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Re: Things that define you as a noob
traderearl Mar 25, 2012 11:10 PM (in response to beefsupreme)Haha, screw them all, just play and have fun
Re: Things that define you as a noob
MoNsTeR_zAcH Mar 25, 2012 11:18 PM (in response to beefsupreme)Agree with everything but #'s 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19. So only about half the list
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Justin_IRE Mar 26, 2012 12:46 AM (in response to beefsupreme)oh oh this is fun.. can I add :
Drop shotting.. Noob
Defend an objective - Noob/camper
Not collecting Tags.. Noob
Collecting Tags - Noob
You have a life outside of COD - Noob
Using the Knife, even if your out of ammo - Noob
Oh and my personal Fav :
K/D under 2.50 - Noob
W/L under 80% - Noob
But yea, play the game and actually killing somone = guess what? NOOB
Re: Things that define you as a noob
monkeylord Mar 26, 2012 12:55 AM (in response to beefsupreme)#20 Using a sniper rifle and hardscoping
#21 Using the RSASS
#22 Using the MG36
#23 Using the recon drone to tag someone
#24 Dying in any way shape or form
Re: Things that define you as a noob
467384783 Mar 26, 2012 2:01 AM (in response to beefsupreme)I got called a noob once for killing someone with the throwing knife.
The cr@p people come up with is ridiculous.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
WiseguyFTL Mar 26, 2012 3:48 AM (in response to beefsupreme)From your list I only agree with Akimbo, Deathstreaks, Camping, Support strike package, noobtubes and RPG's. I don't see what's wrong with using strong weapons... That being said I never use FMG's or the T95, the type 95 is a beast for close range, but for long range it sucks, while it's supposed to be a long range weapon. And I prefer a pistol as my secondary. I also don't see what's wrong with easy to counter tactics like dropshotting (just aim down at the ground... If you get dropshot a lot and you still get surprised by it... it's your own fault) or strafing / hipfiring... I don't see what's wrong with defending objectives either, I personally prefer to kill them off spawn so they can't get there, to camping at the objective, but it's still a legit tactic to win games...
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Justin_IRE Mar 26, 2012 4:40 AM (in response to WiseguyFTL)wow.. you didnt really pick up on the tone..
My point was.. as long as you kill someone in this game... regardless as to how.. your going to be called a Noob.. simple..
If I get a cross map t.knife onto a dom point being taken.. I still get called a Noob.. lucky yes.. noob eh.. I dont think so..
Re: Things that define you as a noob
robsstang Mar 26, 2012 4:32 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Definitely "Akimbo Anything"
Re: Things that define you as a noob
thisguygotcha Mar 26, 2012 4:36 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Akimbo weapons, using assassin at the begining of a match. Sitting in a corner or bushes. Thats my list. Ohh and <1 kd=noob
Re: Things that define you as a noob
rlbl Mar 26, 2012 4:50 AM (in response to thisguygotcha)I guess I am a noob...
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Berlinwalled Mar 26, 2012 4:44 AM (in response to beefsupreme)You said camping 3 times and also #25 - Shoot down air support w/ Stinger and Blind Eye
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Berlinwalled Mar 26, 2012 4:44 AM (in response to Berlinwalled)= noob
Re: Things that define you as a noob
WiseguyFTL Mar 26, 2012 4:49 AM (in response to Berlinwalled)I agree, nothing wrong with shooting down air support, or having a class with blind eye on it to switch to, but having blind eye on every class = noob. It just shows you're not confident and you expect the enemy to get killstreaks... Most of these people sit in corners and use support streaks as well, noobs XXL =D
Re: Things that define you as a noob
the_eon Mar 27, 2012 4:15 AM (in response to WiseguyFTL)What's wrong with having Blind Eye on most classes? When I experimant taking it off I will die on average 3-4 times from Pred Missiles and Helis. I swear people moan about Assasin and Blind Eye to make it earier for them to kill people - why would I want to make it easier for you to kill me?
Re: Things that define you as a noob
vTc__Goose Mar 26, 2012 4:52 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Defending the bomb sites in S&D? Campe...I mean NOOB!
- tHQs Roadblock
Re: Things that define you as a noob
rlbl Mar 26, 2012 5:00 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Anyone that misuses the term newbie
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Sir_Valiant Mar 26, 2012 5:17 AM (in response to beefsupreme)If you let ANYONE tell you how to play YOUR game that you paid for, along with the internet connection, computer, electric bill, etc... = NOOB!!
Screw what anyone tells you, play what, how, when you want with your paid for game. When THEY pay YOUR bills, then they can have a say, MAYBE.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
pazuzu16 Mar 26, 2012 5:54 AM (in response to beefsupreme)anybody that cries about other players play style, screams nerf this/that, wines about what perks others use, boosts, glitch cheat, and then try and defend said actions = ultra NOOB
Re: Things that define you as a noob
beefsupreme Mar 26, 2012 10:22 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Some of you got the point here. I just love how you are called noob for killing someone/causing someone to be killed.
Toss a frag toward red dots on your mini map, NOOB
Sit and wait for those red dots to come around a corner, NOOB
If you happen to end a killstreak, you are double NOOB
It's getting to the point I'm waiting to see a thread whining about people shooting back at them when they got a kill streak going.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Thesandman Mar 26, 2012 10:30 AM (in response to beefsupreme)For me Noob only means underbarrel grenade launchers and RPGs.
I do get the tone of your thread and find it funny but true in what you say.
Looking at some of the things listed...A stinger??? how is using a stinger make you a noob? Do you just want me to not shoot down your hard earned heli and instead let it kill me and my team mates repeatedly?
As for the blind eye perk. It is a fact that it is tier 1's strongest perk imo.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
mralpharogue Mar 26, 2012 10:32 AM (in response to beefsupreme)I gave up on the community when I played one round and hardscoped a guy. The guy then sent me a message calling me a "hardscoping ***" and a "noob."
So, I spent the rest of the match quickscopeing. Guess what? In the lobby, I got called a noob again by the same enemy team because I was quickscoping with the L118A, and not the RSASS.
Does that make sense to you? Because it sure didn't make sense to me.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
dlundebjerg28 Mar 26, 2012 10:57 AM (in response to beefsupreme)I've died 50,000 times so far in MW3, all by the hands of noobs.
ADS and shooting
Hip firing
Using an AR
Using a Shotgun
Using an SMG
Using a LMG
Using a Sniper Rifle
Using Deathstreaks
Using Support Killstreaks
Using Assault Killstreaks
Using Specialist
Using attachments on your guns
Using Proficiencies on your guns
Using perks
All of the above makes you a noob. If you kill me, you're a noob
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Perkadelic Mar 26, 2012 10:59 AM (in response to beefsupreme)firing javelin indoors
Re: Things that define you as a noob
pride187 Mar 27, 2012 4:42 AM (in response to Perkadelic)Haha yeah thats realy for noobs although sometimes when it hits a leaf its explodes aswell -_-. Same for a hand granade bouncing back from a leaf
Re: Things that define you as a noob
traderearl Mar 26, 2012 11:09 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Realizing that the majority of those that use the term "noob" in game are lucky to have reached puberty provides the lack of rationale used by the individual using the term when they just died and have no other alternative to spew out than the prior list of terms aforementioned. Sorry, I don't like commas. I did put one in though.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Thesandman Mar 26, 2012 11:19 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Perkadelic, you are right in what you say, ie:a guy was playing in interchange and decided to fire his Javelin under the covered part and kills himself. Also people stopping to destroy a claymore/betty or C4 but standing to close, are imo NOOBS
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Gerbera_Kai Mar 26, 2012 11:42 AM (in response to beefsupreme)If I die in any way, even if I kill myself on purpose, you're a noob!
Re: Things that define you as a noob
nazerr Mar 27, 2012 3:05 AM (in response to beefsupreme)There's challenges that require deaths, like get 100 kills in final stand, boy did that take me a while. I'd start a kill confirmed match, go out and get as many kills as i can, but as soon as i get killed i go out and run to the enemy twice more to get final stand. Took me maybe a week, but i have that rainbow unicorn emblem now. Another one, get a riot shield kill in the game winning killcam, tried TDM and KC, no luck. I go over to S&D, did it second round, got him down to flashing red with my second primary weapon (MP7) and he ran and hid around the corner on Village, i sprinted rounded and smahed him with the shield, challenge done. There are many challenges like this that required many deaths to achieve them, and most of the time i get called a NOOB ? I'm a noob for wanting to complete online multiplayer... i do have a mic, but if i switch it on and say what i'm trying to do, it'll just be, "yeah yeah what ever, noob". Bearing in mind i have a 1.16 K/D, not very good, but since it used to be 0.70 ( in the early mw3 days last year), i think it's impressive, i'd have a 1.40/1.50 K/D now if i was good from the start, but since i have 70k kills, it's mage hard to increase my k/d.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
falkon Mar 27, 2012 4:22 AM (in response to nazerr)playing MW3 for what ever reason... = noob
we are all noobs...
dont we
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Snipingdbag Mar 27, 2012 5:08 AM (in response to beefsupreme)None of these in specific. A dbag is someone who uses the FMGS and makes you rage, a noob is someone who does bad with the fmgs.
Noobs are people who make teams lose constantly. Aka always going negative while never adding to the team / objective > uber noob. People who camp corners just for kills in dom / kc > incredibly lame noobs. People who ignore the objective constantly. Also people who act retarded over the mic or play stupid music loudly over it thinking they are cool. Dead man's hand free kills of course.
Few days back I cracked after a bunch of split screeners went 7-45 constantly together in KC. This went on for games before I cracked and messaged them to go suck each others dic-ks off instead of handicapping teams constantly online.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Shadow_Alq Mar 27, 2012 5:54 AM (in response to Snipingdbag)Now...this Thread is hell funny!!!!!!!!!!
Re: Things that define you as a noob
bigdavic Mar 27, 2012 5:52 AM (in response to beefsupreme)a noob has never gotten a moab...
Re: Things that define you as a noob
huntingnoluck Mar 27, 2012 6:14 AM (in response to beefsupreme)Last night I heard 2 guys (same clan tag) in a lobby. One says to the other "I'm going to use a bouncing betty and portable radar. Heehee now that is a tryhard class" the other guy says "Oh you're such a noob! Tryhard Noob!". Then our lobby merged with another one that had 3 clan guys in it and they quickly left the lobby.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
wridtrvlr Mar 27, 2012 6:57 AM (in response to beefsupreme)If you play this game or any other FPS you are a noob (accroding to many people in the internets). Plain and simple. If you get killed, it was probably just a noob and not b/c of your lack of king kong skills. I like what DLUND had to say, every death of mine has been at the hand of a noob. So true.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
xCRAZY MOFOx Mar 27, 2012 7:05 AM (in response to beefsupreme)The only thing in that list that is noob is quickscoping.
Exploiting the auto aim and posting montages of it on youtube thinking it means you have "skill" is the ultimate form of noob.
It requires zero effort or skill at all on consoles thanks to aim assist, and on PC it's so pathetically easy anyone could master it in 5 minutes.
Quickscoping was invented by little kids, for little kids.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
Smoker123 Mar 27, 2012 3:53 PM (in response to xCRAZY MOFOx)No, what makes you a noob is complaining about all those things. Shut up and play or don't login.
Re: Things that define you as a noob
dastealth Mar 27, 2012 4:05 PM (in response to beefsupreme)Commenting on this thread = NOOB
anyways you get called noob no matter what you do. I got called a noob for using a Riot Shield in S&D and killing a guy? What has the community come to...


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Live 2003 [Bonus DVD] (2003)
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Carriers try outflanking app stores with WAC
Nokia and Microsoft want to create a "third ecosystem" to rival the mobile phone realms built by Apple and Google--but carriers have an even broader alternative of their own.
Last year at the Mobile World Congress show, a group of them unveiled the Wholesale Applications Community. It's an effort to outflank native software and monolithic app stores with Web apps not tied as tightly to specific smartphones and available through a variety of conduits.
And this year at the show, they launched WAC.
"With the commercial launch of operator storefronts, handsets and applications, all based on … Read more


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Obama inauguration 2013: National Guard called in to help D.C. cops
With just three days remaining until President Barack Obama is sworn in for his second term in office, a huge contingent of National Guard soldiers and airmen from 31 states and territories descended on the District of Columbia on Friday to lend a helping hand.
A force of 6,000 members of the Guard are on a unique and special mission, they say - they've been called up to support the District's National Guard during the 57th Presidential Inauguration.
The help from this group will be widespread throughout the National Mall on Inauguration Day. They'll help with everything from traffic control to medical assistance. Many of them, in fact, held similar duties four years ago during President Obama's first inauguration.
"We have (a) specific post where we need to be," Pennsylvania National Guardsman Maj. William Start said. "(We'll) enjoy it knowing we are doing our job."
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It's by far not the first time the Guard has been called up to help on Inauguration Day, either. They have been a part of every ceremony since 1861, when President Abraham Lincoln received his first salute from a D.C. Guardsman.
"Most of the personnel here were here last time," D.C. National Guard Maj. Gen. Errol Shwartz said. "They know the city very well."
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423 W Church -- Looking for leak on water main.
Leak has been located , prepairing to remove concrete .
Removing concret & earth to expose water main .
Prepairing the broken water main .
Installing repair clamp.
Prepairing to backfill hole.
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The average water main break takes five to seven hours to complete the job.
After we have completed our repairs, the size of the street cut is turned over to the Street Department and scheduled for permanent repairs.


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An Interdomain Energetic Tug-of-War Creates the Allosterically Active State in Hsp70 Molecular Chaperones
An Interdomain Energetic Tug-of-War Creates the Allosterically Active State in Hsp70 Molecular Chaperones
Cell, Volume 151, Issue 6,
Pages 1296-1307,
Publication Date 7 December 2012
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.002
Anastasia Zhuravleva
Eugenia M. Clerico
Lila M. Gierasch
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Corresponding author
► The allosterically active state explains roles of ligands in Hsp70 allostery ► Orthogonal Hsp70 domain-domain interfaces energetically compete ► The interdomain linker mediates Hsp70 allostery by binding the NBD ► Evolution can tune Hsp70 interdomain interfaces for a wide array of functions
The allosteric mechanism of Hsp70 molecular chaperones enables ATP binding to the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) to alter substrate affinity to the C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD) and substrate binding to enhance ATP hydrolysis. Cycling between ATP-bound and ADP/substrate-bound states requires Hsp70s to visit a state with high ATPase activity and fast on/off kinetics of substrate binding. We have trapped this "allosterically active" state for the E. coli Hsp70, DnaK, and identified how interactions among the NBD, the β subdomain of the SBD, the SBD α-helical lid, and the conserved hydrophobic interdomain linker enable allosteric signal transmission between ligand-binding sites. Allostery in Hsp70s results from an energetic tug-of-war between domain conformations and formation of two orthogonal interfaces: between the NBD and SBD, and between the helical lid and the β subdomain of the SBD. The resulting energetic tension underlies Hsp70 functional properties and enables them to be modulated by ligands and cochaperones and "tuned" through evolution.


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Hi all,
So ive tackled the repairs, the first few were awful but the later ones ok. What im struggling to understand is how to sand them down properly.
So ive added 2 layers of cloth and resin in a taped area. Remove the tape and i have a nice 'raised patch' from my repair. If i try to sand the edges im inevitably going to take some layers of the board near the edge of the repair.
So, do i sand the arse out of the repair so it is flat with the board, then paint a bit of resin on and wet sand that. Or do i sand the repair down as best i can without sanding the original board and wet dry the edges making as minimal a bump as possible?
Help needed ASAP. Im driving to Sennen on friday and have about 8 patches to finish!


text:
Minimo keychain camera produces Lomo effects
Lomo cameras are known to produce quirky effects such as oversaturated hues, out-of-focus shots, and vignetting, which are some of the trademarks of a shot taken with the shooter. However, all of these point-and-shoots are film-based, and this may not appeal to those who are more savvy with digital cameras.
Now there is the Minimo. Do note that this snapper isn't made by the Lomography Society. According to Netizens, this is the brainchild of a Japanese company that thought it might be interesting to make a matchbox-size digital camera that produces Lomo-ish shots.
The Minimo has a 2-megapixel sensor, … Read more


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McCarter & English has expanded its executive compensation practice by hiring special counsel Joseph Bachelder III and Jerome Cohen from the Bachelder Law Firm, a shop known for its expertise in stru
Originally Published: the_am_law_daily
W. Cary Edwards, a former attorney general and state legislator and the chair of the State Commission of Investigation, New Jersey's independent watchdog agency, died Wednesday at his home in Oakland
Though it took a while for the recession to hit bone, New Jersey's largest firms are feeling it, as shown by the sharp reduction in new partnerships in this, the 2010 New Partners Yearbook
The Law Journal's eighth annual magazine devoted to new associates at New Jersey law firms
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By Mr. Costello of Newburyport and Senator Baddour, a joint petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 1846) of Michael A. Costello and Steven Baddour (with the approval of the mayor and city council) relative to exempting the positions of fire chief and city marshal in the city of Newburyport from the civil service law. Public Service. [Local Approval Received.]
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Petitioners: Michael A. Costello, Steven A. Baddour
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Feb/Mar 2012 Issue
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Gluten-Free Masterful Pizza
Sometimes when I bake, the culinary muses sit on my shoulder and whisper, "Add a sprinkle of salt" or "Put in a bit more liquid."
Not long ago, a real-life muse appeared in my kitchen: Rebecca Reilly, master of gluten-free baking. Preparing for a shtick in an upcoming celiac cooking conference, Rebecca and I created recipes with flour flying as we tested, nibbled and baked. We billed ourselves as "The Dueling Chefs," our goal being to show our audience different ways to make gluten-free pizza.
Out of this effort came a versatile dough that can be used to make focaccia, pizza and pizza pockets. This gluten-free, dairy-free, egg-free recipe contains millet flour for crunch, a tasty tip suggested by Rebecca.
The kitchen muses have taught me that equipment and technique are as important as ingredients. For pizza, use a stand mixer or a heavy-duty hand mixer. I also use a pizza stone—not a must but it produces a fabulous crust. If you use a stone, pick up a pizza paddle with a long handle. It allows you to slide the pizza in and out of the hot oven without burning your fingers.
Gluten-Free Master Dough
This recipe makes enough for two 12-inch gluten-free pizzas, six pizza pockets or one large focaccia. I often use it to make one pizza and 3 pizza pockets. No need to let the dough rise; it puffs up nicely in the oven.
2½ cups gluten-free high-protein flour blend of choice
½ cup millet flour
1 tablespoon xanthan gum
1 teaspoon salt
2 teaspoons chopped dry or 1 tablespoon chopped fresh rosemary, optional
5 teaspoons instant active dry yeast
1⅓ cups warm water
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 tablespoon honey
1 teaspoon cider vinegar
1. Preheat oven to 450° F. If using a pizza stone, place it on the lowest rack before preheating the oven. Do this 30 to 60 minutes ahead so the stone is very hot. If you're not using a stone, it's not necessary to preheat the oven for an extended period of time.
2. In the bowl of a heavy-duty mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, combine the high-protein blend, millet flour, xanthan gum, salt and rosemary, if used. Blend well. Add the yeast and blend.
3. In a small bowl, combine water, oil, honey and vinegar. Add to dry ingredients.
4. Beat at medium-high speed for 3 to 5 minutes or until the dough thickens.
Gluten-Free Pizza with Gourmet Flair
MAKES two 12-INCH PIZZAs
This gluten-free pizza is as pretty as it is delicious. Colorful presentation and simple ingredients make for understated elegance. There's no need to let this dough rise before baking. However, if you like a thicker crust, let the dough rise for 10 minutes before adding toppings and bake the pizza an additional 3 to 4 minutes.
1 recipe Master Dough
2-4 teaspoons good quality olive oil, divided
4 tablespoons good quality pizza sauce, divided
8 medium tomatoes (red, yellow and orange), thickly sliced
2 handfuls small, pitted, cured black olives, such as Nicoise
½ cup cubed Manchego or dairy-free cheese, optional, divided
-Freshly grated Parmesan cheese or dairy-free Parmesan cheese
-Fresh rosemary, for garnish
1. Preheat oven to 450° F. If using a pizza stone, place it on the lowest rack and preheat the oven. Do this 30 to 60 minutes ahead so the stone is very hot. If you're not using a stone, it's not necessary to preheat the oven for an extended period of time.
2. Scoop half the dough onto a lightly oiled sheet of parchment paper. Cover with lightly oiled plastic wrap. Use fingertips and palm to lightly press the dough into a 12-inch circle. Use fingertips to create a rim of dough around the edge.
3. Drizzle half the olive oil over the surface. Top with 2 tablespoons pizza sauce.
4. Scatter half the tomato slices, olives and cheese over the sauce. Sprinkle with freshly grated Parmesan.
5. Repeat with remaining dough and ingredients.
6. Slide each pizza (with parchment paper) onto pizza paddle and transfer to a preheated stone, sliding pizza and the parchment off the paddle and onto the stone. If using a baking sheet, slide each pizza and parchment onto a baking sheet and set it on the lowest rack of preheated oven. Bake 20 to 24 minutes, depending on the thickness. The bottom of crust will be brown.
7. When done, slide the pizza paddle under the parchment and slide pizzas out of the oven. (Don't worry if the paper tears a little.) Sprinkle pizzas with fresh rosemary and serve.
Each slice contains 110 calories, 4g total fat, 1g saturated fat, 0g trans fat, 4mg cholesterol, 183mg sodium, 53g carbohydrate, 4g fiber, 15g protein.
Gluten-Free Red Grape Focaccia
Thick, yeasty gluten-free dough with a slightly sweet bite makes this a delicious appetizer. If dairy is tolerated, crumble goat cheese over the grapes before baking.
1 recipe Master Dough
2 teaspoons fennel seeds, toasted in a dry skillet
2 teaspoons good quality olive oil
3-4 cups red seedless grapes, rinsed and drained
-Coarse salt
1 tablespoon apricot preserves
1. Preheat oven to 450° F. If using a pizza stone, place it on the lowest rack and preheat the oven. Do this 30 to 60 minutes ahead so the stone is very hot. If you're not using a stone, it's not necessary to preheat the oven for an extended period of time.
2. Mix fennel seeds into the dough. Scoop the dough onto a lightly oiled sheet of parchment paper that's the size of a pizza stone or a baking sheet. Cover with lightly oiled plastic wrap. Use fingertips and palm to lightly press the dough into a free-form rectangle that is nearly the size of the stone or baking sheet. Dot the dough with your fingers to make small wells in the surface. Brush with olive oil.
3. Scatter grapes over the top and sprinkle with a few grinds of coarse salt.
4. Slide focaccia and parchment paper onto a pizza paddle or baking sheet. Set on the lowest rack and bake 25 to 30 minutes, depending on thickness of the dough.
5. Microwave apricot preserves for 15 seconds or until melted. Remove focaccia from the oven and brush preserves over the grapes. Cut into squares. Serve warm.
Each square contains 135 calories, 3g total fat, 0g saturated fat, 0g trans fat, 0mg cholesterol, 161mg sodium, 25g carbohydrate, 2g fiber, 2g protein.
Gluten-Free Pizza Pockets
Also called calzone, these gluten-free pizza pockets can be filled with an array of flavorful ingredients. Here's a tasty way to hide vegetables for a treat that kids will enjoy. Have plenty of your favorite pizza sauce on hand for dipping. Prepared pockets may rise while you're still working on them—that's OK. If dairy isn't tolerated, omit the ricotta cheese.
½ cup chopped gluten-free pepperoni
1 cup frozen broccoli florets, microwaved 2 minutes to soften, cooled
½ cup part skim ricotta cheese, optional
½-¾ cup grated sharp cheddar cheese or dairy-free cheese
2 teaspoons Italian seasoning
1 recipe Master Dough
-Pizza sauce, for dipping
1. Preheat oven to 400°F. Line two baking sheets with parchment.
2. In a medium bowl, combine all ingredients, except Master Dough and pizza sauce, to make filling.
3. On an oiled sheet of parchment, divide dough into 6 equal balls. Place one ball onto another oiled sheet of parchment. Cover it with oiled plastic wrap and use your fingertips to smooth it into a 7-inch circle.
4. Spread 2 to 3 tablespoons filling mixture over half the circle, leaving a ¼-inch margin around the edges. Using the parchment, fold the uncovered half over the filling until dough edges meet and form a pocket around the filling. Press edges together to seal. Trim parchment to remove excess paper.
5. Slide filled dough pocket with remaining parchment onto prepared cookie sheet. Repeat with remaining dough balls.
6. Place pockets in preheated oven and bake 20 to 22 minutes. Cut and serve with pizza sauce for dipping.
Each pocket contains 444 calories, 19g total fat, 7g saturated fat, 0g trans fat, 36mg cholesterol, 796mg sodium, 53g carbohydrate, 4g fiber, 15g protein.
Food editor Beth Hillson (glutenfreemakeovers.com) is author of Gluten-Free Makeovers, available at LivingWithout.com.
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Comments (5)
Hi Lynn, You can definitely replace vinegar with citric acid or lemon juice or simply omit it. As for the millet, it adds some crunch to the dough. You could try replacing it with corn flour and use whichever blend you can tolerate for the remainder of the flour mixture. If you can tolerate chickpea, sorghum or amaranth flour, these would be great additions to the blend or another replacement choice for the millet flour. Happy Baking, Beth Hillson, Food Editor, LWO
Posted by: Beth H | January 3, 2013 1:56 PM Report this comment
Hi , I cannot have any acids like vinegars, can I substitute with lemon juice or citric juices?
I cannot have millet. I can only tolerate corn,rice,potatoe and tapioca. What do you suggest for the pizza dough?
Thank you so much for offering us this recipe and others. It helps me so much when I have a craving and just can't find a way to satisfy it.
Lynn Wachman
Posted by: Unknown | January 2, 2013 6:59 PM Report this comment
P.S. I rolled out the second pizza crust, put it on a piece of square cardboard covered with parchment paper, covered with plastic wrap and foil and froze it. Tonight, for the Super Bowl game, just pulled out the crust, let it defrost some, put my toppings on and popped in the oven. Just as good as the first one. Lynndian
Posted by: lynndian | February 5, 2012 6:17 PM Report this comment
P.S. I rolled out the second pizza crust, put it on a piece of square cardboard covered with parchment paper, covered with plastic wrap and foil and froze it. Tonight, for the Super Bowl game, just pulled out the crust, let it defrost some, put my toppings on and popped in the oven. Just as good as the first one. Lynndian
Posted by: lynndian | February 5, 2012 6:17 PM Report this comment
I just had to let you know I tried this recipe tonight and it was awesome. I watched your video first on line showing how you made it and that helped make it very easy to do. One thing though, I did not have to beat it as long as the recipe stated. It mixed up very quickly and actually had to sprinkle a little more water in the dough, but that may be the flour I used. (I used Bob's Red Mill All purpose flour). I cooked it on a stone that I had preheated and it cooked in no time. It was just the best GF pizza dough I have had. I used pizza sauce, mozzarella and Parmesan cheese on it. Next time plan to add fresh mushrooms. Thanks for your wonderful recipe. I love your magazine.
Posted by: lynndian | January 26, 2012 4:54 PM Report this comment


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February 14 |
In 1891, on this day former Union President William Tecumseh Sherman died in New York City. He was seventy-one.
Passing of President ShermanDuring the 1876 campaign he was a reluctant candidate, but had finally been persuaded to run by his friend and fellow commander in the War of the States, General George H. Thomas, who warned that the U.S. had become dangerously politically unstable in the decade following Southern secession and needed "a strong hand in these times of trial". Sherman was one of the few prominent Union commanders to escape disgrace in defeat, despite having been involved in the debacle of April 6-7, 1862 at Shiloh, Tennessee. Badly wounded in the Confederate assault on the 6th, he was unable to function effectively the next day, when what might have been an orderly Union retreat turned into a full-scale rout. Historians would later identify Shiloh as a crucial turning-point in the war, but it would be Sherman's junior, Hiram Ulysses Grant - more commonly known as Ulysses S. Grant - who would take the bulk of the blame for the disaster.
Grant's reputation would never recover, and after the war he would prove unsuccessful in private life, slowly sinking into alcoholism. By contrast, Sherman would find powerful patrons among wealthy businessmen who, surviving the postwar financial panic and the disgrace of the Republican Party, would organize the Union Party in 1873. But until the 1876 presidential race, Sherman had resisted entering politics; not only did he find the field appalling for its corruption, but in addition he feared the commingling of military and civilian authority a presidential general might produce in a humiliated United States desperate for a strong authority figure. "Rome begged Caesar to become its emperor, and he obliged her, and that was the end of the republic," he observed. "I have no wish to play a similar role in these United States".
And yet in the end he did, swayed by Thomas's warning that if he did not there was no one else who could prevent the civil unrest plaguing the beaten nation from exploding into full-scale insurrection. "Better to take what measures need be taken now," Thomas had written in a letter to Sherman, "than wait, and hope someone else does what I am confident you will do as president while there is still time". Addressing Sherman's fears of "the end of the republic," Thomas wrote, "These United States have already been disunited in part, by the late war; if things proceed as they are going, our Union may be shattered altogether".
On Nov. 7, 1876, Sherman would become the first candidate from the Union Party to be elected U.S. president, easily defeating Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, who carried only his home state. Tilden would be the last Democratic nominee; already near ruin due to charge of treason hung on it because of the large number of Southern Democrats and Northern so-called "Copperheads" who had supported the Confederate cause and what many saw as its excessive willingness to accept the verdict of the war and deal with the newly-independent CSA on friendly terms, the Democratic Party would splinter after the Tilden debacle; in the 1880s, most of its former membership would join the new People's Party, a rural-based party favoring high tariffs, nationalization of the railroads and bimetallism, the use of silver as well as gold as currency. The Populists would remain largely opposed to the burgeoning urbanization and industrialization of the United States well into the twentieth century, and would win no presidential elections until the upset victory of Massachusetts governor Eugene R. Foss in 1912. Perhaps not coincidentally, Foss would win as the leader of the party's emerging pro-urban wing, which argued for making common cause between agricultural and industrial interests.
In office, Sherman would struggle with the legacy of Southern secession. Only five years before his run, California had tried to break away in its ill-fated second Bear Flag Rebellion (the first, in 1846, had been against Mexico), and separatist sentiment continued to run high in that state and elsewhere, particularly as the economy struggled to right itself. Some of the measures the Sherman administration would take would be viewed as extreme, and anger against, for example, the use of the military to "maintain order" in particularly rebellious areas and the employment of private detective agencies as de facto secret police ferreting out dissent would play a role in Sherman"s defeat for renomination in 1880. During his term,. however, the foundations were laid for the later recovery which by the 1890s would produce the prosperous period known as the Gilded Age.
© Today in Alternate History, 2013-. All characters appearing in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental.


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This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2013) |
Sexual reproduction is a process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms. It occurs both in eukaryotes[1][2] and prokaryotes:[3] in multicellular eukaryote organisms, an individual is created anew; in prokaryotes, the initial cell has additional or transformed genetic material. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) originating from two different individuals (parents) join up so that homologous sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. After the new recombinant chromosome is formed, it is passed on to progeny.
Sexual reproduction is the primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms, including almost all animals and plants. The evolution of sexual reproduction is a major puzzle. The first fossilized evidence of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes is from the Stenian period, about 1 to 1.2 billion years ago.[4] There are two main processes during sexual reproduction in eukaryotes: meiosis, involving the halving of the number of chromosomes; and fertilization, involving the fusion of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes. During meiosis, the chromosomes of each pair usually exchange genetic information to achieve homologous recombination. Evolutionary thought proposes several explanations for why sexual reproduction developed and why it is maintained. These reasons include fighting the accumulation of deleterious mutations, increasing rate of adaptation to changing environments[5] (see the red queen hypothesis), dealing with competition (see the tangled bank hypothesis) or as an adaptation for repairing DNA damage and masking deleterious mutations.[3][6][7] The maintenance of sexual reproduction has been explained by theories that work at several different levels of selection, though some of these models remain controversial. New models presented in recent years, however, suggest a basic advantage for sexual reproduction in slowly reproducing, complex organisms, exhibiting characteristics that depend on the specific environment that the given species inhabit, and the particular survival strategies that they employ.[8]
Bacteria and archaea[edit]
Three distinct processes in prokaryotes are regarded as similar to eukaryotic sex: 1) bacterial transformation involves the incorporation of foreign DNA into the bacterial chromosome, 2) bacterial conjugation is a transfer of plasmid DNA between bacteria, but the plasmids are rarely incorporated into the bacterial chromosome, 3) Gene transfer and genetic exchange in archaea.
Bacterial transformation involves the recombination of genetic material and its function is mainly associated with DNA repair. Bacterial transformation is a complex process encoded by numerous bacterial genes, and is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer.[3][6] This process occurs naturally in at least 40 bacterial species.[9] For a bacterium to bind, take up, and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must enter a special physiological state referred to as competence (see Natural competence). Sexual reproduction in early single-celled eukaryotes may have evolved from bacterial transformation,[7] or from a similar process in archaea (see below).
On the other hand, bacterial conjugation is a type of direct transfer of DNA between two bacteria through an external appendage called the conjugation pilus.[10] Bacterial conjugation is controlled by plasmid genes that are adapted for spreading copies of the plasmid between bacteria. The infrequent integration of a plasmid into a host bacterial chromosome, and the subsequent transfer of a part of the host chromosome to another cell do not appear to be bacterial adaptations.[3][11]
Exposure of hyperthermophilic archaeal Sulfolobus species to DNA damaging conditions induces cellular aggregation accompanied by high frequency genetic marker exchange.[12][13] Ajon et al.[13] hypothesized that this cellular aggregation enhances species-specific DNA repair by homologous recombination. DNA transfer in Sulfolobus may be an early form of sexual interaction similar to the more well-studied bacterial transformation systems that also involve species-specific DNA transfer leading to homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage.
Animals typically produce male gametes called sperm, and female gametes called eggs and ova, following immediately after meiosis, with the gametes produced directly by meiosis. Plants on the other hand have mitosis occurring in spores, which are produced by meiosis. The spores germinate into the gametophyte phase. The gametophytes of different groups of plants vary in size; angiosperms have as few as three cells in pollen, and mosses and other so called primitive plants may have several million cells. Plants have an alternation of generations where the sporophyte phase is succeeded by the gametophyte phase. The sporophyte phase produces spores within the sporangium by meiosis.
Flowering plants[edit]
Flowering plants are the dominant plant form on land and they reproduce by sexual and asexual means. Often their most distinguishing feature is their reproductive organs, commonly called flowers. The anther produces pollen grains which contain the male gametophytes (sperm). For pollination to occur, pollen grains must attach to the stigma of the female reproductive structure (carpel), where the female gametophytes (ovules) are located inside the ovary. After the pollen tube grows through the carpel's style, the sex cell nuclei from the pollen grain migrate into the ovule to fertilize the egg cell and endosperm nuclei within the female gametophyte in a process termed double fertilization. The resulting zygote develops into an embryo, while the triploid endosperm (one sperm cell plus two female cells) and female tissues of the ovule give rise to the surrounding tissues in the developing seed. The ovary, which produced the female gametophyte(s), then grows into a fruit, which surrounds the seed(s). Plants may either self-pollinate or cross-pollinate. Nonflowering plants like ferns, moss and liverworts use other means of sexual reproduction.
In 2013, flowers dating from the Cretaceous (100 million years before present) were found encased in amber, the oldest evidence of sexual reproduction in a flowering plant. Microscopic images showed tubes growing out of pollen and penetrating the flower's stigma. The pollen was sticky, suggesting it was carried by insects.[14]
Ferns mostly produce large diploid sporophytes with rhizomes, roots and leaves; and on fertile leaves called sporangium, spores are produced. The spores are released and germinate to produce short, thin gametophytes that are typically heart shaped, small and green in color. The gametophytes or thallus, produce both motile sperm in the antheridia and egg cells in separate archegonia. After rains or when dew deposits a film of water, the motile sperm are splashed away from the antheridia, which are normally produced on the top side of the thallus, and swim in the film of water to the archegonia where they fertilize the egg. To promote out crossing or cross fertilization the sperm are released before the eggs are receptive of the sperm, making it more likely that the sperm will fertilize the eggs of different thallus. A zygote is formed after fertilization, which grows into a new sporophytic plant. The condition of having separate sporephyte and gametophyte plants is called alternation of generations. Other plants with similar reproductive means include the Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella and Equisetum.
The bryophytes, which include liverworts, hornworts and mosses, reproduce both sexually and vegetatively. They are small plants found growing in moist locations and like ferns, have motile sperm with flagella and need water to facilitate sexual reproduction. These plants start as a haploid spore that grows into the dominate form, which is a multicellular haploid body with leaf-like structures that photosynthesize. Haploid gametes are produced in antherida and archegonia by mitosis. The sperm released from the antherida respond to chemicals released by ripe archegonia and swim to them in a film of water and fertilize the egg cells thus producing a zygote. The zygote divides by mitotic division and grows into a sporophyte that is diploid. The multicellular diploid sporophyte produces structures called spore capsules, which are connected by seta to the archegonia. The spore capsules produce spores by meiosis, when ripe the capsules burst open and the spores are released. Bryophytes show considerable variation in their breeding structures and the above is a basic outline. Also in some species each plant is one sex while other species produce both sexes on the same plant.[15]
Fungi are classified by the methods of sexual reproduction they employ. The outcome of sexual reproduction most often is the production of resting spores that are used to survive inclement times and to spread. There are typically three phases in the sexual reproduction of fungi: plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis.
Insect species make up more than two-thirds of all extant animal species, and most insect species use sex for reproduction, though some species are facultatively parthenogenetic. Many species have sexual dimorphism, while in others the sexes look nearly identical. Typically they have two sexes with males producing spermatozoa and females ova. The ova develop into eggs that have a covering called the chorion, which forms before internal fertilization. Insects have very diverse mating and reproductive strategies most often resulting in the male depositing spermatophore within the female, which stores the sperm until she is ready for egg fertilization. After fertilization, and the formation of a zygote, and varying degrees of development; the eggs are deposited outside the female in many species, or in some, they develop further within the female and live born offspring are produced.
There are three extant kinds of mammals: Monotremes, Placentals and Marsupials, all with internal fertilization. In placental mammals, offspring are born as juveniles: complete animals with the sex organs present although not reproductively functional. After several months or years, the sex organs develop further to maturity and the animal becomes sexually mature. Most female mammals are only fertile during certain periods during their estrous cycle, at which point they are ready to mate. Individual male and female mammals meet and carry out copulation.[citation needed] For most mammals, males and females exchange sexual partners throughout their adult lives.[16][17][18]
Placental mammals[edit]
Male placental mammals[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mammal male reproductive system. |
The mammalian male reproductive system contains two main divisions, the penis and the testicles, the latter of which is where sperm are produced. In humans, both of these organs are outside the abdominal cavity, but they can be primarily housed within the abdomen in other animals. For instance, a dog's penis is internal except when mating. Having the testicles outside the abdomen best facilitates temperature regulation of the sperm, which require specific temperatures to survive. The external location may also cause a reduction in the heat-induced contribution to the spontaneous mutation rate in male germinal tissue.[19] Sperm are the smaller of the two gametes and are generally very short-lived, requiring males to produce them continuously from the time of sexual maturity until death. The produced sperm are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation. The sperm cells are motile and they swim using tail-like flagella to propel themselves towards the ovum. The sperm follows temperature gradients (thermotaxis)[20] and chemical gradients (chemotaxis) to locate the ovum.
Female placental mammals[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mammal female reproductive system. |
The mammalian female reproductive system likewise contains two main divisions: the vagina and uterus, which act as the receptacle for the sperm, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. All of these parts are always internal. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the Fallopian tubes. At certain intervals, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus.
If, in this transit, it meets with sperm, the egg selects sperm with which to merge; this is termed fertilization. The fertilization usually occurs in the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus itself. The zygote then implants itself in the wall of the uterus, where it begins the processes of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. When developed enough to survive outside the womb, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the fetus through the birth canal, which is the vagina.
The ova, which are the female sex cells, are much larger than the sperm and are normally formed within the ovaries of the fetus before its birth. They are mostly fixed in location within the ovary until their transit to the uterus, and contain nutrients for the later zygote and embryo. Over a regular interval, in response to hormonal signals, a process of oogenesis matures one ovum which is released and sent down the Fallopian tube. If not fertilized, this egg is released through menstruation in humans and other great apes, and reabsorbed in other mammals in the estrus cycle.
Gestation, called pregnancy in humans, is the period of time during which the fetus develops, dividing via mitosis inside the female. During this time, the fetus receives all of its nutrition and oxygenated blood from the female, filtered through the placenta, which is attached to the fetus' abdomen via an umbilical cord. This drain of nutrients can be quite taxing on the female, who is required to ingest slightly higher levels of calories. In addition, certain vitamins and other nutrients are required in greater quantities than normal, often creating abnormal eating habits. The length of gestation, called the gestation period, varies greatly from species to species; it is 40 weeks in humans, 56–60 in giraffes and 16 days in hamsters.
Once the fetus is sufficiently developed, chemical signals start the process of birth, which begins with contractions of the uterus and the dilation of the cervix. The fetus then descends to the cervix, where it is pushed out into the vagina, and eventually out of the female. The newborn, which is called an infant in humans, should typically begin respiration on its own shortly after birth. Not long after, the placenta is passed as well. Most mammals eat this, as it is a good source of protein and other vital nutrients needed for caring for the young. The end of the umbilical cord attached to the young's abdomen eventually falls off on its own.
Monotremes, only five species of which exist, all from Australia and New Guinea, are mammals that lay eggs. They have one opening for excretion and reproduction called the cloaca. They hold the eggs internally for several weeks, providing nutrients, and then lay them and cover them like birds. After less than two weeks the young hatches and crawls into its mother's pouch, much like marsupials, where it nurses for several weeks as it grows.
Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals.[21] The female develops a kind of yolk sac in her womb which delivers nutrients to the embryo. Embryos of some marsupials additionally form placenta-like organs that connect them to the uterine wall, although it is not certain that they transfer nutrients from the mother to the embryo.[22] Pregnancy is very short, typically 4 to 5 weeks, and the embryo is born at a very young stage of development.
The vast majority of fish species lay eggs that are then fertilized by the male,[23] some species lay their eggs on a substrate like a rock or on plants, while others scatter their eggs and the eggs are fertilized as they drift or sink in the water column. Some fish species use internal fertilization and then disperse the developing eggs or give birth to live offspring. Fish that have live-bearing offspring include the Guppy and Mollies or Poecilia. Fishes that give birth to live young can be ovoviviparous, where the eggs are fertilized within the female and the eggs simply hatch within the female body, or in seahorses, the male carries the developing young within a pouch, and gives birth to live young.[24] Fishes can also be viviparous, where the female supplies nourishment to the internally growing offspring. Some fish are hermaphrodites, where a single fish is both male and female and can produce eggs and sperm. In hermaphroditic fish, some are male and female at the same time while in other fish they are serially hermaphroditic; starting as one sex and changing to the other. In at least one hermaphroditic species, self-fertilization occurs when the eggs and sperm are released together. Internal self-fertilization may occur in some other species.[25] One fish species does not reproduce by sexual reproduction but uses sex to produce offspring; Poecilia formosa is a unisex species that uses a form of parthenogenesis called gynogenesis, where unfertilized eggs develop into embryos that produce female offspring. Poecilia formosa mate with males of other fish species that use internal fertilization, the sperm does not fertilize the eggs but stimulates the growth of the eggs which develops into embryos.[26]
See also[edit]
- Anisogamy
- Biological reproduction
- Hermaphroditism
- Isogamy
- Mate choice
- Mating in fungi
- Operational sex ratio
- Outcrossing
- Sex
- Sexual intercourse
- Transformation (genetics)
- ^ Lodé, Thierry (2011). "Sex is not a solution for reproduction: the libertine bubble theory". BioEssays 33 (6): 419–422. doi:10.1002/bies.201000125. PMID 21472739.
- ^ Lodé, Thierry (2012). "Sex and the origin of genetic exchanges". Trends in Evolutionary Biology 4. doi:10.4081/eb.2012.e1.
- ^ a b c d Michod, RE; Bernstein, H; Nedelcu, AM (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens" (PDF). Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8 (3): 267–85. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002. PMID 18295550.
- ^ N.J. Buttefield (2000). "Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes". Paleobiology 26 (3): 386–404. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Gray, J. C.; Goddard, M. R. (2012). "Gene-flow between niches facilitates local adaptation in sexual populations". In Bonsall, Michael. Ecology Letters: n/a. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01814.x.
- ^ a b Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol (2010). "Evolutionary Origin of Recombination during Meiosis". BioScience 60 (7): 498. doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.5.
- ^ a b Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE. (2012) "DNA Repair as the Primary Adaptive Function of Sex in Bacteria and Eukaryotes". Chapter 1, pp. 1–50, in DNA Repair: New Research, Editors S. Kimura and Shimizu S. Nova Sci. Publ., Hauppauge, New York. Open access for reading only. ISBN 978-1-62100-756-2
- ^ Kleiman, Maya; Tannenbaum, Emmanuel (2009). "Diploidy and the selective advantage for sexual reproduction in unicellular organisms". Theory in Biosciences 128 (4): 249–85. doi:10.1007/s12064-009-0077-9. PMID 19902285.
- ^ Lorenz, MG; Wackernagel, W (1994). "Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment". Microbiological reviews 58 (3): 563–602. PMC 372978. PMID 7968924.
- ^ Lodé, T (2012). "Have Sex or Not? Lessons from Bacteria". Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation 6 (6): 325–8. doi:10.1159/000342879. PMID 22986519.
- ^ Krebs, JE; Goldstein, ES; Kilpatrick, ST (2011). Lewin's GENES X. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. 289–292. ISBN 9780763766320.
- ^ Fröls S, Ajon M, Wagner M, Teichmann D, Zolghadr B, Folea M, Boekema EJ, Driessen AJ, Schleper C, Albers SV. (2008). UV-inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation. Mol Microbiol 70(4):938-952. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06459.x. PMID 18990182
- ^ a b Ajon M, Fröls S, van Wolferen M, Stoecker K, Teichmann D, Driessen AJ, Grogan DW, Albers SV, Schleper C. (2011). UV-inducible DNA exchange in hyperthermophilic archaea mediated by type IV pili. Mol Microbiol 82(4):807-817. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07861.x. PMID 21999488
- ^ Poinar Jr., George O; Chambers, Kenton L; Wunderlich, Joerg (10 December 2013). "Micropetasos, a new genus of angiosperms from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber" (PDF). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7 (2): 745–750. Lay summary (3 January 2014).
- ^ Jon Lovett Doust; Lesley Lovett Doust (1988). Plant Reproductive Ecology: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 9780195063943.
- ^ Reichard, U.H. (2002). "Monogamy—A variable relationship" (PDF). Max Planck Research 3: 62–7. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
- ^ Lipton, Judith Eve; Barash, David P. (2001). The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-4004-4.
- ^ Research conducted by Patricia Adair Gowaty. Reported by Morell, V. (1998). "Evolution of sex: A new look at monogamy". Science 281 (5385): 1982–1983. doi:10.1126/science.281.5385.1982. PMID 9767050.
- ^ Baltz, RH; Bingham, PM; Drake, JW (1976). "Heat mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4: The transition pathway". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73 (4): 1269–73. Bibcode:1976PNAS...73.1269B. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1269. PMC 430244. PMID 4797.
- ^ Bahat, Anat; Tur-Kaspa, Ilan; Gakamsky, Anna; Giojalas, Laura C.; Breitbart, Haim; Eisenbach, Michael (2003). "Thermotaxis of mammalian sperm cells: A potential navigation mechanism in the female genital tract". Nature Medicine 9 (2): 149–50. doi:10.1038/nm0203-149. PMID 12563318. Lay summary – Science Daily (3 February 2003).
- ^ Iowa State University Biology Dept. Discoveries about Marsupial Reproduction Anna King 2001. webpage (note shows code, html extension omitted)
- ^ "Family Peramelidae (bandicoots and echymiperas)".
- ^ BONY FISHES - Reproduction
- ^ M. Cavendish (2001). Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1252. ISBN 978-0-7614-7194-3. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- ^ E.F. Orlando, Y. Katsu, S. Miyagawa, T. Iguchi (2006). "Cloning and differential expression of estrogen receptor and aromatase genes in the self-fertilizing hermaphrodite and male mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 37 (2): 353–365. doi:10.1677/jme.1.02101. PMID 17032750.
- ^ I. Schlupp, J. Parzefall, J. T. Epplen, M. Schartl (2006). "Limia vittata as host species for the Amazon molly: no evidence for sexual reproduction". Journal of Fish Biology 48 (4): 792–795. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01472.x.
- Pang, K. "Certificate Biology: New Mastering Basic Concepts", Hong Kong, 2004
- Journal of Biology of Reproduction, accessed in August 2005.
- [1]
- Michod, RE; Levin, BE, eds. (1987). The Evolution of sex: An examination of current ideas. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0878934584.
- Michod, RE (1994). Eros and Evolution: A Natural Philosophy of Sex. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0201407549.


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In this July 7, 2010 file photo, the tall ship HMS Bounty sails on Lake Erie off Cleveland. The U.S. Coast Guard has rescued 14 members of the crew forced to abandon the HMS Bounty caught in Hurricane Sandy off North Carolina. The Coast Guard is searching for two other crew members. (AP Photo/Mark Duncan, File)
Read the article: Wife of HMS Bounty captain awaits word on his fate


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This wine has a dark, inky, blood like color in the glass. Aromas of blackberry, boysenberry, and subtle floral qualities linger on the nose. On the palate, this is a full bodied, dark, rich wine. Wild berries, chocolate, vanilla and licorice all blend together for a complex character and a long finish.
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The third largest country in production, Spain ranks first in land under vine. Diversity and innovation are the key factors bringing Spain back into the world wine market. The most popular red varieties of Spain include Tempranillo and Garnacha (Grenache). Whites don't garner quite as much recognition, but there are some regional varieties not to be missed, like Albarino...Read More About Other Spain
Other Red Red wines are certainly not limited to Cabernet and Pinot Noir - or even Nebbiolo and Grenache. There are a multitude of grape varieties throughout the world, however, in a Darwinian sense, survival of the fittest only brings us wines made from grapes that can adapt to changing climates and winemaking techniques. Notable Facts Our other red wines primarily consists of...Read More About Other Red Blends
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The CNN host is pretty sure he's driving the conversation, thanks.
People are paying up early because he's a massive brand.
In pursuit of "curiosity and freedom."
Only 29 percent oppose any legal recognition of same-sex relationships.
Meanwhile, we're tortured by our obsession with his obsession.
Plus, confessions of a former Palinologist.
A civil rights landmark, plus the latest production of 'The Normal Heart' and a tribute to the actress Alice Playten.
That "racist, populist, larcenous bigot."
Susan Orlean! George Packer! Nick Bilton! Leon Whatsisname!
This is, in fact, getting "tedious."
Did her kids take a vote on her joining the McCain campaign? Probably not, but Palin has told the story both ways.
If it's secret and elite, it can't be good.


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Gary Johnson on Government ReformFormer Republican NM Governor |
PAUL: The responsibility of the president would be to veto every single bill that violates the 10th amendment.
JOHNSON: If anybody doubts my willingness to veto bills, I think I vetoed more bills than any governor in the history of the United States. I think I vetoed more bills than all the other governors in the country combined.
A: As I proved in NM, government creates jobs by reducing its role, not expanding it. Get government out of the way. Government can create certainty. Something that is completely lacking at the moment. Eliminate the cooperate income tax completely and adopt what is being called the Fair Tax: a one-time federal consumption tax.
A: If you're talking about reform where you want to do away with soft money, yeah, I think that's good. If RJR wants to give me $100,000 for my campaign, it can't. But it can give it to the Republican Party and then the Republican Party will write a check to me. It's not directly from the cigarette manufacturer and all I have to say is that I got it from the party. So I think that should be reformed. The public should know exactly where every penny comes from. But I don't think there should be limits on contributions.
Q: But big contributions mean the wealthy have much more political influence.
A: My biggest contributor during the last two campaigns gave me over $150,000. Not once since I've been elected has he been on the phone to tell me anything about what I should do. Is that not better than 150 people giving me a limit of $1000? Of those 150, there's a good chance that 50 are going to be on the phone trying to tell me what to do.


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Johnny Cueto turned in four scoreless innings, and a replay challenge that was not overturned helped the Angels to a 3-1 victory Sunday over the Reds at Tempe Diablo Stadium.More» Cueto pitches four shutout innings vs. Halos |
All-Star right fielder Jay Bruce is already a major impact player, averaging 32 home runs over the past three seasons. And he has even loftier expectations for himself this year.More»Joey Votto and Jay Bruce on the 2014 season |
Reds starter Mat Latos is progressing well enough from recent surgeries on his right elbow and left knee that he could be ready to open the season on the big league roster, manager Bryan Price said Sunday.More»Mat Latos on his health and what to expect in 2014 |
Sunday's game was the first for the Reds this spring during which the new instant replay challenge system was in play, and manager Bryan Price utilized and lost his challenge on a tag play at second base during the fifth inning.More» Conger singles to right to score Aybar |
Reds manager Bryan Price said on Sunday that he's happy with the progress of one of his relievers, right-hander Jonathan Broxton, but much more guarded about left-hander Sean Marshall.More» Broxton works scoreless ninth in his return |
Ramon Santiago is confident he can fill a super-utility role with Reds this season. Santiago has spent 12 seasons in the American League, but he thinks his game better fits the National League style of play.More» |
For the first time this spring, Reds manager Bryan Price wrote out a lineup that did not include the use of the designated hitter. Starting pitcher Alfredo Simon batted ninth against the Cubs.More»Brennaman shares thoughts on new Reds manager Price |
Reds center fielder Billy Hamilton agreed to the interview with MLB.com but then suddenly realized the time. It was 7:53 a.m. Two minutes before early bunting work.More»Sheldon talks bunting, video games with Hamilton |
Alfredo Simon's streak of five hitless innings quickly ended Saturday as the right-hander allowed five runs on five hits over four innings in the Reds' 9-0 loss to the Cubs at Goodyear Ballpark.More» |
After an impressive showing early in camp, Reds prospect Daniel Corcino has been unable to transfer that sharpness to the mound in game action.More» Corcino collects two strikeouts |
Right fielder Chris Heisey ripped two home runs, and Brandon Phillips added another Friday as a Reds split-squad team topped the Mariners, 10-9, at Peoria Stadium.More» |
Former Red Adam Dunn had two RBIs, while Jay Bruce hit his first home run of the spring as the White Sox took a 4-3 victory over the Reds on Friday at Goodyear Ballpark.More»Leake on his Spring Training debut vs. White Sox |
There were multiple reasons the Reds signed free-agent utility player Skip Schumaker in the offseason. While there was a desire to improve the bench, they were also looking for a player who could improve the team's chemistry. Through the early portion of Spring Training, manager Bryan Price has been impressed with Schumaker on both fronts.More» |
Reds pitcher Mike Leake's first start of the spring was going so quickly, he almost wished for more adversity so he could work more against the White Sox on Friday.More»Leake on his Spring Training debut vs. White Sox |
Dr. Frank Jobe, who developed the elbow procedure that became known as Tommy John surgery, died on Thursday at the age of 88. Jobe's pioneering operation would go on to help hundreds of Major League pitchers with elbow injuries continue their careers, including current Reds like Alfredo Simon. Shortstop Zack Cozart had the operation on his left, non-throwing arm.More»Dr. Frank Jobe passes away at age 88 |
Former Reds All-Star George Foster was in left field during Carlton Fisk's iconic game-winning homer in Game 6 of the 1975 World Series. He picked up the ball and later gave it away to a friend. It will likely be auctioned for six figures in April.More» Fisk forces Game 7 with walk-off homer |
Starter Tony Cingrani of the Reds pitched three scoreless innings and reported feeling good in his second spring start.More» Cingrani set for full-time spot in rotation |
Brandon Phillips has gone "media mute" again here in Reds camp. Only this time, it's a selective form of media muteness. He's not talking to the Cincinnati beat reporters, the guys around him essentially on a daily basis.More» Phillips' RBI tally masks eroding skill set |
In 2013, Neftali Soto played both corner infield spots. This spring, he's put in extra time as a catcher during workouts and bullpen sessions.More» Soto smacks a solo home run to right field |
The Reds are still determining how to handle the mechanics of the new instant replay rule and who the club will employ to alert manager Bryan Price that he should ask umpires to review a potential missed call.More»Joe Torre discusses instant replay |
Reds third baseman Todd Frazier knows his batting stance and swing are viewed as unorthodox, and that's fine with him. Now there's another word Frazier would like to have associated with his offensive approach -- consistency.More»Todd Frazier on how he prepares for the 2014 season |
Homer Bailey turned in three hitless innings on Wednesday night, but Alex Guerrero's grand slam in the fifth inning helped push the Dodgers to a 10-3 victory over the Reds at Goodyear Ballpark.More» Bailey tosses three hitless frames |
Reds starting pitcher Mat Latos took a big step forward on Wednesday in his efforts to return from left knee surgery.More»Mat Latos on his health and what to expect in 2014 |
Still rehabbing from October surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder, Jack Hannahan remains unable to get into a game, potentially opening up the door to a backup roster spot for Opening Day.More» Hannahan doubles lead with three-run blast |
During Tuesday's game with the Royals, two of the Reds' top pitching prospects were displaying some serious heat on the radar gun. Michael Lorenzen, who threw a perfect inning, was hitting 98 mph. No. 1 pitching prospect Robert Stephenson frequently touched 96.More» Lorenzen pitches an inning, strikes out one |
Reds manager Bryan Price believes that fourth outfielder Chris Heisey is poised to "turn the corner" in 2014. Of course, that also requires both opportunity and taking advantage of it when one presents itself.More» Heisey blasts two-run shot to left |
Ryan Ludwick and Todd Frazier hit back-to-back home runs in a four-run first inning as the Reds dropped a 9-5 decision to the Royals on Tuesday in Surprise, Ariz.More» Price on Cueto's tough outing against Royals |
Upon exiting Tuesday's game vs. the Royals after five innings, Reds left fielder Ryan Ludwick got ice for his left throwing shoulder like he usually does. His surgically-repaired right shoulder was not packed with even a single ice cube.More» Ludwick's single extends lead to 2-0 |
Reds first baseman Joey Votto was not part of the travel roster for Tuesday's game against the Royals. Votto wasn't supposed to play in Monday's home game vs. the Mariners, but asked manager Bryan Price to start.More»Joey Votto and Jay Bruce on the 2014 season |
The Reds have shown this spring that they will be employing defensive shifts on opposing hitters this spring. It's something to expect to see during the regular season as well.More»Bryan Price on his first season with the Reds |
Mark Sheldon has covered baseball for MLB.com since 2001 and has been the Reds beat reporter since 2006.


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This came out of nowhere ... mega-rich WWE star Randy Orton HAS GOTTEN DIVORCED -- and TMZ has learned, he gets a ton of the marital loot ... including cars, massive bank accounts ... and of course, his gun collection.
The divorce order was signed just last month. Randy and his now-ex Samantha were married in 2007, but separated in 2012. Samantha filed for divorce in March, claiming the marriage was "irretrievably broken." They have one 4-year-old daughter.
But the split seems pretty amicable ... both parties came to a separation agreement, which details the division of property post-split.
According to the document, Randy gets his 2012 Range Rover, his 2011 Bentley, and his 2009 Harley Davidson. Samantha gets her 2013 Infiniti.
Randy also gets a bunch of six-figure bank accounts, his gun collection, his jewelry, and one house ... plus 100% of all rights, title, and interest in his WWE contract (which is worth a ton of money). According to the docs, Randy rakes in $291,666 per month in salary.
Meanwhile, Samantha gets a bank account worth $654,317 ... not bad ... as well as her jewelry (including her $99,000 engagement ring and wedding ring). She also gets one house.
As for their daughter, Samantha gets sole legal and physical custody, but Randy gets visitation. He has also agreed to pay Samantha $4,500 per month in child support.
Seems pretty fair to us.
WWE Stock must not be doing that well if they are only paying him slightly less than 3.5 million a year.
He never should've gotten married to begin with. With all that money and fame, I'd be with a different chick every night of the week and 2 on Sundays.
Oh hell yeah. Not that it would happen in the foreseeable future but if I got divorced the guns are mine all except for that sweet little one that she bought for herself. We each have our own cars so that point is moot.
Uh, TMZ, we´re not law students so we´re not interested in all the legal details of their divorce. We want scandal, kinky sex, shocking secrets, creepy details. Now get back to your sources and find out what split up this ten-ton gorilla and his surprisingly normal wife. Was it Justin Bieber´s pissing habits? Amanda Bynes´s wig? Tell us!!!!
He got to keep the contract, a house, a quarter million a month, a 4x4 and a Harley. Sounds like he did alright!
At over 3 million a year Randy is one of the highest paid talents in WWE. Most of the guys are making a lot less. I question whether in 2013 he's worth it. His stock has really dropped.
What? This isn't the wife that was in their home when HHH threw RAndy through the window!!! *LOL*


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It's basketball season in the Bluegrass and is there a better way to celebrate than with a podcast? Of course not. And we have a real treat for you this week. Former Wildcat and two time NCAA Champion Cameron Mills was a special guest last night and spent a few minutes giving his thoughts on the current team and answering some questions on his time as a Wildcat. Joining Cameron and I were James Streble, Jason Marcum, Wayne Hunter, and football editor Kyle. Among the topics discussed?
- How does Kentucky prepare for defending their national title?
- Playing Q/A with Cameron Mills
- Was keeping Joker Phillips for the last two games a good call?
- Bobby Petrino, Bobby Petrino, Bobby Petrino
- other coaching options and will there be a search committee
- Maryland Terrapin fans really hate Kentucky basketball
- What teams do you hate?
- Kentucky/Maryland predictions and more
Topics: Cameron Mills, Kentucky Wildcats Basketball, Maryland Terps


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A S.C. Highway Patrol deputy has been fired after he allegedly got drunk Friday night and gave the finger to a Columbia police officer, who was ordering him to leave the Colonial Life Arena parking lot.
Cpl. Eric Wayne Sox, 38, of Orangeburg, was booked Friday night at the Alvin S. Glenn Detention Center on charges of drunkenness and disorderly conduct after he became belligerent with University of South Carolina and Columbia Police Department officers. He was suspended without pay on Saturday and terminated on Monday, said Sherri Iacobelli, a Highway Patrol spokeswoman.
Cox, who was assigned to Troop Seven in Orangeburg County, was a 12-year veteran of the Highway Patrol.
Columbia police arrived at the arena 11:45 p.m. Friday after receiving a call about a fight in the parking lot. They found Sox amid a large crowd that USC police were trying to disperse., according to a Columbia police incident report. Country singer Eric Church had performed a concert at the arena.
Sox was being loud and boisterous and was unsteady on his feet and had slurred speech, the report said. He allegedly pushed a female companion in front of police. CPD Officer Peter Conklin ordered Sox to leave, the report said.
Instead, Sox presented his middle finger to Ofc. Conklin and refused to move, the report said. When Conklin told Sox he was under arrest, Sox sat down in the front passenger seat of a friends vehicle and refused to move. Conklin and several USC police officers pulled Sox from the car.
After the arrest, Sox told Conklin he was a corporal with the Highway Patrol. At that point, the Columbia officer notified his chain of command, who gave the Highway Patrol a courtesy call.
The S.C. Department of Public Safetys Office of Professional Responsibility investigated the incident, Iacobelli said.
In 2011, Sox was one of the Highway Patrols DUI Enforcement Heroes, receiving a bronze pin for making 10 to 24 DUI arrests during the year. In 2010, he made local headlines in Orangeburg after arresting a county sheriffs deputy on a drunken driving charge. The deputy later was cleared of the charge.
Reach Phillips at (803) 771-8307.


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With a chance for mega millions, Brian has a case of lottery fever
BRIAN MATUSZAK: Unless you were hiding out in a boggy, stinky swamp last week, or living in Wisconsin (same difference), you know that the new Mega Millions lottery had a record jackpot of a half-billion dollars.By: Brian Matuszak, for the Budgeteer
So there was a sickness going around last week and everyone I know was infected. It wasn't the Creeping Crud (and shame on you for calling those Duluth meter readers names!), nor was it the Mouth Trots (OK, OK, go ahead and call Rush Limbaugh names). No, this sickness was called ... Lottery Fever.
Unless you were hiding out in a boggy, stinky swamp last week, or living in Wisconsin (same difference), you know that the new Mega Millions lottery had a record jackpot of a half-billion dollars. Billion. With a B. Like Brian with a B, only a lot less green and wrinkly. Millionaire wannabes formed long lines at local convenience stores, eager for the chance to throw an extra five, ten, even twenty bucks down the "Ol' NorShor Money Hole" (a euphemism for never seeing their money again). Normally, you don't see lines that long at the convenience store unless there's a perfect storm of frazzled minimum wage employee, new computerized cash register, and confused senior citizen trying to pay for gas and corn dogs.
But don't worry, I'm not going to launch into a diatribe about people who flush their money down the "Great Lakes Aquarium" and then turn around and complain about paying a little more in taxes to help solve some of our local and/or national troubles. Why should I? We're Americans! I know we'd rather see a quick, tangible result for our financial transactions. If nothing else, that small slip of paper filled with random numbers makes an excellent napkin when you're in a pinch at the Arby's drive-thru. Sure, all that money could be used to feed, clothe, or comfort fellow human beings who are suffering, but who's got time for that? It's more fun to give your money to the "Duluth Parking Commissioner" and play a rousing game of What If?
That's why I slapped my dollar down at the Hermantown SuperAmerica last week; it was an investment in Imagination Research and Development (a line item on my federal taxes). When the computer spit out my numbers, I reached with trepidation across the bags of beef jerky and took it from my cashier. "These look like winning numbers to me," I whispered to the tattooed lad, looking for some validation. "Don't you think so?" He answered with a shrug of total agreement and that's when I knew I better make some immediate plans on how to spend all that cash. A Master List of What Brian Will Do Once He Wins the Lottery, full of well-thought-out and reasoned actions, containing not one whit of superficiality or meaningless-ocity. And here it is:
1-Settle scores. Many gloating phone calls, emails, Twitter blasts, and Facebook messages will be sent to every single person who has wronged me over the years.
2-Buy a vault, fill it with hundred-dollar bills, and swim in it like Scrooge McDuck.
3-Go to an exotic, foreign land. Like Keewatin.
OK, I know that's only three things, but, to be fair, that first one is gonna take a long time.
Brian Matuszak has been difficult and demanding since February 2008. He is the co-founder of Renegade Comedy Theatre, founder of Rubber Chicken Theater, and hasn't checked yet to see if he won last week's Mega Millions jackpot. But since he doesn't live in, travel to, or even know how to spell Illinoy or Merryland, the odds aren't in his favor.
Tags: budge opinion, budgeteer, money