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Princes in the Tower
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The Princes in the Tower were Edward V of England and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The two brothers were the only sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville alive at the time of their father's death. Then 12 and 9 years old, they were lodged in the Tower of London by the man appointed to look after them, their uncle, the Lord Protector: Richard, Duke of Gloucester. This was supposed to be in preparation for Edward's coronation as king. However, Richard took the throne for himself and the boys disappeared.
It is unclear what happened to the boys after their disappearance in the tower. It is generally assumed that they were murdered; there are several suspects who had motives for such an action. The murder may have occurred some time around 1483, but apart from their disappearance, the only evidence is circumstantial. Some believe that one, or both, princes were not murdered; some believe that one or both managed to escape. In 1487, Lambert Simnel initially claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, but later claimed to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick. From 1490 until his capture in 1497 Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, who had supposedly escaped to Flanders. Warbeck's claim was supported by some contemporaries (including the aunt of the princes, Margaret of York).
In 1674 workmen at the Tower dug up a wooden box containing two small human skeletons. The bones were found in the ground near the White Tower, which is close to one reported site of their burial. The bones were widely accepted at the time as those of the princes, but this is not proven. King Charles II had the bones buried within Westminster Abbey.
On 9 April 1483 Edward IV of England died unexpectedly, after an illness lasting around three weeks.[1] At the time Edward's son, the new King Edward V, was at Ludlow, and the dead king's brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was at Middleham in Yorkshire. The news reached Richard around 15 April, although he may have been pre-warned of Edward's illness.[2] It is reported that he then went to York Minster to publicly "pledge his loyalty to his new king".[2] The Croyland Chronicle states that, before his death, Edward IV designated his brother Richard as Lord Protector;[3] however, although a rumour of Richard's designation did circulate, there is no documentation of the King's actual wishes. Edward's request may not have mattered however, "as the precedent of Henry V showed, the council was not bound to follow the wishes of a dead king".[2]
Both Edward V and Richard set out for London, meeting at Stony Stratford on 29 April. The following morning Richard arrested Edward's retinue including the boys' uncle, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, and their half-brother Sir Richard Grey.[4] They were sent to Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire where, on 25 June, they were beheaded.[2] Richard then took possession of the prince himself, prompting Elizabeth Woodville to take her other son, Richard, Duke of York, and her daughters into sanctuary.[2]
Edward V and Richard, Duke of Gloucester arrived in London together. Plans continued for Edward's coronation, but the date was postponed from 4 May to 25 June.[1] On 19 May 1483 Edward was lodged in the Tower of London, the traditional residence of monarchs prior to their coronation.[5] On 16 June he was joined by his younger brother Richard, Duke of York, who was previously in sanctuary.[5] At this point the date of Edward's coronation was indefinitely postponed by their uncle Richard. On Sunday 22 June, a sermon was preached at St Paul's Cross claiming Richard to be the only legitimate heir of the House of York. On 25 June, "a group of lords, knights and gentlemen" petitioned Richard to take the throne.[2] Both princes were subsequently declared illegitimate by Parliament; this was confirmed in 1484 by an Act of Parliament known as Titulus Regius. The act stated that Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville's marriage was invalid because of Edward's "pre-contract of marriage" with Lady Eleanor Butler.[2] The Duke of Gloucester was crowned as King Richard III of England on 3 July.[6] The declaration of the boys' illegitimacy has been described by Rosemary Horrox as an ex post facto justification for Richard's accession.[1]
Dominic Mancini, an Italian friar who visited England in the 1480s and who was in London in the spring and summer of 1483, recorded that after Richard III seized the throne, Edward and his younger brother Richard were taken into the "inner apartments of the Tower" and then were seen less and less until they disappeared altogether. Mancini records that during this period Edward was regularly visited by a doctor, who reported that Edward, "like a victim prepared for sacrifice, sought remission of his sins by daily confession and penance, because he believed that death was facing him."[7] The Latin reference to "Argentinus medicus", was originally translated as "a Strasbourg doctor"; however, D.E. Rhodes suggests it may actually refer to "Doctor Argentine", whom Rhodes identifies as John Argentine, an English physician who would later serve as provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as doctor to Arthur, Prince of Wales, eldest son of King Henry VII of England (Henry Tudor).[5]
There are reports of the two princes being seen playing in the Tower grounds shortly after Richard joined his brother, but there are no recorded sightings of either of them after the summer of 1483.[8] An attempt to rescue them in late July failed.[1] Their fate remains an enduring mystery.
Many historians believe the princes were murdered, some suggesting that the act may have happened towards the end of summer 1483. Maurice Keen argues that the rebellion against Richard in 1483 initially "aimed to rescue Edward V and his brother from the Tower before it was too late", but that, when the Duke of Buckingham became involved, it shifted to support of Henry Tudor because "Buckingham almost certainly knew that the princes in the Tower were dead."[9] Alison Weir proposes 3 September 1483 as a potential date;[10] however, Weir's work has been criticised for "arriving at a conclusion that depends more on her own imagination than on the uncertain evidence she has so misleadingly presented."[11]
Sir Clements Markham suggests the princes may have been alive as late as July 1484, pointing to the regulations issued by Richard III's household which stated: "the children should be together at one breakfast".[12] James Gairdner, however, argues that it is unclear to whom the phrase "the children" alludes, and that it may not have been a reference to the princes.[13] It may refer to Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of the Duke of Clarence) and Edward IV's two youngest daughters (Catherine and Bridget), all of whom were living under Richard's care at Sheriff Hutton.[2]
Other than their disappearance, there is no direct evidence that the princes were murdered, and "no reliable, well-informed, independent or impartial sources" for the associated events.[2] Nevertheless, following their disappearance, rumours quickly spread that they had been murdered. Only one contemporary narrative account of the boys' time in the tower exists: that of Dominic Mancini. (Mancini's account was not discovered until 1934. Accounts written after the accession of Henry Tudor are often claimed to be biased or influenced by Tudor propaganda.)[2]
Four unidentified bodies have been found which are considered possibly connected with the events of this period: two at the Tower of London and two in Saint George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. Those found in the tower were buried within Westminster Abbey, although neither set of remains has been subjected to DNA analysis to positively identify them as the remains of the princes.
Several sources suggest there were rumours of the princes' deaths in the time following their disappearance. Dominic Mancini and the Croyland Chronicle mention rumours circulating by the end of 1483, but do not suggest who was responsible for the princes' deaths.[citation needed] Rumours of murder also spread to France. In January 1484 Guillaume de Rochfort, the Chancellor of France, urged the Estates General to "take warning" from the fate of the princes, as their own king, Charles VIII, was only 13.[13] The early reports, including that of Rochfort, Philippe de Commines (French politician), Caspar Weinreich (contemporary German chronicler) and Jan Allertz (Recorder of Rotterdam), all state that Richard killed the princes before he seized the throne (thus before June 1483).[2] De Commines' Memoirs (c.1500), however, identifies the Duke of Buckingham as the person "who put them to death".[14]
Only Mancini's account is truly contemporary, having been written in London before November 1483.[2] The Croyland Chronicle and de Commines' account were written three and seventeen years later, respectively. Markham, writing long before Mancini's account was discovered, argued that some accounts, including the Croyland Chronicle, may have been authored or heavily influenced by John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, in order to incriminate Richard III.[12]
Early writers[edit]
Robert Fabyan's Chronicles of London, compiled around 30 years after the princes' disappearance, names Richard as murderer.[15] The History of King Richard III, published c.1513 by Thomas More (a Tudor loyalist and later Chancellor under Henry VIII), identified Sir James Tyrrell (d.1502) as the murderer, acting on Richard's orders. Tyrrell was the loyal servant of Richard III who is said to have confessed to the murder of the princes before his execution for treason in 1502. In his history, More said that the princes were smothered to death in their beds by two agents of Tyrrell (Miles Forrest and John Dighton) and were then buried "at the stayre foote, metely depe in the grounde vnder a great heape of stones", but were later disinterred and buried in a secret place.[16] Curiously, under Henry VIII, a documented Miles Forrest was granted King's favours as found in English historical documents: After the Dissolution, the manor of Morborne, with the house and grange of Ogerston in the same parish, lately the property of the Abbey of Crowland, was granted in 1540, with all appurtenances, to Miles Forrest, bailiff of the Abbot of Peterborough at Warmington in 1535.[17] However this was 50 years after the Battle of Bosworth Field, and 52 years after the deed was allegedly done, leading to suspicion that this Miles Forrest was not the one referred to by More. In 1513, Thomas More named Miles Forrest as a murderer. In 1534, More fell out of favour with Henry VIII when More denied that the king was the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Henry had More beheaded in 1535. In the same year or in 1540 (the above history references both dates), Henry awarded the manor to Miles Forrest, the documented bailiff of the Abbot of Peterborough.
Polydore Vergil, in his Anglica Historia (c.1513), also specifies that Tyrrell was the murderer, stating that he "rode sorrowfully to London" and committed the deed with reluctance, upon Richard III's orders, and that Richard himself spread the rumours of the princes' death in the belief that it would discourage rebellion.[18]
Holinshed's Chronicles, written in the second half of the 16th century, claims that the princes were murdered by Richard III. The chronicles were one of the main sources used by William Shakespeare for his play Richard III, which also portrays Richard as the murderer. A. J. Pollard believes that the chronicle's account reflected the contemporary "standard and accepted account", but that by the time it was written "propaganda had been transformed into historical fact".[2]
Tower of London[edit]
In 1674, some workmen remodelling the Tower of London dug up a wooden box containing two small human skeletons. The bones were found buried 10 ft under the staircase leading to the chapel of the White Tower. They were not the first children's skeletons found within the tower; the bones of two children had previously found "in an old chamber that had been walled up", which Pollard suggests could have equally been those of the princes.[2] The reason the bones were attributed to the princes was because the location partially matched that given by More. However More also stated that they were later moved to a "better place",[19] which does not match with the bones discovered. One anonymous report was that they were found with "pieces of rag and velvet about them"; the velvet could indicate that the bodies were those of aristocrats.[20] Four years after their discovery,[2] the bones were placed in an urn and, on the orders of King Charles II, interred in Westminster Abbey, in the wall of the Henry VII Lady Chapel. A monument designed by Christopher Wren marks the putative resting-place of the princes.[21]
The bones were removed and examined in 1933, by the archivist of Westminster Abbey, Lawrence Tanner; a leading anatomist, Professor William Wright; and the president of the Dental Association, George Northcroft. By measuring certain bones and teeth, they concluded the bones belonged to two children around the correct ages for the princes.[2] The bones were found to have been interred carelessly along with chicken and other animal bones. There were also three very rusty nails. One skeleton was larger than the other, but many of the bones were missing, including part of the smaller jawbone and all of the teeth from the larger one. Many of the bones had been broken by the original workmen.[22][23] The examination has been criticised, on the grounds that it was conducted under the presumption that the bones were those of the princes and concentrated only on whether the bones showed evidence of suffocation. Thus no attempt was even made to determine whether the bones were male or female.[2]
No further scientific examination has since been conducted on the bones, which remain in Westminster Abbey, and DNA analysis (if DNA could be obtained) has not been attempted. A petition has been started on the British Government's "e-petition" website requesting that the bones be DNA tested; 100,000 signatories are required to trigger a parliamentary debate.[24] However, Pollard points out that even if modern DNA and carbon-dating proved the bones belonged to the princes, it would not prove who or what killed them.[2]
St George's Chapel[edit]
In 1789, workmen carrying out repairs in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, rediscovered and accidentally broke into the vault of Edward IV and Queen Elizabeth Woodville, discovering in the process what appeared to be a small adjoining vault. This vault was found to contain the coffins of two unidentified children. However, no inspection or examination was carried out and the tomb was resealed. The tomb was inscribed with the names of two of Edward IV's children: George, 1st Duke of Bedford who had died at the age of 2, and Mary of York who had died at the age of 14; both had predeceased the King.[25][26][27] During the excavation for the royal tomb house for King George III under the Wolsey tomb-house in 1810–13 two lead coffins clearly labelled as George Plantagenet and Mary Plantagenet were discovered and moved into the adjoining vault of Edward IV's but at the time no effort was made to identify the two lead coffins already in the vault.[28]
In the late 1990s, work was being carried out near and around Edward IV's tomb in St George's Chapel; the floor area was excavated to replace an old boiler and also to add a new repository for the remains of future Deans and Canons of Windsor. A request was forwarded to the Dean and Canons of Windsor to consider a possible examination of the two vaults either by fibre-optic camera or, if possible, a reexamination of the two unidentified lead coffins in the tomb also housing the lead coffins of two of Edward IV's children that were discovered during the building of the Royal Tomb for King George III (1810–13) and placed in the adjoining vault at that time. Royal consent would be necessary to open any royal tomb, so it was felt best to leave the medieval mystery unsolved for at least the next few generations.[29] The 2012 Leicester archaeological dig has prompted renewed interest in re-excavating the skeletons of the "two princes", but Queen Elizabeth II has not granted the approval required for any such testing of an interred royal.[30]
If the boys were indeed murdered, there are several major suspects for the crime.[31] The evidence is ambiguous, and has led people to various conflicting conclusions. Many modern historians, including David Starkey[32] and Michael Hicks,[33] support the theory that the princes were murdered and regard Richard III as the most likely culprit.
Richard III[edit]
The most common theory is that they were murdered on the orders of their uncle, Richard,[32] who had usurped the throne from Edward. Although the princes had been eliminated from the succession, Richard III's hold on the monarchy was not secure and the existence of the princes would remain a threat as long as they were alive. The boys could have been used by Richard's enemies as figureheads for rebellion. Rumours of their death were in circulation by late 1483, but Richard never attempted to prove that they were alive by having them seen in public, which strongly suggests that they were dead by then. However he did not remain silent on the matter. Raphael Holinshed, in his Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, written in 1577, reports that Richard, "what with purging and declaring his innocence concerning the murder of his nephews towards the world, and what with cost to obtain the love and favour of the communal tie (which outwardlie glosed, and openly dissembled with him) ... gave prodigally so many and so great rewards, that now both he lacked, and scarce with honesty how to borrow."[34] Richard also failed to open any investigation into the matter, which would have been in his interest if he was not responsible for the deaths of his nephews. Many modern historians, including David Starkey,[32] Michael Hicks,[35] Helen Castor[36] and Alison Weir,[37] do regard Richard himself as the most likely culprit. There was no formal accusation against Richard III on the matter; the Bill of Attainder brought by Henry VII made no definitive mention of the Princes in the Tower, but it did accuse Richard of "the unnatural, mischievous and great perjuries, treasons, homicides and murders, in shedding of infant's blood, with many other wrongs, odious offences and abominations against God and man".[38][39] The "shedding of infant's blood" may be an accusation of the Princes' murder.
James Tyrrell[edit]
James Tyrrell was an English knight who fought for the House of York on many occasions. Tyrrell was arrested by Henry VII's forces in 1502 for supporting another Yorkist claimant to the throne. Shortly before his execution, Tyrrell is said by Thomas More to have admitted, under torture, to having murdered the princes at the behest of Richard III.[40] The only record of this is the writing of Thomas More, who wrote that, during his examination, Tyrrell made his confession as to the murders, saying that Richard III ordered their deaths. He also implicated two other men; despite further questioning, however, he was unable to say where the bodies were, claiming that Brackenbury had moved them.[41] William Shakespeare portrays him as the culprit, sought out by Richard after Buckingham demurs.
The only record of Tyrrell's confession is through More, and "no actual confession has ever been found". Pollard casts doubts on the accuracy of More's accounts, suggesting it was "an elaboration of one of several circulating accounts"; however, she does not discount the possibility of it being "just his own invention", pointing to the "clear similarities to the stories of the Babes in the Wood".[2] Clements Markham suggests that More's account was actually written by Archbishop Morton and that Tyrrell was induced to do the deed by Henry VII between June 16 and July 16 1486, the dates of two general pardons that he received from the king.[42]
Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham[edit]
The plausibility of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Richard's right-hand man, as a suspect depends on the princes having already been dead by the time he was executed in November 1483. Buckingham had several potential motives. As a descendant of Edward III, through John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, Buckingham may have hoped to accede to the throne himself in due course; alternatively, he may have been acting on behalf of a third party.
Some, notably Paul Murray Kendall, regard Buckingham as the likeliest suspect: his execution, after he had rebelled against Richard in October 1483, might signify that he and the king had fallen out.[citation needed] A contemporary Portuguese document suggests Buckingham as the guilty party, stating "...and after the passing away of king Edward in the year of 83, another one of his brothers, the Duke of Gloucester, had in his power the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, the young sons of the said king his brother, and turned them to the Duke of Buckingham, under whose custody the said Princes were starved to death."[43] A document dated some decades after the disappearance was found within the archives of the College of Arms in London in 1980; this stated that the murder "be the vise of the Duke of Buckingham".[44]
Margaret Beaufort[edit]
Margaret Beaufort, the mother of Henry VII, has been suggested as a potential candidate for involvement in the disappearance of the Princes in the Tower,[31] her personal interest in having her son become king being considered a possible motive for the princes' murder.[45][46][47] As with the other suspects, she is unlikely to have murdered the princes herself and would have had to arrange their deaths through a third party.
Despite being of the House of Lancaster, Margaret joined the Yorkist court of King Edward IV, and was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be a godmother of her daughter Bridget in 1480.[48] Following Edward's death and the seizure of the throne by Richard, Margaret became a lady-in-waiting to Richard's wife, Anne Neville, and even carried Anne's train at her coronation. Despite this she was actively plotting with Elizabeth; she agreed to the betrothal of her son, Henry Tudor, to Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Elizabeth and Edward IV.[46][47] Pollard calls her a "formidable opponent of Richard III, inveterate conspirator and dedicated promoter of her son's cause".[2] Margaret is thought to have been involved in the Duke of Buckingham's rebellion,[49] for which she was attainted for treason.[2]
Polydore Vergil says that, when Margaret heard the rumour of the princes' deaths, she "began to hope well of her son's fortune, supposing that that deed would without doubt prove for the profit of the commonwealth".[50] If Henry defeated Richard III in battle, Henry would not necessarily become king, as the throne would theoretically be restored to Edward V; however, the princes' removal would not only leave him as the prime candidate for the throne but would, theoretically, help Henry's military chances, as much of the opposition to Richard was in the name of the usurped princes; without them, much of that opposition to Richard could be channelled to support Henry.[46]
Henry VII[edit]
Henry VII (Henry Tudor) following his seizure of the crown, executed some of the rival claimants to the throne.[51] Among those executed was John of Gloucester, illegitimate son of Richard III.[12] Henry was out of the country between the princes' disappearance and August 1485, thus his only opportunity to murder them would have been after his accession in 1485. Pollard suggests Henry (or those acting on his orders) is "the only plausible alternative to Richard III."[2]
The year after becoming king, Henry married the princes' eldest sister, Elizabeth of York, to reinforce his claim to the throne. Not wanting the legitimacy of his wife or her claim as heiress of Edward IV called into question, prior to the marriage he had repealed the Titulus Regius which had previously declared the princes (and Elizabeth) illegitimate.[12] Markham suggests the princes were executed under Henry's orders between the 16 June and 16 July 1486, claiming that it was only after this date that orders went out to circulate the story that Richard had killed the princes,[12] and that the princes' mother, Elizabeth Woodville, knew that this story was "false", and so Henry had to have her "silenced". Markham suggests this was the motivation behind Henry's decision, in February 1487, to confiscate all of Elizabeth's "lands and possessions", and have her confined to Bermondsey Nunnery, "where she died six years afterwards".[12] However Arlene Okerlund suggest that her retirement to the nunnery was her own decision,[52] whilst Michael Bennett and Timothy Elston suggests the move was precautionary, precipitated by Lambert Simnel's claim to be her son Richard.[53] Pollard calls Markham's theory "highly speculative", and states that Henry's silence over the princes was more likely "political calculation than personal guilt".[2]
There were subsequently a number of pretenders claiming to be Prince Richard, Duke of York,[54] although there seem to have been none claiming to be Edward V. It has been suggested that this is because Edward V was well known and would have been difficult to impersonate; this would be less true of his younger brother. The best-known pretender was Perkin Warbeck, who began by claiming to be Edward, Earl of Warwick (the son of George, Duke of Clarence), but later succeeded in convincing a number of royal contemporaries that he was Prince Richard. Following his capture, he "confessed" to being the son of a middle-class family of Tournai.[55]
Other suspects[edit]
Some historians have also accused John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and Jane Shore (Edward IV's mistress). However Pollard states that the theories do not deserve "serious consideration".[2]
Escape claims[edit]
Historian David Baldwin suggests that contemporaries believed Edward had died (either of an illness or as the result of attempts to cure him) and that Richard was still alive.[56] Baldwin argues that it is "impossible" that no one knew what happened to the Princes after they entered the tower;[56] he believes Richard III and Henry VII, leading courtiers and their mother would all have known the boys' whereabouts and welfare.[56] Baldwin theorises that both princes may have survived; if both boys had died, "the matter could have been discussed and the culprit blamed openly", but neither Richard III nor Henry VII did so.[56] He argues that, if the princes were alive, the kings could not declare them dead as too many would know the truth; but neither could they pronounce the princes alive, as the boys' claim to the throne was better than their own.[56]
During the reign of Henry VII, two individuals claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, who had somehow escaped death. Lambert Simnel initially claimed to be Richard, before changing his story and claiming to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick.[57]
Perkin Warbeck later claimed to be Richard, appearing in Ireland and calling himself king Richard IV.[58] Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, formally recognised Warbeck as Richard. Margaret, Richard III's sister, an unrelenting opponent of Henry VII, had previously recognised Simnel as Warwick.[58] Warbeck was also accepted as Richard by James IV of Scotland. After a failed attempt to invade England he was captured. He retracted his claims, was imprisoned and later executed.
The fact that two persons claimed to be Richard led the 18th century writer Horace Walpole to argue that Richard had in fact escaped death, and that Warbeck genuinely was Richard.[59] This view was also supported by Malcolm Laing. Many modern historians believe he was an imposter, whose supporters accepted his claim for political reasons.[58]
In popular culture[edit]
- Elaine M. Alphin - Tournament of Time (1994)
- Valerie Anand - Crown of Roses
- Emma Darwin - A Secret Alchemy (2009)
- Elizabeth George - "I, Richard" (short story) (2002)
- Philippa Gregory
- The White Queen (2009)
- The Red Queen (2010)
- The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012)
- The White Princess (2013)
- Margaret Peterson Haddix
- Rosemary Hawley Jarman - "We Speak No Treason" (1971)
- Sharon Kay Penman - The Sunne in Splendour (1982)
- Elizabeth Peters - The Murders of Richard III (1974)
- Anne Easter Smith
- A Rose for the Crown (2008)
- The Daughter of York (2008)
- The King's Grace (2009)
- Royal Mistress (2013)
- William Shakespeare - Richard III (circa 1595)
- Josephine Tey - The Daughter of Time (1951)
- A J Pollard - Richard III and the Princes in the Tower (1991)
- Alison Weir - The Princes in the Tower (1992)
- Audrey Williamson - The Mystery of the Princes (1978)
- Markham, Clements (1906). Richard III: His Life and Character.
- Bert Fields - Royal Blood: Richard III and the mystery of the princes (HarperCollins, 1998) (ISBN 0-06-039269-X)
- Horace Walpole - Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard III (1768)
- The first series of the British sitcom Blackadder is set in a comic alternative history where the Princes in the Tower survived and grew to adulthood, Prince Richard assuming the throne as Richard IV upon Richard III's death at Bosworth Field. Edward V is ignored by the storyline, and is never mentioned in script.
- An episode of the Canadian children's documentary series Mystery Hunters is dedicated to the unsolved case of the missing princes.
- In 1984, Channel 4 broadcast a four-hour "trial"[60] of Richard III on the charge of murdering the princes. The presiding judge was Lord Elwyn-Jones and the barristers were recruited from the Queen's Counsel, but had to remain anonymous. Expert witnesses included David Starkey. The jury was composed of ordinary citizens. The burden of proof was left to the prosecution. The jury found in favour of the defendant.
- In 2005 Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama entitled Princes in the Tower about the interrogation of Perkin Warbeck, in which Warbeck almost convinces Henry VII that he really is Richard, Duke of York. Warbeck "remembers" that Henry's mother Margaret Beaufort poisoned his brother Edward V, after which Richard III spirited him away to safety. Warbeck succeeds in alienating king Henry from his mother and wife, who now believes Warbeck to be her lost brother. Margaret then shows Warbeck two young men in chains, whom she presents as the real princes, locked up for years in isolation and now completely insane. She forces Warbeck to confess that he is an imposter, and he is hanged. In the final scene Margaret is seen overseeing the burial of a piece of regal clothing with two skeletons, while Thomas More's secret account of the events is revealed as the source of the whole story.
Other media[edit]
- The truth about the Princes is "discovered" in The Kingmaker, an audio drama based on Doctor Who.
- The Japanese anime series Black Butler details a possible scenario of what happened to the Princes in the Tower in Episode 16 ("His Butler: The Lone Castle"). Under orders from 'relatives', King Edward V and Richard were executed in the Tower of London, and had their bodies disposed of in the River Teme. This revelation allows their ghostly forms to ascend to heaven after 400 years of haunting Ludlow Castle.
- The Rich Kids released a single and an album named "Ghosts of Princes in Towers" which made reference to the Princes and drew on rumours of their haunting the Tower of London.
- Kate Beaton, cartoonist of webcomic Hark! A Vagrant, devoted one of her comic strips to the story of the Princes.[61]
- Madame Tussauds Wax Museum had two different Princes in the Tower scenes. The oldest scene (early 20th century) was called "the murder of the Princes in the Tower".[62] The 1980 tableau was based on the painting by Hippolyte Delaroche.[63]
- ^ a b c d Horrox, Rosemary. "Edward IV of England". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Pollard, A.J. (1991). Richard III and the princes in the tower. Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0862996600.
- ^ The Crowland Chronicle Continuations, 1459–1486, Nicholas Pronay and John Cox (eds.), (Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, Gloucester: 1986), p.153.
- ^ Chalmer's Biography, vol. 32, p 351
- ^ a b c Rhodes, D.E. (April 1962). "The Princes in the Tower and Their Doctor". The English Historical Review (Oxford University Press) 77 (303): 304–306.
- ^ Peter Hammond and Anne Sutton, The Coronation of Richard III: the Extant Documents (Palgrave Macmillan, 1984)
- ^ "The Usurpation of Richard the Third", Dominicus Mancinus ad Angelum Catonem de occupatione regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium libellus; Translated to English by C.A.J. Armstrong (London, 1936)
- ^ R. F. Walker, "Princes in the Tower", in S. H. Steinberg et al, A New Dictionary of British History, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1963, p.286.
- ^ M. H. Keen, England in the Later Middle Ages: A Political History, Routledge: New York, 2003, p.388.
- ^ Alison Weir, The Princes of the Tower (p. 157)
- ^ Wood, Charles T (April 1995). "Review: Richard III: A Medieval Kingship. by John Gillingham; The Princes in the Tower. by Alison Weir". Speculum (Cambridge University Press: Medieval Academy of America) 70 (2): 371–372.
- ^ a b c d e f Markham, Sir Clement Robert (April 1891). "Richard III: A Doubtful Verdict Reviewed". The English Historical Review (Oxford University Press) 6 (22): 250–283.
- ^ a b Gairdner, James (July 1891). "Did Henry VII Murder the Princes?". The English Historical Review (Oxford University Press) 6 (23): 444–464.
- ^ Philippe de Commines, Memoirs: the Reign of Louis XI, 1461–83, Translated by Michael Jones (1972), pp.354, 396-7.
- ^ Fabyan, Robert (1902 first published 1516). Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, ed. Chronicles of London. Ocford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ The History of King Richard the Third, by Sir Thomas More.
- ^ "Parishes - Morborne | A History of the County of Huntingdon: Volume 3 (pp. 188-190)". British-history.ac.uk. 2003-06-22. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ^ Polydore Vergil, Anglica Historia 1846 edition, p. 188-9
- ^ Sir Thomas More, The History of King Richard II, R.S. Sylvester (ed.), (Newhaven: 1976), p.88
- ^ Weir, Alison. The Princes in the Tower. 1992, Random House, ISBN 9780345391780, p. 252-3.
- ^ John Steane, The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy (Routledge, 1993), page 65
- ^ Weir, p. 257
- ^ 'Examination on the alleged murder of the Princes', Wordpress: Richard III Society - American Branch
- ^ Richard III and the Princes - e-petitions
- ^ Chapter Records XXIII to XXVI, The Chapter Library, St. George's Chapel, Windsor (Permission required)
- ^ William St. John Hope: "Windsor Castle: An Architectural History", pages 418-419. (1913).
- ^ Vetusta Monumenta, Volume III, page 4 (1789).
- ^ Lysons & Lysons, Magna Britannia, 1812 supplement p. 471. Also in Britton's Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain, 1812 page 45. The move to Edward IV's crypt mentioned in Samuel Lewis, "A Topographical Dictionary of Great Britain" 1831.
- ^ Art Ramirez, "A Medieval Mystery", Ricardian Bulletin, September 2001.
- ^ Robert McCrum. "Richard III, the great villain of English history, is due a makeover". The Observer. Guardian. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ^ a b David Baldwin, What happened to the Princes in the Tower?, BBC History: 2013
- ^ a b c "The Society - History". Richardiii.net. 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
- ^ Richard III by Michael Hicks (2003) ISBN 9780752425894
- ^ Raphael Holinshed, "Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland ", 1577, p.746, commencing on line 48.
- ^ Richard III by Michael Hicks (2003) ISBN 978-0-7524-2589-4
- ^ Helen Castor, She-Wolves: the Women who Ruled England before Elizabeth (Faber, 2010), ISBN 978-0-571-23706-7, p402
- ^ The Princes in the Tower by Alison Weir (1992) ISBN 978-0-345-39178-0
- ^ James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, Letters of the Kings of England, Vol. 1 (1846), p.161.
- ^ Rotuli Parliamentorum, J. Strachey (ed.), VI, (1777), p.276
- ^ Rosemary Horrox, 'Tyrell, Sir James (c.1455–1502)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 27 Aug 2013 (subscription required)
- ^ Thomas More, The History of King Richard the Third. Accessed 20 September 2013
- ^ Markham 1906, p. 270
- ^ Alvaro Lopes de Chaves (ref: Alvaro Lopes de Chaves, Livro de Apontamentos (1438–1489), (Codice 443 da Coleccao Pombalina da B.N.L.), Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, 1983), private secretary to the Portuguese King Alfonso V.
- ^ College of Arms Collection, Queen Victoria Street, London, manuscript MS 2M6. The entire document containing the reference consists of 126 folios. It appears to have belonged to Christopher Barker whilst he was Suffolk Herald (1514–22), since his name, title, and a sketch of his maternal arms appear on folio. io6r. of the MS.
- ^ David Baldwin, Philippa Gregory and Michael Jones, The Women of the Cousins' War: The Duchess, the Queen and the King's Mother, Simon & Schuster: 2012 - ISBN 1849833346
- ^ a b c "The Real White Queen and Her Rivals", BBC2, 4 Aug 2013
- ^ a b Margaret Beaufort - Philippa Gregory
- ^ "F.M.", "Christening of the Princess Bridget, 1480." Gentleman's Magazine, January 1831.
- ^ Christine Carpenter (13 November 1997). The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, C.1437–1509. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-31874-7. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
- ^ Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History, ed. H. Ellis, Camden Society 1844, p.185
- ^ Cawthorne, Nigel. Kings and Queens of England. New York: Metro Books, 2010. Print. p. 89.
- ^ Arlene Okerlund, Elizabeth: England's Slandered Queen. Stroud: Tempus, 2006, 245.
- ^ Bennett, Michael, Lambert Simnel and the Battle of Stoke, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1987, pp.42; 51; Elston, Timothy, "Widowed Princess or Neglected Queen" in Levin & Bucholz (eds), Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England, University of Nebraska Press, 2009, p.19.
- ^ Mike Mahoney. "Kings and Queens of England - Henry VII". English Monarchs. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ^ Rachel Goble, "The Execution of Perkin Warbeck", History Today, Volume: 49 Issue: 11 1999. Accessed 4 September 2013
- ^ a b c d e Baldwin, David. "The White Queen - What happened to the Princes in the Tower?". BBC History. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ David Hume, The history of England, from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the revolution in 1688 (1812), p323-324
- ^ a b c Wagner, John, Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses, ABC-CLIO, 2001, p.289.
- ^ Sabor, Peter (ed), Horace Walpole: The Critical Heritage, Routledge, 1987, p.124.
- ^ The Trial of Richard III by Richard Drewett and Mark Redhead, published by Alan Sutton in 1984, ISBN 0-86299-198-6
- ^ Beaton, Kate. "Party Time with Richard III", Hark! A Vagrant. Accessed 28 April 2012.
- ^ http://www.fulltable.com/VTS/t/ta/imp/10.jpg
- ^ Houses of Wax: Madame Tussaud's- Princes in the Tower


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A superb example of custom designed buttons that make an immediate statement. I love the interesting shape of the buttons and the way the bold colours work with each other.
Posted in Interface → ElementA strong logo that makes an immediate impression. I like the simple restrained use of colour and the theme of the logo itself. The fixed width typeface works really well in this logo, fitting perfectly with the other shapes.
Posted in Branding → Logo

subset: commoncrawl


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GigaomThe search for the lost Cray supercomputer OS
Chris Fenton and Andras Tantos decided they wanted a model of the famed supercomputer for their desk. It turned out to be a more complicated project than expected. In 1976, famed… Read more »
Chris Fenton and Andras Tantos decided they wanted a model of the famed supercomputer for their desk. It turned out to be a more complicated project than expected. In 1976, famed… Read more »
Cycle Computing CEO Jason Stowe dives deep into the economic and innovative benefits of running massive scientific workloads in the cloud. When researchers aren't constrained by the systems the can afford,… Read more »
High-performance computing applications can help businesses take advantage of the lower energy costs a green data center offers, no matter where it's located. Forward-thinking CIOs are anticipating increased regulation of carbon… Read more »
Researchers have simulated 1 second of real brain activity, on a network equivalent to 1 percent of an actual brain's neural network, using the world's fourth-fastest supercomputer. The results aren't revolutionary… Read more »
Bina Technologies, a company aiming to make genome processing faster and cheaper, has accepted $1.75 million for its Series B round, which included $6.25 million from Sierra Ventures. Behind the new… Read more »
The open-source operating system has pretty much wiped out Unix among top-tier supercomputers, says the Linux Foundation. In the early days of supercomputing, Unix was the operating system of choice. Remember… Read more »
GridGain Systems has raised a $10 million series B investment round for its suite of in-memory computing technology. In-memory databases are popular because of their low latency, but GridGain actually offers… Read more »
Supercomputers have graduated from linear algebra to differential equations, and so the guys who rank the world's top machines have decided to change the benchmark that determines which computer is on… Read more »
A scale-out storage company called Scality has raised a $22M Series C round and claims big growth, but it's competing in a very tight space. Remember a couple years ago, when… Read more »
Google and national laboratories want different things out of their infrastructure, although it looks like there's room for them to learn each other. The heavy hitters of the internet might feel… Read more »


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October 27th, 2011, 02:32 PM | #1 |
Senior Member
1990 Chevy 1 ton 454
I have a 1990 chevy 1 ton stake truck. 4x4
body is in pretty rough shape, rust on rockers and cab corners, was a propane truck is 4x4, has a 400 trans, and 454, runs and drives good. starts everytime, !!!PLOW ATTACHMENT IS NOT ON TRUCK!!!!! Call Jarrod below this is his truck thanks Feel free to contact $1500.00 Jarrod 248-667-8630 Location: Leonard it's NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests Last edited by Fidget56; July 9th, 2012 at 12:40 PM. |
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Theft on MARRIOTT DR., QUINCY, MA |
Theft - MARRIOTT DR., QUINCY, MA
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Police Booking Log: Laptop Thief Updates Victim's Facebook Status (by Patch.com)
Arrests made by the Somerville Police Department from Aug. 12 to Aug. 16. Please remember that the charges listed below do not indicate a conviction.
Police Log: Harassment Order Violation, Multiple Larcenies (by Patch.com)
To supplement police logs Braintree Patch runs on significant arrests and charges that happen in town, below is information in the daily incident report.
Teen Robbed at Gunpoint By Three Braintree Men (by Patch.com)
By Tony Catinella Weymouth police said a teen was walking down a North Weymouth road on Friday night when he was robbed by three Braintree men at gunpoint.
Police Looking for Culprits in Legal Sea Foods Credit Card Theft (by Patch.com)
Braintree police are seeking help identifying two suspects in a credit card theft earlier this summer at Legal Sea Foods.
Verizon Copper Thieves Strike, But Get Busted (by PHONE+)
It's often a tough crime to solve, but this time, police arrested a couple of bandits they say were caught red-handed with copper telephone wire.


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WishFish* Big & Small
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Big fish in a small pond?? .. Sunday and SUPER under the pump! (still need to draw tho) :)) X
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Catarsetrophy .
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Haha, the first part of the description is funny. I love how you made the fish and background look abstracted, it makes it all the more mesmerizing. I adore the colors that you had used, especially the green, gold and purple. 5/5 hearts and favorites
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» Wales spa packages
Wales Spa Packages
We have compiled a list of spa vacation package and resort in Wales. If you are interested in any of these spa vacation package and resort, please contact the operator directly with any questions for ordering free brochures or booking. The list is updated frequently so visit often.
Allt Yr Ynys Country Hotel
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5 hrs ago | Evansville Courier & Press
USI's season ends with quarterfinal loss to Michigan Tech
Austin Armga scored eight of Michigan Tech's final 10 points over the last 2:22 of the game as the Huskies beat the University of Southern Indiana 75-70 in the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division II Midwest Regional on Saturday.
Trending on the Topix Network
Rays Assign Luers Grad Kiermaier To Triple-A
Bishop Luers graduate Kevin Kiermaier will start the season in Triple-A Durham as the Tampa Bay Rays made a number of moves on Thursday.
History continues to be written in Fountain City. A Northeastern High School athletic team had its first trip to state last fall when the boys tennis program became the first to win a semistate title.
As the Mid-Eastern Conference began its meeting on Wednesday at Cowan, the future of Burris remaining a member of the league was the only item on the agenda.
Prep notes: Football All-Stars, Basketball All-State picks
Franklin College second baseman Drew Kammerer was named to the D3baseball.com Team of the Week after helping the Grizzlies to a three-game sweep of Albion.
Returnees raise bar for Trojans
Despite losing a state finalist to graduation, the Center Grove girls track and field team is poised to once again be one of Indiana's strongest squads, thanks to several key returners.
IU basketball offers 2015 Louisville forward
The region's big three college teams - Louisville, Kentucky and Indiana - all had recruiters, including U of L's Rick Pitino, watching Trinity junior power forward Raymond Spalding on Tuesday night in the Seventh Region Tournament final.
NCAA Wrestling Championships has 6 with Indiana ties
Indiana University heavyweight Adam Chalfant and Northwesterns Jason Tsirtsis will be among entries from Indiana competing in the NCAA Wrestling Championships March 20-22 in Oklahoma City.
Ramblin' Reck: Four prep basketball teams still in contention
Welcome to our online comments feature. We welcome your thoughts and your opinions, including unpopular ones.
Now Playing: Daily community sports news
The Central junior, competing for Cardinal Community Swim Club, also established records in new events 100 butterfly and 200 butterfly.
Redskins trio leads All-SAC 1st team
First team Grady Eifert...Bishop Dwenger Tyrell Johnson...Bishop Luers D.J. McCall...Concordia Enis Becirevic...Northrop Jacoby Claypool...Northrop Tre'Vion Crews...North Side Mike Davis...North Side Oosha Mitchell...North Side Trey'von Covington...Snider Devlyn Williams...Snider Justin Mitchell...Wayne Levi Mitchell...Wayne Tre'Vion Crews and ... (more)
Area trio helps Wabash College dominate league track meet
Thanks in part to strong performances from Fountain Central graduate Ronnie Posthauer, Central Catholic alumnus Cole Hruskovich and McCutcheon grad Mason McKinney, Wabash College set a points record while capturing its fourth consecutive North Coast Athletic Conference Indoor Track and Field title Saturday night at Denison University The Little ... (more)
BRIEFS: Memorial selling regional tickets
On Tuesday, Memorial High School will begin selling tickets to the Class 3A Washington boys' basketball regional at the school's athletic office.
New youth concussion guidelines released
Indiana lawmakers encountered more pushback Monday against a bill that would allow guns in cars on school property as long as they are hidden and in the parking lot.
BRIEFS: IceMen rally falls short at Reading
Trailing 4-1 entering the final period, Evansville scored two straight power play goals to cut the deficit to one before eventually losing, 5-4, to host Reading in ECHL action.
Photo Courtesy: www.visitindiana.com
A police pursuit ended early Sunday morning when the person fleeing from police t-boned another vehicle.
Hundreds run and walk at Sarah Strong 5K
If you saw a crowd of people in Downtown Elkhart Saturday afternoon, you were seeing the waves of runners and walkers participating in the Sarah Strong 5K Run/Walk.
Long RHS wait -- 18 years -- ends
Sooner or later, Richmond was bound to win another boys basketball sectional. You've heard of law of averages.
Tech claims first sectional basketball title in 3 decades with 56-44 victory over Roncalli
Last month, Arsenal Tech High School senior Trey Lyles walked off the court for the last time in the regular season at Arsenal Tech during after boys varsity basketball action, Friday, Feb. 21, 2014, at Arsenal Technical High School.
Senior relishes role with Cavaliers
Today At Indiana State, Terre Haute 1A : Vincennes Rivet vs. Oregon-Davis , 10:30 a.m. 2A : Heritage Christian vs. Canterbury , 12:45 p.m. 3A : Evansville Mater Dei vs. Western , 6 p.m. 4A : Bedford North Lawrence vs. Penn , 8:15 p.m. Admission : $15 per session TV : Fox Sports Indiana Radio : 92.7 FM, 102.7 FM, 1250 AM - Emma Hyndman may not ... (more)


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Nitro Circus: 3D: DLP
Running Time:
88 minutes
*****Tuesday, 8/7 ONLY - Special sneak preview featuring 10 extra minutes you won't see anywhere else!***** Travis Pastrana and the whole Nitro Circus crew perform some of the most ridiculous, awe-inspiring, and simply insane stunts ever caught on camera.
Date of Show:
Sunday, March 16, 2014
Showtimes for Sunday, March 16, 2014
No showings of this movie for this date.
2012 Wehrenberg Theatres


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Differential Regulation of Protrusion and Polarity by PI(3)K during Neutrophil Motility in Live Zebrafish
Differential Regulation of Protrusion and Polarity by PI(3)K during Neutrophil Motility in Live Zebrafish
Developmental Cell, Volume 18, Issue 2,
Pages 226-236,
Publication Date 16 February 2010
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.11.015
Sa Kan Yoo
Qing Deng
Peter J. Cavnar
Yi I. Wu
Klaus M. Hahn
Anna Huttenlocher
Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 4205 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
Corresponding author
► Neutrophil motility in live zebrafish requires PI(3)K activity at the leading edge ► Localized photo-activation of Rac can to direct migration in vivo ► Rac activation rescues protrusion but not polarization in PI(3)K-inhibited cells ► Separable two-tier regulation of F-actin dynamics and protrusion by PI(3)K
Cell polarity is crucial for directed migration. Here we show that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K) mediates neutrophil migration in vivo by differentially regulating cell protrusion and polarity. The dynamics of PI(3)K products PI(3,4,5)P3-PI(3,4)P2 during neutrophil migration were visualized in living zebrafish, revealing that PI(3)K activation at the leading edge is critical for neutrophil motility in intact tissues. A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac was used to demonstrate that localized activation of Rac is sufficient to direct migration with precise temporal and spatial control in vivo. Similar stimulation of PI(3)K-inhibited cells did not direct migration. Localized Rac activation rescued membrane protrusion but not anteroposterior polarization of F-actin dynamics of PI(3)K-inhibited cells. Uncoupling Rac-mediated protrusion and polarization suggests a paradigm of two-tiered PI(3)K-mediated regulation of cell motility. This work provides new insight into how cell signaling at the front and back of the cell is coordinated during polarized cell migration in intact tissues within a multicellular organism.


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One moment of weakness -- a single click on a bogus e-mail link or website -- has cost many U.S. companies nearly $1 million apiece, the FBI said. And it has transported them into a world of international intrigue worthy of a spy novel, connecting them to a crime ring linked to six Chinese port cities near the Russian border.
In a sternly worded warning that included a remarkable level of detail for an FBI press release, the agency is warning U.S. businesses and banks to be wary of wire transfers headed to Chinese cities of Raohe, Fuyuan, Jixi City, Xunke, Tongjiang and Dongning.
It's unclear if the stolen funds remained in China or were transported elsewhere, and U.S. security firms are currently debating the significance of the notice. But the high-dollar value of the thefts, combined with their high-profile destination -- any government cybercrime warning that involves China raises eyebrows -- has attracted unusual attention in the banking community.
Transactions headed to those Chinese cities should be "heavily scrutinized, especially for clients that have no prior transaction history with companies in the Heilongjiang province," the FBI said.
Wire transfers -- often in the $900,000 range -- were repeatedly sent from U.S. firms to legitimate Chinese trading companies in Heilongjiang. Sending the money through international trade firms -- which are believed to be victims, also -- helped minimize suspicion. In a release dated April 26, the FBI said criminals had recently attempted to steal $20 million and got away with $11 million, a staggering success rate.
Online criminals have shifted their focus away from consumer accounts and onto larger business accounts, experts say. Commercial accounts have larger balances, involve more frequent transactions and the destinations for payment are much more varied, making hacker theft much harder to detect.
"These are small- and medium-sized businesses at the heart of the economic recovery who are devastated by this. In many cases banks do chose to share in losses, but it's still devastating," said Terry Austin, CEO of Guardian Analytics, which provides security to banks. He said his firm detected several attempted transactions that fit the scenario laid out by the FBI, including the Chinese destination cities. "This notion that banks and credit unions are under relentless attack -- this is just one more example of the size and boldness of attacks -- is a story that needs to keep getting told."
Even if China is merely an intermediary step in the heists, it's significant that the FBI chose to call out Chinese cities in its release, said Avivah Litan, a bank security analyst for Gartner.
"I have never seen a fraud alert with this much specificity," Litan said. "It makes you think. There is definitely a Chinese connection, though we don't really know what it is."
She speculated that the criminals could be behind other well-publicized computer break-ins that have been blamed on Chinese hackers.
"You would think it could be the same spies for the Chinese government who have been wreaking havoc, and they need to pay for their efforts. Usually bad guys rob accounts to fund other activities. But that's just speculation," she said. "It also strikes a familiar chord since perpetrators originating in China are rumored to be behind the recent spate of (advanced persistent threat) attacks against security companies like RSA Security and others, some of which I hear have not been publicly disclosed. It makes you wonder if our intelligence and law enforcement agencies are closing in on loosely organized criminal Chinese rings that perpetrate various types of fraud for financial and political gain, and if the same rings are involved in multiple activities.
The highly-skilled hackers in the FBI warning managed to control computers on both ends of the transactions -- hijacking computers than can access small business accounts on the U.S. side, and also computers in China that can access accounts belonging to legitimate trading firms there. That helped them cleverly cloak their activities. It also might be the reason the FBI called out Chinese cities by name, said Mickey Boodaei, CEO of Israel-based Trusteer, a security firm.
"The main reason the FBI issued a release was because they had actionable intelligence about how to ID these transactions and block them and wanted to reach a wide audience of banks and online bankers and let them know they should be really careful," he said.
The criminals were smart enough to rotate destinations for the money quickly in an effort to further evade suspicion, the FBI said. So there's no reason to believe hackers haven't already moved on to other cities. All experts interviewed for this story said they thought the $11 million value of this specific heist represented just the tip of the iceberg. Litan said she believed it's a $1 billion global problem.
"This is just a very common occurrence now at banks, with criminals robbing small business accounts and moving the money offshore," she said.
In each case, the FBI said, the money was sent to one of three Chinese banks: "Agricultural Bank of China, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, (or) the Bank of China."
Guardian Analytics' monitoring software, which Austin says spotted and stopped fraudulent transactions headed to those six Chinese cities, offer a rare detailed glimpse into how the criminals operated.
The target "could be a construction company, a real estate company, a school, a church. Any business that has a commercial account that it uses that to pay suppliers and vendors," he said.
An employee inside the firm who has the ability to wire funds through those accounts is targeted with an attack. Once he or she takes the bait -- perhaps laid through a booby-trapped e-mail, or an infected website -- the criminals gain access to a computer and an account at the firm authorized to wire money.
In some cases, the theft involves simply logging into an online merchant account and initiating a wire transfer. But even companies with far more sophisticated security protections have been victimized, Austin said. Some firms require dual authorization for a financial transfer, or at least a phone call for verification. The criminals are smart enough to arrange for a bypass approval, or to reroute the approval phone calls to numbers they control, he said. They even spent weeks observing an account to find out when the balance is highest and watch transaction patterns so criminal wire transfers won't raise alarm bells, Austin said.
"They often go through a multi-step setup before the crime," he said.
If the bank requires two-factor authentication – perhaps the entering of a code from a token along with a password -- the criminals lie in wait until the employee logs in to the bank account, and then make their move by "hijacking the session," Austin said.
The criminals go to impressive lengths to hide their tracks. After a session is hijacked, according to the FBI, they send the legitimate user to a fake webpage saying the bank website is under maintenance.
"While the user is experiencing logon issues, malicious actors initiate the unauthorized transfers to commercial accounts held at intermediary banks typically located in New York. Account funds are then transferred to the Chinese economic and trade company bank account," the FBI said.
Even after the transaction, the criminals continue to cover their tracks -- sometimes, doing the virtual equivalent of swapping out a security camera video, said Boodaei, the Trusteer executive. They have the ability to temporarily intercept all communication between the customer and the bank, and make the stolen funds undetectable.
"One feature we've seen is that they can show the target firm their what looks like the correct balance, before the theft, so unless you have another way of checking your balance you won't be able to identify that something suspicious has happened," he said. "It's part of the way they fly under the radar. ... They are studying victims very carefully, and adjust their attacks based on each firm."
In one case, according to the FBI, the criminals wiped the hard drive of the computer used in the attack to prevent the firm's technology department from investigating.
Behind many of the attacks, according to the FBI, is a notorious Trojan horse program called Zeus, which could be the most lucrative piece of malware ever created. The software, designed specifically for stealing money from banks, is so powerful that its author was once able to command $3,000 to $4,000 for its sale, according to security firm SecureWorks.
The anonymous author even baked piracy protection into the software, to ensure that criminal users paid up.
Zeus now comes in many forms, but its widespread infection rate makes it a powerful tool for cyber-criminals. Security firm RSA recently claimed that 88 percent of Fortune 500 companies have at least one workstation infected with Zeus; Boodaei said that 1 in 200 computers on the Internet are infected.
"The infection rate is usually lower with enterprises than with consumers, but I would guess that any firm with more than 1,000 desktops should expect at least one Zeus infection, if not many more," he said.
To show how creative criminals have become with Zeus -- and how powerful the software is -- Trusteer recently described an elaborate Zeus attack that tricks consumers into buying fake investments from a make-believe investment house. Zeus-infected PCs will substitute banner ads on real news Web sites, including Forbes.com, CNN.com, and ESPN.com, with ads for their investment vehicle, which promise large returns. Clicking on the ad reveals a webpage named URSInvestment.com, in which the news site appears to legitimize the investment. Ultimately, consumers are asked to wire minimum investments of $1,000, $5,000, or $10,000 to the firm to open an account.
"With attack code already developed to the point where it can convincingly mimic real websites and trusted brands, it appears criminal groups are bulking up investments in marketing communications to make their scams harder to differentiate from legitimate business offers presented to web users," wrote Trusteer's Amit Klein in a blog post describing the attack.
Whether the criminals are in China, or simply using Chinese firms to help wring money out of the banking system, Austin said it's important for companies to know how common these kinds of attacks have become.
"Remember this is one event being reported on with one specific set of circumstances," said Austin. "There is very little risk if they fail. There is no retribution, none of the typical risks associated with robbing a bank. We're seeing that play out with more and more frequency."
Follow Bob Sullivan on Facebook by clicking here.
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You Are Here: | › › › Northwest Shoe Bag |
• Zippered main compartment with padding and vents
• Can hold up to U.S. men's size 13 shoes
• Top handle
• Zippered exterior pocket. Decorating includes one color, one location Silkscreen imprint centered 1" below zipper, strap at top (4" x 3-1/2"). Other imprint methods available include Steel Threads Metal Logo Plate, Embroidery, Dome, Logo 3D Rubber Patch, Color Stamping, Debossing, and Color Fill. Please call for information on using these alternate imprint methods.* Product material: 600d PC. Product dimensions: 15"H x 4-1/2"W x 6-1/2"L
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Additional Information
Standard Production Time | 5 days. (Rush production may be available. Learn More) |
Weight | 9.9 oz |
Price Range | $5 - $5.99 |
Production Time | 10 Days or Less |
Production Time | 15 Days or Less |
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Production Time | 6 Days or Less |
Free Rush Production | FREE 24 Hour Rush |
Material | Poly Canvas |
Supplier | Leeds |
Shipped From State | Pennsylvania |
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Imprint Method | Silk Screen (This is the default imprint method. Other imprint methods may be available. Please call for details.) |
Graphic Design | There is no charge for art modifications and we offer FREE Virtual Proofs. Our skilled graphic design team can help put the finishing touches on your logo or artwork no matter what type of image you send us! |
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Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
3/15/2014 8:02:35 PM. For Customer Service, please call
Pickup Check store pickup options
The Story
Chromed steel key forms a clever brush that will draw smiles for its punning design while it dusts keyboards clean. Produced by the Imaginary Factory at Berlin's Institute for the Blind, this is just one of the many design-led products created with traditional craft techniques.


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How do you keep a geek in suspense? Post a seven part making-of series one segment per day. I was already all fanboy-asquee over this giant mech robot that stormed Comic Con last month…the topper today was spotting some Adafruit gear in the mix (Wave Shield being assembled at 0:49 in the video — trust me, you come to recognize these things like you do faces). Exactly how this features, and what other parts might be in there, we won't know 'til the rest is published over the course of the week.
DISPLAY PRICES IN:(Exchange is Estimated) |


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Late yesterday in Israel, the Knesset approved the first reading of the infamous Prawer Plan - a blueprint for removing 40,000 Bedouin people from their ancestral homeland. Read more and take action!
Tell your California Assembly Representative and Senator to respect the student divestment votes! Read more and take action.
JVP's Rabbi Alissa Wise writes about the 30,000 Bedouin facing permanent displacement because of the recent decision by Israeli ministers to approve Israeli minister Benny Begin's newest version of the Prawer Plan.
Update on attacks on American Muslim for Palestine (AMP)'s San Francisco bus ads.
Even after nine consecutive terms at Military Prison 6 - for refusal to serve in an army whose government he believes continues to occupy another people - Natan Blanc is standing firm.
Here are two letters submitted to the San Francisco Municipal Transit Authority.
For more background on this,please go to Coalition urges SF authorities to refrain from stigmatizing political ads
Click here to take action!
Civil rights organizations call upon San Francisco authorities to resist pressure to stigmatize Muni bus ads that quote Nobel Peace Prize laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu characterizing Israeli policies as apartheid.
A few months ago, I was appalled to see anti-Palestinian ads in San Francisco MUNI buses that referred to Arabs and Muslims as uncivilized and as "savages". Read more and take action.
The United States allows inhabitants of 37 countries to enter the United States without a visa, as long as they extend the same privilege to United States citizens and Senator Barbara Boxer is proposing to add Israel to that list - but without requiring equal treatment for Americans traveling to Israel.
Jewish Voice for Peace supports SF bus campaign criticizing Israeli human rights violations, condemns local Jewish Community Relation Council's attempt to muzzle political speech.


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Home > Opportunities for Members > Job Search
The following job search links may be of interest to teachers and prospective teachers in British Columbia.
The BCTF has published practical résumé guidelines for teachers.
The B.C. Ministry of Education maintains contact information for British Columbia school districts, and the BCTF publishes a list of School Board/Superintendent Addresses which includes telephone numbers, fax numbers, and e-mail addresses.
The Education Canada Network (ECN) is a national source for educational employment opportunities, and features job postings, a resume registry, and information about teacher classification and certification in each province.
Make a Future was created by the BC Public School Employers' Association as a job board for teachers and those in the education sector, and is a joint venture between the BC Ministry of Education and the 60 public school districts.
Check The Vancouver Sun classified ads, especially on Saturdays.
Indeed.ca is a job search engine providing free access to teacher jobs from hundreds of job boards, newspaper classifieds and websites.
The websites listed on our interview strategies page contain helpful, practical information to help you prepare for job interviews in any kind of employment situation. We have included information on a popular technique called behavioural interviewing, as well as a section on teacher interview tips.
BC WorkInfoNet is a good starting point for career, education, and labour market information.
Work Futures online provides comprehensive information on nearly 200 occupations.
What's key in labour market information for B.C. catalogues useful resources for career practitioners, youth and job-seekers.
CareerClick lets you do a broad search, create online resumes, and sign up for e-mail job alerts.
Workopolis claims to be Canada's biggest job site. You can create and save up to 10 resumes and create CareerAlerts—e-mail notices of jobs you may be interested in.
Canada-wide job postings can be found through the HRDC Job Bank.
CareerOwl, founded by Canadian university professors from the University of Western Ontario, the University of Alberta, and the University of British Columbia, is a non-profit employment information and e-recruiting site for students, graduates, and prospective employers.
The JobHuntersBible web site is a supplement to Richard Bolles' authoritative book about job hunting, What Color is Your Parachute?. There is a comprehensive list of related sites, including sites to post resumes.
Rebecca Smith's eResumes and Resources is an excellent site about electronic resumes and applying for jobs online.
The resources of Advancing Women's Career Center are comprehensive.
Last updated July 19, 2010.


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[JURIST] A federal judge ruled Thursday that the tobacco industry [JURIST news archive] is liable for civil racketeering charges filed against the industry by the DOJ in 1999. Federal prosecutors filed suit [DOJ materials] under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) [text], claiming that tobacco companies conspired to mislead the public about the dangers of smoking. During the case, a federal appeals court ruled that the government could not seek a $280 billion penalty [JURIST report] against the companies for past profits, instead limiting relief to prevention of future violations. The US Supreme Court denied certiorari [JURIST report; cert petition, PDF] to review the issue.Judge Gladys Kessler had urged the parties to settle the lawsuit [JURIST report] after federal prosecutors reduced the proposed penalty [JURIST report] against major tobacco companies from $130 billion to $10 billion, over the objection of their expert witness. The settlement offer reduction prompted a nonprofit legal group to file a civil lawsuit [JURIST report; case materials] against then Associate Attorney General Robert McCallum [official profile], now US Ambassador to Australia, to determine why the settlement offer was reduced.Read Kessler's 1,742-page final opinion [PDF] and final judgment and remedial order [PDF].5:50 PM ET - Kessler did not order the tobacco companies involved in the litigation to pay for a program to help people quit smoking as the DOJ had asked, citing the appeals court allowing only forward-looking remedies. Instead, the companies were ordered to publish
separate corrective statements concerning each of the following: (a) the adverse health effects of smoking; (b) the addictiveness of smoking and nicotine; (c) the lack of any significant health benefit from smoking "low tar," "light," "ultra light," "mild," and "natural," cigarettes; (d) Defendants' manipulation of cigarette design and composition to ensure optimum nicotine delivery; and (e) the adverse health effects of exposure to secondhand smoke (also known as environmental tobacco smoke, or ETS).


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We booked sangeetha residency party hall,with dinner for an engagement function. We were very much disappointed with the quality of food, it was horrible.I suggest not to book the party halls for your function at sangeetha residency.
- Also Known As:
- Sangeetha Residency Hotel
- Sangeetha Residency Hotel Chennai (Madras)
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Tingo, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Venere and Agoda so you can book your Sangeetha Residency reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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D-Link takes wireless-n access points to work
D-Link is going to the office. The company announced on Monday its first wireless-n access points for small to medium businesses. The APs offer a much larger coverage area, as well as better bandwidth, than those designed for home users.
The new APs include the AirPremier N Dual Band Access Point DAP-2590 and the Dual Band Access Point DAP-2553. They support 5GHz and 2.4GHz frequencies, as well as multiple wireless standards (a, n, and g). They also have Power over Ethernet (PoE) capability.
PoE lets the device draw power directly from the network cable and therefore be mounted where … Read more


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WASHINGTON, DC - JULY 01: Carly Fiorina, Chairman of Good360, and former CEO of Hewlett-Packard, speaks at the National Press Club, July 1, 2013 in Washington, DC. Ms. Fiorina was the guest speaker for the Press Club's newsmaker luncheon and spoke about American innovation and leadership in the 21st century. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images)
Content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. Our WSJ algorithm comprises 30% page views, 20% Facebook, 20% Twitter, 20% email shares and 10% comments.
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Carpe Diem! (Seize the Day!)
5CCG (5th MOB):My USAF radar shop
Hobby & Fun
Airplanes and Rockets:My personal hobby website
Equine Kingdom:My daughter Sally's horse riding business website - lots of info
Doggy Dynasty: My son-in-law's dog training business
System Requirements: Windows XP, Microsoft Excel 2003 or later.
Still Only $35 - {* ORDER HERE *} Complete User's Guide is Online
If you purchased RF Cascade Workbook 2003 between September 1, 2004 and November 17, 2004, please send me an e-mail requesting the upgrade and I'll be happy to send you the RFCW2005 file at no charge.
Upgrades from any other time period are available for only $20.
50- and 100-component versions are available at no additional cost.
RF Cascade Workbook RF system analysis includingfrequency conversion & filters
RF & EE Symbols Word RF Stencils for Visio


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Country singer Jason Aldean performing at the iHeart Radio Music Festivalat the MGM Grand Arena in Las Vegas on Sept. 21. Aldean has apologized to fans after pictures of him acting "inappropriately" last week popped up. Aldean's apology tweet comes after photos appeared showing him and former "American Idol" contestant Brittany Kerr together at a bar in Los Angeles last Wednesday. In one photo, they appear to kiss. Aldean is married with two children. A publicist says there will be no further comment. (File / Associated Press)
Read the article: Faces & Names: Country singer Jason Aldean apologizes for inappropriate behavior


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Nov 3, 2012, 08:06 PM | #1 |
iPod touch 5th Gen.
Is it all that it is cracked up to be? What are some common issues you are experiencing? Are the new earbuds all that great?
0 |
Nov 3, 2012, 08:07 PM | #2 |
mine came with faulty hardware that made it shut down and reboot in a continuous loop until i restored it twice. getting a new one monday
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Nov 3, 2012, 10:45 PM | #3 |
I love mine!! I upgraded from IPT 4g, which I was happy with. But this is really great! I've had no issues with mine so far....
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Nov 4, 2012, 12:08 AM | #4 |
And the award for most vaguely titled thread goes to…
But seriously, I went from a 4g to a 5g, and the difference is amazing. The battery lasts all day, the screen is incredibly vibrant, multitasking is seamless and doesn't hinder graphic-intensive apps, the camera takes real pictures, and everything is much faster in general. I also use Siri daily to set timers, reminders, and play music. I new iPod touch is more than it's cracked up to be.
Steve would never allow Safari to seem snappier on such a slow news day ergo Apple is doomed. |
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Nov 4, 2012, 01:26 AM | #5 | |
I tried using my 4G again yesterday and it was a major difference, just felt so heavy and chunky, and seemed to take an age to do anything. The 5G is a fantastic ipod..it really is. I haven't even opened the earbuds..I use a set of cheap sony earphones. They do the job. The only 'issue' I have found is that it is sometimes hard to keep a hold of as it is so light, especially one handed. The strap is a great feature!
http://convertyourcameratoinfrared.info |
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Nov 4, 2012, 06:27 AM | #6 |
I couldn't be happier with mine. It's a HUGE step up. It's all it's cracked up to be and more. And after using the screen for a while, the screen on the 4s feels short and squatty.
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Nov 4, 2012, 07:39 AM | #7 |
If the back wasn't so frictionless it'd be perfect.
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Nov 4, 2012, 07:52 AM | #8 |
Steve would never allow Safari to seem snappier on such a slow news day ergo Apple is doomed. |
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Nov 4, 2012, 08:53 AM | #9 | |
The new ear pods are great. So nice the set that came with my iPod was borrowed by another family member who couldn't keep her own earbuds in her ears. I purchased the ear pods with mic and remote and find them terrific. Very handy to tell Siri to play the music I want while outdoors working in my garden (with my iPod in a zipped pocket and gloves on my hands). The iPod touch 5 and the new ear pods are terrific products. I did buy a clear case for the back to protect it. |
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Nov 4, 2012, 08:55 AM | #10 |
Very happy here, it's even suffered it's first fall face down onto kitchen tiles from about 4 foot - husbands fault i hasten to add - and has survived today.
Much faster than the 4g, feels a great upgrade, no issues here.
2012 11" MBA, 64gb iPad3 |
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Have questions you want to ask a doctor, but you're too embarrassed? Or too busy? Maybe you forgot to ask the last time you had an appointment?
Join our weekly web chat at noon every Wednesday with Alegent Creighton Health doctors.
You can start posting your questions a day ahead. Then join the chat at noon Wednesday to see what the doctors have to say. If you can't make the chat, just stop back later and read the replay. Below is a replay of today's chat.
This week's chat featured Dr. Michael Grace, a board-certified family physician at Alegent Creighton Clinic in Florence.
He received his medical degree from the University of Iowa College of Medicine and completed a residency at University of Washington.


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Getting started
1) Do you have the equivalent of 2 years of full-time PFP-related experience (3,000 hours) within the last 5 years?
YES è
Congratulations! You have met the Experience Requirement Click here to go back to the first page
NOT YET? ê
Join the PFP Section
You will have access to resources that will:
When you do apply for the credential, you will continue to have access to these resources. As a section member, when you apply for the credential, the unused portion of your section dues are applied against your credential fee.
Click here to join the PFP Section


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Specious one bedroom apartment with a king size bed 100 meters from the beach with communal Pool air conditioned and terrace area with patio furniture for alfresco dining, and breakfast.
The apartment is furnished and equipped with all modern appliances such as flat TV, DVD player, stereo CD player, microwave oven, full size refrigerator, washing machine, toaster, kettle and all necessary kitchenware.This is a specious second floor apartment with open plan setting with the kitchen, dining and lounge area well spaced out for maximum comfort. The lounge area is tastefully furnished with sofas, a coffee table, a TV/DVD player and satellite TV.The dining area can seat up to 4 people comfortably. The kitchen is well equipped including oven/hob, fridge/freezer, and washing machineBedroom with inbuilt cupboard space with a king size bed. All are well designed to ensure best possible stay during your holiday.All necessary bed linen including bath towels are provided. Additional services are available on request.Extra information about the areaApartment Pernera is located in one of the most attractive resorts of Cyprus namely Protaras-Ayia Napa area near Paralimni Village. A couple of minutes walk you will find the holiday village of Kapparis with bars, excellent taverns and restaurants, supermarkets, banks, kiosks and car hire rental offices. Ideally situated and equipped the apartment offers pure relaxation and family-orientated holiday on one of the most attractive Cyprus beaches. Just beyond Protaras is Cape Greco, which is located on the furthest southeastern point of the island in the Famagusta region. This area contains a National Park Forest, occupying an area of 390 hectares and offers facilities for hiking, picnicking, cycling, horse-riding, climbing, swimming and diving. Scenery and views in this area are some of the best on the island. A few minutes drive along the coast is the family friendly coastline resort of Protaras with its famous white sandy beaches and, in particular, Fig Tree Bay where you can find activities such as snorkeling, jet-skiing, parasailing plus Water world, where children can splash all day. For the night life lovers, the action-packed resort of Ayia Napa is a short drive 15-minute drive from the apartment. Apartment Pernera provides a holiday experience to remember. It's relaxing atmosphere is all you ever dreamed of.
The apartment is in a very quiet area. It has access to a shared east facing swimming pool, a east facing patio area, a east facing balcony. If you are driving there is private parking.
If you have any other questions about this property please contact the owner below.
Please read our FAQs as your question could be answered here.
+44 (0) 203 696 2870
Mon – Fri 8:30am – 5:30pm
Famagusta, South
Provence Alpes
Cote d'Azur
Silver Coast
Balearic Islands
Costa Blanca
Costa Calida
Costa del Sol
Gran Canaria
Mediterranean Coast
Turkish Aegean
Top destinations
All late deals
Great for families
Under £300 per week
Just private pools
Canary Islands
Faraway shores
Last minute deals


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New Zealand Fashion Week 2012 was held from 3rd - 9th September with designers showcasing their autumn/winter 2013 collections.
Check out the FOUR Fashion Week section where you can view blogs, video diaries and photo galleries from the week!
Fashion Week 2012
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