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S Max - Spacesaver To Fit 18" Titanium Alloys
Posted 27 January 2013 - 10:46 AM
I'm a newbie with a recently purchased 2.0 TDci S Max with 18" Titanium alloys.
Great car but I hate the lack of spare wheel, like most of us.
Has anyone found an official or generic spare saver which will fit?
Got a slow puncture; the alloy rim needs re-finishing/lacquering; right now I can't take it off - nothing to hold that corner up!!
Any good advise (with a link??) to a shop/site which sell something useable would be much appreciated.
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Posted 27 January 2013 - 11:18 AM
Also full size 16" Mondeo/ Focus 5-stud steel wheels (205-55-16, i think) - these can be found on e-bay with tyres for as little as £20,(may need painted) the spacesavers tend to be a bit more expensive
Update :- check the load rating is 98 /750 kgs for the S-Max
Posted 27 January 2013 - 04:16 PM
Posted 27 January 2013 - 04:48 PM
All the tyres have similar circumferences, the 18" have the lowest profile, the spacesaver has a very high profile, the (std, Ford 5-stud) spacesaver is sold with the Mk3 Mondeo ST-TDCI, which has 18" wheels as standard
the size (18", 17", 16") refers to the size of the wheel, not the circumfrence of the tyre
The Focus STs front brakes are so big 16" wheels are very tight, apart from that, i am unaware of any issues (and probably best to put a "mismatched" wheel on the back anyway)
Posted 27 January 2013 - 09:16 PM
Posted 28 January 2013 - 02:06 PM
There is NO S-max space-saver and the Focus/Mondeo ones are not load tested for a 2 tonne / 7 seater vehicle.
If you use it and it fails causing you to have an accident, you will not be covered by your insurance!
You have been warned!!!
The only solution is a 5th full-size wheel & tyre.
Posted 28 January 2013 - 02:20 PM
Do you mean a 5th full size 18" wheel/ tyre or a full size 16" spare?
I was never keen on spacesavers myself
Update :- checked the load rating the spacesaver of our titanium-x- it was 88 = 750kgs, so 4 could support 3 metric tonnes, which seems ok to me, worth checking the load rating though, i would favor a full- size spare that has better grip and is not speed restricted over a spacesaver,
The spacesaver weighs 11 kilos and the full size 16" wheel/ tyre 17.4kgs, for the exrtra 6.4kilos the full-size is worth carrying, in my opinion
Posted 28 January 2013 - 03:44 PM
Space-savers can have load ratings of 98 (750kgs) and 16" full size spares (205/55/16) too, regular Mondeo tyres often have a load rating of 91 (600kgs) which would not be suitable for the S-Max - but suitable tyres (load rating = 98) could be fitted on Mondeo/ focus 16" 5-stud full size or spacesaver wheels to be used on the S-Max
Another (lower cost) option would be to buy a Ford 16" or larger 5-stud Van tyre/ wheel with a suitable load/ speed rating
It goes without saying that the full-size spare should have a suitable speed- rating (as well as load rating) for the vehicle, and at least the minimum legal tread, and be in good condition, no bulges etc, and all the usual checks, a spare with a slow puncture can be a bit of a pain because its liable to be flat by the time you need it
Posted 28 January 2013 - 03:59 PM
I have seen the results when a wheel is not load tested for a heavy vehicle - it's not a pretty sight. A friend of mine had aftermarket alloys on his Navara - and one gave way on him - fortunately he was only doing about 40mph at the time and was able to guide the vehicle to a safe stop. He reckoned if it had happened on the motorway it could easily have resulted in fatalities. He had his 3 kids in the car at the time too.
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Great Locomotive Chase
The Great Locomotive Chase or Andrews' Raid was a military raid that occurred April 12, 1862, in northern Georgia during the American Civil War. Volunteers from the Union Army, led by civilian scout James J. Andrews, commandeered a train and took it northward toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, doing as much damage as possible to the vital Western and Atlantic Railroad (W&A) line from Atlanta to Chattanooga as they went. They were pursued by Confederate forces at first on foot, and later on a succession of locomotives.
Because the Union men had cut the telegraph wires, the Confederates could not send warnings ahead to forces along the railway. Confederates eventually captured the raiders and executed some quickly as spies, including Andrews; some others were able to flee. Some of the raiders were the first to be awarded the Medal of Honor by the US Congress for their actions, though Andrews as a Civilian was not eligible for the medal.
Maj. Gen. Ormsby M. Mitchel, commanding the Federal troops in middle Tennessee, planned to move south with his army and seize Huntsville, Alabama, before turning east in hopes of capturing Chattanooga. General Mitchel recognized the strategic value of seizing the rail and water transportation center of Chattanooga.
At the time, the standard means of capturing Chattanooga would have been its encirclement. Mitchell would by artillery bombardment, and successive infantry attacks; reduce the defenses of the city. Chattanooga, then starved of supplies (food and ammunition), would no longer be able to resist. The exhausted and trapped inhabitants would either formally surrender, or its defenses simply be overrun.
But Chattanooga's natural water and mountain barriers to the east and south made this nearly impossible with the forces that General Mitchel had available. But he believed that if he could block railroad reinforcement of the city from Atlanta to the south, he could take Chattanooga. And, once taken, the Union could enjoy the city's natural defenses. The Union Army would then have rail reinforcement and supply lines to its rear, leading west to the Union-held stronghold and supply depot of Nashville, Tennessee.
James J. Andrews, a civilian scout and part-time spy, proposed to Mitchell a daring raid to destroy the Western and Atlantic Railroad as a useful supply link to Chattanooga, thereby isolating the city from Atlanta. He recruited the civilian William Hunter Campbell and 22 volunteer Union soldiers from three Ohio regiments, the 2nd, 21st, and 33rd Ohio Infantry. Andrews instructed the men to arrive in Marietta, Georgia, by midnight of April 10. With the plans delayed a day by heavy rain, they traveled in small parties in civilian attire to avoid arousing suspicion. All but two (Samuel Llewellyn and James Smith) reached the designated rendezvous point at the appointed time. Llewellyn and Smith joined a Confederate artillery unit, as they had been instructed to do in such circumstances. Andrews' proposal was a combined operation; General Mitchell and his forces would first move on Chattanooga; then the Andrews' Raid would promptly destroy the rail line between Chattanooga and Atlanta. This essentially simultaneous action of Mitchell and Andrews, would achieve the capture of Chattanooga. Andrews' Raid was intended to prevent the CSA from the integrated the use of the railways to respond to Union advance, using their interior lines of communication.
When the Union Army threatened Chattanooga, the CSA would (from its naturally protected rear) first, reinforce Chattanooga from Atlanta, to secure the Chattanooga garrison. When sufficient forces had been deployed to Chattanooga to stabilize the situation and hold the line; the Confederates would then launch a counter attack, from Chattanooga, with the advantage of local superiority of men and material from behind the bastion of Chattanooga; repulsing the Union thrust. It was this process that the Andrews raid, sought to disrupt.
The chase[edit]
Because railway dining cars were not yet in common use, railroad timetables included water, rest, and meal stops. In addition, as the locomotives of the time needed to frequently replenish fuel and water, stops for passenger and crew meals were combined with the stops for water and fuel as a feature of passenger railway travel.
The raid began on April 12, 1862 when the regular morning northbound passenger train with the locomotive General stopped at Big Shanty, Georgia (now Kennesaw) on its regular run from Atlanta to Chattanooga, so that the crew and passengers could breakfast at the Lacy Hotel. There Andrews and his raiders hijacked the General and the train's first of several cars. Their plan was to operate the train north towards Chattanooga, stopping to damage or destroy the track, bridges, telegraph wires, and track switches behind them, so as to prevent the Confederate Army from moving troops and supplies north from Atlanta, when it decided to reinforce Chattanooga to prevent its capture. The Raiders plan when they reached the outskirts of Chattanooga was to cross through the Federal lines laying siege to the city and rejoin Mitchell's army. They chose to capture the train at Big Shanty station because it had no telegraph office. The raiders steamed out of Big Shanty, leaving behind startled passengers, crew members, and onlookers, which included a number of Confederate soldiers from Camp McDonald, which stood directly opposite the Lacy Hotel.
The train's conductor, William Allen Fuller, and two other men, chased the stolen train, first on foot, then by handcar. Locomotives of the time normally averaged 15 miles per hour (24 km/h), with short bursts of an average speed of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h). In addition, the terrain north of Atlanta is very hilly, and the ruling grades are steep. Even today, average speeds are usually never greater than 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) between Chattanooga and Atlanta. Since Andrews intended to stop periodically to perform acts of sabotage, a determined pursuer, even on foot, could conceivably have caught up with the train before it reached Chattanooga.
In his foot-race north Fuller spotted the locomotive Yonah at Etowah and commandeered it, chasing the raiders north all the way to Kingston. There, Fuller switched to the locomotive William R. Smith and continued north towards Adairsville. Two miles south of Adairsville, however, the raiders had destroyed the tracks, and Fuller was forced to continue the pursuit on foot. Beyond the damage, he took command of the southbound locomotive Texas at Adairsville, running it backwards and tender-first northward.[1]
For a number of reasons, the raiders never got far ahead of Fuller. First, destroying the railway behind the hijacked train was a slow process. The raiders were too few in number and were too poorly equipped with the proper railway track tools and demolition equipment, or with suitable igniters and explosives (modern high explosive demolition munitions had not yet been invented), to effectively close the line. In the time the raiders had (for their number), they could not either permanently disable or destroy any section of the installed railway plant (track, switches, bridges) of the Western & Atlantic Railway between Marietta and Chattanooga. The railway was too well built for their efforts to yield anything more than minor, temporary, and superficial damage.
Second, the raiders had stolen a regularly scheduled train on its route, and they needed to keep to that train's timetable. If they reached a siding ahead of schedule, they would have had to wait there until scheduled southbound trains passed them before they could continue north. But it was in truth, only an explanation (an imperfect one at that) of why Conductor Fuller (who was well known on the line) was not in command of this, his normal morning passenger run north to Chattanooga, accompanied by his usual crew, of well known locomotive engineers and firemen. It was never an authority for the movement of his train, anywhere on the Atlanta – Chattanooga line.
Third (and neither Andrews nor Mitchel understood or foresaw this,) Mitchel's threat to Chattanooga occurred long enough in advance of the commencement of Andrews' raid that Confederate Military Railway officials in Chattanooga had sufficient time to order, organize, and implement the emergency evacuation of all engines and rolling stock in Chattanooga. Thus, special freight trains with superior right of passage (over the single track line between Chattanooga and Atlanta) were made up in Chattanooga and ordered southbound, hauling critical railroad supplies away from the Union threat, so as to prevent their either being captured by General Mitchel or trapped uselessly inside Chattanooga during a Union siege of the city.
Andrews' claim as explanation to the Station Masters he encountered moving northward was that his train was a special northbound ammunition movement, ordered by General Beauregard in support of his operations against the Union forces threatening Chattanooga. This story was sufficient for the isolated Station Masters Andrews encountered as he moved northwards (as he had cut the telegraph wires to the south). But it had no impact upon the Train Dispatchers and Station Masters north of him, whose telegraph lines to Chattanooga were working. These dispatchers were following their orders to dispatch and control the special train movements southward, at the highest level of priority, and superior to all other trains.
The authorities in Chattanooga had given the conductors of southbound trains superior right of passage over all other train movements between Chattanooga and Atlanta, including the regularly scheduled passenger train that Andrews had stolen and was operating northbound. And Andrews' verbal claim of special authority for an ammunition movement was a bluff that only worked in a Station Master's office without a working telegraph.
Andrews met the first of these southbound conductors at Kingston, where he had stopped (under the authority of his timetable) for the watering and fueling of his locomotive. As the first of the southbound Special Freight movements approached, Andrews inquired of that train's conductor why his train was carrying a red marker flag on its rear car. Andrews was told that Confederate Railway officials in Chattanooga had been told by Confederate Army officials that the Union Army under General Mitchel was approaching Chattanooga from Stevens, Alabama, intending to either capture or lay siege to the city, and as a result of this warning, the Confederate Military Railways had ordered the Special Freight movements. The red train marker flag on the southward train meant that there was at least one additional southward moving train behind the one which Andrews had just met, and that Andrews and his train (regardless of whatever "orders" they were adhering to) had no "authority for movement" until the last train of that sectional movement (displaying the appropriate rear marker flag) had passed him.
In the running of an "Extra" sectional movement, the conductor of the lead train is dispatched with orders to post markers (flags) on the front and rear of his train. These markers identify this train as the lead train of a sectional movement. The sectional movement can contain any number of individually powered sections (trains) with separate locomotives, cars, conductors, and crews. Extra section movements are to be regarded by all Dispatchers, Station Masters, conductors, and crews they may encounter, as being a single train (in multiple sections), whose authority for movement is superior to all other trains' movements on the line of road upon which they have been dispatched, until the last train (in the sectional movement, and displaying the proper flags) has passed. Then, and only then, may any other trains on the line resume their movement, in accordance with their orders, their rank, and their hierarchy (their "authority for movement") over the line.
Neither Andrews nor any other conductor or crew had authority to move their train onto the line of road where an "extra" sectional movement was operating until the last train of the sectional movement (as evidenced by the special flag on the rear car of the last train in the sectional movement) had passed. Any crew who failed to obey this rule would almost certainly be the cause of a head-on or rear-end collision with the extra sectional movement train. It was this operational reality that meant Andrews could not attempt to move north of Kingston until the final section of the "Extra" movement had passed. If that train too had a red marker flag on its last car, Andrews was still not to attempt to move his train north of Kingston. It was this mechanism of delay that gave Fuller all the time needed to close the distance between them.
The raiders considered stopping to attack and overwhelm the first work party they encountered, who were operating a locomotive, the Yonah, at Etowah. If the Yonah had been seized, it could possibly have been run at high speed and derailed, demolished, and/or its boiler deliberately exploded in a tunnel or covered bridge. This would have not only stopped Fuller's pursuit, but it would also have achieved the raiders' mission of closing the line between Marietta and Chattanooga. Additionally, the line would have remained closed until a major work party had been assembled to remove the destroyed locomotive and replace a destroyed bridge. However, given the size of the Yonah's work party (even though unarmed) relative to the size of the raiding party, Andrews judged that any firefight conducted to commandeer and safely escape with the Yonah would be too long and too involved without alerting nearby troops and civilians.
The Texas train crew had been bluffed by Andrews into taking the station siding, thereby allowing the General to continue northward along the single-track main line. As Andrews' party had cut the telegraph lines, all train crews, station masters, and W&A management to the north had no idea that the General had been captured by the enemy. Fuller, when he met Texas, took command of her, picked up eleven Confederate troops at Calhoun, and continued his pursuit.
With the Texas still chasing the General tender-first, the two trains steamed through Dalton and Tunnel Hill. The raiders continued to sever the telegraph wires, but they were unable to burn bridges or damage Tunnel Hill. The wood they had hoped to burn was soaked by rain.
Finally, at milepost 116.3, north of Ringgold, Georgia, just 18 miles from Chattanooga, with the locomotive out of fuel, Andrews' men abandoned the General and scattered. Andrews and all of his men were caught within two weeks, including the two who had missed the hijacking that morning.
Confederate forces charged all the raiders with "acts of unlawful belligerency"; the civilians were charged as unlawful combatants and spies. All the prisoners were tried in military courts, or courts-martial. Tried in Chattanooga, Andrews was found guilty. He was executed by hanging on June 7 in Atlanta. On June 18, seven others who had been transported to Knoxville and convicted as spies were returned to Atlanta and also hanged; their bodies were buried unceremoniously in an unmarked grave (they were later reburied in Chattanooga National Cemetery).
Writing about the exploit, Corporal William Pittenger said that the remaining raiders worried about also being executed. They attempted to escape and eight succeeded. Traveling for hundreds of miles in pairs, they all made it back safely to Union lines, including two who were aided by slaves and Union sympathizers and two who floated down the Chattahoochee River until they were rescued by the Union blockade vessel USS Somerset. The remaining six were held as prisoners of war and exchanged for Confederate prisoners on March 17, 1863.
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton awarded some of the raiders with the first Medal of Honor. Private Jacob Wilson Parrott, who had been physically abused as a prisoner, was awarded the first. Later all but two of the other soldiers also received the medals, with posthumous awards to families for those who had been executed. As civilians, Andrews and Campbell were not eligible.
In popular culture[edit]
- The pursuit of Andrews' Raiders was featured in the Buster Keaton silent film comedy The General.
- The Walt Disney dramatic film The Great Locomotive Chase (1956), starring Fess Parker as Andrews, was also based on these exploits.
- Robert W. Smith wrote a piece for concert band named for the incident.
Rank | Name | Unit | Date of Medal of Honor award | Notes |
James J. Andrews (c. 1829-1862) | No award | Hanged in Atlanta; ineligible as a civilian for the Medal of Honor | ||
Private | William Bensinger (1840-1918) | 21st Ohio | March 25, 1863 | Exchanged; later promoted to captain |
Private | Wilson W. Brown (1837-1916) | 21st Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Escaped; later promoted to 2nd lieutenant |
Private | Robert Buffum (1828-1871) | 21st Ohio | March 25, 1863 | Exchanged; later promoted to 2nd lieutenant |
William Hunter Campbell (1839-1862) | No award | Hanged; ineligible as a civilian for the Medal of Honor | ||
Corporal | Daniel Allen Dorsey (1838-1918) | 33rd Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Escaped; later promoted to 2nd lieutenant |
Corporal | Martin Jones Hawkins (1830-1886) | 33rd Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Overslept and did not participate; escaped; later promoted to sergeant |
Private | William James Knight (1837-1916) | 21st Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Escaped |
Corporal | Samuel Llewellyn (1841-1915) | 33rd Ohio | No award | Did not participate; enlisted in a Confederate unit before reaching Marietta; later promoted to sergeant |
Sergeant | Elihu H. Mason (1831-1896) | 21st Ohio | March 25, 1863 | Exchanged; later promoted to captain |
Private | Jacob Parrott (1843-1908) | 33rd Ohio | March 25, 1863 | Exchanged; later promoted to 1st lieutenant |
Corporal | William Pittenger (1840-1904) | 2nd Ohio | March 25, 1863 | Exchanged; later promoted to sergeant |
Private | John Reed Porter (1838-1923) | 21st Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Overslept and did not participate; escaped; later promoted to 1st lieutenant; last living raider |
Corporal | William H. H. Reddick (1840-1903) | 33rd Ohio | March 25, 1863 | Exchanged; later promoted to 2nd lieutenant |
Private | Samuel Robertson (1843-1862) | 33rd Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Hanged as a spy; received award posthumously |
Sergeant Major | Marion A. Ross (1832-1862) | 2nd Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Hanged as a spy; received award posthumously |
Sergeant | John Morehead Scott (1839-1862) | 21st Ohio | August 4, 1866 | Hanged as a spy; received award posthumously |
Private | Charles Perry Shadrack (1840-1862) | 2nd Ohio | No award | Hanged as a spy; real name was Phillip Gephart Shadrach |
Private | Samuel Slavens (1831-1862) | 33rd Ohio | July 28, 1883 | Hanged as a spy; received award posthumously |
Private | James Smith (1844-1868), born Ovid Wellford Smith | 2nd Ohio | July 6, 1864 | Did not participate; enlisted in a Confederate unit before reaching Marietta, but was held prisoner in Swims Jail during the Raid;[2] later promoted to corporal |
Private | George Davenport Wilson (1830-1862) | 2nd Ohio | No award | Hanged as a spy |
Private | John Alfred Wilson (1832-1904) | 21st Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Escaped |
Private | John Wollam (1840-1890) | 33rd Ohio | July 20, 1864 | Escaped |
Private | Mark Wood (1839-1866) | 21st Ohio | September 17, 1863 | Escaped; later promoted to 2nd lieutenant |
Monument and markers[edit]
The Ohio Monument dedicated to Andrews' Raiders is located at the Chattanooga National Cemetery. There is a scale model of the General on top of the monument, and a brief history of the Great Locomotive Chase. The General is now in the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History, Kennesaw, Georgia, while the Texas is on display at the Atlanta Cyclorama.
One marker indicates where the chase began, near the Big Shanty Museum in Kennesaw, while another shows where the chase ended at Milepost 116.3, north of Ringgold — not far from the recently restored depot at Milepost 114.5.
There is a historic marker in downtown Atlanta, at the corner of 3rd and Juniper streets, at the site where Andrews was hanged.
- Daring and Suffering: A History of the Great Railroad Adventure, Lieut. William Pittenger (J. W. Daughaday, 1863)
- Daring and Suffering: A History of the Andrews Railroad Raid, by William Pittenger, with Introduction by Col. James G. Bogle, (Cumberland House Publishing, August 1, 1999, ISBN 978-1-58182-034-8), a first-hand account of one of the Raiders, with an introduction by one of the foremost experts on the subject.
- Wild Train: The Story of the Andrews Raiders, by Charles O'Neill, (Random House, 1959), long considered one of the most authoritative accounts of the Raid.
- The Case of Private Smith and the Remaining Mysteries of the Andrews Raid, by Parlee C. Gross, (General Publishing Company, 1963) focuses on the fates of the three soldiers who started off with the rest of the company but did not reach Marietta—Ovid Wellford "James" Smith and Samuel Llewellyn, who joined a Confederate unit as directed by Andrews when they were stopped and sharply questioned en route, and an unknown third soldier.
- Stealing the General: The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor, by Russell S. Bonds, (Westholme Publishing, October 15, 2006, ISBN 1-59416-033-3)
- The Great Locomotive Chase – The Andrews Raid 1862 by Gordon L. Rottman; Osprey Raid Series #5 (Osprey Publishing, November 2009, ISBN 978-1-84603-400-8)
See also[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (June 2011) |
- ^ On this Date in Civil War History: The Great Locomotive Chase - April 12, 1862, This Week in the Civil War website
- ^ greatlocomotivechase.com
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Locomotive Chase. |
- The Great Locomotive Chase
- A collection of links on the Great Locomotive Chase
- Official website of Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History in Kennesaw GA
- The Great Locomotive Chase site by Harper Harris The story told well with paintings, photos, and links.
- The Great Locomotive Chase, story of Andrews Raiders Informative page about the raid including photos, a map and links.
- Railfanning.org: The Andrews Raid
- On this Date in Civil War History: The Great Locomotive Chase - April 12, 1862
- 1911 reunion photograph of the 33rd OVI featuring two of the Andrews Raiders {Dorsey and Llewellyn}


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Think the unthinkable, do the undoable…
Douglas Adams
Who should be the new president of the World Bank? To replace Robert Zoellick, who leaves in June 2012, the US has nominated Jim Yong Kim, an international health specialist and the head of Dartmouth University. Several African countries have nominated Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the Nigerian Finance Minister and a former managing director of the World Bank. Brazil has nominated José Antonio Ocampo, an economics professor at the Columbia University in New York.
An intelligent decision on who should be president of the World Bank requires an understanding of what the job involves. With its still talented staff, the World Bank remains the world's premier source of development expertise. It fosters economic policy, banking, human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation, rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, electricity), and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). Over the last 65 years, it has made a major contribution to policies that have led to rapid economic growth of countries like India and China, which were once regarded as economic basket cases.
Yet the World Bank now suffers from lack of mission clarity, inappropriate strategies, systems and processes to achieve its mission, eroding skills, and a business model that is broken. The particular individual who is chosen to head of the World Bank will have to overcome these issues, or be imprisoned by them.
The track record over the last half century isn't encouraging. In an article last year, I explained in detail why the presidents over the last fifty years have had little impact on the organization.
When the World Bank was created in the 1940s, the USA was the supreme economic superpower of the West. Europe was in ruins. Most of the developing world still lived in colonies administered by the Western countries. Economic expertise was indisputably in the US and Europe. For example in 1945, General Motors was eight times more productive than a fledgling Japanese auto company that no one had even heard of: Toyota.
The World Bank's governance structure reflected these realities. The US was the largest shareholder and together with the largest Western economies held a majority of the shareholding. The Soviet Union and China were outside the "free world" in which the World Bank operated: the World Bank was a bank for only half the world.
By 1968, when Robert McNamara took over as president, the scene had changed somewhat. The Cold War was still grinding on and the Soviet Union and China were not yet members. The US was still the dominant economic power in the West. Toyota was still just a blip on the horizon for General Motors [GM]. But the colonies had been dismantled and a large number of independent nations had been created. The West was anxious to help them in order to fend off the influence of the Soviet Union and the newly independent countries were hungry for money and expertise. There was thus a large demand for the Bank's loans and assistance: McNamara was delighted to expand lending to meet the need. When petroleum prices quadrupled in 1973, there was even further need to expand the flow of resources to recycle money, sometimes bending creditworthiness standards in the process, and paving the way for subsequent debt crises.
The G7 still had control of the World Bank's governance and often used the World Bank to pursue their policy own goals, usually for the well-intended good of the developing countries. Sometimes the policies that the West recommended for developing countries were policies that the Western governments hesitated to implement for themselves. For instance, the US notoriously recommended "health for all" for developing countries, at a time when a sizable proportion of its own population had no effective access to health care. The West also consistently recommended government budget discipline for the developing countries while its own public debt burdens were steadily growing.
By 2012, the world looks quite different. The World Bank has become truly a "world" bank, as Russia, Eastern Europe and China are now members. The economic policies that the World Bank had recommended for countries India, China and Brazil have been spectacularly successful. While the economies of Europe and US are currently stagnant or in recession, and facing extended periods of slow growth, while accumulated debt burdens are being "unwound". Meanwhile the BRICS—Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa—now offer the main hope for global economic growth or at least avoiding a global recession.
Economic, technical and management expertise is no longer centered in the West. Electronics manufacturing for instance has moved to Asia to such an extent that Apple [AAPL] or Amazon [AMZN] couldn't manufacture an iPhone or a Kindle in the US even if they wanted to. Rapid technological developments are creating amazing new opportunities as well as devastating competitive threats to established firms.
The US management model of hierarchical bureaucracy that dominated the 20th Century finds itself struggling in the 21st Century: these lumbering industrial mastodons are insufficiently agile to cope with the global competition or the rapid innovation needed in a world in which the balance of power has shifted from seller to buyer: they are dying faster and faster.
Firms from Asia like Toyota have driven General Motors and others into bankruptcy. In the West, health, education and pension plans are collapsing under their own weight and rigidities. Budget, trade and balance of payment deficits weigh on the Western economies. Like their industrial mastodons, government agencies struggle under an outmoded management model of hierarchical bureaucracy.
In 2012, perspicacious observers can see that Europe and the US are undergoing, not just a sputtering economic recovery, but a phase change to a new kind of economy—the Creative Economy—in which value to customers is the bottom line of the enterprise. In this new economy, continuous innovation is even more important than efficiency and time becomes a critical competitive weapon; the emerging economic and management models for the new economy are as likely to come from India and China as they are to come from the US or Europe.
In 2012, the World Bank resembles one of the lumbering industrial and government mastodons of the 20th Century. The underlying premise that it possesses the expertise that the developing countries need is seriously in question. The same outmoded hierarchical bureaucracy that hamstrings big industrial firms and government departments of the US and Europe is pervasive. The World Bank still operates for the most part with processes and systems that were designed half a century ago. Each project to be financed is still reviewed by an incredibly heavy governance structure.
In fact, one of the shocks for each incoming president of the World Bank is the discovery of its governance structure. Instead of a board of visiting directors who meet once a month to review and approve overall strategy and policy, the World Bank enjoys a resident board of executive directors that meet once or twice a week to review and approve every loan that the World Bank makes.
Moreover, each Executive Director has a staff who assist him or her to keep track of every relevant activity within the Bank. Worse, each government has a staff at headquarters who also study and review activities in the World Bank and give instructions to "their" Executive Director on how act and decide.
The Executive Directors meddle in everything. For instance, when Jim Wolfensohn arrived from investment banking as the new president in 1995 and proposed to use his own private corporate jet to travel to the Bank's client countries at his own expense, the Executive Directors vetoed the proposal.
Similarly, when Wolfensohn announced upon his arrival that he had no intention of spending one or two days each week, sitting in Board meetings and listening to dreary speeches by Executive Directors about World Bank minutiae, the Board prevailed. Like his predecessors, Wolfensohn sat in Board meetings, one or two days a week for the duration of his presidency (ten years), listening to Executive Directors read dreary speeches.
Given this degree of overview and second-guessing, it is astonishing that the World Bank ever gets anything done at all, let alone that it does it well. Given the number of players involved, any significant change often results in political gridlock. Even changes that most are in favor of end up being blocked because others fear that the change could make things worse. Hanging over everything is disagreement as to what the mission of the World Bank should be.
The World Bank got off to a confused start when it was created, along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. As John Maynard quipped at the time, the Conference had created something called a bank that was actually a fund, as well as something called a fund, that was actually a bank.
The World Bank is even more confusing than that. It's an odd combination of a bank, a university and foundation. It's an institution that lends money (a bank), a think tank of intellectuals attempting to figure out difficult issues like how do you alleviate poverty in the poorest countries in the world (a university) and a philanthropic organization that tries to do the ultimate good in the world—eliminate global poverty (a foundation).
The actual name of the World Bank was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The main idea behind its creation was to fund the reconstruction of Europe. But the new institution proved too small and too slow to achieve this goal, which was taken over by the Marshall Plan. The new institution therefore turned its attention to the second part of its mission, i.e. development.
For the next couple of decades, the IBRD was a small, sleepy, slow-moving financial boutique, funding miscellaneous economic development projects in developing countries or colonies. A soft loan window was opened (IDA) and a private sector adjunct (IFC) was created.
The World Bank continued in this mode until 1968 when Robert McNamara took over as president and transformed it into a large, bustling, modern 20th Century corporation, expanding lending more than tenfold in the course of his thirteen-year tenure. He dramatically increased the World Bank's role in agriculture and education and opened up new lines of business in health, population, nutrition, and urban development. He articulated a new role for the World Bank in alleviating global poverty, passionately calling attention to the plight of the poorest 40 percent of the world's population who had been essentially untouched by development lending. But his most lasting accomplishment is that–for better and for worse–he introduced and embedded hierarchical bureaucracy in the World Bank's management systems and thinking.
As a result, the World Bank became a lending machine. For all the talk about poverty alleviation, education, health and so on, the management systems all focused on, and supported, getting out the lending program. Everyone who worked in the organization knew that this was the bottom line. The social goals were nice, but what really mattered was lending. This thinking still persists.
A succession of Caucasian male presidents thereafter—Tom Clausen from Bank of America, Barber Conable from the US Congress, Lew Preston from JP Morgan, Jim Wolfensohn from investment banking, the neo-con Wolfowitz from the Department of Defense, Robert Zoellick the former US trade representative all made little impact on this basic management model.
In 1998, Wolfensohn did succeed in introducing a World Bank mission statement—the first in its entire life.
To fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results. To help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors.
The organization was for the first time formally focused on fighting poverty. However as all of the management systems and processes remained focused on getting out the lending program, the mission statement has had little operational impact. The World Bank still grinds along as a lending machine that sometimes pays attention to poverty reduction issues.
Moreover the most important contributions that the World Bank has made since its creation have been the policy changes that it has been able to foster in the developing countries. These gains have been far more important than the impact particular projects that the World Bank has financed. Yet most of the management systems and attention are still focused on the lending machine.
At the same time, even the degree to which the World Bank should focus on poverty remains controversial. The developing countries themselves indicate from time to time that they would prefer more focus on growth of their economies as a whole and making them more competitive, with less focus on social engineering for the benefit of disadvantaged groups. They note that the policies pushed by the West for developing countries are pursued much less vigorously in their own countries. At a time when the global economy faces the prospect of reduced growth and even a recession, the World Bank, it is said, should stop meddling in social engineering and focus on growth and competitiveness.
Does the World Bank staff have the competence to tackle these issues? Overall, the staff remains talented, despite systematic de-skilling in the last fifteen years in the name of improved efficiency. Instead of offering careers for the best and brightest as it used to, the World Bank now offers mainly short term assignments. Some question whether these short-term staff have the necessary depth of experience, the management skills or the cutting edge knowledge relevant to the emerging Creative Economy of the 21st Century.
The World Bank's business model is complicated. There are several different institutions (IBRD, IDA, and IFC). The overall gist of all of them is that the World Bank Group lives on the difference between the cost of the money it borrows (or receives) and the money it lends. Its lending activities thus fund its policy advice, which is arguably much more important than its lending for individual projects. There is thus pressure to keep lending, even when its lending is not really relevant. It also results in the anomalies of a large amount of staff resources being spent on economic reports for countries who could easily afford to pay for them. Why not have a simpler and more agile business model in which valuable activities are paid for by those who value them and who can afford to pay?
At the same time, a large part of the World Bank's activities are "off budget" and funded by a huge array of "trust funds" which finance activities that various interest groups want the World Bank to manage but cannot get the World Bank to undertake directly. These activities are only partially under the control of the formal governance structure.
The complexity of the work of the World Bank is bewildering. The expertise involved is much greater than any Fortune 50 corporation or the IMF. No single individual can possibly master the array of disciplines involved: finance, banking, macroeconomics, microeconomics, infrastructure, agriculture, industry, education, health, nutrition, population control, governance, institution-building and so on, or the details of around a hundred borrowing countries, particularly the most difficult and poorest countries with the least developed institutions.
The president of the World Bank is thus surrounded by, and dependent on, the advice of technical experts in disciplines with which he or she cannot be fully familiar. He or she has to deal with the agendas of the players in the heavy governance structure, the agendas of the managers and staff who sometimes view the president as a temporary visitor who doesn't understand what's going on, the agendas of all the global interest groups that try to influence the World Bank's activities, as well as the pressures of unpredictable world events that can disrupt even the best-laid plans.
In complexity, the job resembles the US presidency or the secretary-general of the United Nations. There is nothing that can fully prepare an individual for it.
The World Bank thus offers many paradoxes that any incoming president has to face, including:
In the past, the US nominee for the presidency was automatically accepted by the Board of Directors. Now there is at least a semblance of an international selection process. After all, why should the president of the World Bank always be an American when the activities of the World Bank are in the developing countries?
Three candidates have been nominated to replace Robert Zoellick.
The US has nominated Jim Yong Kim (born December 8, 1959) He is a Korean-American physician and 17th President of Dartmouth College. He was formerly the Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and was a co-founder and executive director of Partners in Health. In 2009, Kim was named the 17th President of Dartmouth College. Kim is the first Asian-American to assume the post of president at an Ivy League institution. Kim immigrated to the U.S. at age five, earned an undergraduate degree from Brown University and picked up a medical degree and doctorate in anthropology at Harvard University.
Some African countries (South Africa, Angola and possibly Nigeria) have nominated Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (born June 13, 1954) was appointed in July 2011 as the new Minister of Finance for the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Prior to this appointment, she was the Managing Director of World Bank (October 2007 – July 2011). She served as finance minister from July 2003 until her appointment as foreign minister in June 2006, and as foreign minister until her resignation in August 2006. She was educated at Harvard University, graduating magna cum laude with an A.B. in 1977, and earned her Ph.D. in regional economic development from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1981.
Brazil has nominated a Colombian citizen, José Antonio Ocampo Gaviria (born 20 December 1952). He is currently Professor of Professional Practice in International and Public Affairs and director, Economic and Political Development Concentration at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University. Prior to his appointment, Ocampo served in a number of positions in the United Nations and the Government of Colombia, most notably in the United Nations as Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs and Executive Secretary for the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Colombia as Minister of Finance and Public Credit and Minister of Agriculture. Graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1971 with B.A.s in Sociology and Economics, in 1976 he received his Ph.D from Yale University
Are any of these candidates up to the challenges that the World Bank presents? Arguably, there is no human being in the world who is fully equipped to resolve the issues now facing the World Bank. It is what is sometimes known as a widow-making job, i.e. a job in which the incumbent is almost doomed to fail.
Some are encouraged that the US nominee, Kim, is different from his predecessors in several respects–an Asian-American with real development experience. Others are dismayed that he is not another banker or a world figure.
"It is not a slam dunk. It is not an obvious choice," one commentator said of Kim. Also speaking of the US nominee, Clay Lowery, the U.S. Treasury's assistant secretary for international affairs from 2005 to 2009, said: "[Kim's] biggest challenges will be his ability to manage a large organization, expand his universe of thinking to programs that catalyze economic growth, and maneuver effectively in very high political circles."
Most US commentators see Kim as the most likely selection. This is partly because of tradition (the US nominee has always been accepted in the past), partly because of international politics (the US recently supported the European candidate for the IMF and may receive a quid pro quo), partly because the candidate has an international aura (a Asian-American citizen who was born in Korea) and partly because the political support for either of the two alternatives is not clear-cut. Defeating the US nominee would probably require the unanimous support of the developing countries, and a strong case that their candidate was demonstrably superior to the US nominee.
Whoever the next president is, he or she should learn from the most successful of the predecessors, Robert McNamara, and from the failures of McNamara's successors, as well as other successful change efforts in large organizations:
See also:
How do you change an organizational culture?
Why an organization only has one bottom line
Is the US in a phase change to the Creative Economy?
Steve Denning's most recent book is: The Leader's
Guide to Radical Management (Jossey-Bass, 2010).
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First, thank you for raising this interesting topic of the World Bank institution. As you mentioned, this bank has been trapped in the mentality of 1940s, and has acted irresiponsibly, especially after most countries got their independence from being Western colonies. The colonial era ruling system was transferred into the World Bank mission to influence and discourage developing countries from joining the communism theology of the Eastern Bloc.
Since then, the World Bank has used different approaches and strategies to control each poor country across the globe to protect and realize Western interests. Its Structural Adjustment policy and the recent Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) were among the strategies that have been followed to capture the leadership and overall operations of the sovereign countries.
These policies had two results: failure and success. They did not bring the results that the bank planned to allievate poverty and promote democracy in poor countries. However, they were successful in terms of capturing the leadership of colonies when physical occupation was no longer possible. The World Bank took on the hidden mission and it succeeded.
The World Bank is still in the mentality of "reconstructing Europe" that is an obstacle for innovative and creative leadership and its operations at large in the 21st century. Sophisticated structures and leadership are the needed components that the bank should accommodate in order to proceed forward and face the challenges. Experts and knowledge have never been the problem of the world bank. Its biggest deficiency is inappropriate leadership.
The new appointee is not exceptional. Knowing the theories of economics and finance to organizational leadership effectiveness in development is the essential recipe the president of the bank should acquire prior to nomination. The president should have the courage and knowledge to break the status quo that tied up with the bank over five decades. So, this time, the bank needs someone who believes in the importance of structural adjustment for the World Bank not for poor countries. After the bank gets enlightened leadership, and after fixing its mission, implementation will be the easy thing to do.
One thing was surprised me. The idea of broken business model of the World Bank. From the very beginning, the World Bank had never had a healthy business model that could enable stakeholders to participate into the system across the world. It has never had a balanced business model, even when it comes to loans and other provisions. Its mission statement states that "At the World Bank, we have made the world's most pressing development issue — to reduce global poverty — our mission. We focus on achieving the Millennium Development Goals, which call for the elimination of poverty and sustained development. These goals provide us with targets and yardsticks for measuring results."
I do not think this mission will be achieved in 2015, as a global poverty is on the increase not only in developing countries but also in rich countries like USA and Europe. We may reduce the level of poverty but we will never eliminate it. I wish we could do that. The bank should address its mission statement properly in a favorble way that can make sense. Developing strategies that tackle poverty to ensure sustainable development in every country can be an achievable goal. Therefore, aligning goals with a proper mission statement is the first thing the bank should do.
In the case of inappropriate strategies, the bank should adopt different approaches that will accommodate the needs and priorities of each country, because each country has its own unique feature, culture, and how to do things. The bank should allow them to exercise their leadership missions based on the reality of their individual own context instead of damping western formulated policies and interests.
If the the World Bank has a pure interest in reducing poverty in the country like Ethiopia, where poverty, drought and famine have a dehumanizing impact every day, the intervention level should be at its maximum effort to resolve the devastating scenarios. I know the bank has released some tied up loans, but this is not enough even to turn around the project proposals properly. For the loans the bank makes to this country, it carries hidden agendas that may or may not associate with the project purpose.
For instance, the bank has been reluctant when it comes to the water sector development in Ethiopia. To keep Egypt's interest at stake, the bank has never issued major loans to Ethiopia that would save the lives of millions of Ethiopians who have lost their lives because of chronic drought year rounds. This is not an ethical approach that Ethiopians expect from the world bank and other international donors. When Ethiopia needs support and assistance from the world bank, the bank should look at the reality on the ground not from the interest's of Egypt.
To conclude, as the writer explained, more things that should be considered prior to choosing the World Bank president. It is vital in terms of changing the image of the World Bank across Asia, Africa and Latin America. It does not have a household name that each country rely on as a development partner. We expect so many changes from the new appointee if he is ready to break the status quo and will able to mobilize the rich resources on which the bank has slept on for half a century. If he could implement new approaches and strategies that would enable systematic functions, he might win a partnership sense for the bank from poor countries that have failed because of its structural adjustment and PRSP policies.
Dear Steve,
Thank you for the editing and your time. I heard on PBS radio this morning that the BRICS countries are planning to establish a new bank that will complement the World Bank after last week's nomination for the World Bank presidency. Will that cause the World Bank to restructure itself with a new outlook?
With best regards,
In conclusion of the said articles, World Bank is the Organisations that possessed the biggest data base ever collected in view of this IT age is quip for a quantum leap.
However, or perhaps it is the responsibility of World Bank in delivering automations in the applications of IT with the sense of "civilization upgrade" departing from manual work that employ much time.
I concur with the critique of hierarchical bureaucracy as this is directly involved with money. And this is central in importance if World Bank is to implement and to operate from a different stand point.
World Bank will have to allow itself to function on a 3-4 dimensions.


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Tragic Blondes: The Diana-Britney Connection
Princess Diana and Britney Spears: what could a well-bred lady from Northamptonshire, England, and a poor innocent from Kentwood, Louisiana, possibly have in common? As someone who has written extensively about both, I'd say just about everything.
Both became iconic figures, catapulted by populist taste; both were underdogs who achieved an against-all-odds fairy tale; both were huntresses, and prey, of the paparazzi; and both were dogged by scandal, creating "news" just by breathing. But for both, the truth behind their celebrity façades was a sad loneliness that made them emotionally erratic, susceptible to anxiety, and desperate for happiness. In many respects, these are two women whose fame consumed and defined them, and left them lost as private people within the bubble. And yet there was an inner resilience that made them stronger than what the public has ever given them credit for.
As the ghostwriter of butler Paul Burrell's 2003 book, A Royal Duty, I chronicled the public and private Diana that he knew. And my newly released unofficial biography, Britney: Inside the Dream, travels a very different, but oddly familiar, road.
Diana | Britney | |
MEDIA TITLE: | People's Princess. | Pop Princess. |
FAMILY STATUS: | Divorced mother of two. | Divorced mother of two. |
TRUSTED AIDE: | Butler Paul Burrell. | Assistant Ali Simms. |
FAMILY BACKGROUND: | Dysfunctional. Mother left home after leaving father. | Dysfunctional. Father was an alcoholic. |
FAIRY-TALE ENDING: | Marry prince, live happily ever after. | Become a pop star, live happily ever after. |
QUEST IN LIFE: | True love and normalcy. | True love and normalcy. |
BIGGEST HANG-UP: | Lack of self/low self-esteem. | Lack of self/low self-esteem. |
ADDICTIONS: | Bulimia and fame. | Drugs (allegedly) and fame. |
PUBLIC DIAGNOSIS: | Borderline personality disorder. | Bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder. |
TV TEARS: | An interview with Martin Bashir on BBC's Panorama. | An interview with ABC's Diane Sawyer. |
HEARTBREAKS: | Prince Charles, James Hewitt. | Justin Timberlake, Kevin Federline. |
ONE TRUE LOVE: | Dr. Hasnat Khan. | Justin Timberlake. |
UNFORTUNATE REBOUND: | Dodi Al Fayed. | Adnan Ghalib. |
ON LOVE: | "If you find someone you love, then hang on to that love." | "As much as you love is as much as you hurt." |
BIGGEST COMPLAINT: | Invasive paparazzi. | Invasive paparazzi. |
BIGGEST FLIRTATION: | Invasive paparazzi. | Invasive paparazzi. |
PREFERRED DISGUISE: | Wearing an auburn wig (successfully). | Wearing a pink wig (unsuccessfully). |
SIGN OF MISCHIEVOUSNESS: | Trying to give bodyguards the slip (successfully). | Trying to give bodyguards the slip (unsuccessfully). |
BIGGEST IGNOMINY: | Stripped of "H.R.H." status. | Stripped of dignity at the 2007 V.M.A.'s. |
ACHILLES' HEEL: | Neediness with men, driven by loneliness when "off duty." | Neediness with men, driven by loneliness when not performing. |
PRIVATE MOAN: | Likened royal palaces to prison: "I'm climbing the walls. K.P. is like my prison." | Likened her fame to a prison: "You can't live in a prison." |
SWITCHED FAITH: | Searched for answers in Catholicism and Islam, found none. | Searched for answers in the Kabbalah, found none. |
FANTASY: | To escape it all and live in Cape Cod or Malibu. | To escape it all and open a bead shop in Venice, California. |
SOURCE OF SOLACE: | Astrologers, mystics, and learned wisdoms/sayings of others. | Astrologers, mystics, and learned wisdoms/sayings of others. |
FAVORED ALIAS: | "Mrs. Allegra." | "Ms. Alotta Warmheart." |
LIFE'S ESSENTIAL: | "Ma boys": Princes William and Harry. | "Ma boys": Sean Preston and Jayden James. |
Britney Spears photo by Kevin Mazur/TCA 2009/WireImage.com. Princess Diana photo by Anwar Hussein/WireImage.com.


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Come sail away on our sailing trips. Enjoy sailing on your vacation and spend the day out on the water. Our sailing tours are a great activity for any traveler. You can relax and ride or learn to sail at one of our sailing schools. Our sailing adventures are a great addition to any vacation. Browse our sailing and plan your vacation today!
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I've been using my iPad to make free phone calls since getting it back in May of this year, though until recently, was only able to make clear calls over 5mbps+ wifi. 3G would allow the call to be initiated or received, however call quality was something short of anything clear.
Enter 4G mobile router. Now with little exception, I am making and receiving calls wherever I go for zilch, zero, zippo, using one of the many great VOIP apps in the app store.
If you have yet to explore this cool option on your iPad, start with an app like Whistle for iPad. If you've got a bluetooth headset, pair it up for the sans-uber geek look, or use the speaker phone/mic combo built in, and hold it anyway you like. Just don't hold it up to your head. That doesn't pass for cool last time I checked.
Is anyone else rocking the VOIP on the iPad?


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To make reservations by phone, call 1-800-321-2211 in the USA and Canada (or any of our worldwide reservation telephone numbers).
Spend your getaway at Courtyard New Orleans Downtown/Iberville, a distinctive hotel in the French Quarter. We are located one block from Bourbon and Canal Street, just steps from the energy and romance of the neighborhood, and in proximity to the medical corridor and revitalized theater district. As one of the newest hotels in the French Quarter in New Orleans, Louisiana, we offer sophisticated glamor inspired by the city's rich architectural heritage. Historic elements and traditional millwork complement contemporary design to create a welcoming environment. Our inviting hotel lobby fuses high-tech and high-style with a wide range of functional areas for work or play in the heart of the New Orleans French Quarter. Free Wi-Fi is available throughout and we provide easy access to the latest news, weather and airport conditions via our GoBoard® technology. Vieux Carre Café is open all day for pastries, sandwiches, flatbreads and Starbucks® beverages. Quality beer, wine and cocktails are also available.
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Skywater Georgia Wine Hiking offers Atlanta's Hiking Guide, Georgia Wine Tasting, Georgia's Hiking Guide, Barefoot hiking and Nature Guided Walking . You can meet us at:
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Library > Science & Technology > Life Science > Endangered & Extinct Species
16 & Under
2009Today some animals are going to extinct.So we want them not to be only the memory.So please listen to their stories and try to save them for the coming time.About this site
2009Our website is aimed to give users more insight about sharks. Throughout the website we intend to have a blue theme as this would seem appropriate as blue is physiologically linked to the water and the sea. In our website, we aim to provide information for the users about shark history (which will include evolution, previous sharks and their diet and habitat and why it all changed), environmental damage (which will include how was it and how is it now, hunting: accidental and deliberate, global warming), a map of the location of five different species of shark around the world, each specie with a hot spot leading to a page of information about that shark (which will include: their diet, their typical habitat, their behaviour and the physical characteristics).About this site
2009The basic aim of our project is to create awareness about the polar bears.The dangers they can face in the coming years and the dangers to the polar ice caps. Polar bears - the largest predator on land is facing a grave danger and are on the verse of becoming extinct by several dangers - the dangers man has cultivated in the field, he terms as development. The increasing global warming has made the polar ice melt. Polar bears can be identified as the most beautiful specie on the earth. In our project we have identified the polar bears as the mascot for the devastation to be caused by global warming in the near future.About this site
2008Our website tells people about the effects of world wide pollution. We have focused on some animals that are getting close to exctintion because of the pollution human beings bring. We also have some things on global warming and the coral reef. About this site
2007This website is to raise awareness about the conservation of the earth and the protection of endangered animals.About this site
2006Ever since humans began spreading across the world, wild animals have been hunted, first for food, later to crops and now for their skin and other body parts. Every hour, hundreds of animals are killed. `Hounding Death: Call of the Wild? is our attempt to care for wildlife- our living counterparts in nature. For we care?About this site
2004This website is about marine life and pollution. We will educate visitors about endangered marine animals that are facing extinction. We will also go into the behaviors of marine animals as well as human threats that cause their endangerement. We will also explain more about water pollution and how it affects lives of the marine animals.About this site


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Logos unite Two Harbors health facilities
Lake View Hospital has a new logo, and so do Lake View Medical Clinic and Lake View Pharmacy.By: John Lundy, Duluth News Tribune
Lake View Hospital in Two Harbors has a new logo.
Likewise for Lake View Medical Clinic and Lake View Pharmacy.
The Two Harbors facilities have taken on the St. Luke's hospital blue, three-wave logo to demonstrate their connection to the larger, Duluth-based health system, a St. Luke's news release said.
The waves represent healing, harmony and life itself, while paying tribute to the water that represents the region, the news release said.
The logos will be displayed on signs, ID badges, letterheads and other items at the three facilities during the coming months, according to a news release.
Tags: st lukes, two harbors, news, health, business


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"I make these wonderful sweet nuts using pecans every year for Christmas. They are a true delight, especially if you are a lover of nuts. If pecans aren't your forte, substitute walnuts. Happy Holidays!"
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General Practice Quality Assurance Project. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Diagnosis and Treatment
This study has been completed.
Boehringer Ingelheim
Information provided by:
Boehringer Ingelheim
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: April 20, 2006
Last updated: April 15, 2008
Last verified: April 2008
- Full Text View
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- How to Read a Study Record
A Cross sectional observational Quality Assurance Project in General Practice to COPD Diagnosis and Treatment
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive |
Behavioral: Education |
Phase 4 |
Study Type: | Observational |
Official Title: | General Practice Quality Assurance Project. COPD Diagnosis and Treatment |
Resource links provided by NLM:
Further study details as provided by Boehringer Ingelheim:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- To optimise the diagnosis and treatment of COPD via a quality assurance project
- Increase the knowledge and use of diagnostic tools and treatment amongst PCPs
- To focus on implementation of national guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of COPD
Estimated Enrollment: | 8000 |
Estimated Study Completion Date: | September 2007 |
Ages Eligible for Study: | 35 Years and older |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- COPD patients over 35 years of age
- More than two annual renewals with the following group of inhalation preparations: Anticholinergic, beta-2 antagonists, steroids or a combination of these
Exclusion Criteria:
- Asthma
Contacts and Locations
More Information
No publications provided
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 05, 2014
No publications provided
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00319813 History of Changes |
Obsolete Identifiers: | NCT00479869 |
Other Study ID Numbers: | 205.376 |
Study First Received: | April 20, 2006 |
Last Updated: | April 15, 2008 |
Health Authority: | Denmark: Danish Dataprotection Agency |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Chronic Disease Lung Diseases Respiration Disorders Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive |
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Disease Attributes Pathologic Processes Respiratory Tract Diseases |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 05, 2014


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Mango Salsa:
1 finely chopped sauteed onion
1 cup of finely chopped tomato
1 cup finely chopped mango
1 tbsp fresh chopped basil
1 tbsp extra virgin olive oil
1 tbsp balsamic vinegar
1/4 to 1/2 tsp Herbamare seasoning (to your taste)
That looks so yummy. I can't wait to try it! I love the recipe because it doesn't have chili peppers since I'm allergic to them. It would be good on a salad too!
Thanks! It's so easy, and it gets better as it marinades too, and the flavors all get happy together ;-)
I would love that on fish. There's a dish at UNO on their gf menu ... Mahi Mahi with mango salsa that I just love. Next time I buy Mahi, I'm making this salsa up at home. Thanks so much!


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Honors students may choose to live in Honors residence halls, Atkinson Quadrangle B, D, and E, or on the Honors floor in Hedges South. The "Quads" are gracious buildings surrounded by giant blue spruce trees, an expanse of lawn, and flowers. The buildings are coed, with women on one floor and men on another. Each residence hall has a first- floor living room, a full-size, equipped kitchen, dining room, and laundry. Honors dorms are typically quiet, and students often form study and discussion groups. Although meals are served in nearby Hannon Hall cafeteria, residents of the Quads often hold dinner parties on the weekends. The Honors College offices are in Quad F.
In the Spring of 2009, the 10th floor of Hedges South was designated as Honors housing. This centrally located residence hall is adjacent to the Miller Dining Hall, and amenities include kitchens, study lounges, laundry facilities, elevators, a convenience store, as well as fitness and weight rooms.
Please contact Residence Life at 406-994-2661 or email@example.com to request Honors housing.
This Honors student decided to create his own housing!


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Spring dates on their 50 and Counting Tour will kick off at Staples Center in May.
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Keep it civil and stay on topic. No profanity, vulgarity, racial slurs or personal attacks. People who harass others or joke about tragedies will be blocked. By posting your comment, you agree to allow Orange County Register Communications, Inc. the right to republish your name and comment in additional Register publications without any notification or payment.


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LONDON — Six people, including two children, were killed on Sunday following a knife attack at an apartment on the Channel Island of Jersey, police said. A 30-year-old man has been arrested. Officers were called to an address in Saint Helier, the island's main city, at around 3:00 pm (14:00…
By Katie Halper
Read MoreBy Gary Younge, The Guardian
Read MoreRaw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
Copyright © 2004-2013 Raw Story Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


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By Liliana Moyano for Shine Latina
Tuna avocado appetizer
While touring the Loire Valley in France last month, I stayed at a chateau-turned-hotel in the town of Tours. When I asked the concierge for restaurant recommendations, he immediately picked up the phone and made reservations at the Relais, a restaurant in the nearby town of Chenonceaux.
After the 30-minute drive through the chateaus and wineries, I reached an orchard in full growth which surrounded the Relais. Without a doubt, this promised to be a delicious and traditionally French meal. To my surprise the first dish that arrived to the table, as a courtesy from the chef, was a raw tuna salad covered with avocado spread served in a delicate shot glass with a tiny spoon.
The first bite was heavenly; I couldn't resist asking the waitress if she could give me a rough list of the ingredients used in the dish. She mentioned tuna, avocado, lime and scallions, which were evident in the recipe, but she couldn't tell me anything else. I
Read More »from Europe Meets Latin America with This French-inspired Ceviche


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Maryland woman pleads guilty to stealing from non-profit
June 9, 2011 - 06:02 pm
A College Park woman pleaded guilty to stealing more than $95,000 from a D.C. non-profit dedicated to preventing war.
Kimberly Nicely, 49, pleaded guilty to a federal wire fraud charge from The Fund for Peace. She is scheduled to be sentenced on Aug. 24 and faces up to 18 months behind bars.
Nicely was hired to the non-profit in 2005 as an independent contractor. She is accused of diverting money from the non-profit's bank accounts into her own.
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To be realistic, making one's data ready for secondary analysis by those who did not take part in the original research project requires some time and effort. Analysts of secondary data should have at their disposal all the information needed to make effective and appropriate use of the data that you supply. This means that your data files must be clean, clear, and fully interpretable, with adequate supplementary documentation that explains your data, methods, assumptions, and also any weaknesses of your research.
Below are links to specific instructions and guidelines that you may find useful:
Documenting and preparing your quantitative data with pdf version
Documenting and preparing your qualititative data with pdf version
Submitting your data
Once you have prepared your data file, instruments, materials, and documentation, you can send these all at once to DARIS by e-mail. If the electronic files are too large, other arrangements can be made (e.g., to use FTP, to send by mail by DVD).
In many cases, data and documentation are delivered to DARIS at the end of a research project, and the data are generally accessible to users soon after. In some cases, however, producers of data elect to place their data under embargo, which means that while their data are preserved at Daris, they are not accessible to users for a pre-defined period, which can be negociated in advance.
A few tips
The level of effort involved in the process of documentation and preparation of data can be significantly reduced with sufficient planning and foresight. Here are a few specific ways to make the process less cumbersome:


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Donate online
History of Parliament Trust
Journal of the House of Commons: volume 2: 1640-1643
Year published
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'House of Commons Journal Volume 2: 28 September 1642', Journal of the House of Commons: volume 2: 1640-1643 (1802), pp. 787. URL: http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=7687 Date accessed: 12 March 2014. Add to my bookshelf
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Die Mercurii, 28 Septembris, 1642. Preachers thanked. Preachers appointed.
MR. Hollis and Sir Robert Harley, are appointed to return Thanks, from this House, to Mr. Hodges and Mr. Wilson, for the great Pains they have taken in the Sermons they preached this Day, at St. Margarett's Westminster, at the Intreaty of this House: And that he do desire them to print their Sermons: And that they have the like Order of Privilege for printing their Sermons * * * *
Ordered, That Dr. Temple, and Mr. Thomas Case, be desired from this House to preach before the said House, at the next publick Fast: And that Sir Francis Knolls junior do desire Dr. Temple; and Mr. Ashenhurst, Mr. Case.
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