text:
Police in Sidney, Mont., are searching for Sherry Arnold, a Sidney High School math teacher and former math teacher at Bishop Ryan High School. Arnold was reported missing Saturday morning by her husband, Gary Arnold, after she went out for a jog at about 6:30 a.m. Saturday and failed to return home.
Major Bob Burnison of the Sidney Police Department said Sunday that a massive search of the area was organized involving hundreds of volunteers, various law enforcement agencies including McKenzie County law enforcement personnel, and airplanes but there is no sign of Arnold.
At about 3 p.m. Saturday, the search turned up a shoe in northeast Sidney that her family identified as belonging to Arnold, said Burnison. The shoe was found in an area that is locally called the "truck route." Burnison said the police found no tire tracks or shoe prints in that area, though there is no snow near that site so tracks wouldn't have been left easily. There was no blood found in the area near the shoe. Burnison said right now it is an active search, and they are not ruling out any possible scenarios.
Article Photos
Sherry Arnold
Arnold is 43 years old, 5 feet 10 inches tall with a slender build, and has dark hair and brown eyes, according to reports. She was last seen wearing red leggings and a blue hooded sweatshirt.
Arnold was a math teacher at Ryan in the early 1990s, said Pat McNally, who was the administrator there at the time. McNally said she was a "very good math teacher" and is a "wonderful person." Burnison said she is a longtime Sidney resident and has family in the area. Arnold's husband Gary is an administrator in the Sidney school system, said Burnison.
The search is continuing. Anyone with information about Arnold's disappearance should call the Sidney Police Department at 406-443-2210.


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Search results for : | simcity pirates |
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32 reviews
Previous to this I've been using the highly customizable neogame, but as of now there still hasn't been an update for the redesign. Today I opened Ogame to come face to face with the redesign. My initial reaction was "it's so inefficient, slow, and annoying" so I searched the forums for a viable alternative addon that would quell the annoyances of the redesign and came to this greasemonkey script.
Very well done, though some people note that the fleet resources screen is bugged but all you had to do was go to the researches screen that the script could calculate the fleet times. Problem solved.
I wish that it could somehow make Ogame load faster (it's a lot slower than the old design) but I don't think that will happen in the near future). Most of the important features of neogame are in this script, especially the calculation of the needed ships to move res from planet to planet. Again, great script!
One welcome addition would be to show resources in flight. Though apparently in the 1.2 version of the redesign it's not possible as of yet.
Can speak highly enough about it. Not only is it convenience, but I am convinced that it actually makes your game play more profitable.
When launching fleets, the way AntiGame automatically remembers your target (not 100% of the time but very often) and automatically chooses your mission type can save you seconds on every fleet launch.
Now I know seconds are just seconds, but sometimes a second or two is the difference between ecstasy and tears.
Even if your browser doesn't support GreaseMonkey, use Firefox just for OGame so you can use AntiGame. If you really hate FireFox, use Mozilla's Prism program so FireFox will become just an OGame application platform. Well worth it.
This script makes OGame much more playable and enjoyable. Features like calculating the amount of cargos needed or showing the speed of the ships on the fleet screen save loads of time.
Show plunder in spy reports dissapeared for .org
A great "little" script, works perfectly with the languages it has been translated for.
Adds a lot of useful things, and made the galaxyview a familiar place again :)
Got to love all those colors and numbers.
And the debrisfield as numbers. Just perfect.
There's nothing illegal in it (atleast not yet, hopefully won't be in the future either).
- ShadowMorph, TM @ OGame.fi
This was one of the, no I think THE, best script until GameForge/OGame (v2.3.0) changed everything for the thousandth time and broke many of the functions of AntiGame (aaaarrrrrggggghhhhhhh!!!)
So only 3 Stars now that (even minimal?)changes to make it compatible have ceased.
This script makes 80-90% of other scripts useless. Great work!
I know that this is not a paid script, but to the author i only want to say congratz by the hard work and to fix a little problem on it.
The debris highlight is not working smooth, because the debris image does not appear with less debris value choosen. That is creating conflicts with the skins. For instance: if i choose highlight a debris with more of 300 000, less than that it should give the debris image as natural ogame design and not numbers. Numbers resize the galaxy and change buttons positions in the galaxy in the correspondent cell....
If it is possible to make this well, i will be appreciated.... I only change the script to make the image appear again, but no more highlights lol
Running for a year without any problem.
I strongly recommend this userscript.
Colors messages, very nice.
Gives buttons to delete messages.
Has quicklinks to planets and moons on fleet page.
Can color Players and Alliance tags as you like.
Very good script.
I wish it would work in Chrome.


text:
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Peter Himmelman
Peter Himmelman
Minnesota native Peter Himmelman was the leader of a pop/rock quintet called Sussman Lawrence that made two independent albums in the early '80s and earned him comparisons to such new wave singer/songwriters as Elvis Costello and Joe Jackson. The group became Himmelman's backup band for the release of his debut album, This Father's Day (1986), which earned him a contract with Island Records. He followed with Gematria (1987), Synesthesia (1989), and From Strength to Strength (1991). By the last release, he had moved to Epic Records, releasing 1992's Flown This Acid World and 1994's Skin. Stage Diving appeared on the Plump label in 1996. The following year, he released the children's album My Best Friend Is a Salamander on the Baby Boom label. Later that year, Himmelman signed with the Six Degrees subdivision of Island Records. His first album for the label was Love Thinketh No Evil, released in spring 1998. More children's recordings followed, as did 2004's Unstoppable Forces on Majestic. In 2005 he delivered the raw and bluesy Imperfect World, followed by his first anthology, Mission of My Soul: The Best of Peter Himmelman. The children's album My Green Kite appeared in 2007 from Rounder Records. A new album, The Pigeons Couldn't Sleep, was released in 2007, followed by My Trampoline and The Mystery and the Hum in 2009 and 2010, respectively. ~ William Ruhlmann, Rovi
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Butterflies & Blooms
Oops! This event is over.
Click here to see today's calendarOutdoor butterfly garden where visitors can immerse themselves with hundreds of live tropical butterfly species from around the world. A field guide is available to help visitors identify dozens of species in the exhibition. Visitors can also observe butterflies hatching through a window into the pupa emergence room.
When: May 25, 2013 - September 2, 2013
Times: 10 a.m.-5 p.m., weather permitting.
Where: Chicago Botanic Garden
1000 Lake Cook Road,
(847) 835-5440
Cost: $5, $3 kids 3-12. Discounts for members and combination tickets available.
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Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
(1R,2R)-rel-2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol | |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Ryzolt, Tramal, Ultram |
AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
MedlinePlus | a695011 |
Licence data | US FDA:link |
Pregnancy cat. | C (AU) C (US) |
Legal status | Prescription Only (S4) (AU) ℞-only (CA) POM (UK) ℞-only (US) Schedule IV (In some US states) |
Dependence liability | Low |
Routes | Oral, IV, IM, rectal, sublingual, buccal, intranasal |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 75% (IR), 90% (repeated dosing; IR); 64–68% (SR)[1] |
Protein binding | 20%[1] |
Metabolism | Hepatic demethylation and glucuronidation via CYP2D6 & CYP3A4[1] |
Half-life | 6.3 ± 1.4 hr[1] |
Excretion | Renal (90%)[1] |
Identifiers | |
CAS number | 27203-92-5 |
ATC code | N02AX02 |
PubChem | CID 33741 |
DrugBank | DB00193 |
ChemSpider | 31105 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL1066 |
Chemical data | |
Formula | C16H25NO2 |
Mol. mass | 263.4 g/mol |
(what is this?) (verify) |
Tramadol (marketed as the hydrochloride salt by Janssen Pharmaceutica as Ultram in the United States, Ralivia by Biovail in Canada and many other companies throughout the world) is a centrally acting opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. The drug has a wide range of applications, including treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, restless legs syndrome, motor neurone disease and fibromyalgia.[citation needed] It was launched and marketed as Tramal by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH in 1977.[2][3]
Tramadol is a serotonin releaser, reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine and a weak μ-opioid receptor agonist.[4][5] Tramadol is metabolized to O-desmethyltramadol, a significantly more potent μ-opioid agonist. Tramadol and its major metabolite(s) are distinguished from other more potent opioid agonists by relative selectivity for μ-opioid receptors.
Medical uses[edit]
Tramadol is used similarly to codeine, to treat moderate to severe nerve pain.[6] Pharmacologically, tramadol is similar to levorphanol (albeit with much lower μ-agonism), both agents have SNRI activity. Dextropropoxyphene (Darvon) & M1-like molecule tapentadol (Nucynta, a new synthetic atypical opioid made to mimic the agonistic properties of tramadol's metabolite, M1(O-Desmethyltramadol)) also have similar activities. Tramadol is also molecularly similar to venlafaxine (Effexor) and has similar SNRI effects, with antinociceptive effects. It has been suggested that tramadol could be effective for alleviating symptoms of depression, anxiety, and phobias[7] because of its action on the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, such as its "atypical" opioid activity.[8] However, health professionals have not endorsed its use for these disorders,[9][10] claiming it may be used as a unique treatment (only when other treatments failed), and must be used under the control of a psychiatrist.[11][12]
In May 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a Warning Letter to Johnson & Johnson, alleging that a promotional website commissioned by the manufacturer had "overstated the efficacy" of the drug and "minimized the serious risks."[13] The company which produced it, the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH, were alleged to be guilty of "minimizing" the habituating nature of the drug, although it showed little abuse liability in preliminary tests.[citation needed] The 2010 Physicians' Desk Reference contains several warnings from the manufacturer which were not present in prior years. The warnings include stronger language regarding the habit-forming potential of tramadol, the possibility of difficulty breathing while on the medication, a new list of more serious side effects, and a notice that tramadol is not to be used in place of opiate medications for addicts. Tramadol is also not to be used in efforts to wean addict patients from opiate drugs, nor to be used to manage long-term opiate addiction.
Adverse effects[edit]
Adverse effects by incidence[1][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Note: Serious adverse effects are in bold.
Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Constipation
- Vertigo
- Headache
- Vomiting
- Somnolence
Common (1–10% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Agitation
- Anxiety
- Emotional lability
- Euphoria
- Nervousness
- Spasticity
- Dyspepsia (indigestion)
- Asthenia (weakness)
- Pruritus (itchiness)
- Dry mouth
- Diarrhoea
- Fatigue
- Sweating
- Malaise
- Vasodilation (dilation (widening) of blood vessels)
- Confusion
- Coordination disturbance
- Miosis
- Sleep disorder
- Rash
- Hypertonia
- Abdominal pain
- Anorexia (weight loss)
- Visual disturbance
- Flatulence
- Menopausal symptoms
- Urinary frequency
- Urinary retention (being unable to urinate)
Uncommon (0.1-1% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Cardiovascular regulation (palpitation, tachycardia, postural hypotension or cardiovascular collapse)
- Retching
- Gastrointestinal irritation (a feeling of pressure in the stomach, bloating)
- Urticaria (hives)
- Trembling
- Flushing
Rare (0.01–0.1% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Bradycardia
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Allergic reactions (e.g. dyspnoea (shortness of breath), bronchospasm, wheezing, angioneurotic oedema)
- Anaphylaxis
- Changes in appetite
- Paraesthesia
- Hallucinations
- Tremor
- Respiratory depression
- Epileptiform convulsions
- Involuntary muscle contractions
- Abnormal coordination
- Syncope (fainting)
- Blurred vision
- Dyspnoea (shortness of breath)
- Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
- Migraine
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome/Toxic epidermal necrolysis (potentially fatal skin reactions)
- Motorial weakness
- Creatinine increase
- Elevated liver enzymes
- Hepatitis (liver swelling)
- Stomatitis (mouth swelling)
- Liver failure
- Pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs)
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Pulmonary embolism
- Myocardial ischaemia (lack of blood supply to the heart muscles)
- Speech disorders
- Haemoglobin decrease
- Proteinuria (protein in the urine; usually indicative of kidney damage)
There are suggestions that chronic opioid administration may induce a state of immune tolerance,[21] although tramadol, in contrast to typical opioids may enhance immune function.[22][23][24] Some have also stressed the negative effects of opioids on cognitive functioning and personality.[25]
Physical dependence and withdrawal[edit]
Long-term use of high doses of tramadol may be associated with physical dependence and a withdrawal syndrome.[26] Tramadol causes typical opiate-like withdrawal symptoms as well as atypical withdrawal symptoms including seizures.[citation needed] The atypical withdrawal symptoms are probably related to tramadol's effect on serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake. Symptoms may include those of SSRI discontinuation syndrome, such as anxiety, depression, anguish, severe mood swings, aggressiveness, brain "zaps", electric-shock-like sensations throughout the body, paresthesias, sweating, palpitations, restless legs syndrome, sneezing, insomnia, vivid dreams or nightmares, micropsia and/or macropsia, tremors, and headache among others. In most cases, tramadol withdrawal will set in 12–20 hours after the last dose, but this can vary. Tramadol withdrawal lasts longer than that of other opioids; seven days or more of acute withdrawal symptoms can occur as opposed to typically three or four days for other codeine analogues. It is recommended that patients physically dependent on pain killers take their medication regularly to prevent onset of withdrawal symptoms and this is particularly relevant to tramadol because of its SSRI and SNRI properties, and, when the time comes to discontinue their tramadol, to do so gradually over a period of time that will vary according to the individual patient and dose and length of time on the drug.[27][28][29][30]
Psychological dependence and recreational use[edit]
Some controversy regarding the abuse potential of tramadol exists. Grünenthal has promoted it as having a lower risk of opioid dependence than traditional opioids, claiming little evidence of such dependence in clinical trials (which is true; Grünenthal never claimed it to be non-addictive). They offer the theory that, since the M1 metabolite is the principal agonist at μ-opioid receptors, the delayed agonist activity reduces abuse liability. The norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor effects may also play a role in reducing dependence.
Rarely, dependence may occur after as little as three months of use at the maximum dose—generally depicted at 400 mg per day. However, both physicians and health authorities generally consider dependence liability relatively low. Thus, tramadol is classified as a Schedule 4 in the US, Schedule 4 in Australia and been rescheduled in Sweden rather than as a Schedule 8 Controlled Drug like opioids.[31] Similarly, unlike opioid analgesics, tramadol is not currently scheduled as a controlled substance by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. However, it is controlled in certain states.[32] Nevertheless, the prescribing information for Ultram warns that tramadol "may induce psychological and physical dependence of the morphine-type".
Because of the possibility of convulsions at high doses for some users, recreational use can be very dangerous.[33] Tramadol can cause a higher incidence of nausea, dizziness, loss of appetite compared with opiates, which could deter abuse.[34] Compared to hydrocodone, fewer patients choose to abuse tramadol.[35] It may also have a large effect on sleeping patterns and high doses may cause insomnia. (Especially for those on methadone, both for maintenance and recreation. Though there is no scientific proof tramadol lessens effects of opiates or is a mixed agonist-antagonist, some people get the impression it is, while someone else might benefit being prescribed both for pain and breakthrough pain.)[36]
Detection in biological fluids[edit]
Tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol may be quantified in blood, plasma or serum to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. Most commercial opiate immunoassay screening tests do not cross-react significantly with tramadol or its major metabolites, so chromatographic techniques must be used to detect and quantitate these substances. The concentrations of O-desmethyltramadol in the blood or plasma of a person who has taken tramadol are generally 10–20% those of the parent drug.[37][38][39]
Mechanism of action[edit]
Tramadol acts as a μ-opioid receptor agonist,[40][41] serotonin releasing agent,[4][5][42][43] norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor,[41] NMDA receptor antagonist (IC50=16.5 μM),[44] 5-HT2C receptor antagonist (EC50=26 nM),[45] (α7)5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist,[46] TRPV1 receptor agonist,[47] and M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.[48][49]
The analgesic action of tramadol is not fully understood, but it is believed to work through modulation of serotonin and norepinephrine in addition to its relatively weak μ-opioid receptor agonism. The contribution of non-opioid activity is demonstrated by the fact that the analgesic effect of tramadol is not fully antagonised by the μ-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone.
Tramadol is marketed as a racemic mixture of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-enantiomers with a weak affinity for the μ-opioid receptor (approximately 1/6000th that of morphine; Gutstein & Akil, 2006). The (1R,2R)-(+)-enantiomer is approximately four times more potent than the (1S,2S)-(–)-enantiomer in terms of μ-opioid receptor affinity and 5-HT reuptake, whereas the (1S,2S)-(–)-enantiomer is responsible for noradrenaline reuptake effects (Shipton, 2000). These actions appear to produce a synergistic analgesic effect, with (1R,2R)-(+)-tramadol exhibiting 10-fold higher analgesic activity than (1S,2S)-(–)-tramadol (Goeringer et al., 1997).
The serotonergic-modulating properties of tramadol give it the potential to interact with other serotonergic agents. There is an increased risk of serotonin toxicity when tramadol is taken in combination with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., SSRIs), since these agents not only potentiate the effect of 5-HT but also inhibit tramadol metabolism.[citation needed] Tramadol is also thought to have some NMDA antagonistic effects, which has given it a potential application in neuropathic pain states.
Tramadol has inhibitory actions on the 5-HT2C receptor. Antagonism of 5-HT2C could be partially responsible for tramadol's reducing effect on depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with pain and co-morbid neurological illnesses.[50] 5-HT2C blockade may also account for its lowering of the seizure threshold, as 5-HT2C knockout mice display significantly increased vulnerability to epileptic seizures, sometimes resulting in spontaneous death. However, the reduction of seizure threshold could be attributed to tramadol's putative inhibition of GABA-A receptors at high doses.[44]
The overall analgesic profile of tramadol supports use in the treatment of intermediate pain, especially chronic pain. It is slightly less effective for acute pain than hydrocodone, but more effective than codeine. It has a dosage ceiling similar to codeine, a risk of seizures when overdosed, and a relatively long half-life making its potential for misuse relatively low amongst intermediate strength analgesics.
Tramadol's primary active metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, is a considerably more potent μ-opioid receptor agonist than tramadol itself. Thus, tramadol is in part a prodrug to O-desmethyltramadol. Similarly to tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol has also been shown to be a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, and M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.[citation needed]
Structurally, tramadol closely resembles a stripped down version of codeine. Both codeine and tramadol share the 3-methyl ether group, and both compounds are metabolized along the same hepatic pathway (which one? needs citation) and mechanism to the stronger opioid, phenol agonist analogs. For codeine, this is morphine, and for tramadol, it is the O-desmethyltramadol.
When administered through IV, patients notice very little clinical difference in subjective potency compared to morphine.
Structurally, tapentadol is the closest chemical relative of tramadol in clinical use. Tapentadol is also an opioid, but unlike both tramadol and venlafaxine, tapentadol represents only one stereoisomer and is the weaker of the two, in terms of opioid effect. Both tramadol and venlafaxine are racemic mixtures. Structurally, tapentadol also differs from tramadol in being a phenol, and not an ether. Also, both tramadol and venlafaxine incorporate a cyclohexyl moiety, attached directly to the aromatic, while tapentadol lacks this feature.
Synthesis and stereoisomerism[edit]
(1R,2R)-Tramadol (1S,2S)-Tramadol
(1R,2S)-Tramadol (1S,2R)-Tramadol
The chemical synthesis of tramadol is described in the literature.[51] Tramadol [2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol] has two stereogenic centers at the cyclohexane ring. Thus, 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol may exist in four different configurational forms:
- (1R,2R)-isomer
- (1S,2S)-isomer
- (1R,2S)-isomer
- (1S,2R)-isomer
The synthetic pathway leads to the racemate (1:1 mixture) of (1R,2R)-isomer and the (1S,2S)-isomer as the main products. Minor amounts of the racemic mixture of the (1R,2S)-isomer and the (1S,2R)-isomer are formed as well. The isolation of the (1R,2R)-isomer and the (1S,2S)-isomer from the diastereomeric minor racemate [(1R,2S)-isomer and (1S,2R)-isomer] is realized by the recrystallization of the hydrochlorides. The drug tramadol is a racemate of the hydrochlorides of the (1R,2R)-(+)- and the (1S,2S)-(–)-enantiomers. The resolution of the racemate [(1R,2R)-(+)-isomer / (1S,2S)-(–)-isomer] was described[52] employing (R)-(–)- or (S)-(+)-mandelic acid. This process does not find industrial application, since tramadol is used as a racemate, despite known different physiological effects[53] of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-isomers, because the racemate showed higher analgesic activity than either enantiomer in animals[54] and in humans.[55]
Tramadol undergoes hepatic metabolism via the cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP2B6, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, being O- and N-demethylated to five different metabolites. Of these, O-desmethyltramadol is the most significant since it has 200 times the μ-affinity of (+)-tramadol, and furthermore has an elimination half-life of nine hours, compared with six hours for tramadol itself. As with codeine, in the 6% of the population that have increased CYP2D6 activity (increased metabolism), there is therefore an increased analgesic effect. Those with decreased CYP2D6 activity will experience less analgesia. Phase II hepatic metabolism renders the metabolites water-soluble, which are excreted by the kidneys. Thus, reduced doses may be used in renal and hepatic impairment.[56]
O-Desmethyltramadol, as well as tramadol's inactive metabolite, N-desmethyltramadol, both metabolize into the pharmacologically active N,O-didesmethyltramadol via CYP2D6.[57]
Legal status[edit]
Tramadol (as the racemic, cis-hydrochloride salt), is available as a generic in the U.S. from any number of different manufacturers, including Amneal, Caraco, Mylan, Cor Pharma, Mallinckrodt, Pur-Pak, APO, Teva, and many more. Typically, the generic tablets are sold in 50 mg tablets. Brand name formulations include Ultram ER, and the original Ultram from Ortho-McNeil, (cross-licensed from Grünenthal GmbH) which is now produced by Janssen.
The extended-release formulation of tramadol—which, among other factors, was intended to be more abuse-deterrent than the instant release—allegedly possesses more abuse liability than the instant release formulation.[citation needed] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tramadol in March 1995 and an extended-release (ER) formulation in September 2005.[58] It is covered by U.S. patents nos. 6,254,887[59] and 7,074,430.[60][61] The FDA lists the patents as scheduled for expiration on 10 May 2014.[60] However, in August 2009, U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware ruled the patents invalid, which, if it survives appeal, would permit manufacture and distribution of generic equivalents of Ultram ER in the United States.[62]
In November 2013, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration initiated classification of Tramadol as a schedule IV controlled substance, pending a review process.[63] Several states, including Arkansas, Kentucky, Illinois, Mississippi, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wyoming and the U.S. military have classified Tramadol as a schedule IV controlled substance under state law.[64][65] Other states have legislation pending concerning scheduling tramadol.
Sweden, as of May 2008, has chosen to classify tramadol as a controlled substance in the same way as codeine and dextropropoxyphene. This means that the substance is a scheduled drug. But unlike codeine and dextropropoxyphene, a normal prescription can be used at this time.[66] In Mexico, combined with paracetamol and sold under the brand name Tramacet, it is widely available without a prescription, but this is currently under re-evaluation. In most Asian countries such as the Philippines, it is sold as a capsule under the brand name Tramal, where it is mostly used to treat labor pains.
Brand names[edit]
Grünenthal GmbH, which still owns the patent on tramadol, has cross-licensed the drug to pharmaceutical companies internationally. Thus, tramadol is marketed under many trade names around the world, including:
Tramadol is classified as a central nervous system drug usually marketed as the hydrochloride salt (tramadol hydrochloride); the tartrate is seen on rare occasions, and rarely (in the US at least) tramadol is available for both injection (intravenous and/or intramuscular) and oral administration. The most well known dosing unit is the 50 mg generic tablet made by several manufacturers. It is also commonly available in conjunction with APAP (paracetamol, acetaminophen) as Ultracet or Tramacet, in the form of a smaller dose of 37.5 mg tramadol and 325 mg of APAP.
Tramadol comes in many forms, including:
- 50 mg immediate-release tablets.
- 50 mg orally disintegrating tablets.
- 100 mg, 200 mg, and 300 mg extended-release tablets.
- 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, and 300 mg extended-release capsules.[68]
- suppositories
- effervescent tablets and powders
- ampules of sterile solution for SC, IM, and IV injection
- preservative-free solutions for injection by the various spinal routes (epidural, intrathecal, caudal, and others)
- powders for compounding
- liquids both with and without alcohol for oral and sub-lingual administration, available in regular phials and bottles, dropper bottles, bottles with a pump similar to those used with liquid soap and phials with droppers built into the cap
- tablets and capsules containing (acetaminophen/APAP), aspirin and other agents.
Tramadol is regularly used in the form of an ingredient in multi-agent topical gels, creams, and solutions for nerve pain, rectal foam, concentrated retention enema, and a skin plaster (transdermal patch) quite similar to those used with lidocaine.
Tramadol has a characteristic and unpleasant taste which is mildly bitter but much less so than morphine and codeine. Oral and sublingual drops and liquid preparations come with and without added flavoring. This different flavouring is considered to be a standard. Its relative effectiveness via transmucosal routes (i.e. sublingual, buccal, rectal) is similar to that of codeine, and, like codeine, it is also metabolized in the liver to stronger metabolites (see below).
Patients taking SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.), SNRIs (Effexor, etc.), TCAs, MAOIs or other strong opioids (oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, morphine), as well as the elderly (> 75 years old), pediatric (< 18 years old), and those with severely reduced renal (kidney) or hepatic (liver) function should consult their doctor regarding adjusted dosing or whether to use tramadol at all.
- diabetic neuropathy [69][70]
- antidepressant[71]
- postherpetic neuralgia [72][73]
- acute opioid withdrawal management[74][75]
- obsessive-compulsive disorder [76]
- premature ejaculation
Veterinary medicine[edit]
Tramadol may be used to treat post-operative, injury-related, and chronic (e.g., cancer-related) pain in dogs and cats[78] as well as rabbits, coatis, many small mammals including rats and flying squirrels, guinea pigs, ferrets, and raccoons.
Tramadol comes in ampules in addition to the tablets, capsules, powder for reconstitution, and oral syrups and liquids; the fact that its characteristic taste is distasteful to dogs, but can be masked in food, makes for a means of administration.
No data that would lead to a definitive determination of the efficacy and safety of tramadol in reptiles or amphibians are available, and, following the pattern of all other drugs, it appears that tramadol can be used to relieve pain in marsupials, such as North American opossums, short-tailed opossums, sugar gliders, wallabies, and kangaroos among others.
Tramadol for animals is one of the most reliable and useful active principles available to veterinarians for treating animals in pain. It has a dual mode of action: weak mu agonism and mono-amine reuptake inhibition, which produces mild anti-anxiety results. This is an advantage because the use of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances in these animals may be dangerous.[citation needed]
When animals are administered tramadol, adverse reactions can occur. The most common are constipation, upset stomach, decreased heart rate.[citation needed] In case of overdose, mental alteration, pinpoint pupils and seizures may appear. In such cases, veterinarians should evaluate the correct treatment for these events. Some contraindications have been noted in treated animals taking certain other drugs.
Tramadol should not be co-administered with selegiline or any other psychoactive class of medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, or monoamine oxidase inhibitors.[citation needed]
In animals, tramadol is removed from the body via liver and kidney excretion. Animals suffering from diseases in these systems should be monitored by a veterinarian, as it may be necessary to adjust the dose.
Pin cushion tree[edit]
In 2013, researchers discovered that tramadol is also produced naturally in relatively high concentrations (1%+) in the roots of the African pin cushion tree (Nauclea latifolia).[79]
See also[edit]
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External links[edit]
- Medline Plus – Patient Information Medline Plus (A Service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine)
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Tramadol
- Tramadol in the treatment of RSD (RSD = Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)


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Diabetes: Steps for Foot-WashingTopic OverviewBecause you have diabetes, you need to wash your feet carefully each day. Post this list of proper foot-washing steps in your bathroom. Wash and dry your feet
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Posted: 9:22 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 3, 2013
The Preseason GOG will give you an explanation of the game and provide more detail about the question types if you have any questions.
Congratulations to btcoop71 for winning GOG #04!
Note: I will be out of town at a conference this weekend through the middle of the week so the GOG will not get scored until Thursday at the earliest.
Answers are due by 7:30 PM on Saturday, October 5.
Bonus: Since I won't be able to score this until the end of the week, let's go with something a little different. The Division Series are going on in baseball right now. Pick the winner for each series. Each correct winner is worth 1 point and the person (or persons if a tie) who chooses the most correct winners will double their bonus.


text:
Snack Attack: Coping With Cravings
Have you ever felt you absolutely must have a piece of chocolate, a potato chip (oh, let's get real -- an entire bag of potato chips), or a box of Krispy Kremes?
Those food cravings are not a sign of weakness on your part. If you crave certain foods like cereals, grains, and sugar, you may actually be addicted to them, says James Braly, MD, medical director of York Nutritional Laboratories and author of Food Allergy Relief.
People with a food addiction may have symptoms like headaches, insomnia, irritability, mood changes, and depression, Braly says. They can relieve these symptoms -- but only temporarily -- by eating the foods they crave.
Most often, the foods we crave are processed carbohydrates. These change the brain's chemistry, increasing the level of serotonin, our feel-good neurochemical.
Boost Serotonin Right
"People with food cravings may actually have neurochemical and hormonal imbalances that trigger these cravings," Braly says.
If you think you may be serotonin-deficient and want to increase your serotonin levels without resorting to a pint of mint chocolate chip, Braly suggests trying these alternatives:
- Identify and eliminate suspected food allergens -- paying special attention to gluten (wheat, rye, oats, etc.) and milk products.
- Avoid alcohol.
- Avoid stimulants like caffeinated drinks, cigarettes, and amphetamines.
- Increase your exposure to bright light or sunlight to 1-2 hours a day.
- Get 60 minutes of moderate or moderately intense exercise every day.
- Make sure you get enough deep, restful sleep every night.
Although they have not been proven to be helpful, certain supplements might help, according to Braly. These include:
- 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)
- Ginkgo biloba
- Acetyl-L carnitine
- St. John's wort
- Vitamin B-6
- NADH (vitamin B-3 derivative)
- SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine)
Body or Mind?
"It's important to distinguish whether your craving is physiological or psychological," says Rebecca Wilborn, director of the Midtown Diet Center in New York City. "Pay attention so that you can determine whether you are feeling actual hunger in your stomach."
Physical cravings may be a result of low fat intake or low blood sugar. For many of us, the mid-afternoon cravings we feel are merely our body's way of telling us it has been too long since lunch and we actually need to eat. A piece of fruit, yogurt, or a handful of nuts can get the blood sugar levels back up and keep us from reaching for the no-no snacks we think we're craving, according to Wilborn.
Emotions play a big part in food cravings, too, Wilborn says. "When we're stressed, anxious, frustrated, lonely ... all those feelings can trigger our cravings." She adds that we may have memories of how good certain foods made us feel when we were younger.
Sensory triggers, like smells and visual cues, can also set off cravings, says Wilborn. If you walk by the pizza stand on your trip through the mall, chances are you're going to start salivating.
Related to Healthy Eating & Nutrition
Today on WebMD
WebMD Recipe Finder
Browse our collection of healthy, delicious recipes, from WebMD and Eating Well magazine.


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The Social Media Toolkit (SMT) is a platform designed to help organizations run community-driven, topic-based, and geo-centric news Web sites, similar to NewsCloud.com, as Facebook applications. Essentially, you can quickly set up and publish one or more topic-specific news sites with great social media features such as registration, voting, comments, newswires, posting, and resource links.
iBeans aims to make integration for Web applications much easier than it is today. It does this by focusing on simplicity and task-based integration and avoids technical jargon and new concepts wherever possible. It offers easy to use integration for doing things like publishing and subscribing to JMS queues and topics, sending and receiving email, polling resources such as databases and ATOM feeds, task scheduling, creating HTTP/Rest services, consuming external services such as Amazon EC2 and S3, Twitter, Flickr, Google, and much more. It proves a Tomcat distribution that drops straight into Tomcat, with no need to mess with your project dependencies, and works with developer tooling for Tomcat or Tcat. It has a very simple API using annotations. This means iBeans can be plugged into your existing Web apps easily. It includes easy unit and mock testing using JUnit. IBeans Central offers a great place to discover and try new iBeans in your applications.
WeShare Mobile is a software component for the iPhone which allows content such as images, links, text excerpts, or comments to be easily published on social media platforms. WeShare Mobile is easily configurable and can be quickly and inexpensively expanded to include any existing service by simply writing a plug-in. Currently, WeShare Mobile for iPhone includes plug-ins for Facebook, Twitter, Delicious, and e-mail, as well as a demo app.
mixd.tv helps you discover videos from your favorite online sources. You can use text searches or browse channels, add your favorite videos to the video library or publish them to the mixd.tv community in a playlist or via Facebook, and subscribe to channels and receive automatic updates.
NewsCloud is software you can use to power engaging social media communities. It provides a suite of Facebook-connected interactive features that can help you host a vibrant online community for your neighborhood, topic, community group, nonprofit, membership association, or city. While most content management systems are optimized around publishing, NewsCloud's features offer ways for your audience to participate and lead the site with user generated content. As activity increases, you can integrate advertising and paid content referral systems to capture new revenue streams. NewsCloud is designed to help you move beyond the limitations of Facebook pages.
A wireframes, mockup, and prototype tool for desktop, Web, and mobile applications.


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Reviews of Latest MP3 Players and Audio, 50 - 100 Pounds
Your Selections
CNET UK > Reviews > MP3 Players and Audio > MP3 Players
Philips GoGear Vibe review
The GoGear Vibe budget MP3 player compensates for its deeply irritating navigation system by offering a well-rounded feature set and good sound quality. Photo- and video-playback capability are of limited use on a 38mm colour screen, but Philips deserves credit for squeezing in such features at this price Read more
11 August 2009 by Donald Bell
CNET UK > Reviews > MP3 Players and Audio > MP3 Players
Apple iPod shuffle (3rd generation, 4GB) review
The third-generation iPod shuffle is the smallest MP3 player currently available, and only slightly larger than a paper clip. While its unobtrusive design feels sturdy and the voice feature that tells you what you're listening to is useful, quirky controls mean it won't be for everyone Read more
13 March 2009 by Donald Bell


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Each year BCI publishes an annual report highlighting our accomplishments during the previous fiscal year and providing a balance sheet of revenues and expenditures. We are very proud of our achievements this past year (Fiscal Year June 1, 1991 to May 31, 1992) and thank all our members for helping us to meet our goals.
The annual report may be obtained by writing to: Linda Rogers, BCI, P.O. Box 162603, Austin, TX 78716. Complete audited financials are also available upon request.


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BOOKS: | Sci-Fi/Fantasy | Mystery/Thriller | Literature | Romance | Biography |
MOVIES: | Sci-Fi/Fantasy | Comedy & Personal Dramas | Action Dramas |
Author Brockman's Book
Reviews |
Message Board |
Freedom's Price |
Liam Bartlett has agreed to look after Santiago's niece Marisala. He has known them when he has been a hostage in a prisoner's camp at San salustiano. It has been Marisala's rebel group who has freed him. Later when his brother arrives with his former fiancťe, he has been whisked off from the place to the United States and resumes to go back to his life as a political journalist. However he can't forget Marisala who has been 17 back then but filled with ...
Suzanne Brockman Message Board 1/24/2008 12:40:41 PM |
Talk about the novels, new and used books that Brockman has written! |


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Who (what team) will bring us the first stable jb rom?
Who (what team) will bring us the first stable jb rom?
no idea, but if I had to put my money on someone, probably would be team kang
Birdman has a working one for the GSM GN. I assume that will be ported to other devices, perhaps by Birdman himself.
AOSP though, not sure. Team Kang probably wouldn't be a bad bet.
Edit2: There have been some folks getting bootloops from this ROM, as of the time of this post there hasn't been a reasoning as to why. The dev is aware of them, but he hasn't experienced one, and no one has been able to logcat it. Some folks even have had to unroot, lock the device, unlock again, and reroot the device.
Looks like it has been ported, with some quirks perhaps. [ROM] JD's JELLYBEAN PORT v1 - [VZW] Galaxy Nexus Development - RootzWiki
Sorry about double posting, didn't want to edit in case folks wanted to know.
E2A: No, I didn't flash it yet. Perhaps later tonight. But, to be perfectly honest I may wait until it hits AOSP.
Last edited by cupfulloflol; 06-28-2012 at 01:22 AM.
downloading now.... reading data dont work or stuck at 1x. so this wont be a keeper but be nice to play with.
Sent from my Galaxy Nexus using Tapatalk 2
I don't know who will be the first... but it's good to I'm not the only one going to play around with the gsm version of jelly bean
"I'll get you my little pretty and your little dog todo too"
"I don't even have a little dog todo"
We have nothing to fear but running out of beer
Dont mind me... i'm just falling...
Just to let you all know some folks have had issues with the JB leak I linked earlier. Not necessarily the developers fault and may be fixed by the time you read this.
There is at least one other one out there as well. Team Liquid Vicious-Toro-JellyBean Fully 100% Fucntional Deodex Data Etc Build is now up! - [VZW] Galaxy Nexus Development - RootzWiki This one could have the same problem(s) as the first one I linked. So proceed with caution.
I think I am just going to wait for an AOSP versions, as I don't think I can tolerate losing features I have now.


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Home ›Joe Selvaggio on MicroGrants: First Person Radio 6/12/2013
Please join Laura Waterman Wittstock on Wednesday, June 12, 2013 as she reprises a 2009 conversation with Joe Selvaggio. Born and raised in Chicago, Joe attended Marquette University (majoring in math), followed by eight years of seminary training. After earning a B.A. in Philosophy from Aquinas University, he was ordained into the Benedictine priesthood of the Roman Catholic Church in 1965. His years as a priest (primarily in the South) were marked by a keen interest in civil rights. During his ministry at Holy Rosary Church in the Phillips Community in Minneapolis, he decided to leave the priesthood (in 1968) in order to address the issues of civil rights and social justice.
In 1972, he founded Project for Pride in Living (PPL), an organization created to address poverty issues in a south Minneapolis neighborhood by purchasing run-down, inner-city houses and then using a comprehensive approach to rebuild. The "rebuilding" of the neighborhood—by the neighborhood itself—addressed a rich set of goals: job training, youth development, public safety, better transportation, affordable housing, development of problem-solving skills, building a healthy sense of community, leadership development, planning for the future, and overall self-sufficiency within the community.
Joe served as PPL's executive director for 26 years, retiring in 1996 after completing a $4.5 million capital campaign.
Playlist Tracks:
Joe Selvaggio - Founder and Leader
Topics: Book: MicroGrants and getting out of poverty
Topics: Book: MicroGrants and getting out of poverty
Air Date:
June 12, 2013
First Person Radio Archives
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23-11-2010 | |
front row
A blouse or something.
http://whatcassiedid.tumblr.com/ |
23-11-2010 | |
front row
blouse shorts
http://whatcassiedid.tumblr.com/ |
08-12-2010 | |
RAWBOTTEGA @RawBottega ! Last edited by daniellat; 15-12-2010 at 04:14 PM. Reason: see selfpromotion rules |
29-12-2010 | |
Fashion Designer
I find making my own clothes much easier than sewing for others, because I know my body better and know exactly how I want clothes to fit me.
Id say start by making a simple dress out of a stretchy fabric, something not too complicated, or with a lot of cuts and darts and experiment with thicker fabrics first (wool, corduroy,denim), that are easier to work with than delicate ones like chiffon or silk.
Fashion Illustration BLOG |
30-12-2010 | |
@Feline & @Lovely_lethargy thank you guys I really appreciate the comment. it has kept me so warm and we're ready to storm the weather together lookin' amazing! haha
Lovely_lethargy -- i was so scared the first time i started to use an industrial machine, but practice sewing corners, curves, and straight lines. they are EXtremely important hope it helped a bit.
RAWBOTTEGA @RawBottega ! |
05-01-2011 | |
Fashion Designer
i was taught to draft my own patterns at school, but Ive also found useful just play with the fabric on the dressform, kind of like they do on project runway. And its a good idea to experiment with muslin or any cheap fabric before "butcher" lol, the actual fabric.
It was that expensive actually, and its one of those that change sizes, adjustable one. Bc I work with clients of different sizes it comes on handy instead of buying one of each size. You can find pretty good ones for less than 200 usd.
Fashion Illustration BLOG |
05-01-2011 | |
Fashion Designer
Ive been sewign a lot lately but havent had the time to post it here.
First, a shearling jacket I made out of a suede coat and some plushie fabric i found. I saw a jacket at zara and fell in love with it, except for the price and decided to replicate it, luckily i had an old long dated coat and found the shearling-esque fabric. on the fourthfloor
Fashion Illustration BLOG |


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Tag Archives: Nguek
If you are not sure you want to stop smoking take a look at the benefits of quitting smoking and think again. Decrease in Health Risks Almost from the instant you stop smoking begins the repair of your body. In the first 20 minutes pulse rate drops to normal, blood pressure drops to normal, circulation [...] Read more
Category: Stop Smoking Tips
Stop Smoking Aid By Nguang Nguek Fluek
Smoking cessation is a serious thing, even more serious than you have thought. That is why you should seek and get all of the stop smoking aid that you can in order to quit smoking completely. Here is a brief Stop Smoking Aid Guide to introduce you some of the most popular and accessible quit [...] Read more
Category: Stop Smoking Tips
Stop Smoking Cigarette By Nguang Nguek Fluek
Smoking is something you defiantly do not need. Not only that you do not need, it is vital that you stop smoking cigarette trash right away. It is that habit that will damage your health and will ruin your young and fresh look. There is no better day than today to stop smoking and we [...] Read more
Category: Stop Smoking Tips
Smoking Cessation By Nguang Nguek Fluek
If you can not get motivated enough to stop smoking, think about the benefits of smoking cessation. Blood pressure, body temperature and pulse return to normal after 20 minutes from your last cigarette; within 8 hours the oxygen levels in the blood increases to normal and the carbon monoxide levels drop to normal. Also within [...] Read more
Category: Controlling The Urges
Reason To Stop Smoking By Nguang Nguek Fluek
Everybody knows that smoking is a nasty habit. The most ridiculous fact, however, is that even smokers do know how dangerous smoking is. If you are one of these people, trying to suicide themselves with cigarettes than it is about time to find a good reason to stop smoking. Here are three reasons to stop [...] Read more
Category: Controlling The Urges
Making Smart Decisions Can Help Quit Smoking By Nguang Nguek Fluek!
There are several ways to help quit smoking, but the first step to take is to make the decision to achieve the goal. Some people use medications such as nicotine patches while others use therapy or hypnosis to help quit smoking. It is generally a matter of what works for the individual, but I will [...] Read more
Category: Stop Smoking Tips
Quit Smoking Detox
Smoking is a persistent habit connected with your body and mind. That is why any cessation process should include a quit smoking detox therapy and behavior therapy. Smoking is an addiction similar to drugs or alcohol additions. While you have been smoking, your body got used to receiving regular doses of nicotine. Once you stop [...] Read more
Category: Stop Smoking Tips


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Halloween Costumes
Adult Costumes / Shop by Theme / 1980s Costumes / Discorama Mama Auburn Adult Wig
Discorama Mama Auburn Adult Wig
Item# 01033398
Take your costume to the max in this 70's Discorama Mama auburn wig!
- The Discorama Mama Auburn wig is a shoulder length 100% synthetic fiber wig.
All Reviews
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Beautiful & fun to wear
Comfortable, Fits Well, Fun, Great Color, Realistic
Best Uses:
Costume Party, Trick Or Treating
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Bottom Line:
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Comments about Discorama Mama Auburn Adult Wig:
this wig looks real and is comfortable to wear.
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LOVES PARK, Ill. (Saturday, August 13th, 2011) -- Mother Nature had her way today, raining down on the Rockford area and forcing the cancellation of tonight's racing program at the Rockford Speedway. Heavy cells of precipitation have occupied much of the vicinity throughout the afternoon and more inclement weather is expected this evening.
Racing fans don't have to wait long to whet their appetite for speed as the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series returns to the high banks of the legendary speed plant next Saturday night with a full slate of action. On tap are the Stanley Steemer NASCAR Late Models featuring a tense duel at the top of the standings between rivals Ryan Carlson and two-time division champ Jerry Gille as well as the tumultuous Budweiser American Short Trackers. The Mtn Dew RoadRunners will also be in action as well as the Illini Midgets plus the Sam's Drive-In RoadRunner Challenge featuring the Driver Bike Race.
Speedway Auto Mall presents Kid's Night as all children ages 11 and under receive FREE admission next Saturday night while students ages 12-17 cost just $8 and adult admission remains only $12. Qualifying is slated to get underway at 5:55pm with the green flag waving on all the racing action at 7:07pm sharp. Kids will be able to race their bikes on the speedway during the annual Kids Bike Races.
For more information on the Rockford Speedway, including the remaining 2011 schedule and a full points rundown, visit the track website at www.rockfordspeedway.com or contact the Speedway Box Office at (815)633-1500.
This article was posted to the website on August 13th, 2011
Click to view all related content in that category


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perfect cottages for staying in with friends, skiing was excellent and could ski from the door, all clean and tidy, and the people were all really helpful, ski hire was excellent and the skiing was really good, had lunch in the ski centre one day and it hit the spot perfectly
- Also Known As:
- Lapland Lake Nordic Vacation Hotel Northville
- Lapland Lake Nordic Vacation Hotel
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Lapland Lake Nordic Vacation Center offers a touch of Finland in New York's southern Adirondack Mountains! We offer lodging in cozy tupas (housekeeping cottages), a pristine non-motor lake with sandy beach for swimming, fishing, kayaking and canoeing along with scenic hiking and mountain biking. Visit in winter for the day or overnight to experience our award-winning cross country ski center. Our four-season woodland retreat has been proudly operated by former U.S. Olympian Olavi Hirvonen and his family since 1978. We offer year round lodging in ten immaculate tupas (housekeeping cottages) featuring living rooms, up to four bedrooms, fully equipped kitchens (refrigerator-freezer, range, microwave, toaster, electric coffee maker), baths with showers, screened porches, electric heat, wood stoves including all wood stove supplies, outdoor fire pit and BBQ. Our authentic Finnish wood-burning sauna is complimentary year round for overnight guests. Professional massage therapy is available. During the spring, summer and fall seasons overnight guests have access to our stunning 70-acre, motor-free lake with sandy beach. Woods Lake offers exceptional swimming, fishing, kayaking & canoeing with complimentary use of kayaks, canoes, rowboats and paddle boats. Our 30-mile of private hiking and mountain biking trails are available for our lodging guests' use. Our 3-mile self-guided nature trail is a delight for children and adults alike. In the winter months you are welcome to visit for the day or to lodge with us to experience our award-winning cross country ski center. 50km of scenic ski & snowshoe trails are surrounded by the pristine southern Adirondack Forest Preserve. Trails are available for all abilities, from beginner to expert. Lapland Lake offers meticulous snowcat grooming; well-trained, courteous staff; two-story warming lodge; full rental-retail shops; daily PSIA ski instruction; children's tubing; ice-skating and two food service locations. Tavataan ladulla! See you on the trails! Come join us to experience Adirondack Splendor and Finnish Hospitality! ... more less


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KOA, Good or Bad? |
KOA, Good or Bad? |
easyrider65_01 |
Sep 30 2004, 12:22 AM
Member Group: Members Posts: 28 Joined: 27-September 04 From: Here and There Member No.: 1652 |
I am relatively new to owning an RV and I was wondering if KOAs as a whole are nice or if it better to stay non-franchise cg s. I f have stayed a few KOAs and I get the feeling that KOA does not monitor the cgs that are not in the more tourist areas. I plan on doing a lot of traveling and KOA has a great website to locate a cg. I hope that my poor experiences have been the exception rather than the norm. So, as a whole are KOAs to be avoided or enjoyed ?
zipper1 |
Oct 7 2004, 05:53 PM
Newbie Group: Members Posts: 1 Joined: 6-September 04 Member No.: 1514 |
We've had mixed experiences with Koa's. We just stayed at a great one in Jackson Hole. Great staff,trees, Teton views & convenient location. We extended our stay to 4 nights from 2. Another nice one in Polson, Mt. They do tend to be a little overpriced even with the %10 discount. Mt. Home Idaho was mediocre.


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Side collision warning systems help to enhance safety by assisting the driver in avoiding collisions during lane changes and merge situations. These systems monitor blind spot areas along the sides of a commercial motor vehicle, detect stationary and moving objects in these areas, and provide warnings to drivers of possible collisions with vehicles traveling in an adjacent lane.
Eaton VORAD Blindspotter Side Collision Warning System
Side collision warning systems monitor the lanes adjacent to a vehicle to detect moving and stationary objects located within the side blind spots. These systems work at varying speeds, such as when a driver is navigating turns, merging into highway traffic, or making lane changes in congested highway traffic. Certain systems currently on the market can detect objects within a 120 degree field of view or a monitoring area of approximately 13 feet by 8 feet to the side of the vehicle. In addition, they may be integrated with other systems, such as forward collision warning systems. Currently available side collision warning systems utilize ultrasonic or radar detection technology. Ultrasonic technology or sonar (SOund Navigation And Ranging) determines the range of objects by emitting a transmitter pulse of ultrasonic energy. The emitter is a membrane that transforms mechanical energy into a chirp (inaudible sound wave) and sends it out toward the target area. When the sound wave encounters an object, the resultant echo is reflected back to the receiver circuit that is tuned to the frequency of the emitter. A sensor in the receiver measures how long it takes for the echo to return and converts this information into distance. It then transfers the data to a driver display unit. In one type of side collision warning system, this process is repeated 20 times each second. Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) technology is also used for side collision warning systems. Radar typically operates in the ultra-high-frequency or microwave range of the radio-frequency spectrum. These radio frequency waves are transmitted from the vehicle at defined intervals within a specific coverage area. If there is an object in the path of the radio wave, it will reflect some of the electromagnetic energy, and the radio wave, or echo, will bounce back to the radar device. Radio waves move through the air at a constant speed (the speed of light); therefore, the radar device can calculate how far away the object is based on how long it takes the radio signal to return. These echoes are sent to a signal processing unit within the vehicle and communicated as a warning on a driver display. Side collision warning systems provide visual and/or audible alerts to warn drivers when objects are detected. Some systems indicate the distance from a detected object on a digital display installed either in or on the dashboard. Other systems provide visual indicators or lights on the vehicle?s mirrors when an object is detected alongside the vehicle. Visual alerts can be used in combination with audible alerts that vary in tone and frequency as the vehicle moves closer to an object.
Side collision warning systems can provide an added measure of safety for turning, merging and lane changing maneuvers when a driver cannot see objects in the blind spots along the sides of his vehicle. If a vehicle is in the adjacent lane when a driver has begun a lane change or merge, then the driver may not be aware of the potential hazard. These systems can provide an advanced warning to allow additional time for a driver to react and avoid a collision. Side collision warning systems are a safety supplement to driver awareness. They are not intended to replace visual observations or mirrors and they do not take any automatic action to avoid a collision or to control the vehicle. Therefore, drivers remain responsible for driving safely.
Operations and Benefits
Side collision warning systems are activated when the vehicle?s ignition system is on. They provide continuous monitoring of blind spot areas along the sides the vehicle. When these systems are activated, they basically operate ?hands-free,? leaving the driver free to focus his attention on safely operating the vehicle. Commercial motor vehicle drivers operate their vehicles in a wide range of environmental conditions that can temporarily limit their vision. Side collision warning systems provide advanced warning of objects within the vehicle?s path in turns, traffic merges, and lane changes and in low visibility situations. These warnings give drivers more time to respond appropriately to detected objects and avoid crashes. In particular, side collision warning systems aid in reducing crashes associated with blind spots along the sides of commercial motor vehicles. Although many kinds of fleets could benefit from using side collision warning systems, two types of fleets appear to benefit the most by their use. These are those whose trucks have accumulated high mileage over their operational life and those whose operating conditions present driving challenges such as nighttime or limited visibility due to adverse weather conditions.
Side collision warning systems range in cost from approximately $760 to $2,000, depending upon the type of system purchased, installation costs, and possible integration with other collision warning systems.
The information provided in these guides about products and services available from private entities does not constitute an endorsement by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) of the views expressed by any non-Federal entity, or its products or services. FMCSA is publishing lists of vendors on this site solely in an effort to further public awareness of vendors identified as possible contacts for further information and possible purchase of different types of safety and security equipment. The list of vendors is not a complete list. The information in these product guides is disseminated by FMCSA in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use of these guides. These guides do not constitute standards, specifications, or regulations, and FMCSA provides no assurance that the listed vendors and their products and services meet applicable standards, specifications, or regulations. Links to Web sites outside the U.S. Government or the use of trade, firm, or corporation names within FMCSA's Web site are solely for the convenience of the user. Users who select a link to a non-government Web site leave the FMCSA Web site, and are subject to the privacy and security policies of the owners/sponsors of those Web sites. FMCSA does not control or guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of information on a linked non-Government Web site. FMCSA cannot authorize the use of copyrighted materials contained in linked Web sites. Users must request such authorization from the sponsor of the linked Web site. FMCSA is not responsible for transmissions users receive from linked Web sites. FMCSA does not guarantee that outside Web sites comply with Section 508 (Accessibility Requirements) of the Rehabilitation Act.


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14th of March 2005 (Mon) | #1 |
Join Date: Feb 2005
Location: Sydney, Canada
Posts: 219
Wedding equipment.
What is the ideal gear for doing weddings? I have been told I should start doing them, and people keep pressuring me...
I now own the 300D, the 50mm 1.8 and the kit lens - 18-55? I'm picking up the 580 flash...and have been told the 17-85 lens would be the best... What are your opinions? Any helpful information would be great...hopefully get a few gigs then get into the 1D! |
sponsored links |
14th of March 2005 (Mon) | #2 |
Ms. Moderator
Re: Wedding equipment.
I'm using the Tamron 28-75/2.8, the 50mm/1.4 and the 75-300 mm, plus whatever I can pilfer off my hubby's stash.
Life is hard...but I just take it one photograph at a time. 5DIII Canon Lenses: 50/1.4, 85/1.2 135/2.0, 300/f4, 24-70! Pro1 |
14th of March 2005 (Mon) | #3 |
Cream of the Crop
Join Date: Nov 2002
Location: California
Posts: 9,462
Re: Wedding equipment.
You can do the job with that camera. I recommend a few things.
First, you want an external -EX flash unit. Something like 580EX, 550EX, 420EX, or something completely compatible. The flash unit should be on a flash bracket, which is basically a handle to hold both the camera and the flash. You'll need the correct off-camera shoe cord to connect the camera to the flash. Lenses? In general, you'll use a lens with an effective focal length of 50-75mm (figure in the 1.6 factor). For large family group shots, you'll need something wider than that, like 28mm. I had to shoot some really large groups at a wedding, and I had to go to 20mm for that, so you have to find out in advance how large the groups will be. Once in a while, I will use a long lens for candid shots at the wedding reception. So, something more like 150-200mm works there. ---Bob Gross--- |
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