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Great book...one of the many that I will get to once I finish Dance of Dragons...for ****'s sake...you would think that, since these Game of Thrones books are taking me so damned long to read, Martin would be done by now. At least with the newest one.
nothing incredibly special so far
After considering some two dozen books that were listed in this thread, and elsewhere, from other sources, I got my copy of Danielewski's "House of Leaves" from Amazon today. Splurged for the Library Edition with color.
It reminds me, in size and scope, at least, of "Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell" by Susanna Clarke (outstanding read imo). Whatever.
Here I go.......
Just finished re-re-reading "Chronicles Volume 1" by a Mr. Bob Dylan. I would love to spend a week in Jamaica with him.....just listening to his stories and takes on life. They ain't makin' poets/songwriters/singers/writers like Dylan any more.
You should stay up all night and read House of Leaves alone like I did Winsomemore! :good:
You know, I really liked it. But it's the type of book that people either some to love or hate (not to mention just stop reading at all). I really like the strangeness of it all, which is heightened by the weird structure of the book. And...the interaction of voices that exist in the book...basically we get Truant's description of a manuscript, which in turn details a documentary of a creepy house..adds to the weirdness of the book and makes you question what exactly are we getting here and what states of mind were these people in.
I thought it was wonderfully creepy and weird, lol, but like I said, a lot of people have disagreed with my opinion. :P
I read the first paragraph only of the Wikipedia entry for it and MD said that he agrees with a fan that said it wasn't a horror story at all, it's a love story. So......this should be interesting. I may start reading sooner because the Kings/Phoenix games will be a must watch.
I want to read the new stephen kings book continuing the Dark Towers story.
Well, I finished "House of Leaves" yesterday. It's a darn good read; challenging. But, I'm left with a, for want of a better word, fractured feeling.
It's really two stories. Truant's and Zampano's. The footnotes.......if I never see another footnote again it would be too soon.
Really, like you or someone else said, the best way to get through it is to read the Zampano story and then go back and read Truant's (the footnotes) story.
Danielewski can write wonderfully. Erudite is the word that comes to mind. He really had to schizoid himself to write in the Zampano character, and then, the Truant character. Polar opposites.
Thumbs up, though.


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Two interesting issues have arisen from the ash cloud debate, one connecting to the financial implications of the ash cloud event, the other being safety and whether governments waited too long before allowing flights to start. There are some accusations that indecision created an unnecessary delay, and it was only BA pressure that opened UK airspace when it did.
David Learmount on his blog placed a contrasting argument, explaining the difficulties in judging a "safe concentration level" of ash particles in the air but also the dangers to the engine of flying too early:
The first problem with making decisions about whether - or not - to fly in the volcanic ash cloud over Europe, is the lack of scientific data about the effects on aircraft of this type of very fine atmospheric ash, in this concentration. How much, if any, volcanic dust can an aeroplane fly through safely, and without causing progressive degradation that will gradually make its engines inefficient and uneconomic?The second problem is that, apart from the volcano's core plume, which can be seen by satellite, aviation authorities have no active means of tracking the movement of the dispersing ash, which covers a wide area. The position of the dispersing ash can only be calculated using mathematical models, which are turning out to be fairly accurate, but not sufficiently accurate to enable aircraft to be tactically directed to safe sky sectors.
So were we all too cautious? Is it okay in hindsight to say we were when in safety critical situations its always better to be safe than sorry.
AirSpace - more than just hot air

subset: commoncrawl


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Nikon 1 J1 review: Worth the wait?
Nikon took its time introducing its interchangeable-lens camera system, dubbed the Nikon 1 series, and though I don't agree with a lot of the choices the company made, it clearly put thought into the cameras before rushing out me-too versions of competitors' products. The entry-level model, the J1, firmly targets point-and-shoot upgraders with its feature set, but the implementation is a mixed bag and the price is a bit steep for that crowd.
Take for instance, the sensor, which is smaller and lower-resolution than all but the even-more-expensive Pentax Q. With a 2.7x focal-length magnification factor, that means … Read more


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Dennis Pate is now chairman-elect of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums board of directors.
Pate, CEO and executive director of Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, was elected Tuesday at the AZA membership meeting in Silver Spring, Md.
Pate came to Omaha in 2009 from Florida's Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens, taking the reins in Omaha after longtime director Dr. Lee Simmons retired.
Pate's resume includes leadership positions at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago and the Oregon Zoo in Portland. In 2010, he unveiled a $174�million master plan for the Omaha zoo that will take 10 to 15 years to completely implement.
After his one-year term as chairman-elect, Pate will become chairman of the AZA board.


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Sermons on Sanctification & Growth
Blessed Are the Merciful
Matthew 5:7
by John Piper
Mercy comes from mercy. Our mercy to each other comes from God's mercy to us.
Continue readingThe Pleasure of God in Obedience
1 Samuel 15:22-23
by John Piper
Obedience to God makes our God-glorifying hope visible and proves that it is real in our lives.
Continue readingHealed for the Sake of Holiness
John 5:1-18
by John Piper
Miracles should motivate us to look past the miracle to Jesus and move away from sin.
Continue readingDo Not Avenge Yourselves, But Give Place to Wrath
Romans 12:16-20
by John Piper
Continue reading
What Does It Mean to Fulfill the Law in Romans 8:3-4
Twelve Theses
Romans 8:3-4
by John Piper
Continue reading
How to Do Good So That God Gets the Glory
by John Piper
God gets glory not from our heroic exertion but from our reliance upon his strength—when we serve as one who serves with the strength which God supplies.
Continue reading


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Education Abroad Home
Ed Abroad Financial Aid
Education Abroad FAQs
A Letter to Parents
Area Studies Minors
Internships and Employment Abroad
Diversity in Study Abroad
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U.S. Department of State Study Abroad Tips
Salisbury International Magazine
Giving to the SUCIE
Salisbury University Center for International Education 1101 Camden Ave. Salisbury, MD 21801 USA Phone: (+1) 410-677-5027 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Questions concerning the program should be addressed to:
Dr. Patricia Dean (ELED 317)
Teacher Education Department
Susan Holt, M.F.A (ART 130)
Art Department
Creative Arts in Bologna takes place in Bologna, Italy during January winter session. Estimated dates for 2012 are January 4-21. Professors from the University of Bologna, the oldest university in the world, will collaborate with professors from Salisbury University to create jampacked courses filled with field trips, Italian cultural experiences and guest speakers who are experts in their field.
CLASS: Students may choose from one of the following:
ART 130: Drawing I - Open to all majors; creative arts minors; meets General Education requirements. Drawing I is an introduction to the fundamental materials, tools and techniques of observational drawing. In addition, students are able to study first hand the drawings of celebrated Italian old masters to more contemporary artists by visiting local museums and other art institutions, such as the famous Morandi Museum. Students also have the unique opportunity to practice drawing on location from the many early Renaissance architectural landmarks of the city of Bologna, site of the Western world's oldest university.
ELED 317: Creative Arts - Prerequisite: Admission to Professional Teacher Education Program. This course provides an arts knowledge base along with reasons and techniques for incorporating the arts throughout the elementary and middle-school curriculum. ELED 317 emphasizes infusing the arts in teaching, an alternative approach to the traditional view of the arts solely as enjoyable. With its unique offering in Bologna, Italy, there are additional opportunitieis, such as visits to schools (grades Pre-K- grade 5) in the region of Emilia Romagna to view arts integration in their curriculum. Field trips to children's libraries and toy libraries are included. Interactions with educational experts in Italy are an integral part of the course. Relevant art-related trips and activities, such as drama and puppetry, are also part of the course. Finally, the class travels to Ravenna, Reggio Emilia, Faenza and the special housing development in Correggio designed by children, Coriandoline. Special note: Graduate students may seek special permission from Dr. Patricia Dean about the possibility of completing ELED 636: Creativity in Early Childhood Education in place of ELED 317.
EXCURSIONS: Students in both classes use Bologna as a classroom. Faculty and students engage daily with their surroundings with activities throughout the area. On the weekend there will be several additional planned excursions that are not included in the costs of the program. These optional excursions may include Florence, Venice and Rome.
HOUSING: Students stay at Collegio Erasmus in via De' Chiari, near the University of Bologna. Accommodations are mini-apartments with 2 twin beds, a kitchen, living area and bathroom.
COST: The estimated cost for the Arts in Italy program is estimated to be $2800. A final cost will be determined in fall 2011. The cost includes international airfare, housing, public transportation pass for the entire period, guest lecturers, museum and event entry, program staff and instructional expenses. Additional costs will include your food, some miscellaneous transportation expenses in Italy, and personal expenses.
Admission to the program is competitive and program enrollment is limited to 15 participants. Students will be admitted on a rolling basis until the program is full.
Students should also submit the following directly to the program director:


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- Publisher: Chillingo Ltd
- Release Date: Jun 15, 2010
- Summary:
- Developer: Chillingo Ltd
- Genre(s): Action
- Cheats: On GameFAQs
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 9 out of 11
Mixed: 2 out of 11
Negative: 0 out of 11
Jan 30, 2011Pro Zombie Soccer has surprising depth and variety for a game with such simple controls.
Jan 30, 2011We love Pro Zombie Soccer. The sharp visuals and satisfying gameplay make it our newest guilty pleasure, as well as one of the most imaginative zombie titles in the App Store.
Jan 30, 2011Pro Zombie Soccer as a game is a must have experience. The controls, gameplay, and artwork are just over the top, making this casual game one of the more intriguing.
Jan 30, 2011Overall I found myself enjoying the unique fun that this game provides, regardless of the far fetched storyline and re-use of the app store cliché, Zombies.
Jan 30, 2011Replacing guns and glory with a good old fashioned football, Pro Zombie Soccer's line-up of ghouls aplenty manages to endear and excite in equal measure.
Jan 30, 2011That pedigree shows from the start– particularly where the artwork is concerned– an outstanding PvZ-stylized canvass of highly detailed, inked environments and characters make up the world of Pro Zombie Soccer.
Apr 27, 2011If you enjoyed Plants vs. Zombies, then Pro Zombie Soccer is a close second. It just needs a dash of movable play to give it what it lacks in terms of gameplay.


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Montana Fishburne Regrets Doing Tape With B. Pumper! "Hes Bullsh*t" + Her Reasons On Pursing Adult Film Career! "Some People Want To Be Doctors. I Want To Help People Get They're Nut Off" & Says She Never Has Been Arrested For Prostitution [Audio]Description: "Montana Fishurne stopped by The All Out Show with Rude Jude and Lord Sear today on Eminem's radio station, Shade 45 (heard nationwide on Sirius XM Radio)" |
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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
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Find Your Family History Via The Web
There's never been a better time in history to try to track down your family ancestry! With the vast resources now available online -- including census data, draft registration forms, photographs, immigration documents, birth certificates, obituaries, yearbooks and newspapers -- you have the opportunity to comb through more than a century's worth of documents. All you need are your computer and a few ideas where to begin... and that's exactly what we have for you here!
Multi-purpose genealogy sitesFamilySearch.org Ancestry.com Some services are free, but most access is restricted to paid members. (Note: Genealogy.com, RootsWeb & MyFamily are all under the Ancestry.com umbrella.) Footnote Distant Cousin WorldVitalRecords.com In the newsNewspaperArchive.com Newspaper Abstracts Photo resourcesDeadFred.com AncientFaces Flickr Obituary and cemetery searchesFindAGrave.com ObituaryCentral Region-specificFreeBMD (Great Britain) Canadian Genealogy Centre That's My Family (Canada) Genealogy.net (Germany) D'Addezio.com (Italy) Ellis Island Passenger Arrival Records & Ship Lists (USA) Resource lists/hub sitesCyndi's List FamilyBirthRecords.com FreeSurnameSearch.com Kindred Trails MORE @ SHEKNOWS


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By DAVID PEPIN
While some Rhode Islanders are panicking about the stateŌĆÖs budget and pension crises, Gov. Lincoln Chafee is hoping to win over the business community with a calm, IŌĆÖve-seen-this-before approach.
NORTH KINGSTOWNŌĆöTwo weeks ago, North Kingstown Superintendent Dr. Phillip Thornton cautioned the NK School Committee that if the town council did, in fact, level-fund the school district for fiscal year 2012, the resulting cuts necessary to bring the proposed budget into compliance would ŌĆ£cause a lot of pain in the districtŌĆØ. Tuesday evening, that pain became very real.
Ever since she first picked up a golf club at the age of three, Prout sophomore Nicole Scola has spent her life developing routines that turned her from a beginner to the stateŌĆÖs best female golfer.
SOUTH KINGSTOWN ŌĆō When Charles and Jean Hickox awoke one morning at their Yawgoo Pond Road home, they did not expect to find a black bear rummaging through the birdfeeders in their back yard.
ŌĆ£WeŌĆÖve seen him quite a few times. One morning we looked out and there he was. He spent the better part of the day hanging out in the backyard,ŌĆØ Jean Hickox said.
RICHMOND -- If being eager could catch fish, the 16 kids who participated in Richmond Rec's Huck Finn Day on Saturday all should have caught whales.
From the 'junkyard' to nationals, the Wickford Middle School Science Olympiad team has been on quite a ride this spring. After coming in first at last month's state tournament, the team led by teacher Nancy LaPosta-Frazier earned its first-ever trip to nationals and will compete next week against the best and brightest scientific minds in the country on the University of Wisconsin-Madison. This week, we introduce you to the members of that team and profile their journey to the top of the state and beyond.
BRANDEN MELLO email@example.com COVENTRY ŌĆö The harsh reality for the Coventry baseball team is this: It doesnŌĆÖt matter what the playoff-chasing Oakers do against I-South leaders North Kingstown and East Greenwich. What matters for the Oakers is winning games against Tiverton, Chariho and Portsmouth to earn a spot in the playoffs.
EXETERŌĆöLike a master chef holding a potful of an untested recipe, Exeter Town Council assistant Ken Findlay sat in front of his laptop computer Thursday night with the proposed FY 2012 budget for the Town of Exeter at his fingertips and did his best to see which combination of cuts and increases would please the greatest number of town council members during a special budget workshop meeting. Tomorrow night, though, is the real test as that recipe goes out for public consumption for the first time.
PROVIDENCE - After it came to light that convicted child killer Michael Woodmansee could be released from prison 12 years earlier due to good time behavior, state lawmakers rushed to make sure that it would never happen again. Last Thursday they did just that.
RICHMOND -- Everything seemed normal when Susan Hassard went to her daughter's house last Thursday, April 28 to bring her to South County Hospital.


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Philosophy of artificial intelligence
The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as:[1]
- Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would solve by thinking?
- Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain essentially a computer?
- Can a machine have a mind, mental states and consciousness in the same sense humans do? Can it feel how things are?
These three questions reflect the divergent interests of AI researchers, cognitive scientists and philosophers respectively. The scientific answers to these questions depend on the definition of "intelligence" and "consciousness" and exactly which "machines" are under discussion.
Important propositions in the philosophy of AI include:
- Turing's "polite convention": If a machine behaves as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being.[2]
- The Dartmouth proposal: "Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."[3]
- Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis: "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."[4]
- Searle's strong AI hypothesis: "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds."[5]
- Hobbes' mechanism: "Reason is nothing but reckoning."[6]
- 1 Can a machine display general intelligence?
- 2 Can a machine have a mind, consciousness and mental states?
- 3 Is thinking a kind of computation?
- 4 Other related questions
- 5 Conclusion and themes for future research
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
Can a machine display general intelligence?[edit]
Is it possible to create a machine that can solve all the problems humans solve using their intelligence? This is the question defines the scope of what machines will be able to do in the future and guides the direction of AI research. It only concerns the behavior of machines and ignores the issues of interest to psychologists, cognitive scientists and philosophers; to answer this question, it does not matter whether a machine is really thinking (as a person thinks) or is just acting like it is thinking.[7]
The basic position of most AI researchers is summed up in this statement, which appeared in the proposal for the Dartmouth Conferences of 1956:
- Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.[3]
Arguments against the basic premise must show that building a working AI system is impossible, because there is some practical limit to the abilities of computers or that there is some special quality of the human mind that is necessary for thinking and yet cannot be duplicated by a machine (or by the methods of current AI research). Arguments in favor of the basic premise must show that such a system is possible.
The first step to answering the question is to clearly define "intelligence."
Turing test[edit]
Alan Turing, in a famous and seminal 1950 paper,[9] reduced the problem of defining intelligence to a simple question about conversation. He suggests that: if a machine can answer any question put to it, using the same words that an ordinary person would, then we may call that machine intelligent. A modern version of his experimental design would use an online chat room, where one of the participants is a real person and one of the participants is a computer program. The program passes the test if no one can tell which of the two participants is human.[2] Turing notes that no one (except philosophers) ever asks the question "can people think?" He writes "instead of arguing continually over this point, it is usual to have a polite convention that everyone thinks."[10] Turing's test extends this polite convention to machines:
- If a machine acts as intelligently as human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being.
One criticism of the Turing test is that it is explicitly anthropomorphic. If our ultimate goal is to create machines that are more intelligent than people, why should we insist that our machines must closely resemble people? Russell and Norvig write that "aeronautical engineering texts do not define the goal of their field as 'making machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they can fool other pigeons.'"[11]
Intelligent agent definition[edit]
Recent AI research defines intelligence in terms of intelligent agents. An "agent" is something which perceives and acts in an environment. A "performance measure" defines what counts as success for the agent.[12]
- If an agent acts so as maximize the expected value of a performance measure based on past experience and knowledge then it is intelligent.[13]
Definitions like this one try to capture the essence of intelligence. They have the advantage that, unlike the Turing test, they do not also test for human traits that we may not want to consider intelligent, like the ability to be insulted or the temptation to lie. They have the disadvantage that they fail to make the commonsense differentiation between "things that think" and "things that do not". By this definition, even a thermostat has a rudimentary intelligence and consciousness.[14]
Arguments that a machine can display general intelligence[edit]
The brain can be simulated[edit]
Hubert Dreyfus describes this argument as claiming that that "if the nervous system obeys the laws of physics and chemistry, which we have every reason to suppose it does, then .... we ... ought to be able to reproduce the behavior of the nervous system with some physical device."[15] This argument, first introduced as early as 1943[16] and vividly described by Hans Moravec in 1988,[17] is now associated with futurist Ray Kurzweil, who estimates that computer power will be sufficient for a complete brain simulation by the year 2029.[18] A non-real-time simulation of a thalamocortical model that has the size of the human brain (1011 neurons) was performed in 2005[19] and it took 50 days to simulate 1 second of brain dynamics on a cluster of 27 processors (see also [20]).
Few disagree that a brain simulation is possible in theory, even critics of AI such as Hubert Dreyfus and John Searle.[21] However, Searle points out that, in principle, anything can be simulated by a computer; thus, bringing the definition to its breaking point leads to the conclusion that any process at all can technically be considered "computation". "What we wanted to know is what distinguishes the mind from thermostats and livers," he writes.[22] Thus, merely mimicking the functioning a brain would in itself be an admission of ignorance regarding intelligence and the nature of the mind.
Human thinking is symbol processing[edit]
In 1963, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon proposed that "symbol manipulation" was the essence of both human and machine intelligence. They wrote:
- A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.[4]
This claim is very strong: it implies both that human thinking is a kind of symbol manipulation (because a symbol system is necessary for intelligence) and that machines can be intelligent (because a symbol system is sufficient for intelligence).[23] Another version of this position was described by philosopher Hubert Dreyfus, who called it "the psychological assumption":
- The mind can be viewed as a device operating on bits of information according to formal rules.[24]
A distinction is usually made between the kind of high level symbols that directly correspond with objects in the world, such as <dog> and <tail> and the more complex "symbols" that are present in a machine like a neural network. Early research into AI, called "good old fashioned artificial intelligence" (GOFAI) by John Haugeland, focused on these kind of high level symbols.[25]
Arguments against symbol processing[edit]
These arguments show that human thinking does not consist (solely) of high level symbol manipulation. They do not show that artificial intelligence is impossible, only that more than symbol processing is required.
Lucas, Penrose and Gödel[edit]
In 1931, Kurt Gödel proved that it is always possible to create statements that a formal system (such as a high-level symbol manipulation program) could not prove. A human being, however, can (with some thought) see the truth of these "Gödel statements". This proved to philosopher John Lucas that human reason would always be superior to machines.[26] He wrote "Gödel's theorem seems to me to prove that mechanism is false, that is, that minds cannot be explained as machines."[27] Roger Penrose expanded on this argument in his 1989 book The Emperor's New Mind, where he speculated that quantum mechanical processes inside individual neurons gave humans this special advantage over machines.[28]
Douglas Hofstadter, in his Pulitzer prize winning book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, explains that these "Gödel-statements" always refer to the system itself, similar to the way the Epimenides paradox uses statements that refer to themselves, such as "this statement is false" or "I am lying".[29] But, of course, the Epimenides paradox applies to anything that makes statements, whether they are machines or humans, even Lucas himself. Consider:
- Lucas can't assert the truth of this statement.[30]
This statement is true but cannot be asserted by Lucas. This shows that Lucas himself is subject to the same limits that he describes for machines, as are all people, and so Lucas's argument is pointless.[31]
Further, Russell and Norvig note that Gödel's argument only applies to what can theoretically be proved, given an infinite amount of memory and time. In practice, real machines (including humans) have finite resources and will have difficulty proving many theorems. It is not necessary to prove everything in order to be intelligent.[32]
Dreyfus: the primacy of unconscious skills[edit]
Hubert Dreyfus argued that human intelligence and expertise depended primarily on unconscious instincts rather than conscious symbolic manipulation, and argued that these unconscious skills would never be captured in formal rules.[33]
Dreyfus's argument had been anticipated by Turing in his 1950 paper Computing machinery and intelligence, where he had classified this as the "argument from the informality of behavior."[34] Turing argued in response that, just because we do not know the rules that govern a complex behavior, this does not mean that no such rules exist. He wrote: "we cannot so easily convince ourselves of the absence of complete laws of behaviour ... The only way we know of for finding such laws is scientific observation, and we certainly know of no circumstances under which we could say, 'We have searched enough. There are no such laws.'"[35]
Russell and Norvig point out that, in the years since Dreyfus published his critique, progress has been made towards discovering the "rules" that govern unconscious reasoning.[36] The situated movement in robotics research attempts to capture our unconscious skills at perception and attention.[37] Computational intelligence paradigms, such as neural nets, evolutionary algorithms and so on are mostly directed at simulated unconscious reasoning and learning. Research into commonsense knowledge has focused on reproducing the "background" or context of knowledge. In fact, AI research in general has moved away from high level symbol manipulation or "GOFAI", towards new models that are intended to capture more of our unconscious reasoning. Historian and AI researcher Daniel Crevier wrote that "time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of Dreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they suggested might have been taken much earlier."[38]
Can a machine have a mind, consciousness and mental states?[edit]
This is a philosophical question, related to the problem of other minds and the hard problem of consciousness. The question revolves around a position defined by John Searle as "strong AI":
- A physical symbol system can have a mind and mental states.[5]
Searle distinguished this position from what he called "weak AI":
- A physical symbol system can act intelligently.[5]
Searle introduced the terms to isolate strong AI from weak AI so he could focus on what he thought was the more interesting and debatable issue. He argued that even if we assume that we had a computer program that acted exactly like a human mind, there would still be a difficult philosophical question that needed to be answered.[5]
Neither of Searle's two positions are of great concern to AI research, since they do not directly answer the question "can a machine display general intelligence?" (unless it can also be shown that consciousness is necessary for intelligence). There are a few researchers who believe that consciousness is an essential element in intelligence, such as Igor Aleksander, Stan Franklin, Ron Sun, and Pentti Haikonen, although their definition of "consciousness" strays very close to "intelligence." See artificial consciousness. Turing wrote "I do not wish to give the impression that I think there is no mystery about consciousness ... [b]ut I do not think these mysteries necessarily need to be solved before we can answer the question [of whether machines can think]."[39] Russell and Norvig agree: "Most AI researchers take the weak AI hypothesis for granted, and don't care about the strong AI hypothesis."[40]
Before we can answer this question, we must be clear what we mean by "minds", "mental states" and "consciousness".
Consciousness, minds, mental states, meaning[edit]
The words "mind" and "consciousness" are used by different communities in different ways. Some new age thinkers, for example, use the word "consciousness" to describe something similar to Bergson's "élan vital": an invisible, energetic fluid that permeates life and especially the mind. Science fiction writers use the word to describe some essential property that makes us human: a machine or alien that is "conscious" will be presented as a fully human character, with intelligence, desires, will, insight, pride and so on. (Science fiction writers also use the words "sentience", "sapience," "self-awareness" or "ghost" (as in the Ghost in the Shell manga and anime series) to describe this essential human property.) For others, the words "mind" or "consciousness" are used as a kind of secular synonym for the soul.
For philosophers, neuroscientists and cognitive scientists, the words are used in a way that is both more precise and more mundane: they refer to the familiar, everyday experience of having a "thought in your head", like a perception, a dream, an intention or a plan, and to the way we know something, or mean something or understand something. "It's not hard to give a commonsense definition of consciousness" observes philosopher John Searle.[41] What is mysterious and fascinating is not so much what it is but how it is: how does a lump of fatty tissue and electricity give rise to this (familiar) experience of perceiving, meaning or thinking?
Philosophers call this the hard problem of consciousness. It is the latest version of a classic problem in the philosophy of mind called the "mind-body problem."[42] A related problem is the problem of meaning or understanding (which philosophers call "intentionality"): what is the connection between our thoughts and what we are thinking about (i.e. objects and situations out in the world)? A third issue is the problem of experience (or "phenomenology"): If two people see the same thing, do they have the same experience? Or are there things "inside their head" (called "qualia") that can be different from person to person?[43]
Neurobiologists believe all these problems will be solved as we begin to identify the neural correlates of consciousness: the actual relationship between the machinery in our heads and its collective properties; such as the mind, experience and understanding. Some of the harshest critics of artificial intelligence agree that the brain is just a machine, and that consciousness and intelligence are the result of physical processes in the brain.[44] The difficult philosophical question is this: can a computer program, running on a digital machine that shuffles the binary digits of zero and one, duplicate the ability of the neurons to create minds, with mental states (like understanding or perceiving), and ultimately, the experience of consciousness?
Arguments that a computer cannot have a mind and mental states[edit]
Searle's Chinese room[edit]
John Searle asks us to consider a thought experiment: suppose we have written a computer program that passes the Turing Test and demonstrates "general intelligent action." Suppose, specifically that the program can converse in fluent Chinese. Write the program on 3x5 cards and give them to an ordinary person who does not speak Chinese. Lock the person into a room and have him follow the instructions on the cards. He will copy out Chinese characters and pass them in and out of the room through a slot. From the outside, it will appear that the Chinese room contains a fully intelligent person who speaks Chinese. The question is this: is there anyone (or anything) in the room that understands Chinese? That is, is there anything that has the mental state of understanding, or which has conscious awareness of what is being discussed in Chinese? The man is clearly not aware. The room cannot be aware. The cards certainly aren't aware. Searle concludes that the Chinese room, or any other physical symbol system, cannot have a mind.[45]
Searle goes on to argue that actual mental states and consciousness require (yet to be described) "actual physical-chemical properties of actual human brains."[46] He argues there are special "causal properties" of brains and neurons that gives rise to minds: in his words "brains cause minds."[47]
Related arguments: Leibniz' mill, Block's telephone exchange and blockhead[edit]
Gottfried Leibniz made essentially the same argument as Searle in 1714, using the thought experiment of expanding the brain until it was the size of a mill.[48] In 1974, Lawrence Davis imagined duplicating the brain using telephone lines and offices staffed by people, and in 1978 Ned Block envisioned the entire population of China involved in such a brain simulation. This thought experiment is called "the Chinese Nation" or "the Chinese Gym".[49] Ned Block also proposed his "blockhead" argument, which is a version of the Chinese room in which the program has been re-factored into a simple set of rules of the form "see this, do that", removing all mystery from the program.
Responses to the Chinese room[edit]
Responses to the Chinese room emphasize several different points.
- The systems reply and the virtual mind reply:[50] This reply argues that the system, including the man, the program, the room, and the cards, is what understands Chinese. Searle claims that the man in the room is the only thing which could possibly "have a mind" or "understand", but others disagree, arguing that it is possible for there to be two minds in the same physical place, similar to the way a computer can simultaneously "be" two machines at once: one physical (like a Macintosh) and one "virtual" (like a word processor).
- Speed, power and complexity replies:[51] Several critics point out that the man in the room would probably take millions of years to respond to a simple question, and would require "filing cabinets" of astronomical proportions. This brings the clarity of Searle's intuition into doubt.
- Robot reply:[52] To truly understand, some believe the Chinese Room needs eyes and hands. Hans Moravec writes: 'If we could graft a robot to a reasoning program, we wouldn't need a person to provide the meaning anymore: it would come from the physical world."[53]
- Brain simulator reply:[54] What if the program simulates the sequence of nerve firings at the synapses of an actual brain of an actual Chinese speaker? The man in the room would be simulating an actual brain. This is a variation on the "systems reply" that appears more plausible because "the system" now clearly operates like a human brain, which strengthens the intuition that there is something besides the man in the room that could understand Chinese.
- Other minds reply and the epiphenomena reply:[55] Several people have noted that Searle's argument is just a version of the problem of other minds, applied to machines. Since it is difficult to decide if people are "actually" thinking, we should not be surprised that it is difficult to answer the same question about machines.
- A related question is whether "consciousness" (as Searle understands it) exists. Searle argues that the experience of consciousness can't be detected by examining the behavior of a machine, a human being or any other animal. Daniel Dennett points out that natural selection cannot preserve a feature of an animal that has no effect on the behavior of the animal, and thus consciousness (as Searle understands it) can't be produced by natural selection. Therefore either natural selection did not produce consciousness, or "strong AI" is correct in that consciousness can be detected by suitably designed Turing test.
Is thinking a kind of computation?[edit]
This issue is of primary importance to cognitive scientists, who study the nature of human thinking and problem solving.
The computational theory of mind or "computationalism" claims that the relationship between mind and brain is similar (if not identical) to the relationship between a running program and a computer. The idea has philosophical roots in Hobbes (who claimed reasoning was "nothing more than reckoning"), Leibniz (who attempted to create a logical calculus of all human ideas), Hume (who thought perception could be reduced to "atomic impressions") and even Kant (who analyzed all experience as controlled by formal rules).[56] The latest version is associated with philosophers Hilary Putnam and Jerry Fodor.[57]
This question bears on our earlier questions: if the human brain is a kind of computer then computers can be both intelligent and conscious, answering both the practical and philosophical questions of AI. In terms of the practical question of AI ("Can a machine display general intelligence?"), some versions of computationalism make the claim that (as Hobbes wrote):
- Reasoning is nothing but reckoning[6]
In other words, our intelligence derives from a form of calculation, similar to arithmetic. This is the physical symbol system hypothesis discussed above, and it implies that artificial intelligence is possible. In terms of the philosophical question of AI ("Can a machine have mind, mental states and consciousness?"), most versions of computationalism claim that (as Stevan Harnad characterizes it):
- Mental states are just implementations of (the right) computer programs[58]
This is John Searle's "strong AI" discussed above, and it is the real target of the Chinese room argument (according to Harnad).[58]
Alan Turing noted that there are many arguments of the form "a machine will never do X", where X can be many things, such as:
Be kind, resourceful, beautiful, friendly, have initiative, have a sense of humor, tell right from wrong, make mistakes, fall in love, enjoy strawberries and cream, make someone fall in love with it, learn from experience, use words properly, be the subject of its own thought, have as much diversity of behaviour as a man, do something really new.[59]
Turing argues that these objections are often based on naive assumptions about the versatility of machines or are "disguised forms of the argument from consciousness". Writing a program that exhibits one of these behaviors "will not make much of an impression."[59] All of these arguments are tangential to the basic premise of AI, unless it can be shown that one of these traits is essential for general intelligence.
Can a machine have emotions?[edit]
If "emotions" are defined only in terms of their effect on behavior or on how they function inside an organism, then emotions can be viewed as a mechanism that an intelligent agent uses to maximize the utility of its actions. Given this definition of emotion, Hans Moravec believes that "robots in general will be quite emotional about being nice people".[60] Fear is a source of urgency. Empathy is a necessary component of good human computer interaction. He says robots "will try to please you in an apparently selfless manner because it will get a thrill out of this positive reinforcement. You can interpret this as a kind of love."[60] Daniel Crevier writes "Moravec's point is that emotions are just devices for channeling behavior in a direction beneficial to the survival of one's species."[61]
However, emotions can also be defined in terms of their subjective quality, of what it feels like to have an emotion. The question of whether the machine actually feels an emotion, or whether it merely acts as if it is feeling an emotion is the philosophical question, "can a machine be conscious?" in another form.[39]
AE- or Artificial Emotion- is an underlying aspect of the concept of AI that has been generally granted without being seriously examined either philosophically or ontologically.[dubious ] The evolution of sensation in the animal world is the root of what are called "emotions" or, more nebulously, "feelings". Without a basis in organic neural sensation, any synthetic/artificial/android/mechanical AI constructs will be unable to "feel" anything, or register this foundational aspect of what "emotions" arise from: sensitivity registered in the mind to changes in the environment: heat or cold, wind or stillness, noise or quiet, threatening touch as opposed to tickling, ad infinitum.[citation needed]
The simulation of "emotions" can be managed superficially, but any synthetic/artificial/ android/mechanical AI constructs programmed to falsify a smile or tears or any other "emotion" will have no "feeling", as such, regarding these "behaviors" since there is no nervous system at work, and no evolution of instinctual "affects" to ground the pseudo-epiphenomenon arranged by their programmers to mimick human "emotions".[citation needed]
AE is the more dangerous and unsettling aspect of the field of AI than the ongoing uneasy concern with the "threat" inherent in growing machine "intelligence", because AE is a simpler method of co-opting human empathy and gaining a foothold in the world. The human species has been primed for this "imaginary friend" prospect through millennia of children playing with dolls and attributing "emotions" to them in fantasy relationships. Similarly, AI constructs made to seem "personal" or "caring" can bypass the natural skeptical filters of our species, when confronting synthetic "creatures", more easily than AI's trying to simulate "intelligence". Once the AI constructs gain more and more "emotional" value to people- as "para-pals", "caregivers", "sexbots", etc., it will be harder to control their spread throughout society and to rein in their infiltration of the human realm. Once in place, and once so "valued" affectively, if they then developed anything approaching "intelligence", even of the insect level, their danger as a new competitor in the world's manifold will become apparent.[citation needed]
Can a machine be self aware?[edit]
"Self awareness", as noted above, is sometimes used by science fiction writers as a name for the essential human property that makes a character fully human. Turing strips away all other properties of human beings and reduces the question to "can a machine be the subject of its own thought?" Can it think about itself? Viewed in this way, it is obvious that a program can be written that can report on its own internal states, such as a debugger.[59]
Can a machine be original or creative?[edit]
Turing reduces this to the question of whether a machine can "take us by surprise" and argues that this is obviously true, as any programmer can attest.[62] He notes that, with enough storage capacity, a computer can behave in an astronomical number of different ways.[63] It must be possible, even trivial, for a computer that can represent ideas to combine them in new ways. (Douglas Lenat's Automated Mathematician, as one example, combined ideas to discover new mathematical truths.)
In 2009, scientists at Aberystwyth University in Wales and the U.K's University of Cambridge designed a robot called Adam that they believe to be the first machine to independently come up with new scientific findings.[64] Also in 2009, researchers at Cornell developed Eureqa, a computer program that extrapolates formulas to fit the data inputted, such as finding the laws of motion from a pendulum's motion.
Can a machine be benevolent or hostile?[edit]
This question (like many others in the philosophy of artificial intelligence) can be presented in two forms. "Hostility" can be defined in terms function or behavior, in which case "hostile" becomes synonymous with "dangerous". Or it can be defined in terms of intent: can a machine "deliberately" set out to do harm? The latter is the question "can a machine have conscious states?" (such as intentions) in another form.[39]
The question of whether highly intelligent and completely autonomous machines would be dangerous has been examined in detail by futurists (such as the Singularity Institute). (The obvious element of drama has also made the subject popular in science fiction, which has considered many differently possible scenarios where intelligent machines pose a threat to mankind.)
One issue is that machines may acquire the autonomy and intelligence required to be dangerous very quickly. Vernor Vinge has suggested that over just a few years, computers will suddenly become thousands or millions of times more intelligent than humans. He calls this "the Singularity."[65] He suggests that it may be somewhat or possibly very dangerous for humans.[66] This is discussed by a philosophy called Singularitarianism.
In 2009, academics and technical experts attended a conference to discuss the potential impact of robots and computers and the impact of the hypothetical possibility that they could become self-sufficient and able to make their own decisions. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard. They noted that some machines have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence." They noted that self-awareness as depicted in science-fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls.[65]
Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.[67] The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.[68][69]
The President of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence has commissioned a study to look at this issue.[70] They point to programs like the Language Acquisition Device which can emulate human interaction.
Some have suggested a need to build "Friendly AI", meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane.[71]
Can a machine have a soul?[edit]
Finally, those who believe in the existence of a soul may argue that "Thinking is a function of man's immortal soul." Alan Turing called this "the theological objection" and considers it on its own merits. He writes
In attempting to construct such machines we should not be irreverently usurping His power of creating souls, any more than we are in the procreation of children: rather we are, in either case, instruments of His will providing mansions for the souls that He creates.[72]
Conclusion and themes for future research[edit]
John McCarthy, who created the LISP programming language for AI, and AI concept itself, says, that some philosophers of AI will do battle with the idea that:
- AI is impossible (Dreyfus),
- AI is immoral (Weizenbaum),
- The very concept of AI is incoherent (Searle).
See also[edit]
- Artificial brain
- Artificial intelligence
- Chatterbot
- Chinese room
- Computational theory of mind
- Computing Machinery and Intelligence
- Brain (other matters section)
- Dreyfus' critique of artificial intelligence
- Functionalism
- Philosophy of computer science
- Philosophy of information
- Philosophy of mind
- Physical symbol system
- Simulated reality
- Synthetic intelligence
- Turing Test
- Multi-agent system
- Computer program
- Software program
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 947 define the philosophy of AI as consisting of the first two questions, and the additional question of the ethics of artificial intelligence. Fearn 2007, p. 55 writes "In the current literature, philosophy has to chief roles: to determine whether or not such machines would be conscious, and, second, to predict whether or not such machines are possible." The last question bears on the first two.
- ^ a b This is a paraphrase of the essential point of the Turing Test. Turing 1950, Haugeland 1985, pp. 6–9, Crevier 1993, p. 24, Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 2–3 and 948
- ^ a b McCarthy et al. 1955. This assertion was printed in the program for the Dartmouth Conference of 1956, widely considered the "birth of AI."also Crevier 1993, p. 28
- ^ a b Newell & Simon 1976 and Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 18
- ^ a b c d This version is from Searle (1999), and is also quoted in Dennett 1991, p. 435. Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." (Searle 1980, p. 1). Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 947): "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently (or, perhaps better, act as if they were intelligent) is called the 'weak AI' hypothesis by philosophers, and the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking) is called the 'strong AI' hypothesis."
- ^ a b Hobbes 1651, chpt. 5
- ^ See Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 3, where they make the distinction between acting rationally and being rational, and define AI as the study of the former.
- ^ Saygin 2000.
- ^ Turing 1950 and see Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 948, where they call his paper "famous" and write "Turing examined a wide variety of possible objections to the possibility of intelligent machines, including virtually all of those that have been raised in the half century since his paper appeared."
- ^ Turing 1950 under "The Argument from Consciousness"
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 3
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 4–5, 32, 35, 36 and 56
- ^ Russell and Norvig would prefer the word "rational" to "intelligent".
- ^ Russell & Norvig (2003, pp. 48–52) consider a thermostat a simple form of intelligent agent, known as a reflex agent. For an in-depth treatment of the role of the thermostat in philosophy see Chalmers (1996, pp. 293–301) "4. Is Experience Ubiquitous?" subsections What is it like to be a thermostat?, Whither panpsychism?, and Constraining the double-aspect principle.
- ^ Dreyfus 1972, p. 106
- ^ Pitts & McCullough 1943
- ^ Moravec 1988
- ^ Kurzweil 2005, p. 262. Also see Russell Norvig, p. 957 and Crevier 1993, pp. 271 and 279. The most extreme form of this argument (the brain replacement scenario) was put forward by Clark Glymour in the mid-1970s and was touched on by Zenon Pylyshyn and John Searle in 1980
- ^ Eugene Izhikevich (2005-10-27). "Eugene M. Izhikevich, Large-Scale Simulation of the Human Brain". Vesicle.nsi.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ http://vesicle.nsi.edu/users/izhikevich/publications/large-scale_model_of_human_brain.pdf
- ^ Hubert Dreyfus writes: "In general, by accepting the fundamental assumptions that the nervous system is part of the physical world and that all physical processes can described in a mathematical formalism which can in turn be manipulated by a digital computer, one can arrive at the strong claim that the behavior which results from human 'information processing,' whether directly formalizable or not, can always be indirectly reproduced on a digital machine." (Dreyfus 1972, pp. 194–5). John Searle writes: "Could a man made machine think? Assuming it possible produce artificially a machine with a nervous system, ... the answer to the question seems to be obviously, yes ... Could a digital computer think? If by 'digital computer' you mean anything at all that has a level of description where it can be correctly described as the instantiation of a computer program, then again the answer is, of course, yes, since we are the instantiations of any number of computer programs, and we can think." (Searle 1980, p. 11)
- ^ Searle 1980, p. 7
- ^ Searle writes "I like the straight forwardness of the claim." Searle 1980, p. 4
- ^ Dreyfus 1979, p. 156
- ^ Haugeland 1985, p. 5
- ^ Lucas 1961, Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 949–950, Hofstadter 1979, pp. 471–473,476–477, Turing 1950 under "The Argument from Mathematics"
- ^ Lucas 1961, pp. 57–9
- ^ Penrose 1989
- ^ Hofstadter 1979
- ^ According to Hofstadter 1979, pp. 476–477, this statement was first proposed by C. H. Whiteley
- ^ Hofstadter 1979, pp. 476–477, Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 950, Turing 1950 under "The Argument from Mathematics" where he writes "although it is established that there are limitations to the powers of any particular machine, it has only been stated, without sort of proof, that no such limitations apply to the human intellect."
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 950. They point out that real machines with finite memory can be modeled using propositional logic, which is formally decidable, and Gödel's argument does not apply to them at all.
- ^ Dreyfus 1972, Dreyfus 1979, Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986. See also Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 950–952, Crevier & 1993 120-132 and Hearn 2007, pp. 50–51
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 950–51
- ^ Turing 1950 under "(8) The Argument from the Informality of Behavior"
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 52
- ^ See Brooks 1990 and Moravec 1988
- ^ Crevier 1993, p. 125
- ^ a b c Turing 1950 under "(4) The Argument from Consciousness". See also Russell Norvig, pp. 952–3, where they identify Searle's argument with Turing's "Argument from Consciousness."
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 947
- ^ "[P]eople always tell me it was very hard to define consciousness, but I think if you're just looking for the kind of commonsense definition that you get at the beginning of the investigation, and not at the hard nosed scientific definition that comes at the end, it's not hard to give commonsense definition of consciousness." The Philosopher's Zone: The question of consciousness. Also see Dennett 1991
- ^ Blackmore 2005, p. 2
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 954–956
- ^ For example, John Searle writes: "Can a machine think? The answer is, obvious, yes. We are precisely such machines." (Searle 1980, p. 11)
- ^ Searle 1980. See also Cole 2004, Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 958–960, Crevier 1993, pp. 269–272 and Hearn 2007, pp. 43–50
- ^ Searle 1980, p. 13
- ^ Searle 1984
- ^ Cole 2004, 2.1, Leibniz 1714, 17
- ^ Cole 2004, 2.3
- ^ Searle 1980 under "1. THe Systems Reply (Berkeley)", Crevier 1993, p. 269, Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 959, Cole 2004, 4.1. Among those who hold to the "system" position (according to Cole) are Ned Block, Jack Copeland, Daniel Dennett, Jerry Fodor, John Haugeland, Ray Kurzweil and Georges Rey. Those who have defended the "virtual mind" reply include Marvin Minsky, Alan Perlis, David Chalmers, Ned Block and J. Cole (again, according to Cole 2004)
- ^ Cole 2004, 4.2 ascribes this position to Ned Block, Daniel Dennett, Tim Maudlin, David Chalmers, Steven Pinker, Patricia Churchland and others.
- ^ Searle 1980 under "2. The Robot Reply (Yale)". Cole 2004, 4.3 ascribes this position to Margaret Boden, Tim Crane, Daniel Dennett, Jerry Fodor, Stevan Harnad, Hans Moravec and Georges Rey
- ^ Quoted in Crevier 1993, p. 272
- ^ Searle 1980 under "3. The Brain Simulator Reply (Berkeley and M.I.T.)" Cole 2004 ascribes this position to Paul and Patricia Churchland and Ray Kurzweil
- ^ Searle 1980 under "5. The Other Minds Reply", Cole 2004, 4.4. Turing 1950 makes this reply under "(4) The Argument from Consciousness." Cole ascribes this position to Daniel Dennett and Hans Moravec.
- ^ Dreyfus 1979, p. 156, Haugeland, pp. 15–44
- ^ Horst 2005
- ^ a b Harnad 2001
- ^ a b c Turing 1950 under "(5) Arguments from Various Disabilities"
- ^ a b Quoted in Crevier 1993, p. 266
- ^ Crevier 1993, p. 266
- ^ Turing 1950 under "(6) Lady Lovelace's Objection"
- ^ Turing 1950 under "(5) Argument from Various Disabilities"
- ^ Katz, Leslie (2009-04-02). "Robo-scientist makes gene discovery-on its own | Crave - CNET". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ a b Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man By JOHN MARKOFF, NY Times, July 26, 2009.
- ^ The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era, by Vernor Vinge, Department of Mathematical Sciences, San Diego State University, (c) 1993 by Vernor Vinge.
- ^ Call for debate on killer robots, By Jason Palmer, Science and technology reporter, BBC News, 8/3/09.
- ^ Science New Navy-funded Report Warns of War Robots Going "Terminator", by Jason Mick (Blog), dailytech.com, February 17, 2009.
- ^ Navy report warns of robot uprising, suggests a strong moral compass, by Joseph L. Flatley engadget.com, Feb 18th 2009.
- ^ AAAI Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures 2008-2009 Study, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Accessed 7/26/09.
- ^ Article at Asimovlaws.com[dead link], July 2004, accessed 7/27/09.
- ^ Turing 1950 under "(1) The Theological Objection", although it should be noted that he also writes "I am not very impressed with theological arguments whatever they may be used to support"
- Blackmore, Susan (2005), Consciousness: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press
- Brooks, Rodney (1990), "Elephants Don't Play Chess" (PDF), Robotics and Autonomous Systems 6: 3–15, doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9, retrieved 2007-08-30
- Chalmers, David J (1996), The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-511789-1
- Cole, David (Fall 2004), "The Chinese Room Argument", in Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Crevier, Daniel (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New York, NY: BasicBooks, ISBN 0-465-02997-3
- Dennett, Daniel (1991), Consciousness Explained, The Penguin Press, ISBN 0-7139-9037-6
- Dreyfus, Hubert (1972), What Computers Can't Do, New York: MIT Press, ISBN 0-06-011082-1
- Dreyfus, Hubert (1979), What Computers Still Can't Do, New York: MIT Press.
- Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986), Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer, Oxford, UK: Blackwell
- Fearn, Nicholas (2007), The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers, New York: Grove Press
- Gladwell, Malcolm (2005), Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking, Boston: Little, Brown, ISBN 0-316-17232-4.
- Harnad, Stevan (2001), "What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument?", in Bishop, M.; Preston, J., Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument, Oxford University Press
- Hobbes (1651), Leviathan.
- Hofstadter, Douglas (1979), Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid.
- Horst, Steven (Fall 2005), "The Computational Theory of Mind", in Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Kurzweil, Ray (2005), The Singularity is Near, New York: Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-03384-7.
- Lucas, John (1961), "Minds, Machines and Gödel", in Anderson, A.R., Minds and Machines.
- McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955), A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.
- McDermott, Drew (May 14, 1997), "How Intelligent is Deep Blue", New York Times
- Moravec, Hans (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press
- Newell, Allen; Simon, H. A. (1963), "GPS: A Program that Simulates Human Thought", in Feigenbaum, E.A.; Feldman, J., Computers and Thought, New York: McGraw-Hill
- Newell, Allen; Simon, H. A. (1976), "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search", Communications of the ACM 19 (3)
- Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
- Penrose, Roger (1989), The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-14-014534-6
- Searle, John (1980), "Minds, Brains and Programs", Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (3): 417–457, doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756[dead link]
- Searle, John (1992), The Rediscovery of the Mind, Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press
- Searle, John (1999), Mind, language and society, New York, NY: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-04521-9, OCLC 231867665 43689264
- Turing, Alan (October 1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Mind LIX (236): 433–460, doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433, ISSN 0026-4423, retrieved 2008-08-18


text:
"makes it clear that Obama´s highly polarized ratings may be as much a reflection of the era in which he is governing as on Obama himself."Ummmm, no, you knee-padded presstitute. It´s Zippy himself.
Who are the 10% of "Republicans" who approve of Emperor NerØbama?
I do not place much confidence in polls. The small amount of people that are interviewed is not picked at random - if youdo not answer the first few couple of questions the left way, they thank you and hang up.
Gallup still tries to "cover" for Mr. O´s unpopularity with flimsy reasons. He will be remembered as the most destructive potus in recent history. I believe that in the end he will be regarded as infamous not famous.
Sure it is ok for America´s CEO to act like a baboon or a jack_ss!
It´s the low end of a 90 degree trend line.


text:
...and introduce myself properly here.
I'm Mindy, and although I've been lurking here for a while, and listening to Lou's podcast for years, and have attended Mousefest and various meets, I've never been active on these forums.
This is about to change.
I thoroughly enjoy the Disney community, and wish to get to know all of you better. I hope that the arrival of a couple dozen of my friends and I don't make anyone nervous. Yes, we know each other from "another site" and we do have inside jokes and such, and of course we are going to post to each other more than we post to others at first, but I'm pretty confident that we'll fit in after a while. I know some folks here already, and I hope to know more. And the ones I've met so far are so NICE!
Please be patient with me if I ask questions about your inside jokes and stories, and PLEASE let me know if I post something that you do not understand. I'd be happy to explain if you're interested! If not, then maybe we can make our own inside jokes together. I hope so, anyway.
"I really hope that people won't cherry-pick my quotes in the future
and use them out of context to justify things that I would never sign-off on."
- Walt Disney
I have a question. Who's the chick playing football in your signature?
Another long time listener/lurker here. Is this the refugee thread then?
I'm back after taking a long break on the forums, but I'm having fun catching up. Welcome.
Do I know you from somewhere???
Hi, Mindy
I don't know about you but I am loving this place already, everyone seems so nice ..... Here's to new friends and shared Dreams (minus the U word of course)
BTW Brady can sport whatever hair style he'd like as long as he keeps winning MVPs and Trophies......
My WDW Trips:1998 -Offsite / Spring 1999 WDW College Program/ 1999-All Star Movies/ 2004-Pop Century/ 2005-Offsite/ Spring 2006-Offsite/ Fall 2006-Offsite/ 2007 -Port Orleans French Quarter/ 2008 - French Quarter/ May 2009- Pop Century/Caribbean Beach / Apr-May 2010 Royal Pacific/Caribbean Beach
"Space Mountain may be the oldest ride in the park, but it has the longest line... Woooooooo!!!" -Ric Flair
It's all good here, Mindy.
While I have been fairly dormant on the WDW Radio forums for around a year, I do have plenty of experience in both this forum and the one on the "other side." Here, things tend to go a bit slower and don't nearly "run off the rails" as much.
It's all good.
Hi Mindy,
Good to see you again! Now about that football thing.... not their year. (not my team's either but...)
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Please note that WDW Radio, Lou Mongello, and Second Star Media are in no way part of, endorsed or authorized by, or affiliated with the Walt Disney Company or its affiliates. Visit Disney's official web site at Disney.com - As to Disney artwork/properties: © Disney - Disclosure.
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text:
Belle Calkin
06/24/2013 71 Bulldogs Named 2012-13 MW Scholar AthletesA total of 71 Fresno State student-athletes were honored as part of a league-record 623 Mountain West scholar athletes. 04/15/2013 National Championships Are HereThe Fresno State equestrian Western team qualified for the NCEA National Championships in Waco, Texas from April 18-20, 2013. 04/05/2013 Equestrian Excels In AcademicsThe NCEA announced the Academic Award winners for the 2012 spring and fall semesters. 03/24/2013 Bulldogs Defeat AggiesThe Fresno State equestrian team defeated New Mexico State 9-7, Saturday afternoon. 03/22/2013 'Dogs Tie In TennesseeThe Fresno State equestrian team tied the University of Tennessee Martin 8-8, Friday afternoon. Last updated: Sept. 22, 2013 Academic Accolades 2012-13 (Junior): Competed in 11 Equitation over Fences events in her second year as a Bulldog ... earned six wins during the season and they came against SMU, Texas A&M, TCU, South Dakota State, UTM, and New Mexico State University ... her season-high score of 83 against Texas A&M tied her career high score ... maintained an average score of 76 ... earned her second varsity letter ... named a Frist Team NCEA Academic All-American ... received the Most Unflappable Award for Hunt Seat that was voted on by the coaches. 2011-12 (Sophomore): First year competing for Fresno State ... competed in four Equitation over Fences events ... picked up her first Bulldog win against Stanford with a season-high score of 83 and also earned an MVP honor for that performance ... maintained an average score of 76. Kansas State 2010-11 (Freshman): Was named to the Big 12 Commissioner's Honor Roll. Pre-Fresno State: Amateur Equitation Challenge winner ... high scores in California Professional Horseman's Association (CPHA) Amateur medal finals ... qualified to compete in CPHA Amateur Medal Finals, CPHA Foundation Finals, Foxfield Medal Finals, USEF Adult Equitation Finals, WCE Final and Los Angeles Hunter Jumper Association (LAHJA) Senior Medal Finals. Campbell Hall HS: Qualified and competed in CPHA Junior, CPHA Foundation, WCE Final, and LAHJA medals ... four-year letterwinner in Equestrian ... captain of equestrian team ... varsity individual high point rider of Los Angeles county IEL ... numerous team and individual awards in IEL ... 2009 and 2010 prestigious Coach's Award at Campbell High School ... Marshall Sterling Reserve champion ... 2007-08 Junior Medal Reserve Champion and a San Fernando Valley Horseman's Show Association (SFVHSA) Challenge Medal winner in 2008. Personal: Born April 20, 1992 in Glendale, Calif. ... parents are Noelle and Robert Calkin, has one younger brother Parris ... hobbies include photography, reading and seeing musicals on Broadway ... currently trains with Joe Thorpe ... past trainers include George Morris, Cyndi Merritt, Stacy Lambakis and Steve Cross ... biggest athletic thrill is landing after the last fence in a medal final after a good round ... admires her family the most ... chose to attend Fresno State because of its awesome equestrian team. |


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Photo: goodreads.com
Two of the city's finest writers, Laura Lippman and Sujata Massey, will be at The Ivy Bookshop this evening. Massey will be talking to Lippman about her latest book, And When She Was Good, which just came out in paperback. It's about time we stop pigeonholing Lippman and Massey as mystery writers. They're great writers, period. And Massey has an intriguing book coming out in August, a historical novel called The Sleeping Dictionary. Tonight's event starts at 7 pm.


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Search results for : | musli conversion |
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A conversion for my archon
sooo awesome people of this forum! im just wondering, might sound stupid...but still im wondering, what type of good, arm and head combination can i use? that will make it look good. cause i really want to put a hellglaive thing on him. but i usually
Ork conversion
So, I'm thinking about how to expand my Ork forces, and I came up with an idea, and I thought I'd get some opinions before I even begin to think about buying the stuff for it. Basically, what i was thinking was taking a plastic Space Marine dreadnought an


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Dyubanoks highlight-reel goal not enough
BURLINGTON Nina Tikkinen scored twice in the third period to help Finland overcome an early 2-0 deficit and beat Russia 5-4 this afternoon at the Gutterson Fieldhouse. The game was punctuated by a sensational goal from Russia's Inna Dyubanok late in the first period.
The win gives Finland three points in the Group A standings, but it carries with it the knowledge that it will take a Herculean effort to make the result count. Finland would have to beat either the United States or Canada to earn a bye to the semi-finals. Otherwise, it will qualify for the quarters later next week.
"We knew they were going to try to rush the puck whenever they could," Tikkinen said. "But we also knew there are risks when they do."
Galina Skiba gave the Russians the early lead, at 3:42, but it was Dyubanok on the power play at 18:30 that caused heads to turn. She got the puck at the blue line on the point and made two sensational toe drag moves a la Rick Nash, and then when she was at the top of Meeri Raisanens crease, Dyubanok roofed a lovely backhand over the goalies glove.
But although Russia held Finland to just eight shots in the first period, it was a different Suomi team that came out to play the middle 20 minutes. They dominated all over the ice, limiting the Russians to two harmless shots while scoring twice to tie the game.
The first came midway through on a power play as Rosa Lindstedt knocked in a rebound from the crease. The second came courtesy of a determined shift from Karoliina Rantamaki. She had two sensational chances, but the first was stopped by goalie Anna Progova and the second slid through the crease. But Rantamaki persisted, and when she got a third chance in close, she buried it with less than two minutes to play to make it a 2-2 game after 40 minutes.
"We knew we could do better, and we knew we were a better team than the way we played in the first," Tikkinen said.
Teams exchanged quick goals in the third period. Nina Tikkinen scored at 1:05 for the Finns but less than a minute later the Russians tied the game on another pretty effort. Yekaterina Lebedeva cut in goal from the off wing and slid the puck between Raisanens pads.
The Finns killed off a power play and then got the go-ahead goal on an even-man rush. Tikkinen simply skated in on goal and beat Prugova to the far side over her blocker. Rantamaki followed quickly to make it a 5-3 game.
Undaunted, the Russians got one goal back in quick order from Tatyana Burina, but hey couldn't get the equalizer.
"We were a little bit nervous at first," acknowledged Rintamaki, "and we didn't skate as we knew we could at the first. We knew they were a tough team."


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NTSB Chairman Hersman to head safety council
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Deborah Hersman, the chairman of the nation's transportation accident... More
- JOAN LOWY Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Deborah Hersman, the chairman of the nation's transportation accident... More
WASHINGTON (AP) -- President Barack Obama is fulfilling a State of the Union pledge to preserve... More
NAPA, Calif. (AP) -- Come to California wine country taste the . olive oil? Yes, there's liquid... More
MOBILE, Ala. (AP) -- It's easy to miss some tasty seafood restaurants on Alabama's northern Gulf... More
DALLAS (AP) -- Airlines are still tallying up the damage from this winter's storms, but solid... More
LANSING, Mich. (AP) -- Michigan's tourism industry should continue to grow this year as the... More
LOS ANGELES (AP) -- With more trains and buses to take, and the appeal of using travel time for... More
LONDON (AP) -- There is a new kitten at the Winston Churchill estate. The orange-colored cat is... More
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) -- Neighbors of The Breakers estate in Newport are suing to block a new... More
DALLAS (AP) -- The CEO of American Airlines says his company is getting $381 million from selling... More
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) -- Don't call them hot dogs and don't ask for ketchup. Those are the... More
MATAMOROS, Mexico (AP) -- The sidewalks are empty on Alvaro Obregon Avenue. Restaurants and... More
PARIS (AP) -- When you travel, airport security agents may pat you down, inspect your deodorant... More
NEW YORK (AP) -- American Airlines and JetBlue Airways Corp. are ending an agreement that allowed... More
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) -- After decades of attempts to preserve portions of the old Mother Road, U.S.... More
LOS ANGELES (AP) -- Americans are boarding public buses, trains and subways in greater numbers... More
Americans are boarding public buses, trains and subways in greater numbers than any time since... More
WASHINGTON (AP) -- President Barack Obama has returned to Washington after a family vacation in... More
KEY LARGO, Fla. (AP) -- President Barack Obama is squeezing in another round of golf before his... More
ATLANTA (AP) -- Officials at the world's busiest airport say the facility is on track to complete... More
BEIJING (AP) -- Karl Lagerfeld and a Macau casino operator announced plans Friday for the Chanel... More
GEORGE TOWN, Cayman Islands (AP) -- The government of the Cayman Islands says 24 Cuban migrants... More
DALLAS (AP) -- Delta is providing more details about changes to its frequent-flier program after... More
MOBILE, Ala. (AP) -- Mobile is that "other" city on the northern Gulf Coast, the one that... More
RICHARDSON, Texas (AP) -- A smattering of green sprouting through brown leaves blanketing the... More


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Events for February 14
One Billion Rising Fort Wayne
Parkview Field, 1301 Ewing St.
Small Engines Workshop for Youth
Carroll High School, on Carroll Road
Gaslight Playhouse, Inc. presents "Romance Through the Ages"
American Legion Post 86 at 322 South Main Street in Kendallville
National Salute to Veteran Patients
VA Northern Indiana Health Care System Marion campus
Cancer Services launches Tee Shirt Contest for 11th annual Lapper
Deadline to submit design: Friday, March 8, 2013
3rd Annual Ombudsman Pajama Drive
3217-B Stellhorn Rd., Fort Wayne, IN 46815
Ceramics artist delivering lecture at USF
Weatherhead Gallery in the Rolland Center for Art and Visual Communication
H.O.P.E. for Animals Spay/Neuter Promotion "Beat the Heat"
H.O.P.E. for Animals Spay and Neuter Clinic, 1333 Maycrest Dr.
Regional University Exhibition at Artlink
Auer Center for Arts and Culture, 300 East Main St.


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This 2003 Porsche 911 2dr Turbo AWD Coupe . It is equipped with a 6 Speed TipTronic transmission. The vehicle is Arctic Silver Metallic... More
Being offered at AUCTION on March 29th in the Exposition Hall at Freeman Coliseum. KruseClassics.com 1582 cc 4-Cylinder engine 102hp Manual Transmission One... More
1997 Porsche 993 Carrera Cabriolet '97 Porsche 993 Carrera Cabriolet, ocean blue metallic with grey interior, 77,371 on the odometer, tiptronic, automatic, a/c, power windows,... More
1980 Porsche 911SC Targa '80 Porsche 911SC Targa, matching numbers, chassis# 91A0130305, engine# 630026, color code#301 light blue metallic with navy blue interior, 5 speed... More
This 1962 Porsche 356B T6 Coupe is stunning in black exterior! The black vinyl interior is original. From the desirable twin grill, external fuel... More
1972 Porsche 911T Targa '72 Porsche 911T Targa, chassis# 9112110798, engine# 6133172, silver with black interior, solid floor pan, excellent weekend driver that is mechanically... More
2012 Panamera Turbo S Options: 4.8 liter Turbo V-8, 550 HP, 553 lb.-ft. torque Platinum Silver Metallic Black Full Leather Interior 20" 911 Turbo II Wheels Porsche Ceramic Competition Brakes Seat... More
1962 Porsche 356BT6 Race car. This is not a street car. The car was modified as a race car in the 80's. I have... More
2004 Porsche 911C4S 2-door convertible, This beautiful 2004 Tiptronic C4S Cab is the nicest Porsche you will find . Always garaged kept and rarely has seen rain... More
1977 Porsche 911S Sunroof Coupe '77 Porsche 911S Sunroof Coupe with matching numbers, chassis#9117203240, engine#6275746, color code#304 special order Minerva blue with black interior, solid... More
2002 Porsche 911 Carrera Cabriolet with 38,000 original miles. Powered by a 3.6 liter H-6 engine (320hp) with a 5 speed automatic w O/D... More
2005 Porsche Boxster with 36,000 original miles! Powered by a 2.7 liter H6 engine (240 hp) matched to a 5 speed manual transmission. Air... More
Vehicle to be auctions Friday, May 2, 2014 at Motostalgia's Keels & Wheels Auction. For more information visit www.motostalgia.com... More
Chassis# 9116211490 Engine# 6461647 Gearbox# 7164073 Paint Code: 908 (Grand Prix White) 1976 Porsche 911S Targa 2.7 liter. White with a black interior. 104,000 miles on the odometer. The... More
2000 Porsche Boxter ConvertibleV6 2.7 Liter 2687 CC Manual TransmissionPower Windows, Power Locks, Power Convertible TopLow miles...We have all the books and records.boxster in... More


text: Meta Battle Subway PokeBase - Pokemon Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat How do you change a Pokemon's nature? 1 vote I want to Ev train my Golurk, but I don't know how to change its nature. natures black-white-2 asked Nov 4, 2012 by SammichHero Thanks for the answer, that's depressing though... Please log in or register to add a comment. Please log in or register to answer this question. 1 Answer 2 votes Best answer You can't change a Pokemons nature, but if you have a Pokemon with synchronize - and it's the first Pokemon in your team -, there is a 50 % chance that the wild Pokemon you're against, will have the same nature, as your Pokemon with synchronize. So you have to catch another Golett, if you want another nature. answered Nov 4, 2012 by NO1974 selected Dec 24, 2012 by Mewderator *Catch another Golett Thanks :) Please log in or register to add a comment. Related questions How to pick a moveset based on a Pokemon's nature? Does a Pokemon's nature change when it evolves? How much boost does a Pokemon's Attack get from a Nature? Do pokemon's natures change upon evolution? Does a Pokemon's nature make it easier to catch? Does a Pokemon's nature boost the stat more or does the characteristic boost more? What is the significance of a pokemon's nature? When does a baby Pokemon's IV,Nature etc. get determined? Useful Meta Posts How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ


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Ward End Library
Visit our new website
This webpage has now been replaced by information on the new Library of Birmingham website. Please visit our Ward End Library webpage for the latest information on news and events.
Important Notice
This library webpage has now been replaced by information on the Library of Birmingham website and is not being updated regularly. Please visit our Community Library webpages on the new site for the latest information on your local library.
Online Library Catalogue
To search the catalogue click Online Library Catalogue
To renew and reserve online click Login to the Online Catalogue
Ward End
Buses - 92, 93 and 94 from city centre stop on Washwood Heath Road, by the park.
Parking - Free parking at front of library.


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Dr. Gloria Po-Ting Ko MD
Is this you? Claim profile
Dr. Gloria Po-Ting Ko MD is a female Family Practitioner, has 33 years of experience and practices in Family Medicine and Internal Medicine.
18575 Gale Ave
Ste 108
City Of Industry, CA 91748
Phone Number
Locations and availability (2)
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Gloria Ko:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
The overall average patient rating of Dr. Gloria Ko is Good.
Patient Ratings | |
Ease of Appointment |
Promptness |
Courteous Staff |
Accurate Diagnosis |
Bedside Manner |
Spends Time with Me |
Follows Up After Visit |
Specialties & Research
Dr. Gloria Ko, MD is board certified in Family Medicine.
More Specialties & Research
Dr. Ko has 15 hospital affiliations:
- Garfield Medical Center
- Whittier Hospital Medical Center
More Affiliations
Accepted Insurance Plans
Dr. Ko accepts these health insurances in at least one office:
- LA Care Health Plan - 4 plans
- United Healthcare - 14 plans
- Blue Shield of California - 91 plans
- Great-West Healthcare - 2 plans
- Molina Healthcare - 4 plans
- Unicare - 2 plans
- Care 1st Health Plan - 3 plans
- Anthem Blue Cross - 3 plans
- Evercare - 1 plan
- Cigna - 11 plans
- Humana - 7 plans
More Accepted Insurance
Similar doctors nearby
- Additional Information
- Where does Dr. Gloria P. Ko practice?
Dr. Gloria Ko practices Family Medicine and Internal Medicine near City Of Industry, CA.
Additional practice locations include: Upland, CA.
See City Of Industry Family Physicians and City Of Industry Internists.


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Distributor: Walt Disney Video Synopsis: Part of Disney's Baby Einstein series designed to bring out the genius in little viewers, Baby da Vinci: From Head to Toe is intended to introduce toddlers to a variety of their own body parts. Using fun imagery and the stimulating music of Bach, Morley, and Vivaldi, the program teaches youngsters what to call their head, shoulders, knees, and toes in three different languages. ~ Matthew Tobey, Rovi
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Blue Man on a Mission to Grant Charlotte Mom's WishCHARLOTTE, N.C. - He's a (blue) man on a wish granting mission. The Experience Genie stops by Fox News Rising to explain how he's helping cancer patients forget about their illness. His personal experience dealing with his father's diagnosis has inspired him to help others, including a Charlotte mother. Most Popular
Most Popular |


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I knew it was a place I wanted to come and play. The team and I had great chemistry and I felt this was the right choice for me.
Current Student Spotlight:
Brittany Kilgore'13
Hometown:Macedonia, Ohio
Major:Exercise Science
Future gym owner
Member of: the Women's Basketball team, Black Student Union and the Exercise Science Club
Basketball, a Team Sport
I chose the University of Mount Union because I wanted to play basketball and through the recruiting experience with the team, I knew it was a place I wanted to come and play. The team and I had great chemistry and I felt this was the right choice for me.
Favorite Spot
The McPherson Academic and Athletic Complex (MAAC) is one of my favorite places on campus. It's very convenient to have class then go straight to working out all in the same building.
Exercise Science
I decided to major in exercise science this major because I love to be around athletes and learning about different ways to stay healthy and fit. Mount Union's program offered me the chance to have the hands-on experience and the helpful professors.
Advice Guru
Dr. Katherine Clark, assistant professor, human performance and sport business, is my favorite teacher. She has helped me throughout my years here at Mount Union by helping me get through some of my tough classes. She is that person I can talk to about anything. Dr. Clark continues to help me now with my decisions about graduate school and job selections. She has truly played a big role in my life and helped me become the person I am today.
Using my Mount Union degree
My ultimate goal would be to have my own gym or training program where I can help people from children to adults. I would like to be able to train them and give them nutrition advice to help make them into a better and healthier person.
Practically Family
I love that Mount Union shows real concern for its students. The fact that I can go and talk to one of my professors if I need help in class or just to say hi is something I love. I also like the small college atmosphere because I've became so close with my friends that we're pretty much like family now.


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Victoria Cosgrove
Academic Appointments
Key Documents
Contact Information
Clinical Offices
Child Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic 401 Quarry Rd MC 5719 Stanford, CA 94305 Tel Work (650) 498-9111 Fax (650) 723-4655Practices at Stanford Hospital and Clinics and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
- Academic Offices
Personal Information EmailNot for medical emergencies or patient use
Professional Overview
Clinical Focus
- Psychology
- Psychiatry
Honors and Awards
- Awardee, NIMH Career Development Institute for Bipolar Disorder (5/2010)
- New Investigator Award, NIMH-NCDEU (6/2010)
Professional Education
Internship: | VA Medical Center Palo Alto CA (2009) |
Professional Education: | University of Colorado at Boulder CO (2009) |
Fellowship: | Stanford University Medical Center CA (2011) |
Master of Arts: | University of Colorado at Boulder, Clinical Psychology (2005) |
Bachelor of Arts: | Yale University (1998) |
Scientific Focus
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
Dr. Victoria E. Cosgrove is an Instructor in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences with the Pediatric Bipolar Disorders Clinic and Research Program at the Stanford University School of Medicine and a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Bipolar Disorder Research Program at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. She hails from the East Coast and graduated in 1994 with a BA in Psychology from Yale University. Before attending graduate school, she was a Research Assistant in Boston and New York City for NIMH-funded projects investigating psychopharmacological and psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. She graduated in 2009 from the University of Colorado at Boulder with a PhD in Clinical Psychology and an Interdisciplinary Certificate from the Institute for Behavioral Genetics, completing her Predoctoral Internship at the VA Palo Alto. Dr. Cosgroves dissertation research examined the roles of candidate genes in adolescent bipolar disorder. During her first year of fellowship, Dr. Cosgrove has pursued a line of research investigating roles for life and family stress as well as inflammatory and neurotrophic pathways in the etiology and development of bipolar disorder. She is ultimately interested in exploring the effects of evidence-based psychotherapy on neurobiological and genetic pathways in children and adults with bipolar disorder. In her spare time, she enjoys running with her beloved spaniel, Trinidad, on rolling, mid-peninsula trails.
- First controlled treatment trial of bipolar II hypomania with mixed symptoms: Quetiapine versus placebo. Journal of affective disorders 2013; 150 (1): 37-43
- Bipolar depression in pediatric populations : epidemiology and management. Paediatric drugs 2013; 15 (2): 83-91
- Characteristics of responders and non-responders to risperidone monotherapy or placebo in co-occurring bipolar disorder and anxiety disorder EUROPEAN PSYCHIATRY 2013; 28 (3): 190-196
- Early Intervention for Symptomatic Youth at Risk for Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Trial of Family-Focused Therapy JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY 2013; 52 (2): 121-131
- Informing DSM-5: biological boundaries between bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. BMC medicine 2013; 11: 127-?
- Association between 5HTT, DAT1, and DRD4 and bipolar disorder in youth PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS 2012; 22 (6): 304-304


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Olympic and Paralympic Games
The Torch Relays: As the host city police force, the Met is providing a Torch Security Team, who are responsible for the integrity, safety and security of the Olympic and Paralympic Flames and the torchbearer who is holding the Flame. The Met will deliver the local policing operation when the Relays arrive in London. Find out more here.
The Torch RelaysThe Games in London: The London 2012 Games will be the biggest sporting event in UK history, with over 70% of it happening in London. This will be a summer like no other as hundreds of events, celebrations and cultural festivals are hosted in the city.
The Games in LondonAdvice for Visitors & Communities: Whether you are coming to see an Olympic event or live and work in London, check out our advice on how you can prepare for a safe and secure summer in 2012.
Advice for visitors and communitiesOlympics Blog: PC Trudi Gunn from Avon and Somerset Constabulary
I am a mounted officer from Avon and Somerset in London to help police the Olympics, along with the rest of my team and our horses.
Unauthorised and Fraudulent Websites
The Metropolitan Police has issued warnings about a number of websites that may be fraudulent or unauthorised to sell Olympic tickets.


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Monsieur Richard, a good-looking businessman, spoils his friends with his extra large penis. Despite interruption by his wife, he leaves his horniness to run free and satisfies her secretary for a short time in the waiting room
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