text:
Asics Gel Attract Mens Trainers
From £1.10 per week
- Was
- Was £105.00
- Now
- Now £84.00
- Save £21.00
- In Stock
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
1 reviewASICS Gel Attract Mens Running Shoes
Get more from your running with the Gel Attract trainers from ASICS. Taking inspiration from the premium 33 collection, these trainers promote a supportive way of running.
Featuring a GEL cushioning system to the rear, your foot is protected from impact, whilst the High Abrasion Rubber offers exceptional durability. The lowered midsole gives a natural, lightweight feel and the Full Length Guidance Line delivers optimal foot positioning when tiredness kicks in.
The blue and black colourway is offset with a bright salmon trim and laces, in addition to a reflective ASICS logo to the side. A cushioned ankle collar and padded tongue provide a comfortable fit, whilst the finishing touch is provided with a branded tab to the tongue.
Wear these ASICS trainers for long-distance running and experience how they can improve your performance.
Useful info:
- Mens trainers by ASICS
- Gel Attract
- GEL Cushioning System
- High Abrasion Rubber
- Lowered midsole
- Branded tab to tongue
Asics Gel Phoenix Ladies Running Trainers
From £1.10 per week
- Was
- Was £105.00
- Now
- Now £84.00
- Save £21.00
- Low stock, selling fast
- Delivery
1 reviewExcellent cushioning every time
Get a comfortable ride in a pair of cushioned trainers.
The new GEL PHOENIX works to support overpronators who roll their feet inwards as they run.
It comes with rear and forefoot GEL cushioning for lots of comfort and reduced ground impact as you run.
There's effective shock absorption from the SpEVA midsole so you get reduced muscle fatigue on longer runs.
And these trainers are long-lasting, too –the durable outsole is reinforced with ASICS High Abrasion Resistance rubber.
Colour: White/Lilac. Upper: Textile. Lining and Sock: Textile. Sole: Other Materials.


text:
Definition of harmonic series in English:
harmonic series
Line breaks: har|mon¦ic ser¦iesnoun
- 1 Music A set of frequencies consisting of a fundamental and the harmonics related to it by an exact fraction.More example sentences
- The first lowers the harmonic series by a whole tone, the second by a semitone, and the third by a tone and a half.
- Tuned to the harmonic series, it sounds along with the rhythm of the waves, and its sound is more ambient than tuneful, although you do hear elements of tune and resolving discords.
- And it is fascinating how musical notes, although derived from something very material like the harmonic series, do not correlate with any material phenomena when they are in horizontal motion or vertical grouping.
- 2 Mathematics A harmonic progression.More example sentences
- Euler asserts that the sum of the harmonic series equals the natural logarithm of infinity plus a quantity that is nearly a constant.
- He begins with the summation of geometric series, then shows that the harmonic series does not converge.
- Euler wrote to James Stirling on 8 June 1736 telling him about his results on summing reciprocals of powers, the harmonic series and Euler's constant and other results on series.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
February 2014
Welcome, guest
Wed Jun 20, 2012
Singapore-based long/short equity outfit Novatera Capital has shut down the Hidden Jewels Fund and returned $90 million of funds it was managing for high-net-worth individuals and...
Subscribers have unlimited access to all current content, including hedge fund performance Live League Tables. Start your subscription today - click on the button below.
Subscribe now
Sorry, you are not allowed to print this article.
Please contact us if you have any enquiry:Email: email@example.com
Call: UK & EMEA +44 (0) 20 7779 7339Americas +1 212 224 3067 Asia-Pacific +852 2842 6953


text:
Citizenship in the World
$4.99Scouts who earn the Citizenship in the World merit badge will discover that they are already citizens of the world and that success as a world citizen depends on one's willingness to understand and appreciate the values, traditions, and concerns of people in other countries. Successfully completing this merit badge is one of the requirements to earn the rank of Eagle Scout. Learn More -
$4.99The positive lessons and skills developed through climbing are not always obvious: self-confidence, self-reliance, mental toughness, determination, and good judgment are just a few. Climbing tests your body and your mind. Learn More -
Coin Collecting
$4.99One of the oldest of all hobbies, coin collecting allows you to hold a piece of history in your hands. This makes the 'value' of coin collecting a fun hobby worth pursuing. Learn More -
$4.99The greatest thing about collecting is that you can collect whatever interests you. This merit badge explains how to organize your collection and how to keep your cache safe, among other practical tips. Learn More


text:
Cybersecurity Degree - Bachelor of Science
College of Science and Technology
Major Requirements (36 credit hours)
(Click a course name below to view course details)
Required courses (30 credit hours)
CYBR 250 Introduction to Cyber Threats, Technologies and Security
This course introduces information technologies and examines methods for protecting them against persistent and constantly evolving threats. Existing and emerging information technologies are discussed including operating environments, computer networking, and data management. Basic methods for managing information systems and technologies are presented from a standpoint of providing sufficient security protections.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 311 Network Security
This course provides an introduction to the goals, functional processes, tools, and techniques associated with network security. Discussion includes devices such as firewalls, intrusion detection mechanisms, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Telecommunications and networks security protocols used to prevent, detect, and correct potential vulnerabilities associated with both the outsider and insider threat are also explored.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 312 Securing Access Control
This course provides an introduction to the concepts associated with configuring identification and authentication. Discussion includes comparison of various access models, and how passwords, smart cards and biometric devices can assist in securing system access and ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. Other technologies such as remote authentication and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) are also explored.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 411 Assessments and Audits
This course explores the principles of risk assessment, vulnerability analysis, and auditing. Discussion includes the use of these principles to evaluate the effectiveness of information security controls. Topics include threat and asset identification, countermeasures and safeguards, acceptable risks, and vulnerabilities. The auditing concepts of technical, physical, and administrative controls are also introduced along with how these controls are measured for effectiveness.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 320 Operational Security
This course focuses on the skills required to operate a security program within an organization. Coverage includes the practical application of security practices in an operational environment. Topics include security structure, leading security projects, policy management, human factors of security, and physical security methods.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 340 Operating Systems and Mobile Device Security
This course focuses on the skills required to secure base operating systems on server, desktop, virtual, and mobile platforms. Coverage includes the practical application of security tools, utilities, and configurations for protecting computer operating systems at both the user and corporate level. Discussion also includes protecting stand-alone and virtualized servers, cloud computing security, and the protection of mobile platforms such as smart phones, tablets and handheld computers.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 350 Web, Commerce and Application Security
This course explores securing core technologies that support Internet applications and commerce. Processes for creating and administering Internet web sites to ensure proper protections are introduced. The course also addresses securing applications on Internet websites and mobile platforms, and introduces basic methods for secure development.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 410 Data/Database Security
This course focuses on the protection of data at rest. Coverage includes the identification, ownership, and protection of data – whether residing in files, folders, or databases. This course also introduces the concept of database security to include: Architecture, Password Policies, Auditing, Privileges, and Roles Administration. Emphasis is placed on areas unique to data and database security.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 420 Cyber Investigations and Forensics
This course examines basic methods of investigation, information acquisition, and management of Internet and computer forensic cases. Topics include record-searching, note taking and report writing, and using scientific methodology in Cyber investigations. Coverage also includes basic tools and techniques for forensic analysis of computers, networks systems, and mobile devices.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 450 Advanced Cybersecurity Concepts
This course provides a monitored structure for application of the skills and knowledge acquired throughout the Cybersecurity program. Emphasis is placed on the use of real-world security problems, issues, and situations. Course assignments will require the use of protection, detection, deterrence, and response techniques in addressing threats, vulnerabilities, and risks found in businesses today.
Course Syllabus
Plus, choose two courses (6 credit hours) from the following:
CIS 242 Introduction to Programming Using Java
This course introduces the concepts of structured programming using Java. The course covers the basics of the Java programming language syntax, to include designing, coding, documenting, and debugging programs. Additional topics covered will be elementary data structures, input/output statements, selection, iteration, methods, and one-dimensional arrays. Students will write programs using all of the before-mentioned topics.
Course Syllabus - OR
CIS 243 Introduction to Programming Using C#
This course is designed to introduce the concepts of structured programming. How programs and programming languages work, and the purposes and practices of structured programming are discussed. Designing, coding, documenting, and debugging programs using elementary data structures, input/output statements, selection and iteration, functions, and one-dimensional arrays are covered in detail.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 313 Cryptography
This course provides an introduction to the fundamental components of encryption. Topics include the history of cryptography, public key and private key systems, hashing, and digital signatures. Topics also include the development of the Advanced Encryption Standard, the use and functionality of Pretty Good Privacy, and the Secure Socket Layer.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 321 Structured System Analysis and Design
This project-based course focuses on the use of tools and methodologies applied to structured system analysis and design. Emphasis is placed on the traditional approaches, for example, system flow charting and entity relationship diagrams. Students will complete a variety of analysis design specifications and a project implementation plan for a simulated business system.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 351 Networking Structures and Desktop Operating Systems
This course provides a foundation networking concepts, describing networking hardware and communication terminology and contrasts the different types of networking structures. This class introduces the concepts of address, network traffic, and administration of local and wide area networks.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 357 Operating System Administration
This course provides the knowledge and skills required to administer small to medium-sized networks in server environments. Hands-on demonstration and practical application of administrative tools, utilities, and configurations in server environments will be the most significant feature of the course. Issues dealing with security, troubleshooting, and configuration will be presented, discussed, and applied by the students in the classroom.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 433 Information Technology Project Management
This course provides students with an introduction to program management as it relates to Information Technology. Students develop formal project plans based on actual problems provided by industry. Emphasis is placed on the nine knowledge areas specified by the Project Management Institute (PMI) in the publication, A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®Guide). Both discover-based and team-based activities are used to focus on program management as a discipline.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 436 Ethics for IT Professionals
This course discusses ethical issues inherent in the field of information technology. Topics covered focus on the balance between the individual and society, including computer privacy and security, computer crime, software piracy, intellectual property, patent and copyright law, and social issues such as free speech and expression, as well as netiquette. The course also discusses moral responsibility for computer professionals.
Course Syllabus -
CIS 468 Accounting for IT Professionals
This course is designed to provide an introduction to business issues associated with Information Technology. The course includes an introduction to financial and managerial accounting concepts as they apply to IT issues, including budgeting, costing, budgeting control, and performance evaluation.
Course Syllabus - OR
AC 341 Accounting Information Systems
This course provides an introduction to a systems view of accounting through accounting information systems (AIS) and how technology is used in AIS. Students will examine the process of developing information systems and develop knowledge of computer-based control and audit issues. Also included is the study of the five cycles of AIS and how the cycles are implemented in computer-based systems. Prerequisites: AC 206 and BA 222
Course Syllabus -
PS 208 Introduction to National Security
This course introduces students to national security as a concept, strategy, goal, and challenge. It examines the dangers and threats that exist domestically and internationally and analyzes how the United States attempts to deal with those challenges using strategies that range from diplomacy to military force.
Course Syllabus -
PS 209 Foundations in Intelligence and Counterintelligence
This course introduces students to intelligence and counterintelligence as concepts, processes, and careers. It elaborates on historical and contemporary approaches to intelligence/counter intelligence. The process of intelligence collection, analysis, research dissemination, consumption, and feedback is examined. Students are exposed to the diverse intelligence community and the responsibilities of its various members.
Course Syllabus -
PS 210 Ethical Controversies in Security and Intelligence
This course introduces and engages elements of theoretical and ethical analysis to empirical topics and subject matter. Some of the issues covered will include war, weapons of mass destruction, humanitarian intervention, globalization, and spying. This course explores the deeper underlying philosophical issues within national security.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 433 Cybercrime and Business
This course focuses on security risk management through the use of real-world security problems, issues, and situations found in businesses today. Particular attention is directed to identifying business risks in cyber systems and managing business policies and practices in the areas of Finance and Accounting in order to comply with cybersecurity laws, regulations, and standards. This course is suitable for students majoring in Cybersecurity, Information Systems or Business, or anyone interested in managing security risks in an organization.
Course Syllabus -
CYBR 436 Security for Healthcare
This course explores the management of security and privacy in the healthcare industry. Coverage includes an extensive study of HIPAA and other applicable laws, and methods for compliance with those laws. Discussion also includes the security of health information systems. This course is suitable for students majoring in Cybersecurity, Information Systems or Healthcare, or anyone interested in learning more about security and privacy in the healthcare industry.
Course Syllabus


text:
Yesterday | ABS-CBN News
Phil, James to settle rivalry in final Dream Match
MANILA, Philippines After splitting the first two editions of the Clear Dream Match, football stars and brothers Phil and James Younghusband will settle the score in the third installment of the all-star game on June 7. Phil had drawn first blood in 2012 when his team routed James's, 5-1, but James struck back in 2013 when his squad backed up by ... (more)
Trending on the Topix Network
6 Questions You'd Love to Ask Former Manchester United Boss Sir Alex Ferguson
Following almost three decades as Manchester United manager, there are plenty of questions the fans would like to ask Sir Alex Ferguson .
6 Things Wayne Rooney Does Better Than Robin Van Persie
Robin Van Persie claimed the plaudits last season, as his performances outshone Wayne Rooney .
David Moyes Deserves Criticism, but Not from Manchester United Flop Kiko Macheda
If you were at the Theatre of Dreams on April 5, 2009, you will have witnessed what we believed at the time as the birth of a future legend.
Ice Bites: Grading Phoenix Coyotes trade for Martin Erat
School: Arizona State University When you started with Bonneville Phoenix: March 2011 Favorite sports memory: Being in the locker room after Shane Doan's first hat trick, first Manchester United game in the U.S. Favorite all-time athlete: Paul Scholes, Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs Favorite sports movies: Mighty Ducks, Remember the Titans, Sandlot The ... (more)
David Moyes' misery continues into pre-season Manchester United boss...
David Moyes faces a logistical nightmare this summer as he plans an unprecedented overhaul of Manchester United's under-achieving squad.
Ange Postecoglou has to take chances with youngsters
You might, as British television pundit and former Liverpool captain Alan Hansen famously observed, never win anything with kids.
Why Manchester United Will Not Be Contenders with Tom Cleverley in the Side
Manchester United fans have debated about one part of the pitch more than any other over the best part of a decade.
I went to watch my son and a rapid winger aged 14 was quiet all game, ...
Martin 'Mad Dog' Allen returns with the latest instalment of his new weekly column for MailOnline Sport.
Pictured: Manchester United's Class of '92 take time out to watch local non-league clash
Some of the stars of Manchester United's legendary Class of '92 have been spotted at a local non-league game.
Ian Holloway on Manchester United: David Moyes is being let down by his underperforming squad
The United boss was always going to be in for a rough ride in this season of transition, but things will get better, says Ian Holloway But too many of the players that David Moyes inherited from Sir Alex Ferguson in the summer are letting their manager down at the moment.
'I'm fulfilling my dreams further at Manchester United'
Manchester United is a great football team and will go on to have much more success in the coming years.
Whether we are talking about the events of Wednesday night at Olympiakos or before the startled eyes of the faithful at Old Trafford, the evidence is there for all to see.
'Incredible' Zlatan Ibrahimovic is up there with the best I ...
The former England captain lined up alongside the likes of Zinedine Zidane and Ronaldo but he believes the PSG star is high on the list The England legend saw out his illustrious playing days at Paris Saint-Germain last season, where he lined up alongside the maverick Swede.
Was this Manchester United's worst ever Champions League defeat?
Manchester United's dismal defeat to Olympiakos was a new nadir for David Moyes, but was it an all-time low for United? The British tabloids enjoyed a field day following Manchester United's dismal Champions League defeat to Olympiakos.
Liverpool And Arsenal Waiting For The Punchline
Neither are good enough to win the league says the Diary, as it ponders what has been so great about this season.
Remembering Raul's Most Important Goals
Two of Raul Gonzalez's former clubs meet in the Champions League last 16 on Wednesday night: Real Madrid and Schalke.
Gundogan a perfect fit for Moyes' Manchester United overhaul
The Red Devils are thinking along the right lines with the Borussia Dortmund man as they look to finally solve their midfield problem COMMENT By Greg Stobart GUNDOGAN A RISK WORTH TAKING TO FINALLY FIX UNITED'S MIDFIELD It may feel like an oil tanker turning in a puddle, but Manchester United are thinking along the right lines as they try to ... (more)
Manchester United's Record Against Greek Teams and Their Chances vs Olympiacos
Whether it's a deflected goal or an ill-timed injury, fortune has not favoured United, according to their manager.
Ranking the 10 Players Who Have the Strongest Mental Game
To assess a player's 'mental game', I have considered several qualities such as consistency, concentration, decision-making, influence and determination.


text:
Donate Stock to Sea Turtles and the Oceans
Have you considered donating appreciated stocks and mutual funds to help the oceans? Making a donation of this kind can be a highly effective gift, especially if you hold investments in stocks and mutual funds that have increased in value, and if sold, would trigger a considerable capital gains tax. Please consider donating these stocks to the Sea Turtle Restoration Project to benefit the oceans. By transferring appreciated stocks and mutual funds you have owned for more than one year you can avoid Capital Gains tax altogether. In fact, the full value of the stock becomes an immediate income tax deduction for you. For example, if you purchased stock for $500 that has appreciated to $5000, and you donate it to the Sea Turtle Restoration Project, you have made a $5000 gift to the sea turtles that cost you only $500. Additionally, you can deduct the full $5,000 on your income tax return for the year in which the donation is made. Benefits of giving shares that have increased in value: Use the value of your investment to help sea turtles and the oceans Avoid capital gains taxes Deduct the full value of the investments you donate from your income taxes Make a larger gift for less expense How to Make an Electronic Stock Transfer We request that you send stocks via DTC transfer (electronic transfer from your brokerage to our brokerage) to minimize paper transactions and processing delays. When making the transfer, you or your transferring broker must provide: Your Name and Complete Address Name and Number of Shares Transferred Your Broker's Name and Telephone Number Approximate Dollar Value of the Donation The following information is provided to enable your broker to transfer stock directly to Turtle Island Restoration Network, the nonprofit that the Sea Turtle Restoration Project is part of: Financial Institution: Charles Schwab DTC: 0164 Account #: 9154-5095 Account holder: Turtle Island Restoration Network Federal ID#: 91-1818080 Please ask your broker to fax a copy of the transfer request to our fax number: 415-663-8594 so that we will can verify receipt of your donation.


text:
New Songs and Hymns for Renewal
Contact: Jeremy Winston
email@example.com | 937.529.2278
A Competition for Writers and Composers
If you are a composer, a writer, or want to try your hand at writing a song or hymn, we hope you will enter United's second annual song and hymn-writing competition, "New Songs and Hymns for Renewal!"
Several years ago, United adopted as a prayer, a program and a tagline: Spirit Led, Renewing the Church! We want to celebrate in song, with you, the renewal only God can give!
Submissions are required by April 25, 2014, and cash prizes will be awarded after adjudication. For complete information, you may download the documents below.
Official Rules
Online Application Form
Mail-In Application Form
United at a Glance
Contact United
United Theological Seminary
4501 Denlinger Road
Dayton, Ohio 45426
p: 937.529.2201
f: 866.714.4028
Admissions: firstname.lastname@example.com 1.800.322.5817
Email the webmaster: email@example.com


text:
Washington, DC's Capital Bikeshare: Tax $$$ for Rich, Educated, White Riders
Capital Bikeshare, which rents bikes at more than 165 outdoor stations in the Washington D.C. area, serves highly educated and affluent whites.
There's nothing wrong with that, of course, except that the program has received $16 million in government subsidies, including over $1 million specifically earmarked to "address the unique transportation challenges faced by welfare recipients and low-income persons seeking to obtain and maintain employment."
The program is part of a recent explosion in taxpayer-subsidized bike rental services, which have also hit the streets of Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston , Denver, Boulder, Houston, Minneapolis, Broward, Madison, Omaha, San Antonio, and Des Moines.
Capital Bikeshare's latest user survey finds that 95 percent of its regular patrons have college degrees, 53 percent have a Masters or Ph.D., and 80 percent are white. Fully 0 percent have only a high school diploma and just 7 percent make less than $25,000 a year. More than 90 percent were employed and 14 percent reported they were college students, suggesting that very few welfare recipients are using the service.
Capital Bikeshare is run by Portland-based Alta Planning + Design in partnership with four jurisdictions: Alexandria, VA; Arlington, VA; Montgomery County, MD; and the District of Columbia. So far, the program has received $15.9 million[*] in state, local, and federal subsidies.
Why are affluent, educated, and employed whites riding taxpayer-subsidized bikes?
ReasonTV Correspondent Kennedy investigates.
[*]: Government funding for Capital Bikeshare is collected separately by each jurisdiction, and breaks down as follows: District of Columbia ($10.3 million), Montgomery County ($3.1 million), Arlington ($1.9 million), and Alexandria ($600 thousand).
Produced by Jim Epstein, with production help from Joshua Swain and D.C. Pedicab.
About 2 minutes.
Go to Reason.tv for downloadable versions and subscribe to ReasonTV's YouTube Channel to receive automatic updates when new material goes live.
Editor's Note: We invite comments and request that they be civil and on-topic. We do not moderate or assume any responsibility for comments, which are owned by the readers who post them. Comments do not represent the views of Reason.com or Reason Foundation. We reserve the right to delete any comment for any reason at any time. Report abuses.
Why are affluent, educated, and employed whites riding taxpayer-subsidized bikes?
come on, kids; try a little harder. This program would be just as repulsive if its users were poor, illiterate, jobless minorities. Welfare for hipsters is no less noxious than welfare for anyone else.
It is because it is more hypocritical. Welfare is always sold as help for the poor. When it goes to hipsters living on mommy and daddy's dime it is doubly offensive.
And there is no group on earth more smug and self righteous than cyclists.
one could make the case that the riders are the same people whose money was taken to fund the subsidy in the first place. I'm just saying the article misses the point by focusing on who uses this system instead of pointing out the sheer bullshit of its very existence.
Of course the program itself is nonsense.
But I think you also have to point out the BS behind "urban initiatives" of this kind, which wrap themselves in the mantle of serving the urban poor, when they really are only props in the lifestyle of affluent urban poseurs.
my points remains that this article focuses exclusively on "the BS behind" the initiative, and ignores the core idiocy.
Have the brainchildren who spawned this pig-at-the-trough ever seen a welfare recipient on a bike? Or anyone else who faces unique transportation challenges for that matter? And, aren't those 'challenged' people a key reason why local bus systems were implemented?
And there is no group on earth more smug and self righteous than cyclists.
I dunno.
So-con veteran lawyers are a pretty smug and self righteous bunch from what I've seen. -
Not being a SO Con, I wouldn't know.
That's funny.
Will you be here all week?
I am anything but a SOCON. I find it hysterical that people on here assume I am. I don't belong to a church. I don't support blue laws of any kind. I am for the complete legalization of drugs and prostitution. I have never and will never trust teetotalers.
You have to be weapons grade stupid to think that I am a SOCON. Or in reality just be a moron who assumes anyone who is not an atheist must be some kind of fundie.
Very smug and self righteous of you, sir.
Don't make accusations unless you can back them up.
"I am for the complete legalization of drugs and prostitution."
What a surprise... a John who supports legalizing prostitution.
John's a neocon with a war boner, but he's pretty good on social stuff.
And there is no group on earth more smug and self righteous than cyclists.
I'll go with Park Slope mothers for $200, Alex. But yeah, cyclists win just through sheer numbers.
I have nothing against cycling. I own a bike. But there is a certain breed of asshole, usually men, who gets all geared up and thinks that because he is on a bike, he is somehow immune from traffic laws or an common sense.
I commute in by bike occasionally. the only time I lord it over anyone is when someone is explaining the righteousness of their Prius.
Okay. Prius owners are lower than cyclist.
Funny story.
An ex coworker of mine was filling up his Suburban when a lady filling her Prius contemptuously asked "How can you drive that... that... thing?" to which he calmly responded "If you were in an accident, which of these two vehicles would you rather be in?"
She didn't say anything else.
No blood for oil!
Seriously, the flawed moral calculations these middle-class twits do, in the face of obvious risks, is mind-blowing.
There was a group that used to ride to a university I worked at. They rode as a group, taking up a lane doing 15 mph on a road with a 45 mph speed limit.
There is a road in Washington where there must be a multi million dollar bike path running the entire length. But do you think those assholes will use it? No, they ride three abreast and hold up traffic.
I run into that problem down toward Mason Neck State Park. A taxpayer-funded bike path runs parallel to the road leading to the park. I've never seen a bicycle--or any living thing other than a possum--on it. Instead the cyclists crowd the road in their ridiculous little "look at me I'm a PRO rider!" outfits.
I think this is who you've got in mind:
http://youtu.be/V3nMnr8ZirI -
And there is no group on earth more smug and self righteous than cyclists.
Not even urban hipster beekeepers?
Is that even legal? I recall a local story not too long ago about neighbors complaining about bee traffic being like all scary and stuff (no one got stung that I can recall) and trying to get an ordinance passed banning the hobby.
I'll see your hipster beekeeper and raise you this...
I dunno... that GIF is pretty sweet...
That GIF is hilarious.
And there is no group on earth more smug and self righteous than cyclists.
Except Vegans
Yeah, but Vegans don't tie up a lane at 5:20 M-F.
What we really need are government subsidies for creative and innovative 21st century post-post-digital endeavors like the manufacture of artisanal mayonnaise.
And doing creative puppetry and urban bee keeping.
I think the puppetry is already covered. Isn't that the only reason puppetry still exists?
Urban bee keeping located right next to the urban bike rental places would be funny.
On the bright side, at least the people paying for it are using it.
Don't be silly. These are all government employees or government contractors. They are ultimately paid for by real taxpayers.
don't forget us lobbyists. of course, as a lobbyist, i bought my own bike and billed it to client.
Another tidbit about Capital Bikeshare I got from talking one day with one of their service techs, who make sure that the bikes and stands are in working order: the bulk of their bikes in the morning are downhill from where they were rented.
The Bikeshare techs have to drive around in vans after the morning rush and re-distribute the bikes from the downhill stations to the uphill stations. I wonder how much gas that doesn't save?
So, not only are the riders more affluent, they're lazy too.
LOL. But the hipsters feel good about themselves. And that is what is important isn't it?
I will give the Bikeshare company credit, in that they do seem to have a robust system in place and bikes have been designed smartly for rentals. They're sturdy, basic, universal and seem to have been designed for easy maintenance. You can easily rent the bike on the spot through a credit card and account you set up with them (I think you can rent without an account, at a higher rate).
I actually think the bike share thing is a terrific business idea, but they can do it on their own fucking dime, thank you.
If they can't support their business without subsidies, then maybe it isn't as terrific as you think.
I agree, but the slimy old pols are tripping over themselves to throw money at feel-good projects, which the bike share companies only too happy to pick up.
I've seen this operation in DC up close and it is very well-thought out. It should easily be able to cope off the public teet at the right price point. But, we know through repeated research that the modern urban progressive is incapable of functioning without other people's money.
Denver has a program like this that's run by a non-profit, but isn't subsidized (except by Tony's definition of subsidized), but then Denver is a pleasant place to ride about 300 days a year.
Actually, that one I don't blame on the riders. I blame it on the people who conceived the program.
Anyone who looks at a topographical map of the District should be able to figure out in two seconds that if you put out human-powered transport for people to use, more people will use it to ride TOWARDS the river than AWAY.
Because riding a bike is a less plausible transportation choice (for example) when you're heading west on Wilson Boulevard than when you're heading east. It's a less plausible choice trying to get OUT of Georgetown on Wisconsin Avenue than trying to get IN.
If you plan a big hoo-ha bike service and don't take that into account, you are a negligent moron.
Seriously, I don't think Lance Armstrong would ride a bike up that fucking hill on Wilson Blvd in Roslyn. It would be like riding a bike up Everest.
Riding DOWN that hill would probably a blast, like going to Six Flags.
How can anyone be surprised if at the end of the day there's a big pile of bikes at the bottom of the hill and none at the top?
Wisconsin Avenue up from M Street to the Cathedral is epic. I jogged it once, it was a theater of pain.
And don't forget the malarial summers and reasonably cold winters in Washington as well. There really is only about four months a year at most that riding a bike is even remotely practical.
Actually, that one I don't blame on the riders. I blame it on the people who conceived the program.
I agree and don't blame them, but you never hear of this come up when the platitudes of the programs are being spewed by supporters. Somehow, the net costs of fuel overhead are mysteriously missing.
From near as I can tell, cyclists and their boosting programs are only one step removed from God in their goodness.
Fix it with pricing. Your cost is based on time of rental AND altitude gain/loss.
Just like the old railroad tariffs of the 1800's.
A friend told me that the night Osama's death was announced, something like 75% of all their bikes ended up at the Bikeshare stations around the White House. Of course, he was one of those who rode down and then grabbed a cab back home.
Capital Bikeshare's latest user survey finds that 95 percent of its regular patrons have college degrees, 53 percent have a Masters or Ph.D., and 80 percent are white.
That means they're permanent students and therefore on a limited income.
Or it means they are the overeducated government worker stereotype with 3 different kinds of sociology degree.
Capital Bikeshare is run by Portland-based Alta Planning + Design in partnership with four jurisdictions: Alexandria, VA; Arlington, VA; Montgomery County, MD; and the District of Columbia. So far, the program has received $15.9 million[*] in state, local, and federal subsidies.
Meet the new rent-seeking parasite, same as the old rent-seeking parasite.
Why are affluent, educated, and employed whites riding taxpayer-subsidized bikes?
Because the others are only interested in stealing them?
This is an excellent idea: A bike gets you to the Occupy rally faster.
except the article cites affluent riders, implying that they have jobs and are earning paychecks rather than leeching off mother and daddy, and whomever else they can touch. It might be interesting, though, to see how many Occutards would be interested if the destination was an actual job rather than a public park-cum-campsite.
Dude! Actual jobs don't have, like, drum circles and stuff! Or free food! What, are we, like, supposed to pay for stuff?
"a public park-cum-campsite"
now that's just gross.
I suppose my tax dollars also go to brain-dead taxpayer-subsidized bike riders.
Need organ donors. The govt has determined that it is unethical to pay them, so they just give 20 somethings rental bikes and no helmets in an area with dicey traffic.
Alrighty then.
I remember when they tried some "community bicycle" project in The People's Republic of Boulder and all the bikes ended up in the creek.
Liberals are like school at five in the morning. No class. -
I wouldn't worry. These bikes are all going to end up in the hands of "welfare recipients and low-income persons" anyway. Permanently.
They're unique looking (read: ugly) so not many get stolen.
No self respecting ghetto dweller would be caught dead on one of those bikes. Maybe if they could melt them down for scrap.
Good to know, that millions of dollars are being spent on bikes that aren't even worth stealing.
51 of the 52 bikes in our Yellow Bike program went missing within a month. (Even the newspaper had to admit that, which must have led to some gnashing of teeth and rending of clothes.)
The solution? Buy 200 more.
The Yellow Bike program is the free-to-use bikes that ran on the honor system. All of the yellow Bikes in Minneapolis disappeared after a couple of weeks too.
This is the Rent-a-Bike program, where you need a credit/debit card to use them.
The program is very popular in Minneapolis - which surprised everyone.
Tourists seem to use the bikes too.
Take away the subsidies so the price reflects the actual cost, and then see how popular they are.
You are correct sir.
Even in January?
January 2012- Yes
January 2011- No fuckin' way.
In Boston the bikes aren't rentable Nov-Feb.
It been successful here, assuming successful means "providing bikes to people who could easily afford them."
But it did shut the hipsters and Professor Tweedbeard crowd up for a little while, so the money might be worth it.
"Things that White People Like"
Since rich educated white people are DC's tax base, I don't think it's unfair that they actually get to use a service they're forced to pay for.
Wouldn't they rather have, um, *representation*, rather than some stupid bikes?
Don't tax them, let them buy their own bikes with their own money.
What I want to know is when are the walking-lots-of-places subsidies coming online? Because I could use some help with the cost of my shoes, my sunscreen, my shades, my water bottle and my phone. And that's nothing compared to how much it costs my daughters to walk everywhere; iPods don't pay for themselves, you know, and neither do iTunes accounts. There's also the knife and pepper spray the younger one carries to walk the mile or so to her third shift job, and the time and money she spent getting a city permit to carry the pepper spray.
I think we can all agree that if only everyone would pay their fair share, we as a nation could easily help offset the costs associated with walking. After all, doesn't my walking have public health and environmental benefits for you? Why is the community of walkers so shamefully under-served? Isn't it about time we put some of our Top Men on it?
I think we need to start with a federally-funded self-esteem program and go from there.
Bikes for Dorks!
At least DC is moving the other direction in subsidising Zipcar.
The only glaring problem with the article is that (shocker!) the author is a complete moron:
This makes most sense in systems where greater scale conveys direct benefits to users. Think of it in terms of Capital Bikeshare: The city awarded one contract, and sets prices, and is helping the contractor build out more infrastructure as quickly as possible. If the city allowed multiple competitors into the bikesharing market, consumers would likely lose out.
Competition, how does it work?
In networks there are often times trends towards natural monopoly because the benefit of use grows as it becomes larger. Is is theoretically possible then that multiple smaller networks would be worse than one giant one.
If you had ten different water companies for example, yes you'd have competition, but likely the cost per unit of water would be higher because no company could reach its optimal efficiency size.
The city should give a milk contract to one dairy farm so that dairy farm can reach optimal efficiency. All these different types of milk are hurting the consumer.
I love telling these people how much gas I used to drive in to work. Then I say a little prayer of thanks to Exxon.
I'm not sure it's fair to lump in every B-Cycle program with a program from an unrelated company in DC. The degree of subsidy for B-Cycle programs varies from city to city, and at least in some places it partially solves a legitimate problem.
It looks like they sold it as a 'helping poor people' program in DC, but the Denver/Boulder program was always a way to alleviate the last-mile problems in using public transportation. You take a regional bus into Denver or Boulder for most of your commute and hop on a bike to get from the station to a kiosk near your office. So yeah, it's mostly affluent white people using it (in Boulder we pretty much don't have any other kind of people), but no one ever expected otherwise and it gets a few more cars off of US36.
And as far as I know it's pretty much all paid for by the rental fees and advertising space on the kiosks and the big ugly baskets.
* Disclaimer - a long time ago I wrote a very small part of the code that runs the rental kiosks.
If the system is sustainable by fees and advertisement, then there's no problem then.
General Rule: If VC money won't go near it, then it is unsustainable without subsidies.
Riding a bicycle "the last mile" through the Colorado snows has got to be a real joy.
The Colorado snows only make it to Denver about 3 weeks a year.
Shouldn't liberal big-government tree-hugging planet-saving community-first bike riders be required to wear helmets? Shouldn't the bikes be equipped with rear-view mirrors and safety flags and air bags?
Don't they know we'll all pay their medical bills if they get hurt renting those things?
CE, this is only correct if the fascist wing of the Supreme Court finds Obamacare to be unconstitutional. Otherwise, medical care is free.
I can't get Youtube at work, but I will take a stab at what the investigative report found was government's response to why they can make these subsdies. "We have the money to give to whoever we want because we can either tax you or borrow to our heart's content, and there's not a damn thing you can do about it." Am I close?
Did anybody notice the "guns" on Kennedy around 1:35 mark? Somebody has apparently been working out, probably without gov't subsidies too. She put wimpy boy she's talking to to shame.
One look at the station map shows how concerned they are about serving the poor. Notice that big blank space east of where it says Brookland? That's poor people country. I see a handful in Anacostia (south and east of downtown DC), but the vast majority are in wealthy and or up-and-coming (read: hipster) neighborhoods.
Oops (station map linky)
Solid observation. NY/RIA/FLA Ave country scares the hipsters.
White leftists suck, but Kennedy is hot!
Look a lot like that disastrous bike program "Bixi" in Montreal.
http://montreal.ctv.ca/servlet.....ntrealHome -
Altruistic-sounding earmarks are merely a useful device for filling the tax-money piñata. Nevermind that the spoils are ultimately dispensed to any and every bat-wielding politico or system-gaming community activist who wants to take a swing at it.
But --on a less bitter note-- Kennedy has a BITCHIN' bod (for hers, or ANY age)-- you GO girl, etc.
Better headline: "Bike subsidies to rich people reduce even higher road subsidies to rich people."
Bike subsidies have to be on the very left end of the distribution of negative externalities or unintended consequences.
The % of a**hole bike riders is approximately the same as % of a**hole drivers and walkers. Mode of transportation doesn't matter much, if at all.
PJ O'Rourke's observation; the only mode of transportation worse than walking is bicyling. It's like a donkey cart, except you are the donkey.
Cars are the worst. It's like a donkey, where the car is the donkey and we are the lazy donkey's ass
53 percent have a Masters or Ph.D., and 80 percent are white. Fully 0 percent have only a high school diploma and just 7 percent make less than $25,000 a year. http://www.petwinkel.com/pet-new-era-c-55.html More than 90 percent were employed and 14 percent reported they were college students, suggesting that very few welfare recipients are using the service.
Government funding for Capital Bikeshare is collected separately by http://www.lunettesporto.com/l.....-3_11.html each jurisdiction, and breaks down as follows: District of Columbia ($10.3 million), Montgomery County ($3.1 million), Arlington ($1.9 million), and Alexandria ($600 thousand)
Does in this tax minorities are counted because if they are rich and educated then why not tax them too.
Another example of how subsidies are screwing up America


text:
By EatingWell Editors, "Get the Salt Out," January/February 2011
Healthy Low-Sodium Recipes
Low-Sodium Dinner Recipes
Healthy Low Sodium Recipes and Menus
More Information on Cutting Back on Salt
New York curbs salt in food: 5 easy ways you can cut back
6 Easy Ways to Cut Sodium
Cutting Back on Salt
Americans have a supersized salt habit. (On average we eat 3,400 milligrams of sodium in a day, which is about 11⁄2 teaspoons of salt.) If we—as a population—slashed sodium by about 1,000 mg (1⁄2 teaspoon) out of our daily diets, we'd lower our risk of heart disease by up to 9 percent, according to a recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Save salt with these 3 easy ways to trim 1,000 mg of sodium:
1. Trade a meaty personal-size pizza for a veggie version.
2. Eat 1 less tablespoon soy sauce with your sushi.
3. Make your snack-pack carrots instead of pretzels.


text:
Breast cancer risk factors
This page contains information on breast cancer risk. A substantial proportion of the breast cancer cases experienced in developed countries can be explained by factors which influence exposure to oestrogen, including reproductive and hormonal factors, obesity, alcohol and physical activity. A study published in December 2011 estimated that, in the UK, around 27% of female breast cancers are linked to largely modifiable lifestyle and environmental factors. Some reproductive factors, such as age at first child and number of children, were not included in this analysis.1
The strongest risk factor for breast cancer (after gender) is age: the older the woman, the higher her risk. Risk by age is shown in Table 4.1. These estimates are based on incidence and mortality data for 20083.
Table 4.1: Estimated risk of developing breast cancer by age, females, UK, 2008
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
Women in developed countries are at increased risk of breast cancer compared with women from less developed countries. A large part of this variation can be explained by the fact that women in developed countries have fewer children on average and a limited duration of breastfeeding.
Calculations based on breast cancer incidence rates during the 1990s suggest that the cumulative incidence of breast cancer in developed countries would be reduced by more than half, from 6.3 to 2.7 per 100, if woman had the average number of births(6.5 instead of 2.5 births) and lifetime duration of breastfeeding (breastfeed each child, on average, for 24 months instead of 8 months) typical in developing countries around that time4 (Figure 4.1).
Reproductive factors that influence breast cancer risk
Age at menarche
Early age at menarche has been consistently associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The estimated decrease in risk per five year delay in menarche is 22%.5 Average age of menarche in developed countries fell from around 16-17 years in the mid 19th century to 12-13 today.6 Good nutrition in early life reduces the age of menarche.7 -
Age at first birth
The younger the woman is when she begins childbearing, the lower her risk of breast cancer. The relative risk of developing breast cancer is estimated to increase by 3% for each year of delay.4 There is evidence that the reduction in risk of breast cancer with childbirth, and higher risk with later age at first full-time birth, may be limited to oestrogen-receptor-positive tumours.8 -
Childbearing reduces the risk of breast cancer and the higher the number of full-term pregnancies, the greater the protection. Risk of breast cancer reduces by 7% with each full-term pregnancy, and overall women who have had children have a 30% lower risk than nulliparous women.4,8,9 A 15% risk reduction has ben shown for women with a twin birth, compared to women giving birth to a singleton.11 -
Women who breastfeed reduce their risk compared with women who do not breastfeed. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protection: risk is reduced by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding.4 - A study published in December 2011 estimated that, in 2010, around 3% of breast cancers in women in the UK were linked to women breastfeeding every child for fewer than six months.99
Age at menopause
Late menopause increases the risk of breast cancer. Women who have undergone the menopause have a lower risk of breast cancer than pre-menopausal women of the same age and childbearing pattern.12 Risk increases by almost 3% for each year older at menopause (natural or induced by surgery), so that a women who has the menopause at 55 rather than 45, has approximately 30% higher risk.12
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
Higher levels of endogenous hormones have long been hypothesized to increase breast cancer risk. Studies show that post-menopausal women with the highest levels of oestrogen and testosterone have 2-3 times the risk of women with the lowest levels.17 In premenopausal women, the risk of breast cancer is 56% higher in those with the highest levels of serum testosterone compared with the lowest, whilst other sex hormones show no clear association, the EPIC cohort study showed.116 Higher levels of the hormone, prolactin, have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly oestrogen-receptor-positive tumours.20 Having higher levels of insulin has been associated with an increased risk of post-menopausal breast cancer in women not taking hormone replacement therapy.21 A link between high insulin levels and breast cancer might explain the 20% increased risk of breast cancer for women with diabetes shown in a meta-analysis.87 Insulin-like growth factor 1 is positively associated with breast cancer risk.82.
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
Oral Contraceptives (OCs)
The use of oral contraceptives (OCs) increases the risk of breast cancer in current and recent users, but there is no significant excess risk ten or more years after stopping use (Table 4.2).22
Cancers diagnosed in women who have used OCs tend to be less clinically advanced than those detected in never-users.22 OC users are generally younger women whose breast cancer risk is comparatively low, so the small excess risk in current users will result in a relatively small number of additional cases.
The formulation of OCs has changed considerably since use became widespread in the 1960s but current evidence suggests that this does not affect risk.22 The risk associated with oral contraceptive use in women is similar regardless of a woman's family history, BRCA carrier status, ethnic origin, years of education, age at menarche, height, menopausal status, weight, and alcohol consumption.22,117 A study published in December 2011 estimated that around 1% of breast cancers in women in the UK in 2010 were linked to OCs.100
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Women currently taking HRT have a 66% increased risk of breast cancer compared to non-users (Table 4.3)23 The risk increase is temporary, with risk returning to that of a never-user within five years. A woman's BMI modifies the effect of HRT, with a stronger effect in women with a lower BMI.12,23 The risk is larger for use of oestrogen-progestagen therapy compared to oestrogen-only.23-27
A study published in December 2011 estimated that just over 3% of breast cancers in women in the UK (around 1,530 cases) in 2010 were linked to HRT use.100 According to an earlier study, three-quarters of these additional breast cancers are linked to the use of oestrogen-progestagen HRT.23
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
Breast density is strongly and independently related to the risk of breast cancer.29,30 Breast tissue is composed of fat, connective tissue and epithelial tissue. Breasts with a high proportion of fatty tissue are described as less dense. Women with the most dense breasts have around four times the risk of breast cancer than women with the least dense breasts, meta- and pooled analyses show.31,120,121 They also have an increased risk of in situ breast carcinoma.121 The effect of breast density is suggested to be independent of endogenous hormones.30,122 Density is affected by menopausal status, weight and number of children, but there is evidence from twin studies that the most important determinant is inherited.32,123
section reviewed 05/12/13
section updated 05/12/13
Benign breast disease is a generic term describing all non-malignant breast conditions, some of which carry an increased risk for breast cancer while others do not. Women with proliferative breast disease without atypia have a two-fold increased risk, whilst those with atypical hyperplasia have a more that four-fold increased risk.33
Women with a strong family history and nonproliferative breast lesions have a 60% increase in risk of breast cancer, but there is no risk increase for women without a family history.33 (In this study the criteria for a strong family history includes women with at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer before the age of 50 years or two or more relatives with breast cancer, with at least one being a first-degree relative). Women are more likely to develop breast cancer in the same breast as the benign breast lesion than in the opposite breast.33,34
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are non-invasive conditions of the breast, which can in some cases develop into invasive cancer. Although women with in situdisease are more likely to develop invasive disease, it is difficult to know which are going to, although it is more likely to occur with high grade than low grade DCIS lesions.35 Overall, women with a previous in situ tumour have double the risk of invasive breast cancer compared to the general population, higher in the same breast as the carcinoma in situ than in the other breast.86
A previous diagnosis of breast cancer raises the risk of developing a second primary breast cancer. Risk ratios vary from a 40% risk increase36,37 to almost five-fold risk increase.38,79 A recent analysis suggests that a substantial proportion of contralateral breast cancers (CBC) diagnosed within two years of the first breast cancer may be in actual fact tumour spread from the primary breast cancer, and two years may be an appropriate cut-off for separating independent breast cancers from those that have spread from a previous breast cancer.79 Nonetheless, risk of CBC remains higher two or more years after a primary breast cancer, particularly where the first breast cancer was diagnosed before the age of 40.79 Risk of CBC is higher for women whose first tumour was hormone-receptor negative compared to those with a previous hormone-receptor-positive tumour, according to a recent study.80 A recent randomised trial has shown that taking tamoxifen for five years, rather than two, can reduce risk of CBC by 30%.93
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
A woman with one affected first-degree relative (mother or sister) has approximately double the risk of breast cancer of a woman with no family history of the disease; if two (or more) relatives are affected, her risk increases further.39,40 Risk is higher if the relative is diagnosed aged under 50.
However, over 85% of women who have a close relative with breast cancer will never develop the disease, and more than 85% of women with breast cancer have no family history of it.39 In developed countries it is estimated that hereditary factors contribute around a quarter of inter-individual differences in susceptibility to breast cancer, while environmental and lifestyle factors contribute the remaining three-quarters.2
A small proportion of women have a particularly strong family history of breast cancer and are at very high risk. Mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for the majority of families with four or more affected members.41 Women carrying such a mutation have a 45-65% chance of developing the disease by the age of 70,43 perhaps due to increased exposure to sex hormones.118 BRCA mutations also confer increased risk for early-onset breast cancer, though this may be limited to women born in or after the latter half of the 20th century (so suggesting possible interactions with lifestyle factors), a cohort study showed.115 The estimated prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers in the general population is 0.11% and 0.12% respectively, meaning that around 1 in 450 women carries a fault in one of these genes.42 These mutations probably account for around 2% of all breast cancers,107 and up to 20% of the familial or inherited genetic component of disease risk.108
Mutations in the BRCA genes are known as high-penetrance, and confer a greater than 10-fold increase in breast cancer risk. TP53 (Li Fraumeni syndrome) also falls into this category, but is thought to account for a very low proportion of familial breast cancer due to its rarity.109 Intermediate-penetrance gene variants that confer a 2-3-fold increase in risk have been found in genes such as CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1 and PALB2. Some low-penetrance gene variants have also been identified.109
Genetic testing for faulty BRCA genes is available on the NHS for women with a very strong family history.
Table 4.4 lists some of the cancer syndromes associated with breast and other cancers.
Since the lifetime risk of breast cancer for women in the UK in 2008 is 1 in 8, there will be many women who have a mother or sister with the disease. But only if there are several family members with early onset breast cancer is there a likelihood of a significant inherited predisposition to the disease.44
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
Overweight and obesity, as measured by high body mass index (BMI), moderately increases the risk of post-menopausal breast cancer and is one of the few modifiable risk factors for breast cancer.(BMI is calculated by dividing weight in Kg by height in metres squared. A BMI under 18.5 is classified as underweight, 18.5-24.9 as healthy weight, 25-29.9 as overweight and 30 or over as obese) Compared to lean (BMI 22.5-24.9) women, overweight post-menopausal women have a 10-20% increased risk of breast cancer, and obese post-menopausal women a 30% increase in risk. Women with a BMI under 22.5 have a 15% reduction in risk compared to women with a BMI of 22.5-24.9 (Table 4.5). In contrast, obese pre-menopausal women have a 20% reduction in breast cancer risk.45 A study published in December 2011 estimated that around 9% of breast cancers in women in the UK in 2010 were linked to excess bodyweight.101
The link between BMI and breast cancer risk is likely to be due to hormones. In post-menopausal women, the main endogenous source of oestrogen is the conversion of hormones in fatty tissue. This is likely to explain the higher risk in overweight post-menopausal women.46 The reduction in risk in obese pre-menopausal women may be due to the increased likelihood of anovulatory menstrual cycles in this group.47
Physical activity
About 50 studies have looked at the association between physical activity and breast cancer, showing a 15-20% risk reduction for the most active women, with the strongest association shown for post-menopausal women.83 The vigorousness of activity may be important; a Canadian case-control study showed light-intensity activity did not reduce breast cancer risk.114 The effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk may be due to how it affects hormone levels, with a recent European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) study showing lower levels of oestrogen and testosterone in post-menopausal women who reported higher levels of physical activity.51 A study published in December 2011 estimated that more than 3% of breast cancers in women in the UK in 2010 were linked to inadequate physical activity (less than 150 minutes moderate physical activity per week).102
Alcohol consumption
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown a significant association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer and a recent IARC report concluded that this association is causal.52 Estimates of the relative risk associated with every additional drink (~ 10g of alcohol) consumed on a daily basis range from about 7-12%.53-55 This is possibly due to the higher levels of some sex hormones in the bloodstream of alcohol consumers than non-consumers.56 A study published in December 2011 estimated that more than 6% of breast cancers in women in the UK in 2010 were linked to alcohol consumption.103
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
There has been a lot of research into the effects of dietary factors on breast cancer risk, but findings are generally inconsistent and inconclusive. The strongest evidence seems to be for fat intake: a meta-analysis of 45 studies57 reported that higher total fat intake increased breast cancer risk by 13% while a recent cohort study showed a small but significant risk increase for higher intakes of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat.58 The EPIC study showed that women who ate the most saturated fat had twice the risk of breast cancer, compared to those eating the least.90
Phyto-oestrogens, plant compounds that are structurally similar to oestrogen, have been extensively studied in relation to breast cancer risk. The main type of phyto-oestrogens consumed in the west are lignans, found in a range of foodstuffs. A meta-analysis showed a 15% reduction in breast cancer risk for post-menopausal women with the highest intakes.84 The other type of phyto-oestrogens are isoflavones, found in soybeans. Consumption of soy-based foods is highest in parts of Asia, and a recent meta-analysis found a reduced risk for women with the highest intakes in studies conducted in Asian populations, but not in western populations.85
A meta-analysis showed a slight reduction in breast cancer risk for a higher intake of dietary fibre, although risk reductions were not shown for the main subtypes of fibre, and were only seen when intake of fibre was at least 25g/day. On average, women in Britain consume around 16g/day of fibre.110 Higher intake of fruit is associated with a small decrease in breast cancer risk, a meta-analysis showed; both the fibre and the antioxidants contained in fruit may be responsible for this effect.112
No association has been shown between vitamin supplements and breast cancer, as shown in a comprehensive systematic review.119
section reviewed 05/12/13
section updated 05/12/13
Shift work
There is some evidence that women who do night shift work have an increased risk of breast cancer59 and other studies show that sleeping longer reduces risk of breast cancer.60,61 One theory is that disrupted or shorter duration of sleep leads to reduced levels of the hormone melatonin which has been shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties. Melatonin also suppresses the production of other hormones that have been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. A recent study showed a 38% reduction in risk of breast cancer in women with the highest levels of the major melatonin metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin.62 In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified night-time shift work as "probably carcinogenic to humans".92 It has been estimated that more than 4% of breast cancers in women in the UK are linked to shift work.104,106
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
In-utero exposure
Women with a higher birth weight, birth length or born to an older mother are at increased breast cancer risk, according to meta-analyses.63,131 Higher exposure to oestrogen in utero probably explains this association; larger birth size plus exposure to male sex hormones in utero - as occurs in women with a male twin - appears to have no association with breast cancer risk.132
section reviewed 17/12/13
section updated 17/12/13
Breast cancer risk is 7-11% higher per 5cm increment in height, a meta-analysis and a pooled analysis of Nordic data showed.64,98 The underlying mechanism for the association between height and breast cancer risk is unclear but it is likely that height is a marker for other exposures that influence breast cancer risk.
section reviewed 06/12/13
section updated 06/12/13
Medical radiation exposure
Ionising radiation is an established risk factor for breast cancer.65,66 The effect is strongly related to age at exposure, that is, the younger the woman is exposed, the greater the excess risk. Studies show 12- to 25-fold increases for secondary breast cancer for women treated with mantle radiation therapy to the chest for Hodgkin's lymphoma before the age of 30.67-70 Women who received diagnostic x-rays to the chest for tuberculosis or pneumonia between the ages of 10 to 29 have a three-fold increased risk of breast cancer.66 A much lower, 9%, risk increase has been shown for contralateral breast cancer in women treated with radiotherapy for a previous breast cancer (compared to women treated with surgery alone).77 It has been estimated that exposure to diagnostic x-rays (much lower in dose than radiotherapy) may be responsible for 29 female breast cancer cases before the age of 75 each year in the UK, an attributable risk of 0.1% .71 A study published in December 2011 estimated that around 1% of breast cancers in women in the UK in 2010 were linked to radiation exposure. About 46% of these attributable cases were linked to medical radiation and most of the remainder to natural (background) radiation.105 Breast screening mammograms (imaging of the breast using X-ray) are associated with a very small number of breast cancers: of 10,000 women who are screened every three years between ages 47 and 73, between three and six will develop cancer during their lifetime because of mammogram radiation.113
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
Medications and medical conditions
A risk reduction of up to 25% has been shown for women regularly using aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).72-75 Two studies have shown that post-menopausal NSAID users have lower levels of oestradiol than non-users.76,78 However, because of the potential adverse consequences of high intake of aspirin, such as gastrointestinal haemorrhage, it would not be recommended as a prophylactic measure.
The largest study to date of breast cancer risk in relation to anti-hypertensive medications suggests that taking them for five years or longer increases risk by around 20%.81
Women who took the synthetic oestrogen, diethylstilboestrol, during pregnancy between the 1940s and 1960s have been shown to have a 27% increase in risk of breast cancer.88
A 12% higher risk of breast cancer has been shown for people treated for Graves' Disease (hyperthyroidism).91
People with the autoimmune condition, coeliac disease, have been shown to have a reduced risk of breast cancer, although mechanisms are unclear.89
Diabetics have a 10-23% increased risk of breast cancer compared with non-diabetics, meta-analyses show.124,125,130 The association may be limited to post-menopausal women and those with Type II diabetes.125 Breast cancer risk may vary by treatment type among diabetics, with lower risk in users of pioglitazone or metformin.126-129
section reviewed 17/12/13
section updated 17/12/13
Smoking and secondhand smoke
In 2004, IARC concluded on the basis of the existing evidence that smoking and secondhand smoke do not cause breast cancer.94 Since that evaluation, however, the largest studies have shown an increased risk of breast cancer in women who began smoking before the age of 20 or before first birth,95,96 and IARC now states that there is limited evidence that tobacco smoking causes breast cancer.111 The risk increase for women who smoke compared to never-smokers in these studies was around 10-20%.95,96 However, evidence remains inconsistent as to whether smoking causes breast cancer after as well as before the menopause.96
The latest meta-analysis found no association between secondhand smoke and breast cancer in studies that collected information on exposure prior to the development of breast cancer.97 However, this study did not examine the effect of secondhand smoke exposure in relation to menopausal status or level of exposure, and more research is needed.
section reviewed 01/02/09
section updated 01/02/09
No Error
Visit our A-Z topic pages
- Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010. Summary and conclusions. Br J Cancer 2011; 105(S2):S77-S81.
- Key TJ, Verkasalo PK, Banks E. Epidemiology of breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2(3):133-40.
- Sasieni PD, Shelton J, Ormiston-Smith NJ, et al. What is the lifetime risk of developing cancer?: The effect of adjusting for multiple primaries. [submitted] 2011
- Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002; 360(9328):187-95.
- Garcia-Closas M, Brinton LA, Lissowska J, et al. Established breast cancer risk factors by clinically important tumour characteristics. Br J Cancer 2006; 360:187-95.
- Tanner JM. Trend towards earlier menarche in London, Oslo, Copenhagen, the Netherlands and Hungary. Nature 1973; 243(5402):95-6.
- Koprowski C, Ross RK, Mack WJ, et al. Diet, body size and menarche in a multiethnic cohort Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1907-11.
- Ma H, Bernstein L, Pike MC, et al. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk according to joint estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:R43.
- Ma H, Bernstein L, Pike MC, et al. Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer 1990; 46(4):597-603.
- Layde PM, Webster LA, Baughman Al, et al. The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study Group. J Clin Epidemiol 1989; 42:963-73.
- Ji J, Forsti A, Sundquist J, et al. Risks of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers after twin births Endocri Relat Cancer 2007; 14:703-11.
- Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1997; 350(9084):1047-59.
- Beral V, Bull D, Doll R, et al. Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83,000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries. Lancet 2004; 363:1007-16.
- Michels KB, Xue F, Colditz GA, et al. Induced and spontaneous abortion and incidence of breast cancer among young women: a prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:814-20.
- Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM, et al. Induced abortions and risk of all cancers combined and site-specific cancers in Shanghai, China. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:1275-80
- Reeves GK, Kan SW, Key T, et al. Breast cancer risk in relation to abortion: Results from the EPIC study. Int J cancer 2006; 119:1741-5.
- Key T, Appleby P, Reeves G. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:606-16.
- Kaaks R, Berrino F, Key T, et al. Serum sex steroids in premenopausal women and breast cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:755-65.
- Eliassen AH, Missmer SA, Tworoger SS, et al. Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer among the premenopausal women J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:1406-15.
- Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Sluss P, et al. A prospective study of plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 25:1482-8.
- Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H, et al. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:48-60.
- Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives:collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996; 347:1713-27
- Beral, V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. The Lancet 2003; 362(9382):419-27.
- Reeves GK, Beral V, Green J, et al. Hormonal therapy for menopause and breast cancer risk by histological type: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7:910-8.
- Schairer C, Lubin J, Troisi R, et al .Menopausal estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA 2000; 283:485-91.
- Magnussen C, Baron JA, Correia N, et al. Breast-cancer risk following long-term oestrogen- and oestrogen-progestin-replacement therapy. Int J Cancer 1999; 81:1339-44.
- Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Wan PC, et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:328-32.
- Flesch-Janys D, Slanger T, Mutschelknauss E, et al. Risk of different histological types of postmenopausal breast cancer by type and regimen of menopausal hormone replacement therapy Int J Cancer 2008; 12:933-41.
- Oza AM, Boyd NF. Mammographic parenchymal pattersn: a marker of breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15:196-208.
- Tamimi RM, Byrne C, Colditz GA, et al. Endogenous hormone levels, mammographic density, and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1178-87.
- McCormack VA, dos Santos Silva I. Breast density and parenchymal patterns as markers of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:1159-6.9
- Boyd NF, Dite GS, Stone J, et al. Heritability of mammographic density, a risk factor for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(12): 886-94.
- Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, et al. Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 229-37.
- Page DL, Schuyler PA, Dupont WD, et al. Atypical lobular hyperplasia as a unilateral predictor of breast cancer risk: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2003; 361:125-9.
- Kerlikowske K, Molinaro A, Cha I, et al.Characteristics associated with recurrence among women with ductal carcinoma insitu treatted by lumpectomy J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1692-702.
- Volk N, Pompe-Kim V.Second primary cancers in breast cancer patients in Slovenia. Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8:764-70.
- Levi F, Randimbison L, Te VC, et al. Cancer risk after radiotherapy for breast cancer Br J Cancer 2006; 95:390.
- Soerjomataram I, Louwman WJ, Lemmens VA, et al. Risks of second primary breast cancer and urogenital cancer following female breast cancer in the south of The Netherlands, 1972-2001. Eur J cancer 2005; 41:2331-7.
- Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358:1389-99.
- Pharoah PD, Day NE, Duffy S, et al. Family history and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 1997; 71:800-9.
- Ford D, Easton DF, Stratton M, et al. Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62(3):676-89.
- Peto J, Collins N, Barfott R, et al. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in patients with early-onset breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:943-9.
- Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72(5):1117-30.
- Metcalfe KA, Finch A, Poll A, et al. Breast cancer risks in women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer who have tested negative for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:421-5<./li>
- Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. Bmj 2007; 335(7630):1134.
- Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, et al. Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1218-26.
- Deapen D, Liu L, Perkins C, et al. Rapidly rising breast cancer incidence rates among Asian-American women International Journal of Cancer 2002; 99:747-50.
- Maruti SS, Willett WC, Feskanich D, et al. A prospective study of age-specific physical activity and premenopausal breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:728-37.
- Lahmann PH, Friedenreich C, Schuit AJ, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:36-42.
- Howard RA, Leitzmann MF, Linet MS, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk among pre an dpostmenopausal women in the US Radiologic Technologists cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2008.
- Chan MF, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, et al. Usual physical activity and endogenous sex hormones in postmenopausal women: the European prospective investigation into cancer-norfolk population study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:900-5.
- Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, et al. Carconogenity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8:292-3.
- Key J, Hodgson S, Omar RZ.Meta-analysis of studies of alcohol and breast cancer with consideration of the methodological issues. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:759-70.
- Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, et al.Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002; 87(11):1234-45.
- Allen NE, Beral V, Casabonne D, et al. Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(5):296-305.
- Rinaldi S, Peeters PH, Bezemer ID. Relationship of alcohol intake and sex steroid xoncentrations in blood in pre and post menopausal women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:1033-43.
- Boyd NF, Stone J, Vogt KN, et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Br J Cancer 2003; 89(9); 1672-85.
- Thiebaut AC, Kipnis V, Chang SC.Dietary fat and post menopausal breast cancer in the National Institutes of Health -AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:451-62.
- Megdal SP, Kroenke CH, Laden F, et al. Nightwork and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2023-32.
- Kakizaki M, Kuriyami S, Sone T, et al. Sleep duration and breast cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort study. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1502-5.
- Verkasalo PK, Liliberg K, Stevens RG, et al. Sleep duration and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9595-600.
- Schernhammer ES, Ankinson SE. Urinary melatonin levels and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the nurses' health study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:74-9.
- Xue F, Michels KB. Intrauterine factors and risk of breast cancer: a systemativic review and meta-analysis of current evidence. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8:1088-100.
- van den Brandt PA, Spiegelmann D, Yaun SS, et al. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:514-27.
- Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ. Breast Cancer. In: Adami H, Hunter D, Trichopoulos D, eds. Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology. New York. Oxford University Press; 2002:301-37.
- John EM, Phipps AI, Knight JA, et al. Medical radiation exposure and breast cancer risk: findings from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:386-94.
- Alm El-Din MA, Hughes KS, Finkelstein DM, et al. Breast cancer after treatments of Hodgkin's lymphoma: Risk factors that really matter. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phy 2008; 72(5):1291-7.
- Taylor AJ, Winter DL, Stiller CA, et al.Risk of breast cancer in survivors of childhood Hodgkin's disease in Britain: a population based study. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:384-91.
- Gold DG, Neglia JP, Dusenberry KE.Second neoplasms after megavoltage radiation for pediatric tumors Cancer 2003; 97:2588-96.
- Kenney LB, Yasui Y, Inskip PD.Breast cancer after childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141:590-7.
- Berrington de Gonzalez A, Darby S.Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries Lancet 2004; 363:345-51.
- Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Etminan M.Breast cancer and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1439-47.
- Mangiapane S, Biettner M, Schlattman P.Aspirin use and breast cancer risk:a meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies from 2001 to 2005. Pharmacoepidemiol Druf Saf 2008; 17:115-24.
- Gonzalez-Perez A, Gaarcia Rodriguez LA, Lopez-Ridaura R. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cancer sites other than the colon and rectum: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2003; 3:28.
- Khuder SA, Mutgi AB.Breast cancer and NSAID use: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:1188-92.
- Hudson AG, Gierach GL, Modugno F, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and serum total estradiol in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008: 17:680-7.
- Berrington de Gonzalez A, Curtis RE, Gilbert E, et al.Second solid cancers after radiotherapy for breast cancer in SEER cancer registries. Br J Cancer 2010; 102(1):220-6.
- Gates MA, Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, et al. Analgesic use and sex steroid hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19(4):1033-41.
- Rubino C, Arriagada R, Delaloge S, et al. Relation of risk of contralateral breast cancer to the interval since the first primary tumour. Br J Cancer 2010; 102(1):213-9.
- Kurian AW, McClure LA, John EM, et al. Second primary breast cancer occurrence according to hormone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(15):1058-65.
- Largent JA, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL, et al. Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and breast cancer risk in the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21(10):1615-24.
- Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, et al.,Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11(6):530-42.
- Monninkhof EM, Elias SG, Vlems FA.Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review. Epidemiology 2007; 18(1):137-57.
- Velentzis LS, Cantwell MM, Cardwell C, et al. Lignans and breast cancer risk in pre- and post-menopausal women: meta-analyses of observational studies. Br J Cancer 2009; 100(9):1492-8.
- Dong JY, Qin L Q. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 125(2):315-23.
- Robinson D, Holmberg L, Møller H. The occurrence of invasive cancers following a diagnosis of breast carcinoma in situ. Br J Cancer 2008; 99(4):611-5.
- Larsson SC, Mantzoros CS, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121(4):856-62.
- Titus-Ernstoff L, Hatch EE, Hoover RN, et al.Long-term cancer risk in women given diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy. Br J Cancer 2001; 84(1):126-33.
- West J, Logan RF, Smith CJ. Malignancy and mortality in people with coeliac disease: population based cohort study. BMJ 2004; 329(7468):716-19.
- Bingham SA, Luben R, Welch A, et al. Are imprecise methods obscuring a relation between fat and breast cancer? Lancet 2003; 362:212-14.
- Shu X, Ji J, Li X, et al.,Cancer risk in patients hospitalised for Graves' disease: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 2010; 102(9):1397-9.
- Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, et al. Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8(12):1065-6.
- Hackshaw A, Roughton M, Forsyth S, et al.Long-Term Benefits of 5 Years of Tamoxifen: 10-Year Follow-Up of a Large Randomized Trial in Women at Least 50 Years of Age With Early Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(13):1657-63.
- IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 83: Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. International Agency for Research on Cancer 2004.
- Luo J, Margolis KL, Wactawski-Wende J, et al.Association of active and passive smoking with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342:d1016.
- Xue F, Willett WC, Rosner BA, et al. Cigarette smoking and the incidence of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171(2):125-33.
- Pirie K, Beral V, Peto R, et al. Passive smoking and breast cancer in never smokers: prospective study and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:1069-79.
- Wiren S, Haggstrom C, Ulmer H, et al. Pooled cohort study on height and risk of cancer and cancer death. Cancer Causes Control. 2013 Oct 31.
- Parkin DM. Cancers attributable to reproductive factors in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 (S2):S73-S76.
- Parkin DM. Cancers attributable to exposure to hormones in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 (S2):S42-S48.
- Parkin DM, Boyd L. Cancers attributable to overweight and obesity in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105(S2):S34-S37.
- Parkin DM. Cancers attributable to inadequate physical exercise in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 (S2):S38-S41.
- Parkin DM. Cancers attributable to consumption of alcohol in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 (S2):S14-S18.
- Parkin DM. Cancers attributable to occupational exposures in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 (S2):S70-S72.
- Parkin DM, Darby SC. Cancers attributable to ionising radiation exposure in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 (S2):S57-S65.
- Rushton L, Bagga S, Bevan R, et al. Occupation and cancer in Britain. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1428-1437.
- Easton DF. How many more breast cancer predisposition genes are there? Breast Cancer Res 1999; 1(1):14-7.
- Balmaña J, Díez O, Rubio IT, et al. BRCA in breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:Suppl 6:vi31-4.
- Turnbull C, Rahman N. Genetic predisposition to breast cancer: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008; 9:321-45.
- Aune D, Chan DS, Greenwood DC, et al. Dietary fiber and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol 2012; 23(6):1394-402.
- Cogliano VJ, Baan R, Straif K, et al. Preventable exposures associated with human cancers. JNCI 2012; 103(24):1827-39.
- Aune D, Chan DS, Vieira AR, et al. Fruits, vegetables and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134(2):479-93.
- Berrington de González A. Estimates of the potential risk of radiation-related cancer from screening in the UK. J Med Screen. 2011;18(4):163-164.
- Kobayashi LC, Janssen I, Richardson H, et al. A case-control study of lifetime light intensity physical activity and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2013.
- Tea MK, Kroiss R, Muhr D, et al. Central European BRCA2 mutation carriers: Birth cohort status correlates with onset of breast cancer. Maturitas. 2013 Oct 1.
- Kaaks R, Tikk K, Sookthai D, et al. Premenopausal serum sex hormone levels in relation to breast cancer risk, overall and by hormone receptor status-Results from the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer. 2013 Oct 8.
- Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, et al. Oral Contraceptives and Risk of Ovarian Cancer and Breast Cancer Among High-Risk Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [PDF]. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Oct 21.
- Widschwendter M, Rosenthal AN, Philpott S, et al. The sex hormone system in carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations: a case-control study. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Nov;14(12):1226-32.
- Misotti AM, Gnagnarella P. Vitamin supplement consumption and breast cancer risk: a review. Ecancermedicalscience. 2013; 7: 365.
- Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, et al. Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 18;356(3):227-36.
- Bertrand KA, Tamimi RM, Scott CG, et al. Mammographic density and risk of breast cancer by age and tumor characteristics. Breast Cancer Res. 2013 Nov 4;15(6):R104
- Varghese JS, Smith PL, Folkerd E, et al. The heritability of mammographic breast density and circulating sex-hormone levels: two independent breast cancer risk factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012 Dec;21(12):2167-75.
- Ursin G, Lillie EO, Lee E, et al. The relative importance of genetics and environment on mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Jan;18(1):102-12.
- De Bruijn KM, Arends LR, Hansen BE, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality in breast and colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2013 Oct;100(11):1421-9.
- Boyle P, Boniol M, Koechlin A, et al. Diabetes and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2012 Oct 23;107(9):1608-17.
- Monami M, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E. Thiazolidinediones and cancer: results of a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta Diabetol. 2013 Jul 14.
- Colmers IN, Bowker SL, Johnson JA. Thiazolidinedione use and cancer incidence in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. 2012 Dec;38(6):475-84.
- Col NF, Ochs L, Springmann V, et al. Metformin and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and critical literature review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Oct;135(3):639-46.
- Zhang P, Li H, Tan X, et al. Association of metformin use with cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013 Jun;37(3):207-18.
- Starup-Linde J, Karlstad O, Eriksen SA, et al. CARING (CAncer Risk and INsulin analoGues): The Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Cancer Risk with Focus on Possible Determinants- a Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis. Curr Drug Saf. 2013 Nov 7.
- Park SK, Kang D, McGlynn KA, et al. Intrauterine environments and breast cancer risk: meta-analysis and systematic review. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10(1):R8.
- Hajiebrahimi M, Bahmanyar S, Oberg S, et al. Breast cancer risk in opposite-sexed twins: influence of birth weight and co-twin birth weight. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Dec 4;105(23):1833-6.


text:
This is a sub heading text.
Sign up today for FREE and become part of The Family Handyman community of DIYers.
Member benefits:
Log in to enjoy membership benefits from The Family Handyman.
Replace a shower drain without tearing open the ceiling below. Use a special drain assembly and install it from the top.
An old drain might leak from bad gaskets or cracked joints. Stains will show up on any finished ceiling below.
A special drain assembly mounts from the top and clamps onto the shower pan.
If you have a leaky shower drain and don't want to cut open a finished ceiling to get at it from below, consider using a special drain such as the WingTite Drain, which can be installed from above if the drain is in a plastic or fiberglass shower base. This drain has an O-ring that seals to a typical 2-in.ABS or PVC drainpipe (adapters are available for 1-1/2-in. and 2-in. copper pipe). Four "wings" flip out under the shower base to clamp the drain in place. The job takes about 30 minutes and doesn't require any special plumbing tools.
The toughest part is removing the old drain flange. You'll probably have to cut it with a hacksaw blade and pry it loose in sections from the shower pan. Leave the existing drainpipe intact. The WingTite Drain simply slips over the drainpipe and an O-ring seals it. apply 100 percent silicone sealant to underside of the drain flange to seal to the shower base. A stainless cover fits over the top (although decorator finishes are also available).
Have the necessary tools for this DIY project lined up before you start—you'll save time and frustration.
Hacksaw blade
Avoid last-minute shopping trips by having all your materials ready ahead of time. Here's a list.
Share what's on your mind and see what other DIYers are thinking about.
February 15, 5:35 PM [GMT -5]
Where due i purchase this drain assembly. Carrier
February 11, 6:46 PM [GMT -5]
What about a tile floor?
November 29, 9:18 PM [GMT -5]
I wasn't very impressed with the diagram (pictures). I thought you could have had more cross section photos of the old being taken out and the new being installed. Thanks, Bob
Hello ScreenName My Account (Log Out)
Hello Log in or Join us
Get timely DIY projects for your home and yard, plus a dream project for your wish list!


text:
Jump to: Page Content, Section Navigation, Site Navigation, Site Search, Account Information, or Site Tools.
Sci. Signal., 31 March 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000062]
Yoshinori Takei*
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: yt215{at}hutchison-mrc.cam.ac.uk
This PDF file includes:
[Download PDF]
Technical Details
Format: Adobe Acrobat PDF
Size: 1,826 KB
Citation: Y. Takei, Phosphorylation of Nogo receptors suppresses Nogo signaling, allowing neurite regeneration. Sci. Signal. 2, ra14 (2009).
© 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Science
To Advertise | Find Products
Science Signaling. ISSN 1937-9145 (online), 1945-0877 (print). Pre-2008: Science's STKE. ISSN 1525-8882
News | Science Journals | Careers | Multimedia | Collections | Help | Site Map | RSS
Subscribe | Feedback | Privacy / Legal | About Us | Advertise With Us | Contact Us
© 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All Rights Reserved.AAAS is a partner of HINARI, AGORA, OARE, PatientInform, CrossRef, and COUNTER.
You have reached the bottom of the page. Back to top


text:
Ariz. Woman Charged In Lover's Slaying Testifies
PHOENIX (AP) - A woman charged in the stabbing and shooting death of her lover is set to continue testifying at her Phoenix murder trial.
Jodi Arias is testifying in a case peppered with lurid stories of sex, lies, betrayal and violence.
The 32-year-old could face the death penalty if convicted.
She is set to testify Wednesday after telling jurors how she first met the victim and how the two almost instantly became sexually involved.
She says Travis Alexander offered her hope for a fresh start, personally and professionally.
Arias has said she killed Alexander in self-defense in June 2008 at his suburban Phoenix home.
Prosecutors say she stabbed and slashed him nearly 30 times, slit his throat and shot him in the head in a fit of jealous rage.


text:
Item: | Dimensions: | Weight: |
Contemporary Style Stackable Chair with Arms | 30.5" H x 23.5" W x 20.5" D | 18 lbs |
Base: | Four Legs |
Features Options: | Arms, Padding |
Frame Material: | Metal |
Other: | Quick Shipping |
Product Category: | Stacking Chairs |
Style: | Office |
Questions & Answers
Boss Office Products Contemporary Style Stackable Chair with Arms
Affordable, very functional product CPC from Medina, Ohio– Verified Buyer Functional, affordable product. [...] |
Looks nice for the price Dr. Dianne from Spring, TX– Verified Buyer For the money and looks, these chairs are probably the best you can get new. And free shipping made it worth it! But while putting them together, the screws did seem kinda...cheap. And it says you have to re-tighten them once a month, so it doesn't speak much for the durability. But they do look nice, and are functional. You're not supposed to sit in them if you're over 225 lbs, however, which isn't a long-term solution for reception chairs with as big as Americans are. Good for a start-up office, however. |
Anonymous from New Hampshire– Verified Buyer |