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< Return To Hearing
Professor Mohamed Mattar
Co-Director, Protection Project
Hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Examining U.S. Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery: July 7, 2004 Mr. Chairman, distinguished Members of the Subcommittee, I am privileged to speak to you today on the United States' current legal responses to combat the problem of trafficking in persons on the federal, state and international levels. And perhaps, due to these significant efforts one may observe a decline in international trafficking as well as trafficking into the United States. In the 2003 Trafficking in Persons Report, the Department of State estimated that between 800-900,000 women and children were trafficked worldwide across international borders. This number has decreased to 600-800,000 according to the 2004 Trafficking in Persons Report. Similarly, while Congress in its findings in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act in 2000 estimated that approximately 50,000 women and children are trafficked into the U.S. each year, this number has decreased in accordance with the Department of State Report of 2003 which placed the number of persons trafficked to the United States between 18-20,000. Currently the U.S. Department of State in its report entitled Assessment of US Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons estimates that between 14,500-17,500 are trafficked annually into the United States. The Department of Justice has significantly increased its efforts to prosecute cases of trafficking. Between 2001 and March 2004, at least 150 traffickers have been charged, of these 79 included sex trafficking allegations, 77 of these cases have resulted in convictions or guilty pleas. Of those 59 defendants were found guilty of sex trafficking charges. Based upon the analysis conducted by The Protection Project on these cases, which the Department of Justice kindly made available, I can say that the majority of victims that are trafficked into the U.S. come from countries in Africa, especially Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana and Tonga; Latin America, especially Jamaica, Mexico, Honduras and Guatemala; Asia, especially South Korea, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Thailand and China and Russia. They are trafficked to different states, in particular, California, Florida, New York, Hawaii, Georgia, Alaska, Texas and North Carolina. They are trafficked for the purposes of prostitution, other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor and domestic service. One may question, however, whether this decline in the number of trafficking cases is because of recent efforts to combat the problem, or simply because victim identification has become more difficult. Unfortunately, few of those victims have been identified. For instance, in 2003 the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) received 601 applications and has granted only 297 T-visas. In 2002 only 5 visas were granted, while so far in 2004 78 visa applications were approved. Consequently, I believe that the main challenge that we face today is to identify victims of trafficking. This is not an easy task especially because many cases of trafficking involve organized crime. Victims' mistrust of public officials and the lack of public awareness about victims' rights make it difficult for victims of trafficking to come forward and cooperate with law enforcement officials in the investigation and prosecution of cases of trafficking. Recently the United States has adopted a number of federal laws that address these problems. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) was signed into law on October 28, 2000. It was amended on December 19, 2003 by the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act. In April 2003 the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act (PROTECT Act), Section 105 provided for penalties for sex tourism and amended the Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Act of 1994. The Inter-Country Adoption Act of 2000 enacted on October 6, 2000 implemented the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) added "trafficking in persons" to the definition of a racketeering activity in its Section 1961. On February 13, 2002 Executive Order 13257 established a Cabinet-level inter-agency task force to monitor and combat trafficking in persons. And the February 25, 2003 Trafficking in Persons National Security Presidential Directive emphasized trafficking in persons as a priority for this administration. The significance of these legislative measures is that it expanded the rights of a victim of trafficking. To me, the federal law has expanded four main rights of a victim of trafficking: the right to be heard in court, the right to civil compensation, the right to receive social and economic benefits, and the right to seek residency. Today a victim of trafficking has more opportunities to be heard in court. To facilitate the prosecution of cases of trafficking, the Reauthorization Act made it clear that trafficking in foreign commerce shall be prosecuted as well as trafficking affecting interstate commerce. In addition, trafficking in persons may be tried as a racketeering case. The new Sex Tourism Act, while criminalizing travel with intent to engage in illicit sexual conduct also makes engaging in illicit sexual conduct in foreign countries a crime. Now a victim of trafficking is entitled to file a civil action asking for civil compensation and reasonable attorney's fees. You may be familiar with a civil lawsuit filed in January 2004 in federal district court in New Orleans, where about 220 workers from Asia, mostly of Indian heritage, sought to recover damages amounting to $75,000 for being lured into virtual slavery in Louisiana. Traditionally courts awarded restitution to victims of trafficking upon the successful prosecution of such a case. In one of the first sex trafficking cases brought under the TVPA, a federal district court awarded restitution to trafficking victims to the full amount of their loss in U.S. v. Jimenez-Calderon, where the court awarded $ 135,240 to the four girls that were victims of sex trafficking by the Jimenez-Calderon family. On March 2, 2004, Ramiro Ramos was sentenced on charges related to trafficking in persons (involuntary servitude) for which he was convicted in June 2002. The sentence included 15 years imprisonment, $20,000 in fines, and forfeiture of property worth over $3 million, as well as deportation. In January 2004, two defendants, Bradley and O'Dell were sentenced to five years and ten months after being convicted by a jury in August 2003 on charges of forced labor and trafficking in persons. Bradley and O'Dell recruited four Jamaican citizens and brought them to New Hampshire in 2000 and 2001 to work for their tree cutting business. The court in this case also ordered the defendants to pay restitution to the victims totaling $13,052. No longer a victim of trafficking is limited to the criminal sanction of mandatory restitution, which may be limited and requires a strict standard of proof and is contingent upon a conviction. No longer an alien is required to cooperate with a federal agent to be qualified for receiving benefits under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. Now under the Reauthorization Act it suffices that she cooperates with a state or local law enforcement agent. A child under the age of 18 is no longer required to show willingness to assist in reasonable request to investigate and prosecute a case of trafficking before he is entitled to receive an immigration status in the U.S. However, it remains to be seen how courts will interpret the provisions of the federal law. A physical or legal coercion is no longer required. Any serious harm now suffices to establish coercion in accordance with the TVPA. How would courts interpret the coercion requirement after the TVPA has expanded the definition of coercion under U.S. v. Kozminski. When should we prosecute a case of trafficking under the Mann Act that does not require force, fraud or coercion? Would a victim of a case of trafficking that was prosecuted under the Mann Act, be entitled to the benefits granted under the TVPA that requires proof that the trafficked person has been a victim of severe form of trafficking? How would the courts define a commercial sex act? Is it limited to prostitution or does it include other forms of sexual exploitation, such as pornography? Would sex trafficking involve cases of mail-order brides, especially since the only law that covers the issue of mail order brides is Section 652 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996. However, this is merely a disclosure law. It imposes penalties on international matchmaking organizations violating the requirements of the section including providing information in the recruit's native language regarding residency in the U.S. and relevant marriage issues. At least 200 matchmaking organizations are operating in the United States and between 2,000-3,500 men find brides through catalogues. I understand that personal freedoms and privacy rights, especially in the area of marriage and family relations must be protected and perhaps left unregulated. However, when brides are beaten, tortured and treated like slaves by their husbands or when they are forced to perform illicit sexual activities or placed in condition of forced labor, such instances of abuse must be confronted and a legal response must be developed to protect such victims. Would we consider massage parlors, strip clubs and other sexually oriented establishments that may be involved in illicit sexual activities as forms of sexual exploitation? I understand that such adult expressions are protected as free speech under the First Amendment. I also understand that they are subject to zoning requirements. However, in many cases sexually oriented establishments have been used as fronts for houses of prostitution. For instance, in Young Im Kim v. The State of Texas (2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 749), Kim was convicted of prostitution where an undercover detective engaged Kim in a discussion about possibly offering more than just massage, i.e. sex in exchange for $200. Similarly, in Yong Ae Becerra v. The State of Texas (2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 791), Becerra was convicted of prostitution when an undercover police officer visited the massage parlor where Becerra worked and arrested her after she agreed to engage in oral sex for a certain fee. In Louisiana, there have been a number of recent cases when massage parlors have been shut down after it was discovered that they were fronts for houses of prostitution. The women working in those establishments did not have massage therapist licenses and traveled from New Orleans to Atlanta, Houston, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Boston, New York, Biloxi (Mississippi) and Grand Rapids (Michigan) to engage in prostitution. The owners of the parlor and intermediaries were charged with money laundering and conspiracy to travel in interstate commerce in aid of a racketeering enterprise. Women are brought from foreign countries to the U.S. then transferred to various massage parlors and strip clubs across the U.S. where they end up working as prostitutes. Massage parlors and strip clubs and other sexually oriented establishments facilitate or create demand for trafficked persons. For example, in a 2002 case three persons were arrested in Brooklyn, New York for trafficking a dozen Russian women into the U.S. and forcing them to dance nude in New Jersey strip clubs. In another case involving four defendants, one of which, a Russian national, Virchenko, was sentenced in 2001 to 30 months in prison followed by deportation for trafficking adult women and under age girls from Russia into Alaska to dance nude in strip clubs. While pursuing such establishments through violation of zoning ordinances might be sufficient in some cases, what is more important is that states take steps to curtail the activities of the establishments that might facilitate trafficking. Last May, Arizona passed a new law that entered into force on July 1, 2004 and imposed stricter requirements on the massage industry. Thus, the new law requires all massage therapists to obtain a license. Among the requirements for license is that a masseuse or masseur has to be a citizen or legal resident of the United States and to have not been convicted of a felony or other crime involving moral turpitude, or prostitution or solicitation in the past five years. The law also explicitly prohibits for massage therapists to engage in any kind of sexual activity with a client. Distinguishing between massage and massage "with a special ending," a grand jury charged Roman Valdma with Importation of Aliens for Immoral Purpose (8 USC §1328), Transportation for Illegal Sexual Activity (18 USC § 2421), Persuading and Enticing Illegal Sexual Activity (18 USC §2422) and visa fraud. Valdma recruited women from Estonia and induced, enticed and/or coerced them to work in Valdma's erotic massage parlors located in Massachusetts. The implementation of the extraterritorial application of the new sex tourism act (PROTECT Act) will require intensive investigative and prosecutorial efforts. I am encouraged by the recent cases of arrests. On the day following President Bush's speech to the United Nations on September 23, 2003 on Iraq and the Sex Trade, Michael Lewis Clark, a 69 year old retired United States army sergeant, was charged with sex tourism in one of the first indictments under the new law. Clark was indicted by a Seattle Grand Jury on two counts: traveling via foreign commerce to Cambodia, and engaging in illicit sexual conduct with a minor. He paid two young homeless boys, aged ten and thirteen, two dollars each to have sex with them. And this is a step further, since the TVPA mentions sex tourism only in the context of the definition of the sex industry in Article 102, and in specifying the main duties of the Interagency Task Force. One of these duties is to inquire into the role of sex tourism in trafficking. In addition to prosecution of cases of sex tourism, we need to increase our efforts to prevent such a horrific crime. The Reauthorization Act now requires developing and disseminating materials to alert travelers to foreign destinations where sex tourism is significant, that sex tourism is illegal and will be prosecuted. I would like to applaud the approach taken by the 2004 TIP Report which focuses on the problem of trafficking, listing 21 countries of origin and destination where sex tourism is an issue. These countries are: Australia, France, Germany, Morocco, Taiwan (Tier 1), Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Indonesia, Mauritius, Singapore, Sri Lanka (Tier 2), the Dominican Republic, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Malawi, the Philippines, Russia, Thailand (Tier 2 Watch List) and Venezuela (Tier 3). Our research at The Protection Project shows that sex tourism is significant in the following countries: Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Thailand and Cuba. I would also like to see an expansion in the interpretation of what we consider labor trafficking, especially cases that involve trafficking in children and child labor. Corporations that are involved in such illegal act must be held accountable. We are all familiar with McDonalds' "Happy Meal" toys which were found to be made by children in China, prompting the company to terminate that supplier relationship. It is encouraging that many U.S. companies have adopted their own standards of conduct. For example, Reebok International LTD, "will not work with business partners that use forced or other compulsory labor" and "will not purchase materials produced by forced, prison or other compulsory labor, and will terminate business relationship with any sources found to utilize such labor." Gap Co. in its Code of Vendor Conduct states that "factories shall employ only workers that meet the minimum working age requirement, or are at least 14 years of age, whichever is greater, and factories must comply with all requirements of child labor laws." In the same manner Levi Strauss Co. states in its Code of Conduct that "use of child labor is not permissible, workers can be no less than 14 years of age and not younger than the compulsory age to be in school." Levi Strauss will also "not utilize partners that use child labor in any facilities." The Trade and Development Act of 2000 (19 USC §1307) provides for the effective enforcement of the standards established by ILO Convention 182 (Worst Forms of Child Labor). The Act prohibits importation of products made, in whole or in part, with the use of convict, forced, or indentured labor under penal sanctions. International standards prohibiting involvement of corporations in human rights violations must be fully respected. In particular the proposed United Nations Code of Conduct for Companies, bans use of "slave and forced or compulsory labor." It states that "[e]mployees shall be recruited, paid, and subjected to other working conditions so as to avoid debt bondage or other forms of slavery and shall have the option to leave employment and the employer must facilitate such departure by providing all the necessary documentation and facilitation." The proposed United Nations Code of Conduct of Companies states that companies should not "allow any person under the age of 18 to work under conditions which have been identified by the ILO convention as the worst forms of child labor. For example, which are likely to harm the health and safety of children, or interfere with the physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development of a child." For the first time, international treaty law establishes the liability of corporations for illegal activities in connection with organized criminal groups. Under Article 10 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, countries must establish liability of the legal person: "Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary, consistent with its legal principles, to establish the liability of legal persons for participation in serious crimes..." "the liability of the legal persons may be criminal, civil or administrative," and "shall be without prejudice to the criminal liability of the natural persons who have committed the offenses." Whether trafficking is for the purpose of prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation or labor, a trafficked person must be identified as a vulnerable victim. It is encouraging that courts applied the Vulnerable Victim Sentence Enhancement doctrine to cases of trafficking under USSG §3A1.1(b)(1) to enhance the penalties in cases of trafficking. A vulnerable victim is a person who "is unusually vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise particularly susceptible to the criminal conduct." In U.S. v. Veerapool, 312 F.3d 1128, 1133 (9th Cir. 2002), the court applied the doctrine in a case involving involuntary servitude where the wife of the Thai ambassador recruited girls from Thailand to work in her home and restaurant in Los Angeles. Veerapool kept the workers in degrading circumstances and a condition of involuntary servitude. The court used the vulnerable victim sentencing adjustment, stating that the victim was "vulnerable based on her immigrant status and the circumstances in which the immigrant was exploited [...] from the initial recruitment, and the treatment of the individuals while they were here [in the U.S.]. ... The victim was a poor uneducated woman, lacking in sophistication, in the knowledge of the United States laws, and [...] that was also exploited." In a similar case, U.S. v. Castaneda, 239 F.3d 978 (9th Cir. 2001), in which Filipino women were recruited to work in a nightclub where they were forced to perform sexual services, Circuit Judge Silverman in his dissent argued for the application of the vulnerable victim doctrine. He stated that: "It is difficult to understand how the majority can equate (1) a woman who is intentionally tricked into leaving her home in a foreign country on the promise of a legitimate job, and then, in the words of the plea agreement - 'forced to line up for selection by male customers to accompany them to private ... rooms' and there, "made to provide sexual services,' with (2) a professional prostitute who willingly agrees to travel across state lines for the purpose of prostitution. Both are covered by the Mann Act, but the majority hold that the former is no more a 'vulnerable victim' than the latter. This is obviously wrong, and therefore, I respectfully dissent. The majority derives its conclusion from the premise that 'economic hardship' is typical of women victims in Mann Act cases. Even assuming that to be true, the majority completely overlooks the fact that this case involved much more than ordinary economic vulnerability. On the state level, it is encouraging to learn that in addition to Texas and Washington state legislators from Arizona, Connecticut, Hawaii, North Carolina, Minnesota and Florida are considering enacting specific anti-trafficking legislation. My understanding is that the Department of Justice has prepared a model state legislation to assist states in drafting anti-trafficking legislation. This is another significant legislative effort, which is to be added to the model U.S. legislation to combat trafficking that the Department of Justice also drafted for the purpose of assisting foreign countries. As a part of the training program that The Protection Project conducts in the different states, implementing the Health and Human Services public awareness program, I have been advocating the drafting of anti-trafficking legislation in other states. This year I traveled to Louisiana, Florida, Massachusetts and Arizona arguing that a specific anti-trafficking provision in the criminal code would make prosecution of a case easier instead of struggling to prosecute the case of trafficking under existing laws such as prostitution, kidnapping, false imprisonment, and the like. Penalties under these existing laws are not comparable to the gravity of the crime of trafficking. State resources should be used to prosecute cases of trafficking and especially when federal resources are not always available in light of the diverse priorities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). This would ultimately have the effect of identifying more victims of trafficking in the different states. However, a number of issues must be resolved in establishing the relation between state laws and federal law, in the areas of criminalization as well as protection of victims of trafficking. Would a victim of trafficking, a part of a case that has been prosecuted in accordance with the state law, be entitled to federal benefits granted under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA)? Should the protection granted to victims of trafficking under the Federal Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982 be extended to victims of trafficking on the state level? Furthermore, the issue of reconciliation of sentencing is important. Under the federal TVPA the sentence is up to 20 years imprisonment, or any term of years or life. While Texas law categorizes trafficking as a second degree felony that may be punished with a sentence up to 20 years, the Washington state law designates trafficking in persons as Class A felony which may be punished by a sentence of 10 years to life. Most importantly how do we define trafficking under state legislation. Should state legislation also require force, fraud or coercion as is the case under the TVPA? Texas Penal Code Ann. Sec. 20A.02 provides that: "A person commits an offense if the person knowingly traffics another person with intent that the trafficked person engage in: forced labor or services." The Washington statute defines trafficking in the first degree when a person: "recruits, harbors, transports, provides, or contains by means another person knowing that force, fraud, or coercion will be used to cause the person to engage in forced labor or involuntary servitude." Wash. Rev. Code §9A.40.100 (2004). A different definition of trafficking is provided by the Connecticut bill for Establishing an Interagency Task Force on Trafficking in Persons. It defines trafficking as "all acts involved in the recruitment, abduction, transport, harboring, transfer, sale or receipt of persons, within national or across international borders, through force, coercion, fraud or deception, to place persons in situations of slavery or slavery-like conditions, forced labor or services, such as forced prostitution or sexual services, domestic servitude, bonded sweatshop labor or other debt bondage." (2004 Ct. S.A. 8; 2004 Ct. HB 5358). A state legislation however, should not be limited to the criminalization of trafficking as a crime. Accordingly the creation of a task force that mobilizes efforts to combat trafficking in a particular state is imperative. Washington state has already embraced such a model, establishing in 2002 the Washington task force against trafficking in persons. Arizona has also introduced Bill 1300 in the Senate this year. The bill provides for establishment of the Trafficking Victims' Task Force consisting of the state's Attorney General, the Director of the Department of Health Services, the Director of the Industrial Commission, and the Director of the Criminal Justice Commission. The Task Force is charged with tasks that include: collecting research and information on victims of trafficking; evaluating various approaches used by the state and local governments to increase public awareness of the issue of trafficking; reviewing the services and facilities that provide assistance to victims of trafficking; developing a plan for combating trafficking in persons within Arizona; coordinating the support services to victims of trafficking; and presenting an annual report of its findings and recommendations to the Governor, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President of the Senate. On the international level, the U.S. has been active promoting a role for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and urging foreign countries to allow NGOs to work to further the cause of human rights, including combating trafficking in persons as a human rights violation. This is important because in many countries it is the government that determines the degree of freedom the NGO enjoys while pursuing its goals. The Reauthorization Act amended the TVPA to provide for "facilitating contact between relevant foreign government agencies and such non-governmental organizations to facilitate cooperation between the foreign governments and such organizations." This provision is important especially in light of the international obligation of a government to cooperate with NGOs. The Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Article 32 established a Conference of the State Parties "to improve the capacity of States Parties to combat transnational organized crime and to promote and review the implementation of this Convention" through 32(3)(c) "Cooperating with relevant international and regional organizations and non-governmental organizations." The Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime also emphasizes the need to cooperate with NGOs in Article 6(3) which states that "[e]ach State Party shall consider implementing measures to provide for the physical, psychological and social recovery of victims of trafficking in persons, including, in appropriate cases, in cooperation with non-governmental organizations, other relevant organizations and other elements of civil society ..." ; Article 9(3) which mentions that "[p]olicies, programmes, and other measures established in accordance with this article shall, as appropriate, include cooperation with non-governmental organizations, other relevant organizations and other elements of civil society;" and Article 10(2) which calls for training that "should also take into account the need to consider human rights and child- and gender-sensitive issues and it should encourage cooperation with non-governmental organizations, other relevant organizations and other elements of civil society." Enforcing this international obligation of cooperation would require countries to review their policies regarding NGOs' activities within their territories. The Department of Justice has been assisting foreign countries in drafting anti-trafficking legislation in compliance with the UN Protocol on Trafficking. This legislative assistance led to the formulation of a comprehensive anti-trafficking law in many countries. Two of my favorites are the Romanian Anti-Trafficking law was passed in December 2001 and the Bulgarian law Prohibiting Trafficking in Persons, which became effective in July 2002. While there have been significant legislative reforms in this area, many countries still do not have a specific anti-trafficking legislation. According to the 2004 TIP Report, 62 countries lack legislation that specifically make trafficking a crime. For instance, the majority of the countries of the Middle East do not have a specific anti-trafficking legislation. Morocco and Turkey are among the few that criminalize trafficking, while Qatar's criminal laws prohibit trafficking only for the purposes of sexual exploitation. Similarly, most of the countries in Africa do not have anti-trafficking legislation, including Ghana, Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, the Gambia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Burma, Senegal, Sudan, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Equatorial Guinea, Sierra Leone. Countries from Latin America that lack specific anti-trafficking legislation include: Argentina, Chile, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Suriname, Ecuador, Guyana, and Venezuela. This last year I have been a part of the training program that was conducted by the War Against Trafficking Alliance where Shared Hope International, The Protection Project and the Department of Justice have cooperated in training law enforcement officials in the countries of Moldova, Dominican Republic, India and South Africa. I talked about the laws in these countries, namely Articles 165 and 206 of the Moldovan Criminal Code addressing trafficking; the Dominican Republic's Law Number 137-03 Regarding Illegal Trafficking of Migrants and Trade in Persons of August 2003; the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act of India, and the proposed amendment to the Sexual Offenses Act of South Africa. We must also assist countries in enacting related laws, especially in the area of witness protection, anti-corruption and money-laundering. The American Bar Association Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative (CEELI) is developing a "Trafficking Assessment Tool" on how countries should comply with the U.N. Protocol on Trafficking including enacting anti-trafficking legislation. I participated in the discussion group that looked into the first draft and I believe once this tool is finalized it will provide a useful guide. Prosecution rates in the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America are still very low, and further efforts are needed to not only assist in drafting anti-trafficking legislation but to train investigators, prosecutors and judges to effectively consider cases of trafficking. Actually it is not only developing countries that show such low instances of prosecutions of traffickers. Even countries that have more resources available to prosecute cases still have low rates of successful prosecution of traffickers. The Reauthorization Act provides for International Law Enforcement Academies to be utilized more fully in the effort to train law enforcement authorities, prosecutors, and members of the judiciary to address trafficking in persons-related crimes. This international training is particularly important, especially that under the Reauthorization Act a government which does not provide data on investigation, prosecution and conviction or sentencing of cases of trafficking shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted or sentenced such acts. Thank you. |


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Looking for the feeling of faraway lands? DealChicken says you needn't look any further than Inchin's Bamboo Garden. The owner describes the restaurant's cuisine as "an artful blend of exotic ingredients," influenced by China's Szechwan province with a dash of India's eclectic flavors. Every meal is prepared from scratch with fresh food, and each dish offers a distinct taste. Lingering over your drinks while waiting for appetizers like Tomato Ginger Clear Soup, Crispy Chili Baby Corn or Pan-Fried Chili Paneer and then your individually prepared meal is worth the extra time. Once you dive into your Crispy Eggplant Chili Honey, Shanghai Potatoes or a variety of paneer/tofu dishes, you'll feel just like you're back East—way East!
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if this is the core of our team we're in trouble. I've been thinking (too much) about this, and I've become very discouraged. Really the only guy I have any great respect for anymore is Raja Bell. But that's another thread.
But yeah if we're dependant on a "power" forward for ball movement, we've got other problems; meanwhile "Pilates" Okafor sort of cares to play the paint by himself.
Sorry I'm just not in a good place right now. This season ended so weakly (and I don't care about the last 4 games). It ended with yet another bad loss in Detroit to a team that was humiliated by the Cavs.
Bobcats Redemption?
diaw, we need offense and mek's defense and rebounding can be found elsewhere. (i am not saying the total range of skills mek offers but parts can be found elsewhere.)
I really have no clue...
We either trade for somebody like Amare or Bosh? and pay basically the same amount of money but get better output. Or we trade him and our 2nd rounders for Hasheem? (not saying I would, that's just one of the few options I see for a big man)
Mek may not be a dominant Center, but there really aren't many big men we can bring in to replace him
I understand what you guys are saying about Diaw and Crash and how Boozer would be hard to fit in around them but........I'd take Boozer anyday! We would be a much, much better team with him on the roster.
Maybe Diaw can be our 6th man off the bench, maybe Crash can play some 2, maybe another option would work...either way, we would be crazy not to make room for Boozer if we had the opportunity to add him to our roster.
With that being said, I don't think we can get him.
What I'm saying is that we would get rid of Emeka in the deal to get Boozer. and maybe throw in sean may or Nazr. I havent looked at the numbers though so I dont know how that would work out. I like Emeka but if we get another Big with talent equivalent to Boozers then I think we would need to get rid of Emeka. there I said it.


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January 10th, 2013, 01:02 PM | #1 |
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1998 Jeep Wrangler-PRICE DROP!!! $5700
For sale I have my 98 Tj with a hard top. Runs and drives great, it was one of my DD's but I need money so I am selling it. Has 121k miles. Has a 5 speed and clutch is perfect.
Good: Has SYE with front and rear Tom Woods drive shafts Forbes 4x4 Roof Rack Light guards all the way around 3.73 Gears 4.0L I6 Has 6inch OE Style Fender Flares Roof rack and windshield mounts are ready for lights, already is wired and has switches Has brand new body mounts all the way around Almost new mean green alternator (220amp waterproof) Starts right up, shifts perfectly, 4x4 works (all gears) 06 Rubicon Suspension so it sits a little higher then stock which is why it has the 32's on it DDM 6k HID's in the headlights, super bright! Fluids changed regularly Clean and clear title Bad: Needs tires soon and dent on hood Drives flawlessly, need gone bad. Make an offer will accept trades Looking to get $5700 OBO Call or text 248.709.8212 NEED GONE ASAP Last edited by LJRubicon; February 4th, 2013 at 02:38 PM. |
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The Association of Divorce Financial Planners (ADFP) is registered with the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) as a sponsor of continuing professional education on the National Registry of CPE Sponsors. State boards of accountancy have final authority on the acceptance of individual courses for CPE credit. Complaints regarding registered sponsors may be addressed to the National Registry of CPE Sponsors, 150 Fourth Avenue North, Suite 700, Nashville, TN, 37219-2417. Web site: www.nasbatools.com.
Dealing with complex types of executive compensation, including stock options (ISOs, NQs) and restricted stock (RSUs) can be daunting and sometimes overwhelming. This presentation will demystify the topic for you and help you get up to speed for your practice and your clients. You will learn about the terms, how to value, divide, their characteristics and how to manage the tax ramifications surrounding options and RSUs.
Working with stock options and restricted stock is complex and difficult, not to mention a potentially tremendous piece of the client's net worth. Equity compensation can be very complex, vary from plan to plan and between public and private companies, and are often overlooked and/or undervalued. Among other things, this 100 minute presentation will answer:
Who should attend this webinar?
This session will be presented by Thea Glazer (CFP®, CDFA™, MS Accounting) who has been working with divorcing individuals and their counsel since 1985. She has written numerous articles on stock options and restricted stock and regularly gives presentations to accounting and legal professionals on these topics. She has been an expert in this area since 1998. Click here for information about Thea Glazer.
The cost of the webinar is just $59 for ADFP members ($69 for non-members). In addition, all participants in the ADFP University Webinar Series receive 1 ADFP Conference Point, worth $25 toward the cost of the ADFP Annual Conference, for each webinar session attended.
In addition, you will receive 2 CE Credits for your webinar attendance.
Become better prepared to meet the challenges of your practice while earning CE credits with valuable, deployable educational materials, brought to you by the ADFP, a not for profit 501(c)6 professional organization.
We look forward to seeing you on the webinar. Sign up today!
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Accumulated Savings and Liquidation. This session explores the inner workings of the software with respect to Accumulated Savings and Liquidation. What is Accumulated Savings? How is Accumulated Savings calculated? How do we deal with income and appreciation on accumulated savings? How do we calculate liquidations? Tax payable on liquidations? Tax losses? Video & Recording
Negotiating Property Division. Again, the screen looks simple, but there are subtleties. Some include: pie chart vs. bar chart. Different ways of dealing with pre-tax vs. tax-advantaged assets. Property settlement. Children's assets. Dealing with 529 plans. Video & Recording
Real Estate Transactions. Mortgages, sales, refinancing, separate property, short sales, sale and purchase of new residence, using refinancing to achieve property equalization. Video & Recording
Defined Benefit Pensions. This session covers the concepts behind pension valuation. What is a mortality table? What factors affect pension value? What factors affect coverture? What is the impact of the "works until" date? What interest rate is appropriate? What about adjusting for race, genes, etc.? Video & Recording
What If Analysis. The "What If Analysis" screen looks simple (by design) but there are many subtleties. This session goes through the importance of the "start" date, what "copy from actuals" does and does not do, single-year vs. multi-year display, the five result-display options, tiers of spousal and child support, options for keeping support "always current," and how to ask "what if" with wages, exemptions, and filing status. Video & Recording
Other "What If" Tools. This session explores the less-used, but useful and powerful "what if" tools in your Family Law Software arsenal. Alimony Needed, Scenarios, Alimony break-even, Alimony trade-off, and Alimony Present Value (how calculated, discount rate used, marginal vs. average tax rate). Video & Recording
Each recorded module is about 90 minutes in length and designed to function either as a standalone or an integral part of the series.
Cost: $69/module ($59 for Members). $369 ($319) for the entire series, if initially purchased as a package. Modules can be taken in any order.
Family Law Software, Inc. will also be offering a new certification in Family Law Software for those who complete the program and pass a certification exam.
Cost for certification exam and grading: $129 ($119 for Members).
Entire program purchased as a package (includes all 6 modules, recordings and visuals and one certification exam: $485 ($425 for Members).
To purchase the Video & Recording please click on the links below. Secure links to the module will be e-mailed to you.
Accumulated Savings and Liquidation Member Non-Member Negotiating Property Division Member Non-Member Real Estate Transactions Member Non-Member Defined Benefit Pension Member Non-Member What If Analysis Member Non-Member Other "What If" Tools Member Non-Member Bundle of 6 Webinars: Member Non-Member Certification exam and grading: Member Non-Member Entire Program/Certification Package Member Non-Member
"I found Vik's webinar very helpful in understanding this whole new world (to me) of web marketing. Many of the things Vik talked about I had heard of before, but did not understand. After the webinar I feel as though I received a solid crash course on what I need to be aware of in web marketing and some good - actionable - ideas to begin to tackle it." ~ Heidi L. Hanson, CFP®
"It is so important to discipline ourselves to stay focused on marketing our business. When I saw the promotional email for Vik Rajan's webinar for best practices in "Seminar Marketing," I immediately signed up. The webinar was great! Vik did an excellent job of facilitating a lively discussion on how to successfully market through seminars and I picked up great tips that I can use in marketing my business." ~ Linda Ursin, Esq.
Vik's webinars have been extremely informative and he "breaks things down" so that listeners don't get overwhelmed. For anyone wanting to move more into the social media sphere, these webinars are an excellent way to get started. ~ Erika Penner
Cost: $49 ($39 for ADFP members)
Purchase recording and visuals Now! Member Nonmember
This recorded webinar is the first of three (3) follow-up presentations to How On-Line Marketing Can Lead to Better Referrals.
Highlights: How using LinkedIn status updates, groups, and people search leads to referrals, introductions, testimonials and other word-of-mouth marketing. The webinar will walk you through profile set-up, adding contacts from your database, finding referral sources and joining and starting groups.
This recorded webinar is the second of three (3) follow-up presentations to How On-Line Marketing Can Lead to Better Referrals.
Highlights: How Blogging and new web content support referral marketing and search engine results. See also the "20 Blog Article Topics" in the January 26th PowerPoint. This recorded webinar walks you through the free set-up of a blog, posting articles and encouraging interaction.
This recorded webinar is the third and final follow-up presentation to How On-Line Marketing Can Lead to Better Referrals.
Highlights: How e-Newsletters remind referral sources, prospective and current clients about your expertise. This recorded webinar will walk you through creating a quick newsletter from your blog website and promoting it through LinkedIn and Facebook groups and status updates.
Register Now! Member Nonmember


text:
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — University of California leaders on Wednesday called for an expansion of online courses to help the 10-campus system contain costs, broaden access and hold down tuition rates.
UC President Mark Yudof said the university plans to launch several online education initiatives in the next few months, including an incentive program to encourage faculty members to create digital versions of high-demand, entry-level courses.
"It's no secret that UC has hit a wall with regard to traditional instructional methods," Yudof said at the UC Board of Regents meeting. "The finances simply no longer exist to support the old model of instruction in many ways."
The board meeting in San Francisco was attended by Gov. Jerry Brown, who has been pressing California colleges to embrace online education to make college more accessible and affordable.
In his 2013-2014 budget, Brown has proposed giving California's public colleges and universities more money, thanks to the November passage of Proposition 30 tax initiative. But in return, he wants them to control expenses, stop raising tuition and move more classes online.
"There's a brute reality out there," Brown told the regents. "There's not a luxury of sitting in the present trajectory unless you don't mind paying ever increasing tuition."
Brown's budget plan would increase state funding for UC by $250 million — less than what the university had requested, but a welcome change from several years of deep budget cuts.
At the meeting, Yudof thanked Brown for the proposed budget increase and said he believed UC could meet the governor's challenge. He suggested that campuses may have to maintain higher student-faculty ratios in the future.
"We are committed to doing everything we can to keep tuition down," Yudof said. "We are committed to developing the best online education system for our students. And we are committed to maintaining fiscal discipline."
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moriarty Celebrities
Artist description:
I love this character so much, he is so evil but I like him still..Blah, I can not decide what to draw and I like BAMF sherlock with moriarty, but it look weird :p maybe in photoshop OTL
anyway, jim :3
Created Mar 06, 2012. Unless noted Copyright 2012
ruskina .
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Nicce! now I recommend making the tie red so that there is an extreme focal point. Oh and line too for the back ground otherwise this is a good piece.
this is good idea! can I edit the picture after submit? Bc I want to now OTL Thank you!
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Apple Pecan Crepes >
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Apple Pecan Crepes
This is a very easy, quick and delicious brunch item. When they taste the nutty apple pie filling tucked inside the creamy vanilla sauce draped over the tender crepes, everyone "oohs" and "aahs" between bites. Prepare a big batchpeople tend to go back for seconds and even thirds!
6 Servings
Prep/Total Time: 15 min.
1 can (21 ounces) apple pie filling
1/2 cup coarsely chopped pecans
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
12 prepared crepes (7 inches
1 egg, lightly beaten
3/4 cup half-and-half cream
2 tablespoons sugar
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
1/4 teaspoon almond extract
In a small bowl, combine the pie filling, pecans and cinnamon. Spread
2 rounded tablespoonfuls down the center of each crepe; roll up
Place in a greased 13-in. x 9-in. baking dish. Bake, uncovered, at
375° for 10-14 minutes or until heated through.
Meanwhile, in a microwave-safe bowl, combine the egg, cream, sugar
and extracts. Cover and microwave at 50% power for 3-1/2 to
4-1/2 minutes or until thickened, stirring after each minute. Cool.
Serve with crepes. Yield: 6 servings.
Nutritional Facts:
1 serving (2 each) equals 329 calories, 13 g fat (4 g saturated fat), 62 mg cholesterol, 231 mg sodium,
© Taste of Home 2014
2 of 2
Apple Pecan Crepes
Nutritional Facts:
48 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber, 5 g protein.
© Taste of Home 2014


text:
Climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf
Article first published online: 5 JUL 2004
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02244.x
Additional Information
How to Cite
GEFFEN, E., ANDERSON, M. J. and WAYNE, R. K. (2004), Climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf. Molecular Ecology, 13: 2481–2490. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02244.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 5 JUL 2004
- Article first published online: 5 JUL 2004
- Received 24 February 2004; revision received 21 April 2004; accepted 21 April 2004
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
"Theodosian Empresses" sets a series of compelling women on the stage of history and offers new insights into the eastern court in the fifth century.
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Search results for : | pinoyrapstars therian |
Feral Nature
Feral Nature : A place where those who identify as Otherkin, Therian, or any assortment of non-human beings can come together.
otherkin, feral, nature, dragon, therianthropy, furry, nonhumanShadow of the Fallen Forum
Forum for all Shadow, Grigori, Fallen, and Otherkin
grigori, angel, shadow, otherkin, watchers, dragon, starseed, vampires, vampyres, weres, shemyaza, azazel, fallen, angels, nephilim, chat, 2012
Topics linked your research : | pinoyrapstars therian |
A New Therian Threat....
Captain Newton looked out across the battlefield from her Firetoad to see the bunker they neeeded to capture only meters away. From behind her, her troops were ready to be deployed. She sends her Light Prince squad to recon with the Cobra M8 to feel out
Therian & Otherkin Terminlology
~Basic Terminology~ Animal-Hearted - Animal-hearted is when an individual strongly identifies with a species of creature. It's more than a fascination or like of the creature, like in the furry fandom, but not quite to the point of being something you


text:
Calcium compounds: calcium diiodideThe calcium in calcium diiodide formally is in the oxidation state 2. Calcium diiodide
Physical properties
SuppliersComing soon... Element analysis
SynthesisSmall pure smaples of calcum iodide may be made through the reaction of calcium metal in liquid ammonia with ammonium iodide. Ca(NH3) + 2NH4I → CaI2 + 2NH3 + H2(g) Solid state structure
Isotope patternWhat follows is the calculated isotope pattern for the CaI2 unit with the most intense ion set to 100%. Formula: Ca1I2 mass % 294 100.0 __________________________________________________ ReferencesThe data on these compounds pages are assembled and adapted from the primary literature and several other sources including the following.
WebElements ShopWebElements now has a WebElements shop at which you can buy periodic table posters, mugs, T-shirts, games, fridge magnets, molecular models, and more. |


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Small business expert and SBTV.com CEO Susan Solovic on Lunch Break discusses what small business owners and entrepreneurs heard and didn't hear during last night's debate. Photo: Getty Images.
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Launch Tech USA's Launch Pad offers the benefits of a tablet with the strength of the Launch diagnostic platform. With a Windows 7 operating system, multiple applications can be utilized simultaneously. The user can perform wireless-to-the-vehicle diagnostics, graph and record PID data, and use online repair databases all at the same time. Add-on modules allow for future adaptability, such as J2534 reprogramming and lab scope. Also included is a free 30-day trial of Identifix's Direct-Hit, which notifies the technician of vehicle specific repair information and known fixes automatically, right on the screen.
Launch Pad
From Launch Tech USA
Product From Launch Tech USA
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Two-Position Ratcheting Screwdriver with LEDs, No. 82788
Product From GearWrench/Apex Tool Group -
Gearwrench's Two-Position Ratcheting Screwdriver with LEDs, No. 82788, has two LEDs that help illuminate a work area, making it easier to work in poorly lit spaces. It has a 45-tooth ratcheting mechanism with forward, reverse and locked positions to quickly tighten or loosen fasteners. The screwdriver features a stainless steel collar that magnetizes the bit tip to help hold fasteners on the tool, resulting in fewer dropped and lost fasteners. Users also benefit from 6-bit storage (Phillips #1, #2 and T15, T20, T25 and T127 included) in the handle.
2013 Maintenance Reminder Reset Procedures, No. 13-450
Product From Autodata Publications Inc. -
The 2013 Maintenance Reminder Reset Procedures, No. 13-450, from Autodata helps users to ensure that vehicles always leave the shop with the maintenance reminders reset. The manual covers domestic and imported vehicles from 2002 to 2013, and includes step-by-step instructions, vehicle specific illustrations and system operation notes. The convenient spiral bound format lays flat or folds in half for easy handling within the vehicle.
Spark Plug Starter Set, No. 63100
Product From Lisle Corporation -
The Lisle Spark Plug Starter Set, No. 63100, features a 9" flexible shaft that allows technicians to obtain the desired angle to accurately install most spark plugs, without cross threading. The 3/8" square drive socket includes a strong neodymium magnet to hold the spark plug in during installation and removal. The tool can also be used as a magnetic pickup tool with a weight capacity of 1.56 lbs. The set includes four spark plug sockets: 9/16", 5/8", 3/4" and 13/16". Made in the U.S.A.
XL Pass-Thru Ratchet and Socket System
Product From GearWrench/Apex Tool Group -
GearWrench's XL Pass-Thru Ratchet and Socket System eliminates the need for two sets of sockets. With 11 locking head positions and a head profile up to 50 percent thinner than conventional ratchet systems, it provides unprecedented access in tight automotive applications. The ratcheting box end requires as few as five-degrees of swing arc to move fasteners, which dramatically increases productivity. The XL Pass Thru System can lower overall costs because automotive technicians no longer need deep sockets. Additionally, these sockets work where even deep sockets won't, such as providing access to a nut halfway down a threaded rod.
Wide Capacity Tongue and Groove Pliers, No. 7412
Product From SK Hand Tool, LLC -
The SK Hand Tool Wide Capacity Tongue and Groove Pliers, No. 7412, can be used on round objects like pipes, rods and hoses providing three points of contact for a more positive grip on the object than a traditional tongue and groove pliers. The wide capacity, ranging from 1/2"-4", eliminates the need to carry multiple tools to cover the full range of work surface sizes. The tool's angled narrow head design allows access into tighter spaces than other pliers. Other features of the pliers include a flush rivet design for access in tight work spaces and a textured cushion grip for positive hold.
- Product From Wilton Tool Group
Made in the U.S.A., the Wilton Tool Group Tradesman Vise, No. 1755, has a 5-1/2" jaw width, 5" jaw opening and 3-3/4" throat depth. This means that it can handle the most demanding clamping applications. Unlike most vises that have a fixed center nut, this one has a round channel vise nut anchored at the rear. This rear anchored nut provides straight line pull and even pressure resulting in greater durability. The round channel design also allows for a completely enclosed spindle and nut assembly. This enclosure keeps debris out and lubrication in for a lifetime of smooth operation.
- Product From KNIPEX Tools LP
The Knipex 8" Cable Shear, with a twin cutting edge, can cut through copper and aluminum cables. This tool features precision ground, hardened blades that can accomplish a clean and smooth cut without crushing and deformation. The user does not need to exert as much effort, because the tool features a favorable lever ratio and optimized cutting-edge geometry. It has a guard that prevents pinching the user's finger and its twin cutting edge allows a comfortable handle position in all cutting situations within its specified cutting capacity.
EarthLift wireless mobile column lift No. 1082RRA
Product From Stertil-Koni USA -
The Stertil-Koni EARTHLIFT wireless mobile column heavy duty vehicle lift (No. 1082RRA) is the first hydraulic green mobile column lift in the industry, according to the company. Its columns are made with components that are 98 percent recyclable and the Active Energy Retrieval System (AERS) allows operators to achieve 35 percent more lifting cycles at maximum lifting load. The on-screen display highlights the AERS system, enabling the operator to see savings in real-time. EARTHLIFT also uses a closed hydraulic system that contains bio-degradable oil and the batteries are 100 percent recyclable.
- Product From JME Innovations
The American-made two-piece JME Innovations Split Rethreading Dies can repair damaged threads on studs, drive shafts and struts without having to remove the part. Using a die stock, socket or a "gear wrench" to get the job done, this two-piece die can be placed anywhere there are good threads, and repair the threads from the bottom up, or the traditional way from the top down.
QD8 Series Qwik Draw Brake Machines
Product From Link New Tech -
The Link New Tech QD8 Series Qwik Draw brake machines allow users to simply hook up the machine and it will shut off automatically without putting air into the lines. This air is safely measured because of the floating ball in the new fluid tank signaling the machine to shut off fluid flow, eliminating any air that could enter the brake lines, without shutting off the machine. When the service is complete, any excessive air from the system will be depleted. This service can be fully completed in less than 10 minutes. This machine has been redesigned to only have two valves and automatic self-adjustment for pressure.


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3M™ Fire Barrier Water Tight Sealant 3000 WT, 4.5 gallon, Pail
Ready-to-use, high-performance, single component, neutral cure, silicone firestop that also acts as a barrier to water leakage and airborne sound transmission. Provides up to 4-hour fire protection. Light gray color with black flecks, no mixing required.
Extended Description
When properly installed, product provides up to 4-hour protection against the spread of fire, smoke and noxious gas in tested and listed systems. 3M™ Fire Barrier Water Tight Sealant 3000 WT meets UL Water Leakage Test, W Rating - Class 1 requirements for systems tested and listed in accordance with ANSI/UL 1479, provides acoustic benefits by minimizing noise transfer (STC-Rating of 53 when tested in a STC 54-rated wall assembly) and acts as a smoke seal for installations requiring the optional L-Rating. Meets the intent of LEED® VOC environmental regulations, meets International Building Code (IBC) and other key life safety building code requirements.


text:
Haley, Gormley Continue Winning at Victoria BryantEach has won four races this season in Georgia Series Matt Haley continued his amazing streak of wins and Tara Gormley got back on the winning track to highlight the latest race in the XTERRA Georgia Trail Run Series. Haley was the overall winner of the XTERRA Victoria Bryant Trail Run, which was completed on Saturday, December 1, at Victoria Bryant State Park in Royston, Georgia. He completed the 10-kilometer course in 38 minutes, 51 seconds, which was more than four minutes faster than any other runner in the field of around 200 participants. "The conditions were good for running," Haley said. "I really enjoyed the crisp, country air, as this race was out in 'the sticks' as they say. The course was relentless, with the hills though. It was a constant up and down with a few flat sections in between all of the hills. Despite the difficulty, I've always liked courses that challenge you with some tough terrain. It's nice to be able to roll on flat, easy courses but I've always been a little bit of a grinder, so the tougher courses seem to suit me more." Once the starting gun went off, Haley darted to the front of the pack, and ran by himself alone in the lead for most of the course. "This one was a solo effort for virtually the entire race," he said. "We started out on the road for spacing but as soon as we hit the trail I had built up a pretty good lead and by the time we got to the mile marker I was running completely alone. Even though I built up an early lead I tried to keep pushing myself to see how I'd run on a tougher course." Haley, 28, has entered the last four races in the XTERRA Georgia Trail Run Series, and has won each one by a convincing margin. He resides in Buford, Georgia, and is a member of the Saucony Hurricanes running club. Ben Smith of Danielsville, Georgia, placed second with a time of 43:14, and Brian Rogers from Loganville, Geogia, was third in 44:50. Gormley placed an impressive fifth overall and was the first overall female with a time of 45:05. She has now placed first overall at 19 races in the XTERRA Georgia Series since 2008. (Gormley pictured courtesy Mark Robertson / www.powerbar.com) "There were several long climbs that seemed to keep going and going," she said of the course. "There are a lot of roots and rocks along the trail, but luckily the trails are wide and the leaves were blown off, so the obstacles along the way were easier to navigate." Gormley said she took the lead halfway through the course, and stretched the lead late in the race during the grueling uphill climbs. The race also provided a sense of redemption for Gormley, who finished in third place - disappointing by her own lofty standards - at the previous Georgia Series race last month at Little Mulberry Park. "I was very happy to pull out the win at this race," she said. "I felt off my game at the Little Mulberry Course and it was good to be back!" The effort did take a toll on Gormley, however. The day after the race, she was admitted to a hospital and treated for Viral Meningitis. She said she hopes to be ready for the next Georgia Series race in two months. Kristen Meadors placed second in the women's division in 45:57, and Crissy Ivey was third in 49:06. In addition to the 10K course, there was a 5K short course. Carl Corley and Laura Phillips were the overall winners of the 5K. CLICK HERE FOR COMPLETE RESULTSThe XTERRA Victoria Bryant Trail Run was the fifth of seven races on the 2012-13 season schedule for the XTERRA Georgia Trail Run Series. The next race in the series will be the XTERRA Thrill in the Hills Trail Run on February 23. That race is considered one of the feature events of the Georgia Series because it offers a full-marathon course and a half-marathon course. To register for the race or learn more about the Georgia Series please visit www.dirtyspokes.com. About the XTERRA Georgia Trail Run Series |
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