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Posted by Web Staff - email | Facebook | Twitter
(WOIO) - There's a chilling new way your teenager can get high, but it's not from using anything they could access from your medicine or liquor cabinets.
Instead, it's something most families use every day - the home computer.
19 Action News shows you how they're doing it and exactly what it's doing to their brains.
Watch our warning for parents about the perfectly legal way kids are getting "Cyber High."
©2010 WOIO. All rights reserved.
635 W. 7th Street Cincinnati, OH 45203 Switchboard: (513) 421-1919 Newsroom: (513) 421-0119 Press releases: email@example.com
FCC Public File firstname.lastname@example.com 513.421.1919 EEO Report Closed Captioning


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A total fag-bro. A bromo, if you will. (homo+bro). The type of man who wears neon clothing and lots of plaid. Wakeboards more than they should, makes sure everyone knows it, and usually isn't very good at it. Loves the lake and acting like a total toooooool!
Guy 1: "Hey, I've seen that kid on the lake before, boarding it up, wearing neon shorts. Is he cool?"
Guy 2: "Naw man he's a total Brew, don't even talk to him."
Guy 2: "Naw man he's a total Brew, don't even talk to him."
by hatesbrewz
October 28, 2009
One of the thousands of UK terms for tea.
Make us a brew love, I'm parched.
by black flag
June 05, 2004
The term "brew" can refer to a friend, much like brother, Man, dude and homie. This is not commonly used when referring to a person outside of their immediate presence, only when you are having a direct conversation with the person.
Talk to you later brew
by Alevaro Jose Makawakatakashaka
November 21, 2010
A man who used to be classified as a bro in his youth, but is now old.
A middle-aged or older man who still wears his old college jersey, drinks out of red plastic cups, and recounts stories from his wild party days as if he were still living them, is a brew.
Not cool.
Not cool.
by Simsima theGreat
April 25, 2011
(Northern Irish slang)
the dole
the DHSS
the dole
the DHSS
the brew were giving my jip over me doing the double.
Brew scum!
On the brew
Brew scum!
On the brew
by casey kocknobber
June 11, 2003

subset: commoncrawl


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The Secretary of State registers anyone who will serve as a lobbyist during the legislative session. A lobbyist must have an official name badge which is issued when they register, and they must wear the badge at all times when lobbying. Lobbyists must also file a written authorization from their employer stating that they are authorized to lobby on the employer's behalf. The registration fee is $40. If an individual is speaking on his or her own behalf they do not need to register.
Click here to see the codified laws for Lobbyist (SDCL 2-12)
To view lists of lobbyists who registered each year including the current legislative year, visit the Secretary of State's Information Access System.
All lobbyists and lobbyist employers must complete expense reports that are due in the Office of the Secretary of State July 1 of each year. Lobbyists must report all expenses paid or incurred in connection with promoting, opposing or influencing legislation in any manner during the session of the South Dakota Legislature. This does not include the lobbyist's salary or fee to lobby.
2012 On-line Lobbyist and Employer Registration Coming Soon
2011 Lobbyist Registration Form 2011 Lobbyist Authorization Form
2011 Employer Expense Form 2011 Lobbyist Expense Form
If an individual registers as a lobbyist prior to the start of the Legislative Session, their lobbyist packet will be available for pickup on the first day of session.


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This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the Contact Us page.
Introduction General Information Regulations List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Description of fonds and Collections List of fonds and Collections Name Index |
CANADIAN OPERA COMPANY (1950- ) Canadian Opera Company fonds. - 1967. - 15 cm of textual records. Administrative history Scope and content Immediate source of acquisition: acquired from the Canadian Opera Company in 1977. Restrictions: none. Finding aids: none. |


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Nike Adrenaline – Penny Hardaway PE
October 22nd, 2008 by X | 2 comments
While Penny Hardaway had one of the best signature Nike Basketball shoe lines in the history of Nike, he also had some additional Player Exclusives after Nike stopped producing signature shoes for him. Here is one of them that we've never seen before, the shoe is the Nike Adrenaline and the PE was created for Penny during his stint with the Phoenix Suns. For as bad as the Adrenaline might look, the Suns colorway mixed with the Penny logo on the shoe's heel tab make this shoe a collector's item and somewhat dope. via Kenlu
More photos below…


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These innovative invisible thongs have contours that keep them in place, curing concern of shifting or riding up, while maintaining a sleek, barely-there look beneath clothing. They're made from a unique second-skin microfiber knit from Italy that is ultra-lightweight and smooth, disappearing under the clingiest fashions without sacrificing the signature fit, quality and comfort of your favorite Hanky Panky pieces. The Eve natural rise thongs have a flattering 2" wide V waistband that hits at mid hip.
Colors: Fashion Pack includes: Black, Hot Fuchsia and Granite The Eve thong multi-pack comes in sizes XS-L and includes three of our Hanky Panky Bare "Eve" natural rise thongs. Truly-- what to wear when you want to look BARE®. Style or fit questions? View our Style Guide here.


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Money for the Auto Industry: Consistent with WTO Rules?
by Claire Brunel, Peterson Institute for International Economics
and Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Peterson Institute for International Economics
February 2009
No industry save financial services has been harder hit by the current recession than the automobile industry. Employment in the US auto industry dropped 9 percent between 2007 and 2008, while auto sales fell 18 percent over the same period. The credit freeze has only added to the distress, since financing is required for most vehicle purchases. These have rippled throughout the economy, jeopardizing jobs at the automakers themselves and in numerous dependent firms, such as parts manufacturers. Similar downturns have hit automakers and their supporting industries around the globe.
In response to these troubles, the major US automakers—General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler—have appealed to the government for financial aid, and they are now seeking an additional $20 billion. A variety of measures to support the auto industry have been debated, including using funds from the Trouble Assets Relief Program to assist the financing arms of the automakers, tax credits for new vehicle purchases, and bailouts of auto-parts firms. Countries in North America, Europe, and Asia with large auto industries have considered similar proposals. Concerns have been raised regarding whether these plans violate World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and what effects they may have on world trade.
Claire Brunel and Gary Clyde Hufbauer consider auto-bailout proposals in the United States and abroad and examine whether these plans are WTO compliant. While a WTO case could be brought under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, this is unlikely both because of the environmental requirements of the bailouts and because most countries that could potentially bring a case against the United States subsidize their own auto industries. Another possibility is that a US firm could bring a case against a foreign automaker under US countervailing duty laws. A successful case, however, is unlikely to lead to the elimination of the contested subsidy, but would instead establish a duty on exports from the country in question, further fragmenting world trade. This highlights the ultimate danger of auto bailouts and aid: The auto industry, much like shipbuilding and steel, may gradually leave the realm of WTO disciplines, with large-scale subsidies becoming the norm. If an important industry like autos can remove itself from WTO disciplines, a dangerous precedent would be set and the world trading system seriously weakened.
View full document [pdf]
Policy Brief 12-21: How Can Trade Policy Help America Compete? October 2012
Policy Brief 11-20: The United States Should Establish Permanent Normal Trade Relations with Russia November 2011
Policy Brief 11-8: What Should the United States Do about Doha? June 2011
Book: The Long-Term International Economic Position of the United States April 2009
Op-ed: Trade: An Opportunity About to Be Lost? May 20, 2011
Op-ed: New Imbalances Will Threaten Global Recovery June 10, 2010
Op-ed: How Best to Boost US Exports February 3, 2010
Op-ed: Cooling the Planet Without Chilling Trade November 13, 2009
Paper: Submission to the USTR in Support of a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement January 25, 2010
Working Paper 09-2: Policy Liberalization and US Merchandise Trade Growth, 1980–2006 May 2009
Policy Brief 09-2: Buy American: Bad for Jobs, Worse for Reputation February 2009
Paper: Report to the President-Elect and the 111th Congress on A New Trade Policy for the United States December 17, 2008
Book: American Trade Politics, 4th edition June 2005
Op-ed: The Payoff from Globalization June 7, 2005
Policy Brief 08-5: World Trade at Risk May 2008


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Special Offers see all
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More copies of this ISBNThis title in other editionsA Mango-Shaped Spaceby Wendy Mass
Synopses & ReviewsPublisher Comments:Mia Winchell has synesthesia, the mingling of perceptions whereby a person can see sounds, smell colors, and taste shapes. Forced to reveal her condition, she must look to herself to develop an understanding and appreciation of her gift in this coming-of-age novel.
About the AuthorCarol Antoinette Peacock is the author of a number of picture books, including Mommy Far, Mommy Near and Pilgrim Cat. An adoptive mother of two daughters from China, she drew upon her own experiences to write Red Thread Sisters. Carol lives outside Boston, Massachusetts, where, besides being a writer, she's also a practicing psychologist. What Our Readers Are SayingAdd a comment for a chance to win!Average customer rating based on 2 comments:
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Video: Skylar Grey – "Dance Without You"
July 22nd, 2011
[kml_flashembed movie="http://www.youtube.com/v/yb-zeKazZPg" width="550" height="445" allowfullscreen="true" fvars="fs=1" /]
You may already know Skylar Grey's work if you've heard Eminem's "Love the Way You Lie" - she was the songwriter behind the #1 single. Now take a peek into Skylar's world with her gritty and absorbing video for "Dance Without You," which is also the first video from her debut album, Invisible (out this fall). It's one of those pop tracks with just that "umpf" - undeniably addictive.
Catch her perform at Lollapalooza on Saturday, August 6th.
Purchase "Dance Without You" on iTunes | Amazon
Facebook | Twitter | Official Site


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Wayfarer Sunglasses - Mens
Save on Men's Wayfarer Sunglasses at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of sun gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling Wayfarer Sunglasses and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.Please refine here
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Spy Helm Sunglasses Matte White/Grey Lens
Our Price: $100.00


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Video highlights of INMA World Congress in New York now available
03 May 2013Whether you attended the 83rd Annual World Congress and want a refresher on the highlights or were not able to make it and want a peek into the amazing presenters, we have you covered.
A team of fusion journalists from Western iMedia, an innovative editorial startup operated out of Western Kentucky University, produced a multi-media blog for the Congress. The group's video team was busy at work during the three-day event.
View all the videos produced from the Congress — including highlights of speakers, off-podium interviews with speakers and other key INMA members, as well as significant moments from the Awards Dinner — by visiting the INMA YouTube page.
Thanks to Western iMedia for a job well done!
...[more]INMA World Congress 2013 — New York in living colour
01 May 2013As we head our different ways — some home, some touring around New York City and other U.S. sights — here's a fun look back at our time together.
Enjoy the photo slideshow! Until we meet again...
Hindustan Times wins Best in Show
30 April 2013The prestigious "Best in Show" award signifying the top campaign in the INMA Awards 2013 competition was awarded Tuesday evening to The Hindustan Times for "You Read, They Learn," a public relations and community service campaign that was touted as providing benefits to the citizens of Delhi with a powerful message and strong images.
"I accept this award on behalf of the 10,000 kids that were moved from the street to school in the last one year," said Shantanu Bhanja, vice president and head of business, upon accepting the award for his newspaper. Bhanja also accepted the award on behalf of more than 7 million readers that the company reaches.
...[more]Washington Examiner CEO awarded INMA's Silver Shovel
30 April 2013Michael Phelps accepted the Silver Shovel Award on Tuesday evening at the World Congress awards ceremony.
Phelps was cited by 2012 Silver Shovel Award recipient Paulo Mira of PHD Mobi, who presented him the award, for a "career of excellence that has advanced the causes of journalism, finding new ways to pay for journalism, and positioning INMA in the middle of that great debate."
...[more]INMA celebrates with 2013 gala
30 April 2013The World Congress is coming to a grand conclusion at this evening's awards dinner and reception, where INMA will announce the winners of the INMA Awards 2013 competition, representing the top campaigns from the past year, as well as the winner of this year's Silver Shovel Award, which rewards individual achievements in the news industry.
Tweet your comments and pictures with hashtag #inmawc and click here to follow the evening live through contibuted media.
...[more]News media industry is hungry to meet challenges, comfortable in new print + digital reality
30 April 2013The news industry must find its place in an exponentially progressing world, according to INMA CEO Earl Wilkinson.
The challenge is that the world is progressing to different places at divergent rates. However, the theme prevalent everywhere is finding a way to allow print and digital to live together in the news environment.
Digital will become dominant in the near future, and this will cause news brands to re-evaluate print.
Revenue focus in the future needs to be on search advertising and content marketing, instead of on portfolio extensions. There are 10 or more ways to fill the hole where print advertising used to be.
To move forward, the people of the news industry need to remember the love of great journalism. These changes need to be made now in innovative ways.
...[more]The Atlantic rethinks the digital advertising model
30 April 2013The Atlantic, a 155 year old publication, has been through an existential crisis for the past several years. But with the rise of the Internet, it has found an opportunity to reinvent itself from a magazine to a platform.
President Scott Havens spoke to the 2013 INMA World Congress on what steps The Atlantic took, and continues to take, to rethink its digital advertising model. D
Diversification is key; ad and circulation sales are not enough. The Atlantic is moving away from selling advertising to providing advertising solutions, he said. These ads match with The Atlantic's mission of taking a non-partisan approach to big issues.
Much of The Atlantic's success can be attributed to assembling world-class talent, understanding the brand DNA and culture, as well as developing a digital strategy.
...[more]Can content marketing help balance the revenue struggles of the news media industry?
30 April 2013Shafqat Islam, CEO of NewsCred, spoke to the World Congress Tuesday about content marketing, saying that media publishers have sat on "two-legged stools" for decades, as they have relied on advertising and subscription.
Content marketing will provide a third leg for media publishers as a method that creates and distributes relevant and valuable content to attract and engage a target audience with the objective of driving profitable customer action.
He explained the importance of a business selling their brands to reach a wider audience.
...[more]The video opportunity: long-term, exciting, and consumer driven
30 April 2013While Earl Wilkinson, executive director and CEO of INMA, agreed that video development drives the opportunity for revenue growth, he argued that video advertising is not a quick investment.
Espen Egil Hansen, executive editor of Verdens Gang, asserted that news organisations must use the assets they have and combine different media, not just text or video, to create effective storytelling.
Journalism has always been about accuracy, relevancy and speed, he said, and video is essential to providing content that incorporates these elements.
Anna Rastner, managing editor of digital content at Expressen, said her publication is working on flexible news strategies to maintain a place in the competitive news market, which include using its print product to promote its digital programmes.
To operate most effectively in the digital platform, Rastner suggests training all newspaper photographers to do video and providing audiences with user-friendly interfaces and exclusive content.
...[more]Lessons learned from NBCNews.com as it develops digital environment
30 April 2013Gregory Gittrich took control of MSNBC.com six months ago, reinventing the site into NBC.com. First on Gittrich's agenda was making the NBC brand consistent across all platforms.
He tapped into NBC's vast news gathering resources and focused on building a proper newsroom and culture for digital news.
Video is a key component in Gittrich's plan for the site. He discussed in the largely Q&A session the idea of a "transmedia" experience, or a non-linear story that can incorporate multiple storytelling elements such as text and video.
Never compromise the story telling or the user experience, Gittrich said, because it is hard to regain the audience lost as a result of those compromises.
Gittrich doesn't believe the traditional journalistic format of the inverted pyramid is right for every story. He also stressed the emphasis on bringing in a variety of skilled journalists and professionals from diverse backgrounds to create the right culture in the newsroom.


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Bass Pro Shops® Tournament Series® Squirmin'® Squirts - 2''
- Soft, hollow body
- Fine Undulating tentacles
- Salt-impregnated
Rated 4.8 out of 5 by 31
Rated 5 out of 5 by jockoal Best Bet
I purchased a package ot the 2" Squirmy Squirt jigs about a year ago..I used them this spring and summer, and they were were terrific at the pond that I fish on a regular basis..It was my best producer this year..I recently ordered several more paks of dfifferent colors..I highly recommend this lure for small and medium size Largemouth Bass, as I have caught up to 15" and 2.5 LBS Largemouth.. I have no reason not to believe it would catch larger fish as well..:lure works well for Bluegill and Crappies as well..AL
August 5, 2010
Rated 5 out of 5 by Rob13n My New Favorites
I bought quite a few packs of these lures and the first day I used them they never let me down. They catch every fish out there. Its a very light lure and very easy to use. I never leave the house without them now.
July 12, 2010
Rated 5 out of 5 by midmichiganfisherman I'm Impressed
Buying these tubes originally just for panfish was a stupid mistake. After using these tubes for the first time I continued to catch bass after bass. Not only did I catch bass but I caught perch, rock bass, gills, pumpkinseeds, and even a tiger muskie. Just dead stick these next to some cover and you'll be sure to be catching them in no time. I used the green pumpkin red fleck and it worked like a charm. Rigged it with a squirt head and it performed flawlessly. These are a great product and are very durable. Make sure to have light spinning or spin casting equipment because they are really light. Great job Bass Pro Shops!
June 20, 2010
Rated 5 out of 5 by ikew Great skirts
catch more & bigger crappie, bass, trout & catfish
May 30, 2010
3 Questions | 19 Answers
Outdoor Answers
Get help about this item from fellow customers.
Ask your questions. Share your answers.
I fish for bass and bluegill. I tried these baits when I could see them but they would bite it. Whats the secret? Am I suppose to work this like a worm or a fast retrieve? Please help me.Answers
Slow retrieval. I like to work mine on the bottom, lightly popping off the bottom every now and then while retrieving slowly with pauses mixed in to let it sink back down some. Patience and finesse is the key to these!A:
First I would not use these for bass or bluegill. I use them mainly for crappie. If you do use them I've found it best to use a slow vertical motion and occasionally let it go all the way to the bottom. You know the old saying! If you want big fish, (Bass) use a bigger bait.A:
i slow roll mine around cover i also use bait mate bait attracting sprayA:
Cast the Squirmy Squirt and let it settle to the bottom or close to the bottom if you have a lot of vegetation..Retrive slowly with a twitch, stop retrive, and twitch..Works well when is retrived near lilly pads and other structure areas...ALA:
The best thing about this lure you can use it different ways. You can let it sit there and wait for them, you can do a small yank hear and there retrieving it or you can even real it in with a twitching minnow action that seems to work also. I personally like to have it sit on the bottom twitching it across the bottom slowly like a steady bounce across the bottom.A:
I fish for anything that will take the jig. Mainly Crappie, but I also catch Bass (sometimes more bass than the people fishing for them--l0l), Catfish, other sun fish & trout. I have fished for crappie for more than 60 yrs. There is not jut one way to fish the jig. It depends on the time of the year, depth of the water & the type of water etc. I have mainly fished CA. & Oregon waters, but also OK, AZ, NV. FL. One trick I have learned is to jerk the lure & let it fall. The strike usually happens on the fall. You also have to watch the line very closely. Any twitch, slack, speed of the bow in line---jerk!! I have watched crappie take in my jig & spit it out in a split sec. You will never know they had taken your jig. I'm sure you know it will also increase your hits if you use crappie nibbles about 20-30% The crappie also keep the jig in their mouth longer.Images for this Answer
(click to see full-size image)
jig hookA:
i insert the lead headTop 500 Contributor
I have been using these for years w/ good results. I buy 1/8 oz. round head jigs, black w/ yellow eyes, 1/0 hook, and jig spinners in #1or #2 size, and rig the tube on the jig for a little spinnerbait. Catches crappie,bass, pickerel, etc. Inexpensive, too.A:
I usually rig with a small yellow jig head 1/16", when using the 2" white Squirmy ..I just slide on hook and slip Squirmy up to the back of the jig head..I think it would work with many other set-ups as well..Experiment to find what works best for you..Depth, current , and water clairity are other factors..ALA:
These can easily be rigged on a small jig head. My favorite way if the jig head doesn't have a matching painted head that gos along with the lure your using is to slip the head inside the body of the tube and pop the eyelet out of the top when its all the way in. Or for the ones with matching painted jig heads put the hook through the top and pull it all the way through and it gives it the minnow look with the eyes on the painted jig head.Top 50 Contributor
slip it right over the jig head. i always leave a tiny gap between the head of the bait and jighead. this adds to the darting action of the bait. after you nudge the jig into the body of the squirt ( i put the eye portion thru first so i don't rip the bait up), then when it's in position i pop the eye thru the tube and tie her on.Answers
solid white black pink char black pearl truceA:
black and chartruse, chartruse,white,smoke,black and silverA:
The four ive used that catch crappie are the white, the blue, the white and red, and the red and chart.A:
white, red & white, chartreuse, and greenTop 50 Contributor
red, blue, smoke & chartreuseTop 100 Contributor
whitered and white
red and yellow
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Course Searching
Careers Advice - contains a course search which has a variety of search options available. |
Birmingham Adult Education Service Coursefinder - provides a search facility to courses provided, both academic and leisure. Also contains information on parking and creche facilities at each site. |
UCAS - Higher Education courses database. University applications are now entirely online via this site. |
UK coursefinder - a guide to H.E. courses in the UK, researched independently by Morrisby. |
Push Online -an independent guide to UK universities, student finance, gap years, open days and student life. |
Hot Courses - and independent guide to UK school, college & university courses. |
University Options - an independent gateway providing links to Higher Education related websites. |
Milkround Online - Search for graduate career opportunities, internships and workplacements. |
The Guardian University Guide - The popular newspaper's guide to applying to university. |
direct.gov.uk - Education & learning webpage - government site with advice and links covering all aspects of education. |
Please note,we are not responsible for the content of other organisation's websites.
Learning Centre in Birmingham Central Library
Learning Centre - Course Searching, University & College Prospectuses


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It's not horrible, but the bathroom is pretty bad. The door opened to the sink, which created a hole in the door as it based into the edge of the sink. Weird yellow lighting, old worn out fixtures, the housekeeping does the best they can to keep it clean, but it really needs renovation. The road it's on is a... More
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- We would like to welcome all of our customers to stay with us and enjoy the convenience of our location. The Munising Motel is located in downtown Munising and within walking distance to many of the local Upper Michigan attractions. Alger County is a wonderful place to visit year round and the Munising Motel is a great place to stay while vacationing in the area. The Munising Motel offers corporate, monthly, and seasonal rates. Our rooms are extremely clean and spacious. The Munising Motel has recently received remodeling inside and out. ... more less


text: In a private street, a beautiful mansion with Art Déco style. Very sunny. This charming 650m² property distributed on 3 levels, it composed of an entrance, a double reception, a dining room, a dinning equipepd kitchen, 6 rooms, 2 offices, a sport room, a parking for few cars. A private 2900m² Garden. An exceptionnal lifestyle. Totally renovated in 2007.


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Cookbook:Bacalhau à Zé do Pipo
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
This Cookbook page needs work. Please improve it. See the talk page for discussion regarding improvements. |
Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes
A traditional Portuguese cod dish, Bacalhau à Zé do Pipo. The Portuguese have a great number of dried/salted codfish recipes, and they are often misunderstood or confused.
- 200 g of onions baked in olive oil, chopped 5 g garlic
- 400 g salted/dried cod
- salt, and white pepper
- 500 g mashed potatoes
- potatoes white skin, roasted in oven
- 100 g black olives
- black pepper (optional olly "Zé do Pipo")
- lemon juice (optional)
- eggs for making the cod sauté (codfisch à Braz)
- milk (optional)
- olive oil
- Prepare the cod by leaving it for 24 hours in water, changing the water once or twice.
- After the 24 hour period is up, put the cod in a pot with milk.
- Boil until slightly cooked, add salt and pepper. The milk will make the fish soft.
- Bake and mash the potatoes, optionally adding milk, egg, pepper and lemon juice.
- Chop up onions in circles and fry in pan with garlic and lots of olive oil until slightly browned.
- Preheat oven to 220 °C.
- Place the cod in the center of a casserole or baking dish.
- Surround the fish with the mashed potatoes and then cover it with the fried onion.
- Cover the onion with a thick layer of mayonnaise and sprinkle bread crumbs all over.
- Bake until toasted on top.
Serve with a green wine from the north of Portugal.


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Renal failure is the second most prevalent cause of death in felines throughout the United States. This ailment is most commonly diagnosed in cats around the age of seven, but the possibility of incidence increases with age (Messonnier, 2002). While the average life expectancy after diagnosis is approximately two to three years, the duration of survival is dependent on detection, treatment and care (Burkholder, 2000).
It is often a frightening and disheartening experience to find out that your beloved cat has been silently suffering with kidney failure and that your remaining days together are numbered. Understanding some of the structures and functions of the kidneys may help owners to identify and relate signs and symptoms to the possible presence of kidney failure and possibly help to prolong the life of their cat.
Structure and Function
The structure of the kidneys in cats is similar to those of most other mammals. The only difference seems to lie in the color of these organs. While most kidneys are dark, reddish-brown in color, the cat's kidneys are yellowish-brown. Cats have two bean-shaped kidneys located along both sides of the spine, beneath the first few lumbar vertebrae, as seen in Figure 1 (McBride, 1996; Max's House, 1998). This general area is often tender when the kidneys are compromised during renal failure.
Two of the most important organs in the urogenital system, the kidneys are composed of an renal cortex and an renal medulla both enclosed in a renal capsule, as seen in Figure 2 (Bachman, 2003). In terms of renal failure, the nephrons are the most important structures in the kidneys. There are approximately one million of these nephrons in each of the kidneys (Randall, et.all, 2002). All of the nephrons are not used simultaneously; therefore there is a reserved supply of nephrons available. Unfortunately, by the time renal failure is diagnosed, usually sixty to seventy percent of the nephrons have been destroyed (Waltham, 1999).
These minute nephrons are self-contained structures found within the medulla and are responsible for filtration, reabsorbtion, and excretion. Each nephron filters blood received by the kidney through the renal artery (figure 2), reabsorbs important minerals and nutrients, eliminates the waste products into a urine-collecting duct and returns the purified blood to the vena cava through the renal vein (figure 2) (McBride, 1996; Vanderschaegen, 2002). Because the kidneys are the most significant structures in purification of the blood, they receive the equivalence of the total volume of blood in the body, or approximately twenty percent of the cardiac output of blood from the renal artery, every four to five minutes. After leaving the vena cava, the blood returns to the liver where it can be further purified, while the urine is removed from the kidney by way of the ureter (Randall, et. all, 2002).
During the production of urine, the kidneys are responsible for removing the products of metabolism and other waste substances from the body. As illustrated in Figure 3, the kidneys produce the urine and then transport the urine through the ureters to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder then stores the urine until enough is collected and the urine is eliminated from the body through the urethra (Waltham, 1999).
Some substances filtered out by the kidneys through the urine include nitrogen, minerals, salts, excess glucose, toxic substances, and water from metabolism and ingestion (Randal, et. all, 2002). The glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) is the rate at which the blood is filtered through the kidneys to remove these waste substances. If the rate is too slow, waste products remain in the body for extended periods and can have toxic effects on the kidneys and the rest of the body. However, if the GFR is too rapid, beneficial components of the blood, such as protein, do not have the time to be reabsorbed in the body and are removed through urine. An irregular GFR lets wastes build up and can cause nutritional deficits or other problems (Vanderschaegen, 2002). Obvious signs of nutritional deficits are a decrease in coat quality, hair loss, weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Beyond the production of urine, the kidneys play important roles in several other processes and synthesis throughout the body. The kidneys are also involved with the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of hydration, regulation of blood pressure, controlling pH, biosynthesis of several important chemicals, formation of red blood cells and activation of vitamin-D3.
Sodium and potassium are two of the most critical electrolytes regulated by the kidneys. The kidneys produce and release a hormone called angiotensin that regulates the fluid levels of sodium in the blood stream. The potassium level is dependent upon this sodium level to remain in equilibrium. Together the sodium and potassium functions in the body to maintain blood pressure and proper functioning of the heart (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002). A disruption in this sodium potassium balance often results in high blood pressure and various heart and muscle abnormalities. Signs of electrolyte imbalance may include lethargy, sudden blindness and muscle pain and stiffness (University of Edinburgh, 2002).
In addition to maintaining electrolyte balance, the kidneys cooperate with the brain to maintain fluid levels in the body. If the fluid levels in the body are too low, the body is termed dehydrated. By measuring the blood volume that passes through the brain, the brain recognizes this dehydration and releases an anti-diuretic hormone, known as vasopressin (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002; Waltham, 1999). Vasopressin signals the kidneys to reduce the amount of water they excrete into the urine and to increase thirst. In effect, the urine becomes more concentrated and is eliminated from the body less frequently when vasopressin is released. As the body is re-hydrated, the brain secretes decreasing amounts of vasopressin. This decrease in vasopressin concentration allows the kidneys to resume elimination of larger amounts of water in the urine and increases the frequency of urination. This entire cyclic process of dehydration and hydration is disrupted in cats that are experiencing signs consistent with discrepancies in hydration, such as greatly increased or decreased urination, excessive drinking, and tacky, dry gums.
Maintenance of the production of and concentration of urine, sodium and potassium levels and the GFR function together to regulate blood pressure. They do this by controlling fluid levels in the body. This fluid level then determines the amount of serum (liquid component) in the blood. The volume of blood the heart needs to pump, the rate at which the heart can move the blood through the body and the potassium assisting in the functioning of the heart all work together to regulate blood pressure (Waltham, 1999). Any disruption in this process can result in fluctuations in blood pressure. Cats in renal failure often have high blood pressure that if left too high for too long can lead to lethargy and sudden blindness.
The kidneys also regulate the process that controls the pH of the blood stream. The kidneys regulate the acid-base balance within the body through the selective secretion of hydrogen ions and the selective secretion and absorption of bicarbonate ions (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002). Renal dysfunction often results in the inability to secrete ammonia compounds from the body and absorb bicarbonate ions into the body. This condition is also known as metabolic acidosis and can cause bone demineralization, inhibited protein synthesis, and expansion of the heart. A disruption in acid base balance, caused by the kidneys, is often associated with anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and weightless (University of Edinburgh, 2002).
One of the less recognized responsibilities of the kidneys is biosynthesis of several important chemicals needed throughout the body. Renin, prostaglandins and antihypertensive lipids, erythropoietin and vitamin-D3 are all substances that rely on the kidneys for production and/or secretion (Waltham, 1999).
Renin, prostaglandins, and antihypertensive lipids are all manufactured and secreted by the kidneys maintain blood pressure. When the pressure blood pressure within the kidney is too low, the kidney releases renin to initiate a complex process that raises the blood pressure within the kidney and throughout the entire circulatory system. To balance the effects of renin, the kidney also produces and secretes antihypertensive lipids and prostaglandins to lower blood pressure. Inadequacies in this system, resulting from compromised kidneys, can cause dangerous fluctuations in blood pressure (Waltham, 1999).
Erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells, is biosynthesized and released by the kidneys. A disruption in this synthesis of erythropoietin can cause a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood (anemia) (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002). This decrease occurs because red blood cells are constantly being destroyed within the body and must be replenished. Clinical signs of anemia, resulting from malfunction of the kidneys ability to regulate red blood cell production, include lethargy, respiratory distress, and pale gums.
The gradual decrease in calcium concentration, caused by natural body functions, initiates the parathyroid hormone to search for more calcium in the body. Because of this natural decrease of calcium in the blood, the kidneys supply and then convert vitamin-D3 to its active calcium containing form, calcitrol. The kidney's supply of vitamin-D3 causes the absorption of more calcium from the gut and intestines (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002; Waltham, 1999). Increased absorption and plasma blood concentration of calcium halts the parathyroid hormone from drawing calcium from other sites in the body. Without the kidneys' role in this process, the parathyroid hormone obtains calcium from any location where it is available. The cats with impaired kidney function often are affected by a decrease in overall bone density. Decrease in bone density often causes a stiff gait, frailty, and weakness.
Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
Loss of Renal Reserve - Early signs of PU/PD
PU= polyuria (increased urination) PD= polydipsia (increased drinking) |
Renal Insufficiency - Early warning signs, such as increased thirst, may begin to appear | |
Renal Failure (Azotemia) - Kidneys cannot eliminate waste efficiently, causing signs of illness | |
Advanced Kidney Failure (Uremia) - Severe signs of illness appear; eventually, collapse and death result |
A cat is considered to be in varying degrees of chronic or acute renal failure when their kidneys are unable to perform properly. Examining the four general stages of acute/chronic renal failure in Figure 4 highlights the progression of the disease (Hills, 2002). This diagram vividly shows the degradation of the diseased kidney through four stages of failure. The first through third stages depict a relatively healthy kidneys gradual decline and give some brief information about the progression of signs as failure progresses. By the last stage, when 90% or more of the nephrons are destroyed the smaller necrotic (dead) kidney can directly cause death from the build up of toxins. Both acute and chronic renal failure share many similar signs and symptoms and are both potentially fatal. However, acute and chronic renal failures differ in their causes, treatments, and long-term prognosis. Any degree of renal failure must be treated immediately and aggressively because of its serious nature. Unfortunately, by the time pet owners recognize something is wrong with their animal; the kidney failure has already greatly progressed.
Doctors use the term acute renal failure (ARF) to label patients whose kidneys have acquired the sudden inability to regulate water and solute balance. This form of renal failure can be more broadly defined to be a rapid deterioration of renal function (Labato, 2001). Acute renal failure often has a sudden onset and can be reversed if treated quickly and aggressively. However, the sudden onset of renal failure is often misinterpreted as another condition or missed altogether and leads to the progression of chronic renal failure. Causes of ARF are divided amongst pre-renal, renal, and post-renal categories. Pre-renal causes are factors that precede fluid entering the kidneys. The pre-renal form often results from any condition, such as shock or dehydration, decreases the body's ability to transport fluids to the kidneys. Post-renal causes are factors that occur after the wastes and/or urine exit the kidneys. The post-renal form often results from conditions that obstruct or tear the urinary tract that inhibit the wastes and urine from efficiently being removed from the body in a timely manner.
With pre and post-renal failure forms considered, the most common causes of acute renal failure are identified as ischemia (cellular damage from the loss of blood and oxygen supply) and nephrotoxicty (toxicity caused by substances poisonous to the kidneys). After diagnosing acute renal failure, treatment is dependent upon determining the cause of and the stage of ARF (Labato, 2001). ARF is commonly divided into the induction, maintenance, and recovery phases. Figure 4 depicts the highlights and kidney conditions of these four phases.
In the initial induction phase, the kidneys may exhibit injury from ischemia, nephrotoxins or infectious agents. Nephrotoxins may include various natural or synthetic chemical agents from various household products and/or plants. Some common household products classified as nephrotoxins includes, but are not limited to antifreeze, pesticides, herbicides, solvents, aspirin, anti-inflammatories and some antibiotics, such as paramomycin (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002; Gookin, 1999). The leaves and/or flowers of plants, such as Asiatic hybrid lilies, arrow grass, wild cherry, elderberry, oleander, Japanese yew, and the pits of apples, peaches and apricots, are all also considered nephrotoxins (Oehme, 1977; Cannon, et.al., 2000). Some infectious agents may include the bacteria that cause pyometria (an infection in the uterus) and the bacteria that cause septic shock (Labato, 2001). Vascular disruption from these causative agents and injury to cells result in the overall decrease in red blood cell formation, decreased GFR and decreased excretion of urea and creatinine, a condition know as azotemia.
In the next phase, the maintenance phase, anuria, the inability to produce urine, is common. At this point ARF commonly progresses as damage to both the tubular cell's ability to reabsorb sodium and the individual nephrons' GFR lead to due to the inability to regulate fluid flow. Anuria is usually a result of the death of the tubular cells and/or obstruction of the flow of urine from cellular swelling. This maintenance phase usually lasts for approximately 7 to 21 days before possible progression to the recovery phase (Labato, 2001).
If the kidneys are not too badly damaged, ARF will enter the recovery phase. During this final phase, filtering of the body occurs through dieresis, the artificial increase in the amount of fluids in the body. Dieresis is made possible through the introduction of oral, subcutaneous (SQ) (under the skin) or intravenous (IV) introduction of fluid into the body. Resulting from the dieresis, polyuria, and a general improvement in renal function usually occurs over a period of approximately one to two months (Labato, 2001). Over this period, nephrons in the kidneys attempt to self-repair and compensate for those nephrons that are not salvageable. Continuing problems with the kidneys or a progression to chronic renal failure is a possibility if too many of the nephrons are replaced by scar tissue, from the inflammation present.
Unlike acute renal failure, chronic renal failure is a progressive and irreversible loss of renal function over a relatively long period of time, generally a period of more than two weeks in duration (Hughes et.all, 2002) (Waltham, 1999). Chronic renal failure has become increasingly common in older felines represents the end stage of one or a combination of diseases affecting the kidneys. Chronic renal failure, unlike acute renal failure, is not reversible. The outlook for patients in chronic renal failure is grim because by the time this form of the disease is diagnosed 65-75% of the renal tissue has already been destroyed (Duval, 2002).
Chronic renal failure has a number of possible causes and most researchers and clinicians have conflicting views of these causative agents and/or factors. However, not all cats that experience or are exposed to the possible causes develop chronic renal failure (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002). Some of the generally agreed upon causes of chronic renal failure include advanced ARF, high blood pressure, congenital disorders, glomerulonephritis (abnormalities in the glomerulus), cancer (commonly lymphosarcoma and adenocarcinoma) and a variety of other diseases, such as diabetes (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002). Whatever the cause, immediate detection and treatment are always vital in slowing the progression of the disease. The survival rate of cats in chronic renal failure varies and is usually dependent upon cause and the amount of damage that is done before the disease is discovered.
Increased urination, increased thirst, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy (inactivity), ulceration and discoloration of the mucous membranes of the gums and tongue, vomiting, diarrhea and neurological signs, such as seizure activity or inability to walk, are all signs that are characteristic of renal failure (Waltham, 1999). Signs may initially be vague, but progress according to the severity and cause of the disease. Early detection of renal disease is an important step in providing adequate supportive care and slowing the gradual or rapid deterioration of health consistent with renal disease. Unfortunately, by the time pet owners have recognized some obvious signs, the kidney failure has already greatly progressed. Unless the disease was detected through clinical testing, the majority of the nephrons have usually been destroyed before signs or symptoms are seen.
Diabetes and hyperthyroidism are just two of the many diseases that have similar symptoms to renal failure (Duval, 2002). After recognizing possible signs and symptoms of renal failure, a veterinarian must perform clinical testing to make an accurate diagnosis. Blood work and urinalysis are two of the easiest, quickest, and most common methods in diagnosing renal failure. A hematology blood work panel, testing the quality and numbers of the various cells of and in the blood, may be helpful in indicating anemia and dehydration resulting from a kidney disorder. A biochemistry blood work panel is also very important in measuring the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (a nitrogen-containing byproduct of protein metabolism), plasma creatinine (a byproduct of muscle exertion) and phosphorous (acquired from dietary intake) levels (Waltham, 1999; Columbia Animal Hospital, 2002).
BUN, creatinine and phosphorus are all products processed by the kidneys that are classified as uremic toxins. Elevated levels may indicate kidney malfunction. In a healthy cat the BUN is generally between 14 and 36 mg per deciliter of blood, the creatinine is generally between 0.6 and 2.4 mg per deciliter of blood and the phosphorous is usually between 2.4 and 8.2 miliequivalents per deciliter of blood (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002; Duval, 2002). These values may seem tedious at first, but when dealing with a patient in renal failure it is vital to keep track of these numbers in comparison to normal parameters. As kidney failure progresses, the BUN, creatinine and phosphorus levels will gradually increase indicating the need for more supportive care and hydration. After kidney failure is diagnosed, it is recommended that blood values be reassessed every three to six months to check for and protect against further health complications initiated by the failing kidneys (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002).
Veterinarians also use urinalysis to detect and accurately diagnose kidney disease. Kidney problems are indicated when the specific gravity and components of the urine are abnormal. The specific gravity measures the concentration of urine. The specific gravity of a cat's urine usually rises above 1.045 preceding primary renal failure and falls below 1.035 during primary renal failure (Waltham, 1999). Comparing the specific gravity to BUN can determine if the BUN is elevated from dehydration or from kidney dysfunction. A high BUN and a low specific gravity indicate kidney dysfunction, while a high BUN and high specific gravity usually indicate dehydration (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002).
The sediment, or the solid particles dissolved in urine, is also examined to detect for the presence of protein, blood, crystals, tubular casts, bacteria, abnormal cells, and other foreign particles or substances in the urine (Waltham, 1999). Collectively the detection and measurement of all of these components detect renal disease as well as other primary or secondary problems. Specifically, protein, blood, and bacteria are sediments in urine that should be filtered out by the kidneys and their presence may indicate kidney dysfunction.
Besides the common use of blood work and urinalysis, other diagnostic tests may be used to accurately and efficiently diagnose the presence of renal failure and its possible causes. X-rays, ultrasounds and biopsies are important tests used by some veterinarians to both help diagnose, treat, and possibly determine the origin of renal dysfunction (Columbia Animal Hospital, 2002). X-rays and, more accurately, ultrasounds are used to determine the size, shape, and changes in the anatomy of the kidneys. An x-ray of normal feline kidneys can be seen in Figure 5 (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002). Ultrasounds further enable the inspection of the internal anatomy of the kidneys and show a more precise dimensional measurements and shape. In a healthy cat normal kidney measurements are approximately 2.3 cm by 3.6 cm., as seen in Figure 6 (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002).
Ultrasounds can also plot the exact location for biopsy that can be used to examine the presence, characteristics, quality and number of cells in the kidneys. Biopsies are gradually becoming more widely used in determining whether the damage to the kidneys is reversible or irreversible (Swashima, et.all, 1999). During a biopsy a small amount of tissue from the kidney is collected analyzed (Drost, et.all, 1999).
Current research has advanced the prospects for earlier detection of kidney problems and thus prevention of renal failure. A new urine test for dogs has offered a means of earlier detection by screening for albumin; a protein that begins to leak from the glomerulus of the kidneys preceding decreased renal function. This test has been proven to detect albumin when the kidneys are still functioning at nearly one hundred percent. Detection this early could alert pet owners and veterinarians to take immediate action before too much of the kidneys are damaged. Soon this test may be perfected and available for cats (Heska Corp., 2003).
Selected medications provide some of the most important and effective supportive care for felines in renal failure. Numerous medicines are available and are commonly used for the identified secondary complications. While none of them are curative, many of these medications successfully allow for comfortable management of the disease and may even prolong the life of the patient. Administering medication to a cat however is not always the easiest task. Sometimes flavored, highly palatable formulas are available to entice a cat to cooperate, however just like humans, a sick animal usually does not willing take their medicine. Figure 7 may provide a useful depiction on how to "pill" a cat ( Max's House, 1998).
Amphogel tablets and Phos-Ex are two drugs commonly used to bind to and eliminate excess phosphorous within the body (Kingstowne Cat Clinic, 1999). These medications help to diminish the increased amount of phosphorus that the compromised kidneys cannot remove on their own. While these medications decrease phosphorous levels, other medications are necessary to regulate potassium and calcium levels. Tumil K and potassium gluconate are two drugs used to supplement potassium, while calcitrol is often used to supplement additional calcium.
Pepcid AC, Reglan and Periactin are three drugs often used to treat gastrointestinal problems in cats in renal failure. Pepcid AC is an over the counter medication that decreases stomach acid production and helps prevent and/or alleviate the discomfort of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, commonly caused by an elevated BUN. Drugs such as Tagament, Zantac, carafate and cytotec are also sometimes favored for ulcer prevention and alleviation (Duval, 2002). Veterinarians prescribe, Reglan, a medication effectively used to help stop the patient from vomiting. Periactin, and sometimes Valium, are prescribed as appetite stimulants to artificially stimulate the hunger response (Kingstowne Cat Clinic, 1999). These stimulants are important because as a cat's appetite diminishes they receive less of the proteins and minerals necessary for every day survival. When diet does not adequately provide these needed components, the body will obtain proteins and minerals from anywhere and by any means necessary. This often involves the breakdown of the body's own tissues and bone.
Medicinal therapy usually begins when a cat's blood pressure is consistently over 180mm (Long Beach Animal Hospital, 2002). Norvasc is one of the first drugs chosen and the one still most commonly used to treat hypertensive cats. Enalapril is another blood pressure medication that is sometimes used. Once these medications are prescribed a veterinarian must perform weekly blood pressure monitoring until the blood pressure is stabilized and then repeat the monitoring every two to three months thereafter. While the cat is under blood pressure treatment owners should closely watch for weakness, associated with a blood pressure that is dangerously low. If weakness occurs, a veterinarian must be notified promptly.
If the red blood cell count is too low, a blood transfusion may first be required before drug therapy is initiated because there must be enough red blood cells initially available while the body works to make more. Winstrol and Epogen are two drugs commonly used to stimulate red blood cell production. Winstrol is an anabolic steroid usually used when anemia is mild. However, if the anemia is more sever, Epogen, a synthetic form of human erythropoietin, is available to naturally stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Epogen can be used for only 30 to 90 days because approximately 30% of cats gradually develop antibodies to this drug. This resistance is seen because this drug was initially designed for human use and developed in human compatible media. Due to its incompatibility with cat blood types, Epogen is reserved for severely anemic cats and if rejected other therapies must be used.
Subcutaneous (under the skin) fluid therapy is currently one of the most important and effective treatments for cats in renal failure. During this therapy, commercial, enriched fluid solutions are placed under the cat's skin. Lactated ringers solution is a commercially prepared solution that is commonly supplemented with B vitamins and potassium chloride (Kingstowne Cat Clinic, 1999). The B vitamins are added because they are water-soluble and are frequently lost in the excess urination. Potassium chloride is also often added to regulate the potassium balance interrupted by the failing kidneys. Once the fluid line is connected to the bag of fluids, a sterile needle, at the end of the fluid line, is inserted in the soft, pliable skin in the cats back. To reduce the stress on the cat, owners can perform this process in the comfort of their home with some practice. This process takes a minimal amount of time, is virtually painless, provides supplemental hydration and nutrients, and can help flush toxins from the renal patient.
Dietary therapy is another easy, effective method to manage kidney failure. The main object of this therapy usually is to return blood phosphate levels to normal parameters. On average, regulating phosphate levels through dietary management can add approximately two years to a renal failure cat's life (Feline Advisory Bureau, 2003). Decreasing the amount of protein in the cat's diet has also been found to help because the kidneys are responsible for breaking down proteins. A decreased amount of protein lessens their workload. However, decreasing protein in a cat's diet must be done cautiously because diets with low protein levels are often less palatable and the cat may refuse to eat. With concurring nutritional deficiencies and anorexia often present, offering a bad-tasting diet can make cats eat less and suffer further body wasting. Feeding a diet that is rich in calories, not derived from protein sources, provides much needed energy, and even taste while avoiding the problems caused by increased protein content (Burkholder, 2000). Hills K/D® Science Diet is a specially formulated food for patients in renal failure. While veterinarians commonly recommend this diet, there are other diets designed for cats with renal dysfunction.
Cats with kidney failure are often anemic because the kidneys do not stimulate red blood cell production. While synthetic erythropoietin treatment and the use of Winstrol are helpful in this situation, sometimes the blood count is just too low to support the cat's needs. The packed cell volume (PCV) is a measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. A normal PCV for a cat is between 24 and 45 (Veterinary Technician, 2002). When the PCV falls below 15, a blood transfusion is sometimes necessary. Whole blood is transfused and in emergencies does not have to be cross-matched with the cat. However, if subsequent transfusions are needed, cross matching is necessary to prevent rejection of the foreign blood.
Hemodialysis and kidney transplantation are two more invasive, clinical treatments that have offered new methods to prolong the lifespan of patients in kidney failure. Hemodialysis is currently being used on patients that are not responding to conventional medicinal therapy. During hemodialysis, a patient's blood circulates to a complex chamber outside of the body. This external, specially designed chamber filters and purifies the blood while also correcting electrolyte imbalance. This procedure is technically demanding, expensive, and time consuming, but with increased research and awareness, can become a feasible therapeutic treatment for renal failure in the future (Elliot, 2000).
Kidney transplantation is another relatively new method of treatment for cats in renal failure that performed in a few veterinary schools throughout the U.S. (Aldin, et.all, 2001). The success rate for this operation is approximately 75% with 25% of recipients dying from rejection, infection, cancer, or diabetes. However, the oldest known survivor is still well twelve years after his transplant. Preoperatively, comprehensive blood work and urinalysis, x-rays, an echocardiogram, an abdominal ultrasound, blood typing and blood pressure monitoring are some of the tests routinely on the recipient and donor cats (Bernsteen, 2003). Cats eligible for transplantation must be in the early stages of acute or chronic renal failure and must otherwise be healthy (Bernsteen, et.all, 2000). Transplantation is rarely performed on fractious (nasty) cats because the aftercare is rigorous and lengthy and involves frequent medicating and veterinarian rechecks. Cyclosporin is currently the veterinarians' drug of choice in preventing organ rejection and usually costs sixty dollars per month. Altogether, the price for surgery and aftercare can exceed ten thousand dollars (Bernsteen, 2003). The cat's owner must also agree to adopt and provide a lifelong home for the donor cat. Due to its relatively new place in renal failure treatment, excessive cost and limited margin to ensure effectiveness, this surgery has not yet gained much popularity.
Holistic therapy provides another option for treatment. Various herbal treatments have been developed and used in the treatment of renal failure. Acupuncture is also used to help stimulate appetite and improve blood flow to the kidneys (Scanlon, 2002). However, due to the controversial nature of holistic therapy no information was readily available as to the outcomes of its use.
Because a cure for chronic kidney failure has not yet been discovered, it is beneficial to enact preventative measures to help ward off the possibilities of developing any form of kidney disease. While it is not possible to eliminate the risks of acquiring the disease, it is beneficial to minimize the risk in any manner available. Using a diet that is low in protein, phosphorous and salt reduces the strain on the kidneys. A diet that is more plentiful in carbohydrates and fat will decrease the likelihood of kidney failure because these two energy-producing components are excreted through routes other than through the kidneys. A plentiful supply of fresh, clean water is also essential and helps to promote drinking and ensure proper hydration (Green Oaks North Pet Hospital, 2003).
A close relationship with a cat can also aid in renal disease prevention. Owners should remove potentially toxic agents from all areas of their home that cats frequently visit. Noticing the normal behavior patterns of your cat can help you to recognize when they are not feeling well and allow you to contact your veterinarian. Yearly checkups and routine vaccinations are equally helpful not only to prevent unnecessary disease but also to have your cat thoroughly examined by a professional. As your cat begins to age, routine blood work also helps to monitor any significant changes that may indicate potential problems. Overall, when used together, all of these preventative measures may be useful in securing a long healthy life of your feline companion.
The possibilities of a cat developing renal failure are high so owners should understand the diagnosis of the disease to prolong their cat's life. Recognizing signs and symptoms early can help to identify and treat the disease and thus increase the likelihood of success. Due to its terminal nature and the inevitable progressive decline in health, supportive medications and treatments are the only possibilities for relief and should be sought after and used. While research is ongoing due to the large number of cats affected by this condition, preventative methods remain the most important means of protecting your cat's health and comfort.
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Bachman, S. Paw Prints and Purrs. 1997- 2003. May 2003
Bernsteen, L.; Gregory, C; Kyles, A.; Woolridge, J.; Valverde, C. "Feline Renal
Transplantation." Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 15 (2000): 40-45.
Bernsteen, L. U.C. Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. 10 April 2003. Feb. 2003
Burkholder, W. "Dietary considerations for dogs and cats with renal diseases." Journal of the
Veterinary Medical Association 216 (2000): 1730-1734.
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Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12 (2000): 566-568.
Drost, W.; Henry, G.; Meinkoth, J.; Woods, J.; Lehenbauer, T. "Quantification of hepatic and
renal cortical echnogenicity in clinical normal cats." American Journal of Veterinary
Medicine 61 (2000): 1016-1020.
Duval, D. Net Pets. 2002. May 2003. Elliot, D. "Hemodialysis." Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 15 (2000): 136-148.
Feline Advisory Bureau. 1997-2003. "Chronic kidney failure in cats." April 2003
Gookin, J.; Riviere, J.; Gilger, B.; Papich, M. "Acute renal failure in four cats treated with
paramomycin." Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 215 (1999): 1821-1823.
Green Oaks North Pet Hospital. 2003. "Medical Information for Pet Owners." May 2003
Heska Corp. 2003. ERD- Screen Urine Test. May 2003
Hills Pet Nutrition. 2003. Hills Pet Nutrition Inc. May 2003 Hughes, K.; Slater, M.; Geller, S.; Burkholder, W.; Fitzgerald, C. "Diet and lifestyle variables as
risk factors for chronic renal failure in pet cats." Preventative Veterinary Medicine 55
(2002): 1-15.
Kingstowne Cat Clinic. 1999. Kingstowne Cat Clinic. May 2003
Labato, M. "Strategies for management of acute renal failure." Veterinary Clinics of North
America: Small Animal Practice 31 (2001): 1265-1286.
"Laboratory Testing." Veterinary Technician Sept. 2002: 561-564.
Long Beach Animal Hospital. 1998- 2002. Long Beach Animal Hospital. Feb. 2003
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McBride, Douglas. Learning Veterinary Terminology. Missouri: Mosby, 1996.
Messonnier, K. "Atypical mebranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a cat." Veterinary
Pathology 38 (2001): 468-470.
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Company, 2002.
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"Expression of a-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin in tubulointerstitial lesions of cats
with chronic renal failure." American Journal of Veterinary Review 61 (2000): 1080-1086.
Scanlon, N. "Natural Strategies To Protect Your Kitty's Kidneys." Better Nutrition 62 (2000):
University of Edinburgh. 17 Dec. 2002. College of Veterinary Medicine. March 2003.
Vanderschaegen, P. 19 Jan. 2002. Winter Wren AP Biology. March 2003
Waltham. 1999. Course on Dog and Cat Nutrition. May 2003


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"Huli Huli Chicken is a traditional Hawaiian dish that is grilled. I'm not Hawaiian but I love the food. Since I really can't grill chicken (I burn it every time) I have developed a similar recipe that would give me the flavors."
Ingredients: crushed pineapple, dried ginger...
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Recipe by Samantha Jones
"This was an 'on-the-fly' recipe I came up with while trying to avoid the same-old chicken dinner. If you prefer more heat, leave the seeds and ribs of the jalapeno in before pureeing."
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1 jalapeno pepper
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6 skinless, boneless chicken thighs
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Sorry, this didn't really work for us. The chicken was moist enough but the flavour was lacking. Thanks for sharing Samantha.
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Sweet and Spicy Lime Chicken
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FINALS WATCH: Halftime _ Michigan's winning
Monday - 4/8/2013, 10:28pm  ET
ATLANTA (AP) -- It's halftime at the national championship game and Michigan is 20 minutes away from only its second national championship.
Freshman Spike Albrecht is the surprise scoring leader with 17 points as Michigan leads Louisville 38-37 at halftime of Monday night's championship game. Michigan won its only title in 1989.
Michigan, the No. 4 seed, is trying to upset Louisville, the No. 1 seed. Luke Hancock has 16 points for Louisville, which made a late charge to lead 37-36 before Michigan's Glenn Robinson III sank two free throws with 2.5 seconds remaining.
Michigan star Trey Burke scored the first five points on a jumper and 3-pointer and had seven points less than 3 minutes into the game, matching his total from the Wolverines' semifinal win over Syracuse.
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Horror movies, not like urban legends, are not likely to be based on a grain of fact. They can be based on some long lost ancient myth passed down from American Indian tribe to tribe. I look at horror movies [...]
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Film Review: Tokyo Gore Police (2008)
When a crazed scientist called Key Man develops a virus that causes humans to mutate, samurai sword-wielding cop Ruka is called in to annihilate the unnatural creatures. Can Ruka wipe out the mutations and stop Key Man before the virus [...]
Book Review: Sixty-Five Stirrup Iron Road - Author Various
March 11th, 2014
Reviewed by: seanofthedead
Category: Book Reviews
Book Review: Dead Hunger 6: The Gathering Storm - Author Eric A. Shelman
March 6th, 2014
Reviewed by: Dave Gammon
Category: Book Reviews
Book Review: Food For Thought - Author Jessica McHugh
February 23rd, 2014
Reviewed by: seanofthedead
Category: Book Reviews
Interview: Bill Oberst Jr. (Coyote - Children of Sorrow - Circus of the Dead)
March 6th, 2014
Interviewed by: Doc Rotten
Interview: Lord Zion - Codirector / Writer (Meet the Cadavers)
March 5th, 2014
Interviewed by: Andrew Hawnt


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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicYou are an essential partner in our work to find answers for our patients. Donate now.
Opened in 2007, the state-of-the-art Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center's goal is to provide an inclusive wellness experience for Mayo employees.
Mayo Clinic offers unpaid internships for undergraduate students in exercise science, health and wellness promotion, and related fields. Interns gain experience at the Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center (DAHLC) on the Mayo Clinic campus in Rochester, Minn.
The site encompasses more than 115,000 square feet and incorporates state-of-the-art equipment, programs and services. DAHLC serves all Mayo Clinic employees, students, volunteers, retirees, spouses and same-gender domestic partners. Self-motivated and creative students should apply.
All internships must be a minimum of 12 weeks, but may be increased to meet school requirements.
The Health and Wellness Coach Internship at Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center is aimed at providing you with comprehensive hands-on practical and technical experience in the development, implementation, and evaluation of all levels of health and wellness programs and services.
Interns will have the opportunity to facilitate lifestyle change through a combination of efforts to enhance awareness, change behavior and create environments that support good health practices using effective wellness coaching and behavioral change strategies.
Specific hands-on experience may be gained in providing comprehensive fitness and wellness evaluations, innovative fitness programming and small group training, one-on-one and small group coaching, and the delivery of comprehensive wellness programs or educational presentations.
Intern responsibilities include:
The Worksite Wellness Coordinator Internship at Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center is aimed at providing you with comprehensive hands-on practical and technical experience in administering population health programs to enhance the culture of health in the worksite. Interns can enhance their professional development and gain hands-on experience in innovative wellness programming for the employees of Mayo Clinic.
The worksite wellness coordinator intern will gain experience in consultation and project management in the development and evaluation of all levels of health and wellness programs and services. They will help facilitate population lifestyle strategies through a combination of efforts to enhance awareness, change behavior and create environments that support good health practices.
Interns will gain experience in the full delivery of population interventions, including assessment, engagement and marketing, targeted interventions, and supportive environmental and policy strategies to enhance and sustain health.
As an intern, you'll have the opportunity to observe other disciplines at Mayo Clinic, including:
Interns at DAHLC have come from schools across the United States.
Learn about the history of the Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center.


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The 2nd Annual Bus Entsminger Golf Classic took place Friday June 26, 2009 at A.L. Gustin Golf Course. The tournament to honor Entsminger (former vice chancellor of alumni and stand out quarterback under Don Faurot in the late forties) was organized and hosted by the surviving members of the Entsminger family with the full support of the Mizzou Alumni Association and Mid-Missouri Alzheimer's Association. Entsminger passed away on June 30, 2007 due to complications with Alzheimer's. The second year event was a tremendous success as roughly 72 golfers, comprising 18 teams, showed up for the 12:30 p.m. shotgun start. Participants ranged from casual golf fans, to former colleagues of Entsminger, to surviving family and friends. The common goal of the day was the celebration of Entsminger and all of his contributions to the University of Missouri and Columbia community. Proceeds from the tournament went to the Mid-Missouri Alzheimer's Association and the Guy H. "Bus" Entsminger scholarship endowment in the Mizzou Alumni Association. With the wonderful turnout and support for this event, the 3rd Annual Bus Entsminger Golf Classic has already been scheduled for Friday June 25, 2010 at A.L. Gustin Golf Course.
Looking for an old study buddy? Go to: Alumni Directory Networking Options Find a Group Tiger Locator


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The Littmann Classic II S.E. Stethoscope with black plated chestpiece and eartubes has a patented tunable diaphragm for improved low-frequency response and the ability to hear both low- and high-frequency sounds without turning over the chestpiece. Features a non-chill rim, durable, single-lumen tubing and solid stainless steel combination chestpiece. Three-year warranty.
My product came in a timely manner and it was exactly what I wanted and expected. I will definitely use this website again, and recommend it to others. Thank you allheart.com for a smooth process.
Great product. Good quality
Love it, love it love it!!! My last stethoscope was a littman classic II SE. It went to hell and back with me (5 years running, it know feels like a car antenna because of all the abuse) Thats why I decided to get the same one, only this time all black. I really recommend this stethoscope for all you Paramedics out there!
I've owned a Littmann Classic II S.E. Stethoscope for a few years and am very pleased with the quality of the equipment. It works great in the back of the ambulance where your surrounding can be fairly loud. I bought the black edition for my boyfriend as a gift and he loves the look. We had his name engraved on the bell so that it's easy to identify as his. I will continue to purchase Littmanns and will continue to look to this website for good buys. All in all, very pleased!
secure site with delivery on the agreed date


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Cities of Europe (EELA)
If you're looking for a stellar, budget-conscious tour that provides a quick yet comprehensive sampler of Europe, this is a party you'll want to join. We'll hit up six countries in 14 days and take the time to drink in all the highlights in famous cities like Paris, Rome, Venice, London and more. Enjoy comfortable train travel between locations and soak up the experience of seeing Europe with a small group. This continent has never felt so small.
Highlights: Explore historic cities and their galleries and museums, sample regional wines and delicacies, hit six countries in 14 days, sample some pilsner on a German pub crawl.
- Travel Style:
- Yolo
- Trip Type:
- Small Group
- Service Level:
- Basic
- Physical Grading:
- 2
London to Marrakech Express (EEME)
There's so much to see in Europe; don't settle for a cramped bus tour. Head south for an adventure as unique as you are. Beginning in London—traveller central—you'll cross the channel for some French culture before hitting Spain for Moorish history, architecture in Barcelona and a tapas culture that will set you up for the endless nightlife. Best of all, this trip doesn't fade out—you'll finish up in Morocco with its mosques, medinas and kasbahs. It's a European tour with a southern kiss of the exotic.
Highlights: Meet the ghost of Moorish Spain at the Alhambra, sample small plates on a tapas bar crawl, dine on a picnic lunch at the foot of the Eiffel Tower, explore the medinas and kasbahs of Morocco, dodge snake charmers, keep it real with a small group of like-minded travellers.
- Travel Style:
- Yolo
- Trip Type:
- Small Group
- Service Level:
- Basic
- Physical Grading:
- 2
Rome to London Adventure (EIRL)
With just 17 days to play with, time is tight on this tour, but the possibilities (and options) are wide open. It begins in Rome, home to more ancient landmarks than you could shake a centurion's spear at. From there, you'll explore elegant Prague, cut loose in the clubs of Amsterdam and Berlin, and savour the historical charms of romantic Bruges before the whirlwind drops us off in England. Hang on tight.
Highlights: Discover medieval towns and frenetic capital cities, party across Europe, set eyes on world-famous monuments and museums, embrace a variety of cultures, sample local food and drink everywhere you go.
Rome to Prague Adventure (EIRP)
This trip is perfect for the young, budget-conscious traveller eager to check a bunch of boxes off their travelling to-do list in one fell swoop. Beginning in Rome—the crucible of Western civilization—and wrapping up in beautiful Prague, you'll sample the regional specialties and delicious wines of Italy, get in touch with the continent's rich culture in famed museums and galleries, and compare dance floors in the nightclubs of Europe's party capitals.
Highlights: Sip world-famous Czech beer, party across Europe, devour delicious Italian cuisine, stroll the history-filled streets of European capitals.
ANZAC Day Memorial Tour (ETAD)
With symbolic links to the dawn landing at Gallipoli, stand in the morning breeze and pay respect to the fallen on ANZAC Day at a dawn vigil. This special 3-day trip takes you by private bus along the Dardanelles, from Istanbul to the memorial site commemorating the common sacrifice for all of the nations involved. This moving tour will also include visits to other important sites such as Lone Pine and Chunuk Bair and the war cemeteries, making your visit to Turkey a unique and beautiful experience.
Highlights: Witness the moving dawn service and accompanying memorials, explore the ancient city of Troy
Turkey On A Budget (ETTO)
White cliff waterfalls and the glimmering Blue Mosque—experience the best of Turkey's historical highlights and natural wonders in one incredible tour. Begin your trip roaming the palaces of Istanbul before journeying into the bizarre underground cities and the fairy chimneys of Cappadocia. Stick to public bus and budget accommodation, which not only keeps costs down but gives you a chance to really meet the locals. From the ancient Roman streets of Ephesus to bustling bazaars, follow your curiosity and spend 15 days discovering the culture and natural beauty of this fascinating region.
Highlights: Discover historic cities and extraordinary scenery, chill out in local villages, relax on an overnight boat trip, explore the bustling streets of Istanbul
Trip | Length | Style | Service Level | Starting Price |
Cities of Europe (EELA) | 14 days | Yolo | Basic |
London to Marrakech Express (EEME) | 15 days | Yolo | Basic |
Rome to London Adventure (EIRL) | 17 days | Yolo | Basic |
Rome to Prague Adventure (EIRP) | 10 days | Yolo | Basic |
ANZAC Day Memorial Tour (ETAD) | 3 days | Classic | Basic |
Turkey On A Budget (ETTO) | 15 days | Yolo | Basic |


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(Recasts, adds S&P outlook revision, comments from Fitch analyst, governor)
April 2 (Reuters) - Michigan's economic upswing won the state a higher credit rating from Fitch Ratings and a positive outlook from Standard & Poor's Ratings Services on Tuesday at the same time as the state's biggest city, Detroit, is trying to avoid bankrupcty.
'The upgrade is based on the state's rebounding economic performance, including the improved competitive posture of the state's auto industry after its restructuring,' Fitch said in raising the state's general obligation rating to AA from AA-minus.
S&P, which revised the outlook on Michigan's AA-minus rating to positive from stable, said the state could be upgraded within two years if trends continue.
'An improvement in the rating could occur if the state continues its structural alignment of ongoing revenues and expenditures, excluding one-time budget items, while at the same time recent economic, demographic, and budgetary trends continue to be positive,' S&P said in a statement.
Last week, Moody's Investors Service revised its outlook on Michigan's Aa2 rating to positive from stable.
While the state's economic outlook has brightened, Detroit is mired in deficits and running out of operating cash. A state-appointed emergency manager, who could recommend Detroit file for bankruptcy, has been running the city since last week. In its ratings report, Fitch did not mention Detroit or other Michigan cities and school districts that have emergency managers due to their fiscal problems.
Douglas Offerman, a Fitch analyst, said that while the rating agency discussed the emergency manager situation as part of its assessment of Michigan, the state does not have a financial obligation for the distressed governments.
Fitch also lauded the state's 'considerable progress' in improving its finances through structurally balanced budgeting, bigger reserves and an improved cash balance.
Michigan was hit by the last recession before other states as its dependence on a then-struggling automotive industry eroded its revenue, depressed personal income growth and boosted its unemployment rate.
But the state has bounced back along with the auto industry, which is in its fourth year of recovery from economic woes that pushed General Motors and Chrysler into bankruptcy in 2009.
Michigan's unemployment rate was down to 8.8 percent in February 2013 from a record high of 14.2 percent in August 2009.
U.S. car sales continued to run at a healthy clip in March, the fifth straight month that industry sales ran at an annual rate of 15 million vehicles or more, data reported on Tuesday showed. The three Detroit-based manufacturers showed healthy yearly sales increases: General Motors Co and Ford Motor Co were up respectively 6.4 percent and 5.7 and Chrysler Group LLC, a unit of Italian automaker Fiat SpA, was up 5 percent.
Michigan Governor Rick Snyder said the recent action by credit rating agencies 'sends a clear message that Michigan is on the right track and moving forward'.
About $2 billion of outstanding Michigan general obligation bonds are affected by the upgrade. Fitch revised the rating outlook to stable from positive.
The credit rating agency also upgraded the rating on various revenue bonds issued by the Michigan State Building Authority and school district bonds sold through the Municipal Bond Authority to AA-minus from A-plus.
(Reporting by Karen Pierog in Chicago; Editing by Chizu Nomiyama, James Dalgleish and Peter Galloway) Keywords: USA MICHIGAN/RATING
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John Terry has urged his Chelsea team-mates to help Roberto Di Matteo land the manager's job full-time by winning Saturday's FA Cup final.
Blues captain Terry issued a ringing endorsement of caretaker boss Di Matteo ahead of the Wembley showpiece against Liverpool. Clinching the FA Cup would boost Di Matteo's hopes of convincing Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich to hand him the reins permanently, something that would have the full backing of former team-mate Terry.
"It would do him no harm at all," Terry said. "He's obviously done very well in the league and all competitions to get us where we are today. To win it (the cup) will put himself in a very good position."
Copyright (c) PA Sport 2012, All Rights Reserved.
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Dogs thrive on quality protein and healthy fats, which is why the Merrick Classic Real Lamb with Brown Rice & Apple Dry Dog Food is made with high-quality protein, whole grains, vegetables and fruits to provide a natural dog food formula rich in nutrients to support the overall health of your dog. Merrick starts with real and wholesome USDA-inspected deboned lamb as the first ingredient with amino acids necessary for building muscle and a healthy metabolism. Our protein rich MERRICK ADULT RECIPE is balanced with 60% lamb proteins 20% fresh produce and 20% whole grains ingredients. This food revolution in the dog bowl yields 25% protein for each meal.
Plus we add wholesome grains, vegetables and fruits to not skimp on all the good stuff your dog needs. We have added leading levels of DHA for healthy growth; omega 6 and 3 fatty acids, "fur friendly" nutrients, that help support a beautiful, shiny coat. Glucosamine and chondroitin help maintain joint health so your dog can run and play.
Our First 5 Ingredients: Deboned Lamb, Lamb Meal, Brown Rice, Peas, and Sweet Potato.
Deboned Lamb, Lamb Meal, Brown Rice, Peas, Sweet Potato, Barley, Chicken Fat (preserved with natural mixed tocopherols), Pea Protein, Oats, Natural Flavor, Flax Seed, Carrots, Apples, Blueberries, Organic Alfalfa, Salmon Oil, Minerals (Salt, Dicalcium Phosphate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Amino Acid Complex, Zinc Sulfate, Iron Amino Acid Complex, Manganese Amino Acid Complex, Copper Amino Acid Complex, Potassium Iodide, Cobalt Amino Acid Complex, Sodium Selenite), Vitamins (Choline Chloride, Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin A Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, d-Calcium Pantothenate, Vitamin D3, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement, Biotin, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Folic Acid, Thiamine Mononitrate), Yucca Schidigera Extract, Dried Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation product, Dried Lactobacillus casei fermentation product, Dried Enterococcus faecium fermentation product, Dried Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product, Rosemary Extract.Our Price: $16.30


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Unissued / unused material.
Elephant cargo, location of events unknown.
Various shots of baby and adult elephants being hoisted on board ship from quayside using harness and crane. Various shots of elephants being walked along quayside. A man feeds titbits to elephants. More shots...
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Finesses unique self adjusting formula contains silk and soy proteins that protect the hair shaft with a coat of conditioning and shine. So, no matter how your hair is, the result is consistently beautiful hair.
Water (Aqua), Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, Dimethiconol, Cocamide MEA, Glycerin, Silk Powder (Serica), Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Fragrance (Parfum) (Parfum), PEG 5 Cocamide, Carbomer, Amodimethicone, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, TEA Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate, Tetrasodium EDTA, DMDM Hydrantoin, C11 15 Pareth 7, Laureth 9, PEG 45M, Trideceth 12, PPG 9, thylchloroisothiazolinone, Methlisothiazolinone, Mica (CI 77019), Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891).
STORE FEATURES: We stock and ship Genuine, new and manufacturer direct products. We don't sell used, expired, knock offs or copies.


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The Automotive Market
There continues to be good news and some bad news on the automotive front. The great news for GM is that they posted their largest quarterly profit in six years for the second quarter of 2010. This is after a profitable first quarter.
The not so good news is for Saturn, Pontiac, and Mercury dealerships. These brands are going the way of Edsel, Oldsmobile, and others and that is the road to extinction. This, however, is an epic time in the auto business where the deck is being reshuffled in order to compete for market share.
The Big 3 are fighting back and one of the strategy is reducing the number of brands. It appears that the number of models might be expanding under each brand but the consolidation makes sense.
The implications for the rest of our economy from the auto industry are enormous. Let's hope that the progress continues.
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This is a minor issue, probably more anal than anything...
I just upgraded to CS6. In CS5, I had it so Dreamweaver didn't have the grey background.
Like this: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/554073/DreamweaverCS5.jpeg
In CS6, I can't figure out how to get rid of the grey background the program has by default:
Any help would be awesome...thanks!!! =)