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Starring Jay Chou of The Green Hornet
Featuring Eric Tsang, Winner of the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor
- Genre: Action,Adventure,Live Action
- Rating: TV-14
- Aspect Ratio: 16:9
- Number of Movies: 1
nIt's Indiana Jones meets the Shaw Brothers
Jef Burnham, FilmMonthly.comnif you're looking for action, you'll find it here.
J Hurtado, Twitchfilm
Fans of The Mummy need hunt no further for edge-of-your-seat thrills! Hong Kong Film Award winners, Jay Chou (The Green Hornet) and Eric Tsang, star in this blazing adventure packed with action and stunning special effects.
Qiaofei (Jay Chou) is a relic expert with a gritty past. When his mentor's daughter is held hostage over a map with a deadly history, the rugged warrior whips into action! Chaos erupts as he swoops in to the rescue and scours the sands for legendary riches buried deep in China's northwest desert. Chased down by the shadowy Sandstorm Legion and challenged by countless greedy, bloodthirsty foes, Qiaofei faces danger at every turn to find the tomb—but some treasures aren't meant to be found.


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Discover more resources: Compute Data Services App Services Reference Samples Scenario-based tutorials
The white papers listed below provide additional views and perspectives on Windows Azure services.
(in order of popularity)
Want to edit or suggest changes to this content? You can edit and submit changes to this article using GitHub.

subset: commoncrawl


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WIFR Mobile Site
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Volunteers Help Build New Concession Stand at Roy Gayle
Posted: 8:44 PM Nov 13, 2012
ROCKFORD (WIFR) -- A local sports complex is getting a face-lift.
Fourteen volunteers from Carpenters Local 792 spent Tuesday at Roy Gayle Baseball Park on Meridian Road. They worked on the roof of the new concession stand and facilities building. Other local construction unions have also volunteered their time to make improvements ahead of next year's baseball season.
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#include <iosfwd>
#include "IterationPack_Types.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_RefCountPtr.hpp"
Include dependency graph for IterationPack_AlgorithmTracker.hpp:
This graph shows which files directly or indirectly include this file:
Go to the source code of this file.
Namespaces | |
namespace | IterationPack |
Classes | |
class | IterationPack::AlgorithmTracker |
Used to ouput iteration results and other information. More... |


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PETERSBURG - With the nominations unveiled early Thursday morning and "Lincoln" up for 12 Academy Awards, the Virginia Tourism Corp. is already hard at work promoting the area's ties to the movie.
"Lincoln" led the Academy Awards with 12 nominations, including best picture, director and three acting honors. The nominations included: best picture; actor in a leading role, for Daniel Day-Lewis' portrayal of the 16th president; actor in a supporting role for Tommy Lee Jones' portrayal of Thaddeus Stephens; actress in a supporting role for Sally Field's portrayal of Mary Todd Lincoln; costume design; cinematography; directing for Steven Spielberg; writing for the adapted screenplay by David Magee; film editing; music for the best original score by John Williams and for the category of sound mixing.
"Lincoln" was filmed in Petersburg and the Richmond area in late 2011. Much of the exterior shots in the movie were filmed in Old Towne Petersburg.
On Tuesday, a much smaller film crew was in the city filming for an online video series by the Virginia Tourism Corporation.
"This is part of a new video series we're launching called 'For the Love of Travel,'" said VTC director of public relations and 'For the Love of Travel' host Tamra Talmadge-Anderson. "It's a Travel Channel type show. It's meant to show people all of the amazing only-in-Virginia experiences you can have when you come to Virginia."
Talmadge-Anderson said that the episode in Petersburg is centered on the Lincoln film trail. The video will debut at the end of the month, and she said it should be between three to seven minutes.
The series already has several videos available on the Virginia Tourism YouTube.com channel, but Talmadge-Anderson said that the series has not officially debuted yet. The video, filmed in part in Petersburg, will be the series' official debut.
"We're hoping to tie in with all the award season buzz," Talmadge-Anderson said. "We feel that it's an astounding movie and that it's very award worthy, and with the Oscars coming up, we'd like to capitalize on that."
She said that it also ties in with the beginning of the year and informing people so they can start planning a vacation to Virginia in 2013.
Mayor Brian Moore was interviewed by Talmadge-Anderson about the filming process for "Lincoln" that took place in late 2011 in the Old Towne area of the city.
"It was great to walk around on the set downtown and see all the people walking around and the buzz that was created with the filming," Moore said. He said that he hopes that people will come to visit the city for at least a couple of days to check out the areas where the movie was filmed.
"Lincoln" also led the Golden Globes with seven nominations, among them best drama, best director for Spielberg and acting honors for Daniel Day-Lewis, Sally Field and Tommy Lee Jones. The Golden Globes will be broadcast on Jan. 13 and the 85th Oscars will be broadcast on Feb. 24.
- F.M. Wiggins may be reached at 804-732-3456, ext. 3254 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Environment Fresh and raw By Admin on March 29, 2010 Dear EarthTalk A friend with many minor health problems recently switched to a diet of... Read more →
Environment Critter-proof composting By Admin on March 22, 2010 Dear EarthTalk My husband and I want to start a garden this year. I really want to make... Read more →
Environment Toxic trade off By Admin on March 15, 2010 Dear EarthTalk: Isn't the interest in electric cars and plug-in hybrids going to... Read more →
Environment Eating right for life By Admin on March 8, 2010 Dear EarthTalk: I see a lot of "healthy snacks" being marketed for kids that... Read more →
Environment Travel on the cheap By Admin on March 1, 2010 Dear EarthTalk: When the plug-in Prius is released, how much electricity will it use?... Read more →
Environment Building a better battery By Admin on February 22, 2010 Dear EarthTalk What is the potential for carbon "nanotubes" in battery... Read more →
Environment Fresh water overload By Admin on February 15, 2010 Dear EarthTalk If the ice caps are melting, what is happening to the salt content of the... Read more →
Environment Clearing the roads By Admin on February 8, 2010 Dear EarthTalk Short of massive efforts to build a public transportation infrastructure,... Read more →
Environment Spreading sustainability across globe By news on February 3, 2010 CITY HALL — Delegates from Gumi, South Korea visited Santa Monica Tuesday as part... Read more →
Environment The land of wasting food By Admin on February 1, 2010 Dear EarthTalk What are the environmental implications of all the food we throw away here... Read more →


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As The Compte De Valmont knew, tactics are everything, whether you are plotting to win the National Poetry Competition or to possess and/or ruin your beloved. You need particular tactics rather than mere instinct or emotionalism.
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Countryside Survey 2000 Quality Assurance Exercise. Report to Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station
Prosser, M.V.; Wallace, H.L.. 1999 Countryside Survey 2000 Quality Assurance Exercise. Report to Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station. Canon Pyon, Herefordshire, Ecological Surveys (Bangor). (UNSPECIFIED) (Unpublished)
Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
CS2000_QA_Prosser_Wallace.pdf - Published Version Restricted to NORA staff only until April 2019. Download (7Mb) | Request a copy |
It is recognised that in a field investigation on the scale of the Countryside Survey 2000, the large number of recorders and surveyors involved must produce an inherent degree of variation despite the provision of a training course, a field handbook and on-site visits by supervisors (Quality Control). It is therefore important to attempt a measure of the consistency and reliability of the work done within the major components of the field programme (Quality Assurance) as presented in this report.
Item Type: | Publication - Report (UNSPECIFIED) |
Programmes: | CEH Programmes pre-2009 publications > Other |
CEH Sections: | _ Pre-2000 sections |
Funders/Sponsors: | NERC |
Additional Keywords: | Countryside Survey, CS2000 |
NORA Subject Terms: | Ecology and Environment |
Related URLs: | |
Date made live: | 21 May 2012 15:09 |
URI: | http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/17490 |
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U.S. Olympic swimmer Ryan Lochte's won 6 medals -- and even beat Michael Phelps -- but that still doesn't get him a pass for pretending to be the biggest d-bag in the pool. He is pretending ... right?
Uh.... uh......FIRST !!!!! I guess.....so uh? who is this guy again? I said FIRST! HA! HA! HA! HA!
And why wouldn't he get more tail than Phelps. With that sweet giant hat and the birth control glasses? Yum-My!!
He is far from a Dbag. He is one of the nicest professional swimmers out there. He is great to his fans, he will stay around to make sure everyone gets a picture and an autograph. He is quirky and his style shows that; it doesn't mean he is a dbag.. He has his own style, he always has. That's why his fans adore him!
Okay TMZ Shut The **** Up. You obviously do not know ****! Seriously the people who work there are so annoying and stupid! Ryan Lochte is the #1 swimmer in the USA right now. Show some ****ing respect. If you do not know him, then keep your mouth shut. He is one of the nicest guys out there. He has respect for his fans and for his competition. He is NOT a D-Bag. You guys are the ones who are D-Bags. And come on, just because he is a swimmer doesn't mean he has to dress all nice and fancy outside of the pool. He has his own style and his fans love that about him. He's hard working and takes swimming serious and is a professional on what he does. He acts professional also. Trust me, the girls are all over him too. And I'm pretty sure he gets more than Phelps. And seriously how is he being a d-bag? What the hell. And when basketball players win games they get all happy and run around like crazy. In swimming you win medals, so why can't he wear his grillz on the podium? It isn't douchie at all! So leave the guy along! He really is a great and sweet guy.
when Phelps does poorly, Lochte won. When on his game, Lochte didn't. Would be very surprised if Lochte does compete in next olympics. He wants to "be a star", have his "own clothing line" etc. Michael wanted to swim, be the best at his sport.... . Good luck to the doofus and the pro. I'll let you figure it out which is which.


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The Indiana Department of Natural Resources says an 8-year-old Fort Wayne boy drowned Sunday night in Lake Michigan, in a spot near Michigan City.
Around 6 p.m. Martin Perez was swimming with family and friends when he went missing for a period of about 15 minutes, according to the DNR. He was found floating face down near the shoreline.
Bystanders performed CPR on the boy and he was transported to St. Anthony Memorial Hospital in Michigan City where officials say he was worked on for nearly an hour before he was pronounced dead.
"Adults who take children to Lake Michigan or any other lake must never take their attention away from what they are there for," said Indiana Conservation Officer Gene Davis in a news release issued Sunday night. "It only takes a minute to lose track of a child, and that can be enough for them to go under the water. Lake Michigan has many areas where in one step a child can go from waist deep to over their head."
The LaPorte County Coroner ruled drowning as the official cause of death. An autopsy was not performed.
The DNR says lifeguards were on scene and worked to save the child.


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James Lloyd published on 19 June 2013 |
Homer (c. 750 BCE) is perhaps the greatest of all epic poets and his legendary status was well established by the time of Classical Athens. He composed (not wrote, since the poems were created and transmitted orally, they were not written down until much later) two major works, the Iliad and the Odyssey; other works were attributed to Homer, but even in antiquity... [continue reading]
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Literature (from the Latin Littera meaning 'letters' and referring to an acquaintance with the written word) is the written work of a specific culture, sub-culture, religion, philosophy or the study of such written work which may appear in poetry or in prose. Literature, in the west, originated in Mesopotamia and flourished in Egypt, later in Greece (the... [continue reading]


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Photos: The Ukrainian crisis and Russian military intervention
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Shocking Indonesian festival celebrates with epic piercings
The Cap Go Meh celebration, also known as Lantern Festival, in Indonesia features stunning visuals with many unusual body piercings.
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A voracious pest which has long plagued corn farmers is devouring a widely-used variety that was genetically modified to thwart the rootworms, raising fears of a new superbug. So far, there is no evidence that a significant number of rootworms have developed a resistance to the corn's protective toxin. However,…
By Joshua Holland, Moyers & Company
Read MoreBy Zoe Williams, The Guardian
Read MoreBy Richard Seymour, The Guardian
Read MoreRaw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
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You can make your products recognized with our Wine Gift Set-Rosewood Wine Gift Set ! Branders.com now offers you these products to make it your own, ideal tool for hyping your business. Make the most of this item now and begin reaping the profits and perks that we offer!
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Yes, Nancy, thank you for reminding us all!!! And I join you with your sincere wishes to the VBB staff and workers!! I truly hope you all enjoyed a nice Christmas and have a happy and healthy New Year! Thanks for all you've done to get the kinks out of the site and attempting to get things working better. I know there's still much to do, but a lot has been accomplished, so thank you very much, VBB!!!Sharon, I agree with you a bit there. I wasn't that involved with the Forum section on the old site. For awhile I used to check it every day....my screen name was Mona Lisa.....and then I kind of fizzled out and didn't have time to check it cause I was busy with the recipe sections on the site. Now it seems it's just the opposite....I'm on the forums more than I'm looking for recipes!!! After the first of the year, I am hoping to be able to do a bit more of both!!!Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to all!!!!!
As a Very Best Baker, you can print coupons, chat in the Forums, plus rate, review and save recipes!
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Legal Compliance EEOC Issues New Guidance on Religious Dress and Grooming in the Workplace March 11, 2014
Benefits Outsourcing Companies Use Chaplains to Help Answer Workers' Prayers for Guidance March 11, 2014
Forward to the Future: How Workforce Tech Promises to Change the Way We Do Business December 12, 2013 Max Mihelich No Comments Technological changes, like Google Glass, could reinvent the workplace.Read More
Amazon's Jeff Bezos Floats an Idea of Delivering by Drone December 2, 2013 James Tehrani Although I've heard the "In five years … " line dozens of times about innovations like drone delivery, I wouldn't bet against this. Meantime, let's not moan about the drone.Read More
Lars Living Large June 7, 2013 No Comments If you're done with the people-management realm, thanks for the memories, Lars. If not, I look forward to your next act.Read More
New HR Software Tries to Assess Productivity April 17, 2013 Garry Kranz No Comments Startup software company DeskTime joins crowded market for employee-productivity tools.Read More
RescueTime Joins Market for Time and Productivity Tools April 17, 2013 Garry Kranz No Comments Startup software company RescueTime is part of "personal analytics" movement.Read More
Turn Here: GPS Tracking Gaining Acceptance March 7, 2013 Caren Chesler No Comments In the early days, employees feared that GPS monitoring was a form of 'Big Brother' watching, but workers are becoming more accepting of tracking since companies are no longer just using the information as a threat to ensure workers stay on course.Read More
Employers Turn to Biometric Technology to Track Attendance March 5, 2013 Sarah Fister Gale No Comments Companies are implementing biometric time clocks using facial recognition, fingerprint tracking or vein-pattern scanning to make it harder for hourly workers to steal company time. Still, some question whether Big Brother might be watching a little too closely.Read More
How Cloud Software Could Rain on Your Parade January 30, 2013 Michelle V. Rafter No Comments For all its benefits, software as a service isn't a panacea. A successful switch takes planning, organization and lots of training and communications.Read More
HR Tech Vendors' Push to Go Global November 12, 2012 Michelle V. Rafter No Comments People management software vendors are courting multinationals and other clients looking to evolve to a single, cloud-based system to replace a crazy quilt of existing local and regional programs. Read More
Five Things to Consider When Choosing a Global HR Software Vendor November 12, 2012 Michelle V. Rafter No Comments Thoroughly investigate what's being offered to uncover shortcoming before it's too late.Read More


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8 hrs ago | Beacon
Howdy neighbor: South Park: The Stick of Truth Review
The PC version of "South Park: The Stick of Truth" was reviewed, and is available for Xbox 360, Playstation 3 and PC.
Trending on the Topix Network
12 hrs ago | Computer And Video Games
Dark Souls 2 reviews have started to go live ahead of the game's Xbox 360 and PS3 release in North America today and in Europe later this week.
16 hrs ago | NEWS.com.au
Why video games are going to look a lot cooler
AS IF Titanfall wasn't realistic enough now the graphics in our video games are going to get a whole lot better.
18 hrs ago | Examiner.com
'Minecraft' continues to dominate digital sales on the PS3
Since its initial release last December, Minecraft: PS3 Edition has managed to top sales on the Playstation Network.
Deputies responded to the 700 block of Lower Glass Bridge Road in reference to a burglary where a woman reported a Dell laptop valued at $200 stolen as well as a Walther p22 firearm valued at $300 and costume jewelry.
'Battlefield 4' nearly ready to allow console server rentals
Battlefield 4 Multiplayer Gameplay in 1080p from Gamescom 2013: Have a look at this stunning Battlefield 4 multiplayer footage from Gamescom 2013.
Karaoke, gaming set to mark Teen Tech Week
Participants in Grades 6 through 12 are invited to take part in karaoke, PlayStation 3 and Wii gaming and to share free refreshments from 5 to 7a p.m. Tuesday and Wednesday in the Kidz Korner program room at the Seymour Library.
Potential PlayStation Now pricing revealed
While Sony has yet to officially announce how much it will cost to rent a streamed PS3 game, the imagery lists Uncharted 3 for $4.99 and Far Cry 3 for $5.99.
The Last Of Us to be adapted into movie
The First of Us - to be an actual decent video game movie? The Last Of Us, the hugely acclaimed Playstation 3 game, is set to be made into a movie.
PlayStation Network maintenance scheduled for later today
The next round of scheduled PSN maintenance will kick off later today , Sony has announced via its PlayStation Community portal .
MotoGP 14 announced, first in series to burn rubber on next-gen console
The MotoGP series' tank hasn't hit empty yet - in fact, it's boosting onto the PlayStation 4 in June with MotoGP 14. It will be the first MotoGP game on the new generation of consoles.
PS3 Game Box Art Will Soon Look Like PS4 Box Art
Here in the new age , we must try to forget the old age, apparently; Sony is shifting the look of the PS3 game box art for the second time, now to bring it in line with the blue aesthetic of the PS4 and Vita box art styles.
The Drop: New PlayStation Releases for March 11th, 2014
Steel yourself. One of the most punishing names in gaming makes a brutal return to PlayStation this week, igniting a joyous fire in the hearts of hardcore RPG fans.
Tech Analysis: Dead Nation: Apocalypse Edition on PS4
Between the success of last generation's HD re-releases and the need to populate the Instant Game Collection available to PlayStation Plus subscribers, Sony has certainly had a lot of incentive to revisit its back catalogue of late.
'Stick of Truth' lives up to 'South Park' standards
By Ross Edwards As a TV show, "South Park" has enjoyed 17 years of widespread popularity.
Dark Souls 2 PC specs list and screenshots
Namco Bandai 's next instalment in the epic action RPG series that started with Demon's Souls is due out for PC on 25th april.
'Minecraft PS3 Edition' DLC skin, texture and development updates posted
The company behind " Minecraft PS3 Edition" posted several new updates regarding the future DLC releases.
How to connect a PS3 controller to a PC
Connecting a PS3 controller to a PC is not as difficult as one might expect, and typically requires PC users to do little more than plug their controller in the their PC's USB input.
Ellie of video fame is headed for the big screen
Deadline Hollywood reports that Sony's Screen Gems production company will distribute the film adaptation of the the wildly popular PlayStation 3 game developed by Naughty Dog, creators of the "Uncharted" series.
Guacamelee! Super Turbo Championship Edition screens pound you into submission
DrinkBox Studios made a helluva game with its sharp-looking, 2013 PlayStation 3/PlayStation Vita action-platformer, Guacamelee! It follows a Mexican agave farmer who discovers a magical mask that transforms him into a powerful luchador, conveniently empowering him in time to rescue the kidnapped daughter of El Presidente from an evil skeleton named ... (more)


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I think it's stretching the meaning of 'capability'.
I think the meaning of 2,3,4,5 are all basically derived from 1. For example, in 3, "You can park your car here" means "I will give you such a capability to park here" and 2,4,5 all have the same "capability" nuance. What do you think?
1. I can in-line skate. - capability
2. Anybody can make a mistake - possibility
3 You can park your car here. - permission
4. Can she be truly happy? - strong doubt
5. He(Elvis Presley) is still alive? It cannot be possible - negative presumption.
Last edited by keannu; 13-Jan-2013 at 14:31.
I think it's stretching the meaning of 'capability'.
Context is important. Please provide enough for us to be able to deal effectively with your question.
Your thread title should include all or part of the word/phrase being discussed.
If you just want to know the meaning of a word, try OneLook Dictionary Search first.


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Academic Experience: The classes and teaching offered at this school are second to none and really make the process and stress of being an international student worthwhile. You have to be prepared to work hard and really try your best in all classes and also be prepared to give up a large chunk of your social life if you want to perform to the best of your ability. The faculty are always at the end of an email for help and support and it makes the daunting course work much more manageable and enjoyable.
Academic Experience: As an actress, it is very helpful to know that my professors are working professionals. They're helpful and know the business and are willing to train us.
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For flame-resistant protection in a high-quality jean that's built to last, the Carhartt Flame-Resistant Utility Denim Dungaree Jean is a great workwear choice. Designed to sit slightly below the waist with a full seat and thigh, the jean is constructed of 14.75-oz., 100% cotton denim fabric for rugged comfort and flame-resistant protection. Triple-needle stitching at all major seams adds even greater durability. This straight-leg, multi-function jean features an arc-resistant button waist closure; brass zipper fly with flame-resistant Nomex zipper tape; multiple utility pockets; two reinforced back pockets; and a utility band at the left leg. A flame-resistant Carhartt label is sewn on the back pocket, and an HRC 2 label is sewn on the front waistband. The Carhartt Flame-Resistant Utility Denim Dungaree Jean meets the performance requirements of NFPA 70E standards and is UL Classified to NFPA 2112. Style#: 100459. Imported.
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Pittsburgh Steelers Gear
Pittsburgh Steelers Mens
Cold Weather Gear
(356 items)
Product ID: 1331002
Main Content
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"This allegation is not true and it is the height of negligent and irresponsible journalism to promote this untrue and unverified gossip. Sadly, we live in a climate where elected officials are attacked in blogs by unscrupulous individuals who do not believe they should be held accountable for their libel. Respectable journalism should not promote this libel and sensationalize unverified gossip."
According to a report on Forbes magazine's technology blog, Brown claimed yesterday that Moore was tied to Mexican drug cartels. However, today, in a public chat about the issue, witnessed by Xpress, Brown instead said that Moore is cooperating with an American gang, the Houstones.Read the full article
Subscribe to XpressMail. Free Sneak Peek. Every Week.
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Twister Trouble
by Anne Schreiber, Ann Schreiber
The kids in Ms. Frizzle's class are getting ready for the Wild Weather Show. To prepare, they take a field trip to the Weatherama Amusement Park. The class finds out just how wild weather can be when they accidentally fly right into a powerful tornado.
Series Information
The popular and information-filled Magic School Bus stories are now offered in chapter book format. Loaded with science information and humor, these are sure to be a hit. So take a seat behind the Friz!
- Ages
- 8, 9, 10
- Interest Level
- Grades 3 - 5
- Grade Level Equivalent
- 3.1
- Lexile Measure
- 34
- Guided Reading
- Publisher
- Scholastic Paperbacks
- Number of Pages
- 80
- Genre
- General Nonfiction, Dictionaries, Reference, Series
About the Authors
Anne Schreiber
Ann Schreiber
The Reading Toolkit


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The main opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party led by former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia and its allies had planned a mass gathering in Dhaka on Sunday but police barred Zia from leaving her home while cordoning off the venue in front of the party's headquarters.
The rally was planned to force Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to cancel upcoming elections and hand over power to a caretaker government to oversee the vote.
Security officials also put barricades at entry points into Dhaka, and kept public transport off the streets across the country on Sunday, making it difficult for Zia's supporters to move.
Zia's party condemned the government's stand and has vowed to continue its protest unless the government halts the Jan. 5 election.
The party has said it would continue the protest Monday, and urged its supporters to block roads, railways and waterways across the country.
Dhaka remained cut off from rest of the country amid tight security. But no major violence was reported Monday morning.
On Sunday, security forces and opposition activists clashed in the city, leaving at least one person dead.
Reports said authorities had detained more than 1,550 people in a crackdown ahead of next weekend's elections, further deepening the political crisis in the impoverished South Asian nation.
More than 150 people have died in political violence in Bangladesh since the crisis intensified in October. The conflict pits an opposition alliance led by Zia's party against Hasina, who accuses Zia of protecting people being tried or convicted of war crimes involving the nation's 1971 independence war against Pakistan.
Jamaat-e-Islami, the main partner of Zia's party, wants the government to halt the war crimes trials of its leaders. Zia says the trials initiated by Hasina are politically motivated to weaken the opposition, which the government denies. Jamaat-e-Islami is banned from taking part in the election.
Businesses have expressed concern about the political standoff, saying the conflict is hampering the country's progress in manufacturing, including a burgeoning garment industry that earns more than $20 billion a year from exports.


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Post-concussion syndrome
Post-concussion syndrome | |
Classification and external resources | |
eMedicine | emerg/865 |
MeSH | D038223 |
Post-concussion syndrome, also known as postconcussive syndrome or PCS, is a set of symptoms that may continue for weeks, months, or occasionally a year or more after a concussion – a mild form of traumatic brain injury (TBI).[1][2][3] The rates of PCS vary, but most studies report that about 15% of individuals with a history of a single mild TBI develop persistent symptoms associated with the injury. A diagnosis may be made when symptoms resulting from concussion last for more than three months after the injury.[4][5]
The condition is associated with wide range of symptoms: physical, such as headache; cognitive, such as difficulty concentrating; and emotional and behavioral, such as irritability. As many of the symptoms associated with PCS are common or may be exacerbated by other disorders, so there is considerable risk of misdiagnosis.
Though there is no treatment for PCS, symptoms can be treated; medications and physical and behavioral therapy may be used, and individuals can be educated about symptoms and provided with the expectation of recovery. The majority of PCS cases resolve after a period of time.
It is not known what causes PCS to occur and persist,[6] or why some people who suffer a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) later develop PCS while others do not.[7] The nature of the syndrome and the diagnosis itself have been the subject of intense debate since the 19th century. However, certain risk factors have been identified; for example, preexisting medical or psychological conditions, expectations of disability, gender, and older age all increase the chances that someone will suffer PCS. Physiological and psychological factors present before, during, and after the injury are all thought to be involved in the development of PCS.[8]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
In the past, the term PCS was also used to refer to immediate physical symptoms or post-concussive symptoms following a mild TBI or concussion.[8] The severity of these symptoms typically decreased rapidly.[9] In addition, the nature of the symptoms may change over time: acute symptoms are most commonly of a physical nature, while persisting symptoms tend to be predominantly psychological.[10][11] Symptoms such as noise sensitivity, problems with concentration and memory, irritability, depression, anxiety may be called 'late symptoms' because they generally do not occur immediately after the injury, but rather in the days or weeks after the injury.[8] Nausea and drowsiness commonly occur acutely following concussion. Headache and dizziness occur immediately after the injury, but also can be long lasting.[8]
A common condition associated with PCS is headache.[12] While most people have headaches of the same type they experienced before the injury, people diagnosed with PCS often report more frequent or longer-lasting headaches.[12] Between 30 and 90% of people treated for PCS report having more frequent headaches and between 8 and 32% still report them a year after the injury.[12]
Dizziness is another common symptom reported in about half of people diagnosed with PCS and is still present in up to a quarter of them a year after the injury.[12] Older people are at especially high risk for dizziness which can contribute to subsequent injuries and higher rates of mortality due to falls [13]
About 10% of people with PCS develop sensitivity to light or noise, about 5% experience a decreased sense of taste or smell and about 14% report blurred vision.[12] People may also have double vision or ringing in the ears, also called tinnitus.[14] PCS may cause insomnia, fatigue,[15] or other problems with sleep.[9]
Psychological and behavioral[edit]
Psychological conditions, which are present in about half of people with PCS, may include irritability, anxiety, depression, and a change in personality.[12] Other emotional and behavioral symptoms include restlessness,[16] aggression,[17] mood swings,[15][18] Some common symptoms, such as apathy, insomnia, irritability or lack of motivation may result from other co-occurring conditions, such as depression.[12]
Higher mental functions[edit]
Common symptoms associated with a diagnosis of PCS are related to cognition,[19] problems with attention,[20] memory, especially short-term memory which can also worsen other problems such as forgetting appointments or difficulties at work.[12] In one study, one in four people diagnosed with PCS continued to report memory problems a year after the injury,[12][21] but most experts agree that cognitive symptoms clear within six months to a year after injury in the vast majority of individuals.[12]
The question of the cause or causes of PCS has been heavily debated for many years and remain controversial. It is not known to exactly what degree the symptoms are due to physiological changes or to other factors, such as pre-existing psychiatric disorders or factors related to secondary gain or disability compensation.[22] The subjectivity of the complaints complicates assessment and makes it difficult to determine whether symptoms are being exaggerated or feigned.[12]
While the cause of symptoms occurring immediately after a mild TBI or concussion are likely to be physiological, it is less evident that persistent post-concussive symptoms have an organic basis,[23][24] and nonorganic factors are likely to be involved in symptoms that last longer than three months.[21] PCS may also be exacerbated by psychosocial factors, chronic pain, or an interaction of some or all of these.[25] The majority of experts believe that PCS results from a mix of factors, including preexisting psychological factors, and those directly relating to the physical injury.[8]
Conventional neuroimaging studies of the brain following a mild TBI are typically normal. However, studies have found some subtle physiological changes associated with PCS using more novel imaging modalities. Studies using positron emission tomography have linked PCS to a reduction in glucose use by the brain. Changes in cerebral blood flow have also been observed as long as three years after a concussion in studies using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).[12] At least one study with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown differences in brain function during tasks involving memory after MTBI although they were not examining PCS specifically.[26] Not all people with PCS have abnormalities on imaging, however, and abnormalities found in studies such as fMRI, PET, and SPECT could result from other comorbid conditions such as depression, chronic pain, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[25] Proponents of the view that PCS has a physiological basis point to findings that studies have demonstrated that children demonstrate deficits on standardized tests of cognitive function following a mild TBI.[27] A few studies have shown that people with PCS score lower than controls on neuropsychological tests that measure attention, verbal learning, reasoning, and information processing, but issues related to effort and secondary gain can not be ruled out as contributing to these differences.[8] Recovery as measured by scores on cognitive tests frequently do not correlate with resolution of symptoms; individuals diagnosed with PCS may still report subjective symptoms after their performance on tests of cognitive functioning have returned to normal.[24] Another study found that although children with PCS had poorer scores on tests of cognitive functioning after the injury, they also had poorer behavioral adjustment before the injury than children with no persistent symptoms; these findings support the idea that PCS may result from a combination of factors such as brain dysfunction resulting from head injury and preexisting psychological or social problems.[27] Different symptoms may be predicted by different factors; for example, one study found that cognitive and physical symptoms were not predicted by the manner in which parents and family members coped with the injury and adjusted to its effects, but psychological and behavioral symptoms were.[27]
It has been argued that psychological factors play an important role in the presence of post-concussion symptoms.[28] The development of PCS may be due to a combination of factors such as adjustment to effects of the injury, preexisting vulnerabilities, and brain dysfunction.[29] Setbacks related to the injury, for example problems at work or with physical or social functioning, may act as stressors that interact with preexisting factors such as personality and mental conditions to cause and perpetuate PCS.[25] In one study, levels of daily stress were found to be correlated to PCS symptoms in both mildly brain injured subjects and controls, but in another, stress was not significantly related to symptoms.[8]
Iatrogenic effects (those caused by the medical intervention) may also occur when individuals are provided with misleading or incorrect information related to recovery of symptoms. This information may cause people to focus and dwell on the idea that their brains are permanently damaged,.[25] It appears that even the expectation of symptoms may contribute to the development of PCS by causing individuals with MTBI to focus on symptoms and therefore perceive them to be more intense, to attribute symptoms that occur for other reasons to the injury, and to underestimate the rate of symptoms before the injury.[24]
Symptom | ICD-10[30] | DSM-IV[27] |
Headache |
Dizziness |
Fatigue |
Irritability |
Sleep problems |
Concentration problems |
Memory problems |
Problems tolerating stress/emotion/alcohol |
Affect changes, anxiety, or depression |
Changes in personality |
Apathy |
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders have set out criteria for PCS and postconcussional disorder (PCD), respectively.
The ICD-10 established a set of diagnostic criteria for PCS in 1992.[30] In order to meet these criteria, a patient has had a head injury "usually sufficiently severe to result in loss of consciousness"[27][31] and then develop at least three of the eight symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under "ICD-10" within four weeks.[30][32] About 38% of people who suffer a head injury with symptoms of concussion and no radiological evidence of brain lesions meet these criteria.[33] In addition to these symptoms, people that meet the ICD-10 criteria for PCS may fear that they will have permanent brain damage, which may worsen the original symptoms.[3] Preoccupation with the injury may be accompanied by the assumption of a "sick role" and hypochondriasis.[29] The criteria focus on subjective symptoms and mention that neuropsychological evidence of significant impairment are not present.[23] With their focus on psychological factors, the ICD-10 criteria support the idea that the cause of PCS is functional.[27] Like the ICD-10, the ICD-9-CM defines PCS in terms of subjective symptoms and discusses the greater frequency of PCS in people with histories of mental disorders or a financial incentive for a diagnosis.[23]
The DSM-IV lists criteria for diagnosis of PCD in people who suffered a head trauma with persistent post-traumatic amnesia, loss of consciousness, or post-traumatic seizures.[27] In addition, for a diagnosis of PCD, patients must have neuropsychological impairment as well as at least three of the symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under "DSM-IV".[27] These symptoms must be present for three months after the injury and must have been absent or less severe before the injury.[34] In addition, the patient must experience social problems as a result, and must not meet criteria for another disorder that explains the symptoms better.[34]
Neuropsychological tests exist to measure deficits in cognitive functioning that can result from PCS.[12][21] The Stroop Color Test and the 2&7 Processing Speed Test (which both detect deficits in speed of mental processing) can predict the development of cognitive problems from PCS.[12] A test called the Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire, a set of questions that measure the severity of 16 different post-concussion symptoms, can be self-administered or administered by an interviewer.[3] Other tests that can predict the development of PCS include the Hopkins Verbal Learning A test (HVLA) and the Digit Span Forward examination.[12] The HVLA tests verbal learning and memory by presenting a series of words and assigning points based on the number recalled,[35] and digit span measures attention efficiency by asking the examinee to repeat back digits spoken by the tester in the same order as they are presented.[36] In addition, neuropsychological tests may be performed to detect malingering.[9]
Differential diagnosis[edit]
PCS, which shares symptoms with a variety of other conditions, is highly likely to be misdiagnosed in people with these conditions.[37] Cognitive and affective symptoms that occur following a traumatic injury may be attributed to MTBI, but in fact be due to another factor such as post-traumatic stress disorder,[28] which is easily misdiagnosed as PCS and vice versa.[37] Affective disorders such as depression have some symptoms that can mimic those of PCS and lead to a wrongful diagnosis of the latter; these include problems with concentration, emotional lability, anxiety, and sleep problems.[12] Depression, which is highly common in persistent PCS, can worsen other PCS symptoms, such as headaches and problems with concentration, memory, and sleep.[38] PCS also shares symptoms with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and exposure to certain toxins.[15] Traumatic brain injury may cause damage to the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland, and deficiencies of pituitary hormones (hypopituitarism) can cause similar symptoms to post-concussion syndrome; in these cases, symptoms can be treated by replacing any hormone deficiencies.
Management of post-concussion syndrome typically involves treatments addressing specific symptoms;[11] for example, people can take pain relievers for headaches and medicine to relieve depression or insomnia,.[39] Rest is advised, but is only somewhat effective.[40] Physical and behavioral therapy may also be prescribed for problems such as loss of balance and difficulties with attention, respectively.[41]
Though no pharmacological treatments exist for PCS, doctors may prescribe medications used for symptoms that also occur in other conditions; for example, antidepressants are used for the depression that frequently follows MTBI.[42] Side effects of medications may affect people suffering the consequences of MTBI more severely than they do others, and thus it is recommended that medications be avoided if possible;[42] there may be a benefit to avoiding narcotic medications.[43] In addition, some pain medications prescribed for headaches can cause rebound headaches when they are discontinued.[44]
Psychological treatment, to which about 40% of PCS patients are referred for consultation,[33] has been shown to reduce problems.[3] Ongoing disabilities may be treated with therapy to improve function at work, or in social or other contexts. Therapy aims to aid in the gradual return to work and other preinjury activities, as symptoms permit. A protocol for PCS treatment has been designed based on the principles behind Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a psychotherapy aimed at influencing disturbed emotions by improving thoughts and behaviors.[25] CBT may help prevent persistence of iatrogenic symptoms[42] – those that occur because health care providers create the expectation that they will. A risk exists that the "power of suggestion" may worsen symptoms and cause long-term disabilities;[44] therefore, when counseling is indicated, the therapist must take a psychological origin of symptoms into account and not assume that all symptoms are a direct result of neurological damage from the injury.[45]
In situations such as motor vehicle accidents or following a violent attack, the post-concussion syndrome may be accompanied by post-traumatic stress disorder, which is important to recognize and treat in its own right. People with PTSD, depression, and anxiety can be treated with medication and psychotherapy.[42]
Education about symptoms and their usual time course is a part of psychological therapy, and is most effective when provided soon after the injury.[42] Since stress exacerbates post-concussion symptoms, and vice versa, an important part of treatment is reassurance that PCS symptoms are normal, and education about how to deal with impairments.[16] One study found that PCS patients who were coached to return to activities gradually, told what symptoms to expect, and trained how to manage them had a reduction in symptoms compared to a control group of uninjured people.[10] Early education has been found to reduce symptoms in children as well.[41]
Neurotherapy is an operant conditioning test where patients are given conditional audio/visual rewards after producing particular types of brainwave activity. Recent neurotherapy improvements in QEEG can identify the specific brainwave patterns that need to be corrected. Studies have shown that neurotherapy is effective in the treatment of post-concussion syndrome and other disorders with similar symptoms.[46]
The prognosis for PCS is generally considered excellent, with total resolution of symptoms in the large majority of cases. For most people, post-concussion symptoms go away within a few days to several weeks after the original injury occurs.[22] In others, symptoms may remain for three to six months,[19] but evidence indicates that most cases are completely resolved within that time.[12] Symptoms are largely gone in about half of people with concussion one month after the injury, and about two thirds of people with minor head trauma are symptom-free within three months.[42] It is frequently stated in the literature and considered to be common knowledge that 10–20% of people with PCS have not recovered by a year after the injury, but this may be an overestimate because it is based on studies of people admitted to a hospital, the methodologies of which have been criticized.[25][37][47] In a small minority of people, symptoms may persist for years or be permanent; however, it has not been conclusively shown that permanent neurological symptoms ever result from an uncomplicated concussion.[38] If symptoms are not resolved by one year, they are likely to be permanent, though improvements may occur after even two or three years,[34] or may suddenly occur after a long time without much improvement.[48] Older people and those who have previously suffered another head injury are likely to take longer to recover.[48]
The way in which children cope with the injury after it occurs may have more of an impact than factors that existed prior to the injury.[27] Children's mechanisms for dealing with their injuries may have an effect on the duration of symptoms, and parents who do not deal effectively with anxiety about children's post-injury functioning may be less able to help their children recover.[27]
If another blow to the head occurs after a concussion but before its symptoms have gone away, there is a slight risk of developing the serious second-impact syndrome (SIS).[49][50] In SIS, the brain rapidly swells, greatly increasing intracranial pressure.[49] People who have repeated mild head injuries over a prolonged period, such as boxers and Gridiron football players, are at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (or the related variant dementia pugilistica), a severe, chronic disorder involving a decline in mental and physical abilities.[51]
It is not known exactly how common PCS is. Estimates of the prevalence at 3 months post-injury are between 24 and 84%, a variation possibly caused by different populations or study methodologies.[8] The estimated incidence of PPCS is around 10% of MTBI cases.[23] Since PCS by definition only exists in people who have suffered a head injury, demographics and risk factors are similar to those for head injury; for example, young adults are at higher risk than others for receiving head injury, and, consequently, of developing PCS.[34]
The existence of PCS in children is controversial. It is possible that children's brains have enough plasticity that they are not affected by long-term consequences of concussion (though such consequences are known to result from moderate and severe head trauma).[52] On the other hand, children's brains may be more vulnerable to the injury, since they are still developing and have fewer skills that can compensate for deficits.[53] Clinical research has found higher rates of post-concussion symptoms in children with TBI than in those with injuries to other parts of the body, and that the symptoms are more common in anxious children.[29] Symptoms in children are similar to those in adults, but children exhibit fewer of them.[29] Evidence from clinical studies found that high school-aged athletes had slower recoveries from concussion as measured by neuropsychological tests than college-aged ones and adults.[53] PCS is rare in young children.[43]
Risk factors[edit]
A wide range of factors have been identified as being predictive of PCS, including low socioeconomic status, previous MTBI, a serious associated injury, headaches, an ongoing court case, and female gender.[45] Being older than 40 and being female have also been identified as being predictive of a diagnosis of PCS [8] and women tend to experience more severe symptoms.[12] In addition, the development of PCS can be predicted by having a history of alcohol abuse, low cognitive abilities before the injury, a personality disorder or a medical illness not related to the injury.[12] PCS is also more prevalent in people with a history of psychiatric conditions such as clinical depression or anxiety before the injury.[54]
Mild brain injury-related factors that increase the risk for persisting post-concussion symptoms include an injury associated with acute headache, dizziness, or nausea; an acute Glasgow Coma Score of 13 or 14; and suffering another head injury before recovering from the first.[11] The risk for developing PCS also appears to be increased in people who have traumatic memories of the injury or expect to be disabled by the injury.[11]
The symptoms that occur after a concussion have been described in various reports and writings for hundreds of years.[19] The idea that this set of symptoms forms a distinct entity began to attain greater recognition in the latter part of the 19th century.[55] John Erichsen, a surgeon from London, played an important role in developing the study of PCS.[55] The controversy surrounding the cause of PCS began in 1866 when Erichsen published a paper about persisting symptoms after sustaining mild head trauma.[12] He suggested that the condition was due to "molecular disarrangement" to the spine. The condition was originally called "railroad spine" because most of the injuries studied had happened to railroad workers.[12] While some of his contemporaries agreed that the syndrome had an organic basis, others attributed the symptoms to psychological factors or to outright feigning.[55] In 1879, the idea that a physical problem was responsible for the symptoms was challenged by Rigler, who suggested that the cause of the persisting symptoms was actually "compensation neurosis": the railroad's practice of compensating workers who had been injured was bringing about the complaints.[12] Later, the idea that hysteria was responsible for the symptoms after a mild head injury was suggested by Charcot.[12][56] Controversy about the syndrome continued through the 20th century.[56] During World War I many soldiers suffered from puzzling symptoms after being close to a detonation but showing no evidence of a head wound. The illness was called shell shock, and a psychological explanation was eventually favoured.[57] The current concept of PCS had replaced ideas of hysteria as the cause of post-concussion symptoms by 1934.[12] British authorities banned the term shell shock during World War II to avoid an epidemic of cases, and the term posttrauma concussion state was coined in 1939 to describe "disturbance of consciousness with no immediate or obvious pathologic change in the brain".[57] The term postconcussion syndrome was in use by 1941.[57]
In 1961, H. Miller first used the term "accident neurosis" to refer the syndrome which is now called PCS and asserted that the condition only occurs in situations where people stand to be compensated for the injury.[24] The real causes of the condition remain unclear.[12]
No definition of PCS is accepted by all health professionals,[34] and doubt exists about the validity of the diagnosis. One reason for this is that symptoms of PCS also occur in people who have no history of head injury, but who have other medical and psychological complaints.[25] In one study, 80% of healthy, uninjured people reported having three or more symptoms similar to those found after concussion.[11] In another study, 64% of people with TBI met the criteria set out by the ICD-10 for post-concussion syndrome, but so did 40% of people that had injuries not to the head; 11% of those with brain injuries and 7% of those with other injuries met the DSM-IV criteria for post-concussion syndrome (see diagnosis, below).[58]
Headaches is one of the criteria for PCS, but it is notably controversial where these headaches come from. Couch, Lipton, Stewart & Scher (2007)[59] argue that headaches, one of the hallmarks of PCS, occur in a variety of injuries to the head and neck. Further, Lew et al. (2006) [60] reviewed ample studies examining headaches with post-traumatic headaches and found that there is wide heterogeneity in the source and causes of headaches. They point out that the International Headache Society lists 14 known causes of headaches, as well. Further, the headaches may be better accounted for by medical causes, such as whiplash, which is often mistook for PCS.[61] An additional possibility is that Post-traumatic Stress Disorder can better account for PCS, not just because of the headaches,[62] but for emotional regulation as well.[58][63]
Having depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or chronic pain virtually guarantees that a person will report symptoms resembling those of PCS.[25] One study found that while people with chronic pain without TBI do report many symptoms similar to those of post-concussion syndrome, they report fewer symptoms related to memory, slowed thinking, and sensitivity to noise and light than people with MTBI do.[8] Additionally, it has been found that neuroendocrinology may account for depressive symptoms and stress management due to irregularities in cortisol regulation, and thyroid hormone regulation.[64] Lastly, there is evidence that major depression following TBI is quite common, but may be better accounted for with a diagnosis of dysexecutive syndrome [65]
In a syndrome, a set of symptoms is consistently present, and symptoms are linked such that the presence of one symptom suggests that of others. Because PCS symptoms are so varied and many can be associated with a large number of other conditions, doubt exists about whether the term "syndrome" is appropriate for the constellation of symptoms found after concussion.[66] The fact that the persistence of one symptom is not necessarily linked to that of another has similarly led to doubt about whether "syndrome" is the appropriate term.[42]
A longstanding controversy surrounding PCS concerns the nature of its etiology – that is, the cause behind it[27] – and the degree to which psychological factors and organic factors involving brain dysfunction are responsible. The debate has been referred to as 'psychogenesis versus physiogenesis' (psychogenesis referring to a psychological origin for the condition, physiogenesis to a physical one).[27]
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ (2005). "Definition, diagnosis, and forensic implications of postconcussional syndrome". Psychosomatics 46 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.46.3.195. PMID 15883140.
- ^ Maskell F, Chiarelli P, Isles R (2006). "Dizziness after traumatic brain injury: overview and measurement in the clinical setting". Brain Injury. pp. 293–305.
- ^ Barth JT, Ruff R, Espe-Pfeifer P (2006). "Mild traumatic brain injury: Definitions". In Nicholson, Keith; Young, Gerald; Andrew K. Kane. Psychological Knowledge in Court: PTSD, Pain and TBI. Berlin: Springer. pp. 271–7. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-387-25609-1 </|0-387-25609-1
</]] Check
value (help). - ^ a b c Margulies S (September 2000). "The postconcussion syndrome after mild head trauma: Is brain damage overdiagnosed? Part 1". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 7 (5): 400–8. doi:10.1054/jocn.1999.0681. PMID 10942660.
- ^ a b King NS. 2003. Post-concussion syndrome: clarity amid the controversy?. Accessed January 1, 2007.
- ^ Shaw NA (2002). "The neurophysiology of concussion". Progress in Neurobiology 67 (4): 281–344. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00018-7. PMID 12207973.
- ^ Jagoda A, Riggio S (2000). "Mild traumatic brain injury and the postconcussive syndrome". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 18 (2): 355–363. doi:10.1016/S0733-8627(05)70130-9. PMID 10798893.
- ^ a b c Evans RW (1992). "The postconcussion syndrome and the sequelae of mild head injury". Neurologic Clinics 10 (4): 815–47. PMID 1435659.
- ^ Cobb S, Battin B (2004). "Second-impact syndrome". The Journal of School Nursing 20 (5): 262–7. doi:10.1177/10598405040200050401. PMID 15469376.
- ^ a b c Olver J (2005). "Traumatic brain injury—the need for support and follow up". Australian Family Physician 34 (4): 269–71. PMID 15861750.
- ^ a b Merck manuals online medical library. 2003. Concussion. Accessed May 11, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Goodyear B, Umetsu D (2002). "Selected issues in forensic neuropsychology". In Van Dorsten B. Forensic Psychology: From Classroom to Courtroom. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. pp. 289–290. ISBN 0-306-47270-8.
- ^ a b c d Jacobson RR (August 1995). "The post-concussional syndrome: physiogenesis, psychogenesis and malingering. An integrative model". Journal of Psychosomatic Research 39 (6): 675–693. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00006-5. PMID 8568727.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Iverson GL (2005). "Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 18 (3): 301–317. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000165601.29047.ae. PMID 16639155.
- ^ Jorge RE (2005). "Neuropsychiatric consequences of traumatic brain injury: A review of recent findings". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 18 (3): 289–299. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000165600.90928.92. PMID 16639154.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Yeates KO, Taylor HG (2005). "Neurobehavioural outcomes of mild head injury in children and adolescents". Pediatric Rehabilitation 8 (1): 5–16. PMID 15799131.
- ^ a b Bryant RA (2008). "Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions". New England Journal of Medicine 358 (5): 525–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMe078235. PMID 18234757.
- ^ a b c d Lee LK (2007). "Controversies in the sequelae of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury". Pediatric Emergency Care 23 (8): 580–3. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31813444ea. PMID 17726422.
- ^ a b c Boake C, McCauley SR, Levin HS, Pedroza C, Contant CF, Song JX et al. (2005). "Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury". Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 17 (3): 350–6. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.3.350. PMID 16179657.
- ^ ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010, F07.2 Postconcussional syndrome, World Health Organization.
- ^ Sivák S, Kurca E, Jancovic D, Petriscák S, Kucera P (2005). "[Contemporary view on mild brain injuries in adult population]" (PDF). Cas. Lek. Cesk. (in Slovak) 144 (7): 445–50; discussion 451–4. PMID 16161536.
- ^ a b Mittenberg W, Canyock EM, Condit D, Patton C (2001). "Treatment of post-concussion syndrome following mild head injury". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 23 (6): 829–836. doi:10.1076/jcen.23.6.829.1022. PMID 11910547.
- ^ a b c d e Legome E. 2006. Postconcussive syndrome. eMedicine.com. Accessed January 1, 2007.
- ^ Bazarian JJ, Atabaki S (August 2001). "Predicting postconcussion syndrome after minor traumatic brain injury". Academic Emergency Medicine 8 (8): 788–795. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00208.x. PMID 11483453.
- ^ Hulshoff Pol HE, Hijman R, Baaré WF, van Eekelen S, van Ree JM (August 2000). "Odor discrimination and task duration in young and older adults". Chemical Senses 25 (4): 461–464. doi:10.1093/chemse/25.4.461. PMID 10944510.
- ^ a b c Iverson GL, Zasler ND, Lange RT (2006). "Post-concussive disorder". In Zasler ND, Katz DI, Zafonte RD. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 374–385. ISBN 1-888799-93-5. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
- ^ a b Rees PM (2003). "Contemporary issues in mild traumatic brain injury". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 84 (12): 1885–94. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.001. PMID 14669199.
- ^ Schapiro S, Mandel S, Sataloff RT (1993). Minor Head Trauma: Assessment, Management, and Rehabilitation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 152. ISBN 0-387-97943-3.
- ^ Willer B, Leddy JJ (September 2006). "Management of concussion and post-concussion syndrome". Current Treatment Options in Neurology 8 (5): 415–426. doi:10.1007/s11940-006-0031-9. PMID 16901381.[dead link]
- ^ a b Schnadower D, Vazquez H, Lee J, Dayan P, Roskind CG (2007). "Controversies in the evaluation and management of minor blunt head trauma in children". Current Opinion in Pediatrics 19 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3281084e85. PMID 17505183.
- ^ a b c d e f g McAllister TW, Arciniegas D (2002). "Evaluation and treatment of postconcussive symptoms". NeuroRehabilitation 17 (4): 265–83. PMID 12547976.
- ^ a b Ropper AH, Gorson KC (2007). "Clinical practice. Concussion". New England Journal of Medicine 356 (2): 166–172. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp064645. PMID 17215534.
- ^ a b Gualtieri CT (1999). "The pharmacologic treatment of mild brain injury". In Varney NR, Roberts RJ. The Evaluation and Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 411–2. ISBN 0-8058-2394-8.
- ^ a b Alexander MP (1995). "Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management". Neurology 45 (7): 1253–60. doi:10.1212/WNL.45.7.1253. PMID 7617178.
- ^ Duff J (2004). "The Usefulness of Quantitative EEG(QEEG) and Neurotherapy in the Assessment and Treatment of Post-concussion Syndrome". Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 35 (4).
- ^ McCrea 2008, pp. 163–4
- ^ a b Komaroff A, Harvard University Harvard Business School (1999). The Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 359. ISBN 0-684-84703-5.
- ^ a b Signoretti, S; Lazzarino, G; Tavazzi, B; Vagnozzi, R (October 2011). "The pathophysiology of concussion". PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation 3 (10 Suppl 2): S359–68. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.07.018. PMID 22035678.
- ^ Wetjen, NM; Pichelmann, MA; Atkinson, JL (October 2010). "Second impact syndrome: concussion and second injury brain complications". Journal of the American College of Surgeons 211 (4): 553–7. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.05.020. PMID 20822744. "although the syndrome might be uncommon"
- ^ Saulle M, Greenwald BD (2012). "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a review". Rehabil Res Pract 2012: 816069. doi:10.1155/2012/816069. PMC 3337491. PMID 22567320.
- ^ Necajauskaite O, Endziniene M, Jureniene K (2005). "The prevalence, course and clinical features of post-concussion syndrome in children". Medicina (Kaunas) 41 (6): 457–64. PMID 15998982.
- ^ a b Lovell MR, Fazio V (February 2008). "Concussion management in the child and adolescent athlete". Current Sports Medicine Reports 7 (1): 12–5. doi:10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308671.45558.e2 (inactive 2010-03-18). PMID 18296938.
- ^ Traumatic Brain Injury: Hope Through Research. NINDS. Publication date February 2002. NIH Publication No. 02-2478. Prepared by: Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health
- ^ a b c Benton AL (1989). "Historical notes on the postconcussion syndrome". Mild Head Injury. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 0-19-505301-X. Unknown parameter
ignored (help) - ^ a b Evans RW (2004). "Post-traumatic headaches". Neurological Clinics 22 (1): 237–249. doi:10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00097-5. PMID 15062537.
- ^ a b c Jones E, Fear NT, Wessely S (November 2007). "Shell shock and mild traumatic brain injury: A historical review". The American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (11): 1641–5. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071180. PMID 17974926.
- ^ a b McCrea, MA (2008). Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Postconcussion Syndrome: The New Evidence Base for Diagnosis and Treatment. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-19-532829-9.
- ^ Couch JR, Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Scher AI (September 2007). "Head or neck injury increases the risk of chronic daily headache: a population-based study". Neurology 69 (11): 1169–77. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000276985.07981.0a. PMID 17846416.
- ^ Lew HL, Lin PH, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Clark DJ, Walker WC (July 2006). "Characteristics and treatment of headache after traumatic brain injury: a focused review". Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85 (7): 619–27. doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000223235.09931.c0. PMID 16788394.
- ^ Kasch H, Bach FW, Jensen TS (June 2001). "Handicap after acute whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study of risk factors". Neurology 56 (12): 1637–43. doi:10.1212/WNL.56.12.1637. PMID 11425927.
- ^ Hickling EJ, Blanchard EB, Silverman DJ, Schwarz SP (March 1992). "Motor vehicle accidents, headaches and post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment findings in a consecutive series". Headache 32 (3): 147–51. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3203147.x. PMID 1563947.
- ^ Jorge R, Robinson RG (November 2003). "Mood disorders following traumatic brain injury". Int Rev Psychiatry 15 (4): 317–27. doi:10.1080/09540260310001606700. PMID 15276953.
- ^ Abreu, B.C.; Zgaljardic, D.; Borod, J.C.; Seale, G.; Temple, R.O.; Ostir, G.V.; Ottenbacher, K.J. (2009). "Emotional Regulation, Processing, and Recovery After Acquired Brain Injury". In Matuska, K.; Christiansen, C.H.; Polatajko, H.; Davis, J.A. Life Balance: Multidisciplinary Theories and Research. Thorofare NJ: SLACK/AOTA Press. pp. 223–240. ISBN 1556429061.
- ^ Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Moser D, Tateno A, Crespo-Facorro B, Arndt S (January 2004). "Major depression following traumatic brain injury". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61 (1): 42–50. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.42. PMID 14706943.
- ^ Smith DH (2006). "Postconcussional symptoms not a syndrome". Psychosomatics 47 (3): 271–2. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.47.3.271. PMID 16684949.


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Academics| Admissions| Athletics| Schools & Colleges| Student Life
As a joint-applicant to NCC and LIU Post you will enjoy special benefits through the NCC/LIU Post Joint Admissions Program. When you participate in this exclusive program you receive dual enrollment status at NCC and LIU Post and get a head start on planning for your four-year degree. When you graduate from NCC with an associate's degree, you will be guaranteed junior-year status when you begin your studies at LIU Post. Other benefits include: enhanced scholarships; a LIU Post student ID card that grants access to the LIU Post library and its vast resources; invitations to special campus events; priority on-campus housing; discounted Tilles Center tickets, and more!
Once you have been admitted and you have received your credit evaluation, you can submit your tuition deposit and register for classes. We encourage all transfer students to work one-on-one with their Academic Advisor when creating their schedules. Please call Academic and Career Planning at 516-299-2746 or email email@example.com.
You can also register for classes by attending any of our Transfer events. Learn more at liu.edu/post/yes or call the Transfer Team at 516-299-2900.
Priority Registration for Transfer Students Tuesday, August 13, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Enrollment Services Days are also open to new freshmen, transfer and graduate students: Tuesday, August 20 from 3 to 7:30 p.m.
If you are unable to attend any of these events, we encourage you to make a personal appointment your Academic Advisor by calling 516-299-2746 or firstname.lastname@example.com. For a complete list of Admissions events, please visit www.liu.edu/post/yes.
If you are an honors student at NCC, you can take LIU Post courses at reduced tuition while still attending NCC. You can transfer these courses back to NCC to apply toward your associate's degree. Interested students can fill out the Community College Honors Exchange Application. Bring the completed application to your NCC honors advisor for approval. The honors office will submit it to LIU Post on your behalf.
Effective Fall 2012
Nassau Community College Joint Admissions Award Amount: $1,000 per year in addition to the scholarships listed below. Criteria: associate's degree from NCC and participation in the Joint Admissions Program; 3.0 cumulative grade point average or higher
LIU Post/Nassau Community College Scholarship* Amount: Two eligible full-time undergraduates receive full tuition and fees, as determined by the LIU Post Provost's Scholarship Committee. Criteria: Candidates are recommended by a delegate of Nassau Community College and must transfer directly to LIU Post with an associate's degree.
Transfer Scholars Award Amount: $17,000 - $20,000 per year Criteria: Full-time transfer students with 24 or more college credits and cumulative averages of 3.75-4.0. Highest scholarship requires associate's degree and direct transfer from an accredited community college.
Transfer Excellence Award Amount: $12,000 - $15,000 per year Criteria: Full-time transfer students with 24 or more credits from an accredited college or university and cumulative averages of 3.4 to 3.74.
Transfer Incentive Award Amount: $8,000 - $10,000 per year for qualifying students with a 3.0 to 3.39 cumulative grade point average.
Phi Theta Kappa Scholarship Amount: $2,500 per year (limited number) Criteria: Full-time transfer students with associate's degrees, cumulative averages of 3.5 or better, and members in good standing of Phi Theta kappa. Candidates must transfer directly to LIU Post from an accredited community college and submit an official transcript with PTK notation and letter of recommendation from PTK chapter sponsor to the LIU Post Admissions Office.


text:
Salut. On doit se jouer pour la FSL, elle a repris mardi. Quand est-ce que t'es dispo ? Je suis là Jeudi/Vendredi/Dimanche normalement.
I think im GMT +3 im not sure either that or +2 i'll play whenever you want but make sure its a 2 hour span so the +3 +2 thing dosent confuse me. Example: if you tell me 8 pm your time, I may show up 9 pm at the latest.
hey let me know when you can play for the dpp uu tour, i'm available pretty much all the time for now
Are you still on? At least stay for sometime before going, how come i always wait for u when u r not around for a day. Now as soon as i saw ur message from my mobile i got here and when i come u r nowhere to be found. Its not just u who have to do other things so do me a favor and fix a particular time, for God's sake I don't even know what your GMT is. You just come for an instance and tell me through PM that you are online and then without waiting just go away. Sorry if I said anything wrong but you should know that all I said is true.


text:
- Unlimited entry
- Kids register for FREE
- Help fight extinction
Philippine crocodile recovery
Protecting the world's most critically endangered crocodile species.
Zoos Victoria is working closely with the Mabuwaya Foundation, local communities and the Philippine Government to protect one of the last known breeding populations of the Philippine Crocodile, Crocodylus mindorensis. The program is based in the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park on north-east Luzon Island and integrates wildlife conservation with community development.
This is the primary in situ conservation program for the Critically Endangered Philippine Crocodile. The crocodile is also promoted as a flagship for broader freshwater wetland conservation across northern Luzon.
This program has become a model for other Philippines conservation projects. The presence of the program is also helping to reduce illegal activities in the park.
The conservation issue
Populations of the Critically Endangered Philippine Crocodile have been decimated by hunting, loss of isolated populations and ongoing habitat destruction. There are now only two remnant populations, both of which continue to be threatened by habitat loss.
The Philippines has laws to protect its environment and wildlife, but the capacity to implement these laws at a national scale is often lacking. Although less of a threat on Luzon Island, civil insurgency has also prevented the protection or even study of wildlife in some areas.
Local community responsibility for managing community affairs (including natural resource management) is a key factor in the success of the Mabuwaya Foundation's program.
Key program objectives
With strong support from the local government, the Mabuwaya Foundation works with farming communities to implement the National Recovery Plan for the Philippine Crocodile by:
- Protecting crocodiles and their habitat by employing local villagers as guards and developing sustainable livelihood options
- Increasing wild crocodile populations by establishing community-managed sanctuaries for crocodiles and fish. Communities assist in the 'head-start program', where eggs and juvenile crocodiles are collected and reared in captivity before being released at sizes more likely to withstand the impact of typhoons
- Facilitating the development of village action plans for sustainable environmental management
- Promoting positive attitudes towards Philippine Crocodiles.
Zoos Victoria's role
Zoos Victoria provides funding for the Mabuwaya Foundation's field work (habitat protection and wild crocodile population surveys). We also hold the position of International Coordinator on the Philippine Crocodile Recovery Team, and work strategically to facilitate partnerships with the Philippine Government and other international organisations.
Program outcomes
Wildlife protection
- Seven crocodile sanctuaries have been established and are regularly patrolled
- The San Mariano Municipal Government provides annual funding for the sanctuary protection groups, and has passed regulation protecting crocodiles, habitat and other wildlife
- There has been a significant decrease in the level of illegal activity in the area, e.g. dynamite fishing and illegal clearing of forest
- Surveys show a significant increase in the abundance of Philippine Crocodile from less than 20 adults to more than 150 (November 2011), with evidence of 'head-start' releases expanding the species' current range
- Establishment of a nest protection scheme that rewards families assisting in crocodile nest protection during the incubation period. This income has also helped families and local communities.
Community engagement
- 14 community fish sanctuaries established and managed by village communities
- An integrated community awareness program
- Two regional conservation workshops, leading to 15 communities establishing and implementing local conservation action plans that form the basis of a regional Philippine Crocodile conservation strategy
- More than 1,500 local people are now involved in the program.
Program partners
Mabuwaya Foundation
San Mariano Municipal Government
Isabela State University
Gladys Porter Zoo, Texas
Danish Crocodile Zoo


text:
Center Subcommittee
Posted December 11, 2012
Reports to: Transformation Program Office Steering Committee
Goal: The goal of the Center Subcommittee is to oversee activities of the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center (the Center.) The Center develops evidence-based guidelines and consensus statements related to the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine. Through them, the CAP continually improves the quality of diagnostic medicine and patient outcomes.
Charge: To identify and oversee the development and implementation of Center evidence-based guidelines and consensus statements relevant to the practice of pathology to optimize effective patient care.
Time Commitment
Number of face-to-face meetings: 2 per year Length of each meeting: 1 day Typical meeting pattern: Saturday or Sunday
Location of meetings: One meeting per year in Chicago; second meeting TBD
Number of conference calls: 4 per year
Hours of committee work required outside of meetings: Member: 3 + hours per month of outside work required (on average) Chair: 5 + hours per month (on average)
Additional travel or time commitments: Members may be assigned as a Center point person for each of the Center's projects.
Work Groups (or Expert Panels) of the Subcommittee
Activities of Subcommittee
Expertise or Experience Required
Benefits to membership on this committee
Representation on committee beyond the CAP:
Committee Structure:
Learn more about Center guidelines.
Related Links


text:
Blessed Gertrude of Altenberg
Daughter of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary and Louis IV, landgrave of Thuringia. Educated at Altenberg Abbey. Cistercian nun at Altenberg. Chosen abbess when very young, and led the house for 50 years.
- 1297 of natural causes
Additional Information
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints
MLA Citation
- "Blessed Gertrude of Altenberg". Saints.SQPN.com. 8 September 2013. Web. 16 March 2014. <>


text:
Palm Beach Dramaworks
West Palm Beach, FL 33401
New Times Broward-Palm Beach's Description
For ten of its 11 seasons, Palm Beach Dramaworks was West Palm Beach's only professional theater company, and it has been a force to be reckoned with. Bearing the slogan "theater to think about," Dramaworks is recognized as the only tri-county playhouse to stage revivals of classics by Eugene O'Neill, Henrik Ibsen, and Harold Pinter on a regular basis.
Member Reviews
Palm Beach Dramaworks is a tiny company in a tiny space that, thanks to its Palm Beach subscription base, has production values to rival most theaters three times its size. And for serious drama, intimacy matters. Watching The Voice of the Prairie at PBD, you get the sense that you're in a cramped, dark studio watching a radio play produced live. When they did The Fourth Wall,... More >>
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Check out great live theater performances here!
Broward- Palm Beach New Times Best of Winner 2010 for Best Theater Space & Best Theater Season!
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Fort Lauderdale
Reviews and News
Past and present converge, and reality and unreality collide in Harold Pinter's acclaimed Old Times, which opens on Friday, January... More on Palm Beach Dramaworks »
How many surrealists does it take to change a light bulb? The answer is... a fish. This is an old joke, but I had never heard it... More on Palm Beach Dramaworks »
Alfred the Great, Richard the Lionheart, and Henry VIII were some of the most memorable kings in history. And while they all reigned... More on Palm Beach Dramaworks »
Best Of Awards
Palm Beach Dramaworks' first production in the Don and Ann Brown Theatre proved to be an embarrassment of... More on Best Ensemble Cast »
The three great actors of Copenhagen were not meant to play people, exactly, but rather their shades:... More on Best Ensemble Cast »
Copenhagen is a play about quantum mechanics. At least, it is a play about the way one aspect of quantum... More on Best Director »
There was an amused look that Marjorie Lowe wore throughout her one-act performance as Anne, the wife of Jerry —... More on Best Actress »
There is no doubt about it: Palm Beach Dramaworks' patrons are old. This year, there have been a few... More on Best Theatrical Season »
For good Darwinian reasons, we remember trauma with more clarity than pleasure. This, perhaps, is why... More on Best Supporting Actress »
Eugene Ionesco's plays are fantastical imaginative flights with no stable anchors in the real world. His... More on Best Actress »
Palm Beach Dramaworks is a tiny company in a tiny space that, thanks to its Palm Beach subscription... More on Best Theater For Drama »
This paper wasn't very nice to The Fourth Wall. Essentially, we called it a beautiful, exciting failure. We... More on Best Director »
The Fourth Wall was a show with a special shine. Though dealing in very heavy material, actors Peter... More on Best Ensemble Cast »
Even in its infancy, crammed into a tiny space on Clematis Street in West Palm, Dramaworks has always... More on Best Theater »
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does not include shipping and tax
30-day limited warranty
List Price $44.95
Want it delivered 03-18-2014?
Order it in the next 13 hr and 4 min
and choose Next Day Air Morning at checkout.
Show Other ReviewsCreate an online reviewand share your thoughts with other customers
Things I liked:This gun was cheap and looked totaly SWEET! It may be a springer(single shot spring powered) but it is very fun to shoot. It has a 45 round magazine and it has great hop-up. I really like the fully adjustible sights on this gun and also like the rails to attach a scope and a foregrip underneath. The stock is comfortable and very good the handgrip is also very comfortable. Things I would have changed: It's NOT ambidextrious so sorry lefties you will have a hard time using this gun. What others should know:Use .20 gram bbs with thisgun they are the most accurate. Show Other ReviewsCreate an online review and share your thoughts with other customers
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, ,
Green cotton blend chinos from DSQUARED2 featuring a waistband with belt loops, a concealed front fastening, two inset side pockets, a rear button fastening pocket and a stitched signature logo. Item ID:10315065
Composition: Cotton 97%, Composition: Spandex/Elastane 3% WASHING INSTRUCTIONS : Machine WashBrand Style ID : s74ka0571s41335077
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text:
Morning Song Perspective
Artist description:
based this on a track i produced.[Link]
Created Oct 11, 2011. Unless noted Copyright 2011
madmomentsgo .
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
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Well done! Lovely details in the bird (a wren?). Looks like a chilly morning there.
Fantastic drawing ... the bird and landscape details look amazing :) Cool music track, btw! 5 ♥s
THIS IS PURE PERFECTION! I would LOVE to have this hanging in my home. Birds symbolize the supernatural link between the heavens and the earth. This is what this reminds me of. Looking down - but tail up to the sky. CONGRATS. FAVED.
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