light green, finely hairy, 3-foliolate; leaflets with entire margins or shallowly lobed, 70-150 mm long, abruptly sharp-pointed but not bristle-tipped. Flowers, reddish-purple, fragrant, in spikes up to 300 mm long, flowering time from March-April. Pods flattened, clustered, 50-130 mm, covered with long rusting-brown hairs.
Native to southern Japan, southeastern China and Eastern Asia. It is invasive in other countries such as the US, where it was introduced around 1870 for a Centennial exhibition and later promoted as a forage crop and planted widely along highways for erosion control. It is also invasive in Canada.
How it spread
Kudzu vine is an aggressive invader, spreading mainly by vegetative means, using its stolons (runners) that root at the nodes and also by rhizomes. As many as 30 vines may grow from a single crown or single root. It also produces seeds of which few are viable. Other means of spread may be by wind, birds and mammals as well as water.
History in South Africa
Kudzu vine was probably introduced into South Africa as an ornamental and for erosion control. The earliest record at the Pretoria National Herbarium is of a specimen collected in Mpumalanga at Brookland State Forest in 1985 and has since spread to Schagen valley between Sudwala and Rosehaugh. It has been recorded in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal.
Environmental and economic impacts
Kudzu vine forms dense mats over the ground, debris, shrubs and trees by twining around objects. It invades forest margins and gaps, riverbanks and moist areas. It smothers desirable plants and causes them to collapse. Kudzu vine is a legume, thus can fix nitrogen and enhance the soil fertility. This may also affect indigenous species. It is very drought tolerant which makes it to be more aggressive. In the US kudzu vine has taken over many areas, especially the southern parts of the country, and control amounts to billions of dollars. Farmers need to be aware of Kudzu vine as it can be mistaken for soybean when it is still young, and it can be an alternate host for soybean rust.
How to eradicate
The registered herbicide for Kudzu vine is Triclopyr. The plant can also be killed by uprooting the root crown and all rooting runners and these must be destroyed. Repeated mowing or heavy grazing can exhaust plants and assist with controll measures.
What can you do to help?
Report sightings of these plants to the Early Detection and Rapid Response Programme (EDRR) team. We will need to know its locality (the exact locality, supply any landmarks of GPS information if possible).
Contact details
Kanyisa NyafuEmail address: email@example.com Tel: 021 799 8762
- Henderson, L. and Musil, K.J. (1987). Plant Invaders of the Transvaal. Department of Agriculture and Water Supply. Pretoria, South Africa (garden thug, weed)
- Bromilow, C. 2010. Problem plants and Alien weeds of South Africa. Briza publications. South Africa
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Staff, Newtown Square, PA. available online at:
See more information about this series and categories of alien invasive plants.
Compiled by Thulisile JacaMay 2011


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Michael Provitera's Reviews
"Go in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you once imagined." H. D. Thoreau"
About Michael
Dr. Michael J. Provitera is a motivational expert and management consultant. His love for teaching places him as an Associate Professor of Organizational Behavior at Barry University in Miami, Florida. Michael is also a Certified Leadership trainer in the...


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Chris Zylka and Lucy Hale Split, Actor Tweets Bitterness Toward Ex
by Hilton Hater at .Chris Zylka and Lucy Hale have broken up. The actor and actress, who started dating in March, confirmed the split this week via Twitter.
Not overly unusual for a couple in Hollywood, right? Except that the former Secret Circle star has also taken to that social network to express clear bitterness toward his ex.
"Don't have a girlfriend -- she decided she was too good," Zylka wrote, adding:"Never any disrespect towards anyone. Only if you say what you say you should stick to it. If you say you love then love."
The Pretty Little Liars actress has remained quiet about the split, but was forced to respond to rumors this week that she was actually dating Teen Wolf hunk Colton Haynes.
"I've known him from my Privileged days, from The CW," Hale said of talk that she and Haynes were recently spotted together. "I don't meet a lot of genuine people in my life and he's a special kind of person, and I try to surround myself with people like that."
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I'm well aware that some men are like that, thank you very much Yawn. But there are still a few good men out there, and there are less and less everyday because of girls who can't keep their legs closed. Then women have the audacity to bitch and moan that all men are pigs. Who made them that way?


text: Posted By bass or bass? on 22 May 2012 07:41 PM The baitcast reel requires PRACTICE and PATIENCE. Adjust the knob next to the star drag so that when you press the spool release the weight (lure) you're casting drops to the ground SLOWLY and stops the spool revolving as soon as the weight hits the ground. Set up the magnetic brakes on the opposite side of the reel all the way on at first. Practice, practice, practice. As you develop a feel for it you can start to reduce the setting on the magnetic brake one number at a time until you are at about 50%. Have fun. Happy Fishing!


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Fifty million. That's the number of people in America who have some type of arthritis. And this number continues to increase every year. At Norton Orthopedic Care, our specialists provide comprehensive care for all types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis and fibromyalgia. If you suffer from any of these types of arthritis, you know how difficult even the simplest daily activities can be.
Norton Orthopedic Care specialists focus on reducing the pain and discomfort your arthritis causes by promoting lifestyle changes such as exercise, physical therapy and dietary adjustments. If these methods are ineffective, however, your specialist may suggest medication and sometimes surgery.
Men and women of all ages can develop arthritis. Our ultimate goal in arthritis treatment is to restore full range of motion and maximum joint function.
For more information on arthritis treatment, or to make an appointment with an orthopedic care specialist, please call (502) 629-1234.
Download our Arthritis Prevention Exercise Guide.
Get Healthy's Jackie Hays discusses arthritis – how it occurs, why it occurs and its treatment options –with Carroll L. Witten Jr., M.D., board-certified orthopedic specialist.


text: Beautiful two bedroom apartment in the heart of Brooklyn Heights. Hardwood floors throughout with ceramic tile in the kitchen and bathroom. Stainless steel appliances, including a dishwasher and microwave, with an undermounted sink and solid surface countertops add style to this sunny apartment. Steps to some the best restaurants, cafes and shops that Brooklyn has to offer and only minutes from Manhattan. Entrance to the Brooklyn Heights Promenade is across the street. Who could ask for more. Call now before it's gone.


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A beautiful user interface for a project management system that's intuitive and uses colour effectively to help with visual differentiation.
Posted in Interface → Web AppA simply beautiful design for a sales dashboard that uses colour well. I particularly like the use of standard interface elements, such as the hamburger icon, that help to make the interface intuitive.
Posted in Interface → ElementI love the iOS 7 aesthetic of these icon designs. I particularly like way the camera icon design matches the actual camera on the back of the iPhone.
Posted in Interface → ElementA superb design for a work management platform for creatives. I love the use of colours and visualisations.
Posted in Interface → Web AppSpear is my take on a NAS Application, meant to be fast, reliable, and above all, as user-friendly as possible (KISS). I've decided to create a modular design as in my opinion it makes a lot of sense to allow the user to customize and arrange how the information is displayed. This also allows for a more fluid layout where needed, for example, low resolutions.
Posted in Interface → Web AppA really effective concept helps this icon to make an immediate impact. I particularly like the simple execution of the concept.
Posted in Interface → iPhone AppThis is one of the screens from the redesigned sign in/sign up flow on Dropbox for Android, which shipped not too long ago. We halved the number of steps to sign up and cleaned up the visuals.
Posted in Interface → Android AppOur simplest, and probably our favourite, chat interface to date. This one just contains a couple of different styles for the back-and-forth chat between two people, with an incredibly subtle depth.
Posted in Interface → ElementOne of the loveliest little calendar widgets we've published to date, this one has a cute colour scheme, colour coding for events, and some gorgeous interface flourishes. It's provided both as a PSD, and as a full-coded HTML/CSS file to save you some time!
Posted in Interface → ElementOne of the final designs for a group video app named Aspect that syncs multiple cameras together to export a final video. I've kept it minimal and clean with vivid colours that suit the iOS 7 look.
Patrick MannPosted in Interface → iPhone AppWe really love these tags. Subtle, pastel colours, perfectly rounded corners and arrow edges, with a small punched hole in each side. It also contains a different style for an "item count" for each tag. Lovely stuff!
Posted in Interface → ElementA clean and striking interface concept for pagination.
Posted in Interface → ElementThis is the main screen of Monotone, an iPhone and iPod Touch app that lets you create color palettes.
Francesco BonomiPosted in Interface → iPhone AppSome style variations of some icons to be included in an app. I love the colour palette and the consistency that flows through all the concepts.
Posted in Interface → ElementThis is a possible iOS 7 WhatsApp redesign.
Francesco BonomiPosted in Interface → iPhone AppTectonica (http://tectonica.co/) created its own fully responsive web app and put it online for everyone to use for free! The idea behind the web application came from the constant scheduling of meetings we do here with clients around the world. We found a great lack of any highly-usable and well-designed applications to easily assist with scheduling meetings in other time zones. Now you can coordinate meeting times easily with people located all over the world from any desktop or mobile device.
Edward MurdochPosted in Interface → Web AppAnalytics dashboard UI for a publishing platform. Part of a small weekend project.
Mariusz CieslaPosted in Interface → Web AppUser interface design for iPhone version of fashion eCommerce app, ShopLove.
Mariusz CieslaPosted in Interface → iPhone App


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Room Detail
Calm & Light
Light and airy room in white with acid yellow and grey accents. "Shag pile is back", sink your toes into it. Relax on your 6ft Italian 'floating' bed with mood lighting featured in both the overbed canopy and below the bed itself.
32" LCD Freeview TV, Blu-Ray Disc player and Bose iPod dock.
Fabulous new en-suite with huge walk in shower with 'state of the art' LED shower head.
Room Rate (Sun - Thurs): 110 (GBP) inc. Full Breakfast
Room Rate ( Fri & Sat): 125 (GBP) inc. Full Breakfast
Weekend rate applies throughout a bank holiday period and for 1 night stays during July & August.
All of our bedrooms feature, flat screen TV's, Blu-Ray Disc players, Luxury pillow top mattresses, wireless broadband connectivity and aveda toiletries.
Please note this is a NON-SMOKING establishment
Unfortunately the Escape is not suitable for children under 10 years of age.


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New day. New Daily Deal. Get it before it is gone.
New Customer ? Start Here.
Can't find what you're looking for? Shop all ink and toner cartridges by brand
Item: 115177 Model: PRM260201
Transparent adhesive tape are Clear, breathable plastic material. Micro-perforation allows for bi-directional tearing. Hypoallergenic.
Adhesive Tape Length | 10 yds |
Adhesive Tape Width | 1" |
Adhesive Tape Material | Plastic |
Hypoallergenic | No |
This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 2013, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


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College Football Week 5: Nitty-Gritty Showdowns
By Tim Langevin ,
It's the nitty-gritty stage of the season. No more smashing pumpkins.
B/R's College Football Top 25 Poll was released Monday and several teams are discovering their stride as the elite begin to separate themselves from the pretenders.
Top-dog Alabama followed by Oregon, LSU, Florida State and Georgia, all look invincible heading into Week 5 action this weekend.
And how about those Florida State Seminoles? They overpowered Clemson, 49-37. The swagger is back in Tallahassee and the "war chant" is more obnoxious than ever.
And what about No. 8 Notre Dame? The resurgent Fighting Irish moved into the Top Ten for the first time since 2006 after defeating Michigan, 13-6. They have a bye this week before playing the Miami Hurricanes Oct. 6.
What happened to Oklahoma? The Sooners lost to Kansas State, 24-19. They plummet to No. 16 and have a week to recover before Oct. 6 meeting with Texas Tech.
Enough of last week.
This week serves up four intriguing match-ups—reality check, gut check, revenge and conference debut—as eight teams battle for validation.
Check out these made-for-television games.
Stanford RB Stepfan Taylor
Kickoff: Thursday, 9 p.m. ET (ESPN)
Nobody will be sleeping in Seattle on Thursday.
Both teams are coming off a bye week. Stanford (3-0) shocked the USC Trojans, 21-14 and Washington (2-1) whipped Portland State, 52-13 on Sept. 15.
The Cardinal began the season ranked No. 21, but proved it's a major force despite the graduation loss of QB Andrew Luck.
Last year, Stanford destroyed Washington 65-21 in a home contest. RB Stepfan Taylor jetted for 138 yards and two TDs on just 10 carries.
The 5'11", 211-pound Taylor has rushed for 338 yards and three TDs this season.
Junior QB Josh Nunes has stepped in nicely with 615 passing yards and six TDs with three interceptions.
The Cardinal has piled up four-straight wins against the Huskies, including six of the past seven meetings.
This Washington team is lead by the terrific tandem of QB Keith Price and WR Austin Seferian-Jenkins.
Price has completed 56-of-90 passes for 560 yards and four TDs. A huge target at 6'6", Seferian-Jenkins has registered 20 receptions for 211 yards and one score.
The Stanford offense is productive, but not nearly as explosive as last year. However, the defense is solid and ranks third in the country in run defense.
Washington will have to rely heavily on Price's arm because the Huskies have no ground attack, averaging 3.3 yards per carry.
Prediction: Stanford survives gut check in Seattle.
West Virginia WR Tavon Austin
Kickoff: Saturday, Noon ET (FX)
Fasten your seat-belts. This game promises to be a high-flying, high-scoring affair between two explosive spread offenses.
Opposing quarterbacks Nick Florence and Geno Smith rank 1-2 in the nation in total offense, averaging 387.7 and 379.7 yards per game, respectively.
West Virginia (3-0) makes its Big 12 debut against a dangerous Baylor (3-0) team. It will be the first-ever meeting between these two teams on the gridiron.
Last week, the Mountaineers defeated Maryland, 31-21. Geno Smith was Heisman-like, completing 30-of-43 passes for 338 yards and three TDs.
WR Tavon Austin was electrifying. The 5'9" senior caught three passes for 179 yards and three TDs. Talk about great gas mileage.
In all, six WVU receivers have double-digit receptions on the young season.
The Bears counter with Florence. The senior gunslinger is capable of going toe-to-toe with any quarterback in the country and has proved his value, passing for over 1,000 yards and 11 TDs.
Both defenses will be tested.
Prediction: Hello Big 12! West Virginia delivers message in Morgantown.
Ohio State QB Braxton Miller
Kickoff: Saturday, 3:30 p.m. ET (ABC)
Expect a rugger B1G battle with a dash of Braxton Miller and a heavy dose of Le'Veon Bell.
After a soft early schedule with four-straight home games, this showdown will be Ohio State's (4-0) first real test on the road against Michigan State (3-1).
The Spartans beat Boise State, 17-13 in the season-opener and lost to Notre Dame in Week 3, 20-3.
The Irish confused QB Andrew Maxwell, who is 81-of-143 for 869 yards and three TDs with three interceptions on the season.
Last week, MSU beat Eastern Michigan, 23-7. The defense held the Eagles to 183 yards of total offense.
Bell is a punishing back with 610 yards on 117 carries and five TDs. This workhorse can wear defenses down in the late going.
The Buckeyes have sophomore quarterback sensation Miller. He has passed for 754 yards and rushed for 441 yards and 14 total TDs.
RB Jordan Hall is regaining his form after an early season injury. He has 192 yards and will be relied upon this week.
The Spartan defense and the running attack of Bell, figures to make this game a low-scoring affair.
The big question for the Buckeyes—which offense shows up—Jekyll or Hyde?
Prediction: No escape from reality in East Lansing for Ohio State.
Oklahoma State RB Joseph Randle
Kickoff: Saturday, 7:50 p.m. ET (FOX)
Which unheralded quarterback will stand tall and deliver?
This game is an early season Big 12 match-up between two teams coming off a bye week after dominating their Week 3 opponents.
Texas (3-0) pounded Ole Miss, 66-31 and Oklahoma State beat Louisiana-Lafayette, 65-24.
The Cowboys have won two straight against the Longhorns and will be gunning for a third. However, the status of freshman QB Wes Lunt is unknown. If Lunt doesn't start, backup freshman QB J.W. Walsh is more than capable.
Both have shared playing time this season. Lunt has passed for 588 yards and four TDs, while Walsh has thrown for 496 yards and six TDs and rushed for 102 yards and a score.
The difference-maker could be RB Joseph Randle. The 6'1", 194-pounder has scooted for 335 yards (6.7 avg.) and four TDs.
Texas is averaging 49.3 ppg. and the defense has allowed 16 ppg.
This pro-set offense is balanced. The Longhorns average 258.7 yards rushing and 255.7 yards passing.
Sophomore QB David Ash is stepping up big time. He has completed 76.4 percent of his passes for 703 yards and seven TDs with no interceptions.
RBs Malcolm Brown and Joe Bergeron share the load with 445 yards and six TDs combined.
Marquise Goodwin is the playmaker at receiver with 25 yards per catch.
This game could be decided by special teams and field position. Cowboy punter Quinn Sharp averages 46.2 yards and Texas punter Alex King is averaging 51.8 yards.
Prediction: No revenge for Texas in Stillwater.


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