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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Strategy for the internalisation of external costs {SEC(2008) 2207} {SEC(2008) 2208} {SEC(2008) 2209}
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[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |
Brussels, 8.7.2008
COM(2008) 435 final
Strategy for the internalisation of external costs {SEC(2008) 2207}{SEC(2008) 2208}{SEC(2008) 2209}
Strategy for the internalisation of external costs
The internalisation of external costs is part of a package of initiatives intended to make transport more sustainable. Today, it is vital for the transport sector to contribute to the Commission's key priorities of sustainable development and maintaining competitiveness in Europe.
In 2006, the legislature asked the Commission to draw up "a generally applicable, transparent and comprehensible model" for the assessment of external costs.
" No later than 10 June 2008, the Commission shall present, after examining all options including environment, noise, congestion and health-related costs, a generally applicable, transparent and comprehensible model for the assessment of all external costs to serve as the basis for future calculations of infrastructure charges . This model shall be accompanied by an impact analysis of the internalisation of external costs for all modes of transport and a strategy for a stepwise implementation of the model for all modes of transport.
The report and the model shall be accompanied, if appropriate, by proposals to the European Parliament and the Council for further revision of this Directive " (Directive 2006/38/EC).
This kind of project is nothing new. For a number of years, the European Commission has been highlighting the need for a transport pricing system that is more efficient and more accurately reflects the true costs involved [1]. Transport generates negative externalities that involve a cost to society and the economy. By internalising those external costs, the intention is to give the right price signal, so that users will bear the costs they create and will thus have an incentive to change their behaviour in order to reduce those costs.
The European Union must take action. The impact assessment[2] indicates that, if nothing is done in the next few years, the environmental costs (air pollution, CO2 emissions) could reach €210 billion by 2020. Individuals and businesses would also face congestion on more than a quarter of Europe's roads.
2.1. Taking into account the costs generated by transport
Transport users have to pay costs that are directly related to the use of their mode of transport (fuel, insurance, etc.). Such costs are considered private in the sense that they are paid directly by the user. However, transport users also generate negative externalities that involve a cost to society, such as delays to other drivers as a result of congestion, health problems caused by noise and air pollution and, in the longer term, the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change, but users do not bear those costs directly ( external costs). Such costs are real, even if they do not always have an explicit market value: expenditure on police and infrastructure management, hospital charges, public health spending and loss of quality of life. They are generally borne by the State and its citizens. The sum of the private and external costs of transport gives its social cost. Only a price based on the total social costs generated by the transport user will help give the right price signal and take account of the services used and the consumption of scarce resources.
However, for that price signal to be effective, the transport user must be price sensitive. Sometimes this is not possible for specific reasons, such as the lack of credible alternatives, insufficient competition with regard to a particular mode of transport, insufficient incentive to innovate and switch to clean vehicles, etc. Internalisation is a necessary step in itself, but it must be accompanied by other measures intended to create greater elasticity of demand, i.e. greater sensitivity to price variations, to make the supply of certain services more attractive or to speed up technological innovation. In order to reduce the external costs, we therefore need a strategy that includes various other elements in addition to internalisation, elements such as providing infrastructure, encouraging technological innovation, competition policy, legislation and setting standards.
2.2. Choosing the right economic instrument for each external cost
In practice, the main economic instruments for internalising external costs are taxation, tolls (or user charges) and, in certain circumstances[3], emissions trading. They are already applied to varying extents depending on the mode of transport and the costs involved. The impact assessment on the internalisation of external costs[4] examines the existing situation for each mode of transport with regard to tolls, taxation and emission rights.
Each external cost has specific characteristics which require the use of the appropriate instruments. Some external costs relate to the use of infrastructure and vary according to time and place. This is the case for congestion, air pollution, noise and accidents, all of which are highly localised and vary depending on the time, place and type of network. The use of differentiated charging is the best way of taking those variations into account. Why should users have to pay the same regardless of whether they travel at peak times or at the recommended times, take congested routes or find an alternative way of getting to their destination? And why should a "clean" vehicle incur the same charge as a noisier vehicle that produces more pollution?
Climate change, on the other hand, has no such local dimension. Emissions of greenhouse gases in general and CO2 in particular do not vary according to time or place but are linked to fuel consumption. It is therefore not necessary to apply differentiated charges. Rather, it would be more appropriate to use an instrument directly linked to that consumption, such as a fuel tax or even a CO2 emissions trading system.
2.3. Ensuring that the internal market continues to function properly
Safeguarding the internal market is one of the European Union's basic principles. We must therefore avoid overcharging, as this could hamper freedom of movement and, because of its effect on through traffic, would be detrimental to other regions. Consequently, the principles governing internalisation must be laid down at European level in order to prevent fragmentation of the market. At the same time, the local character of some external costs must be recognised, and it is important to strike the right balance between a Community-level approach and a more local approach.
Setting common principles for all Member States should prevent any discrimination and ensure market transparency. The proposed common methodology will ensure that charges are not disproportionate to the existing external costs. Lastly, setting up a monitoring system will make the process clear and effective for all concerned.
Giving transport users the right signals involves setting prices that do not lead to overexploitation of resources, but do not damage the transport sector, or ultimately the economy, either. According to economics literature, "social marginal cost charging" achieves that balance. It is therefore being proposed as the general principle for internalisation .
According to this approach, transport prices should correspond to the additional short-term cost created by one extra person using the infrastructure. In theory, this additional cost should include the costs to the user and the external costs. Social marginal cost charging would therefore lead to efficient use of the existing infrastructure. Furthermore, as users would pay for the additional costs they generate for society, it would also help ensure fair treatment of both transport users and non-users and would create a direct link between the use of shared resources and payment on the basis of the "polluter pays" and "user pays" principles. This approach is only possible if the "polluter" does not benefit from any compensation that would cancel out the possible effects of internalisation.
Nevertheless, marginal costs vary according to time and place and, in practice, it is difficult to judge their exact level. A certain degree of simplification is therefore inevitable. In general, the marginal costs can be said to correspond to the average of the variable costs.
In some cases, the marginal cost approach may have certain limitations. It does not necessarily make it possible to include infrastructure costs, as is the case where fixed costs are high or traffic density is low. If necessary, it may be combined with other approaches to make sure that infrastructure is funded according to the "user pays" principle and external costs are internalised according to the "polluter pays" principle. This could also help ensure fair treatment for transport users and society as a whole. Furthermore, for some costs, such as those relating to noise, the method for estimating the marginal costs is very complex, and a pragmatic approach based on the average cost may be more feasible (see technical annex[5]).
The technical annex contains a proposal to create a common framework for calculating the external costs of congestion, air pollution, noise and climate change by establishing common principles and a common methodology. Accidents are not explicitly dealt with in this document (see Figure 2 in the technical annex). The external costs of accidents should be internalised using mechanisms that are capable of taking high-risk behaviour (speed, drink-driving) into account and giving people an incentive to change that behaviour. Insurance premiums already meet this requirement by taking the driver's risk profile into account, for example through the bonus/malus system, but premiums are based on the cost of the damage, which does not usually cover all the costs involved. Although the consultation process showed that there is support for passing costs on through insurance premiums, any such initiative would have to take account of the existing differences between Member States and would need more in-depth analysis, particularly with regard to issues such as subsidiarity. At present, this process is not sufficiently advanced to be able to put forward a proposal for an initiative at European level.
Even if it is possible to establish a general principle for internalisation (social marginal cost charging) and a methodology for quantifying externalities, it is difficult to imagine an internalisation mechanism that would be generally applicable to all forms of transport, as these involve different technologies, different numbers of operators, existing legal and regulatory frameworks, etc. The same principle should be applied using different instruments.
The EU is not starting from scratch. It has already adopted measures to enable the internalisation of external costs and to help reduce negative externalities. Harmonisation of energy taxation in 2003 was an important step forward. It is scheduled for review in 2008, and the intention is to give greater consideration to CO2 emissions. The recent proposal to include the aviation industry in the emissions trading system by 2011 is another crucial stage in the transport sector's contribution to combating climate change.
Based on the results of the impact assessment, it will be possible to adapt the overall strategy to the characteristics of each mode of transport and thus take another step forward.
4.1. Making internalisation possible in the road haulage sector
The road haulage sector accounts for three quarters of freight transport, and internalising the external costs could help cut the cost to the environment by some €1 billion in comparison with the reference scenario in which no action is taken. Moreover, reducing congestion also reduces the time spent in traffic jams and could help make value-added chains more efficient. The Commission is therefore proposing to make it possible to internalise some of the external costs in the road haulage sector.
4.1.1. "Green" and "intelligent" charges: revision of Directive 1999/62/EC (June 2008)
The 1999 Directive on the charging of heavy goods vehicles precludes incorporating any of the external costs when calculating tolls. It was amended in 2006 to allow different tariffs to be applied depending on vehicles' environmental characteristics. However, with the exception of mountainous regions, and then only in certain circumstances, toll revenues may not exceed infrastructure costs. This is the case even in more congested regions or regions with higher levels of pollution.
The impact assessment looked at various ways of internalising external costs. The results show to what extent charges for air pollution, noise pollution and congestion would contribute to reducing external costs without having a disproportionately negative impact on the economy. Time savings as a result of reduced congestion would make a positive contribution towards improving economic efficiency and significantly reducing CO2 emissions.
The Commission is therefore proposing to revise Directive 1999/62/EC in order to allow charges to include external costs. The revision process will focus primarily on the following areas: (1) taking account of the external costs of air pollution, noise pollution and congestion, (2) setting up Community coordination mechanisms with a common methodology and ceilings for the calculation of charges and (3) allocating revenue to the transport sector. This approach is backed up by the results of the public consultation. To be effective, tolls should vary depending on the vehicle concerned, the type of route and the time. Furthermore, payments should be made via electronic toll systems in order to prevent tailbacks at the toll booths.
4.1.2. Promoting internalisation through the use of technology (autumn 2008)
The Intelligent Transport System Action Plan, to be proposed in autumn 2008, is intended to increase the use of technology. The Commission is to adopt Decisions to implement interoperability of electronic toll systems, as provided for in Directive 2004/52/EC, thus ensuring full interoperability of electronic toll systems within three years of the adoption of Decisions relating to the definition of the European Electronic Toll Service.
4.2. Encouraging more sustainable car use (autumn 2008)
Private cars should not be left out of this initiative. The charging principles proposed here could usefully be extended to private cars. For reasons of subsidiarity, Member States retain the freedom to choose whether to do so or not.
The Urban Mobility Action Plan, to be proposed in autumn 2008, will also look at how to improve mobility in urban centres and will consider the added value of Community action. It follows a wide-ranging debate initiated by the publication of a Green Paper on urban transport[6]. Best practices with regard to charging will be identified by passing on the various experiences gained with charging systems in European cities and setting up a discussion platform. Furthermore, developing harmonised criteria for urban traffic restrictions and promoting technological interoperability could help harmonise strategies for the internalisation of external costs in urban areas across Europe.
Lastly, a proposal[7] on the taxation of private cars is currently under discussion in the Council. This proposal provides for the restructuring of existing taxes in order to take CO2 emissions into account. The Commission's proposal includes three key measures: abolishing the registration tax, setting up a system for refunding it and restructuring the tax base for the registration tax and the annual road tax to establish a full or partial link with CO2 emissions.
4.3. Towards internalising external costs for other modes of transport
The European Union should not stop there. Other modes of transport also have their part to play in improving people's quality of life, and each one presents specific challenges: noise pollution for rail transport, air pollution and climate change for maritime transport and noise pollution, air pollution and climate change for air transport. Internalising the external costs will also make it possible to use the most suitable instruments to encourage users to adopt more sustainable behaviour.
The impact assessment also looked at the various options for internalising external costs for these modes of transport. The policy options examined envisaged internalising environmental costs (air pollution and noise) and costs linked to climate change, which would have a positive effect on reducing negative externalities.
4.3.1. Rail transport (2008)
Directive 2001/14/EC allows internalisation of external costs. However, if it would lead to an increase in the revenue accruing to the infrastructure manager, the Directive allows internalisation only if there is an equivalent increase for competing modes of transport. Revising Directive 1999/62/EC will therefore make it possible to internalise external costs in the road transport sector, which is in competition with rail transport.
Noise pollution remains a major challenge for rail transport. When it publishes this Communication, the Commission will also publish a Communication on incentives for reducing noise levels and may propose legislation in this area by the end of 2008 when reviewing the first railway package.
4.3.2. Air transport (late 2008)
Air transport is already making a contribution to this programme. As emissions from air transport are increasing particularly rapidly, the Commission put forward a proposal on 20 December 2006 to include CO2 emissions from the aviation sector in the European Union Emissions Trading System (ETS). Consequently, from 2011 or 2012, aircraft operators will be required to surrender allowances to cover their emissions according to the "polluter pays" principle. The draft Directive applies not only to intra-Community flights but also to all other flights arriving at or departing from an EU airport. It caps emissions at 100% of the levels obtained during the 2004-06 reference period.
The Commission is aware that the aviation industry's impact on climate change is not just limited to its CO2 emissions and has already announced that it intends to deal with emissions of other greenhouse gases, particularly nitrogen oxide (NOx). The Commission is therefore drawing up another proposal, to be submitted by the end of 2008, with the aim of reducing NOx emissions.
Lastly, on 24 January 2007, the Commission put forward a proposal for a Directive on airport charges. Both the Council and the Parliament welcomed the proposal. The suggested amendments relate to the inclusion of differentiated charging on the basis of environmental damage.
4.3.3. Maritime transport (2009)
Over the last few years, the growth of the maritime transport sector has led to an increase in its CO2 emissions. In its conclusions, the March 2007 European Council proposed taking action to address emissions from international maritime transport. The Commission wishes to include the maritime sector in the post-2012 agreement on preventing climate change and would also like the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to develop a series of measures over the course of 2009 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, if the IMO does not make sufficient progress, the Commission will suggest taking action at European level, with one of the possible options being to include the maritime sector in the EU Emissions Trading System.
4.3.4. Inland waterways
The NAIADES Communication envisaged internalising external costs for all modes of transport by 2013. It pointed out that this could revitalise inland waterway transport and would make it possible to fund infrastructure development projects in the sector. The impact assessment shows that inland waterways would benefit from this kind of approach and, depending on their energy efficiency in terms of tonnes per kilometre, could benefit from a true intermodal transport policy.
4.4. Using the revenue generated by internalisation to make transport sustainable
The use to which the revenue generated by internalisation is put should take account of the benefits that international traffic has for the Community. In many cases, it is international traffic that generates the revenue. International road transport accounts for almost a quarter of all road transport in Europe, with that figure rising above 50% in seven Member States (and even reaching 74% in Belgium, 76% in Luxembourg and 85% in Estonia). If this revenue is not earmarked for transport, Member States might use the revenue generated by internalisation to pursue their own interests without considering the advantages of sustainable mobility at Community level.
To make transport sustainable, there is a considerable need for research, innovation, investment in more environmentally friendly infrastructure, development of public transport, etc. The list is long and requires sustained effort on the part of Member States. Moreover, substantial funding is needed in order to develop trans-European networks, in particular for those projects to which the EU has given priority. The revenue generated by internalisation should also be earmarked for the transport sector and the reduction of external costs, always on the basis of cost-benefit studies or similar analyses which guarantee that the chosen uses maximise the net benefits to society. The proposed revision of Directive 1999/62/EC envisages just such an approach.
The Commission is encouraging Member States to use the proposed common framework. A legislative proposal on road transport is being put forward as part of this package of initiatives.
The Commission will carry out an evaluation of these measures in 2013 and draw up a report on the progress made towards internalising external costs. The evaluation of external costs will be updated to take account of research and scientific work in the field. If necessary and depending on how much progress has been made, other external costs such as those relating to biodiversity, nature and the countryside or land use may be included in the analysis.
[1] The fact that only some of the costs arising from the use of transport infrastructure are passed on to users and, in particular, the uneven distribution of that burden were discussed in the Commission's 1995 Green Paper Towards fair and efficient pricing in transport , its 1998 White Paper Fair payment for infrastructure use: A phased approach to a common transport infrastructure charging framework in the EU and its White Paper European Transport Policy for 2010: time to decide , which was adopted in September 2001. The subject was raised again during the mid-term review of European Transport Policy for 2010: time to decide , which took place in 2006. It was then that the Commission undertook to propose a methodology for infrastructure charging based on the Road Charging Directive.
[2] Impact assessment on the internalisation of external costs (SEC(2008) 2208).
[3] Under Directive 2003/87/EC, Member States are to allocate at least 90% of CO2 allowances free of charge. For emissions permits to internalise external costs, the granting authorities must sell them at a price that is, for example, equal to those external costs. In January 2008, the Commission put forward a proposal (COM(2008) 16) to set up an auction system that would make it possible to reflect the "polluter pays" principle. The system is to be introduced gradually, and at least two thirds of all allowances are expected to be sold by auction by 2013.
[6] Green Paper 8TUVtuv Towards a new culture for urban mobility , September 2007 (available at http://ec.europa.eu/transport/clean/green_paper_urban_transport/index_en.htm).
[7] Proposal for a Council Directive on passenger car related taxes (COM(2005) 261).
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When I first joined this site it was dark, gloomy and pretty intense. Now it's all bright and seems to happy. I haven't posted for a while bcz I've been busy but damn!!
What Happenned to the site?
What Happenned to the site?
Re: What Happenned to the site?
decayingsinner on Monday, October 20, 2008 - 9:05pmYea, I hate this new layout. Does not seem user friendly and is way to bright.
mister scary man on Saturday, October 25, 2008 - 11:59pmhow do you get your friends on your list back... i havent been on in a while and all my friends are gone.
Re: What Happenned to the site?
leelee_666 on Thursday, October 30, 2008 - 3:53amthought i was the only 1. wen i came back i was like wat the hek. i couldnt even use my old pro i had 2 reg. again. so not user friendly. to bright. hope they bring bac the darkness and gloom.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Men's College Basketball-Iowa at Michigan State, 5:30 p.m. (Big 10 Network); Connecticut at West Virginia, 6 p.m. (ESPN); North Carolina at Florida State, 6 p.m. (ESPN2); Maryland at Miami, 6 p.m. (ESPNU); Minnesota at Northwestern, 7:30 p.m. (Big 10 Network); Clemson at Duke, 8 p.m. (ESPN); Texas A&M at Kansas, 8 p.m. (ESPN2); Pittsburgh at South Florida, 8 p.m. (ESPNU); Utah State at New Mexico State, 10 p.m. (ESPN2)
NHL Hockey-Pittsburgh Penguins at Toronto Maple Leafs, 6 p.m. (VERSUS)
NBA Basketball-Minnesota Timberwolves at Detroit Pistons, 6:30 p.m. (FXSP)
Northern Sun Intercollegiate
Conference Tournament
First Round
No. 7 Minnesota State, Moorhead at No. 2 Northern State, 7 p.m.
No. 8 Minnesota-Crookston at No. 1 Wayne State, 7 p.m.
No. 6 Minnesota-Duluth at No. 3 Concordia-St. Paul, 6 p.m.
No. 5 Augustana at No. 4 Winona State, 7 p.m.
Northern Sun Intercollegiate
Conference Tournament
First Round
No. 8 Wayne State at No. 1 Minnesota State, Mankato, 7 p.m.
No. 7 Minnesota State, Moorhead at No. 2 Mary, 7 p.m.
No. 6 St. Cloud State at No. 3 Augustana, 7 p.m.


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Adelaide Maudsley
Adelaide Maudsley is a partner in the Special Litigation, Bankruptcy and Workouts department of Chapman and Cutler LLP and practices in the firm's Salt Lake City office. Prior to joining Chapman and Cutler, Ms. Maudsley was an associate at LeBoeuf, Lamb Greene & MacRae LLP (now Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP) and Mabey & Murray LC in Salt Lake City. She has assisted in the representation of debtors, creditors' committees, indenture trustees, secured creditors, insurers, equipment lessors, and preference defendants in bankruptcy, state and federal court litigation, receivership and workout proceedings. Ms. Maudsley focuses her practice on corporate bankruptcy and commercial litigation. Ms. Maudsley clerked for the Honorable Nancy C. Dreher, bankruptcy judge for the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Minnesota and member for the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Eighth Circuit. Ms. Maudsley was selected by her peers as one of Utah's Legal Elite in the area of corporate bankruptcy in the January 2011 issue of Utah Business Magazine.
Ms. Maudsley is a proud alum of the S.J. Quinney College of Law, Class of 2000, where she received her J.D. with summa cum laude honors. She was admitted to the Utah State Bar in 2000 and the Utah Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in 2001. Ms. Maudsley teaches Bankruptcy Survey.


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Vermont Castings 3 Burner Insulated Jacket
Item#: HN-NED057Sale Price:
- Place your Vermont Castings 3-burner grill in an island
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Blue Fade 20oz Water Bottle
- Volume:
- 20 oz
- Weight:
- 132 grams
- Height:
- 9 inches
- Diameter:
- 2.95 inches
Inspired by the blue of the icy streams dotting some of Colorado's most popular mountain biking trails, the Blue Fade Polar Bottle Insulated Sport Water Bottle promises to take you and your water to a new level of cool.
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Oh! Edo Rocket
Hijack the You-Know-What!
Episode 24.0 | TV-MA
The Row House gang gets ready to party as the final piece of the rocket is put in place! Unfortunately, the Blue Beast rears its ugly head and prematurely ignites Seikichi's greatest achievement!
Dub Expires: 02-28-2014
Official Site: www.funimation.com/shows/oh-edo-rocket/anime
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On Saturday afternoon, literary legend John Barth received the key to the city and was honored with a historic marker in Cambridge, where he was born and raised.
During a ceremony—attended by hundreds of friends, family, and well-wishers—on the lawn of the Dorchester County Public Library, Barth gave thanks for "the library, the library, the library," where he "feasted on Hardy Boys, Tom Swift, and Tarzan novels" as a youngster.
He also noted that "Cambridge, the rivershore, and the great down county salt marshes were my life's coordinates from birth through high school through college and my first efforts as a writer of fiction, and they remain as touchstones of my imagination."
Baltimore's Carl Grubbs played solo saxophone before and after the program, and Barth, a jazz fan, was duly impressed. After Grubbs finished, Barth was seen trading him an autographed copy of The Floating Opera for a signed copy of Grubbs's latest CD, Maryland Traditions in Jazz.


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Master of Science in Information Systems Management
Faculty Profiles
Full-time Faculty
Dr. Jan W. Buzydlowski
Dr. Jan W. Buzydlowski's research interests are that of data storage,
data analysis, and the chasm in between them. He worked as a biostatistician
involved with cancer research for a number of years, producing a number of
papers on best treatments, as well as issues involved with clinical information
systems. His other research interests and numerous publications are in
extracting information from within text and documents, as well as data and
information visualizations. He has taught mathematics, computer science,
and information systems for the past thirty years and is happy to be home at
his alma mater, Holy Family University, where he received his bachelor's
degree in mathematics. Dr. Buzydlowski also holds master's
degrees in computer science education from Arcadia University, as well as in
statistics from Temple University. He earned his doctorate in information
science and technology from Drexel University. He is a member of the
ACM and IEEE and is currently vice-chair of the Princeton Joint Professional
Chapter, ACM and IEEE Computer Society.
Part-time Faculty
Thomas A. Cinti
Mr. Cinti is currently Senior Assistant Regional Counsel in the Office of Regional
Counsel for the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region III,
where he focuses on complex Superfund litigation. He also serves as the Office
of Regional Counsel's contact for bankruptcy matters as well as the reuse
of contaminated properties and the Region's application of EPA's
Brownfields policies. Mr. Cinti has also been named as a guest lecturer
at Southern Methodist University's Center for Dispute Resolution and
Conflict Management, where he teaches negotiations as well as alternative dispute
resolution in public policy matters.
Prior to joining the EPA, Mr. Cinti practiced environmental law in New Jersey in the private sector. He received a Bachelor of Science degree, Summa Cum Laude, from the University of Scranton, a Master of Science in environmental health sciences from Harvard University's School of Public Health, and a law degree with honors and Order of the Coif from Rutgers School of Law-Newark. He is currently a member of the bars of the State of New Jersey, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, and the United States Third Circuit Court of Appeals.
Gregory Lucidi
Gregory Lucidi graduated summa cum laude from Holy Family University
with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Computer Management Information Systems. He
also earned a Master of Science Degree in Information Systems Management from
Holy Family. Gregory has served as an adjunct faculty member at the University
since 2006 and has taught classes in both the undergraduate
and graduate programs in the University's School of Business Administration.
Gregory began his career in NJ state government in 1985 with the Department
of Commerce where he worked in their budget, fiscal and information systems
units. In 1993 he transferred to the Department of Law and Public Safety,
Division of Law where he served as their computer operations manager. In
2009 he transferred to the NJ Office of the Attorney General within the Department
of Law and Public Safety where he now serves as the Department's Deputy
Director of Information Technology. In his position as Deputy Director,
he is responsible for the management and implementation of leading-edge technologies
as well as managerial oversight for the day-to-day operations of Department's
Division of Law. In addition to his full time position, Gregory has worked
part time since 1991 and continues to serve as the parish bookkeeper for St.
Joseph the Worker Catholic Church in Fallsington PA.
John J. Pardini Jr.
John J. Pardini Jr. holds a Master of Science degree
in Information Systems Management from Holy Family University and a Bachelor
of Arts degree in Science and Mathematics from Thomas Edison State College.
Pardini serves as Dean of Collegiate Services at Salem Community College in
Carneys Point, New Jersey, managing the institutional staff and College resources
to meet SCC's strategic priorities of supporting growing infrastructure
needs, enhancing services for students, and integrating continuous
assessment. Pardini brings over 15 years of technical and digital forensics
experience in information technology, specializing in managing business projects
in the Energy and Healthcare sectors.


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Delta's 5-11 middle blocker Haley Millard goes high for a kill attempt against Summit last Saturday. Millard, a junior, had some solid hits in a losing cause. Summit won the 4A WSL contest with scores of 25-21, 25-11, and 25-23. The 2013 volleyball season has truly been an up-and-down year so far. Unfortunately, the downs have a majority result, leaving the Lady Panthers with a 3-9 overall mark and 1-4 in 4A WSL play.
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Inattention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Inattention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Inattention related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is having a shorter-than-expected attention span based on a person's age. People with symptoms of inattention often have problems with:
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http://www.amazon.com/TomTom-4-3-...B003B3P2BA |
For the uninformed, lifetime traffic means for the lifetime of the unit as determined by Tomtom. That doesn't mean that in 10 years you can expect freem map updates.
Also, Mazda now puts Tomtom gps units in their vehicles. If you've ever owned a Mazda with gps, you can appreciate why this is a good thing. My wife has a CX 9 and the gps is horrendous. And a DVD update costs $200. Last edited by Deadwing; 02-03-2013 at 07:15 AM.. Reason: . |
Some confusion on exactly what model the Walmart one is and if it does include lifetime maps & traffic. This is concerning the 4.3 in one, not the 5 in that is the subject of this thread. |
Hope that TomTom has improved their map/directions since I last used it ~3+ years ago. Traveling from NJ to Long Island TomTom would try to route me *through midtown Manhattan*. Something like "Lincoln Tunnel, across Manhattan, down a few blocks, and through the Queens Midtown tunnel to the LIE". It was utterly ridiculous, and Google Maps knew better than to do that, but for some reason my TomTom had no concept of "horrible NYC traffic".
Now I just use Android's Nav. |
Does anyone know if Tomtom's have a "avoid/prefer highways" setting? I had this on a old no name GPS and loved it. My current Garmin does not have this feature and I can't understand why. If I'm on the west side of a major city and want to get to the east side, it will route me through downtown, 100 traffic lights, traffic, 50 turns, small alleys, when I could just take the major highway around and be 10 times faster with less hassle. I live near a highway, and sometimes if I want to get to a place near me, it will take me out of the way onto the highway to get somewhere that going direct would be way faster. Either way, I miss that option for such a setting and having a little control over the route. If Tomtom has hat, I would jump.
I was one of the ones that discounted using a phone for GPS vs. getting stand alone GPS so I have a Garmin that works great. But my 13 year old has a HTC EVO 4G that he is using as an Android player and it has turn by turn directions without cell service. 4.7 inch screen. If you have a current or even older smart phone laying around, you may not actually need this. Especially if you are using it only it only occasionally.
Last edited by clearanceman; 02-03-2013 at 07:36 AM.. Reason: Automerged Doublepost |
Do any of these allow, "route through" so that if I don't like the route (like down the east coast I95 rather than I79) I can just pick Pittsburg and tap "route through"?
My 14 year old Pocket PC using Mapopolis (out of business long ago) lets me do that. So I haven't upgraded. The roads haven't changed that much. |
Yeah, I had an old Navman that had this and my wife liked the routings it took. None of the Garmins seem to have this and I too am curious if TomTom or Magellan (or anyone for that matter) have the option to prefer highways.
If say a Ipad get price mistaked from $500 to $200. And word gets around to SD and there like 5000+ orders. do you REALLY expect your order to go through... ESPECIALLY if you are one of those dirtbags that order 20+ to flip on ebay. as a smaller merchant, if say 20 orders and each one is like one or two pieces I would let it go through on good will but not when there is a SD effect on it and I have to shipp out 10k pieces at a loss to each... =================================
My days as a sales person @ bestbuy Customer: This stupid phone I bought last week won't work right Me: So it's the phone thats stupid and not you right? Customer: I'm looking for an easy way to access my media files with my laptop when I'm in the yard. Me: Sports Authority is having a sale on walking shoes. |
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TomTom Start 50M 5" GPS with Lifetime Map Updates $60 + Free In-Store Pick Up | powerfuldoppler | Hot Deals | 13 | 01-27-2013 05:01 AM |
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An online poll indicates that people have mixed feelings when it comes to the taste and odor of their local public water.
According to Water Tech Online, the largest group of respondents—about 35%—rated their drinking water as "excellent." However, the next-largest group in the poll (29%) proclaimed their water to be "poor."
Between the two ends of the spectrum, a little more than a third of the people answering the question, "How would you rate the taste and odor of the drinking water in your local public water system (or the public system nearest you)?" said their water smelled and tasted "good" (14%) or "fair" (20%). The remaining 2% had no opinion.
For more information and to view poll results, visit www.watertechonline.com.
A manufacturer of AWWA-C-303 bar-wrapped concrete cylinder pipe is giving municipal...
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Constituent Relations
One of PW's most popular polls: Do you think government-sponsored Facebook pages are...
A new process developed by scientists from the University of Aberdeen uses the...
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Please click HERE to read a story from The Times on Metro Recycling in Griffith.
Please click HERE to read an article from the Indiana University Northwest Times about Police Chief Greg Mance.
Please click HERE to read a story from The Times on the Griffith Police K-9 program being 1 year old.
Emergencies: 911 Non-Emergency: Police: 219-924-3141 Fire: 219-924-3151
Griffith Police Station: 115 North Broad Street Griffith, IN 46319 Phone: 219-924-7503Fax: 219-922-3076
The picture below will flash during an Amber Alert. Click on the picture for more information.
Click here for Silver Alert Indiana


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Summer Reading Program
Little Listeners at the Library - Cantus, vocal ensemble - nine male vocalists will take children on a trip around the world with delightful songs from different lands and cultures. Program registration and activities at 1pm. Entertainment at 2pm
What |
When |
July 17, 2012 from 1:00 PM to 1:00 PM |
Where | vRD Program room in Lionshead Welcome Center |
Add event to calendar |
vCal iCal |
Follow this link to read more about the Bravo! Little Listener programs
Dream Big - Read!
This FREE weekly event is for children from Kindergarten through 5th grade.
Each week's Summer Reading Program event features a different exciting guest, including a magician, an astronomer, musicians, and others. Younger siblings may join us for the entertainment portion in the company of a responsible adult.
Call 970-479-2187 for more information and/or directions.


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FunFresh Foods Organic Blue Agave Nectar -- 16 fl oz
Great Tasting
This syrup is great tasting. It's not as sweet tasting as regular syrup and has way less carbs. It's delicious on waffles and pancakes. Also great for sweetening tea. This can be used on anything you put syrup on.
August 20, 2012
1-1 of 1


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Licorice Self-Adhesive Edgers! These 12" black self-adhesive edgers by Queen& Co. come three to a color pack and make the perfect embellishment to any project. Use them in card making, scrapbooking, tags, and banners! Each pack contains three 12" designs: 1 chevron pennant 1 1/2" wide and 2 scalloped borders each 1" wide. They're even a perfect match for the Stylish Stix, also by Queen & Co.
Part number: 4006845 We are sorry, but this item is no longer available.
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Lab-in-a-Box Package
The ARM University Program and Samsung offer everything you need to teach an ARM/Samsung-based Graphics Processing Course. If you are interested in adopting these materials in your course, click on the Request Donation button above!
Development Board |
Software Tools |
Teaching Material |
Development Boards
Introducing the Samsung Origen Low Cost Development Board, based on the Samsung Exynos 4210 Processor.
The low-cost origenboard development platform is a high performance solution for development of content for the high end devices. The platform is based on the Samsung Exynos 4210 applications processor featuring a dual core Cortex-A9 CPU in addition to a Mali-400 MP4 GPU to accelerate 2D and 3D graphics.
The SoC on this board is featured in Samsung's award winning Galaxy S2 handset and is capable of 1080p video encode and decode and features a host of peripherals. The platform supports Linux and Android 2.3 Gingerbread out of the box.
Software Tools
The ARM® Mali™ series of Graphics processing units (GPUs) offer industry-leading scalable graphics processing education. Mali IP can be found in a wide range of devices scaling from entry-level mass market smartphones through to visually stunning high-performance smartphones, Android™ tablets and smartTVs.
Published by Morgan Kaufmann
Free Cortex-A Series Programmers Guide (free registration required)
Free ARMv7-AR, ARMv7-M, ARMv6-M, and ARMv5 Architecture Reference Manual Downloads
Computer Organization & Architecture: Themes and Variations
Published by Newnes
Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface - ARM Edition
Fourth Edition
Published by Morgan Kaufman
ARM System-on-chip Architecture
Teaching Materials
Teaching Slides
- Introduction to the Cortex-A8 and v7-A
- ARM Processors and Architectures Comprehensive Overiew - 2012
- ARM Processors and Architectures Fundamentals


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In the week preceding the US election I wrote a couple pieces on the importance social media will play on the election and how much Mitt Romney and Barack Obama spent on online advertising.
A new infographic from Cognitive Match takes a look at the numbers in a different way. In the aftermath of the election, they have taken a step back and have compared the shift in social media and voter patterns in swing states between the 2008 election and the 2012 and how the spend on online ads have increased.
Read more...
by Heather Taylor 12 November 2012 13:15pm 1 comment


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Why Kanye West Interviews Are The Best Thing Ever
kanye west gives the best interviews of all time. OF ALL TIME! just when you think he's gone into hiding for good, that the president throwing dirt on his name might permanently relegate him to begrudging exile, that a n*gga might be better off in Paris, he emerges more defiant than the last time. (more…)


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Disney Town
Comments0this wiki
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[Source] |
The world contains a multitude of mini-games: a racing game called Rumble Racing, a rhythm game called Ice Cream Beat, where the player will have to stack ice cream to a beat, and a ball game called Fruitball, where the player shoots balls shaped like fruits towards a goal.
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep
- "Oh yeah, I got you these tickets—lifetime passes to Disney Town. He said to— he said to take two grown-ups."
- ―Ventus while giving Disney Town passports to Terra and Aqua[src]
At this time, a festival called the "Dream Festival" is being held by Queen Minnie. Many events are held at this festival, and whoever gains the most popularity votes becomes awarded with the Million Dreams Award.
After being handed a Disney Town Passport, Terra stops by at Disney Town. Just then, he sees a group of Unversed on the racing course of "Rumble Racing". He attempts to go after them only to almost be run over by Pete in his vehicle, posing as "Captain Dark". Luckily, Queen Minnie alerts Terra just in time for him to avoid it. The queen, Chip and Dale suggest to him to participate in the race as a means to stop the Unversed without breaking the rules.
Participating in the race allows Terra to discover that he may not need to give in to the darkness in order to achieve his goals, that following the rules may give him the same accomplishment. He also receives votes from Chip and Dale.
If Terra receives the Million Dreams Award, he is presented the "Rockin' Crunch Ice Cream".
Ventus is immediately greeted by Pete, posing as Captain Justice. He tells him of the Dream Festival, and then becomes distracted by Huey, Dewey, and Louie, who are trying unsuccessfully to make ice-cream with a machine left by Scrooge McDuck. After Pete's multiple failed attempts to fix it, Ven offers to try. After a few keystrokes, he finally sets it right.
If Ven receives the Million Dreams Award, he is presented with the "Double Crunch Ice Cream".
Aqua is greeted by Pete posing as Captain Justice, just as she arrives in town. Horace Horsecollar comes yelling for help after the Unversed infest the "Fruitball" Area. Aqua volunteers to help after Pete runs away in fear of battling monsters. After she defeats the Unversed, Minnie appears with Pluto to thank her. Horace introduces her as the queen and Aqua bows to show her respect, but she tells her to not be so formal. After Queen Minnie explains the Dream Festival and how Pete has been attempting to win others' votes, Horace votes Aqua as his hero. At the end of the festival Aqua wins the Million dreams Award and is presented with the "Royalberry Ice Cream".
While Aqua is accepting her award Pete rushes on stage claiming that he should be the winner. Queen Minnie gets angry and banishes him to another dimension. Maleficent's voice can be heard offering to help him escape if he will become her ally, he agrees and is seen walking through a portal she created.
At the end of the game Huey, Dewey, and Louie are competing in a Race in the Rumble Race course where Huey in the victor. Observing them is Queen Minnie, Pluto, Horace Horsecollar, Chip, and Dale.
- Fruitball: The objective is to score more goals than your opponents in three minutes using 5 different fruits - Bananas, Grapes, Watermelons, Pineapples, and Apples.
- Rumble Racing: A race through Disney Town using the Keyblade Glider. The track includes shortcuts, speed boosts, and ramps.
- Ice Cream Beat: The player must help Huey, Dewey, and Louie fix their ice cream machine by matching the beat of a song in order to operate the machine and produce tall ice cream stacks.
See also


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Results 1 to 2 of 2
- 05-08-2012, 08:49 PM Thread Author #1
Ice cream sandwich
I am following all the development on the new update between Telus and Samsung. Samsung has recently said on twitter that they are working hard with Telus on Ics. So I asked Samsung directly to see what would they say to me if I ask! Well afterall the tweet about the futur update won't be that soon according to Samsung's answer! They said that the update would be there around Spring or Summer 2012! Summer would be too far to me! Anyways I hope it will be truly soon!
- 06-12-2012, 03:59 PM #2Android Evangelist
HTC Desire + Samsung Galaxy SIIx + Transformer TF101 and Prime + Nexus 4


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Home | Register | iTrader | Members List | Calendar | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read | Store | Photo Gallery | Chat |
Completed Sales A place to find the market value on parts/vehicles |
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December 3rd, 2007, 08:35 PM | #1 |
Throttle control?
**SOLD**the skunk for sale!....jeep xj trailrig $400
1988 jeep cherokee, 4.0L, 5spd (ax-15), dakota 231, 2" lift, grooved 31" ATs, Kustom paint, welded rear, all new exhuast
i bought the jeep for the tranny/t-case, it had an ax-15 and 231 swapped in out of a dakota so it has the HD chain 231. the tranny shifts great and the engine runs pretty damny well to so i decided to threw some drive shafts and lift in it and have been wheelin it. it has F150 coils up front, and dakota hybrid packs out back. i opened up the 31" ATs that were on it with the groover and they work pretty damn nice if ya ask me. she will fit 33's easy, i've run em. welded rear. i do not have the doors any more, they went to scrap a few days ago. would be great to wheel, or perfect for parts and an XJ 5-spd conversion. i do have the rear glass for it. the slave is bad, but works, but i have a good spare to go with it the jeep is in northern michigan at MTU, 49931 to mapquest it asking $400.... i need it gone before x-mas Last edited by PolarYJ; February 27th, 2008 at 12:42 AM. |
December 4th, 2007, 04:30 PM | #10 |
Throttle control?
December 4th, 2007, 10:12 PM | #11 |
Senior Member
December 5th, 2007, 09:46 AM | #15 |
Senior Member
interested in trading for this dakota? http://www.greatlakes4x4.com/showthread.php?t=67456
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Ethernet connections in a hotel room are not secure
I could write a whole blog about correcting computer articles in newspapers, pointing out mistakes and omissions. Many times I have corrected and expanded on articles in the Wall Street Journal by Walter Mossberg, but I've also griped about mistakes in the other newspaper I read regularly, my hometown New York Times. Back in May, on my previous blog, my comments on an article that David Pogue wrote in the Times about data cartridges for backing up computer files prompted a surprising rebuttal from Mr. Pogue.
Beats me why major newspapers don't hire computer techies to write about … Read more


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Job Openings
Jobs Accepting Interest Cards
My Employment Profile
Printable Version
Job Description
Job Code
Benefit Group
SEIU White Collar Non-Exempt
Pay Grade
Authorized Strength
Minimum Pay
Mid-Point Pay
Maximum Pay
Nature of Work
Performs administrative and investigative work in the area of Red Light Enforcement Operations. Employees assigned to this position review photos, videos, and Department of Motor Vehicle information for red light camera violations. Violations are enforced in accordance with chapter 316 of the State Uniform Traffic Code. An employee assigned to this classification is responsible for making decisions requiring independent judgment and must exercise tact, firmness, and initiative during contact with public. Work is reviewed through periodic checks, conferences, analysis of reports, and evaluation of results achieved.
Work Performed
Reviews possible red light infraction photographs, video, and data to determine violations and establish accurate identification of the motor vehicle involved in such infractions.
Initiates and mails correspondence and violation notices listing the violations and orders appropriate action to be taken; initiates action against vehicle owners failing to comply; and prosecutes cases through the court system.
Prepares and maintains records and reports of findings.
Explains and interprets the corrective actions.
Performs related work as assigned.
Knowledge, Skills and Abilities
Knowledge of traffic data collection methods and techniques.
Knowledge of court procedures, rules and evidence in a court hearing.
Knowledge of motor vehicles make and models.
Proficient with the use of personal computers, basic word processing, spreadsheets and database software.
Possess efficient court room testimony skills and customer service skills.
Ability to interpret red light camera photographs and videos.
Ability to make sound technical decisions and act upon them.
Ability to visually recognize red light infractions.
Ability to interpret chapter 316 of the State Uniform Traffic Code with tact and impartiality
Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships with employees and the public.
Ability to maintain accurate records, reports and case files.
Ability to communicate clearly and concisely, both orally and in writing.
Minimum Qualifications
Associates degree with law enforcement coursework or related field and (2) two years experience in law enforcement or code enforcement or an equivalent combination of education training and experience. Must be certified as a Traffic Infraction Enforcement Officer through the Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) or 1197 (STEP) for Red Light Cameras as approved by the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission as stated in Florida Statute 316.0083 or be a Certified Florida Law Enforcement Officer as approved by FDLE. Copy of certification required at time of application. A valid Florida Driver's License is required.
3/13/2013 - CF- Added 1197 and Law Enforcement Officer Certification language to Min. Req., per Department request.


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About the Institute Overview, History
People Administration, Fellows & Visiting Scholars
Events Lectures, Workshops & Conferences
Law and Society Postdoctoral Fellowship One-year fellowship for early-career scholars who work in the "law and society" tradition and who will be competing for university-level teaching jobs in the U.S. market. The next open application period will be in Fall 2014 for a fellowship starting in 2015.
- Hurst Summer Institute in Legal History Biennial two-week summer session for early-career legal historians. The next Hurst Institute will take place in 2015. Application information will be posted and circulated later in 2014.
Programs and Activities:
- Midwest Law and Society Retreat Biennial event bringing together faculty and graduate students from the Midwest's diverse law and society programs for a weekend of intellectual exchange and community building. The next retreat will take place October 24-25, 2014. A call for proposals will be posted and circulated in Spring, 2014.
- Wisconsin Discussion Group on Constitutionalism Annual invitation-only faculty workshop hosted by Associate Dean Heinz Klug and Associate Professor Andrew Coan.
- The Wisconsin Contracts Project Please click on the link to see a list of events sponsored by the Contracts Project, including a workshop in 2014 named in honor of John Kidwell: "What
Lawyers Say Determines Choice of Law in Merger Agreements" by Juliet
Kostritsky and a conference in 2011: "Empirical and Lyrical: Revisiting the Contracts Scholarship of Stewart Macaulay".
- The New Legal Realism Project Jointly sponsored by
the Institute for Legal Studies and the American Bar Foundation, the
New Legal Realism Project is a network of scholars who seek to develop
an interdisciplinary paradigm for empirical research on law.
- External Funding Proposal Support Budget development and technical support is available for UW law faculty and academic staff in collaboration with the Law School Dean's office.
- 2013-14 Legal Studies Workshop Series Hosted by the Law and Society Postdoctoral Fellow, students and faculty share
papers and presentations every other Tuesday during the academic year. Information about these workshops is included on the the ILS events page.
- 2014 Faculty Workshop Series Organized by Professor Tonya Brito, a small group of faculty commit to reading and commenting on a works in progress. Sessions take place on Wednesdays. Each presenter serves at the moderator for the next session. See the ILS events page for details.
Legal History at Wisconsin:
- The Wisconsin Tradition in Legal History The history of legal history. The "Wisconsin tradition" in legal history consists of both a long-standing university commitment to the teaching and study of legal history and an approach to historical studies that examines the interaction between law and social forces: "law in context," rather than law as a system unto itself.
- The Legal History Working Group, Affiliated Faculty, Courses, Resources, and more Links to current activities, faculty webpages, course listings, campus resources, and related information.
Past Programs:
- The "Law & ..." Workshop
This interdisciplinary and international workshop promoted scholarship
in law and the social sciences. UW/visiting students and faculty share
papers and presentations on past and present topics on a monthly basis
during the academic year.
- Program in Real Estate, Land Use, and Community Development This multi-disciplinary program designed with curricular, scholarly, and policy components to expand opportunities for students and faculty ended in 2012.
- Project on Law & the Humanities
- Interdisciplinary Feminism Project
- Family Policy and Law Colloquium Series
- Wisconsin Project on Governance & Regulation (WISGAR)
Affiliated Centers:
ILS collaborates on interdisciplinary projects with various campus departments and with two Centers at the Law School:
Related Publication Links:
Abstracts on the Social Science Research Network (SSRN) List of works posted by University of Wisconsin faculty or Wisconsin Law Journals.
Law and Social Inquiry Multidisciplinary peer-reviewed quarterly features both empirical and theoretical studies contributing to the understanding of sociolegal processes.
- Law and Society Review Quarterly peer-reviewed publication of work bearing on the relationship between society and the legal process.
- PoLAR: The Political and Legal Anthropology Review Journal devoted to the anthropology of law and politics, broadly construed, publishing work that is distinguished by its innovative definition of problems, ethnographic orientation, or theoretical outlook.


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By Ms. Dykema of Holliston, a petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 3410) of Carolyn C. Dykema and others relative to a 14-day continuance by the court when dealing with veterans of the armed forces. The Judiciary.
Sponsors: | |
Status: | Referred to Joint Committee on Veterans and Federal Affairs |
Petitioners: Carolyn C. Dykema, Jason M. Lewis, Dennis A. Rosa, Frank I. Smizik, Jennifer E. Benson, Martin J. Walsh, George T. Ross, Kate Hogan, James B. Eldridge, Karen E. Spilka, Denise Provost, Gloria L. Fox, Sarah K. Peake