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Computers: I only use the computer lab when a professor wants a test done on campus. I do most of my work on my home computer.
Athletics: Coker is very involved with its team events. There is a lot of team spirit.
Campus Strictness: I don't go to the main campus I wouldn't know about most of these questions.
Nightlife: I am not involved in the party life.
Drug Safety: I haven't saw any drug use at Coker.
Majors: I had no trouble getting started at Coker college. It went smoothly. I was a transfer student from Florence Darlington Tech.
Majors: I am enjoying my classes in my specific program. I don't however understand why I need the other classes. I would have liked it much better had I been able to just work on my field of study. The classes that I have to take that are not in my field are a real struggle for me as I am not interested in them and I feel it takes away from my core classes.
Local Atmosphere: I do not live on campus. The main campus has a wonderful atmosphere in my opinion, but again I go to an off-site campus.
Diversity: At the off-site campus I attend I would be considered a minority. The majority of the students there are locals and Marion is a predominately black area. I am white.
Weather: We did have class closings due to ice storms, but that is rare.
Transportation: I go to an off site campus. I drive my own vehicle.
Scholarships: Our financial aid workers are very helpful. If I have a question they get back to me quickly.
Weather: Warm summers, and bipolar winters. It was -11 last night but will be around the 70's Sunday. Christmas is just now over.
Drug Safety: I'm not even talking about it.
Campus Housing: The school is wonderfully clean, and the campus is actually very calm and "safe". It's college, its expensive, and the dorm prices are around 2000 a semester or something. I live on campus. I. don't. know.
Off-Campus Dining: We have a Wendy's, McDonald's, and other fast food joints. Anything that isn't fast food is either bad or expensive.
Campus Strictness: I go to class. Then I go home. Not much interaction with the rest of the campus so I really don't know.
Computers: The wifi is pretty iffy, you pay for any printing, and in Graphics Design you have to go to high quality printing studios in order to get your assignments done. Printings are around 20+.
Athletics: Obviously... the sports department is more important than the other departments,.
Academics: The curriculum for any art major is pretty difficult, especially Sophomore Review. (According to other students). Despite what I was told, our Art Department is NOT top of the line (for Graphics Design) and I had a better GD lab in High School.
Academics: Teachers are pretty entertaining, and so are some of the classes I've taken. But the work can be overwhelming, and the Study Away/Abroad options are pricey. I guess its like every other college.
Campus Dining: Never been to the dining hall, not on campus, so I can't.
Greek Life: I don't know, I don't live on campus, herder.
Parking: I can't figure out where to get a pass.
Local Atmosphere: I like the location, great school, but a pain in the ass, like school in general usually is.
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text:
Hair color: seems like an innocuous enough topic, no? Usually it is, at least until you start talking Hollywood starlets - then, all bets are off. No lie, we've had some knock-down, drag-out fights over whether or not Emma Stone is better as a redhead or a blonde.
Related: Fresh Cuts: New Hair Ideas To Rock In 2013
For some reason, something about seeing our fave celebs with a different hair hue unlocks a sort of primal response deep within our very beings. Heck, we nearly burst into tears when Lindsay Lohan first bleached her gorgeous auburn strands (this, of course, was when our biggest concern regarding LiLo was her hair).
Study Says Blondes Don't Take Work Seriously, But We Beg To Differ
The point here being: Hair color is just one of those things that brings out (very) passionate opinions. So, let's explore the past color choices of some of the most follicularly flexible leading ladies and try to settle these in-house debates once and for all. Read on as we explore our love/hate relationship with these Hollywood hair hues, then weigh in and tell us where you stand.
More from Refinery29:
The Solution To Split Ends? This Super-Easy DIY Trim
How To Boost Your Metabolism in 9 Easy Steps
29 Easy Ways To Burn 100 Calories A Day

subset: commoncrawl


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The Cullen House, Estate of the Day
Filed under: Estates
The last time that I checked out the website of real estate agent Jason Soprovich it was to check out a home used in a movie and that's what brings me there today as well. Today's estate has made the rounds on a variety of websites in anticipation of the latest installment of the Twilight saga, New Moon, which is about to hit theaters. The modern Vancouver home plays home to the Cullen family on the big screen and is featured in a scene in the movie in which Edward Cullen's adopted brother Jasper attempts to attack Bella Swan.
The five-bedroom home in West Vancouver was designed by Arthur Erickson and was totally renovated in 2001. It has a great room with 20-foot ceilings, massive picture windows and lots of blonde wood. The modern kitchen has a curved fireplace and gleaming countertops. The master suite includes a bathroom with a soaking tub and glass cabinet shower. For warmer weather there is a pool outdoors. This home is listed at $3,298,000.
[Thanks, John!]


text: Dioramas (also known as shadow boxes) are fun for kids of all ages to create, as they decorate and then place figures and scenery in them. Easy to assemble using toothpicks and tacky craft glue, the completed styrofoam diorama can be decorated with paints, paper, or fabric. see also ... ™ Styrofoam is a trademark. |


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Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
United States of America | |
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Preamble and Articles of the Constitution |
Amendments to the Constitution | |
Ratified Amendments |
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A Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, also called an Article V Convention, or Amendments Convention, is one of two alternative procedures for proposing amendments to the United States Constitution described in Article Five of the Constitution. The other method is a vote by two-thirds of each house of Congress.
In recent years some constitutional scholars have argued that state governments should call for such a convention.[1][2] They include Lawrence Lessig, Sanford Levinson, Larry Sabato, Jonathan Turley, and Mark Levin.[1][3][4] As of 2014, there is an active nationwide effort to call an Article V Convention. Citizens for Self-Governance, through a project called Convention of the States, is promoting Article V legislation in all 50 states. In February 2014, separate bills passed the Georgia House of Representatives and the Georgia Senate. House and Senate leaders must come together to decide which version they want to use. Alaska and Alabama are close to passing similar legislation.[5][6][7][8]
According to Article V, Congress must call for an amendment-proposing convention, "on the application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States," meaning 34 state legislatures would have to submit applications. Once an Article V Convention has proposed an amendment or amendments, then the amendment or amendments would have to be ratified by three-fourths of the states (38 states) in order to become part of the Constitution.
Congress has the power to choose between two methods of ratification: ratification by the state legislatures, or instead ratification by state conventions called for that purpose. In contrast to those separate state ratification conventions, a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution would be a single federal convention. While there have been calls for a second federal convention based on a single issue such as the Balanced Budget Amendment, it is not clear whether a convention summoned in this way would be legally bound to limit discussion to a single issue; law professor Michael Stokes Paulsen has suggested that such a convention would have the "power to propose anything it sees fit".[9] All 27 amendments to the Constitution have happened in a procedural sense by going through Congress and not through proposal by state legislatures.[9]
- 1 History
- 2 Permissible scope of applications to Congress
- 3 Permissible scope of proposed amendments
- 4 Ability of states to rescind applications to Congress
- 5 Supreme Court interpretations of Article V
- 6 Attempts to call another Article V convention
- 7 See also
- 8 Footnotes
- 9 Bibliography
- 10 Further reading
To guard against oppressive government of any kind, the authors of the United States Constitution sought to establish institutional checks and balances. In framing the Constitution as the fundamental embodiment of such safeguards, the Constitutional Convention assembled in Philadelphia in 1787,[10] at the invitation of the Continental Congress.[11] That is the last time a federal constitutional convention was convened in the United States.
Creation of the amendment process[edit]
One of the main reasons for the 1787 Convention was that the Articles of Confederation required the unanimous consent of all 13 states for the national government to take action. This system had proved unworkable, and the newly-written Constitution sought to address this problem.
The first proposal for a method of amending the Constitution offered in the Constitutional Convention, contained in the Virginia Plan, sought to circumvent the national legislature, stating that "the assent of the National Legislature ought not to be required."[12] In response, Alexander Hamilton privately circulated a proposal that gave the power to propose amendments to the national legislature, and the power to ratify the amendments to the states.[13]
James Madison did not oppose reintroducing language permitting the convention amendment process, although he did express concerns about the lack of detail in Article V regarding how the convention amendment process would work. Madison stated that "difficulties might arise as to the form" a convention would take.[14]
After some debate, Madison removed reference to the convention amendment process, giving the national legislature sole authority to propose amendments whenever it thought necessary or when two-thirds of the states applied to the national legislature.[15] Several delegates voiced opposition to the idea of the national legislature retaining sole power to propose constitutional amendments.[16] George Mason argued from the floor of the Convention that it "would be improper to require the consent of the Natl. Legislature, because they may abuse their power, and refuse their consent on that very account." Mason added that, "no amendments of the proper kind would ever be obtained by the people, if the Government should become oppressive."[17] In response to these concerns, the Convention unanimously voted to add the language allowing states to apply to Congress for a convention to propose amendments to the Constitution.[16]
Permissible scope of applications to Congress[edit]
A frequent question is whether applications from the states can omit to mention subject matter, and instead request an unlimited convention. Past practice suggests that separate unlimited applications submitted to Congress at different times are not allowed.[18] Article V itself calls for "the application of the legislatures" instead of calling for plural "applications".
States have requested that Congress convene an Article V convention to propose amendments on a variety of subjects. According to the National Archives, Congress has, however, never officially tabulated the applications, nor separated them by subject matter.[19] On at least one occasion though, the Congressional Record has included such a tabulation, which indicated that, as of 22 September 1981[update], thirty states had made a request for a balanced budget amendment.[20] In 1993, Professor Michael Paulsen and his research staff assembled a listing of all state applications to date, but neither Paulsen's list, nor any other, can be safely characterized as "complete" since there may very well be state applications that have been overlooked and/or forgotten.[21]
According to James Kenneth Rogers, the drafting history of Article V indicates that states may limit the subject matter of their applications, and that Congress has a duty to tally applications separately by subject matter.[16] Moreover, Rogers asserts that states may not make a general application without specifying the subject or subjects to be addressed by the convention.[22] Rogers points out that, during the drafting process, the Philadelphia Convention at one point adopted a version of Article V that gave power to Congress to propose amendments when two-thirds of both houses agreed, or to propose amendments without a congressional supermajority "on the application of two thirds of the Legislatures of the several states."[23] This draft version of Article V lacked any provision for a constitutional convention requested by the states, and instead included language almost identical to the final version of Article V but giving states the power to apply to Congress for amendments without any convention. The draft language suggests that states applying to Congress for amendments would have to say what sort of amendments they were applying for, because a general petition (that is, one not limited by subject matter) asking Congress to propose amendments would serve little purpose "beyond notifying Congress that two‐thirds of the States thought that some unknown changes to the Constitution were desirable."[22] Therefore, due to the similarity between the draft and final versions, Rogers contends that state applications to Congress must specify subject matter, and must be tallied individually by subject matter to determine whether the two-thirds threshold of state applications has been met.
A dissenting view has been expressed by Michael Stokes Paulsen, a professor at the University of St. Thomas School of Law. Paulsen has argued that state applications for an Article V convention limited to a particular subject matter are invalid and that only applications that include a call for an unrestricted convention are valid.[21] If Paulsen's criteria that state applications must not be limited to particular subject matter and that rescissions by states are valid, as of 1993 a total of forty-five states had pending applications meeting this criteria.[18] According to Paulsen, therefore, Congress has had a duty to call a convention for many years. The fact that Congress has not called such a convention, and that courts have rejected all attempts to force Congress to call a convention, has been cited as persuasive evidence that Paulsen's view is incorrect.[24]
Permissible scope of proposed amendments[edit]
Because no Article V convention has ever been convened, there are various questions about how such a convention would function in practice. One major question is whether the scope of the convention's subject matter could be limited.[16]
The consensus is that Congress probably does not have the power to limit a convention to a single amendment or a single subject, because the language of Article V leaves no discretion to Congress, merely stating that Congress "shall" call a convention when the proper number of state applications have been received. Comments made at the time the Constitution was adopted indicate that it was understood when the Constitution was drafted that Congress would have no discretion. In The Federalist, Alexander Hamilton stated that when the proper number of applications had been received, Congress was "obliged" to call a convention and that "nothing is left to the discretion of Congress."[25] James Madison also affirmed Hamilton's contention that Congress was obligated to call a convention when the requisite number of states requested it.[26] In the North Carolina debates about ratifying the Constitution, James Iredell, who subsequently became one of the founding members of the Supreme Court, stated that when two-thirds of states have applied to Congress for a convention, Congress is "under the necessity of convening one" and that they have "no option."[27]
By citing the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause, Congress has tried to enact a statute to regulate how an Article V convention would function. Sponsored by the late Senator Sam Ervin, such a bill passed the U.S. Senate unanimously in 1971 and again in 1973, but the proposed legislation remained bottled up in the Committee on the Judiciary in the U.S. House of Representatives and died both times. Opponents to congressional regulation of an Article V convention's operations argue that neither Article I nor Article V of the Constitution grants Congress this power, and that the Founders intended that Congress "have no option." While the text and history of Article V clearly indicated that Congress has no authority to enact such legislation, there has been no opportunity for Federal courts to decide whether Congress has such authority because such legislation has never been adopted by Congress.
While Congress likely has no authority to limit the scope of an Article V convention, the scholarly consensus is that states do have that power. Larry J. Sabato is one scholar who advanced that view.[28] Congress's duty to call a convention when requested by the states means that it must call the convention that the states requested. If the states, therefore, request a convention limited to a certain subject matter, then the convention that is called would likely need to be limited in the way the states requested.[29]
If states have the power to limit an Article V convention to a particular subject matter, and Congress only has power to call a convention but no further power to control or regulate it, then a potential concern becomes whether an Article V convention could become a "runaway convention" that attempts to exceed its scope. If a convention did attempt to exceed its scope, none of the amendments it proposed would become part of the constitution until three-fourths of the states ratified them, which is more states than are required to call a convention in the first place.[30] It is doubtful that an Article V convention would exceed its scope, in light of the United States' experience with state constitutional conventions; over 600 state constitutional conventions have been held to amend state constitutions, with little evidence that any of them have exceeded their scope.[31]
Ability of states to rescind applications to Congress[edit]
The legislatures of some states have adopted rescissions of their prior applications. It is not clear from the language of Article V whether a subsequent vote to rescind an application is permissible. As discussed above, however, if the purpose of Article V is to give state legislatures power over a recalcitrant Congress—and if state lawmakers may indeed limit their applications by specific subject matter—it is possible that federal courts would hold that rescissions of previous applications are likewise valid, in order to give more meaningful effect to the power which Article V confers upon state legislators.[32]
Supreme Court interpretations of Article V[edit]
While the Supreme Court has never definitively interpreted the meaning of Article V, it has, on four separate occasions, referred to the Article V convention process:
Dodge v. Woolsey, 59 U.S. 331 (1855): "[The people] have directed that amendments should be made representatively for them, by the Congress . . . ; or where the legislatures of two thirds of the several States shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the constitution, when ratified. . . ."
Hawke v. Smith, 253 U.S. 221 (1920): "[Article V] makes provision for the proposal of amendments either by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or on application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the states; thus securing deliberation and consideration before any change can be proposed."
Dillon v. Gloss 256 U.S. 368 (1921): In discussing Congress's power to propose amendments, the Court affirmed that "[a] further mode of proposal—as yet never invoked—is provided, which is, that on the application of two thirds of the states Congress shall call a convention for the purpose."
United States v. Sprague, 282 U.S. 716 (1931): "[A]rticle 5 is clear in statement and in meaning, contains no ambiguity and calls for no resort to rules of construction. . . . It provides two methods for proposing amendments. Congress may propose them by a vote of two-thirds of both houses, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the States, must call a convention to propose them."
Because of the political question doctrine and the Court's ruling in the 1939 case of Coleman v. Miller (307 U.S. 433), it remains an open question whether federal courts could assert jurisdiction over a legal challenge to Congress, if Congress were to refuse to call a convention.
Attempts to call another Article V convention[edit]
Every state except Hawaii has applied for an Article V Convention at one time or another. The majority of such applications were made in the 20th century. While there is no official count of the number of applications, one private count puts the total number of applications at over 700.[33][34]
Even though the Article V Convention process has never been used to amend the Constitution, the number of states applying for a convention has nearly reached the required threshold several times. Congress has proposed amendments to the Constitution on several occasions, at least in part, because of the threat of an Article V Convention. Rather than risk such a convention taking control of the amendment process away from it, Congress acted pre-emptively to propose the amendments instead. At least four amendments (the Seventeenth, Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, and Twenty-Fifth Amendments) have been identified as being proposed by Congress at least partly in response to the threat of an Article V convention.[35]
There have been two nearly-successful attempts to amend the Constitution via an Article V Convention since the late 1960s. The first try was an attempt to propose an amendment that would overturn two Supreme Court decisions, Wesberry v. Sanders and Reynolds v. Sims, decisions that required states to adhere to the one man, one vote principle in drawing electoral districts for state and federal elections. The attempt fell only one state short of reaching the 34 needed to force Congress to call a convention in 1969, but ended by the death of its main promoter Senator Everett Dirksen. After this peak, several states rescinded their applications, and interest in the proposed amendment subsided.[36]
1970s and 1980s[edit]
The next nearly-successful attempt to call a convention was in the late 1970s and 1980s, in response to the ballooning federal deficit. States began applying to Congress for an Article V Convention to propose a balanced budget amendment. By 1983, the number of applications had reached 32, only two states short of the 34 needed to force such a convention.[37] Enthusiasm for the amendment subsided in response to fears that an Article V Convention could not be limited to a single subject and because Congress passed the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, which required that the budget be balanced by 1991 (but that Act was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1986). [37]
In November 2013, the Ohio General Assembly applied to Congress for a convention to propose a Balanced Budget Amendment. This effort made Ohio the 20th state to join a push for a national convention of states.[38]
A political action committee called Wolf-PAC emerged from New York's Occupy Wall Street movement. Wolf-PAC calls for a convention of states in order to add a constitutional amendment that would remove money from politics.[39][40]
A group called Citizens for Self-Governance (CSG) is actively engaged in an effort to call an Article V Convention. Through an initiative called Convention of States, CSG is seeking "to urge and empower state legislators to call a convention of states." CSG states that it initiated the Convention of States project "for the purpose of stopping the runaway power of the federal government."[41][42][43][44][45] Mark Levin has supported CSG's efforts to a call a second constitutional convention.[45]
In December 2013, nearly 100 legislators from 32 states met at Mount Vernon to talk about how to call a convention of states. According to Slate, "The meeting lasted four hours, ending when legislators agreed to meet again in the spring of 2014. That's the most progress anyone's made in decades toward a states-first constitutional amendment campaign."[45]
Tom Coburn has announced that after his retirement from Congress, he will focus on promoting the Convention of States to state legislatures.[46]
See also[edit]
- List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
- Second Constitutional Convention of the United States
- ^ a b c James O'Toole (December 12, 2011). "Constitutional convention call gains traction". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 14, 2011. "Article V of the Constitution, however, in the same section that set up that procedure, set forth the legal possibility for the legislatures of two-thirds of the states to instruct Congress to call a constitutional convention, a mechanism, in the view of some government critics, whose time has come."
- ^ Gregory Korte (November 29, 2011). "Balanced budget amendment push sparks debate". USA Today. Retrieved December 14, 2011. "Some supporters of a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution are turning to a method last used by the founding fathers: A constitutional convention."
- ^ Christopher Shea (November 2, 2011). "Time for a Constitutional Convention?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 14, 2011. "As you might guess, they're coming at the issue from different angles, but they and other conference attendees shared a frustration with the current structure of the government (or recent Supreme Court decisions, or both)."
- ^ Turley, Jonathan. "Real political reform should go beyond campaign finance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ Gill, Jeff (3/4/2014). "Convention of states may be hot issue in 2016 race". Gainesville Times. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ Jones, Winston (2/21/2014). "House passes convention of states resolution". Times-Georgian. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ Ritz, Erica (2/5/2014). "Another Big Name Just Officially Announced Their Support for a Convention of States". The Blaze. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ Weigel, Dave (2/6/2014). "Georgia, Tom Coburn Call for Constitutional Convention". Slate. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ a b "Balanced budget amendment push sparks debate". Indystar.com. November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011. "Lawrence Lessig, a Harvard law professor, proposes a constitutional convention in his new book, Republic, Lost, about how Congress has been corrupted by special interests...."
- ^ Caplan, Russell. Constitutional Brinksmanship, Amending the Constitution by National Convention (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 5.
- ^ "Resolution of Congress" (February 21, 1787), The Founders' Constitution, ed. Philip Kurland and Ralph Lerner (University of Chicago Press).
- ^ Farrand, Max. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (1937), vol. 1, p. 22. Also see "Records of the Federal Convention", The Founders Constitution, ed. Philip Kurland and Ralph Lerner (U. Chicago Press).
- ^ Farrand, Max. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (1937), vol. 3, p. 617.
- ^ Farrand, Max. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (1937), vol. 2, p. 629–30
- ^ Rogers 2007, p. 1007.
- ^ a b c d Rogers 2007.
- ^ Caplan, Russell. Constitutional Brinksmanship, pp. 27–29; quoting Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 4 vols., (New Haven: Yale University Press, revised ed., 1937), 1:22, 202–03, 629.
- ^ a b Paulsen 1993, p. 764.
- ^ Ross, Rodney. Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration, March 12, 2007 letter to U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders, Vermont, "Unfortunately there is no single category for petitions asking for amendments to the Constitution, let alone for amendments by the convention route."
- ^ 129 Cong. Rec. S21538 (1981) (collecting applications calling for a constitutional convention since 1974).
- ^ a b Paulsen 1993.
- ^ a b Rogers & 2007 1017.
- ^ Farrand, Max. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (1937), vol. 2, p. 555, 559.
- ^ Rogers 2007, p. 1018-18.
- ^ Hamilton, Alexander. Federalist Papers, no. 85 (1788). In the third to last paragraph, Hamilton states:
But there is yet a further consideration, which proves beyond the possibility of a doubt, that the observation is futile. It is this that the national rulers, whenever nine States concur, will have no option upon the subject. By the fifth article of the plan, the Congress will be obliged "on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the States [which at present amount to nine], to call a convention for proposing amendments, which shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof." The words of this article are peremptory. The Congress "shall call a convention." Nothing in this particular is left to the discretion of that body. And of consequence, all the declamation about the disinclination to a change vanishes in air. Nor however difficult it may be supposed to unite two thirds or three fourths of the State legislatures, in amendments which may affect local interests, can there be any room to apprehend any such difficulty in a union on points which are merely relative to the general liberty or security of the people. We may safely rely on the disposition of the State legislatures to erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority. If the foregoing argument is a fallacy, certain it is that I am myself deceived by it, for it is, in my conception, one of those rare instances in which a political truth can be brought to the test of a mathematical demonstration.
- ^ Madison, James. Letter to George Eve, 2 January 1789. See also Madison's remark in the House, that it is ". . . out of the power of Congress to decline complying," in 1 Annals of Congress, 1 Congress 1, (May 5, 1789), p. 260; also available in Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856, p. 47.
- ^ Elliot, Jonathan. The Debates of the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (1937), vol. 4, p. 177–78. Also available in "Debate in North Carolina Ratifying Convention", The Founders Constitution, ed. Philip Kurland and Ralph Lerner (U. Chicago Press).
- ^ Sabato, Larry. A More Perfect Constitution (2007).
- ^ Rogers 2007, pp. 1014-1019.
- ^ Rogers 2007, pp. 1010-1020.
- ^ Shearer, Augustus. A List of Official Publications of American State Constitutional Conventions, 1776-1916 (1917).
- ^ Rogers 2007, pp. 1014-1020.
- ^ "Images of Article V Applications". Retrieved March 22, 2010.
- ^ It should be noted that the listing, prepared by the Friends of the Article V Convention, a group that believes that Congress has purposefully ignored its mandate to call such a convention, includes, as of March 20, 2010, 39 entries where the state legislature rescinded one or more earlier applications.
- ^ Rogers 2007, p. 1008.
- ^ Rogers 2007, p. 1009.
- ^ a b Rogers 2007, p. 1010.
- ^ Pelzer, Jeremy (11-22-2013). "Ohio lawmakers join in push for national convention on balanced-budget amendment". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ The Rapidian, Catalyst Radio on Friday Sep 20th, 2013 11:30am with Linda Gellasch and WYCE Radio 88.1 FM, Catalyst Radio: Wolf PAC starting with local efforts to get money out of politics, Accessed Jan. 15, 2014
- ^ Katerina Nikolas, Nov 9, 2011 in World, Digital Journal, Wolf-PAC.com: Proposal to prevent corporations buying politicians, Accessed Jan. 15, 2014, "...In October, Cenk Uygur, ... announced the launch of Wolf-PAK during Occupy Wall Street protests. Wolf-PAK is a political action committee with a mission to pass the 28th Amendment to prevent corporations buying politicians..."
- ^ "Welcome". Convention of States. Citizens for Self-Governance.
- ^ Ritz, Erica (2013-12-18). "Could a Convention of States Occur as Early as 2016?". The Blaze. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
- ^ Roller, Emma (12-4-2013). "Conservatives' Improbable New 'Convention of States' Project". Slate. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ Benko, Ralph (8-19-2013). "Mark Levin's Game Changer: Using The Constitution To Arrest Federal Drift". Forbes. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ a b c Weigel, David; Roller, Emma (12-10-2013). "Inside the Secret Conservative Campaign to Rewrite the Constitution". Slate. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ Weigel, David (2/6/2014). "Georgia, Tom Coburn Call for Constitutional Convention". Slate. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- Paulsen, Michael (1993). "A General Theory of Article V: The Constitutional Lessons of the Twenty-Seventh Amendment". Yale Law Journal 103: 677. JSTOR 797083.
- Paulsen, Michael (2011). "How to Count to Thirty-Four: The Constitutional Case for a Constitutional Convention". Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 34: 837. SSRN 1856719.
- Rogers, James (2007). "The Other Way to Amend the Constitution: The Article V Constitutional Convention Amendment Process". Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 30: 1005.
Further reading[edit]
- Klein, Philip. "Is it Time for a Convention?", American Spectator (October 2010).


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I live near you, Michigan to be precise. We can swim for about 5 months unless you have a heated pool. I just bought a house and looked at many along the way. The houses with pools were far nicer than the ones without and my wife and I attributed that to the pool. We thought they had to come down in price to sell the house. Take a look in your area and see for yourselves.
I see this was a little too late, but I wanted to put my 2 cents in.
- Forum >
- Buying & Selling Homes >
- Pools - Help or Hurt ?
thats ok all posts are welcome. you are right homes in Michigan at least in my area (Livingston County) tend to be a little bit higher priced when they have a pool. They cost alot to put in and alot of people just cannot afford them. I am a realtor and most of the homes I deal with are over $400,000 and most of them have pools unless they are on a lake already. Welcome to the forum by the way, I am the moderator for the real estate area if you have questions please email me at email@example.com
I'm a Realtor in Southern California and pools defintely add value here. Appraisers add $20,000. For some reason, most buyers want a pool. This did not seem to be the case years ago- it used to be about 50/50. However, because you live in the Northeast, I would think the sitution would differ.
1. It is cold much of the time??? So can you use the pool much?
2. You might be one of the few houses with a pool; therefore, buyers might like that you house offers something that others don't???
I'm not an expert on your part of the country. That's my best advice.


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release management features gone from JIRAJoe Stein 2012-09-19, 16:42
does anyone know/have access to-do this guessing it came from recent JIRA
upgrade or should I just open an INFRA ticket ? https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KAFKA/fixforversion/12322475#selectedTab=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.ext.bamboo%3Abamboo-release-tabpanel Release Connect JIRA to Bamboo to use the release management features Please contact your Administrator to connect JIRA to Bamboo. -- /* Joe Stein http://www.linkedin.com/in/charmalloc Twitter: @allthingshadoop <http://www.twitter.com/allthingshadoop> */ |


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Baltimore News
Veterans Day commemorations planned across Md.
Veterans Day events planned across Maryland including Baltimore march, St. Mary's parade
Baltimore hospital patient dies in fire
Baltimore hospital patient dies in fire; cause under investigation
Man killed in double shooting in Baltimore
Man killed in double shooting in Baltimore; city's homicide total reaches 202
3 injured in apartment fire in Dundalk
3 injured, including 1 firefighter, in apartment fire in Dundalk; 10 rescued from building
Priest investigated for alleged abuse in 1970s
Catholic priest investigated for alleged abuse of student at Baltimore school in 1970s
Grand jury in Baltimore indicts 48 in gang case
Prosecutors in Baltimore say a grand jury has indicted 48 alleged members and associates of the Black Guerilla Family and charged them in connection with violence and drug trafficking.
For area turkey farmer, it's the busiest time of year (Video)
Webb and her family raise heritage turkeys on the farm her father purchased in 1999 in Sparks, Md., just north of Baltimore.
Md. inmates preparing 300 turkeys for charity
Md. inmates preparing 300 turkeys for annual Thanksgiving charity dinner in Baltimore
Navy blimp to resume tests over Baltimore
Navy blimp to resume tests over Baltimore, be temporarily based in Frederick
Baltimore officer pleads guilty to extortion
Baltimore police officer pleads guilty to extortion, had protected supposed heroin dealer
Trooper who wrote Md. AG driving memo investigated
Md. trooper moonlighting probe includes commander who wrote Md. AG driving memo
Special Olympics joins Catholic charity for effort
Special Olympics, Catholic Relief Services team up to serve people with disabilities globally
Fence under construction at War Memorial Building
Vagrancy issues prompt Veterans Affairs to put up fence at Baltimore's War Memorial Building
TSA offers travelers a faster way through security
There will be a faster way to get through airport security at Baltimore Washington International Airport for those travelers determined to be a low security risk by the Transportation Security Administration.
U.S. drive-ins face obstacles, Maryland's lone theater stays afloat
Bengies Drive-In Theatre is a sentimental time capsule for movie patrons - it's the last surviving drive-in theater in Maryland, and one of only about 360 remaining nationwide.
Old plan for region's high-speed train gets new life
A pie-in-the-sky plan to build a train that could zip from D.C. to Baltimore in just 15 minutes, and to New York in just an hour, is getting some new life.
Baltimore officials mourn firefighter's death
Baltimore firefighter laid to rest after murder-suicide in Glen Burnie
Baltimore offers help amid food stamp cuts
Baltimore programs offer help to grocery shoppers facing cuts in US food stamps
Police: 3 hurt in Baltimore shootings over weekend
Police: 3 hurt, hospitalized Saturday in Baltimore shootings
Md. Pumpkin Smash ends Halloween with a splat
Pumpkin Smash event at Md. Science Center in Baltimore ends Halloween with orange splatter


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November 20 2012, 09:35 PM | #691 |
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Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
My DVD Collection |
November 20 2012, 09:46 PM | #692 |
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Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
10:01 |
November 20 2012, 10:14 PM | #693 |
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Location: Atlanta, Georgia
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
November 20 2012, 11:06 PM | #694 | |
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Location: Tampa Fl
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
why was Shane so freaked out? |
November 20 2012, 11:10 PM | #695 |
Vice Admiral
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
November 20 2012, 11:33 PM | #696 | ||
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
*Daryl is now as close to family as Glen has left. Merle is Daryl's brother. There is no way Glen could go back tot he prison and tell Daryl he ran into Merle and then shot him. *Rick will still be the leader. If they were willing to take him on as a leader a day or two after he came out of a coma a little crazyness isn't going to deter them now. *If they weren't interested in people after they were infected they wouldn't have eaten T'dog after he'd been bitten. * I don't think anyone is getting more sane. |
November 20 2012, 11:38 PM | #697 | |
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Location: RJDiogenes of Boston
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
That's a shame. It's also weird to see Darryl yelling at Sophia. He's evolved quickly. |
November 21 2012, 12:24 AM | #698 |
Rear Admiral
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
And in true T-Dog fashion, T-Dog remains stoically silent through the whole thing, even during the dramatic "Dale hands T-Dog a paper plate" scene.
My DVD Collection |
November 21 2012, 02:02 AM | #699 | |
Fleet Captain
Location: Delta Vega
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
There was no reason to trust him, and he should not rely on Maggie, as it would only keep her in a dangerous situation...and as it turned out, it was that kind of situation.
"...to be like God, you have the power to make the world anything you want it to be." |
November 21 2012, 04:37 AM | #700 |
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
Its funny how some distance, makes everything seem small and the fears that once controlled me, cant get to me at all Elsa - Frozen Of course I'm a creationist. I believe man created god.
November 21 2012, 01:38 PM | #701 |
Lieutenant Commander
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
I think he was figuring out the angle at which Carol had stabbed the thing and the what way she would have gripped the knife and came to the conclusion that since the knife was buried into the things face practically to the hilt bringing her arm right up against its mouth without having killed it that there was no way she wouldnt have gotten bit which ties into a lot of peoples interpretation of Darryl sitting alone in the corridor angrily stabbing the floor and walls as him expecting to find a zombified Carol behind that door and had sent the others away whilst he himself up to the job of killing her.
A hoarde of flying fizzy bees are coming to eat your dreams... |
November 21 2012, 05:05 PM | #702 | |
Fleet Captain
Location: Delta Vega
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
When he last saw Merle, he was violent, beat T-Dog, and had to be cuffed to the roof. Then, they abandon him (which you know is not going to inspire anything other than thoughts of revenge), and cut his own hand off. Again, there's that inspiration for revenge, which should have shocked Glenn into action the moment he laid eyes on Merle. What part of his earlier experiences with Merle did he (Glenn) forget which would make him give Merle even a hint of a chance? Glenn is a nice character, but he kind of asked for the kidnapping.
"...to be like God, you have the power to make the world anything you want it to be." |
November 21 2012, 05:37 PM | #703 |
Rear Admiral
Location: Lost in Moria (Arlington, WA, USA)
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
Glenn didn't instantly and cold-bloodedly blow Merle away — therefore he's a born sucker and he was asking for it? I see. You don't do shades of gray, do you? |
November 21 2012, 05:40 PM | #704 | |
Location: Rhaven in Boston
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
I'm not a geek, I'm an aficionado. |
November 21 2012, 06:11 PM | #705 | |
Rear Admiral
Location: fresno, ca, us
Re: The Walking Dead Season 3
Here's an "attack with guns blazing" that was duplicated later at the barn. I'm wondering if Merle was behind the attack on the seniors. Daryl, whose powers of observation were great but Rick should've noticed this too, didn't like attacking the helpless--which would feed into his resentment of Merle later. |
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3.55/5 rDev -10.6%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3.75 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Pours half finger of head on a clear light golden colored body.
The aroma is smokey applesauce, soap, lemon and pear all mixed up in a nice way.
The taste is sharp, approaching bitter. Retains bright fruit: apple and pear.
Crisp texture with moderate carbonation.
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Serving type: on-tap
02-08-2014 22:27:42 | More by Fatehunter
4.05/5 rDev +2%
look: 4 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 4
The first pour was nearly clear yellow with a big pillowy head. The last pour was opaque, swimming with yeast.
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May 20, 2002 — Along the fringes of urban growth farm museums are sprouting here and there. They're trying to preserve a bit of the rapidly changing terrain, as fields become subdivisions. But one of these farm museums recognizes that the land wasn't always farmland. Before it was plowed there was another earlier, vibrant landscape. The Great Lakes Radio Consortium's Lester Graham reports. Go to full article
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Fresh meat does seem to be an important factor at the moment, the problem seems to be that quality is not initially important. Perhaps this is why we are seeing a lot of garbage across the serps.
Throwing Google prime grade steak and dog food grade horse meat immediately ranks high. It takes another iteration of the sort for it to determine the quality.
Example: I am watching a site in my niche grabbing for straws by ridiculously keyword loading their title. Once he updates the page, he pops to the top for a few hours, then drops back down beyond the fold.
So the trick to success right new seems to be keep it fresh, but be sure it's high quality too!
This is interesting, because last week Google seemed to be hip deep on processing and was not picking results up very quickly (4 day delay), now they are back to picking up fresh meat very quickly.
My theory: under normal conditions, Google's system has been previously advertised to have has the capability to index a stack of pages three miles high every second (that has probably increased since then). When the system is busy updating a new algo, it re-sorts the entire global database, putting a higher than normal load on the system. When the update completes, load is reduced and changes are picked up more quickly.
This faster uptake might indicate that the new sort routine is completing (for this update). But don't get too excited, I think we can be sure this will be a continual wash, rinse, repeat cycle.
This all seems to follow previous patterns that we've observed.
Either way, I am seeing improvements in traffic quality over the past three days....which is positive.


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Started by
, Dec 18 2012 03:05 PM
266 replies to this topic
#1Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:05 PM
I often hear such negative reviews on EB on the ABA's hard stance of exclusive breastfeeding only. IRL I have never met anyone who has had a negative experience with them.
In the last two years I have rang ABA around 6 times. I needed to use nipple shields until DS was 3 months and occasionally used formula for night feeds (I had 3 surgeries in the first 6 months post birth) I will also admit, when I occasionally went out with friends DH would supplement with formula. I never felt judged, nor was I offered alternative advice to what I was doing. If anything I felt supported, especially when I was congratulated that I was still feeding past 12 months. I often wonder if people forget they are volunteers. Or have I just been very lucky in the response I got? #2Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:10 PM
I rang them 2 or 3 times and only ever had great experiences.
#3Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:14 PM
I rang on behalf of my sister, at her request, when she needed help. They were great, but I suspect it wasn't the advice my sister wanted to hear. Her choice, ultimately.
#4Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:16 PM
I think the fact they are volunteers is maybe their possible downfall. I imagine it might be hard to ensure volunteers maintain standard advice, unlike a paid health professional who is bound by a code of practise and shouldn't be giving advice swayed by their own experience and ethos.
I had a bad experience calling ABA with an unsettled tiny baby- she gave me some crazy talk that was completely about her experiences with her children, not the situation I was asking about. That said I think the organisation is great, and their classes and booklets are invaluable. I do often wonder about the call line though. #5Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:17 PM
I have had a negative experience with them unfortunately. It does seem to be the zone I am in though as another lady from my mother's group also had a negative experience with them. I have moved areas now and have been encouraged to join the local group as apparently they are all positive and friendly so I might tag along to a meet next year.
#6 Guest_3Keiki_*Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:18 PM
I had a terrible experience with ABA, a total BFing crazy who had no idea and in a very isolated situation continued with a starving baby and pain for far to long before coming to my senses
#7 Guest_AllegraM_*Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:20 PM
I had good experiences with them and found they were very supportive of mums who had to fulltime express. I wish I had gone to them for advice first instead of wasting my time with lactation consultants.
#8Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:21 PM
In my experience with them, there was very definitely a sense that only exclusive breastfeeding was ok. When I rang to ask for advice with the issues I was having, and on how to mix feed well, I was told to "just keep putting her to the breast."
Combine that with the judgement from the MCHN, and yeah, I definitely felt like I was "officially" doing the wrong thing, and I felt that others perceived me as selfish, lazy and precious. I don't know if voluntarism is an issue. How hard is it to have a script that says, "If mother says this isn't working because of x,y,z, offer comfort, support, and make a and b alternative suggestions"? #9Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:21 PM
I only had good experiences with them also
#10Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:24 PM
If you use formula or EBM you aren't really the person they want ringing and if the objective is to make women do breastfeeding, regardless of circumstances, why would i ring them for advice if i cannot get assistance on formula or expressing (which is what i needed at the time) and did not plan to change? I did ring when my milk was starting to dry up in supply; it was hard to get a call back and the only advice i got was to use Fenugreek (which i did use but didn't help). Advice like make sure you look after yourself and eat well etc would have been a lot better, something i had to find out on my own.
#11Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:25 PM
I have personally never used them, and have heard very mixed reviews about the advice they give. I do think they need to start monitoring phone calls and flow charting their advice like a pp has said. This will be very hard to do though when volunteers take phone calls in their own houses with no way to monitor what advice they are giving.
#12Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:25 PM
I think it's unreasonable to expect that the ABA would give perfect advice everytime. They are all volunteers after all. Even qualified LCs don't connect with everybody and solve BF problems perfectly every single time.
Women also have differing expectations on what they get out of calling the ABA. Some are happy to just chat to someone who has been there but some expect a full point-by-point solution to their problem. #13Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:29 PM
I've rang them twice and both times they were non committal, provided no information and no advice. Pretty useless but they weren't rude or mean or anything. Maybe the volunteers who answered my call were inexperienced.
#14Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:31 PM QUOTE (thecleanowl @ 18/12/2012, 04:16 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}> I had a bad experience calling ABA with an unsettled tiny baby- she gave me some crazy talk that was completely about her experiences with her children, not the situation I was asking about. That said I think the organisation is great, and their classes and booklets are invaluable. I do often wonder about the call line though. I had this too. I wasn't calling for a chat I was calling for advice and I didn't get anything useful it new things to try apart from go see a GP. Well gee thanks for that, I've already been there and they told ne to call you, so did my MCHN. In saying that, I do think they publish some helpful brochures and bf books which did help, so both positive and negative experiences from me. #15Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:37 PM
Ask 100 medical professionals about an issue they are all experts in and you will probably get a huge variety of answers, so I don't think its a volunteer thing. The ABA provides a very valuable service and whilst its not perfect, the mothers of Australia would be a lot worse off without it.
#16Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:37 PM
i rang once, explained my situation - ds was born at 24 weeks, my boos were full and engorged, i was in tears from everything
she ended up in tears with me, giving me great advice she ended the call saying that she was honored to be speaking to me, and that i was doing a great job! was great to hear!! next time i called, the woman hadnt logged, and gave me really vague info... all i wanted was how to contact an lc - ds was home by then... #17Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:43 PM
Over three calls with them for varying problems like AV I was told on breast no shield no expressing etc..... This was for major engorgement, cracked bleeding nipples where putting bubs on the boob was causing me to go for the panadine forte. Less then 45 mins sleep in three days has no sympathy apart from keep bubs attached to boob at all costs.
Also given the line if wet nappies so all is fine for amount taken... In fact my DS ended up in the ED at 21d of age basically starving ( paed s words). So no I am one who had crappy experiences. Edited by lsolaBella, 18 December 2012 - 03:44 PM. #18Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:47 PM
I've never had to use them, but I've heard a real mix of experiences, and sadly more negative than positive. I think as an organisation they do a good job, but as a one on one phone service it seems to be a bit lacking. The problem is it's the only option for a lot of women, particularly those isolated for one reason or another, and it's a shame that it doesn't seem to meet expectations a lot of the time.
Personally I'd love to see a government funded helpline or service to help with feeding babies, whether it's BF, formula or solids. It can be so confusing for new mums and there is a lot of conflicting advice out there. #19Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:52 PM
I also went to the ABA store to be confronted by very pro BF..... Commenting on how wonderful X was still BF her child of 7yrs... Even going to school at lunchtime to do so.
They also have handouts on expressing, EBM etc so I don't know how that can considered evil as such by their advice line and in store. Edited by lsolaBella, 18 December 2012 - 03:53 PM. #20Posted 18 December 2012 - 03:56 PM
I got put off when I saw a rep on the Today Show say "there really aren't any people who can't bf, they just need better advice".
I decided at that point to never ask them for help. #21Posted 18 December 2012 - 04:03 PM
I only had positive interactions with them, but I only wanted to exclusively bf so I didn't want an option b anyway. They helped me a lot, and the ladies were absolutely lovely.
#22Posted 18 December 2012 - 04:04 PM QUOTE (Ange Vert @ 18/12/2012, 03:21 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}> In my experience with them, there was very definitely a sense that only exclusive breastfeeding was ok. When I rang to ask for advice with the issues I was having, and on how to mix feed well, I was told to "just keep putting her to the breast." this experience was similar to several friends of mine. They didn't find the ABA advice useful or particularly supportive once they mentioned they were doing mixed feeding. One friend was bluntly told that she shouldn't be using formula and that she was harming her child! However, I personally never experienced any negative feedback from the ABA helpline. Mind you, there were a few times when I received vague/useless comments that didn't really help. QUOTE (Percoriel @ 18/12/2012, 03:37 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}> The ABA provides a very valuable service and whilst its not perfect, the mothers of Australia would be a lot worse off without it. agree with this #23Posted 18 December 2012 - 04:06 PM
I rang them once about how best to help with a blocked duct... followed their advice and all good the next day! Lovely lady - just seems like luck of the draw.
#24Posted 18 December 2012 - 04:09 PM
ABA volunteers are trained for about two years, before they go onto the helpline. They have had to have breastfed at least one baby for at least 6 months, to even get into the training. Like doctors, who train for 7 years, there are good ones and not so good ones, so come on guys, give them a go. Many mothers wouldn't know what to do, if it wasn't for the ABA and sometimes new mums want to hear what they want to hear - like DH wants to give my newborn a bottle of formula and afterall they are the Australian Breastfeeding Association and this is what they know best.
#25Posted 18 December 2012 - 04:39 PM
Edited by Tyrone Finkelmeyer, 26 March 2013 - 08:50 PM. 2 user(s) are reading this topic0 members, 2 guests, 0 anonymous users |
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MADRE News
Rural and Indigenous Women's Statement on Climate Change
Posted on: Tuesday, October 20, 2009
Keywords: Indigenous Rights, United Nations, Economic Justice, Environmental Justice, Climate Change
MADRE and our partner organization the International Indigenous Women's Forum (FIMI) have signed onto this statement from the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD). A full list of signatories will be available closer to the submission date in December 2009.
A Submission to the Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
We, rural and indigenous women from Asia, the Pacific and other parts of the world, face enormous threats and damage to our lives and rights as a consequence of climate change including the unbridled manner by which measures are being proposed and undertaken to adapt to and mitigate this phenomenon and its impacts. As women farmers, fisherfolk, herders, farm workers, indigenous food producers and natural resource managers, we rely heavily on primary resources, which are being negatively affected and destroyed by climate change.
We assert our important roles in and contributions to the effective, appropriate, integrated and sustainable use of land, biodiversity and natural resources that have enabled the survival of generations of people for many millennia through our traditional knowledge.
We are concerned that rural and indigenous women are being affected more severely and are more at risk during all phases of natural disasters and extreme weather events including the post-disaster reconstruction processes mainly due to prevailing discrimination based on gender, caste and ethnic identities.
We believe that climate change is a result of the historical and unsustainable exploitation and concentration of access to global natural resources by the northern countries and transnational corporations (TNCs) in the name of development.
We recognise that the intense levels of production for trade and speculation purposes, which have been sustained and amplified by the globalisation system – free market chauvinism facilitated by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and international and regional financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), have led to the relentless exploitation and exhaustion of natural resources, destruction of forest and water sources in developing countries resulting in more carbon emissions. All these have occurred at the cost of the already marginalised rural and indigenous communities.
We are alarmed by the fact that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognises states' "common but differentiated responsibility" as one of its principles, yet industrialised countries are reluctant to fulfil their obligation to cut emissions at source while their commitments are not sufficient to curb climate change and its impacts.
We are wary of false solutions which have been used to address climate change, natural resource management and other environmental issues. We believe that the market-based mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, such as emission trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation, are not enough to make a dent in addressing the real cause of climate crisis while threatening to undermine rural and indigenous women's roles and contributions to sustainable livelihoods, ecological health and human security including food sovereignty.
We take the position based on our experiences that biofuels, large scale hydro-electric power and nuclear power are not clean, safe, or sustainable alternative sources of energy. On the contrary, they increase threats and damages to the environment and to the lives and livelihood of rural and indigenous women. Construction of large scale hydro-electric power dams and the establishment of monocrop plantations for biofuels have been causing destruction of forest, biodiversity degradation, forced evictions, displacement and landlessness of hundreds of thousands of rural and indigenous women and their communities. The highly toxic chemicals used in these so-called alternative sources of energy particularly affect women's reproductive health.
We are concerned about the financing instruments under the WB's Climate Investment Funds (CIF). Loans add more burden to indebted and already fragile economies of developing countries. This contradicts the principle of "common but differentiated responsibility". Developing countries are instead, made to pay for the effects and impact of climate change caused by industrialized countries. Further, the donor-beneficiary relationship the CIF promotes erodes industrialised countries' obligations to emissions reduction.
We confirm that mitigation and adaptation measures detached from the context and development aspirations of rural and indigenous women renege on commitments to biodiversity and sustainable development, poverty reduction and human rights. We believe that any long term solution to the escalating climate crisis should acknowledge historical responsibility and ecological debt, be grounded on the respect and protection of life and diversity, and promote and fulfill justice and social equity between and within nations, peoples and sexes.
We call on all countries which are Parties to the UNFCCC to be guided by and adhere to the following principles in their "long-term comprehensive action" at all levels:
- Respect, promote and integrate into all mechanisms, policies and action plans on climate change the specific situation, right and needs of rural and indigenous women as well as their critical role in and contribution to society, which is recognised in various human rights frameworks including Article 14 of CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action and General Assembly Resolution 62/136.
- Recognise and protect the economic, social and cultural rights of rural and indigenous women, specially their right to land, adequate housing and food to eradicate poverty among rural and indigenous women.
- Ensure the recognition and protection of the particular rights of indigenous women reiterated by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to non-discrimination, collective ownership, traditional knowledge, free, prior and informed consent and self-determination.
- Recognise and address the gender-differentiated impact of climate change on women and especially the most marginalised sector, rural and indigenous women.
- Collect disaggregated data according to sex and ethnicity and carry out gender analysis on the socio-economic impact of climate change on rural and indigenous women on which all policies and action plans to address climate change should be based.
- Ensure policies and measures on disaster risk management and reduction strategies, humanitarian assistance and reconstruction processes are gender responsive.
- Provide for the informed development of appropriate disaster response and reconstruction strategies with full and effective participation of rural and indigenous women in all stages and processes of governance and decision making from design, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
- Ensure and support the full and effective participation of women, especially rural and indigenous women, in discussions, consultations and decision-making processes on policies, action plans and laws with regards to climate change, sustainable development and environment and natural resource management, which have the effect on rural and indigenous women's rights, lives and livelihood.
- Create an enabling environment for rural and indigenous women's participation in consultations, discussions and decision-making by providing sufficient information and adequate technical and logistical support.
- Recognise and address obstacles which prevent rural and indigenous women from participating in decision-making such as discrimination against them in socio-economic and cultural spheres.
- Establish a permanent global civil society consultative forum on climate change within the UN which should ensure the full and effective participation of rural and indigenous women from Asia, the Pacific, Africa and Latin America: the global regions which stand to be heavily impacted by global warming and climate change.
- Ensure that indigenous women are represented in the demand for an Indigenous Peoples' Advisory Body to the Conference of the Parties by the International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change.
- Provide sufficient funds and technical assistance to rural and indigenous women to build and strengthen their capacity to cope with climate change.
- Ensure rural and indigenous women's access to information, technology and other resources to adapt to climate change.
- Promote and support genuine sustainable development, sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity-based ecological agriculture which empower rural and indigenous women, transform the existing power structure into more equitable relationships and realise people's sovereignty and self-determination over natural resources.
- Ensure that funds be made available directly to rural and indigenous women's organisations and those representing rural and indigenous women.
Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD)
Asian Rural Women's Coalition (ARWC)
Asian Peasant Women's Network (APWN)
Asian Indigenous Women's Network (AIWN)
Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP)
People's Action on Climate Change (PACC)
See the full list of signatories.
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