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Protecting your site and your clients
Site Security Policy
Site Security Policy is an interesting approach that is still in the formative stages [3]. The idea is that a web server hosts a file that specifies how a client should interact with the server, thus preventing unsafe interactions such as cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks or cross-site request forgery attacks. On the client side, there is either built-in support for this standard, or a plugin – available for Firefox – that allows the client to download and parse the policy file before interacting with the web server.
One interesting side effect to this approach is the possibility of having web proxies such as Squid support the standard, in effect protecting all the web clients behind them from potentially unsafe actions at sites that choose to support the Site Security Policy standard.
Web security has no simple solution: No matter how hard we try, the bad guys will either run hostile web servers or compromise other web servers. On the client side, things are basically a disaster. If you are running Linux, however, chances are quite low that you will be targeted, and chances are good that you keep your software up to date because almost all distributions update automatically by default, thus putting you ahead of the game!
By plugging the holes as they are identified and by applying additional security measures – such as NoScript and ModSecurity – you can improve the chances of "healthy" servers and clients staying that way.
Ultimately, this reduces the time and energy you have to spend on repetitive cleanup, which is something everybody wants, anyway.
- NoScript plugin for Firefox: http://noscript.net/
- ModSecurity for Apache: http://www.modsecurity.org/
- Site Security Policy: http://people.mozilla.com/~bsterne/site-security-policy/
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New TLS Attack Takes the S out of HTTPS
Vulnerability affects many Linux web servers
Munich Adopts Kolab
The Bavarian capital shuns Microsoft, Google, and other alternatives to implement an open source groupware solution.
Canonical Announces Ubuntu Smartphones
Phone vendor partnerships bring Mark Shuttleworth's dream of Ubuntu on a phone a step closer to reality.
Piviti Seeks Funding
Donors will get to vote on new features for the free video editor.
Debian Tech Committee Votes for systemd
Debian project puts init out to pasture and says no to Ubuntu's Upstart.
The Mask: Scary New Face of Internet Intrusion
Ultra-sophisticated attack tool might have originated from a state-sponsored intelligence service.
Epoch 1.0 Released
New alternative for init comes with a small footprint and minimal configuration.
Wayland 1.4 Challenges X11
X marks the target for the next-generation windowing system.
Red Hat Adopts CentOS
Super-clone CentOS Linux gets beamed up to the mother ship.
W3C Promotes Media Source Extensions
HTML technology will enable new video editing and playback options.


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Reviews of Latest Philips LEDs
Your Selections
CNET UK > Reviews > TVs and Home Cinema > TVs
Philips 55PFL6007 review
Stylish looks, excellent 3D performance and the immersive Ambilight system help the Philips 55PFL6007 stand out from the crowd. Read more
8 February 2013 by Niall Magennis
CNET UK > Reviews > TVs and Home Cinema > TVs
Philips 8000 (40PFL8605H/12) review
The Philips 40PFL8605H/12 LED TV can produce good 2D pictures, but its 3D performance is relatively poor. It also lacks key features that you'll find on similarly priced rivals, such as a Freeview HD tuner and support for BBC iPlayer. Read more
2 March 2011 by Niall Magennis

subset: commoncrawl


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Hang tight!
Recipe by Nurse Ellen so not a
"A super easy way to bake potatoes without heating up the kitchen."
Watch video tips and tricks
4 baking potatoes, well scrubbed
1 tablespoon extra virgin olive oil
kosher salt to taste
4 sheets aluminum foil
I have been making these for years. Just make sure the potatoes are complety dry, from washing them, before rubbing with oil. I have used canola oil, as well. I have never wrapped the potatoes in foil, just rub with oil, salt & pepper and drop them into the crockpot. Wonderfully fresh smell and taste, so different from oven baked. Thanks for the reminder to make these more often.
As with any potato cooked in foil, they are steamed, not baked. Still a good way to make them while you are away. But nothing beats baking a potato at 400-425 degrees for an hour unwrapped.....there is a difference in texture.
113 Ratings
Baking potatoes in the slow cooker sounds great! However, one reviewer said she had a roast in the oven all day, at a low temp. It is just as easy to add foil wrapped potatoes to the 5-hour oven baking project. They cook just fine at the lower temp and long baking period. I'm 74 years old, do it all the time, as did my Mother years ago. Works great...saves time, space, etc. You can oil the potatoes before putting in the foil if you wish.
I have done potatoes this way for a couple of years now and they are truely wonderful. Do them the exact way. yum the family loves them.
I also add a butternut squash in the crock pot with a few potatos. You can just put it in whole, no need to peel it or cut in half and wrap in foil if you have a smaller crockpot. When it is done, just scoop out seeds, then scoop out all the flesh, add butter, nutmeg and cinnamon. When I come home I have my potato and vegetable, to me the hard and time consuming parts of preparing supper.
Awesome! Who knew you could make baked potatoes in the slow cooker? These tasted great. I washed my potatoes and let them dry. Then I sprayed my crockpot with cooking spray, rubbed my potatoes down with olive oil, pricked them with a fork, and cooked them for a few hours on low. They were soft but not mushy, and had a much better taste than "baked" potatoes from the microwave.
I am known as the queen of crockpot cooking in my family, if it can be done in a crockpot, I will do it. I have 5 crockpots, and use them all, all the time! However, I have never tried this recipe, until this past weekend. And now I am a believer! I HATE baking potatoes. They just never come out perfect, so I always end up buying the ones you do in the microwave that are wrapped in plastic. Not anymore...I loved these! I scrubbed, let dry, and then rubbed w/ olive oil and kosher salt. I did not wrap in foil, but they turned out fine. Cooked on High for 4 1/2 hours then removed the lid and let them cool for a bit, and they were perfect. Mine weren't "soggy" like some reviewers mentioned, but it might have been b/c I didn't wrap in foil. Not sure, but I will make my potatoes like this many more times! Thanks!!!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Slow Cooker Baked Potatoes
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe Servings Per Recipe: 4 Amount Per Serving ** Calories: 254 ** Calories from Fat: 32
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This may be the simplest potato soup ever.
Potatoes, Cheddar cheese, and ham simmer slowly in a creamy sauce.
See how to make creamy mashed potatoes in the Crockpot.


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16th Annual Webby Awards Announce Nominees (Video)
The Webby Awards, which is in its 16th year of honoring the best of the web with five words allotted for winning speeches, announced their nominees today.
The websites and individuals honored are determined by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences, with the actual ceremony closing out New York's Internet Week on May 21. Past hosts have included B.J. Novak and last year's Lisa Kudrow, and this year marks a return to the standup scene as geek god Patton Oswalt takes the stage as the M.C. Read More


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- June 10, 2012
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You might want to change the headline to the correct spelling of "graduation".
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Greater Lehigh Valley
Writers Group
3650 Nazareth Pike, PMB #136 Bethlehem, PA 18020-1115 Email GLVWG
LIBRARY TALKS "Get Writing, Get Published"
The content of each talk will vary according to each speaker's experience but will include addressing the specific needs of attendees. Library Talks will also illustrate how writer's organizations such as GLVWG and its conference The Write Stuff 2013, (to be held March 21-23 at the Days Hotel across from the Lehigh Valley International Airport), along with local libraries, provide indispensable resources for writers. Practical advice on publishing and writing is offered by all speakers.
2013 Schedule
Check with library for times and dates not yet booked
Home | Participate | Conference | Publications | About Us | Links | Site Map Copyright © 1999-2013 Greater Lehigh Valley Writers Group. All rights reserved. Questions, comments, events, successes!!!, or resources can be sent to: GLVWG Email webmaster


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Voting Home / Nancy Liu Chin Designs
Nominated for: BEST Wedding Flowers
Nancy Liu Chin Designs - Exceptional Flowers for Weddings and Special Events. Servicing San Francisco, Bay Area, Wine Country and Beyond.
I hired Nancy for my wedding in 2008...she went way beyond my expectations!!! My parents were getting phone calls the next morning from guests saying how beautiful the flowers were and how it was the most beautiful wedding they ever been to. Even people who could not make it were calling to say that they had heard how beautiful everything was! Brides, you cannot go wrong by hiring Nancy for your special day!
Vote: BEST Wedding Flowers
We hired Nancy for our big day and could not have made a better decision! Love her work!
Vote: BEST Wedding Flowers
Doesn't get any better when it comes to talent and professionalism!
Vote: BEST Wedding Flowers
Most Talented Wedding Designer EVER! She's the Bay's BEST! I highly recommend NLCD and her team!
Vote: BEST Wedding Flowers


text: News SXSW 2014 Preview: What to Expect at This Year's Festival Event Intelligence 17 Ways to Use Google Glass at Events BizBash Expo Only a Few Flash-Sale Tickets Remain. Register Now Top 100 New York's Top 100 Events 2014 Event Report How 5,000 T-Shirts Served as Decor Event Report 6 Tropical Party Ideas to Warm Up Winter Guests 5 Surprisingly Elegant Ways to Serve Carnival Food Ted Baker's circus-inspired party for its spring/summer collection served artfully presented funnel cakes, popcorn, corn dogs, and other fare. Event Report Posted about 21 minutes ago 10 Best Ideas of the Week: the Biggest Oscar Bashes, a Promotional Oil Tanker in Manhattan, Pies Served on Chips Here's a look at 10 steal-worthy ideas we spotted this week. News Posted about 36 minutes ago Guests Find Secret Rooms, Encrypted Messages at Oakley Event The brand's "Disruptive by Design" launch was intended as a fully immersive event that celebrated its past, present, and future through interactive multimedia installations. Event Report Posted about 1 hour ago March 6, 2014: Which Brand Won Big at the Sochi Olympics? What Attendees Want From Trade Show Booths, How Gay Weddings Are Different Call Sheet Posted yesterday A New Spin on Photo Booths Doodlebooth offers hand-sketched portraits of guests in the same amount of time it takes to snap a photo. The Scout Posted yesterday March 5, 2014: Denver's Bring-Your-Own Pot Parties, What's the Value of Event Planning Degrees?, Marketers' Lessons From Mobile World Congress Call Sheet Posted 2 days ago 6 Tropical Party Ideas to Warm Up Winter Guests The opening party for the Chicago Botanic Garden's Orchid Show had Hawaiian music, pink cocktails, and other tropical tropes. Event Report Posted 2 days ago 10 New Houston Venues for Meetings and Events Location Scout Posted 2 days ago March 4, 2014: SXSW Goes International, Oscar Selfie Gives Samsung Big Boost, 2014's Must-Attend Marketing Conferences Call Sheet Posted 3 days ago See How a Fund-Raiser Catered to Kids and Adults At its "Big Night" fund-raiser, Big Brothers Big Sisters of Massachusetts Bay invited young beneficiaries to connect with adult patrons. Event Report Posted 3 days ago 10 New Philadelphia Venues for Meetings and Events Location Scout Posted 3 days ago New App Turns Smartphones Into Microphones See how a new app connects audience members' smartphones to an event's or meeting's sound system. News Posted 3 days ago CORT Event Furnishings Shares Top Design Trends for 2014 SPONSORED Inside Edge Posted 3 days ago Oscar Party Guide: Highlights From the Biggest Hollywood Events Before and after the 2014 Academy Awards, hosts like Vanity Fair, Elton John, and Essence held glittering bashes, bringing splashy decor and entertainment to venues all around Los Angeles. Event Report Posted 4 days ago March 3, 2014: Oscars Edition: Was Ellen Too Boring? Selfie Gets 2 Million Hits Call Sheet Posted 4 days ago How to Use Edible Food as Decor Event Snapshot Posted 4 days ago 10 New Dallas/Fort Worth Venues for Meetings and Events Location Scout Posted 4 days ago 10 New Austin Venues for Meetings and Events Location Scout Posted 4 days ago 'Dallas' Invades Manhattan With Gas Station Stunt To promote the Season 3 premiere of Dallas—its reboot of the classic soap opera—TNT rebranded a New York City gas station and pumped out cheap fuel. Event Report Posted 7 days ago February 28, 2014: Boston Marathon Bans Bags, Oscars to Stream Live Online for First Time, See the Top-Ranked Nightclubs Call Sheet Posted 7 days ago 10 Best Ideas of the Week: Boozy Snow Cones, a Drone Serving Meatballs, Clouds by Marc Jacobs Here's a look at 10 steal-worthy ideas we spotted this week. News Posted 7 days ago Guest Column: Why You Need a Music License for Your Event Don't break the law: Every planner needs to obtain a license to play copyrighted music in a public setting—including at corporate holiday parties. Event Intelligence Posted 8 days ago 3 Types of Red Carpet Crashers Headed to Oscar Parties SPONSORED Inside Edge Posted 8 days ago February 27, 2014: Oscar Party Tips From a Top Caterer, Benefit Forces Reporters to Sign Gag Order, Clear Channel Launches iHeartRadio Music Awards Call Sheet Posted 8 days ago 13 Ideas for Sophisticated Mardi Gras Parties From a dainty king cake to a sleek table design, here are ideas for a sophisticated Mardi Gras party. Idea File Posted 8 days ago What Does a Dog V.I.P. Room Look Like? Dogs competing in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show relaxed in a pet-friendly hotel suite. Event Report Posted 8 days ago 12 Engaging Designs for Trade Show Booths See how exhibitors integrated iPads, dancers, artists, and materials such as glass and bamboo to stand out at the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society's annual conference. Event Report Posted 8 days ago See more


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Christofle x LaCie "Galet" 4GB USB Key
Christofle and LaCie have teamed up to present the 'Galet' 4GB USB key. The silver plated USB comes with a strap to fit on your key chain or just throw in your pocket thanks to its compact pebble shape. The 'Galet' which retails at €100 (approx $142 USD) comes with an included software suite.
Available from Colette.
Similar posts
LaCie x Starck Blade Runner Hard Drive
January 7, 2013 -
Christofle x LaCie "Galet" 4GB USB Key
March 21, 2011


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from the San Francisco Examiner
PHOENIX (Associated Press) - The first sample of Martian dirt dumped onto the opening of the Phoenix lander's tiny testing oven failed to reach the instrument and scientists said Saturday they will devote a few days to trying to determine the cause. Photos released by the University of Arizona team overseeing the mission showed a scoopful of dirt sitting on and around the open oven door after being dumped by the craft's 8-foot robot arm. But none of it made it past a screen and into the tiny chamber, one of eight on the craft designed to heat soil and test gasses for signs of water or organic compounds that could be building blocks for life.
Read more...
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from the Los Angeles Times
Using stem cells from umbilical cord blood and bone marrow, researchers have apparently cured a fatal genetic disease in a 2-year-old Minneapolis boy, which could open the door for other stem cell treatments.For the first time in his life, Nate Liao is wearing normal clothes, eating food that has not been pureed, and playing with his siblings.... Nate suffers from recessive epidermolysis bullosa, which affects 1 in 100,000 children. They lack a critical protein called collagen type VII that anchors the skin and lining of the gastrointestinal system to the body. Their skin is extraordinarily fragile.
from the New York Times (Registration Required)
WASHINGTON - Cutting carbon dioxide emissions is a fine idea, and a lot of companies would be proud to do it. But they would prefer to be second, if not third or fourth. This is not a good way to get started in fighting global warming.As efforts to pass a global warming bill collapsed in the Senate last week, companies that burn coal to make electricity were looking for a way to build a plant that would capture its emissions. There is a will and a way - several ways, in fact - to do just that. Capturing carbon from these plants may become a lot more important soon. Emissions from coal-fired power plants already account for about 27 percent of American greenhouse emissions, but as prices for other fuels rise, along with power demand, utilities will burn more coal.
from the Christian Science Monitor Quartz, the raw material for solar panels, is one of the most abundant minerals on earth. But for years, the solar industry has faced a bottleneck in processing quartz into polysilicon, a principal material used in most solar panels. The problem stalled a steady decline in prices for solar panels. Now the silicon shortage may be coming to an end, predict some solar analysts, thanks to new factories coming online. If true, the price for solar panel modules could start falling by as much as a third by 2010, says Travis Bradford, president of the Prometheus Institute for Sustainable Development in Cambridge, Mass. That's good news for an industry that remains one of the most expensive power sources.
Read more ...
from the Washington Post (Registration Required) The nation's campaign to get more teenagers to delay sex and to use condoms is faltering, threatening to undermine the highly successful effort to reduce teen pregnancy and protect young people from sexually transmitted diseases, federal officials reported yesterday. New data from a large government survey show that by every measure, a decade-long decline in sexual activity among high school students leveled off between 2001 and 2007, and that the rise in condom use by teens flattened out in 2003. Moreover, the survey found disturbing hints that teen sexual activity may have begun creeping up and that condom use among high school students might be edging downward, though those trend lines have not yet reached a point where statisticians can be sure, officials said.
from the San Francisco Examiner Egyptian archaeologists unveiled on Thursday a 4,000-year-old "missing pyramid" that is believed to have been discovered by an archaeologist almost 200 years ago and never seen again. Zahi Hawass, Egypt's antiquities chief, said the pyramid appears to have been built by King Menkauhor, an obscure pharaoh who ruled for only eight years. In 1842, German archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius mentioned it among his finds at Saqqara, referring to it as number 29 and calling it the "Headless Pyramid" because only its base remains. But the desert sands covered the discovery, and no archaeologist since has been able to find Menkauhor's resting place.
from the Seattle Times Researchers secretly tracked the locations of 100,000 people outside the United States through their cellphone use and concluded that most people rarely stray more than a few miles from home. The first-of-its-kind study by Northeastern University raises privacy and ethical questions for its monitoring methods, which would be illegal in the United States. It also yielded somewhat surprising results that reveal how little people move around in their daily lives. Nearly three-quarters of those studied mainly stayed within a 20-mile-wide circle for half a year.
from National Geographic News Three possible human sacrifice victims have been found at a 4,000-year-old archaeological site in Peru, an archaeologist says. The apparently mutilated, partial skeletons could overturn the peaceful reputation of the Pre-Ceramic period (3000 B.C. to 1800 B.C.) in the Andes mountains -- a time generally seen as free of ritualized killing and warfare. Outside experts caution, however, that such claims remain unproven. Alejandro Chu Barrera, who led the dig, said: "We found two pairs of legs -- probably young females around their 20s -- and the decapitated body of a young male in his 20s. They appear to have been ritually killed." Chu directs the Archaeological Project of Bandurria at the 133-acre site 90 miles (140 kilometers) outside of present-day Lima. Read more ...
from New Scientist A new approach to car alarms gets vehicles to watch each others' backs like a herd of animals under threat from predators. The security system relies on networks of cars constantly gossiping with their neighbours using concealed wireless transmitters. The cars raise the alarm when a thief tries to make a getaway with any of their number. "Multiple sensors hidden within the car would make it difficult, if not impossible, for a car thief to disable the system in a short period of time," says Hui Song from Frostburg State University, Maryland, US, who designed the system -- called SVATS (Sensor-network-based Vehicle Anti-theft System) -- with colleagues at Pennsylvania State University. Read more ...
from Scientific American NASA on Saturday is set to launch the next generation of space-based gamma-ray detectors. If all goes as planned, GLAST - for Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope - will within months begin to send back detailed, real-time data on the most energetic explosions and flare-ups the cosmos has to offer. You may think of gamma rays as tools for scorching tumors or maybe as the stuff of comic book and TV lore .... In fact, gamma rays are very high energy x-rays produced when powerful energetic forces strongly accelerate electrons and send them hurtling through space. GLAST will fill a blind spot in researchers' view of the heavens by scanning a wide swath of gamma rays, including a stretch of spectrum never before observed by ground- or space-based telescopes. Read more ...
from the New York Times (Registration Required) Race and place of residence can have a staggering impact on the course and quality of the medical treatment a patient receives, according to new research showing that blacks with diabetes or vascular disease are nearly five times more likely than whites to have a leg amputated and that women in Mississippi are far less likely to have mammograms than those in Maine. The study, by researchers at Dartmouth, examined Medicare claims for evidence of racial and geographic disparities and found that on a variety of quality indices, blacks typically were less likely to receive recommended care than whites within a given region. But the most striking disparities were found from place to place. For instance, the widest racial gaps in mammogram rates within a state were in California and Illinois, with a difference of 12 percentage points between the white rate and the black rate. Read more ...
from the Los Angeles Times (Registration Required) A vacuum-cleaner-like device that sucks blood clots out of the arteries of heart attack victims before angioplasty reduces the death rate in the following year by nearly half, researchers reported today. By physically removing clots, the device prevents loose fragments from breaking off, flowing through the bloodstream and blocking other vessels. Based on preliminary results from this study and others, cardiovascular surgeons in many large centers are already using the technique to improve outcomes for their patients. Read more ...
from BBC News Online
Nasa scientists have said they could be on the verge of a breakthrough in their efforts to forecast earthquakes. Researchers say they have found a close link between electrical disturbances on the edge of our atmosphere and impending quakes on the ground below. Just such a signal was spotted in the days leading up to the recent devastating event in China. They have teamed up with experts in the UK to investigate a possible space-based early warning system. Many in the scientific community remain deeply sceptical about whether such signals are indeed indicators of an approaching earthquake. But Minoru Freund, a physicist ... at Nasa's Ames Research Center in California, told BBC News: "I do believe that we will be able to establish a clear correlation between certain earthquakes and certain pre-earthquake signals, in an unbiased way."
from the Guardian (UK)
Honeybees can communicate with others from far-off continents by learning to interpret their dance moves, scientists have found.
The world's nine species of honeybee separated about 30m years ago and have since developed their own diverse dances, which are used like languages.
One of the most important moves is the waggle dance, which foraging honeybees use to tell workers back at the nest how far away and in which direction they will find a new source of nectar. In the dance, bees shake rapidly from side to side as they move forward, before looping around and starting again.
from New Scientist
A synthetic organism could be producing enough of a key malaria drug to treat the world within three years.
A species of yeast has been fitted with synthetic genes that make a compound called artemisinin, which is used to treat multi-drug resistant strains of malaria. The chemical is currently extracted from a Chinese wormwood shrub called Artemisia annua, but this is a relatively expensive process.
Jay Keasling, of the University of California, Berkeley, and colleagues announced 2 years ago that they had engineered artimisinic acid-producing yeast by inserting around 12 synthetic genes which had been copied from A. annua and several other species. They have now optimised the process and are scaling it up for industrial production in partnership with drugs giant Sanofi-Aventis.
from Scientific American
Microsoft, Google and several more of the world's largest and most influential technology companies have found a way to provide wireless Internet access that is so fast it makes today's Wi-Fi networks seem as sluggish as dial-up service.
The prospect, however, has big media broadcasters up in arms, because this blazing-fast network access may hamper television signals when they go digital next year. In a test conducted last year by the Federal Communications Commission, wireless devices blanked out digital programming on nearby television sets.
At the heart of the dilemma are so-called white spaces, the chunks of unused bandwidth layered between TV channels that are designed to keep broadcast signals from interfering with one another. These spaces will get even bigger on February 17, 2009, the legally mandated day for TV broadcasts to go completely digital, freeing up more of the airwaves.
from USA Today
WASHINGTON (Associated Press) - When pharmaceutical consulting firm Quintiles wants to hire a new employee, the first place it looks is the Food and Drug Administration. These former insiders bring critical expertise to the consultant and clients like Merck & Co. and Pfizer, but there is also an unintended downside.
As companies siphon off FDA's most experienced scientists, they leave an increasingly leaner, less confident staff that is hesitant to put new drugs on the market, analysts say.
FDA's staffing pains -- exacerbated by the departure of a baby boomers and increasing competition for science graduates -- has caught the attention of lawmakers and consumers, who blame declining inspections for a string of problems with tainted food and drugs.
from National Geographic News
Astronomers unveiled [Tuesday] what they are calling the best map ever produced of the Milky Way galaxy. The new view shows our spiral galaxy as it would look face-on to a very distant observer.
The map is based on findings about the structural evolution of the Milky Way presented this week at the 212th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in St. Louis, Missouri.
Robert Benjamin of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater was among the scientists who presented results at a briefing [Tuesday] with reporters. The researchers determined that the Milky Way actually has two fewer major arms than previously believed.
from the Los Angeles Times (Registration Required)
WASHINGTON (Associated Press) - A little strategically placed makeup quickly turns the wimpiest of male barn swallows into chick magnets, amping up their testosterone and even trimming their weight, new research shows. It's a "clothes make the man" lesson that -- with some caveats -- also applies to human males, researchers say.
Using a $5.99 marker, scientists darkened the rust-colored breast feathers of male New Jersey barn swallows, turning lighter birds to the level of those naturally darkest.
They had already found, in a test three years ago, that the marked-up males were more attractive to females and mated more often. This time they found out that the more attractive appearance, at least in the bird world, triggered changes to the animals' body chemistry, increasing testosterone.
Red wine may be much more potent than was thought in extending human lifespan, researchers say in a new report that is likely to give impetus to the rapidly growing search for longevity drugs.
The study is based on dosing mice with resveratrol, an ingredient of some red wines. Some scientists are already taking resveratrol in capsule form, but others believe it is far too early to take the drug, especially using wine as its source, until there is better data on its safety and effectiveness.
The report is part of a new wave of interest in drugs that may enhance longevity. On Monday, Sirtris, a startup founded in 2004 to develop drugs with the same effects as resveratrol, completed its sale to GlaxoSmithKline for $720 million.
A team of astronauts has attached a $1-billion Japanese laboratory to the International Space Station (ISS). The 15-tonne Kibo lab was delivered by the shuttle Discovery. It will be the station's biggest room, for the study of biomedicine and material sciences.
Astronauts Akihiko Hoshide and Karen Nyberg manoeuvred Kibo into place, using the space station's robotic arm. The lab was anchored after two crew members had made preparations during a spacewalk lasting more than six hours.
Discovery docked at the ISS on Monday after a two-day voyage. As well as the Japanese laboratory, the shuttle has also brought a new pump for the station's toilet, which broke nearly two weeks ago.
from BusinessWeek
The decision by Time Warner Cable (TWC) to charge some Internet customers based on how much information they download was greeted with disdain by consumer groups and bloggers. Critics said the new pricing plan, to be tested in Beaumont, Tex., would discourage data usage and even stifle innovation.
But Time Warner's trial wasn't universally reviled. Other providers of Internet access said they would watch it closely and didn't rule out the prospect that they, too, might experiment with charges based on bandwith consumption.
Comcast (CMCSA), the largest U.S. cable company, said it's evaluating "a variety of models, including consumption-based billing." Verizon Communications (VZ) said it also sees the potential value of billing customers based on the volume of their Web use.
DALLAS - Opponents of teaching evolution, in a natural selection of sorts, have gradually shed those strategies that have not survived the courts. Over the last decade, creationism has given rise to "creation science," which became "intelligent design," which in 2005 was banned from the public school curriculum in Pennsylvania by a federal judge.
Now a battle looms in Texas over science textbooks that teach evolution, and the wrestle for control seizes on three words. ... Starting this summer, the state education board will determine the curriculum for the next decade and decide whether the "strengths and weaknesses" of evolution should be taught.
The benign-sounding phrase, some argue, is a reasonable effort at balance. But critics say it is a new strategy taking shape across the nation to undermine the teaching of evolution, a way for students to hear religious objections under the heading of scientific discourse.
Images from the Hubble Space Telescope have revealed an important relationship between supermassive black holes and spiral galaxies: The more massive the black hole, the tighter the host galaxy's arms.
"This means that to determine the mass of a supermassive black hole, you only need an image of a galaxy," said Marc Seigar of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
Within the past decade astronomers have determined that almost every galaxy has a black hole lurking at its center that can range from ten thousand times to a billion times the mass of the sun.
One of the more enduring ideas in psychology ... is the notion that human behavior is not the product of a single process, but rather reflects the interaction of different specialized subsystems.
These systems, the idea goes, usually interact seamlessly to determine behavior, but at times they may compete. The end result is that the brain sometimes argues with itself, as these distinct systems come to different conclusions about what we should do. The major distinction responsible for these internal disagreements is the one between automatic and controlled processes.
System 1 is generally automatic, affective and heuristic-based, which means that it relies on mental "shortcuts." It quickly proposes intuitive answers to problems as they arise. System 2, which corresponds closely with controlled processes, is slow, effortful, conscious, rule-based and also can be employed to monitor the quality of the answer provided by System 1. If it's convinced that our intuition is wrong, then it's capable of correcting or overriding the automatic judgments.
from the Minneapolis Star Tribune (Registration Required)
SAN FRANCISCO (Associated Press) - The nation's top nuclear weapons design lab has laid off hundreds of workers, raising concerns about a brain drain and stirring fears that some of these highly specialized scientists will sell their expertise to foreign governments, perhaps hostile ones.
Because of budget cuts and higher costs, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory laid off 440 employees May 22 and 23. Over the past 2 1/2 years, attrition and layoffs have reduced the work force of 8,000 by about 1,800 altogether.
According to a list obtained by The Associated Press, about 60 of the recently laid-off workers were engineers, around 30 were physicists and about 15 were chemists. Some, but not all, were involved in nuclear weapons work or nonproliferation efforts, and all had put in at least 20 years at the lab.
from the Chicago Tribune (Registration Required)
TUNJA, Colombia - Cooing softly in baby talk, German Viasus gently uses a toothbrush to bathe the little animal he has raised since infancy and then pampers it with a fresh meal of mango, bananas and melon. The object of his affection? A beetle the size of a hamster with a hard, shiny shell and 2-inch-long horns.
Viasus, 36, is a Colombian entrepreneur who is exploiting the beetle-mania sweeping Japan by raising and exporting hundreds of the creepy-crawlies every month.
He has become a fearless (in more ways than one) pioneer of Colombia's somewhat belated effort to promote the legal exploitation of its biodiversity, a stunning variety of plant and animal species that is second only to Brazil's.
from the Dallas Morning News (Registration Required)
WASHINGTON - From higher electric bills to more expensive gasoline, the possible economic cost of tackling global warming will take center stage in the Senate today.
Legislation requiring a reduction in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from power plants, refineries, factories and transportation is set for debate. The goal is to cut heat-trapping pollution by two-thirds by midcentury.
Depending on who's talking, the bill could either help save the planet or help bankrupt the country. Texas could be one of the hardest-hit states, pro-business groups said.
A vaccine that more than doubles the survival time of patients with the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer has been developed by scientists.
Early results from clinical trials suggest patients who received the vaccine lived for nearly three years after being diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme.
Patients given traditional anti-cancer treatment, including a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, typically survived for a little more than a year following diagnosis. John Sampson, a neurosurgeon at Duke University's brain tumour centre in North Carolina, who led the trial, said: "We're more than doubling the survival time in this group, and we have some patients who are four, five or six years out from diagnosis, which is virtually unheard of in these people."
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (Associated Press) -- Radiocarbon dating of rat bones and rat-gnawed seeds reinforces a theory that human settlers did not arrive in New Zealand until 1300 A.D. -- about 1,000 years later than some scientists believe, according to a study released Tuesday.
The first settlement date "has been highly debated for decades," said Dr. Janet Wilmshurst, a New Zealander who led the international team of researchers in the four-year study. The team carbon dated rat bones and native seeds, and concluded that the earliest evidence of human colonization in the South Pacific country was from 1280 A.D. to 1300 A.D.
Retired Maori Studies professor Ranganui Walker said the findings supported the oral history of the Maoris who claim they were the first Polynesians to arrive in New Zealand around that time. The Morioris, non-Maori Polynesians, have claimed they arrived earlier.
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- Mar 10:
- Tails of Marin: Get to know the misunderstood dog in your family
- Mar 2:
- Tails of Marin: 10 reasons why guinea pigs make great pets
- Feb 21:
- Tails of Marin: Moving home is a time when pets can go missing
- Feb 14:
- Tails of Marin: World Spay Day shines light on saving animals' lives
- Jan 24:
- Tails of Marin: Why does my cat do that?
- Jan 17:
- Tails of Marin: It's Adopt a Rescued Bird Month
- Jan 3:
- Tails of Marin: Pet-related New Year's resolutions
- Dec 27:
- Tails of Marin: Recall, the Holy Grail of dog training
- Dec 20:
- Tails of Marin: Meaningful bonds form in Pen Pals program at San Quentin
- Dec 13:
- Tails of Marin: For dogs in need, Jessica's Haven to the rescue
- Dec 6:
- Tails of Marin: Tips to keep pets safe during the holidays
- Tails of Marin: Tips to keep pets safe during the holidays
- Nov 22:
- Tails of Marin: Help your dog follow its nose to success
- Nov 15:
- Tails of Marin: Reptiles can be rewarding pets
- Nov 8:
- Tails of Marin: Save a turkey this Thanksgiving
- Nov 1:
- Tails of Marin: Adopting cats with FIV
- Oct 25:
- Tails of Marin: Halloween can be spooky for pets
- Oct 18:
- Tails of Marin: Why it's worth teaching your dog to 'heel'
- Oct 11:
- Tails of Marin: Is it ever safe to take your bird outside?
- Oct 4:
- Tails of Marin: Happy ending for animals in hoarding situation
- Sep 13:
- Tails of Marin: In a dog's world, size really does matter
- Sep 6:
- Tails of Marin: A legacy of teaching kindness with humane education
- Aug 23:
- Tails of Marin: Important guidelines to know when enjoying water with your dog
- Aug 16:
- Tails of Marin: How pet personality profiles translate to home life
- Aug 2:
- Tails of Marin: Play can be useful training tool for dogs
- Jul 26:
- Tails of Marin: Steve Hill marks 40 years with Marin Humane Society
- Jul 20:
- Tails of Marin: Safeguard pets against warm weather dangers
- Jul 13:
- Tails of Marin: Designer dogs can be found at shelters
- Jul 6:
- Tails of Marin: Coexisting with our wild neighbors
- Jun 29:
- Tails of Marin: July 4th can be a blast, but not for skittish pets
- Jun 22:
- Tails of Marin: 10 good reasons to give adult cats a home
- Jun 15:
- Tails of Marin: Get off to races with canine flyball competitions
- Jun 8:
- Tails of Marin: Get to bottom of pet's bad acts with behavior therapy
- Jun 1:
- Tails of Marin: How to find your lost bird
- May 25:
- Tails of Marin: Dog training classes can be fun for pets and people
- May 18:
- Tails of Marin: Ins and outs of bringing along pets on trips
- May 11:
- Tails of Marin: Pets need protection in cars, too
- Apr 27:
- Tails of Marin: License can be the key to finding lost dog
- Apr 13:
- Tails of Marin: Marin Humane Society's Pet Partnership program works hard to help animals
- Apr 6:
- Tails of Marin: Celebrating Prevention of Animal Cruelty Month
- Mar 30:
- Tails of Marin: Fun ways to get out and active with your dog
- Mar 16:
- Tails of Marin: Walking dogs doesn't need to be frustrating
- Mar 9:
- Tails of Marin: Don't be tempted by Easter marketing for rabbits
- Feb 23:
- Tails of Marin: San Rafael pet hospital improving care with cutting-edge upgrades
- Feb 16:
- Tails of Marin: World Spay Day aims to save more animals lives
- Feb 9:
- Tails of Marin: Knowing first aid can save your pet's life
'THOSE WHO CAN, do. Those who can do more, volunteer."
Without the dedication and support of volunteers, many organizations would perish, unable to provide the services so desperately needed by their communities. At the Marin Humane Society, our staff of 95 is supported by about 700 volunteers who work in almost every aspect of the organization. The number of volunteer hours reported is staggering — upwards of 60,000 annually.
From April 21 to 27, organizations around the country like the Humane Society will celebrate their valued volunteers.
Our volunteers are the heart of MHS. They bring love, compassion and desire to their work with the animals and people of Marin. They also bring their myriad skills and creative ideas. MHS volunteers are instrumental in helping develop new programs, thereby extending our community outreach in and beyond Marin.
On a typical day at MHS you will see volunteers arrive at the shelter early in the morning to help feed animals, clean kennels and throw in the first loads of laundry. Some of the early morning volunteers move animals from the clinic, where they were spayed or neutered the day before, into the adoption area, ready for their forever home. The next wave of volunteers arrives to take dogs out for their first walk of the day. Other volunteers assist in early morning dog training classes or with behavioral consultations.
By 10 a.m. — opening time — volunteers are socializing adoption cats and small companion animals, counseling potential adopters, greeting visitors or sorting through donations of books for our Book Nook. In other areas of the shelter, volunteers work side by side with staff evaluating dog and cat behavior or working individually with animals that need extra care. Some volunteers work in our Spay and Neuter Clinic, assisting the veterinary staff.
Every day, throughout the campus, volunteers care for animals, interact with the public and make a difference, one life at a time.
There are also volunteers who work behind the scenes. Some pick up money from store counter canisters throughout Marin. Others participate in community outreach such as Adoption Outpost, where we bring adoption dogs and information about MHS to locations around Marin. These outings also keep the dogs happy as they visit with the public and educate visitors about our adoption program.
There are those who have been trained along with their dogs to visit in facilities and programs throughout Marin. Animal Assisted Therapy volunteers bring the unconditional love of their dogs, as well as some cats and small companion animals, to children and adults who long for the love and healing contact of an animal.
Some volunteers are paired with a senior in our Side by Side program to bring needed food or supplies to care for their pets. These volunteers also provide nail trims, walks or play time, and sometimes transportation to the vet or groomer if needed. Foster volunteers provide love and care in their homes for animals that need extra attention before they go up for adoption. Some of these volunteers work around the clock to provide life saving care.
One volunteer recently summed it all up with this comment: "I feel like I receive far more than I give."
Most of our volunteers feel the appreciation for their work comes from the look of unconditional love from an animal's eyes, the joyous laughter of children visiting the shelter or reading to a dog, or the sigh of gratitude from someone enjoying a visit from an animal assisted therapy team.
The staff at MHS wants to add to their own appreciation by offering our sincerest thanks for the many ways our volunteers contribute to our mission of improving the lives of animals and people by advocacy, education and support.
Please join us as we celebrate and thank volunteers everywhere — exceptional people with extraordinary hearts!
Anne Oliver is the director of volunteer services for the Marin Humane Society, which contributes Tails of Marin articles. Go to marinhumanesociety.org or Twitter.com/MarinHumane.


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also see: nearby alternative beer places nearby bed & breakfasts nearby hotels (w/reservations online) nearby historic landmarks nearby restaurants
Beer Guide for Farmingdale, NY Beer Guide for New York
attractions classifieds coupons DUI lawyer DWI lawyer events gift certificates homes for sale houses for rent insurance ISP jobs local bands neighborhood nightlife recipes restaurants transportation web hosting work
Only 4 choices - mostly lagers - a pils, a dunkel, an amber and a seasonal which was an altbeir. I tried the alt and the dunkel, and both were good. We had basic pub grub and were pleasantly suprised. We left as the "dueling pianos" were starting up on the outside deck - interesting idea... I've read some negative reviews about his place and I don't agree based on today's visit. I think I'll go back again


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RFE: Conference Listings
This service is joint project of RFE and EconBiz.
- University Utara Malaysia; Malaysian Institute of Bankers at Langkawi Island;
Dates: | January 15-16, 2008 |
Description: | 4th International Conference on Banking and Finance (4th ICBF) |
Location: | Langkawi Island, Malaysia |
Subject: | Topics: Accounting and Taxation; International Finance; Bank Management; Investment and Portfolio Management; Banking and Financial Services; Islamic Finance and Banking; Corporate Finance; Legal and Regulatory Framework; Corporate Restructuring; Market Microstructure; Currency Issues; Personal Finance; Ethics and Corporate Governance; Real Estate Management; Financial Crisis; Risk Management; Financial Education; Small Business Finance; Financial Engineering and Derivatives; Treasury Management; Financial Market; Value Management; Information Technology in Finance; Working Capital Management; Insurance and Takaful. [gemäß den Informationen des Anbieters - according to site editor's information] |
JEL Code: | G |


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Kendrick Dwayne Shedd
Position: WR
Height: 5-10 Weight: 168 lbs.
Born: February 14, 1971 in Davenport, IA
College: Northern Iowa
Drafted by the New York Jets in the 5th round (129th overall) of the 1993 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 2 (11136th overall since 1950)
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Report broken link
Parenting and child health
Children Youth and Women's Health Service
Electronic source
This electronic resource identifies the health impacts for the unborn child of smoking while pregnant , as well as the health impacts for children of second-hand tobacco smoke. Tips are provided to reduce the likelihood of these health impacts.
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet abstract


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Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities Overview >> Alabama >> nat Nat, Alabama
The Nat settlement was atop the distant ridge. Photo by Jason Shelton.After the fog had lifted from the valleys and canyons of Sand Mountain, a large plateau in Northeastern Alabama that marks the southern tip of the Appalachian Range, Jacob Daneman might have had the pleasure of a spectacular view during his daily chores. This might be a small moment of enjoyment for Daneman, who would have to continue to work his fields for the survival of his community. Daneman was one of the original members of the collective community on the cliffs of Nat Mountain in Alabama. Arriving in Nat in 1904, he and his colleagues, primarily newly-emigrated Russian Jews, spent the next two years unsuccessfully trying to support themselves partly through manufacturing and by working the rugged land.
The Nat Mountain community was one of many Jewish settlements in America that hoped to become a self-sufficient community. Many Jewish organizations saw the formation of rural, agricultural, communes as a way to provide for the influx of Eastern European Jews into the United States. At a national meeting of B'nai B'rith in 1855, Dr. Sigmund Waterman presented a paper entitled "A Call to Establish a Hebrew Agricultural Society." Waterman argued that there was a false global impression that Jews were uninterested in agriculture and unable to succeed in manual work. He saw the establishment of farming communes as a way to battle international anti-Semitism; by getting Jews out of urban settings and their traditional roles as business middle-men, they could present the world with a more favorable image of Jews.
During the wave of Jewish immigration to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many American Jews saw agricultural communities as a good outlet for these newcomers. Jewish farming communes formed around the country, from South Dakota, to Ohio, to New Jersey. Some were socialist in ideology, while others were more religious. Among the first was a community in Sicily Island, Louisiana. Moses Herder and Manya Bakal started an organization called Am Olam (Eternal People), which hoped to connect Jews with the moral purity of labor. Am Olam started 24 settlements in the 1880s, including one in Newport, Arkansas. Usually, the results of their efforts were short-lived, and sometimes disastrous.
Perhaps inspired by these previous examples, or perhaps by socialist ideals, a group of Russian-Jewish immigrants in New York City formed the Mechanics Industrial Union, bought land in rural Alabama near the small town of Nat, and prepared to recruit subscribers. They planned to establish a sustainable collective farm and a shirtwaist factory where all of the community members would work for wages. The original Certificate of Incorporation, written on July 14, 1904, stated, "The corporation reserves the right to sell or transfer the common stock to able-bodied persons only," and stipulated that buyers had to be between the ages of 21 and 40. The certificate never specified the gender of the buyers, however, and two women, Jennie Beck and Rose Kaplan, served among the initial shareholders. Beck also sat on the original Board of Directors of the corporation. Joseph Kaplan, whose family was also in charge of the shirtwaist factory, served as president of the corporation. Other board members included Morris Trupin, Joseph Kurlansky, Samuel Segal, Max Cohn, Samuel Youngerman, and the abovementioned Jennie Beck. Also present at the first meeting of the Mechanics Industrial Union were Jacob Daneman, Jacob Weitzman, Rose Kaplan, Samuel Berman, and several others, including Charles Smurdinsky, Jacob Cohen, and board member Jacob Kurlansky, who signed the Certificate of Incorporation in Yiddish, presumably because they could not write in English. All lived in New York City in 1904 and had no agricultural experience.
All of the work and 60% of the profits from the venture were to be shared equally among the community, while 40% would be set aside as a financial safety net for the entire corporation. Future boards would be elected democratically by shareholders. Unfortunately, not every community member came to Nat with a utopian vision or a desire for collectivist living. Twenty-three-year-old Morris Brandman came to New York in 1903. Almost immediately after stepping off the boat from his Atlantic crossing, Brandman met two men who said they could get him a good job at a shirt factory. Before he knew it, he was traveling to Alabama with the financial backing of these mysterious strangers. To his surprise, that shirt factory turned out to be the Nat community.
Rabbi Morris NewfieldMost Jews had a less spontaneous route to Nat. The Industrial Removal Office (IRO) was a national organization that sought to resettle poor Jewish immigrants in New York to cities and towns around the country. The IRO had a local committee in Birmingham led by the Reform rabbi Morris Newfield, who took the Nat settlement under his wing. Rabbi Newfield wrote to David Bressler, the General Manager of the IRO, asking him to send a number of shirt makers to the colony, where they could find work. The Birmingham IRO committee raised money to help assist the colony as early as August, 1905. Committee member I.J. White wrote that month: "I have no doubt but if carried out carefully and on strict business basis that [the colony] will be a success."
At the Nat settlement, which was located in Jackson County between the small towns of Woodville and Pleasant Grove, the community worked from the very first light to well after sundown. In the morning, they were responsible for working in the sweatshop-like conditions of the shirt factory, while afterward they had to tend to an entire farm. In addition to crops, they also raised geese, chickens, and hogs. On top of these time-consuming and often back-breaking tasks, there was a growing number of children to care for and raise.
Topographic map of Nat Mountain. Image courtesy of Jason Shelton.Many of the Nat Jews became disillusioned because the settlement was so far away from rabbinic services and they missed the religious customs and traditions of their homelands. Even though the community was situated between the two Jewish populations of Birmingham, Alabama and Chattanooga, Tennessee, their location on top of a mountain made it impossible for Nat residents to make frequent trips to synagogue or have access to Jewish cemeteries. With no nearby mikvah or cemetery it was difficult to lead a traditional Jewish life, which some residents resented. For life life cycle events, Rabbi Ephraim Mennen, an itinerant rabbi from Chattanooga, would come to Nat, but his journeys were long and difficult, often requiring him to leave in the middle of the night on a horse and buggy to travel up the steep and winding Appalachian roads.
In addition to their religious troubles, the community constantly struggled with the economic realities of their mission. Keeping the shirt factory profitable proved extremely difficult. Providing food and maintaining a bare-minimum standard of living for everyone meant working all the time, with little rest or time for religious practice. Rabbi Mennen once found a new mother scrubbing laundry. At the time, it was unthinkable for a woman to be out of bed so soon after giving birth, let alone engaging in manual labor.
The difficulties of life in the settlement led to discord. Joseph Bukofzer, a former colonist then living in Chattanooga, gave a negative report in the Jewish press, writing "it has been impossible for those who went there to make a living, and that almost all people who went there are now residing in [Chattanooga]." Rabbi Newfield rebutted these charges in a letter to the IRO leadership, claiming that all 40 people living in the colony had found work and in fact more settlers were needed. Newfield did admit that the "simple conditions of country life" dissatisfied some colonists who moved away, "prefer[ing] a larger city with its excitements to the simplicity and healthfulness of country life." Additionally, according to Newfield, two families were forced to leave as they caused "contentions and strife among the others."
Newfield praised the work of the colony, describing a sawmill where timber was cut and used for construction and of 25 acres of good land where vegetables and feed were grown. Newfield displayed his paternalistic feelings towards the Nat group, referring to it as "our Colony." Indeed, the Birmingham Jewish community had invested $2,300 in the colony by 1906 and was in the process of raising an additional $1,500. However, despite their investment and Newfield's hopes that Nat "may prove but a beginning of a larger number of similar Colonies built on the same place," the colony, like those before it, failed.
Though the colonists worked tirelessly to survive, the infertile mountain soil destroyed any chance of a sustainable amateur farm. Due in part to the conflicting religious and philosophical values of the community, but also because they ran out of food and money, the Mechanics Industrial Union voted to sell the land and the Nat commune dissolved in 1906. The Kaplan family started a new shirt factory in Chattanooga, and had more success in town, continuing business for many years. Jacob Daneman and his family also resettled in Chattanooga, along with many of the other families. Most eventually opened their own small businesses. The rest came down the mountain, and scattered into Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. By 1908, there was little to no evidence of the community left on Nat Mountain.
Essential source: Trudy G. Trivers, "Alabama's Sand Mountain an early kibbutz," in The Atlanta Jewish Times, April 24, 1987.


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Making HART communicate
HART-enabled process instrumentation is everywhere, but how does it communicate? New chip designs support this time-tested protocol.
The need to measure, control, and communicate with machinery and process equipment has been around since the earliest days of the industrial revolution. Since then, plant instrumentation has become the backbone of modern manufacturing plants. Such instrumentation has matured from purely analog systems to the "smart" systems used today, augmenting communications capability by protocols such as HART (highway addressable remote transducer). Simply put, dc and low-frequency current signals are modulated by independent, higher-frequency signals that switch between a pair of frequencies—a technique known as frequency-shift keying (FSK), illustrated in Figure 1.
What is HART?
The primary form of communication used in analog transmitters is a current loop with a normal range of 4-20 mA, employing a transmitter, receiver, and power supply. It enables features such as remote calibration, fault interrogation, and transmission of multiple process variables. Low-power transmitters and receivers must operate on the minimum current, 4 mA or less, depending upon the headroom required for error indication. These current loops are reliable and robust and offer high immunity to environmental interference over long communication distances. A significant disadvantage, however, is that a single loop allows only one-way communication from a sensor, or to an actuator, and can only transmit one process variable.
The introduction of the HART standard provided a means to create "smart" transmitters, by adding digital communication capability, sharing the same twisted-pair line used for traditional 4-20 mA instrumentation. This is achieved by modulating a 1 mA peak-to-peak FSK signal on top of the 4-20 mA analog current signal, without interrupting the original primary variable transmission and still leaving headroom for operating the loop. Using this technique, HART has become a global standard for sending and receiving digital information over analog wires between smart devices and a control or monitoring system.
Inside a HART modem
The AD5700-1 is a HART modem IC that integrates the functions necessary to support this specialized communication. The function-block diagram (Figure 2) illustrates the required filtering, signal detection, modulation, demodulation, and signal generation included in a HART modem. Such integration reduces the number of external components required.
Starting with the transmit path (upper part of Figure 2), the main blocks involved in modulation are: FSK direct digital synthesis (DDS) engine, DAC (digital to analog converter), and buffer. Digital data to be transmitted arrives via the UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter). The modulator is enabled by bringing the /RTS (request to send) signal low. The modulator converts a bit stream of UART-encoded HART data at the TXD input, to a binary sequence of 1.2 kHz ("1") and 2.2 kHz ("0") tones (Figure 3). The DDS produces a stream of sinusoidal digital words at either frequency, and the DAC converts it to an approximately 493 mV peak- to-peak analog sine wave. This sinusoidal signal is internally buffered and appears at the HART_OUT pin. The DDS engine inherently generates continuous phase signals, thus avoiding any output discontinuity when switching between frequencies. A key benefit of the internal buffering on HART_OUT is the resulting high drive capability, eliminating the need for external analog buffers and the issues they imply. The HART_OUT pin, dc biased to 0.75 V, should be capacitively coupled to the load.
Moving on to the receive path (lower part of Figure 2), when /RTS is logic high, the modulator is disabled and the demodulator is enabled, that is, the modem is in receive mode. The receiver demodulates the FSK modulated signal on the HART_IN pin. In this mode, the relevant blocks are the internal band-pass filter, the ADC (analog to digital converter), and the DSP (digital signal processor) engine. A high on CD (carrier detect) indicates that a valid carrier is detected. The demodulated data is sent to the host processor via the RXD pin on the UART interface.
The receiving architecture makes the modem robust to noise and interferers in harsh industrial environments. A combination of analog and digital filtering results in excellent sensitivity and a highly accurate output on the RXD pin. The HART bit stream follows a standard UART frame with a start bit, 8-bit data, one parity bit, and a stop bit. In demodulation mode, the modem has two filter configuration options: an internal filter (HART signal is applied to HART_IN) and an external filter (filtered HART signal is applied to ACP_IP). The external filter mode supports the use of the modem in explosion-proof and intrinsically safe environments. A 150 kΩ resistor limits current to a sufficiently low level to comply with intrinsic safety requirements. This option is recommended for operation in safety-critical applications, where the modem must be isolated from the high voltage of the loop supply. In this case, the input has higher transient voltage protection and should, therefore, not require additional protection circuitry, even in the most demanding industrial environments.
The three remaining blocks shown in Figure 2 are the UART interface, internal reference, and oscillator. /RTS and TXD are the important signals for modulation, while CD and RXD are important for demodulation. The modem also contains a 1.5 V internal reference and associated buffer. Alternatively, an external 2.5 V reference can be used. For clocking, the device supports numerous clocking schemes to allow a simple low-cost configurable solution. The AD5700 can use an external crystal, ceramic resonator, or CMOS input. The AD5700-1 is the first HART modem IC to incorporate an internal, low-power, 0.5% accurate oscillator, reducing external circuitry and cost. Many functions integrated on-chip simplify the design of HART-compatible systems, resulting in more reliable, cost-effective, and robust networked communication.
Low-power application
Low power consumption is important because all circuitry powered by the loop must stay below 3.5 mA. Figure 4 illustrates an example of HART communication within a loop. An AD5700 HART modem is interfaced with an AD5421 16-bit, serial-input, loop-powered, 4-20 mA DAC, and an ADuCM360 microcontroller on an evaluation board. This demonstrates a loop-powered transmitter circuit for two shared data channels, measuring pressure and temperature.
This circuit has been compliance tested, verified, and registered by the HART Communication Foundation. The most important constraint in such 4-20 mA loop-powered applications is staying below 3.5 mA, which is the "low alarm" setting, 0.5 mA below the 4 mA signal floor. This is where the low power specification of a modem chip like the AD5700 becomes most important. Here, every microamp counts, so if each IC in the design can individually minimize current draw, the 3.5 mA budget will not be surpassed, and the application will function as required.
Newly designed components for device transmitters, like the AD5700, integrate seamlessly with other parts of a full HART solution, including microcontroller products, amplifiers, precision references, switches, ADCs, and current-output DACs. Such effective combinations result in simplified designs, high reliability, and easy deployment of robust HART-compliant systems as the protocol continues to develop new capabilities.
Tracey Johnson is a precision DAC applications engineer for Analog Devices.
Key concepts
- HART communication is included with most process instruments, although without a modem, it is not detectable.
- The internal functions to create the HART signal need to operate with very low power consumption.
- As the sophistication of the protocol grows, new chips are developing that can handle additional functions while remaining below the power consumption limit.
Go online
- Learn more about the HART protocol: www.hartcomm.org
- See Analog Devices' products for device transmitters at www.analog.com
- Subscribe to Control Engineering's Process Instrumentation & Sensors eNewsletter at www.controleng.com/newsletters
Consider this
Are you using the digital capabilities of your installed HART instrumentation?
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Product Description
Part of the product range 'Whole Spices. Black Peppercorns are an essential in every kitchen and dining table. For use in a huge range of recipes, ideal for seasoning and flavouring soups, meats, poultry, fish and salads. To retain freshness and flavour store in an airtight container, in a cool, dry place.
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James Morrison (singer)
James Morrison (born James Morrison Catchpole on 13 August 1984) is an English singer, songwriter, and guitarist born in Rugby, Warwickshire, England.
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Quotes from songs[edit]
An assortment of quotes from songs of the James Morrison album 'Undiscovered'.
Wonderful World
And I know that it's a wonderful world, but I cant feel it right now.
But if I had someone I would do anything and never never never never let you feel alone.
Who am I to dream, dreams are for fools, they let you down.
You Give Me Something
Please give me something, because someday I might know my heart.
One Last Chance
Some people say that i'm not worth it, I've made mistakes but nobody's perfect.
I've got to take this chance and make it into something good.
Im not lost, no no, just undiscovered.
This Boy
I'm scared for this emotion, for years I've been holding it down.
If The Rain Must Fall
Oh well dreams can come true, if you know inside you really want them to or you can sit you can wait, you can leave your fate in someone elses hands.
But if the rain must fall...It won't matter much to me, If i had you, All i need is your love.
Broken Strings
Oh it tears me up, I try to hold on but it hurts too much, I try to forgive but it's not enough to make it all okay.
The truth hurts, a lie's worse.
If You Don't Wanna Love Me
And when there's no, no storm Then how can I feel the calm ? If theres nothing, nothing, nothing left to lose Then what is this feeling That keeps on bringing me back to you 'i wont let you go' When its black, take a little time to feel around, before its gone.


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Ming Dynasty Tombs
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties | |
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List | |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi |
Reference | 1004 |
UNESCO region | Asia-Pacific |
Coordinates | 40°15′12″N 116°13′3″E / 40.25333°N 116.21750°ECoordinates: 40°15′12″N 116°13′3″E / 40.25333°N 116.21750°E |
Inscription history | |
Inscription | 2000 (24th Session) |
Extensions | 2003; 2004 |
The Ming Dynasty Tombs (Chinese: 明十三陵; pinyin: Míng shísān líng; literally "Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty") are located some 42 kilometers north-northwest of central Beijing, within the suburban Changping District of Beijing municipality. The site, located on the southern slope of Tianshou Mountain (originally Mount Huangtu), was chosen on the feng shui principles by the third Ming Dynasty emperor Yongle (1402–1424), who moved the capital of China from Nanjing to its the present location in Beijing. He is credited with envisioning the layout of the Ming-era Beijing as well as a number of landmarks and monuments located therein. After the construction of the Imperial Palace (the Forbidden City) in 1420, the Yongle Emperor selected his burial site and created his own mausoleum.
From the Yongle Emperor onwards, 13 Ming Dynasty Emperors were buried in this area. The Xiaoling Tomb of the first Ming Emperor, Hongwu, is located near his capital Nanjing; the second emperor, Jianwen was overthrown by Yongle and disappeared, without a known tomb. The "temporary" Emperor Jingtai was also not buried here, as the Emperor Tianshun had denied him an imperial burial; instead, Jingtai was buried west of Beijing.[1] The last Ming emperor buried at the location was Chongzhen, who committed suicide by hanging (on 25th of April 1644), was buried in his concubine Consort Tian's tomb, which was later declared as an imperial mausoleum Si Ling by the emperor of the short-lived Shun Dynasty Li Zicheng, with a much smaller scale compared to the other imperial mausoleums built for Ming Emperors.
During the Ming dynasty the tombs were off limits to commoners, but in 1644 Li Zicheng's army ransacked and set many of the tombs on fire before advancing and capturing Beijing in April of that year.
Presently, the Ming Dynasty Tombs are designated as one of the components of the World Heritage object, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which also includes a number of other sites in Beijing area and elsewhere in China.
The site of the Ming Dynasty Imperial Tombs was carefully chosen according to Feng Shui (geomancy) principles. According to these, bad spirits and evil winds descending from the North must be deflected; therefore, an arc-shaped area at the foot of the Jundu Mountains north of Beijing was selected. This 40 square kilometer area — enclosed by the mountains in a pristine, quiet valley full of dark earth, tranquil water and other necessities as per Feng Shui — would become the necropolis of the Ming Dynasty.
A 7-kilometer (4 mi) road named the "Spirit Way" (Shéndào) leads into the complex, lined with statues of guardian animals and officials, with a front gate consisting of a three-arches, painted red, and called the "Great Red Gate". The Spirit Way, or Sacred Way, starts with a huge stone memorial archway lying at the front of the area. Constructed in 1540, during the Ming Dynasty, this archway is one of the biggest stone archways in China today.
Farther in, the Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion can be seen. Inside it, there is a 50-ton stone statue of Bixi carrying a memorial tablet. This was added during the Qing and was not part of the original Ming layout. Four white marble Huabiao (pillars of glory) are positioned at each corner of the stele pavilion. At the top of each pillar is a mythical beast. Then come two Pillars on each side of the road, whose surfaces are carved with the cloud design, and tops are shaped like a rounded cylinder. They are of a traditional design and were originally beacons to guide the soul of the deceased, The road leads to 18 pairs of stone statues of mythical animals, which are all sculpted from whole stones and larger than life size, leading to a three-arched gate known as the Dragon and Phoenix Gate.
At present, only three tombs are open to the public. There have been no excavations since 1989, but plans for new archeological research and further opening of tombs have circulated. They can be seen on Google earth: Chang Ling, the largest (40°18′5.16″N 116°14′35.45″E / 40.3014333°N 116.2431806°E); Ding Ling, whose underground palace has been excavated (40°17′42.43″N 116°12′58.53″E / 40.2951194°N 116.2162583°E); and Zhao Ling.
The Ming Tombs were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in August 2003. They were listed along with other tombs under the "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" designation.
Dingling (Chinese: 定陵; pinyin: Dìng Lìng; literally "Tomb of Stability"), one of the tombs at the Ming Dynasty Tombs site, is the tomb of the Wanli Emperor. It is the only one of the Ming Dynasty Tombs to have been excavated. It also remains the only intact imperial tomb to have been excavated since the founding of the People's Republic of China, a situation that is almost a direct result of the fate that befell Dingling and its contents after the excavation.
The excavation of Dingling began in 1956, after a group of prominent scholars led by Guo Moruo and Wu Han began advocating the excavation of Changling, the tomb of the Yongle Emperor, the largest and oldest of the Ming Dynasty Tombs. Despite winning approval from premier Zhou Enlai, this plan was vetoed by archaeologists because of the importance and public profile of Changling. Instead, Dingling, the third largest of the Ming Tombs, was selected as a trial site in preparation for the excavation of Changling. Excavation completed in 1957, and a museum was established in 1959.
The excavation revealed an intact tomb, with thousands of items of silk, textiles, wood, and porcelain, and the skeletons of the Wanli Emperor and his two empresses. However, there was neither the technology nor the resources to adequately preserve the excavated artifacts. After several disastrous experiments, the large amount of silk and other textiles were simply piled into a storage room that leaked water and wind. As a result, most of the surviving artifacts today have severely deteriorated, and many replicas are instead displayed in the museum. Furthermore, the political impetus behind the excavation created pressure to quickly complete the excavation. The haste meant that documentation of the excavation was poor.
A more severe problem soon befell the project, when a series of political mass movements swept the country. This escalated into the Cultural Revolution in 1966. For the next ten years, all archaeological work was stopped. Wu Han, one of the key advocates of the project, became the first major target of the Cultural Revolution, and was denounced, and died in jail in 1969. Fervent Red Guards stormed the Dingling museum, and dragged the remains of the Wanli Emperor and empresses to the front of the tomb, where they were posthumously "denounced" and burned. Many other artifacts were also destroyed.
It was not until 1979, after the death of Mao Zedong and the end of the Cultural Revolution, that archaeological work recommenced in earnest and an excavation report was finally prepared by those archaeologists who had survived the turmoil.
The lessons learned from the Dingling excavation has led to a new policy of the People's Republic of China government not to excavate any historical site except for rescue purposes. In particular, no proposal to open an imperial tomb has been approved since Dingling, even when the entrance has been accidentally revealed, as was the case of the Qianling Mausoleum. The original plan, to use Dingling as a trial site for the excavation of Changling, was abandoned.
Excavation of Dingling tomb[edit]
See also[edit]
- Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing
- Ming Ancestors Mausoleum in Jiangsu Province
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ming Dynasty Tombs. |
- World Heritage List — Ming Dynasty Tombs from UNESCO (includes link to panographic image)