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Saint Aurea
Also known as
- Aura
Raised Muslim during the period of Moorish occupation of Spain. Married. Widow. Convert to Christianity. Nun at Cuteclara for 20 years. She was eventually denounced as a Christian by her family to Muslim religious authorities and killed for the crime of converting. Martyr.
- Cordoba, Spain
Additional Information
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints
MLA Citation
- "Saint Aurea". Saints.SQPN.com. 20 June 2010. Web. 17 March 2014. <http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-aurea/>


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Africa's largest booking site, 26548 places, now in 56 countries
Call us: 0861 801 802 South Africa +27 21 710 5800 International
The Docks Restaurant is in Cape Town's V & A Waterfront is next to the Nelson Mandela Gateway, home of the Robben Island ferry. Popular with passersby and locals, the area in front of The Docks is the playground for the local seal population. Known as the seal pen, The Docks is on the same site as the old Bertie's Landing. Its extensive menu, relaxed atmosphere and fabulous location right on the water's edge, in front of the Clock Tower, make The Docks a popular place to sit back and relax, and take in the fabulous views of Cape Town, Table Mountain and the harbour. The Docks serves breakfast, lunch, dinner, light meals and cocktails. The wine list is extensive and features some of the best South African wines. The menu has something for everyone, from burgers to seafood, grills to pasta, as well as salads and traditional South African fare. The dinner menu also features specialities such as ostrich, game and lobster. Relaxed and family orientated, with fabulous views The Docks Restaurant offers patrons a varied menu that caters for all tastes and good friendly service. Patrons are often treated to shows from the local buskers on the dockside next to the restaurant, with acts including gumboot dancers, a marimba band, mimes and signers.

subset: commoncrawl


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Interview With Rachel Kushner http://authors.simonandschuster.com/Rachel-Kushner/45510419/interview
My mother told me many stories about her childhood in Cuba. Living there had a profound impact on her and how she regards herself. Some of those details made their way into my novel, but as all writers come to understand, autobiographical material, even when it seems absolutely ripe for the picking, can bog you down. That said, listening to my mother's stories, I was able to tune into a certain frequency of what living in a quasi-colonial town in Oriente Province was like. The larger effect of interiorizing her stories--that frequency--was probably huge. Writers have to be able to replicate the cadences of real life. The only way to do that is to be a good listener. I also had this incredible archive of my late grandparents' lives. They saved absolutely everything: all of their correspondence, every last telegram and telex, everything from my grandmother's Saturday grocery lists for shopping at the United Fruit commissary to club invitations to the business card of the Holguín piano tuner who came once a month to tune their piano. The Lederers are schematically similar to my mother's family, the Drostens—although there are some key differences. My grandmother, like Mrs. Lederer, had the attitude that they would endure the god-awful jungle so that my grandfather, a metallurgist who had worked in Oak Ridge, could get a better salary and be a manager. But while my grandmother had her prejudices, she was more complicated than Marjorie Lederer. She had an architecture degree and had trained with Frank Lloyd Wright, but such a strong character would have been a distraction from what I was trying to accomplish, so I made Marjorie a little simpler. My mother's older sister is an artist and a brilliant documenter of her own very fascinating life, and like Stevie Lederer, she did make a scrapbook of her adolescence in Cuba, which she loaned to me while I was writing the book. And my mother, like Everly, was under the spell of the houseboy, a fascinating man named Cleveland Manning, with whom she is still close. Some of the other characters embody aspects of people from Nicaro and Preston. There were several employees from Nicaro, for instance, who were kidnapped by rebels in the summer of 1958. Some of them became friendly with Raúl and were subsequently invited to his wedding in Santiago de Cuba, just after the revolution. My grandfather would have absolutely loved to have gone to that! Unfortunately for him, he hadn't been kidnapped.
Yes, deciding what to include was crucial. Story and plot, not historical facts, are the engine of a novel, but I was committed to working through the grain of actual history, and coming to something, an overall effect, which approximated truth. So I chose very carefully what I felt were key moments in Cuban history, and ones that would work well with my characters, my various story lines. As I was writing, I made maps and various timelines, larger ones that included the major historical shifts (Columbus's arrival, the French Revolution, and a more detailed timeline of important social and political events in Cuba and the Caribbean from 1898 to 1959), and then I overlaid that map with the lives of my characters. I thought long and hard about who intersected with what actual political event, which real-life figures. Obviously, the detailed scenes among my characters and real-life figures--like the Castro brothers and La Mazière, for instance, are constructed. This is fiction, but the larger synthesis is not unlike the events that unfolded and led to the revolution. The benefit of writing about an actual political history is that you know how it ends, and so you work backward from inevitability. How do you get there believably? And meanwhile entertain, and say something new about a known story? Those were the tasks.
I have been to Cuba a few times now. In researching for my novel I stayed twice for three weeks each time, interviewing people, going through library archives, and generally trying to trace back via the residue that remains of the old American colonies of Preston and Nicaro. My first trip was with my mother and two of her sisters, in 2000. We flew to Santiago and rented a car and made the long drive up to the Nipe Bay area where they had lived as children. We stayed in Nicaro, at the home of a man named Mr. Presilla, who had been my grandfather's assistant at the nickel processing plant. Presilla had become a national hero after the revolution because he got the nickel plant up and running after the Americans left, in 1959. Fidel had given him a house. It was one of the old American managers' homes, right next door to my grandparent's former home. It was just so strange and fascinating for my mother and aunts to be there, in this other context. We reconnected with lots of people they had known as children—it was very dramatic, because none of the Americans who had lived there had ever come back to visit them—not in forty years. My mother and her sisters were the first people to return. Certainly people there endure a lot of hardships, and the environment has suffered, due to the Soviet-style management of the nickel plant. What was described to me as a languid and softly tropical rural area was still beautiful, but Nicaro itself seemed depressingly industrial and polluted. Cuba did not strike me as that different from how it is portrayed in the American media, but there's a complexity that you don't grasp just reading about it (then again, this might depend on which media outlet one relies on for news). Is the lack of food, the environmental degradation, the crumbling infrastructure all Fide's fault? How much of it has to do with the circumstances of, and fallout from, the Cold War? Or the embargo? As far as the crucial and very serious issue of human rights go, I feel it's impossible to know what it's like to live without freedom of expression unless you're a Cuban in Cuba. It's just very hard to know what that's like, hard to know if people are honest when they express loyalty to Fidel, or what.
I feel like I relate to all of them, at least in certain ways, because to breathe life into a character, you have to locate something in yourself that is like that character. But probably the two adults I felt the most emotionally close to were Charmaine Mackey and La Mazière—probably the two least similar characters in the book! Mrs. Mackey's disappointments and bewilderments moved me. With La Mazière, it was part of the job of writing him to try to track his interior. And some of his interests are my own, like occupied Paris, and a certain kind of reasoning through contradiction, and French literature. As a child, I was probably something like Everly. As I wrote her, I resourced very deep and dormant aspects of my own childhood, like an underground river that I drew from continually in order to sustain her voice.
Like most writers, I've read a lot of Hemingway and I admire him greatly. And I did borrow specifically from his letters to Marlene Dietrich, but his cameo in my book is less a reference to his writings than it is a response to a cliché of pre-Castro Havana that includes him. I wanted to twist the cliché, take away the hunting vest and the big game fishing, and make him sort of fruity and even a little ridiculous. Then again, I find his sadness at the disappearance of the poet-diplomats very real and un-ridiculous.
I can't say I was making a specific argument about the permissiveness of Cuban culture vis-à-vis our own. Citizenship and ethnicity can become, in certain contexts, restrictive, and perhaps that's one reason I was interested in people who feel compelled to mask their origins and thereby circumvent the restrictions. The colonial tropics, in particular Cuba after 1898, when it was no longer technically a colony of Spain and something more like a protectorate of the US, was a land of opportunity that attracted people escaping various fates. Also you have, in Cuba, several different occupations of American Marines (in 1898, in the 1930s) and thereby the "inexplicable" occurrence in Oriente of Cubans with dark skin and absurdly light green eyes, a feature that belies a simple or straightforward geneology, and even speaks of the unspeakable. And then there's World World Two, and European figures, like my La Mazière, who are subsequently compelled to obscure who they are and what they're up to. To a degree these ambiguities are the byproduct of historical circumstance. In terms of gender and sexuality, there are number of impulses. It's no secret that Cuba is a typical Latin American culture in that it has a fair amount of homophobia. Homosexuals have been notoriously persecuted under Fidel's government. Pre-revolutionary Havana was not a more progressive place, but there is an idea that it was a kind of fleshpot, and that so-called permissive forms of recreation were easy to come by. In general, I'm interested in and sympathetic to the blurring of gender boundaries, not only in real life but in literature. If you grow up in San Francisco, as I did, and then you read Proust's Sodom and Gomorrah, well, each experience offer its glimpse into the fascinating codes of transgender worlds, and these codes, those worlds, interest me. 7. Why did you decide to name Rachel K after yourself? Rachel K is a real-life historic figure of pre-revolutionary Cuba who became an icon, though specifically of Machado's era—the 1930s—rather than Batista's era (the 1950s). She was a cabaret dancer who was friendly with the mob and with Machado's inner circle, and was found mysteriously murdered in a hotel room. No one ever figured out what happened, and the mystery of her death came to signify the mortal decadence of Machado's dictatorship. The Cubans made a film about her in 1973, called The Strange Case of Rachel K. In historical accounts, she is always referred to as a "French variety dancer." No one ever explains the oddity that her last name is simply K. Which is strange for many reasons, aside from being obviously not French. Because of her role in history, and in historical imagery, and due to the striking coincidence that her name is like mine, I felt it would be an act of exclusion, not to put her in the book.
Writing a first novel was an arduous crash course. I learned so much in the six years it took me to write it, mostly technical things pertaining to craft. It isn't clear to me yet if the skills I picked up are specific to the challenges of Telex from Cuba, which had a structural complexity in its many voices, or if the lessons will carry over, and the next project will come more easily. The fact that I managed to finish is perhaps the most valuable "lesson": that it is possible to complete such a thing means it's that much more important to be scrupulous, and to apply myself and solve problems with every resource I can muster. Haiti interests me greatly, partly because of how it prefigures and informs political events in Cuba, and because it is an epic and heartbreaking political history, but a lot of my thinking about Haiti was for Telex from Cuba, and I'm onto something completely different now: a novel that's about the lives of American artists and Italian terrorists in the late 1970s. I'm very excited about it!
I would have to say the literature and film, and also Cuban architecture. Cuba has a very rich literary history, back to Jose Martí, who was a poet as well as a revolutionary. Alejo Carpentier is one of the great novelists of the 20th century and very important to me as a model. I also admire Severo Sarduy, and to a degree Lezama Lima and Cabrera Infante. These are incredibly sophisticated modernists, who were working in dialogue with French writers, and other South American writers. The late 1960s was an amazing era for Cuban film. Tomás Gutiérrez Alea made his best work then, like Death of a Bureaucrat (1966) and Memories of Underdevelopment (1968)—which is as exquisite and baroque and avant-garde as the writing of Carpentier, in its thorough examination of life in Cuba before and just after the revolution. Havana is world class in its urban planning and its exquisite mélange of different architectural styles. The beautiful tile floors, the colonnades, the height of the interior ceilings, and the way that space is utilized, and kept spare in its decorations, is very distinct. Danzón is my favorite Cuban music, played by a traditional string orchestra with flute and piano. It's very formally structured but romantic music, which derives from the French-Haitian contradance. The music that people in the States are most familiar with, the music of Wim Wenders's Buena Vista Social Club—all comes from Mayarí, which is the world of my book.


text: (San Diego, CA) - The USD Toreros improved to 2-0 on the season with tonight's hard fought 30-10 victory over the visiting Western New Mexico Mustangs (1-1) before 3,198 fans at Walter E. Zable Field at Torero Stadium. Quarterback Mason Mills connected with freshman receiver Brandon White for two scores and junior CB Ryan Costa paced the defense with an 88-yard interception return for a score in the first period. The Toreros look to continue their winning ways next Saturday with a 6:05 p.m. contest at UC Davis.


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Retail Sales Consultant Brookings SD
AT&T - Retail
Brookings, South Dakota
AT&T: So Much More of What You Work For Looking for an opportunity where you can put your energy and enthusiasm to work to create unlimited earning potential? Of course you are. How about a chance ...
Posted: Today


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6.43-in. Herb Mill by Microplane
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Stainless Compact Dish Rack with Glass Washer by Polder
1-qt. Specialties Nonstick Open Saucier Pan by Farberware
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Lorna F. Garritano, 81
Published 6:09pm Sunday, February 24, 2013Born: Dec. 27, 1931
Died: Feb. 19, 2013
Lorna F. Garritano, 81, of Dowagiac, died at 6:10 p.m. Tuesday, Feb. 19, at her home of an extended illness.
Lorna was born Dec. 27,1931, in Cass County to Edward and Florence (Wise) Gordon. On Nov. 2, 1957, in Dowagiac, she married Al Garritano, who survives. Also surviving are a daughter, Carmela (Bartlomiej Plichta) of Saint Paul, Minn., and two sons, John (Stacey) Garritano, of Cassopolis, and Jason Garritano, of Stevensville.
She has five grandchildren and a sister, Leone Morford of Lawrence.
Mrs. Garritano worked in financial capacities in area businesses. She was a member of Holy Maternity of Mary Catholic Church in Dowagiac and was the first woman member of the former Pickwick Club in Niles. Additionally, she was a member of the Anterlettes of the Dowagiac Elks and the INA Unity Club.
Mass of Christian Burial for Lorna F. Garritano will be at 11 a.m Monday, Feb. 25, at Holy Maternity of Mary Catholic Church in Dowagiac with the Rev. Kevin Covert of the parish officiating. The family will receive friends and relatives from 10 a.m. until service time Monday at the church. Burial will be in Fort Custer National Cemetery, Battle Creek. Arrangements are being cared for by the Halbritter Funeral Home, Niles.
Contributions in memory of Mrs. Garritano may be made to Cass County Council on Aging for Parkinson's Awareness; P.O. Box 5; Cassopolis, MI 49031. Halbritterfunerals.com


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January 2, 2012
11:40 pm
Due to 10 straight losses, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers finished the 2011 season with a 4-12 record after starting the season 4-2. The Bucs are assured of picking in the top 5 in the 2012 NFL Draft as they and the Browns finished with the same record.
With Tampa Bay's 10th straight loss, the Buccaneers finished the 2011 season with a 4-12 record after a once promising 4-2 start. Tampa Bay concluded the year tied with Cleveland for the fourth-worst record in the league. The Browns will pick fourth and the Bucs will have the fifth overall pick behind Indianapolis (2-14), St. Louis (2-14) and Minnesota (3-13) in the 2012 NFL Draft.
Both Cleveland and Tampa Bay finished with a .250 winning percentage in 2011 and will alternate drafting fourth and fifth throughout the draft with the Bucs having the fourth pick (36th overall) in the second round.
The last time the Buccaneers had a top 5 pick was in 2009 when Tampa Bay selected defensive tackle Gerald McCoy with the third overall pick.
Although there is not a consensus top five in terms of 2012 NFL Draft prospects, Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck is considered to be the sure-fire first overall selection, followed by USC left tackle Matt Kalil, LSU cornerback Morris Claiborne, Oklahoma State wide receiver Justin Blackmon and Baylor quarterback Robert Griffin III. The player the Bucs would be most interested in would likely be Claiborne given the need for a cornerback.


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DUBLIN (Reuters) – An unemployed Irish artist has built a home from the shredded remains of 1.4 billion euros ($1.82 billion), a monument to the "madness" he says has been wrought on Ireland by the single currency, from a spectacular construction boom to a wrenching bust. Frank Buckley built the apartment in the…
By Joshua Holland, Moyers & Company
Read MoreBy Zoe Williams, The Guardian
Read MoreRaw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
Copyright © 2004-2013 Raw Story Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Of the 500 Fastest Supercomputers, 455 Run on Linux
Linux dominance helps out users, in the end.
The biannual list of the fastest supercomputers in the world was released at the beginning of June and unsurprisingly, the vast majority (91 percent, to be exact) run some form of the Linux operating system. The Linux Foundation's Amanda McPherson discussed the positive effect this statistic has on end users by citing that any improvements to Linux made by one of the supercomputer manufacturers got poured back into the kernel.
"Just remember that today's desktop PC was considered a super computer not long ago," McPherson added.
The United States lays claim to the highest number of supercomputers, along with the fastest supercomputer, the Cray XT Jaguar, which contains 224,162 processor cores and is capable of 1.759 peta FLOPS.
China increased its number of supercomputers to 24, tying Germany, while moving up to second place in performance behind the US.
IBM lead in market share with 196 supercomputers (39 percent of the market), while HP followed close behind with 186 units (37.20 percent).
Supercomputer performance is measured with the LINPACK Benchmark. This benchmark requires a computer to solve a dense system of linear equations and is scalable in order to optimize performance for a given system. In short, every system was tested under ideal conditions.
The BBC has provided a thorough visual aid for the list. The full list including every exhaustive detail can be found here.
Of Course!! Linux Forever!
Of Course!! Linux Forever!
Issue 161/2014
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Digital Issue: Price $9.99
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Tag Cloud
New TLS Attack Takes the S out of HTTPS
Vulnerability affects many Linux web servers
Munich Adopts Kolab
The Bavarian capital shuns Microsoft, Google, and other alternatives to implement an open source groupware solution.
Canonical Announces Ubuntu Smartphones
Phone vendor partnerships bring Mark Shuttleworth's dream of Ubuntu on a phone a step closer to reality.
Piviti Seeks Funding
Donors will get to vote on new features for the free video editor.
Debian Tech Committee Votes for systemd
Debian project puts init out to pasture and says no to Ubuntu's Upstart.
The Mask: Scary New Face of Internet Intrusion
Ultra-sophisticated attack tool might have originated from a state-sponsored intelligence service.
Epoch 1.0 Released
New alternative for init comes with a small footprint and minimal configuration.
Wayland 1.4 Challenges X11
X marks the target for the next-generation windowing system.
Red Hat Adopts CentOS
Super-clone CentOS Linux gets beamed up to the mother ship.
W3C Promotes Media Source Extensions
HTML technology will enable new video editing and playback options.


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I love the outdoors! I run the largest outdoor club in the South so you could say it's my obsession.
I am skilled in all things outdoors including basic hiking, backpacking, and mountaineering. I am also skilled in rescue and survival abilities.
Yes I would be interested in putting together some events.
No answer yet
No answer yet
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Outdoor Club South is #1 for outdoor fun and adventure!
Sign in to post a Greeting.
Hi I just joined and would like to reserve 2 spots for this weekend to hot springs!
Hi Dante,
Regrettably my plans have changed and I'll need to cancel. Please give my spot to someone else
Hey Dante, who would be the best person to get in touch with to see about screening an Appalachian Trail film in Athens? It's called The Climb to Katahdin and I am touring with it in the coming months and I'd love to show hikers in Athens.
Hey Dante, is today ur Bday ? If it is Happy Bday here's hoping it's a great one. Stephan
Welcome to Global Couples of North Atlanta Dante!
Hello Dante,
Welcome to the C.O.F.F.I.E. Group! Thank you for checking us out. We look forward to getting to know you. When you get a moment, please tell us a little more about you. Please make plans to join us for an event, soon!
Thanks Dante. I look forward to meeting new neighbors!
Thanks for getting the raft & ride trip together. My daughter & I had a great time. Look forward to the next one. Where do I go to see the pictures?
I haven't seen the photos from the rafting trips either. Was there suppose to be a video?
Hi Dante....I know that you have pics of the rafting on Sat but by any chance do you also have the pics that were taken on the Hiwassee? They didn't put them on their website so I was hoping you were able to get them. Thanks....Erin Hutchinson
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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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The EC1000S Gigabit Ethernet Network Adapter Card can be installed in a laptop ExpressCard port, for quick and hassle-free connections to a Gigabit Ethernet network.
With support for data transfer rates up to 1000Mbps, the Gigabit Ethernet Network Adapter card delivers the speed and performance needed for virtually any network-based tasks, including CAD, graphic design, digital audio authoring, and other demanding applications.
Filter Results |
Recommend, ReliablePros: Used in an IBM T43 pfSense router as a secondary NIC. When initially looking for a second NIC before setting up pfSense for the first time it didn't occur to me that my laptop has an ExpressCard slot and I thought that my only choices were between a CardBus NIC (didn't find any Gbit ones) and a USB NIC, which I ended up getting. Cons: None Did you find this review helpful? |
Fast card for old laptopPros: This is a fast card. I saw roughly 832 mb performance using iperf on a 2006 core solo 1.6 laptop. That is way better than the 225 mb that I saw with a gigabit usb adapter. However, the card disappears for some reason. Cons: Card works in laptop I have and then it goes away. The odd thing is that the card lights up properly but it cannot be detected in the OS (linux/lspci). Tried all things I could think of including pulling battery on laptop for a couple of minutes and plugging in. This is probably just a laptop issue since other stuff goes away randomly. Did you find this review helpful? |
Works greatPros: Works great. Cons: Wish it was full size to fit in ExpressCard 54 slot so it wouldn't wobble. But that's what the plastic spacers are for. Did you find this review helpful? |
Work with pfsensePros: I had a laptop with a busted screen so I decided to make it in to a pfsense platform. The laptop needed a second port so I picked this up. Pfsense recognized it and everything just works Cons: No 34mm to 54mm stabilizer. For someone considering this card for a laptop that moves, a stabilizer is a must. Other Thoughts: For the price this thing should have had that stabilizer included. That is the only reason I took an egg off 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Fast and EasyPros: Just plugged the EC100S into my ExpressCard/54 slot. Windows 7 installed all necessary drivers. It was just that easy. Cons: Like other reviewers, I feel that using this ExpressCard/34 in an ExpressCard/54 slot is dangerous. Although not the fault of the card itself, I'm afraid I'm going to mis-align the card or bump it sideways as I'm working around my laptop and permanently damage it. Other Thoughts: I also purchased some StarTech ExpressCard 34mm to 54 mm Stabilizer Adapters (purchased from here on Newegg with an item number of N82E16839158038.) This took care of that problem. I would highly recommend this card. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Works Egg-cellentPros: I posted previously and wanted to update the status of the returned StarTech EC1000S ExpressCard. Cons: None. Other than what I mentioned earlier. Other Thoughts: Ensure that you order the stabilizer because the way the ExpressCard form factor is designed, unfortunately it doesn't offer much of any secure connection. Without it, you may eventually run into the same problem with the card being ejected out as a result of the slightest bump our touch. 2 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
StarTech Failed to OperatePros: Worked well without any problems -- for a few days, though. The culprit could be that the ExpressCard didn't come with a 34mm to 54mm stabilizer adapter. Cons: Yesterday, I noticed that the card wasn't working. Other Thoughts: Maybe I should simply buy a 54mm ExpressCard and get it over with. This may be a more logical, easy, viable solution. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Works PerfectlyPros: Received the Star Tech EC1000S ExpressCard Gigabit adapter today for my HP Pavillion dv7-1267cl laptop. Cons: None. Other Thoughts: This is what I like: after reading several reviews on this adapter, I gambled on it and it works. You can't asked for anything better. Did you find this review helpful? |
More infoPros: Updating after seeing other review saying it doesn't work with 64-bit Ubuntu. Cons: Sometimes when trying to switch between this card and the built-in wireless card it may be quicker to do a reboot. Other Thoughts: sudo lspci -vvv 3 out of 3 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Does the jobPros: Much faster than my laptop's built-in 100mb port, which is what I was looking for. Drivers load automatically in Windows 7 and Ubuntu 10.04 32-bit. Cons: Does NOT work in Ubuntu 10.04 64-bit. Not the adapter's fault, but the specs make a blanket Linux compatibility claim. Minus 1 egg. Other Thoughts: Uses the Realtek RTL8111DL chipset. If you can find an appropriate 64-bit Linux driver for your distro, more power to you. 0 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |


text:
Los Angeles City College
IT Department |
This page is provided by the IT department to answer some common questions. For further technical information, call the IT Help Desk at extension 2049. If you need training on using any of the LACC systems, contact the Staff and Organizational Development office at extension 2378. Outlook SymbolsThese are Outlook message symbols and message options. |


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Visit Seeley Lake Montana, home of unique year round vacation opportunities, both recreational and cultural
The Seeley Swan and Blackfoot Valleys are the shortest route from Yellowstone National Park to Glacier National Park.
The vibrant and charming small towns of Seeley Lake and Condon lie between the Bob Marshall Wilderness and the Mission Mountain Wilderness, while the historic ranching community of Ovando is on the Lewis and Clark Trail. The communities of Seeley Lake, Condon and Ovando serve as gateways to these natural wonders.


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Falooda Recipe - An exotic Indian milk-based drink flavoured with rose syrup .This chilled drink-dessert is the perfect way to cool off in the summer heat.
Added: 1795 days ago by
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Faluda is a nice Pakistani dish which is a sweet drink just try this out which is liked by most of the people. Try this Falooda recipe.
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RABRI FALOODA Recipe Cooking Show
Learn how to make RABRI FALOODA try this out at your home kitchen.
Added: 836 days ago by
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Packagers to benefit from ISA--OMAC merger
In August 2004 a group that included OMAC WBF and ISA SP88 leaders van Schoor Chappell Rob Aleksa of P&G Lou Pillai of Pfizer Fred Putnam of OMAC's PackML team Leif Juergensen from ELAU and myself drafted a charter for Make2Pack and the working sessions have been bi-weekly since then.
Make2Pack is now a joint working group of OMAC World Batch Forum and the ISA's SP88 committee. Our goal is to define a new ISA standard tentatively Part 5 of the ISA/ANSI S88 standard and its European equivalent IEC 61512.
Packaging becomes a supply chain strategy
The potential of collaboration between batch continuous process discrete manufacturing and packaging is for products to be more efficiently manufactured and packaged according to customer demand.
Like flexible manufacturing packaging automation has great potential as a supply chain management strategy especially in the CPG sector where the package is often the major difference between SKUs.
This is because food beverage pharmaceutical and household products involve a relatively small number of basic formulations in comparison to the variations generated by multiple package configurations. There are many reasons behind the profusion of packages ranging from consumer market segmentation to country requirements to retailers' specifications.
By better synchronizing production with packaging smaller batches can be made with less lead time. This brings manufacturing a step closer to the goal of "make to order" instead of making the anticipated products and packages to stock. This also has the impact of reducing inventory and the potential for waste of perishable items.
Achieving the "M" in OMAC
One of World Batch Forum's longtime goals is to improve the modularity of control software compared to monolithic ladder logic the so-called "spaghetti code." The IEC 61131-3 programming language standard in the OMAC PackSoft Guidelines can do just that.
We've followed a modular 61131 programming template using an IEC conforming software library since 1998. Working together with ISA it now appears that this model can serve as an example for the entire control industry not just packaging. For example IEC 61131 Sequential Function Chart is a natural choice for implementing S88 control modules.
Why is modularity important? Modular is the "M" in OMAC. Modular architecture in control software begets modular mechanical design. It's what allows machine builders to cost effectively develop customized machines from standard modules. It allows packagers to reconfigure modules rather than buying single-purpose machines. It means that software modules are reusable reducing development and validation costs as well as learning curves for operators and maintenance technicians. And it means that these people can be cross-trained to work in either department.
Like Make2Pack the ISA-OMAC merger will make it easier to horizontally network and synchronize packaging lines automated by my company with manufacturing lines controlled by the PLC and DCS vendors' systems. Likewise M2P sets the stage for OMAC and ISA S88/S95 goals of vertical integration – the interfaces needed for equipment to provide good information for production management systems.
If all these benefits of an ISA-OMAC merger seem to echo the Make2Pack founders' words quoted earlier I believe that's the most powerful rationale for supporting the pending merger.
*OMAC stands for Open Modular Architecture Controls
**ISA stands for The Instrumentation Systems and Automation Society
For information visit www.wbf.org or www.omac.org.
Contact ELAU at [email protected] or visit www.elau.com.


text:
For the most part yes. Can you post a picture of the floor drain? It must have a legal air gap.
As far as I can tell, the floor drain was put in when the house was built specifically for the water softener.
I know I have asked this before as part of a different post, but never got a definitive answer. Thanks guys!
For the most part yes. Can you post a picture of the floor drain? It must have a legal air gap.
How to rebuild a softener http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YkJS...ature=youtu.be
Stuff a garden hose down there and let it run for 15 minutes or so to make sure the drain will handle the flow. Sometimes those floor drains are not attached to anything other than the foundation drain.
Hmm...I don't think I can get a garden hose down there but I can slowly dump water out of something and see what happens! Hopefully my house doesn't crumble or anything.
Water softeners are required by most municipalities to go to either sewage or septic. Check with your local municipality to confirm. It should not go to storm drains.
How to rebuild a softener http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YkJS...ature=youtu.be
IMO you are talking to two anti DIYer guys that love to make things difficult for DIYers if they can but, the best place for the drain water from the softener is into a normally working septic system or sewer line.
If you want to use the floor drain, there really is no way to measure how high the water could get in the basement so you can't install an air gap to where it would be at an 'approved' height. And then if it were me, I'd say I have more important things to concern myself with than if flood water in my basement touched the end of my softener drain line. I'm just saying...
Click Here to learn how to correctly size or program a water softener.
CAUTION, as of Nov 12 2013 all YouTube videos showing how to rebuild a Clack valve have an error in them that can cause damage.
Here we go with the anti DIY crap again. Its not anti DIY to expect EVERYONE to follow the code's and do the job right. Not only because its the right thing to do but to cover home liability and the law as well. If the discharge goes into a septic system the following piece of information should be heeded and this also covers existing systems as if your existing system should fail for ANY reason and the insurance adjuster comes out to take a look, there is a very good chance your claim will be denied.
If you read the warranty of any ATU septic system (which many states now require or are in the process of requiring) they all state discharging a water treatment system into their system voids the warranty.
As for discharging into the floor drain, which neither of us advised, the air gap need only be twice the diameter of the appliance discharge pipe. However, it must discharge into an approved receptor and a grated floor drain is not approved.
I'll bet he doesn't have an ATU septic system or that AR requires them but...
That twice the ID of the drain line also means it has to be at least that high above the high water level, which you failed to mention. So in your opinion, how high might his water level get in his basement?
I see ditto and I were typing at the same time but by damned he agrees with me about the use of the septic or sewer.
BTW, no one should by an ATU septic system. What does that ATU stand for tommy?
Click Here to learn how to correctly size or program a water softener.
CAUTION, as of Nov 12 2013 all YouTube videos showing how to rebuild a Clack valve have an error in them that can cause damage.
All I know is, I can either use that drain, or somehow use the sump pump drain. I've been told not to use the sump pump drain because its a metal sump pump and the discharge will make it rust. I have no idea how to route the drain up a floor and over to use the washing machine drain.
If you can see your drain lines in the basement you can use them. Going up a floor can cause problems. Most control valves can't handle higher than from the drain line connection on them up 8'-10' max. And that depends on your minimum water pressure being no less than 30 psi.
Click Here to learn how to correctly size or program a water softener.
CAUTION, as of Nov 12 2013 all YouTube videos showing how to rebuild a Clack valve have an error in them that can cause damage.
For code purposes the weir of the floor drain trap would be the normal (normal) point of measure or, the inlet of the receptor but since the grate floor drain is not considered a proper receptacle it Is a moooooooooot point.
Can I modify the drain at all to make it more appropriate for drainage?
Yep. Remove the drain and replace it with a 12 x12 floor sink. oatey company et.al. Makes them
For a discussion of the effects of discharging softener backwash into a conventional septic system, see:
Bottom line:
"The results of our review are corroborated by a fact sheet published by the Environmental Protection Agency(5), that points out the following:
- High concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the softener backwash water have no deleterious effect on the biological function occurring in the septic tank and may, in some cases, be helpful.
- The additional volume of wastewater generated is added slowly to the wastewater stream, and does not cause any hydraulic overload problems.
- Soil structure in the soil absorption field is positively affected by the calcium and magnesium ions in water softener effluent.
Based on a detailed evaluation of information and studies performed in this area to date, we conclude that water softener regeneration discharge does not negatively impact common on-site anaerobic septic systems. Slightly elevated levels of sodium in regeneration discharge do not seem to effect septic system microorganisms, and may indeed benefit the septic process.
(5) "Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Special Issues Fact Sheet 3", EPA 625/R-00-008, Environmental Protection Agency Fact Sheet (2000)
Chlorine is your enemy in a biological system, not the sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium. However, a gram of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) will neutralize 1ppm chlorine in 100 gallons of water. So if you were concerned you could easily nuetralize the chlorine, but more than likely it is not going to be a major problem or it would be a standard protocol for everyone using a softener who has a septic tank!


text:
DIY Braided Racer Back Tee Shirt Tutorial. Another take on her basic tee shirt into a racer back tank. Tutorial from Wobisobi for her braided back racer tee here; tutorial for her basic tee shirt to racer back tee here.
If you own an image you want taken down please email me at truebluemeandyou [at] gmail [dot] com
Kids Crafts:
Halloween Crafts: HalloweenCrafts.tumblr.com
Christmas & Holiday Crafts: DIYChristmasCrafts.tumblr.com


text: Shoes 2:00 pm El Resero Oxford Shoes Japan's Second Stage model these center seam oxfords with their usual class. There's nothing to dislike with these. Crepe sole, suede uppers, heavy stitching and that distinctive ridge all come together in the ever reliable oxford. Argentinian brand El Resero… 274 - Read more


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Availability: Hotel Kyriad Grenoble Est - Meylan
Please enter your travel dates.
Double Room
- FREE Wifi
Wifi is included in your stay.
Triple Room
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Twin Room
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Meylan hotel with a restaurant
Situated in the business district, this hotel is close to Stendhal University, University of Grenoble I, and Pierre Mendes France University. Also nearby are University of Grenoble III and University of Grenoble II.
Hotel Features
In addition to a restaurant, Hotel Kyriad Grenoble Est - Meylan features a bar/lounge. Other amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access and free parking.
Room Amenities
Flat-screen televisions come with satellite channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, air conditioning, and coffee/tea makers.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Kyriad Grenoble Est - Meylan Amenities
- General
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. This 3-star property offers access to audiovisual equipment and a meeting/conference room.
Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. Event facilities measure 387 square feet (36 square meters). This Meylan hotel also offers multilingual staff, room service (during limited hours), and air conditioning in public areas. Complimentary parking is available on site.
- 24-hour front desk
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Bar/lounge
- Restaurant
- Free parking
- Total number of rooms - 41
- Audiovisual equipment
- Number of floors - 2
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Free Wi-Fi
- One meeting/conference room
- Multilingual staff
- Room service (limited hours)
- Year Built 1978
- Meeting facilities size (feet) - 387
- Meeting facilities size (meters) - 36
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
- Parking
Free parking
- Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Satellite TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free Wi-Fi
- Mountain view
- Garden view
- Dining
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning.
Hotel Kyriad Grenoble Est - Meylan has a restaurant serving breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
In-room dining choices include lunch and dinner, available from room service (during limited hours).
Hotel Kyriad Grenoble Est - Meylan Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
- Check-out
Check-out time is noon
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard, Visa
- Pets
Pets allowed
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 18 years old.
Minimum guest age is 18
Early departure fee charged
No elevators
- Fees
- The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: EUR 9.50 per person (approximately)
- Pet fee: EUR 5 per pet, per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
National Rating
- Details
This hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


text:
I've been watching the Giants since 2008 and I don't think I've been a fan long enough to have seen stellar cornerback play from two guys at the same time. I guess TT and Webster in 2010...
The Wills? Seriously?
Prince Amukamara for sure. As for the second, Terrell Thomas or Aaron Ross. Maybe CWebb if he can have a bounce back year. But I like Amukamara and Ross, that's my hope.
2014 Mock Draft 1.2.2
Round, Position, Player, School
1) TE, Eric Ebron, UNC
2) RB, Carlos Hyde, Ohio St.
3) OG, Cyril Richardson, Baylor
4) CB, Loucheiz Purifoy, Florida
5) OLB, Boseko Lokombo, Oregon
6) WR, Jalen Saunders, Oklahoma
With the 12th pick overall,
the New York Giants select...
Eric Ebron, Tight End, University of North Carolina
Mark Collins was best corner back ive seen so who ever was opposite him would be my favorite pair.....Sehorn had 1-2 good years before he got hurt was never same...by time I saw spider he was a safety....willie williams was good too.......Im sure there are more....the wills were ok but Petersen wa s NEVER on field....and Allen had good cover skills but couldnt catch a cold.....No love for Elvis (Toast) patterson?lol
1st to use the phrase "In Reese we trust"
I guess this whole thread confirms that we haven't had too many dominant DB pairs??
No one remembers who came in second.


text:
Fred and Pam Smythe, formerly of Delta, are celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary on July 8. Their daughter Sarah invites all their Delta friends to celebrate with them by sending cards and well wishes to 3330 Busy Bee Lane, Indianpolis, IN 46227.blog comments powered by Disqus
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May 06, 2013 –
Update 5/6/13
Jimmy Eat World's Summer Tour
Arizonians aren't the only ones who will enjoy Jimmy Eat World in 2013. The band recently announced their plans for an entire US tour this summer. F … read more →
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Polished spikes and pyramid studs separate faceted cubic zirconia stones, mixing edge and glamour on a striking bracelet. Box clasp.
Rhodium plate.
Imported, China.
Additional jewelry sold separately.
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Rhodium plate.
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Noir Jewelry designer Leeora Catalan worked for Ralph Lauren and Oscar de la Renta before making a name for herself as a stylist. In 1995, she launched Noir Jewelry, a line that blends glamour with an edgy street influence, resulting in unique designs that have been informing tastes and trends since. Marc Jacobs, DKNY, and Moschino have collaborated with Noir to create jewelry for their runway shows, and Noir Jewelry is worn by celebrity stylemakers Lady Gaga, Madonna, Rihanna, and Sarah Jessica Parker.
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Jerry Lee Brooks
Posted: 11:02 AM Nov 28, 2012
Mr. Jerry Lee Brooks
Funeral services for Jerry Lee Brooks will be held Saturday, December 1, 2012 at 2 p.m. at Berry and Gardner Funeral Home.
Burial will be in Sunset Cemetery with Berry and Gardner Funeral Home in charge of arrangements.
Mr. Brooks, 61, of Meridian, died Saturday, November 24, 2012 at Anderson Hospital.
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South Stream
South Stream | |
Proposed route of South Stream
Location | |
Country | Russia Bulgaria Serbia Hungary Slovenia Italy |
General direction | east–west |
From | Beregovaya compressor station, Dzhubga |
Passes through | Black Sea Varna Pleven Zaječar Beograd Subotica Tarvisio |
To | Italy |
General information | |
Type | Natural gas |
Partners | Gazprom Eni Électricité de France Wintershall |
Operator | South Stream Transport AG National project companies |
Expected | 2015 |
Technical information | |
Length | 2,380 km (1,480 mi) |
Maximum discharge | 63 billion cubic metres per annum (2.2×10 12 cu ft/a) |
Number of compressor stations | 9 |
South Stream (Russian: Южный Поток, Bulgarian: Южен поток, Serbian/ Slovene: Južni tok, Jужни ток, Hungarian: Déli Áramlat) is a gas pipeline to transport Russian natural gas through the Black Sea to Bulgaria and further to Greece, Italy and Austria. The project is seen as rival to the planned Nabucco pipeline.[1] Construction started in December 2012, with a first commercial deliveries in late 2015.[2]
The South Stream pipeline project was announced on 23 June 2007, when the Chief Executive Officer of Italian energy company Eni Paolo Scaroni and the Vice-Chairman of Russian Gazprom Alexander Medvedev signed in Rome a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for construction of South Stream.[3] On 22 November 2007, Gazprom and Eni signed in Moscow an agreement about establishing a joint project company for the commissioning of the marketing and technical feasibility studies of the project.[4]
The preliminary agreement between Russia and Bulgaria on Bulgaria's participation in the project was signed on 18 January 2008. It was agreed to set up an equally owned company to build and operate the Bulgarian section of the pipeline.[5] The agreement was ratified by Bulgarian Parliament on 25 July 2008.[6] The first agreement between Russia and Serbia was signed even before announcement of the South Stream project. On 20 December 2006, Gazprom and Serbian state-owned gas company Srbijagas agreed to conduct a study on building a gas pipeline running from Bulgaria to Serbia.[7] On 25 January 2008, Russia and Serbia signed an agreement to route a northern pipe of South Stream through Serbia and to create a joint company to build the Serbian section of the pipeline and large gas storage facility near Banatski Dvor in Serbia.[8][9] On the same day, Russia and Hungary agreed to set up an equally owned joint company to build and operate the Hungarian section of the pipeline.[10][11] On 29 April 2008, Russia and Greece signed an intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in construction and operation of the Greek section of South Stream.[12]
On 15 May 2009, in Sochi, in presence of the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi, the gas companies of Russia, Italy, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece signed an agreement on construction of the South Stream pipeline.[13][14] On 6 August 2009, the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in attendance of the Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi signed a protocol routing the pipeline through the Turkish territorial waters.[15] On 14 November 2009, followed the talks between Slovenian Prime Minister Borut Pahor and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, the agreement on the terms of which a part of the pipeline will run through Slovenia to Northern Italy was signed by Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko and Slovenian Economy Minister Matej Lahovnik in Moscow.[16][17] As per earlier 2008 agreement between two countries, on 17 November 2009, Russian Gazprom and Serbian Srbijagas created South Stream Serbia AG in Bern, Switzerland. The joint engineering company will prepare feasibility study of the Serbian section of project. If agreement on investment is reached, the new joint venture will be also responsible for design, financing, construction and operation of the pipeline in Serbia.[18]
On 2 March 2010, Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko and Croatian Economy, Labor and Entrepreneurship Minister Djuro Popijac in the presence of the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister of Croatia Jadranka Kosor signed an agreement on construction of a South Stream section through Croatia.[19][20] On 19 June 2010, Gazprom, Eni, and Électricité de France published a joint press release confirming that EDF will join the project.[21] On 21 March 2011, Slovenia and Russia signed an agreement regarding the establishment of a joint venture South Stream Slovenia. This makes the route of the pipeline through Slovenia much more probable.[22]
The joint venture South Stream AG, equally owned by Gazprom and Eni, was registered on 18 January 2008 in Switzerland.[23] However, on 16 September 2011, a shareholders' agreement was signed between Gazprom, Eni, Électricité de France and Wintershall to establish the new project company South Stream Transport AG for the Black Sea section of the pipeline.[24] The company was incorporated on 3 October 2011 in Zug, Switzerland.
On December 28, 2011 Turkey issued its final agreement for allowing the pipeline to pass through its territorial waters.[25][26] The final investment decision for the Serbian section was signed on 29 October 2012, for the Hungarian section on 2 November 2012, for the Slovenian section on 13 November 2012, and for the Bulgarian section on 15 November 2012.[2][27][28][29] On 15 November 2012, shareholders of South Stream Transport AG signed the final investment decision on the offshore section.[2] The ground-breaking ceremony marking start of construction of the Russian onshore facilities was held on 7 December 2012 at the Russkaya compressor station near Anapa.[2][30][31]
On 25.07.2013 The Vice Premier and Finance Minister of Republic of Macedonia, Mr. Zoran Stavreski signed the agreement on construction of a South Stream section through Republic of Macedonia.
The national gas distribution company "Makedonski Energetski Resursi" will work jointly with Gazproms on a technical solution over the destination of the gas pipeline branch trough the country.
The Russian onshore section will run from the Pochinki compressor station to the Russkaya compressor station near Anapa.[31] The 925-kilometre (575 mi) long offshore section will run from the Russkaya compressor station through the Black Sea to Bulgaria's city of Varna.[2][32] Because of the Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, the pipeline is routed through Turkey's waters to avoid the exclusive economic zone of Ukraine.[15][33][30]
The 1,455-kilometre (904 mi) long onshore section starts from Varna and runs to Pleven.[2][34] From there, the southwestern route, was to continue through Greece and Ionian Sea to southern Italy.[34] However, this route was abandoned.[30] The northwestern route will continue from Pleven to Serbia. In Serbia, it will run through Zaječar, Beograd and Subotica.[35] From Subotica pipeline will run through Hungary and Slovenia to Arnoldstein in Austria near the Italian border to supply northern Italy.[22][36][37][38] Two branches to Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina are foreseen.[2] Srbijagas plans to construct along Sava river a 480-kilometre (300 mi) long branch pipeline with a capacity of 1.2 billion cubic metres (42 billion cubic feet) to Banja Luka and Sarajevo.[39] It is possible that also Montenegro will be connected to the pipeline.[40]
Technical description[edit]
The feasibility study of the offshore section was conducted by Saipem, a subsidiary of Eni.[41][42] Planning was done by INTECSEA, a subsidiary of WorleyParsons. Giprospetsgas, an affiliate of Gazprom, has been appointed as a general design contractor.[43] The offshore pipeline is planned to carry 63 billion cubic metres (2.2 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas per year.[1] It will have four parallel lines with capacity of 15.75 billion cubic metres (556 billion cubic feet) each.[2] The offshore pipeline will use pipes with a diameter of 32 inches (810 mm), designed for 27.73 megapascals (4,022 psi) of working pressure and having the pipe wall thickness of 39 millimetres (1.5 in).[44][45] The first line should be ready by the end of 2015, the second and third lines by the end of 2016, and the forth line by the end of 2017. The offshore section is expected to cost €10 billion.[2][46]
Pipeline sections in Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, and Slovenia will have capacity at least 10 billion cubic metres (350 billion cubic feet) per year.[17] The onshore pipeline will have eight compressor stations and it is expected to cost €6 billion.[2][46]
At least two gas storage facilities would be constructed of which one would be an underground storage facility in Hungary with capacity of minimum 1 billion cubic metres (35 billion cubic feet) and another one in Banatski Dvor, Serbia with capacity of 3.2 billion cubic metres (110 billion cubic feet).[47][48] Hungarian oil and gas company MOL Group has offered its empty natural gas field at Pusztaföldvár as a 9 billion cubic metres (320 billion cubic feet) storage facility.[49] British Melrose Resources is planning to convert the Galata offshore field in Bulgaria to a gas storage facility with initial capacity of 1.7 billion cubic metres (60 billion cubic feet) by 2009.[50] There are also allegations that the South Stream pipeline will be connected to the Wingas-owned Haidach gas storage.
Project companies[edit]
The pipeline will be built and operated by several project companies. For the construction and operation of the offshore section of South Stream originally two companies were established, both in Zug in Switzerland with the share capital of 100,000 CHF.[51][52][53] South Stream AG, a joint venture between Gazprom and Eni was incorporated on 18 January 2008, and South Stream Transport AG, a joint company of Gazprom, Eni, Électricité de France, and Wintershall was incorporated on 3 October 2011.[24][52][53] Head of South Stream Transport AG is Marcel Kramer, former chief executive officer of the gas transportation company Gasunie.[51][54] Gazprom owns 50% of shares of South Stream Transport AG, Eni 20%, and Électricité de France and Wintershall 15% both.[24] In November 2012, it was decided to incorporate South Stream Transport B.V., the current project company, in Amsterdam.[55] Earlier Eni had registered in Amsterdam a company named South Stream BV, but in February 2012 it was renamed Eni JPDA 11-106 BV.[51][56]
The Bulgarian section of the pipeline will be built and operated by a joint venture of Gazprom and Bulgargaz and the Serbian section by the joint venture of Gazprom and Srbijagas.[57][9][58][59] The Hungarian section will be built and operated by the equally owned joint venture between Gazprom and the state-owned Hungarian Development Bank MFB, which will buy the elaborated feasibility study of Hungarian section from SEP Co., a joint venture of Gazprom and MOL.[47][60] The Slovenia section will be built and operated by an equally-owned joint venture of Gazprom and Geoplin Plinovodi.[17] For construction of the Croatian section a 50-50 Russian-Croatian joint company will be established.[20]
Nabucco pipeline project[edit]
The South Stream project is seen as a rival to the projected Nabucco pipeline.[61] There are doubts about the feasibility of South Stream project, since it may cost twice as much as Nabucco, which was initially expected to cost €12–15billion.[62] Some experts claim that the South Stream pipeline is a political project to counter Nabucco and to expand Russian presence in the region.[63]
Russian President (then First Deputy Prime Minister) Dmitry Medvedev and former Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány have stated that there is no contradiction between South Stream and the Nabucco pipeline project, designated to bring Caspian (Azerbaijani) gas to Southern and Central Europe via Turkey. "South Stream will have no negative impact on Nabucco, just as Nabucco will have no negative effect on South Stream," Dmitry Medvedev said during his visit to Hungary on 25 February 2008.[10]
On 10 March 2010, CEO of Eni Paolo Scaroni proposed to merge Nabucco and South Stream projects to "reduce investments, operational costs and increase overall returns".[64][65] This proposal was rejected by energy minister of Russia Sergei Shmatko saying that "South Stream is more competitive than Nabucco" and that "Nabucco and South Stream are far from being competitors".[66] Also OMV, a partner in the Nabucco project, has said that there are no ongoing discussions about merging the projects.[67]
Conflict with Ukraine[edit]
South Stream has been seen as diverting some gas exported through Ukraine, instead of providing a new source of gas for Europe.[63] At the same time, a bigger part of the offshore route of South Stream was expected to be laid through the continental shelf of Ukraine.[47] Although Ukraine had limited opportunities to ban the project, the laying pipeline on the continental shelf of Ukraine would require a large-scale environmental impact assessment study and environmental permits from Ukrainian authorities. There were speculations that Ukraine would permit the construction of South Stream in exchange for Russian permit to build the White Stream offshore gas pipeline from Georgia to Ukraine.[68] To avoid Ukrainian exclusive economic zone, the pipeline was re-routed through the Turkish waters.[15] In early November 2009, while meeting with Austrian Chancellor Werner Faymann, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, accused Ukraine of repeated diversion of gas bound for Europe without paying for it. "I am very much counting on our main transit partner, Ukraine, to fulfill all its contractual obligations", he said and reiterated his support for South Stream.[69]
Offer to Romano Prodi[edit]
Before stepping down from the premiership, Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi received an offer from Gazprom to become the Chairman of South Stream AG. This move was compared with the appointment of the former Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder to lead Nord Stream AG, a consortium constructing Nord Stream pipeline. Romano Prodi has declined this offer.[70] According to the Prodi's spokesman "Prodi was extremely flattered, but reiterated that he wants to take some time off to ponder after leaving Italian politics."[71]
See also[edit]
- Blue Stream
- Nord Stream
- Trans-Adriatic Pipeline
- Turkey-Greece pipeline
- Greece-Italy pipeline
- Nabucco Pipeline
- Persian Pipeline
- ^ a b "Gazprom Agrees To Boost Pipeline Capacity". Downstream Today. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rodova, Nadia (2012-11-15). "Russia, Bulgaria sign final investment decision on South Stream gas pipeline". Platts. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ "Eni and Gazprom sign gas pipeline accord for EU". Energy Publisher. 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ^ "Eni and Gazprom sign the agreement for the South Stream Project". Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine. 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ "Eni: Agreement Russia and Bulgaria on South Stream". AGI News. 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2008-01-18.[dead link]
- ^ "Bulgarian Parliament Ratifies South Stream Deal". Downstream Today. Dow Jones Newswires. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
- ^ "Serbia signs up for gas pipe study". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2006-12-20. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-02-26.
- ^ "Serbia signs strategic energy deal with Russia". Reuters. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ a b "Russia, Serbia Sign Gas Pipeline Deal". Downstream Today. Xinhua. 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ^ a b Shchedrov, Oleg; Solovyov, Dmitry (2008-02-25). "Russia wins Hungary for South Stream gas project". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ^ "Hungary officially joins South Stream project". RIA Novosti. 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
- ^ "Russia, Greece Sign South Stream Deal". Downstream Today. Xinhua. 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
- ^ Zhdannikov, Dmitry (2009-05-15). "Russia seeks to speed up South Stream with new deals". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
- ^ "South Stream Flows out of Sochi with New Pipes Cutting through Bulgaria". Standart. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
- ^ a b c Lyubov Pronina, Ali Berat Meric (6 August 2009). "Turkey Offers Route for Gazprom's South Stream Gas Pipeline". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Marja Novak (2009-11-09). "Slovenia to sign South Stream deal on Saturday". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ a b c Stephen Bierman, Anna Shiryaevskaya (2009-11-14). "Russia, Slovenia Sign South Stream Gas Pipe Accord". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ "Gazprom and Srbijagas Create South Stream Serbia AG Joint Venture" (Press release). Gazprom. 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- ^ Korsunskaya, Dasha; Soldatkin, Vladimir (2010-03-02). "Slovenia to sign South Stream deal on Saturday". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ a b Anatoly Medetsky (2010-03-02). "Croatia Agrees to Join South Stream". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Soldatkin, Vladimir (2010-06-19). "France's EDF to get South Stream stake from ENI". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
- ^ a b "Sporazum o Južnem toku je podpisan" [The agreement on South Stream has been signed] (in Slovenian). MMC RTV Slovenia. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
- ^ "Eni, Gazprom set up company for South Stream gas pipeline". Forbes. 2008-01-18. Archived from the original on 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2008-02-24. Unknown parameter
ignored (help) - ^ a b c Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob (2011-09-16). "Companies Sign South Stream Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ Rozova, Anna (2011-12-28). "Турция впустила "Южный поток"" [Turkey allowed the South Stream in]. Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Akkan, Faruk (2012-01-29). "Turkey and Russia develop strategic alliance". Todays Zaman. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Gazprom and Serbia sign final investment decision on South Stream" (Press release). Gazprom. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ "Final investment decision approved for South Stream in Hungary". Europétrole. 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ "Final investment decision made for South Stream in Slovenia". Russia Behind The Headlines. Interfax. 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ a b c Assenova, Margarita (2012-11-16). "EU and US Policy on South Stream Remains Ambiguous". Eurasia Daily Monitor (The Jamestown Foundation). Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ a b "Gazprom starts work on South Stream". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
- ^ "South Stream's Russian gas for Europe". RIA Novosti. 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
- ^ "Russia seeks Turkey's permission for South Stream studies". Today's Zaman. 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
- ^ a b "Greece steps up for South Stream". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ Clare Nuttall (2009-02-13). "Gazprom's plans for South Stream gas pipeline become more ambitious". business new europe. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
- ^ "OMV calls for South Stream through Austria". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ "Slovenia eyes South Stream berth". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ "Gazprom: South Stream To Cross Slovenia". Downstream Today. STA. 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
- ^ Sekularac, Ivana (2009-10-15). "Serbia's gas monopoly eyes pipeline in Bosnia". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Montenegro Joins South Stream Gas Pipeline". Turkish Weekly. 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- ^ Ilieva, Tsvetelia; Shchedrov, Oleg (2008-01-18). "Bulgaria signs up for Russian natural gas project". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
- ^ "South Stream price tag hits $20bn". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2008-07-30. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ Mayants, Alex (2009). "Gazprom's South Stream project crossing the Black Sea" (PDF). INTECSEA Quarterly Journal (INTECSEA) (Q3). Retrieved 2011-10-25.
- ^ "Gazprom says large diameter pipe purchases to rise 30 percent in 2011". LNG World News. 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
- ^ "VSW Produces a Qualification Batch of LDP for the South Stream Project" (Press release). OMK. 2011-03-21. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
- ^ a b "Ukrainian gas transmission system may cost more than South Stream construction" (Press release). Gazprom. 2011-12-30. | accessdate = 2012-02-20
- ^ a b c "Ukraine Surfaced in South Stream Project". Kommersant. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
- ^ [[Vladimir Socor|Socor, Vladimir]] (2008-01-09). "Gazprom set to pounce on Serbia as Putin moves into the Balkans". Eurasia Daily Monitor (The Jamestown Foundation). Archived from the original on 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
- ^ "MOL offers reserve for South Stream". Hungary Around the Clock. 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ "Melrose leaps on Bulgarian gas storage news". ShareCast. 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
- ^ a b c "South Stream might move from Switzerland to Holland". Interfax. 2012-08-06. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ a b "South Stream AG, Zug" (in German). itonex ag. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ a b "South Stream Transport AG, Zug" (in German). itonex ag. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Marcel Kramer: I am absolutely confident in South Stream's future" (Press release). Gazprom. 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
- ^ "Final investment decision adopted for South Stream offshore section" (Press release). Gazprom. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ Socor, Vladimir (2012-08-15). "Moscow Can Use West-European Partners in South Stream Project". Eurasia Daily Monitor 9 (156) (Jamestown Foundation). Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ "South Stream project gets new momentum in Bulgaria". The Southeast European Times. 2010-10-18. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ^ Shchedrov, Oleg; Tzortzi, Ellie (2008-02-25). "Russia and Serbia firm up gas pipeline deal". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ^ MacDonald, Neil (2008-02-25). "Medvedev shows support for Serbia". Financial Times. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
- ^ "Budapest does South Stream sums". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2008-02-28. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-03-01.
- ^ MacDonald, Neil (2008-02-25). "Balkan boost for Russian gas plan". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
- ^ Coskun, Orhan (2011-05-06). "Nabucco investment seen at 12-15 bln euros-sources". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ^ a b "Energy security: South Stream vs. Nabucco gas pipelines". The Southeast European Times. 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ "ENI calls for South Stream, Nabucco links". United Press International. 2010-03-11. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Martinez, Andres R.; Resnick-Ault, Jessica (2010-03-10). "Europe Needs to Push Gas Infrastructure Spending, Scaroni Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Shiryaevskaya, Anna (2010-03-15). "Russia Rejects Eni Call to Merge Europe Gas Pipelines". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Grove, Thomas (2010-03-18). "OMV says no ongoing talks to merge rival pipelines". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ "Gazprom's, ENI's South Stream pipeline could be in trouble - report". Forbes. 2008-02-29. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-03-02. Unknown parameter
ignored (help) - ^ "Putin issues fresh gas warning to Yushchenko". France 24. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- ^ Dempsey, Judy (2008-04-28). "Gazprom courts Prodi as pipeline chief". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
- ^ Di Leo, Luca; Moloney, Liam (2008-04-28). "Outgoing Italian Premier Turns Down Top Job for South Stream". Downstream Today. Dow Jones Newswires. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Stream. |
- South Stream official Web site
- South Stream AG
- Projected Gas Routes to Europe
- Croatia Agrees To Join South Stream
- Republic of Macedonia Agrees To Join South Stream
- Natural gas pipelines in Russia
- Natural gas pipelines in Turkey
- Natural gas pipelines in Italy
- Natural gas pipelines in Bulgaria
- Natural gas pipelines in Serbia
- Natural gas pipelines in Slovenia
- Proposed pipelines
- Gazprom pipelines
- Eni
- Électricité de France
- Submarine pipelines
- Black Sea energy
- Energy infrastructure under construction


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Page content
Changing Keys: Keyboard Instruments for America
John Watson
The transition from harpsichord to piano and the accompanying shift in taste between 1700 and 1830 was a musical revolution in revolutionary times. So, also, was the transition from London's monopoly on the manufacture of instruments to a burgeoning American industry.Changing Keys: Keyboard Instruments for America 1700-1830 explores furniture design, regional and political influences, market and demographic shifts, manufacturing technologies, and the competition among makers and merchants during the colonial and federal eras.
8"x10-1/2" ,
144 pages,
Painters and Paintings in the Early American South
This book gathers into one volume a large body of materials related to the paintings and the artists of the American South between 1564 and 1790.
Carolyn J. Weekley
This book by the Juli Grainger Curator at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation gathers into one volume a large body of materials related to the paintings and the artists of the American South between 1564 and 1790. It includes not only portraits -- the predominant genre during much of the period -- but also seascapes, landscapes and pictures made by explorers and naturalists who came to the region. Although some of the material has appeared in older monographic studies of artists, new research has turned up important material in diaries, client letters, newspapers and other sources. The integration of new with older material provides the first comprehensive and cohesive view of the subject.
9-3/4" x 11-1/4" ,
448 pages,
339 color illustrations, 22 black and white illustrations,
$75.00The Coins of Colonial America: World Trade Coins of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
A look at an impressive collection of antique coins donated to the Foundation.
By Joseph R. Lasser, Gail G. Greve, William E. Pittman, and John A. Caramia, Jr.
An impressive collection of antique coins donated to the Foundation is the focus of this book. Joseph Lasser contributed an overview about currency in colonial North America and sections on "Latin American Origins," "Coins Powered World Trade," "Coins in Colonial America," and "A Williamsburg Merchant Counts His Money." 47 pp., 4 color photographs, 30 black-and-white photographs, 6 drawings, 6 x 9 1997; 2nd printing, 2000 CW No. 566364 Softbound ISBN 0-87935-181-0 $9.95Tools: Working Wood in Eighteenth-Century America
Early tools provide clues to life in colonial America and an understanding of the handmade products we admire today.
By James M. Gaynor and Nancy L. Hagedorn
Often very sophisticated, eighteenth-century tools performed the tasks at hand with amazing effectiveness and efficiency. This case study used early tools to investigate life in colonial America and understand the handmade products so admired today. 136 pp., 24 color illustrations, 136 black-and-white illustrations, 8 1/2 x 11 1994; 6th printing 2002 CW No. 334359 Softbound ISBN 0-87935-098-9 $19.95Southern Furniture, 1680-1830: The Colonial Williamsburg Collection
The most up-to-date, comprehensive study of furniture made and used in the early South.
By Ronald L. Hurst and Jonathan Prown
Winner, Charles F. Montgomery Award
Southern Furniture is the first modern, broad-ranging study of furniture made and used in the early South. Going beyond earlier aesthetic and stylistic analyses, the authors provide the most recent information about the region's cabinetmaking traditions and ethnic and cultural diversity. One hundred eighty-three catalog entries discuss the utilitarian, aesthetic, and symbolic functions of each object. Published in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers Colonial Williamsburg Decorative Arts Series 640 pp., 220 color photographs, 565 black-and-white illustrations, 3 maps, 26 line drawings, 9 3/4 x 11 1/4 1997; 2nd printing 1998 CW No. 521930 Hardbound ISBN 0-87935-200-0 $75.00What Clothes Reveal The Language of Clothing in Colonial and Federal America: The Colonial Williamsburg Collection
An examination of how Americans of all classes dressed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
By Linda Baumgarten
Drawing on the costumes and accessories in the Colonial Williamsburg collection, Linda Baumgarten examines how Americans of all classes dressed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Topics range from the work clothes of slaves to the elegant, high-style attire of the gentry. What people wore during significant life passages and the social contexts of such apparel are fully and engagingly discussed. The time line illustrates trends in fashion over three centuries. Published in association with Yale University Press Colonial Williamsburg Decorative Arts Series 278 pp., 355 color photographs, 36 black-and-white illustrations, 9 1/2 x 12 2002 CW No. 970202 Hardbound ISBN 0-87935-216-7 $65.00Degrees of Latitude: Mapping Colonial America
A splendidly illustrated volume which goes beyond standard cartobiliographical analysis to examine the inspiration behind the production of seventy-three maps, atlases, and sea charts.
By Margaret Beck Pritchard and Henry G. Taliaferro
This splendidly illustrated volume goes beyond standard cartobiliographical analysis to examine the inspiration behind the production of seventy-three maps, atlases, and sea charts. The first part describes what maps reveal about the history of the American nation and explains why they were important to their owners. The second part discusses the rare atlas owned by John Custis of Williamsburg. An overview of the English map trade in the late seventeenth century is also included. Published in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers Colonial Williamsburg Decorative Arts Series 448 pp., 186 color illustrations, 97 black-and-white illustrations, 11 5/16 x 9 1/4 2002 CW No. 961508 Hardbound ISBN 0-87835-214-0 $95.00


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Calendar of Programs Other Regional Events Webinars
Don�t miss this special breakfast program designed especially for women entrepreneurs.
Panelists: Randi Altschul, Inventor and Founder of Pop Test LLC Randi is an inventor of new products and author of new books and properties. She created the disposable cell phone, the credit card phone, the programmable debit card, the paper laptop, and other new products and properties which range from games and game shows to high tech electronics and everything in between, including food, gifts, etc. She has licensed more than 250 projects around the World and has been associated with major licenses since she started her first company Dieceland, in 1985.
Saki Dodelson, Co-founder and CEO, Achieve 3000 Saki has over 20 years experience in business, finance, computer science and marketing. From 1987 to 1999 she served as Business and Finance manager with AT&T. In 1996 she founded a news service for students, Youthline USA, which grew to a circulation of millions by 1999. In 2000, she founded and became CEO of Achieve3000. Some of her honors include being named as Entrepreneur of the Year from Ernst & Young/Microsoft, a "Hall of Fame" Entrepreneur by New Jersey Business Journal, and one of New Jersey's Best 50 Women in Business by the New Jersey Business Journal.
Judith Sheft, Associate Vice President of Technology Development, NJIT Judith A. Sheft is the associate vice president of technology development at New Jersey Institute of Technology, where she is responsible for managing the university�s Office of Technology Transfer and Development and develops programs and policies focusing on patent creation, intellectual property valuation, strategic use and protection of IP assets. She is also involved with entrepreneurship and economic development in the Newark Innovation Zone, having responsibilities for management of the university�s high technology business accelerator/incubator, the Enterprise Development Center, and the Defense Technical Procurement Center. She is a member of the New Jersey Israel Commission.
Moderator: Susan Okin Goldsmith, Esq., of SorinRoyerCooper, LLC, a law firm for the new business realities, focusing on start-up, emerging growth, middle market, technology and life science enterprises.
From the Garden State Parkway Take Exit 129 for the NJ Turnpike. Take NJ Turnpike South. Take Exit 9 for New Brunswick. After toll, bear Right. Approximately 50 Yards after overpass make first right onto an unmarked u-turn. Make Right turn at Stop Sign. Make Left at first Traffic light for entrance to hotel.
Take Exit 105 for Route 18. take Route 18 Northbound. Proceed approximately 25 miles. Turn right at first light after entrance to the NJ Turnpike for entrance to hotel.
From Route 1 Northbound or Southbound Take exit for 18 Southbound. Pass the hotel at the intersection of Rt. 18 and NJ Turnpike. (left turns are not allowed at traffic light) At 2nd traffic light (Eggers St.) make a right for U-Turn. Follow signs for U-turn and get onto 18 Northbound. Make right at first traffic light for entrance to hotel.
From Route 287 Take Exit 9 for River Road. Follow signs for Highland Park. At fifth traffic light make a right onto Route 18. Pass the hotel at the intersection of Rt. 18 and NJ Turnpike (left turns are not allowed at traffic light). At 1st traffic light after hotel (Eggers St.) make a right for U-Turn. Follow signs for U-turn and get onto 18 Northbound. Make right at first traffic light for entrance to hotel.


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Mersenne twister
The Mersenne twister is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). It is, by far, the most widely used PRNG.[1] Its name derives from the fact that its period length is chosen to be a Mersenne prime.
The Mersenne Twister was developed in 1997 by Makoto Matsumoto (松本 眞?) and Takuji Nishimura (西村 拓士?).[2] It was designed specifically to rectify most of the flaws found in older PRNGs. It was the first PRNG to provide fast generation of high-quality pseudorandom integers.
The most commonly-used version of the Mersenne Twister algorithm is based on the Mersenne prime 219937−1. The standard implementation of that, MT19937, uses a 32-bit word length. There is another implementation that uses a 64-bit word length, MT19937-64; it generates a different sequence.
Adoption in software systems[edit]
The Mersenne Twister is the default PRNG for R,[3] Python,[4][5] Ruby,[6] IDL,[7] Free Pascal,[8] PHP,[9] Maple,[10] MATLAB, GAUSS,[11] CMU Common Lisp,[12] the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library,[13] and the GNU Scientific Library.[14] It is also available in C++[15] since C++11. Add-on implementations are provided by the Boost C++ Libraries,[16] Glib,[17] and the NAG Numerical Library.[18]
The Mersenne Twister is one of two PRNGs in SPSS: the other generator is kept only for compatibility with older programs, and the Mersenne Twister is stated to be "more reliable".[19] The Mersenne Twister is similarly one of the PRNGs in SAS: the other generators are older and deprecated.[20]
The commonly-used version of Mersenne Twister, MT19937, which produces a sequence of 32-bit integers, has the following desirable properties:
- It has a very long period of 219937 − 1. While a long period is not a guarantee of quality in a random number generator, short periods (such as the 232 common in many older software packages) can be problematic.[21]
- It is k-distributed to 32-bit accuracy for every 1 ≤ k ≤ 623 (see definition below).
- It passes numerous tests for statistical randomness, including the Diehard tests.
It passes most, but not all, of the stringent TestU01 Crush randomness tests.[22]
It can take a long time to turn a non-random initial state—particularly an initial state with many zeros—into output that passes randomness tests. A consequence of this is that two instances of the generator, started with initial states that are almost the same, will output nearly the same sequence for many iterations before eventually diverging.
A pseudorandom sequence xi of w-bit integers of period P is said to be k-distributed to v-bit accuracy if the following holds.
- Let truncv(x) denote the number formed by the leading v bits of x, and consider P of the kv-bit vectors
- .
- Then each of the 2kv possible combinations of bits occurs the same number of times in a period, except for the all-zero combination that occurs once less often.
The algorithm in its native form is not suitable for cryptography (i.e. it is not a CSPRNG). The reason is that observing a sufficient number of iterations (624 in the case of MT19937, since this is the size of the state vector from which future iterations are produced) allows one to predict all future iterations.
A pair of cryptographic stream ciphers based on output from the Mersenne Twister has been proposed by Matsumoto, Nishimura, and co-authors. The authors claim speeds 1.5 to 2 times faster than Advanced Encryption Standard in counter mode.[23]
The Mersenne Twister is sensitive to poor initialization and can take many iterations to recover from a zero-excess initial state. An alternative generator, WELL ("Well Equidistributed Long-period Linear"), offers quicker recovery, the same or better performance, and equal randomness.[24]
Algorithmic detail[edit]
For a k-bit word length, the Mersenne Twister generates integers in the range [0, 2k−1].
The Mersenne Twister algorithm is based on a matrix linear recurrence over a finite binary field F2. The algorithm is a twisted generalised feedback shift register[25] (twisted GFSR, or TGFSR) of rational normal form (TGFSR(R)), with state bit reflection and tempering. It is characterized by the following quantities:
- w: word size (in number of bits)
- n: degree of recurrence
- m: middle word, or the number of parallel sequences, 1 ≤ m ≤ n
- r: separation point of one word, or the number of bits of the lower bitmask, 0 ≤ r ≤ w - 1
- a: coefficients of the rational normal form twist matrix
- b, c: TGFSR(R) tempering bitmasks
- s, t: TGFSR(R) tempering bit shifts
- u, l: additional Mersenne Twister tempering bit shifts
with the restriction that 2nw − r − 1 is a Mersenne prime. This choice simplifies the primitivity test and k-distribution test that are needed in the parameter search.
For a word x with w bit width, it is expressed as the recurrence relation
with | as the bitwise or and as the bitwise exclusive or (XOR), xu, xl being x with upper and lower bitmasks applied. The twist transformation A is defined in rational normal form
with In − 1 as the (n − 1) × (n − 1) identity matrix (and in contrast to normal matrix multiplication, bitwise XOR replaces addition). The rational normal form has the benefit that it can be efficiently expressed as
In order to achieve the 2nw − r − 1 theoretical upper limit of the period in a TGFSR, φB(t) must be a primitive polynomial, φB(t) being the characteristic polynomial of
The twist transformation improves the classical GFSR with the following key properties:
- Period reaches the theoretical upper limit 2nw − r − 1 (except if initialized with 0)
- Equidistribution in n dimensions (e.g. linear congruential generators can at best manage reasonable distribution in 5 dimensions)
As like TGFSR(R), the Mersenne Twister is cascaded with a tempering transform to compensate for the reduced dimensionality of equidistribution (because of the choice of A being in the rational normal form), which is equivalent to the transformation A = R → A = T−1RT, T invertible. The tempering is defined in the case of Mersenne Twister as
- y := x ⊕ (x >> u)
- y := :y ⊕ ((y << s) & b)
- y := :y ⊕ ((y << t) & c)
- z := y ⊕ (y >> l)
with <<, >> as the bitwise left and right shifts, and & as the bitwise and. The first and last transforms are added in order to improve lower bit equidistribution. From the property of TGFSR, is required to reach the upper bound of equidistribution for the upper bits.
The coefficients for MT19937 are:
- (w, n, m, r) = (32, 624, 397, 31)
- a = 9908B0DF16
- u = 11
- (s, b) = (7, 9D2C568016)
- (t, c) = (15, EFC6000016)
- l = 18
A small lagged Fibonacci generator or linear congruential generator usually is used to seed the Mersenne Twister with random initial values.[citation needed]
The following piece of pseudocode generates uniformly distributed 32-bit integers in the range [0, 232 − 1] with the MT19937 algorithm:
// Create a length 624 array to store the state of the generator int[0..623] MT int index = 0 // Initialize the generator from a seed function initialize_generator(int seed) { index := 0 MT[0] := seed for i from 1 to 623 { // loop over each other element MT[i] := last 32 bits of(1812433253 * (MT[i-1] xor (right shift by 30 bits(MT[i-1]))) + i) // 0x6c078965 } } // Extract a tempered pseudorandom number based on the index-th value, // calling generate_numbers() every 624 numbers function extract_number() { if index == 0 { generate_numbers() } int y := MT[index] y := y xor (right shift by 11 bits(y)) y := y xor (left shift by 7 bits(y) and (2636928640)) // 0x9d2c5680 y := y xor (left shift by 15 bits(y) and (4022730752)) // 0xefc60000 y := y xor (right shift by 18 bits(y)) index := (index + 1) mod 624 return y } // Generate an array of 624 untempered numbers function generate_numbers() { for i from 0 to 623 { int y := (MT[i] and 0x80000000) // bit 31 (32nd bit) of MT[i] + (MT[(i+1) mod 624] and 0x7fffffff) // bits 0-30 (first 31 bits) of MT[...] MT[i] := MT[(i + 397) mod 624] xor (right shift by 1 bit(y)) if (y mod 2) != 0 { // y is odd MT[i] := MT[i] xor (2567483615) // 0x9908b0df } } }
This section requires expansion. (June 2007) |
SFMT, the SIMD-oriented Fast Mersenne Twister, is a variant of Mersenne Twister, introduced in 2006,[26] designed to be fast when it runs on 128-bit SIMD.
- It is roughly twice as fast as Mersenne Twister.[27]
- It has a better equidistribution property of v-bit accuracy than MT but worse than WELL ("Well Equidistributed Long-period Linear").
- It has quicker recovery from zero-excess initial state than MT, but slower than WELL.
- It supports various periods from 2607−1 to 2216091−1.
Intel SSE2 and PowerPC AltiVec are supported by SFMT. It is also used for games with the Cell BE in the PlayStation 3.[28]
MTGP is a variant of Mersenne Twister optimised for GPUs published by Mutsuo Saito and Makoto Matsumoto.[29] The basic linear recurrence operations are extended from MT and parameters are chosen to allow many threads to compute the recursion in parallel, while sharing their state space to reduce memory load. Sample code [1] for CUDA includes parameter sets suitable for 256, 512 and 1024 parallel threads per block, and up to 200 blocks generating independent random streams. The paper claims improved equidistribution over MT and performance on a high specification GPU (Nvidia GTX260 with 192 cores) of 4.7ms for 5x107 random 32-bit integers.
Implementations in various languages[edit]
- ActionScript 1
- ActionScript 3.0
- Ada
- Clojure
- Clean
- C++ Sony Cell Broadband Engine
- Dart
- Erlang
- Euphoria
- Excel addin
- Forth
- Fortran 95:
- Go
- The GNU Scientific Library (GSL)
- Haskell
- Haskell
- Java
- JavaScript
- JavaScript
- Lisp
- Lua
- Mitrion-C
- Pascal/FreePascal/Delphi
- Perl
- Python
- REALbasic
- Standard ML
- Scala
- Visual Basic
- ^ E.g. Marsland S. (2011) Machine Learning (CRC Press), §4.1.1. Also see the section "Adoption in software systems".
- ^ Matsumoto, M.; Nishimura, T. (1998). "Mersenne twister: a 623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudo-random number generator". ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 8 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1145/272991.272995.
- ^ "Random Number Generators". CRAN Task View: Probability Distributions. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ "9.6 random — Generate pseudo-random numbers". Python v2.6.8 documentation. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ "8.6 random — Generate pseudo-random numbers". Python v3.2 documentation. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ ""Random" class documentation". Ruby 1.9.3 documentation. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ "RANDOMU (IDL Reference)". Exelis VIS Docs Center. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- ^ "random". free pascal documentation. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
- ^ "mt_srand". php documentation. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ "random number generator". Maple Online Help. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ^ GAUSS 14 Language Reference
- ^ "Design choices and extensions". CMUCL User's Manual. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- ^ "Randum Number Algorithms". GNU MP. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ^ "Random number environment variables". GNU Scientific Library. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
- ^ "std::mersenne_twister_engine". Pseudo Random Number Generation. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
- ^ "boost/random/mersenne_twister.hpp". Boost C++ Libraries. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ "Changes to GLib". GLib Reference Manual. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ "G05 – Random Number Generators". NAG Library Chapter Introduction. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ "Random Number Generators". IBM SPSS Statistics. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ^ "Using Random-Number Functions". SAS Language Reference. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ^ Note: 219937 is approximately 4.3 × 106001; this is many orders of magnitude larger than the estimated number of particles in the observable universe, which is 1087.
- ^ P. L'Ecuyer and R. Simard, TestU01: "A C Library for Empirical Testing of Random Number Generators", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 33, 4, Article 22, August 2007.
- ^ Matsumoto, Makoto; Nishimura, Takuji; Hagita, Mariko; Saito, Mutsuo (2005). "Cryptographic Mersenne Twister and Fubuki Stream/Block Cipher".
- ^ P. L'Ecuyer, "Uniform Random Number Generators", International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, Lovric, Miodrag (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, 2010.
- ^ Matsumoto, M.; Kurita, Y. (1992). "Twisted GFSR generators". ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 2 (3): 179–194. doi:10.1145/146382.146383.
- ^ SIMD-oriented Fast Mersenne Twister (SFMT)
- ^ SFMT:Comparison of speed
- ^ PLAYSTATION 3 License
- ^ Mutsuo Saito; Makoto Matsumoto (2010). "Variants of Mersenne Twister Suitable for Graphic Processors". arXiv:1005.4973v3 [cs.MS].


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