text:
Silver nitrate
Silver nitrate | |
Other names
Nitric acid silver(1+) salt |
Identifiers | |
CAS number | 7761-88-8 |
PubChem | 24470 |
ChemSpider | 22878 |
ChEBI | CHEBI:32130 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL177367 |
ATC code | D08 |
Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
Properties | |
Molecular formula | AgNO3 |
Molar mass | 169.87 g mol−1 |
Appearance | white solid |
Odor | odorless |
Density | 5.35 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 212 °C; 414 °F; 485 K |
Boiling point | 444 °C; 831 °F; 717 K (decomp.) |
Solubility in water | 1220 g/L (0 °C) 2160 g/L (20 °C) 4400 g/L (60 °C) 7330 g/L (100 °C) |
Solubility | soluble in acetone, ammonia, ether, glycerol |
Refractive index (nD) | 1.744 |
Hazards | |
EU classification | C N |
R-phrases | R8, R34, R50/53 |
S-phrases | (S1/2), S26, S45, S60, S61 |
Main hazards | Explosively reacts with Ethanol. Corrosive. |
(verify) (what is: / ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa) |
Infobox references |
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO
3. This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists, who believed that silver was associated with the moon.[1]
In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.[2]
Albertus Magnus, in the 13th century, documented the ability of nitric acid to separate gold and silver by dissolving the silver.[3] Magnus noted that the resulting solution of silver nitrate could blacken skin. Its common name at the time was nitric acid silver.
Silver nitrate can be prepared by reacting silver, such as a silver bullion or silver foil, with nitric acid, resulting in silver nitrate, water, and oxides of nitrogen. Reaction byproducts depend upon the concentration of nitric acid used.
- 3 Ag + 4 HNO
3(cold and diluted) → 3 AgNO
2O + NO - Ag + 2 HNO
3(hot and concentrated) → AgNO
This is performed under a fume hood because of toxic nitrogen oxide(s) evolved during the reaction.[4]
A typical reaction with silver nitrate is to suspend a rod of copper in a solution of silver nitrate and leave it for a few hours. The silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairlike crystals of silver metal and a blue solution of copper nitrate:
- 2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
Silver nitrate(aq) also decomposes(g) when heated:
- 2 AgNO3 → 2 Ag + O2 + 2 NO2
Most metal nitrates thermally decompose to the respective oxides, but silver oxide decomposes at a lower temperature than silver nitrate, so the decomposition of silver nitrate yields elemental silver instead.
Precursor to other silver compounds[edit]
Silver nitrate is the least expensive salt of silver; it offers several other advantages as well. It is non-hygroscopic, in contrast to silver fluoroborate and silver perchlorate. It is relatively stable to light. Finally, it dissolves in numerous solvents, including water. The nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands, rendering AgNO3 versatile. Treatment with solutions of halide ions gives a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I). When making photographic film, silver nitrate is treated with halide salts of sodium or potassium to form insoluble silver halide in situ in photographic gelatin, which is then applied to strips of tri-acetate or polyester. Similarly, silver nitrate is used to prepare some silver-based explosives, such as the fulminate, azide, or acetylide, through a precipitation reaction.
Treatment of silver nitrate with base gives dark grey silver oxide:[5]
- 2 AgNO3 + 2 NaOH → Ag2O + 2 NaNO3 + H2O
Halide abstraction[edit]
The silver cation, Ag+
, reacts quickly with halide sources to produce the insoluble silver halide, which is a cream precipitate if Br- is used, a white precipitate if Cl− is used and a yellow precipitate if I− is used. This reaction is commonly used in inorganic chemistry to abstract halides:
- Ag+
(aq) → AgX
where X−
= Cl−
, Br−
, or I−
Other silver salts with non-coordinating anions, namely silver tetrafluoroborate and silver hexafluorophosphate are used for more demanding applications.
Similarly, this reaction is used in analytical chemistry to confirm the presence of chloride, bromide, or iodide ions can be tested by adding silver nitrate solution. Samples are typically acidified with dilute nitric acid to remove interfering ions, e.g. carbonate ions and sulfide ions. This step avoids confusion of silver sulfide or silver carbonate precipitates with that of silver halides. The color of precipitate varies with the halide: white (silver chloride), pale yellow/cream (silver bromide), yellow (silver iodide). AgBr and especially AgI photo-decompose to the metal, as evidence by a grayish color on exposed samples.
Organic synthesis[edit]
Silver nitrate is used in many ways in organic synthesis, e.g. for deprotection and oxidations. Ag+ binds alkenes reversibly, and silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption. The resulting adduct can be decomposed with ammonia to release the free alkene.[6]
In histology, silver nitrate is used for silver staining, for demonstrating reticular fibers, proteins and nucleic acids. For this reason it is also used to demonstrate proteins in PAGE gels. It can be used as a stain in scanning electron microscopy.[7]
Antimicrobial uses[edit]
- Coating on catheters to prevent infection.[8]
Silver salts have antiseptic properties. Until the development and widespread adoption of antibiotics, dilute solutions of AgNO3 used to be dropped into newborn babies' eyes at birth to prevent contraction of gonorrhea from the mother. Eye infections and blindness of newborns was reduced by this method; incorrect dosage, however, could cause blindness in extreme cases. This protection was first used by Credé in 1881.[9][10][11] Fused silver nitrate, shaped into sticks, was traditionally called "lunar caustic". It is used as a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue around a stoma. General Sir James Abbott noted in his journals that in India in 1827 it was infused by a British surgeon into wounds in his arm resulting from the bite of a mad dog to cauterize the wounds and prevent the onset of rabies.[12] Dentists sometimes use silver nitrate infused swabs to heal oral ulcers. Silver nitrate is also used by some podiatrists to kill cells located in the nail bed. Silver nitrate is also used to cauterize superficial blood vessels in the nose to help prevent nose bleeds.
The Canadian physician C. A. Douglas Ringrose researched the use of silver nitrate for sterilization procedures on women. A specialist in obstetrics and gynaecology, Ringrose believed that the corrosive properties of silver nitrate could be used to block and corrode the fallopian tubes, in a process that he called "office tubal sterilization".[13] The technique was ineffective; in fact at least two women underwent abortions. Ringrose was sued for malpractice, although these suits were unsuccessful.[14]
Much research has been done in evaluating the ability of the silver ion at inactivating E. coli, a microorganism commonly used as an indicator for fecal contamination and as a surrogate for pathogens in drinking water treatment. Concentrations of silver nitrate evaluated in inactivation experiments range from 10–200 micrograms per liter as Ag+. The antimicrobial properties of silver was first observed thousands of years ago when silver containers were used to store water for preservation. Its disinfection ability has been scientifically studied for over a century.
Silver's antimicrobial activity saw many applications prior to the discovery of pharmaceutical antibiotics, when it fell into near disuse. Its association with argyria made consumers wary and led them to turn away from it when given an alternative.
It is well documented that the silver ion is effective in the inactivation of E. coli.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] However, there are many inconsistencies in the literature regarding the kinetics of the inactivation of E. coli by the silver ion. Before a disinfectant can be effectively used as a water disinfectant, its inactivation kinetics must be established. Kinetics generally depend on both the dosage of disinfectant and the time of application. It is important to understand the kinetics so that the minimum dosage of disinfectant can be applied for the minimum amount of time while still effectively inactivating any pathogens in the water. Because there are many microorganisms present in water, the inactivation kinetics of each one cannot be studied extensively. Therefore, indicator organisms generally more resistant to inactivation than others are used to estimate the kinetics of microorganisms as a whole. Escherichia coli, also referred to as E. coli, is a commonly used indicator organism. With inconsistent data, it is impossible to tell what the true inactivation kinetics are, and therefore impossible to implement any sort of large-scale water treatment.
The inconsistencies may be due to several factors. First, the kinetics may depend on the source of the silver ion being used. In recent years, research has focused largely on electrolytically generated silver ions or colloidal silver. Most studies in which the inactivation kinetics of E. coli by silver nitrate were explored extensively date back several decades. Even within this smaller group of studies, vast inconsistencies exist, likely due to inaccurate analytical methods for measuring the concentration of silver in solution.[27] Monitoring the decay of the silver ion in solution is imperative as silver tends to both adsorb readily to organic matter in the water and to be light reactive.[28] Furthermore, silver tends to adsorb to glassware, which can lead not only to a decrease in the silver concentration within a given experiment but also to a release of the silver in subsequent experiments unless measures further than general glassware washing are taken for the removal of silver from the glassware surface.[25] Therefore studies must both minimize the external factors affecting the concentration and to measure the changes in concentration that take place throughout the experiment.
Effects of various parameters[edit]
Despite the inconsistencies in the literature regarding the kinetics of the inactivation of E. coli by silver nitrate, important information can still be taken from the work. A study by Wuhrmann and Zobrist investigated the effect of various parameters upon the kinetics. First, they studied the effect of several ions in the water, including calcium, phosphates and chloride, all of which were found to decrease the bactericidal effect of silver.[24] These effects are important to consider when designing an experiment. Because of the effect of phosphates, it is undesirable to use phosphate buffer to run experiments, as this creates a phosphate concentration much higher than that found in natural waters and will falsely slow the inactivation kinetics. Furthermore, it is important to avoid touching any glassware with bare hands, as chloride from sweat may contaminate the glassware, again slowing inactivation. Chambers, Proctor and Kabler established the importance of using an effective neutralizer solution made of a combination of sodium thioglycolate and sodium thiosulfate, rather than sodium thiosulfate alone, which though it is effective in neutralizing other disinfectants does not sufficiently stop the bactericidal action of silver nitrate.[25] Both tested the effect of pH on the kinetics, finding that a higher pH increased the bactericidal action.[25][28] Wuhrmann and Zobrist further established that at a higher temperature, inactivation occurs faster.[24]
Kinetic models[edit]
A further complication of the inactivation kinetics by silver is the question of which model to use. With most disinfectants, the inactivation is effectively modeled using a first-order Chick-Watson model, which states that a certain level of disinfection will occur at a certain CT Value (concentration * time).[29] According to this model, the same amount of inactivation should take place when a concentration of 0.2 mg/L is applied for 10 minutes as when 0.02 mg/L is applied for 100 minutes. Wuhrmann and Zobrist found rate kinetics that followed this model for all conditions, which agrees fairly well with a study by Chambers and Proctor, while another study by Renn and Chesney found curves that did not follow this law.[27] It is therefore unclear whether this law sufficiently models inactivation by the silver ion.
Most recent papers regarding the disinfection of E. coli by silver nitrate have simply plotted the level of disinfection against time.[15][18][20][22][23] While this method of data analysis does not risk making false assumptions about first-order kinetics, it does nothing to account for the applied concentration, which is essential to any kinetics. Therefore, different curves need to be generated for each concentration that might be applied. Furthermore, it does not account for changes in concentration that might take place during the experiment, and which may vary based on many factors.
A third model which has been suggested for the inactivation kinetics by silver nitrate is that of Cs*T, or chemisorbed silver onto the cell body times time. This model suggests that the rate of inactivation depends not on the concentration in the water at a given time, but rather on the silver that has been chemisorbed by the bacteria. It is assumed, according to this model that C0 = C1 + C2 + C3, where C0 is the initial concentration, C1 is the silver still in solution, C2 is the silver lost to adsorption to glassware or other factors in the solution, and C3 is the silver chemisorbed to the bacteria. C0 is measured at the beginning of the experiment, C1 is measured throughout the experiment, and C2 is determine in a control experiment without bacteria. C3, or the Cs value, is then determined to be C0-C1-C2.[16][30] According to Hwang, et al., this model was successful in estimating inactivation of E. coli by silver nitrate.[16] Although it is possible that this model does not sufficiently account for all of the possible fates of the initial silver nitrate added to the solution, it is certainly a compelling method of data analysis. Because it is a new model, it has not been extensively studied by various researchers.
Against warts[edit]
Repeated daily application of silver nitrate can induce adequate destruction of cutaneous warts, but occasionally pigmented scars may develop. In a placebo-controlled study of 70 patients, silver nitrate given over nine days resulted in clearance of all warts in 43% and improvement in warts in 26% one month after treatment compared to 11% and 14%, respectively, in the placebo group.[31]
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (May 2009) |
As an oxidant, silver nitrate should be properly stored away from organic compounds. Despite its common usage in extremely low concentrations to prevent gonorrhea and control nose bleeds, silver nitrate is still very much toxic and corrosive.[32] Brief exposure will not produce any immediate side effects other than the purple, brown or black stains on the skin; but upon constant exposure to high concentrations, side effects will be noticeable, which include burns. Long-term exposure may cause eye damage. Silver nitrate is known to be a skin and eye irritant.
Silver nitrate is currently unregulated in water sources by the Environmental Protection Agency. However, if more than 1 gram of silver is accumulated in the body, a condition called argyria may develop. Argyria is a permanent cosmetic condition in which the skin and internal organs turn a blue-gray color. The United States Environmental Protection Agency used to have a maximum contaminant limit for silver in water until 1990, when it was determined that argyria did not impact the function of any affected organs.[28] Argyria is more often associated with the consumption of colloidal silver solutions rather than with silver nitrate, since it is only used at extremely low concentrations to disinfect the water. However, it is still important to be wary before ingesting any sort of silver-ion solution.
- ^ "Definition of Lunar Caustic". dictionary.die.net.
- ^ Meyer, P.; Rimsky, A. and Chevalier, R. (1978). "Structure du nitrate d'argent à pression et température ordinaires. Example de cristal parfait". Acta Crystallographica Section B 34 (5): 1457–1462. doi:10.1107/S0567740878005907.
- ^ Szabadváry, Ferenc (1992). History of analytical chemistry. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 2-88124-569-2.
- ^ "Making silver nitrate". youtube.
- ^ Campaigne, E.; LeSuer, W. M. (1963), "3-Thiophenecarboxylic (Thenoic) Acid", Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 4: 919 (preparation of Ag2O, used in oxidation of an aldehyde)
- ^ Cope, A. C.; Bach, R. D. (1973), "trans-Cyclooctene", Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 5: 315
- ^ Geissinger HD (2011). "The use of silver nitrate as a stain for scanning electron microscopy of arterial intima and paraffin sections of kidney". Journal of Microscopy 95 (3): 471–481. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1972.tb01051.x. PMID 4114959.
- ^ Gupta, Amit; Silver, Simon (1998). "Silver As a Biocide: Will Resistance Become a Problem?". Nature Biotechnology 16 (10): 888. doi:10.1038/nbt1098-888. PMID 9788326.
- ^ Peter.H (2000). "Dr Carl Credé (1819–1892) and the prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum". Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 83 (2): F158–F159. doi:10.1136/fn.83.2.F158. PMC 1721147. PMID 10952715.
- ^ Credé C. S. E. (1881). "Die Verhürtung der Augenentzündung der Neugeborenen". Archiv für Gynaekologie 17 (1): 50–53. doi:10.1007/BF01977793.
- ^ Schaller, Ulrich C. and Klauss, Volker (2001). "Is Credés prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid?". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79 (3): 262–266. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862001000300017.
- ^ British Library, India Office Records, European Manuscripts, MSS EUR F171/33/3, page 109.
- ^ Ringrose CA. (1973). "Office tubal sterilization". Obstetrics and Gynecology 42 (1): 151–5. PMID 4720201.
- ^ Cryderman v. Ringrose (1978), 89 D.L.R. (3d) 32 (Alta S.C.) and Zimmer et al. v. Ringrose (1981) 4 W.W.R. 75 (Alta C.A.).
- ^ a b Potapchenko, N. G., L. V. Grigor'eva, O. S. Savluk, and L. A. Kul'skii. "Dosage-Time Dependency of Effect of Silver in Water on Pathogenic Escherichia." Soviet Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology 10 (1988): 101–104.
- ^ a b c Hwang, Myoung Goo; Katayama, Hiroyuki; Ohgaki, Shinichiro (2007). "Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Evaluation of the bactericidal ability of silver cations". Water Research 41 (18): 4097–104. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.052. PMID 17606286.
- ^ Jung, WK; Koo, HC; Kim, KW; Shin, S; Kim, SH; Park, YH (2008). "Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli". Applied and environmental microbiology 74 (7): 2171–8. doi:10.1128/AEM.02001-07. PMC 2292600. PMID 18245232.
- ^ a b Kim, JY; Lee, C; Cho, M; Yoon, J (2008). "Enhanced inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions combined with UV-A and visible light irradiation". Water research 42 (1–2): 356–62. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.024. PMID 17692890.
- ^ Yamanaka, M.; Hara, K.; Kudo, J. (2005). "Bactericidal Actions of a Silver Ion Solution on Escherichia coli, Studied by Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscopy and Proteomic Analysis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (11): 7589–93. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7589-7593.2005. PMC 1287701. PMID 16269810.
- ^ a b Matsumura, Y; Yoshikata, K; Kunisaki, S; Tsuchido, T (2003). "Mode of bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate". Applied and environmental microbiology 69 (7): 4278–81. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.7.4278-4281.2003. PMC 165194. PMID 12839814.
- ^ Khaydarov, R. A., Khaydarov, R. R.; Olsen, R. L. and Rogers, S. E. (2004). "Water Disinfection using electrolytically generated silver, copper and gold ions". Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA 53 (8): 567–572.
- ^ a b Zhao, G; Stevens, SE (1998). "Multiple parameters for the comprehensive evaluation of the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the silver ion". Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine 11 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1023/A:1009253223055. PMID 9450315.
- ^ a b Pedahzur, R (1997). "Silver and hydrogen peroxide as potential drinking water disinfectants: their bactericidal effects and possible modes of action". Water Science and Technology 35 (11–12): 87. doi:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00240-0.
- ^ a b c Wuhrmann, Von K. and Zobrist, F. (1958). "Untersuchengen uber die bakterizide Wirkung von Silvber in Wasser". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Hydrologie 20 (2): 218–255. doi:10.1007/BF02486045.
- ^ a b c d Chambers, Cecil W.; Proctor, Charles M. and Kabler, Paul W. (1962). "Bactericidal Effect of Low Concentrations of Silver". Journal of the American Water Works Association 54: 208–216. JSTOR 41256729.
- ^ Pedahzur, R (1995). "The interaction of silver ions and hydrogen peroxide in the inactivation of E. coli: a preliminary evaluation of a new long acting residual drinking water disinfectant". Water Science and Technology 31 (5–6): 123. doi:10.1016/0273-1223(95)00252-I.
- ^ a b Woodward, Richard L. (1963). "Review of the Bactericidal Effectiveness of Silver". Journal of the American Water Works Association 55 (7): 881–886.
- ^ a b c "Silver Compounds." Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 22. Fourth Ed. Excec. Ed. Jaqueline I. Kroschwitz. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
- ^ Masters, Gilbert M. and Wendell P. Ela. "Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science." Fifth Edition. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2006.
- ^ Hwang, MG; Katayama, H; Ohgaki, S (2006). "Accumulation of copper and silver onto cell body and its effect on the inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research 54 (3): 29–34. doi:10.2166/wst.2006.444. PMID 17037129.
- ^ Sterling, J. C.; Handfield-Jones, S.; Hudson, P. M.; British Association of Dermatologists (2001). "Guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts". British Journal of Dermatology 144 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04066.x. PMID 11167676.
- ^ "Safety data for silver nitrate (MSDS)". Oxford University Chemistry department.
External links[edit]
HNO3 | He | |||||||||||||||||
LiNO3 | Be(NO3)2 | B(NO3)3 | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||
NaNO3 | Mg(NO3)2 | Al(NO3)3 | Si | P | S | ClONO2 | Ar | |||||||||||
KNO3 | Ca(NO3)2 | Sc(NO3)3 | Ti | V | Cr(NO3)3 | Mn(NO3)2 | Fe(NO3)3 | Co(NO3)2, Co(NO3)3 | Ni(NO3)2 | Cu(NO3)2 | Zn(NO3)2 | Ga(NO3)3 | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |
RbNO3 | Sr(NO3)2 | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd(NO3)2 | AgNO3 | Cd(NO3)2 | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |
CsNO3 | Ba(NO3)2 | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg2(NO3)2, Hg(NO3)2 | Tl(NO3)3 | Pb(NO3)2 | Bi(NO3)3 | Po | At | Rn | ||
Fr | Ra | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Fl | Uup | Lv | Uus | Uuo | ||
↓ | ||||||||||||||||||
La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd(NO3)3 | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | ||||
Ac | Th | Pa | UO2(NO3)2 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |


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text:
Tuesday, May 22, 2012
"Maison Des Rêveurs"
Your granddaughter, Rita (my baby) received Honorable Mention in the CityGarden/Cinema St. Louis Competition. I saw this contest on Donna's blog (thank you, Donna) and I passed the information on to Rita as she had mentioned wanting to make a film some day.
Rita got to work on it right away. I was blown away when she told me her story idea. The theme for the film per the contest was "nature."
Since Rita is Egabrag Crafts, she made the birds in her film. They are so darn cute, you just wanted to reach in and grab them and give them a big kiss. Seriously.
Rita's film, "Maison Des Rêveurs" will be playing on the Video Wall in CityGarden May 25th! She will also be featured in the St. Louis Filmmakers Showcase in July and her film will be playing on the Big Screen at the Tivoli!
The title of her film came from the song that her friend, Rebekah wrote, composed, played the ukulele and sang - just for the film. It's beautiful. I could listen to it all day.
I took a tiny bit of French a few years back, but that certainly doesn't mean I know what "Maison Des Rêveurs" means. According to google translate - "Maison Des Rêveurs" means "House of Dreamers" and that makes me love the title even more.
Needless to say, I'm a proud momma. What I'm most proud of though is the fact that she started it, completed it, and turned it in! This was her first film, so that's pretty remarkable to have placed.
Don't need to tell you where I'll be on May 25th!
Congratulations Rita, you little stinker.
Connect with me on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn. Sign up for free email updates from this blog in the top right-hand corner of the page.
12 comments:
- Sioux said...
Lynn--Thanks for the link. What a heady experience this must be for Rita. However, if she is as creative and talented as I imagine she is, she is probably just taking this event in stride.
(And now I know what you looked like as a young(er) woman...Rita is a beautiful young lady.) - May 22, 2012 at 5:06 AM
- Rhonda Parrish said...
That's fantastic! You have every reason to be proud, I would be too :) Congratulations Rita.
~ Rhonda Parrish - May 22, 2012 at 8:56 AM
- Bookie said...
Such a lucky girl...has both beauty and talent. Congrats to her...and her proud mama!
- May 22, 2012 at 10:11 AM
- K9friend said...
How exciting! Congrats to Rita (and her proud Mama) on this awesome accomplishment!
Critter Alley - May 22, 2012 at 3:59 PM
- Lynn said...
Thanks Sioux, but I think Rita is beautiful too, but inside more so :-)
Rhonda, thanks for stopping by and the nice words.
Claudia and Pat - thank you too! You all are sweet. - May 23, 2012 at 4:48 AM
- www.roughwighting.net said...
Nice! Congrats to ALL of you.
- May 23, 2012 at 6:03 AM
- Oregon Gifts of Comfort and Joy said...
That is wonderful, Lynn! Congratulations, Rita.
Kathy M. - May 23, 2012 at 7:13 AM
- E. B. Pike said...
What a pretty, talented girl. I can see why you're so proud!
- May 23, 2012 at 6:16 PM
- Linda O'Connell said...
Wow! How exciting for you and Rita. Congratulations.
- May 23, 2012 at 6:33 PM
- Veronica Roth said...
What a talented daughter. You should well be proud of her. My youngest child is also interested in arts. She's in the second year of her communications degree. We should get Rita and Chloe together somehow. They could save the world!
- May 23, 2012 at 6:55 PM
- Tammy said...
Wow--what a beautiful AND talented family you have! That is so amazing to have placed on her first film. Sounds like she'll go far!
- May 24, 2012 at 6:01 AM
- Jess * Jessie * Jessy said...
She's beautiful! And her first film? The pressure's on--We'll expect GREAT things from her. :) Have fun and be proud.
- May 27, 2012 at 8:49 PM


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Website: http://bamboovi.com Phone: 340-776-0669 Email: email@example.com When you wear our jewelry, we hope it transports you to an island state of mind and reminds you of your favorite island memories.--Chad & Shae |
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Digi 70001908
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The EXC-HD30 Camera Head Cable for IK-HD1 from Toshiba is a head cable designed for use with the IK-HD1 camera system. This model is 98.42 in length.


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Las Vegas — The Nationwide Marketing Group has opened up registration for its PrimeTime meeting and expo in March.
Nationwide, a $14 billion buying and
Mooresville, N.C. – Lowe's said better execution and a strengthening home-improvement market helped spur sales and earnings in the
Framingham, Mass. — Staples said aggressive expense management helped deliver third-quarter profits of $135.2 million following a year-ago loss of more than
Edmond, Okla. — Petra Industries has partnered with Good Call to incorporate their Bluetooth accessories into their WirelessHQ lineup.
Good Call'
Charlotte, N.C. — Electrolux has named Nolan Pike senior VP and general manager for its North American cooking business.
Pike will join the company on
Atlanta – Continued improvements in the housing market and Home Depot's own operational performance led to strong third-quarter
Scottsdale, Ariz. – Ingram Micro's Consumer Electronics Division (IMCE), has announced as agreement to be a key distributor for Skullcandy's
Bentonville, Ark. — Walmart has raised the competitive holiday stakes by matching Black Friday prices from Best Buy, Target and Toys"R
Englewood Cliffs, N.J. – Jay Vandenbree, senior VP of LG Electronics USA, will retire on Jan. 4.
Vandenbree, who has been with LG Electronics USA for
Minneapolis — Cost controls and improved operational efficiencies returned Best Buy to profitability in the third quarter.
Net earnings for the three
By Lisa Johnston
New products on display at the American International Toy Fair, held in N
New York — The Anti-Defamation League's National Consumer Technology Industry divisio
Los Angeles — Fifteen industry leaders were inducted into the Consumer Electronics Hall of


text:
David Willis To Leave Keenspot
Submitted by Starline on May 15, 2005 - 23:54
David Willis, creator of Shortpacked! and It's Walky!, announced today that he will be soon leaving Keenspot.
Willis also announced that he will be involved with Starline Multimedia which is already publishing Real Life: The Complete Year One Collection from Greg Dean.
Re: David Willis To Leave Keenspot
by Howard Tayler - 05/16/2005 - 00:32
You go, David!
I'm just sad that I didn't get a creepy-Crosby-glowering icon in the comixpedia coverage of *my* departure.
Schlock Mercenary
Re: David Willis To Leave Keenspot
by Twentyfour - 05/16/2005 - 01:26
Good luck.....well.... to both of you really!


text:
Follow Us:
Follow Us on Twitter Like Us on Facebook Follow Us on Google+ Watch videos on our Youtube channelParkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease occurs when certain nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra die or become impaired. These cells produce dopamine, a chemical messenger used by the brain to help direct and control body movement. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease appear when these dopamine-producing nerve cells become damaged or die.
The classic symptoms and signs of Parkinson's disease are:
- Tremor (shaking)
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- Rigidity (stiffness)
- Difficulty with balance
Although some forms of Parkinson's disease are genetic, the causes for most forms are unknown. Studies of environmental and inherited (genetic) factors are beginning to provide some clues.
Diagnosis is based mostly on the patient's medical history and a thorough examination of the nervous system. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be conducted to rule out other conditions that have similar symptoms. Blood tests may also be done to check for abnormal thyroid hormone levels, liver damage or other problems. Another type of imaging, called positron emission tomography (PET)
Once a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is considered very likely, a short course of a medication, such as Levodopa, may help confirm the diagnosis. About 90% of people with Parkinson's disease respond to Levodopa or other medication. If the symptoms improve while the patient takes the medication, Parkinson's disease is essentially confirmed.
No known treatment can halt or reverse the breakdown of nerve cells that causes Parkinson's disease. However, medication can relieve symptoms and for a few patients, surgery may be effective.
Medication is usually started when symptoms begin to interfere with daily activities. Dosage is based on the stage of the disease and the specific symptoms. Additional treatment methods (exercise, physical therapy and occupational therapy) may be helpful at all stages of Parkinson's disease to help maintain strength, mobility and independence. Treatment is different for every person, and treatment needs may change as the disease progresses.
Emotional support and education about the illness should begin early and continue throughout the course of the disease. Parkinson's disease support groups are a good way to learn more and get emotional support.
For an appointment, a second opinion or more information, please call 1-800-CEDARS-1 (1-800-233-2771) or email us at email@example.com.


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I'm still on the fence about buying an iPad because I want to make sure it is worth the money. I'm interested in hearing what use other people get out of it to see if it may spark some more ideas about what I can do with it.
This is a discussion on What do you use your iPad for? within the iPad General Discussions forums, part of the Apple iPad Discussions category; I'm still on the fence about buying an iPad because I want to make sure it is worth the money. I'm interested in hearing what ...
I'm still on the fence about buying an iPad because I want to make sure it is worth the money. I'm interested in hearing what use other people get out of it to see if it may spark some more ideas about what I can do with it.
ok here is my personal take on the unit ..if you have a desktop at home this is the perfect travel companion to the desktop at home and phone ..it a mid sized unit that can do the things as long as you understand what the unit limits are .. .
for it does many thing like your personal phone can do ..read email and spend email ..play music and games .along with keeping track of things on the to do list to your grocery store list to the last minute honey do list that you wife can email to you...but it can a perfect companion to the older person as well as the college student and other in this world .
if a two year old child to a 99 year old women who never used a computer in there life can use it anyone can use it .
it up to you to get it or not..
Last edited by henry2; 05-09-2010 at 02:01 AM.
I use my iPad to help me with my studies. With this great computer tablet, I can do my research without the hassle. The iPad is my ultimate Research tool and my greatest companion while I am studying.
I rarely use my iPhone (except for calling and when I need 3G) since I bought my iPad, and I use my MacBook Pro less. What I do most with my iPad:
watch videos and movies
read iBooks
surf the web
take notes with SmartNote
keep a journal with Maxjournal
twitter with ShinyTweet
check my contacts' Flickr photos and make comments with FlickStackr
sync files with Dropbox for iPad
read USA Today, New York Times Editors' Choice, NPR apps
play with Pinball HD, RealRacingHD, Solitaire, and Star Walk apps
check foursquare with Dash Four
create documents with Pages
import and organizes photos from my Nikon D5000 using the Camera Connection Kit
monitor todos with Things app
send SMS with Google Voice
read magazines with Zinio
check the weather with Weather HD and The Weather Channel MAX
dictate notes with Dragon Dictation
read web articles offline with Instapaper
monitor deliveries by FedEx, USPS, and UPS with Deliveries app
read RSS articles with NetNewsWire
sync notes with Evernote
watch YouTube videos
I take my iPad with me everywhere throughout the house and yard (except the shower)
I think I'm getting my money's worth, and I've learned to type quickly with the virtual keyboard, although it took some getting used to.
I don't know where we get the 'mid-sized unit' comment. The iPad, at 1 1/2 lbs is lighter than most netbooks and tablet PC's. As far as functionality and usability - that's pretty much spelled out amongst the posts on this site.
Most probably tapped on my iPad!
[QUOTE=DavidNM;22489]I don't know where we get the 'mid-sized unit' comment... that was taken from a website review ..they call the perfect middle product frm apple in the one line they say it perfect answer for those who do not like the screen size on the iphone and ipod touch screen along with it beening to perfect sized unit to take with you every where in your daily life.. .


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by DragonSigh
Posted: 21-Nov-13
"By clicking Download from Publisher, you acknowledge that you have read and agree to the Consumer Marketplace Agreement"
This mega bundle contains the very best of famous "Pure Art Hand Drawing Series" image actions. 10 package actions (with hundreds of incorporated sub-actions) are like no other Photoshop add-on you may have used. The process is complex and highly professional yet very easy to use. All the effects were studied and mastered and properly tested using different image exposures. With this bundle, you can profession hand draw your photographs/artworks.
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Platform: | Linux | Mac | Windows |
Downloads: | 7277 |
Trial: | No |
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Libor scandal – RBS is close to a £500 mln settlement with U.S. and British authorities, say the WSJ. Philips shares jump on its outlook and divestment. Anglo American takes a $4 bln writedown.
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83211 : Opera Invalid Character Encoding Handling DoS Printer | http://osvdb.org/83211 | Email This | Edit Vulnerability
Opera contains a flaw that may allow a denial of service. The issue is triggered when the program fails to properly handle invalid character encodings, which will result in loss of availability for the program.
Upgrade to version 12.00 beta or higher, as it has been reported to fix this vulnerability. An upgrade is required as there are no known workarounds.
CVSSv2 Base Score = 5.0 Source: nvd.nist.gov | Generated: 2012-06-15 | Disagree?
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Change Your World
As parents, we are responsible for teaching our kids about the importance of giving, which can be a huge challenge given the amount of digital noise they face on a daily basis. By implementing family activities that are focused on giving, we can teach our kids that they can change their world.
Jody L. Herrington-Gettys, Director of U.S. Disaster Relief for Operation Blessing International, provides some helpful and practical tips to inspire kids to give. "When children are young, it is important to teach them about those who are less fortunate and in need of the basics of life in a way that inspires the child to find ways to make a difference," she says. Avoid isolationThe fact that kids are bombarded by technology and consumed by electronics leaves many feeling isolated from the reality of the world around them. Many children seem incapable of recognizing true need outside of their cyber-network. "With the modernization of society and the advancement of technology, our kids have an even stronger pull into self-absorption as their social lives revolve around the walls of cyberspace," says Herrington-Gettys. "Parents should find the balance between giving them opportunity to learn and enjoying technology while at the same time instilling in them how 'true relationships' are developed and how to truly make their lives count by living, loving and giving to others." A team effortWhen encouraging kids to get involved in charity, it helps to make it a team effort. Work with your kids to determine a cause that is meaningful to them and talk about the impact he can make in someone's life. "Many charities allow you to donate to a specific program; then the charity will chronicle its efforts online so you and your child can see exactly how you are helping someone," says Herrington-Gettys. "When children earn an allowance, teach them how their $1.00 can make a huge difference to someone in need." Time is preciousThe concept of giving is not limited to money. Volunteering is a great way for a family to give back -- together. "Every community has a local homeless shelter or soup kitchen," says Herrington-Gettys. Take one day a couple times a year to serve food so your child can see there are people 'in need' right there in your own hometown." Your family be enriched by the experience, but your child will learn at a young age the value of volunteerism. Keep it simpleSometimes hearing stories of suffering in lands far away can make kids feel helpless to make a difference. Try putting a face on need by getting involved locally. There are surely a myriad of opportunities right in your neighborhood. "Help out a local family around the holidays or invite a family you know is struggling over for dinner," says Herrington-Gettys. "The kind act of opening your home for one evening could be something that family remembers forever. Giving is not only about money but time and love." More about kids and charity


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The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet has temporarily imposed a 3-ton weight restriction on the John A. Roebling Bridge because of deterioration found during a recent inspection.
"Deterioration was found from a recent inspection that requires additional analysis and repairs", said Rob Hans, Chief District Engineer for the Covington District 6 Office. "Until we have an accepted plan and the repair is made the load capacity on the bridge will be limited to three tons."
The weight restriction will preclude the use of commuter trolleys on the bridge but will not affect passenger vehicles or pedestrian traffic on the bridge's sidewalks.
The KYTC has notified the Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (TANK) about the reduced weight limits. TANK has implemented the Southbank Shuttle detour, and TANK vehicles are no longer using the Suspension Bridge.
For questions about the detour, please go to TANK's website (www.tankbus.org) or to TANK's helpline at (859) 331-TANK.
In September of 2007, the cabinet lowered the weight limit to 11 tons for all vehicles. A detailed load analysis study was done to determine what the 150 year old historic landmark could handle. The KYTC wants to be sure that this iconic structure is around for generations to come.
The three ton weight restriction will remain until the repairs are complete.
844 Government Street Baton Rouge, LA 70802
FCC Public File (225) 383-9999 EEO Report Closed Captioning


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You may like below story.
Who would have thought a steroid cheater/liar would cause a flap at the Women's World Hockey Championship?
Canadian players were plenty proud to put on the black and yellow Livestrong jerseys to resume their heated rivalry with the U.S. Tuesday night at Scotiabank Place.
It was one-game, one-off thing, but, deviating from the traditional Team Canada red and whites was enough to get some undies in a knot.
The players were on board, buying into the powerful message of Livestrong, a hugely hyped, but wonderful cancer support group.
Team Canada alternate captain Jayna Hefford's dad Larry died of cancer in December 2007.
"He was a healthy guy — he still played hockey and golfed," said Hefford, who's from Kingston. "He didn't do all the risks — smoking, drinking and all that sort of stuff."
Her grandmother, Phyllis Fleming, died of breast cancer at age 89 a month ago; her grandfather, George Fleming, also died of cancer.
"I don't know how anyone could criticize the fact we're supporting a charity that supports people who have cancer — and their families," said Hefford. "I'm so proud to wear this jersey. People want to associate Lance (Armstrong) with Livestrong. Now they do so much work without him and they help so many people.
"It's a real tough thing to see someone go through. The support they need is immense. That's what Livestrong does — support people who have cancer and those who survive it."


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Carnival Triumph could have made port much sooner, lawsuits allege Two prior incidents involving the propulsion system of the Carnival cruise ship Triumph may have set the stage for the Feb. 10 engine-room fire that left the ship powerless and without toilets for five days at sea, according to a…
By TBogg
Read MoreBy Karen McVeigh, The Guardian
Read MoreBy Techdirt
Read MoreRaw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
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United States Patent and Trademark Office
United States Patent and Trademark Office | |
Seal of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Agency overview | |
Headquarters | Alexandria, Virginia, U.S. 38°48′05″N 77°03′50″W / 38.801499°N 77.063835°WCoordinates: 38°48′05″N 77°03′50″W / 38.801499°N 77.063835°W |
Employees | 9,716 (2009) |
Agency executives | Michelle K. Lee, Deputy Director Margaret A. (Peggy) Focarino, Commissioner for Patents Deborah Cohn, Commissioner for Trademarks |
Parent agency | U.S. Department of Commerce |
Website | www.USPTO.gov |
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO or USPTO) is an agency in the U.S. Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification. The USPTO is "unique among federal agencies because it operates solely on fees collected by its users, and not on taxpayer dollars."[1] Its "operating structure is like a business in that it receives requests for services—applications for patents and trademark registrations—and charges fees projected to cover the cost of performing the services [it] provide[s]."[2][3]
The USPTO is based in Alexandria, Virginia, after a 2006 move from the Crystal City area of neighboring Arlington, Virginia. The offices under Patents and the Chief Information Officer that remained just outside the southern end of Crystal City completed moving to Randolph Square, a brand-new building in Shirlington Village, on April 27, 2009.
The head of the USPTO is Michelle Lee. She took up her new role on January 13, 2014, and formerly served as the Director of the USPTO's Silicon Valley satellite office.[4]
The USPTO cooperates with the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Japan Patent Office (JPO) as one of the Trilateral Patent Offices. The USPTO is also a Receiving Office, an International Searching Authority and an International Preliminary Examination Authority for international patent applications filed in accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty.
"The USPTO maintains a permanent, interdisciplinary historical record of all US patent applications in order to fulfill objectives outlined in the United States constitution."[5] The legal basis for the United States patent system is Article 1, Section 8, wherein the powers of Congress are defined.[6]
It states, in part:
- "The Congress shall have Power ... To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;"
The mission of the PTO is
- promoting "industrial and technological progress in the United States and strengthen the national economy" by:
- administering the laws relating to patents and trademarks;
- advising the Secretary of Commerce, the President of the United States, and the administration on patent, trademark, and copyright protection; and
- providing advice on the trade-related aspects of intellectual property.
The USPTO is headquartered at the Alexandria Campus, consisting of 11 buildings in a city-like development surrounded by ground floor retail and high rise residential buildings between the METRO stations of King Street station and Eisenhower Avenue station where the actual Alexandria Campus is located between Duke Street (on the North) to Eisenhower Avenue (on the South), and between John Carlyle Street (on the East) to Elizabeth Lane (on the West) in Alexandria, Virginia.[7][8][9] An additional building in Arlington, Virginia, was opened in 2009.
The USPTO was expected by 2014 to open its first ever satellite offices in Detroit, Dallas, Denver, and Silicon Valley to reduce backlog and reflect regional industrial strengths.[10] The first satellite office opened in Detroit on July 13, 2012.[11][12][13][14][15] The 2013 sequestration has put the satellite office for Silicon Valley, which is home to the nation's top patent-producing cities, on hold indefinitely.[16]
As of September 30, 2009[update], the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year, the PTO had 9,716 employees, nearly all of whom are based at its five-building headquarters complex in Alexandria. Of those, 6,242 were patent examiners (almost all of whom were assigned to examine utility patents; only 99 were assigned to examine design patents) and 388 were trademark examining attorneys; the rest are support staff.[17] While the agency has noticeably grown in recent years, the rate of growth was far slower in fiscal 2009 than in the recent past; this is borne out by data from fiscal 2005 to the present:[17]
At end of FY | Employees | Patent examiners | Trademark examining attorneys |
2009 | 9,716 | 6,242 | 388 |
2008 | 9,518 | 6,055 | 398 |
2007 | 8,913 | 5,477 | 404 |
2006 | 8,189 | 4,883 | 413 |
2005 | 7,363 | 4,258 | 357 |
Patent examiners make up the bulk of the employees at USPTO. They are generally newly graduated scientists and engineers, recruited from various universities around the nation.[citation needed] They hold degrees in various scientific disciplines, but who do not necessarily hold law degrees. Unlike patent examiners, trademark examiners must be licensed attorneys.[citation needed] All examiners work under a strict, "count"-based production system.[18] For every application, "counts" are earned by composing, filing, and mailing a first Office action on the merits, and upon disposal of an application.
The Commissioner for Patents oversees three main bodies, headed by former Deputy Commissioner for Patent Operations, currently[19] Peggy Focarino, the Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examination Policy, currently[when?] Andrew Hirshfeld as Acting Deputy, and finally the Commissioner for Patent Resources and Planning, which is currently[when?] vacant.[20] The Patent Operations of the office is divided into nine different technology centers that deal with various arts.[21]
Prior to 2012, decisions of patent examiners may be appealed to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, an administrative law body of the USPTO. Decisions of the BPAI could further be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or a civil suit may be brought against the Commissioner of Patents in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.[22] The United States Supreme Court may ultimately decide on a patent case. Similarly, decisions of trademark examiners may be appealed to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, with subsequent appeals directed to the Federal Circuit, or a civil action may also be brought.
Under the America Invents Act, the BPAI was converted to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board or "PTAB".[23]
In recent years, the USPTO has seen increasing delays between when a patent application is filed and when it issues. To address its workload challenges, the USPTO has undertaken an aggressive program of hiring and recruitment. The USPTO hired 1,193 new patent examiners in Fiscal Year 2006 (year ending September 30, 2006),[24] 1,215 new examiners in fiscal 2007,[25] and 1,211 in fiscal year 2008.[26] The USPTO expected to continue hiring patent examiners at a rate of approximately 1,200 per year through 2012; however, due to a slowdown in new application filings since the onset of the late-2000s economic crisis,[27] and projections of substantial declines in maintenance fees in coming years,[28] the agency imposed a hiring freeze in early March 2009.[29]
In 2006, USPTO instituted a new training program for patent examiners called the "Patent Training Academy." It is an eight-month program designed to teach new patent examiners the fundamentals of patent law, practice and examination procedure in a college-style environment.[30] Because of the impending USPTO budget crisis previously alluded to, it had been rumored that the Academy would be closed by the end of 2009.[28] Focarino, then Acting Commissioner for Patents, denied in a May 2009 interview that the Academy was being shut down, but stated that it would be cut back because the hiring goal for new examiners in fiscal 2009 was reduced to 600.[31] Ultimately, 588 new patent examiners were hired in fiscal year 2009.[32]
Fee diversion[edit]
For many years, Congress has "diverted" about 10% of the fees that the USPTO collected into the general treasury of the United States. In effect, this took money collected from the patent system to use for the general budget. This fee diversion has been generally opposed by patent practitioners (e.g., patent attorneys and patent agents), inventors, the USPTO,[33] as well as former federal judge Paul R. Michel.[34] These stakeholders would rather use the funds to improve the patent office and patent system, such as by implementing the USPTO's 21st Century Strategic Plan.[35] The last six annual budgets of the George W. Bush administration did not propose to divert any USPTO fees, and the first budget of the Barack Obama administration continues this practice; however, stakeholders continue to press for a permanent end to fee diversion.[36]
- On July 31, 1790, the first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement "in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process." This patent was signed by then President George Washington.
- The X-Patents (the first 10,280 issued between 1790 and 1836) were destroyed by a fire; fewer than 3,000 of those have been recovered and re-issued with numbers that include an "X". The X generally appears at the end of the numbers hand-written on full-page patent images; however, in patent collections and for search purposes, the X is considered to be the patent type – analogous to the "D" of design patents – and appears at the beginning of the number. The X distinguishes the patents from those issued after the fire, which began again with patent number 1.
- Each year, the PTO issues over 150,000 patents to companies and individuals worldwide. As of December 2011[update], the PTO has granted 8,743,423 patents and has received 16,020,302 applications.[37]
The USPTO examines applications for trademark registration. If approved, the trademarks are registered on either the Principal Register or the Supplemental Register, depending upon whether the mark meets the appropriate distinctiveness criteria. However, this function is declining in popularity as trademark applicants move to cheaper, more straightforward state-by-state registrations.[citation needed][38][39]
The PTO only allows certain qualified persons to practice before the PTO. Practice includes filing of patent applications on behalf of inventors, prosecuting patent applications on behalf of inventors, and participating in administrative appeals and other proceedings before the PTO examiners and boards. The PTO sets its own standards for who may practice and requires that any person who practices become registered. A patent agent is a person who has passed the USPTO registration examination (the "patent bar") but has not passed any state bar exam to become a licensed attorney; a patent attorney is a person who has passed both a state bar and the patent bar and is in good standing as an attorney.[40] A patent agent can only act in a representative capacity in patent matters presented to the USPTO, and may not represent a patent holder or applicant in a court of law. To be eligible for taking the patent bar exam, a candidate must possess a degree in "engineering or physical science or the equivalent of such a degree".[40]
The United States allows any citizen from any country to sit for the patent bar (if he/she has the requisite technical background).[41] Only Canada has a reciprocity agreement with the United States that confers upon a patent agent similar rights.[42]
An unrepresented inventor may file a patent application and prosecute it on his or her own behalf (pro se). If it appears to a patent examiner that an inventor filing a pro se application is not familiar with the proper procedures of the Patent Office, the examiner may suggest that the filing party obtain representation by a registered patent attorney or patent agent.[43] The patent examiner cannot recommend a specific attorney or agent, but the Patent Office does post a list of those who are registered.[44]
While the inventor of a relatively simple-to-describe invention may well be able to produce an adequate specification and detailed drawings, there remains language complexity in what is claimed, either in the particular claim language of a utility application, or in the manner in which drawings are presented in a design application. There is also skill required when searching for prior art that is used to support the application and to prevent applying for a patent for something that may be unpatentable. A patent examiner will make special efforts to help pro se inventors understand the process but the failure to adequately understand or respond to an Office action from the USPTO can endanger the inventor's rights, and may lead to abandonment of the application.
Electronic filing system[edit]
The USPTO accepts patent applications filed in electronic form. Inventors or their patent agents/attorneys can file applications as Adobe PDF documents. Filing fees can be paid by credit card or by a USPTO "deposit account".
Patent search tools[edit]
The USPTO web site provides free electronic copies of issued patents and patent applications as multiple-page TIFF (graphic) documents. The site also provides Boolean search and analysis tools.[45]
The USPTO's free distribution service only distributes the patent documents as a set of TIFF files.[46] Numerous free and commercial services provide patent documents in other formats, such as Adobe PDF and CPC.
This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. (October 2013) |
The USPTO has been criticized for granting patents for impossible or absurd, already known, or arguably obvious inventions.[47]
Controversial patents[edit]
- U.S. Patent 5,443,036, "Method of exercising a cat", covers having a cat chase the beam from a laser pointer. The patent has been criticized as being obvious.[48][49]
- U.S. Patent 6,004,596, "Sealed crustless sandwich", issued in 1999, covers the design of a sandwich with crimped edges.[48][50] However, all claims of the patent were subsequently canceled by the PTO upon reexamination.[51]
- U.S. Patent 6,025,810, "Hyper-light-speed antenna", an antenna that sends signals faster than the speed of light.[47] According to the description in the patent, "The present invention takes a transmission of energy, and instead of sending it through normal time and space, it pokes a small hole into another dimension, thus, sending the energy through a place which allows transmission of energy to exceed the speed of light."[52]
- U.S. Patent 6,368,227, "Method of swinging on a swing", issued April 9, 2002,[53][54] was granted to a seven-year-old boy, whose father, a patent attorney, wanted to demonstrate how the patent system worked to his son (aged 5 at the time of the application). The PTO initially rejected it due to prior art, but eventually issued the patent.[53] However, all claims of the patent were subsequently canceled by the PTO upon reexamination.[55]
- U.S. Patent 6,960,975, "Space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state", describes an anti-gravity device. In November 2005, the USPTO was criticized by physicists for granting it. The journal Nature first highlighted this patent issued for a device that presumably amounts to a perpetual motion machine, defying the laws of physics.[56][57][58][59] The device comprises a particular electrically superconducting shield and electromagnetic generating device. The examiner allowed the claims because the design of the shield and device was novel and not obvious.[60] In situations such as this where a substantial question of patentability is raised after a patent issues, the Commissioner of the Patent Office can order a reexamination of the patent.
Controversial trademarks[edit]
- U.S. Trademark 77,139,082, "Cloud Computing" for Dell, covering "custom manufacture of computer hardware for use in data centers and mega-scale computing environments for others", was allowed by a trademark attorney on July 8, 2008. Cloud computing is a generic term that could define technology infrastructure for years to come, which had been in general use at the time of the application.[61] The application was rejected on August 12, 2008 as descriptive and generic.[62]
- U.S. Trademark 75,215,401, "Netbook" for Psion, covering "laptop computers" was registered on November 21, 2000. Although the company discontinued the netBook line in November 2003 and allowed the trademark to become genericized through use by journalists and vendors (products marketed as 'netbooks' include the Dell Inspiron Mini Series, Asus eeePC, HP Mini 1000, MSI Wind Netbook and others), USPTO subsequently rejected a number of trademarks citing a "likelihood of confusion" under section 2(d), including 'G NETBOOK' (U.S. Trademark 77,527,311 rejected October 31, 2008), MSI's 'WIND NETBOOK' (U.S. Trademark ) and Coby Electronics' 'COBY NETBOOK' (U.S. Trademark 77,590,174) rejected January 13, 2009. Psion also delivered a batch of cease and desist letters on December 23, 2008 relating to the genericized trademark.[63]
Slow patent examination and backlog[edit]
The USPTO has been criticized for taking an inordinate amount of time in examining patent applications. This is particularly true in the fast growing area[dated info] of business method patents. As of 2005, patent examiners in the business method area were still examining patent applications filed in 2001.[citation needed]
The delay was attributed by spokesmen for the Patent Office to a combination of a sudden increase in business method patent filings after the 1998 State Street Bank decision, the unfamiliarity of patent examiners with the business and financial arts (e.g., banking, insurance, stock trading etc.), and the issuance of a number of controversial patents (e.g., U.S. Patent 5,960,411 "Amazon one click patent") in the business method area.
Effective in August 2006, the USPTO introduced an accelerated patent examination procedure in an effort to allow inventors a speedy evaluation of an application with a final disposition within twelve months. The procedure requires additional information to be submitted with the application and also includes an interview with the examiner.[64] The first accelerated patent was granted on March 15, 2007 with a 6-month issuance time.[65]
As of the end of 2008, there were 1,208,076 patent applications pending at the Patent Office. At the end of 1997, the number of applications pending was 275,295. Therefore, over those eleven years there was a 439% increase in the number of pending applications.[66]
December 2012 data showed that there was 597,579 unexamined patent application backlog.[67] During the 4 years since 2009, more than 50% reduction was achieved. First action pendency was reported as 19.2 months.
See also[edit]
Directors of the USPTO |
1. List of persons who have headed the United States Patent Office |
... |
r. Bruce Lehman (1993–1998) |
s. Q. Todd Dickinson (1998–2001) |
t. James E. Rogan (December 2001 – 2004) |
u. Jon Dudas (2004–January 2009) |
v. John J. Doll (January 2009–August 2009) (acting) |
w. David J. Kappos (August 2009–February 2013) |
x. Teresa Stanek Rea (February 2013–November 21, 2013) (acting) |
y. Margaret A. (Peggy) Focarino (November 21, 2013-January 12, 2014) (by delegation) |
z. Michelle K. Lee (January 13, 2014-present) (acting) |
- Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI)
- Confederate Patent Office
- 1877 U.S. Patent Office fire
- 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire
- Electronic Filing System (USPTO)
- Ex Parte Quayle
- Google Patents
- History of United States patent law
- Invention Secrecy Act
- NASA spinoff
- National Inventors Hall of Fame
- Old Patent Office Building
- Patent office
- Patent Office Professional Association (POPA)
- John Ruggles
- Science and technology in the United States
- Technological history of the United States
- Term of patent in the United States
- Timeline of United States discoveries
- Timeline of United States inventions
- Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB)
- Trilateral Patent Offices
- United States patent law
- Yankee ingenuity
References and notes[edit]
- ^ Bohle, Shannon (February 2014). "A Four Part Series on Open Notebook Science (Part 4)". Nature.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ Bohle, Shannon (February 2014). "A Four Part Series on Open Notebook Science (Part 4)". Nature.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "USPTO 2014-2018 Strategic Plan". United States Patent and Trademark Office. February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker Names Michelle K. Lee as Next Deputy Director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office". uspto.gov. USPTO. December 11, 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ Bohle, Shannon (February 2014). "A Four Part Series on Open Notebook Science (Part 4)". Nature.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "The United States Constitution". The U.S. National Archives. January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ USPTO Campus
- ^ USPTO Alexandia Campus map #1
- ^ USPTO Alexandia Campus map #2
- ^ Silicon Valley wins in securing U.S. patent office
- ^ "Patent Reform Act of 2011 Amendment" (pdf). Congressional Record 112th Congress (2011-2012). Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- ^ "USPTO to Open First Ever Satellite Office in Detroit" (pdf) (Press release). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. December 16, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- ^ Anders, Melissa (July 13, 2012). "Detroit beats Silicon Valley in opening first-ever patent office outside Washington, D.C.". MLive.com. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
- ^ Markowitz, Eric (March 1, 2012). "What Does a Patent Office Mean For Detroit?". Inc.com. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
- ^ Associated Press (July 11, 2012). "Patent office prepares to open Detroit location". The Detroit News (Detroit, Michigan). Retrieved July 11, 2012.
- ^ Associated Press. "Silicon Valley Patent Office Shelved".
- ^ a b "USPTO Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2009" (PDF). United States Patent and Trademark Office. p. 140. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- ^ "1705 Examiner Docket, Time, and Activity Recordation [R-5] - 1700 Miscellaneous". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "Executive Biography for Margaret A. Focarino". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
- ^ "Patent Organization". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "Office of the Commissioner for Patents". United States Patent and Trademark Office. December 30, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ PTAB Submissions Have Commenced, USPTO Blog, Director's Forum, September 18, 2012
- ^ "Patent Performance for the year 2006". United States Patent and Trademark Office.
- ^ "USPTO Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2007" (PDF). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- ^ "USPTO Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2008" (PDF). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- ^ Crouch, Dennis (April 12, 2009). "Economic Downturn => Downturn in Patent Filings". Patently-O. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ^ a b Quinn, Gene (March 23, 2009). "Patent Academy Closing, USPTO Budget Crisis Deepening?". IPWatchdog. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ^ Quinn, Gene (March 2, 2009). "PTO Hiring Freeze and Budget Problems". IPWatchdog. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ^ USPTO Annual Report 2006, The Nature of the Training Provided to USPTO Examiners
- ^ Quinn, Gene (May 12, 2009). "An Interview with the Acting Commissioner for Patents". IPWatchdog. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ "USPTO Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2009" (PDF). United States Patent and Trademark Office. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- ^ "President's proposed budget ends USPTO fee diversion in FY 2005" (Press release). United States Patent and Trademark Office. February 2, 2004. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
- ^ Interview With Chief Judge Paul R. Michel On US Patent Reform, Intellectual Property Watch, July 19, 2011. Consulted on August 8, 2011.
- ^ "Strategic Plan for the 21st Century". United States Patent and Trademark Office. February 24, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
- ^ Zuhn, Donald (May 20, 2009). "Docs at BIO: Panel Offers Suggestions for Fixing the USPTO -- Updated". PatentDocs.org. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ "U.S. Patent Activity Calendar Years 1790 to the Present". United States Patent and Trademark Office. December 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-12. Note: Add total patent applications (utility, design, plant) and patents granted (utility, design, plants). For patents granted, don't include data from the Patent Grants to Foreign Residents column or you will overcount.
- ^ "State Trademark Information". FindLaw For Small Business. February 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ "Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS)". United States Patent and Trademark Office. February 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-11. Note: click on "Trademarks" then click on "TESS" tab.
- ^ a b "General Information Concerning Patents: Attorneys and Agents". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 37, Chapter I, Part 11, Section 11.7
- ^ "Decision on Petition Under 37 C.F.R. § 10.2(c)" (PDF). May 9, 2003. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ Manual of Patent Examining Procedure, Chapter 400
- ^ "Patent Attorney/Agent Search". Office of Enrollment and Discipline, United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ Nowotarski, Mark, "Searching the USPTO patent database", Insurance IP Bulletin, February 2012
- ^ Patent Full-Page Images
- ^ a b Philip E. Ross, Patently Absurd, Forbes.com, May 29, 2000.
- ^ a b Hal H. Varian (October 21, 2004). "Patent Protection Gone Awry". The New York Times.
- ^ Lauren Weinstein (October 21, 2002). "Stop the Patent Process Madness". Wired News.
- ^ Sara Schaefer Muñoz (April 5, 2005). "Patent No. 6,004,596: Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Reexamination certificate no. US 6,004,596 C1, September 25, 2007, retrieved from USPTO Public Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR), December 1, 2008 (request PAIR entry for Reexamination Control Number 90/005949 as "Application Number").
- ^ U.S. Patent 6,025,810, col. 1, lines 30-34.
- ^ a b Jeff Hecht (April 17, 2002). "Boy takes swing at US patents". New Scientist.
- ^ Teresa Riordan (May 13, 2002). "Patents; The Patent Office faces huge backlogs, extremely technical inventions, and absurd ones.". The New York Times.
- ^ Reexamination certificate no. US 6,368,227 C1, July 1, 2003, retrieved from USPTO Public Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR), August 22, 2008
- ^ Ball, Philip (November 10, 2005). "Antigravity craft slips past patent officers". Nature 438 (7065): 139. doi:10.1038/438139a. PMID 16280998.
- ^ United Press International (2005). "Patent issued for anti-gravity device". Phyorg.com. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
- ^ Brian Handwerk (November 11, 2005). "Antigravity Machine Patent Draws Physicists' Ire". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
- ^ An untraceable link[dead link] was also included here as an additional reference.[broken citation]
- ^ Ramon M Barrera (examiner) (June 7, 2005). "Notice of Allowance and Fees Due (PTOL-85)" (PDF). 11/079,670 Space Vehicle Propelled by the Pressure of Inflationary Vacuum State. United States Patent and Trademark Office. p. 2. Retrieved 2006-11-24.[dead link] Note: Navigate to the 'Image File Wrapper' to find the file; download and open with a PDF reader. The specific passage from the document follows: "The following is an examiner's statement of reasons for allowance: None of the prior art of record taught or disclosed the claimed superconducting shield and electromagnetic field generating means structure."
- ^ Dell Tries to Trademark 'cloud Computing'
- ^ Dell Cloud Computing Trademark Rejected
- ^ A netbook by any other name, or how Psion is going discover you have to use it or lose it[dead link]
- ^ USPTO Accelerated Patent Examination
- ^ USPTO grants first patent under accelerated review option Press Release
- ^ Gene Quinn, How to Fix the USPTO, IPWatchdog, November 21, 2008. Consulted on December 6, 2008.
- ^ http://www.uspto.gov/dashboards/patents/main.dashxml December 2012 Patents Data
Further reading[edit]
- Dobyns, Kenneth W. (November 1994). The Patent Office Pony: A History of the Early Patent Office (1st ed.). Fredericksburg, Virginia: Sergeant Kirkland's Museum and Historical Society. p. 249. ISBN 0-9632137-4-1. ISBN 978-0-9632137-4-7
External links[edit]
- Main web page
- Searches
- Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval (TARR) search by trademark serial number or registration number
- Office of Enrollment & Discipline (OED)
- Patent and Trademark Depository Library Program
- Stopfakes.gov Small Business Resources
- Patent Full-Text and Full-Page Image Databases
- Schacht, Wendy H. (January 6, 2011). "U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Appropriations Process: A Brief Explanation". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 22, 2011.


text:
U.S. Rep. Tammy Baldwin, D-Wis., waves to supporters after making her a victory speech Tuesday, Nov. 6, 2012, in Madison, Wis. Baldwin beat former Wisconsin Gov. Tommy Thompson to win a seat in the U.S. Senate. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Read the article: Baldwin wins U.S. Senate seat in Wisconsin
Read the article: Democrat Tammy Baldwin wins US Senate seat in Wisconsin
Read the article: After 2 years, seemingly endless Wisconsin election cycle comes to an end
Read the article: Recall, elections dominated Wisconsin headlines in 2012


text:
Home » Undergraduate College » Admission » Women's and Gender Studies » Courses
Women's and Gender Studies Course Details
Please note
This course information is derived from the Online Course Catalog, which is under development. The information may not be accurate and is provided only as a convenience. Please consult the print or PDF version of the Course Catalog for all official course information.
Sisters of African Diaspora
4 sem. hrs. An interdisciplinary lens is used to examine Black women's experiences with sexism, colorism, domesticity, sexuality, immigration, body politics, and violence. Black women from the African Diaspora (Cape Verdean, Caribbean, Afro Latina, and Black American) show how their experiences transcend national and societal boundaries, challenging common assumptions of black womanhood.
Course details
- Course number: WGST-210
- Credits: 4.00
- Academic Level: Undergraduate
- Currently Offered: Yes
- Course Type: Lecture
This information was taken from the Simmons College Registrar. Please report any errors or corrections to email@example.com.


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Show off your organized office!
Post your pics using #funanddone!
You'll find a lot to love about our Mini Lap Tray. Not only is the Scandinavian design beautiful, the pillow makes it comfortable to use, as well. The tray is constructed with a non-slip surface and raised edges so pens and papers don't roll off.
Mini Lap Tray Black
17" x 9-1/8" x 2-1/4" h


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What is Laramie? This winter, creative writing graduate students at the University of Wyoming teamed with Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas author Rebecca Solnit and cartographers Ben Pease and Shizue Seigel to answer that question. The series of maps and essays that resulted provide a nuanced portrait of place -- one that pairs missile silos with beetle kill, ghosts with cottonwoods, the wild West with its longstanding Asian influences. Beneath that, says the project's lead professor Alyson Hagy, lies a deepened sense of community that developed through an ever-widening net of collaboration, which drew in locals, artists, and other university departments and public institutions. Any community could undertake such an effort to endlessly re-imagine itself, Hagy adds: When people see Laramie: A Gem City Atlas -- on display at the UW Art Museum through June 18 -- "their first response is, 'I would map this,' or 'I would map that.' "
A Gem City Atlas: Novel maps of Laramie, Wyoming
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Home > Restaurants >
22 Ninth Ave., New York, NY, 10014
nr. 13th St.
By suee9999 on 3/10/2014
Worst dinning experience I ever had. The staff there is incrediably rude and the service was horrible especially the hostess. A tip for the owner of Bills re-evaluate the people you have working there because if they continue to be that rude and condsening to patrons people will stop frequenting your establishment. I know my friends and I will never be back.
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By Bri_Ap_Sr on 7/22/2012
I'm always looking for a great burger and i Just so happened to find the BEST burger that i ever had! I live in Pa., about 75 mins away, and from now on whenever i crave a good burger i'm heading for NYC! there were 4 of us and each one of us had something different and we all agreed it was the best we've ever eaten! Bigger than the OVERRATED shake shack and better tasting! We ate at the rockefeller center location and it wasn't as busy as i thought it would be for a saturday eve! service was great, everything was clean, food was the best! i'll definitely be here at least once a month!
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48 out of 102 people found this review helpful.
By yasgirl on 1/6/2011
Ate here with my husband and parents....all of us decreed these burgers (we ordered 4 different combos) to be juicy, flavorful, not too salty with excellent quality beef. These are fairly straightforward, not too fussy burgers. Personally, I do not like the shake shack burgers, nor do I like $22 dollar overly gourmet burgers. Good fries, crisp onion rings and tasty jalepeno bombs with Stella and Guiness on tap round out a satisfying if death defying meal. For these prices, truly excellent value. However, not being a fan of cupcakes, we did desert Bill's for Pastis across the street for dessert.
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98 out of 193 people found this review helpful.
By nymababs on 5/23/2010
I have been reading many burger reviews on various trips to NY and finally pulled the trigger on this one due to poetic waxing about "custom blend of beef" "glorious meat" "already one of New Yorks best". To call this (Classic burger) anything other than extreme mediocrity in a bun is overstating it's qualities. No flavor. There is just nothing notable to mention about it. Moving on...
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120 out of 227 people found this review helpful.
By jfhbyron on 11/22/2009
Best burger I have ever eaten. It looks beaten up but the flavor is amazing. I was also impressed by the attractive and overly friendly staff, most of whom where female. I am gay, but they made me question why. What's better than a great meal served by women you would take home to your parents?
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141 out of 272 people found this review helpful.
By starskione on 11/5/2009
Good burger but not the best in my opinion. My major peeve is how the bun just disintegrated and I was touching lettuce and ketchup. Also seemed a bit overcooked. Service was beyond hurried - kept taking things off the table that we needed - it became annoying. Perfect if you need to have dinner within 30 minutes. Loved the veggie fries. Bonus is its way quicker than Shake Shack.
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145 out of 269 people found this review helpful.
Adam Platt picks 2013's top dining destinations,
including Blanca, Mission Chinese Food, and Perla.
The best that the city's restaurants have to offer:
bar food, dumplings, soft serve, tongue, and more.
We live in a city full of small cheap-eats miracles,
including pork buns, Asian hipster grub, and pizza.


text:
RECOMMENDED READING ON THE ANCIENT NEAR EASTA Guide to Introductory Readings on the Ancient Near Eastern WorldThe Research Archives of the Oriental Institute The Oriental Institute Museum The Oriental Institute Museum Education Program |
This on-line version was coordinated and processed into HTML by Charles E. Jones, and is a publication of the Research Archives of the Oriental Institute.
There is already a vast quantity of material relating to the ancient Near East available on-line. You will find a convenient index to these sources in the Abzu Project of the Research Archives of the Oriental Institute. In addition, the Argos Project allows for speedy searches of a large variety of on-line sources relating to the ancient Near Eastern, Classical, and Medieval worlds. In the box below, type the word you wish to search for, and press the enter key on your keyboard.


text:
BlackBerry PlayBook Video
BlackBerry PlayBook Video Transcript
-I'm Natali Morris for CNET. You're watching our coverage of the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show, and we're taking a first look at the BlackBerry PlayBook. This is BlackBerry's tablet that we've been anticipating. It's one of the few tablets here at the show not running Android. It's running Research In Motion's own operating system called BlackBerry Tablet OS. It's got this kind of nice card-style navigation where you can multitask between your applications sliding back and forth. You might notice there are no physical buttons but the touchscreen actually expands beyond what's just lit up. You can start your touch off the screen, which makes for a really smooth navigation. It's about a centimeter thick. It weighs about a pound. It feels very sturdy in my hand. This is a 7-inch touchscreen. It also has 2 cameras. Both are capable of shooting at 1080p video. The one in the front is 3-megapixels; the one in the back is 5. This is a Wi-Fi only version. But if you wanted to get this on a cellular network, you could do that by tethering it to your BlackBerry. It tethers to BlackBerries only but that serves 2 functions: one, it serves as a modem, so it gets this on your cellular network; two, it actually takes the screen from your BlackBerry, puts it here so you could navigate it on the tablet. A 4G model will come out with Sprint later on this year. We don't know pricing yet on this but we do know that it comes out in Q1, so, we'll have a more formal review for you then. I'm Natali Morris with CNET. You've been taking a first look at the BlackBerry PlayBook and you're watching our coverage of the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.
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Dialed In 159: Cell phones are serious business
Today's podcast is a laugh riot. OK, not really but it's certainly action-packed. We kick things off by addressing the rumors of a Facebook phone and reports that the BlackBerry PlayBook will run Android apps. We also sort through the carriers' confusing smartphone data plans and take a look at the phones from Motorola's past, present, and future. All this plus the latest reviews and reader e-mails on this week's episode of Dialed In.
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