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Sample Advocacy Letter (Overview)
October 3, 2011 § Leave a comment
In many instances, the initiative to adjust start times may be undertaken by legislators, or by community constituents such as physicians, parents, PTA's, voters' groups, by the students themselves, or by you, rather than by school leaders (discussed in § IV, supra). While advocacy may take many forms, should writing be required, the sample letter below (here in docx) may serve as a basic template and may be modified as needed. Alternate sample letters are available here (outline format) and here (academic achievement, health/welfare).
Your Name
Street Address
City, State/Zip
Phone, fax, and/or email
Today's date
Street Address
City, State/Zip
Dear Superintendent Last Name and Members of the School Board,
I am the parent/guardian of a student presently attending School Name. I am writing to request that the School District implement healthy start times for middle and/or high school students. To safeguard the welfare and intellectual potential of these children, sleep experts recommend a delay in morning classes until 8:30 a.m., or later. (Start time recommendations available infra; see also, Vedaa, Saxvig, Wilhelmsen-Langeland, Bjorvatn, & Pallesen, School start time, sleepiness and functioning in Norwegian adolescents (Feb. 2012) Scandinavian J. Educational Research, pp. 55-67 [10th graders get 66 minutes more sleep and performance on attention/vigilance tasks improves with one hour start time delay to 9:30 a.m.].) First period at High School commences time period before the earliest start time recommended by any expert. (See, e.g., O'Malley & O'Malley, School Start Time and Its Impact on Learning and Behavior, publish. in, Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents (Ivanenko edit., Informa Healthcare 2008) pp. 83, 84, 89.) Middle School begins time period too early. (See, e.g., Lufi, Tzischinsky, & Hadar, Delaying School Starting Time by One Hour: Some Effects on Attention Levels in Adolescents (Apr. 2011) 7 J. Clinical Sleep Med. 2, pp. 137-143.)
"[O]n school days adolescents are obtaining less sleep then they are thought to need, and the factor with the biggest impact is school start times. If sleep loss is associated with impaired learning and health, then these data point to computer use, social activities and especially school start times as the most obvious intervention points." (Knutson & Lauderdale, Sociodemographic and behavioral predictors of bed time and wake time among U.S. adolescents aged 15–17 years (Mar. 2009) 154 J. Pediatrics 3, p. 426.) "School schedules are forcing them to lose sleep and to perform academically when they are at their worst." (Hansen, Janssen, Schiff, Zee, & Dubocovich, The Impact of School Daily Schedule on Adolescent Sleep (Jun. 2005) 115 Pediatrics 6, p. 1560, italics added.) "The earliest school start times are associated with annual reductions in student performance of roughly 0.1 standard deviations for disadvantaged students, equivalent to replacing an average teacher with a teacher at the sixteenth percentile in terms of effectiveness." (Jacob & Rockoff, Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments (Sept. 2011) Hamilton Project, Brookings Inst. p. 7.)
Although the evidence in support of delaying start times as benefiting the health, welfare, and academic performance of adolescents is overwhelming and uncontroverted (Troxel, The high cost of sleepy teens (May 23, 2012) Pittsburgh Post-Gazette; Hagenauer, Perryman, Lee, & Carskadon, Adolescent Changes in the Homeostatic and Circadian Regulation of Sleep (2009) 31 Developmental Neuroscience 4, p. 282), school schedules are often determined by politics, budgets, and athletics, rather than the best interests of students. (See Wolfson & Carskadon, A Survey of Factors Influencing High School Start Times (Mar. 2005) 89 Nat. Assn. Secondary School Principals Bull. 642, pp. 47-66; Wahlstrom, The Prickly Politics of School Starting Times (Jan. 1999) 80 Phi Delta Kappan 5, pp. 344-347.) There is no sound reason, however, why any of these concerns should prevail over the well-being of children.
First, any adverse political fallout stemming from a shift to later start times should be diminished by the burgeoning evidence supporting the change. (See Wahlstrom, School Start Times and Sleepy Teens (Jul. 2010) 164 Archives Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 7, pp. 676-677.) Second, a study published in March of 2011 establishes that careful planning permits later start times to co-exist with athletics and extracurricular activities. (Kirby, Maggi, & D'Angiulli, School Start Times and the Sleep-Wake Cycle of Adolescents: A Review and Critical Evaluation of Available Evidence (Mar. 2011) 40 Educational Researcher 2, pp. 56-61.) Third, recent studies anticipate financial gains for schools (and students) when morning classes are delayed, a significant fact in times of economic hardship. (Edwards, Do Schools Begin Too Early? (Summer 2012) 12 Education Next 3; Jacob & Rockoff, Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments, supra, pp. 5-11; Carrell, Maghakian, & West, A's from Zzzz's? The Causal Effect of School Start Time on the Academic Performance of Adolescents (Aug. 2011) 3 Am. Economic J.: Economic Policy 3, pp. 62-81.) Fourth, finding ways to adjust start times is the "job of talented, smart school administrators." (Taboh, American Teenagers Dangerously Sleep Deprived: Tired teens physically, mentally, emotionally compromised (Sept. 9, 2010) Voice Am. News; see also, Riddile, Time Shift: Is your school jet-lagged? (Mar. 14, 2011) Nat. Assn. Secondary School Principals, The Principal Difference.)
Consistent with previous studies, the 2011 National Sleep Foundation poll found only 14% of teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18 report getting the recommended number of hours of sleep (9 or more) on school nights. (2011 Sleep in America Poll: Communications Technology in the Bedroom (Mar. 2011) Nat. Sleep Foundation, p. 40; see also, 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data User's Guide (Jun. 2012) Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, pp. 74, 86; Teens and Sleep Poll a Wake-Up Call, Pediatric Sleep Experts Say (Mar. 2006) Brown Univ.) "Sleep deprivation among adolescents appears to be, in some respects, the norm rather than the exception in contemporary society." (Roberts, Roberts, & Duong, Sleepless in adolescence: Prospective data on sleep deprivation, health and functioning (2009) 32 J. Adolescence, p. 1055.) "The consequences of this sleep deprivation are severe, impacting adolescents' physical and mental health, as well as daytime functioning." (Lund, Reider, Whiting, & Prichard, Sleep Patterns and Predictors of Disturbed Sleep in a Large Population of College Students (Feb. 2010) 46 J. Adolescent Health 2, p. 125.)
In 2010, CDC scientists reported, "Delaying school start times is a demonstrated strategy to promote sufficient sleep among adolescents." (Eaton, McKnight-Eily, Lowry, Croft, Presley-Cantrell, & Perry, Prevalence of Insufficient, Borderline, and Optimal Hours of Sleep Among High School Students – United States, 2007 (2010) 46 J. Adolescent Health, p. 401.) Dr. Philip Fuller, Medical Director of the Mary Washington Hospital Sleep and Wake Disorders Center, explains: "Inherently, the majority of kids with a later start will get more sleep, which is beneficial to grades as well as being safer." (Sklarew, Getting A's with More Z's: The fight for later school starts has backing from doctors and statistics (Nov. 2011) N. Va. Magazine.) "Students at later starting middle and high schools obtain more sleep due to later wake times and, in turn, function more effectively in school." (Wolfson, Spaulding, Dandrow, & Baroni, Middle School Start Times: The Importance of a Good Night's Sleep for Young Adolescents (Aug. 15, 2007) 5 Behavioral Sleep Medicine 3, p. 205.) "By recognizing the shift in biological rhythms during adolescence and delaying school start times accordingly, classroom experience can be matched to the times when adolescents are most alert and attentive." (Coch, Fischer, & Dawson, Human Behavior, Learning, and the Developing Brain: Typical Development (Informa Healthcare 2010) pp. 382-383.)
Economists from the University of California and the United States Air Force Academy note that since later start times have a "causal effect" upon improved academic performance in adolescents, delaying morning classes may save schools money. "A later start time of 50 minutes in our sample has the equivalent benefit as raising teacher quality by roughly one standard deviation. Hence, later start times may be a cost-effective way to improve student outcomes for adolescents." (Carrell, Maghakian, & West, A's from Zzzz's? The Causal Effect of School Start Time on the Academic Performance of Adolescents, supra, 3 Am. Economic J.: Economic Policy 3, p. 80.) The benefit is greatest for the bottom half of the distribution, suggesting that delaying start times may be particularly important for schools attempting to reach minimum competency requirements. (Edwards, Early to Rise? The Effect of Daily Start Times on Academic Performance (Dec. 2012) 31 Economics of Education Rev. 6, p. 978.) Brookings Institute economists "conservatively" estimate that shifting middle and high school start times "from roughly 8 a.m. to 9 a.m." would increase student achievement by 0.175 standard deviations on average, with effects for disadvantaged students roughly twice as large as advantaged students. (Jacob & Rockoff, Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments, supra, Brookings Inst., pp. 10, 21, n. 7.) The economists estimate a corresponding increase in individual student future earnings of approximately $17,500, at little or no cost to schools; i.e., a 9 to 1 benefits to costs ratio when utilizing single-tier busing, the most expensive transportation method available. (Id., pp. 5-11.)
In addition, studies have shown young people between 16 and 29 years of age are "the most likely to be involved in crashes caused by the driver falling asleep." (Millman, edit., Excessive Sleepiness in Adolescents and Young Adults: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Strategies (Jun. 2005) 115 Pediatrics 6, p. 1779.) Consistent with a previous study finding 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. to be the most treacherous travel time for young drivers (Pack, Pack, Rodgman, Cucchiara, Dinges, & Schwab, Characteristics of Crashes Attributed to the Driver Having Fallen Asleep (Dec. 1995) 27 Accident Analysis & Prevention 6, pp. 769-775), a five year study by the Ohio Department of Transportation released in August of 2011 showed that 7 a.m. is "the most dangerous time for teens driving to school." (Crashes Involving Teens Triple During Back-to-School (Aug. 23, 2011) Ohio Department of Transportation.) Given that the sleep-inducing hormone, melatonin, pressures adolescents to sleep until approximately 8 a.m., these outcomes should not be surprising. (Later Start Times for High School Students (Jun. 2002) Univ. Minn.)
A study published in April 2011 associates early start times in Virginia Beach (7:25 a.m., except one school at 7:20 a.m.) with 41% higher crash rates among teen drivers than in adjacent Chesapeake where classes started at 8:40 a.m. or 8:45 a.m. (Vorona, Szklo-Coxe, Wu, Dubik, Zhao, & Ware, Dissimilar Teen Crash Rates in Two Neighboring Southeastern Virginia Cities with Different High School Start Times (Apr. 2011) 7 J. Clinical Sleep Med. 2, pp. 145-151.) In 1999, school districts in Lexington, Kentucky delayed start times for high school students county-wide by one hour to 8:30 a.m. Average crash rates for teen drivers in the county in the 2 years after the change in school start time dropped 16.5%, compared with the 2 years prior to the change, whereas teen crash rates for the rest of the state increased 7.8% over the same time period. (Danner & Phillips, Adolescent Sleep, School Start Times, and Teen Motor Vehicle Crashes (Dec. 2008) 4 J. Clinical Sleep Med. 6, pp. 533–535; see also, Storr, Sleepy teen pedestrians more likely to get hit, UAB study says (May 7, 2012) Univ. Al. Birmingham News.) In reviewing the study, John Cline, Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine, commented, "Given the danger posed to young people from car accidents this is a strong reason in itself to change school start times." (Cline, Do Later School Start Times Really Help High School Students? (Feb. 27, 2011) Psychology Today.) Automobile accidents represent the leading cause of death among teenagers, accounting for approximately 40% of teen fatalities annually and billions of dollars in attendant costs. (CDC, Injury Prevention & Control: Motor Vehicle Safety, Teen Drivers: Fact Sheet.)
A CDC study published in August 2011 found an association between health-risk behaviors and diminished weeknight sleep in adolescents, corroborating findings from previous studies. (McKnight-Eily, Eaton, Lowry, Croft, Presley-Cantrell, & Perry, Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students (Aug. 5, 2011) Preventive Medicine, 1-3; Pasch, Laska, Lytle, & Moe, Adolescent Sleep, Risk Behaviors, and Depressive Symptoms: Are They Linked? (Mar. 2010) 34 Am. J. Health Behavior 2, pp. 237-248; O'Brien & Mindell, Sleep and Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents (2005) 3 Behavioral Sleep Medicine 3, pp. 113-133.) A July 2011 study by University of Nebraska at Omaha criminologists found "preliminary evidence that sleep-deprived adolescents participate in a greater volume of both violent and property crime…. Further, our results indicate that every little bit of sleep may make a difference. That is, sleeping 1 (hour) less (i.e., 7 hours) than the recommended range increased the likelihood of property delinquency, and this risk increased for each hour of sleep missed." (Clinkinbeard, Simi, Evans, & Anderson, Sleep and Delinquency: Does the Amount of Sleep Matter? (Jul. 2011) J. Youth & Adolescence, p. 926.)
In 2009, following a Rhode Island boarding school's change in start times from 8 a.m. to 8:30 a.m., Dr. Judith Owens found the number of students reporting symptoms of depression declined, confirming outcomes from the Minnesota longitudinal studies (high school start times delayed to 8:30 a.m., Edina, 8:40 a.m., Minneapolis). (Owens, Belon, & Moss, Impact of Delaying School Start Time on Adolescent Sleep, Mood, and Behavior (Jul. 2010) 164 Archives Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 7, p. 613; Wahlstrom, Changing Times: Findings From the First Longitudinal Study of Later High School Start Times (Dec. 2002) 86 Nat. Assn. Secondary School Principals Bull. 633, pp. 3, 13.) Given the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents, Dr. Owens commented the finding was "particularly noteworthy." (Owens, Belon, & Moss, Impact of Delaying School Start Time on Adolescent Sleep, Mood, and Behavior, supra, 164 Archives Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 7, p. 613; see also, Dahl, The Consequences of Insufficient Sleep for Adolescents: Links Between Sleep and Emotional Regulation (Jan. 1999) 80 Phi Delta Kappan 5, pp. 354-359.) Serious consideration of suicide is among the many health-risk behaviors associated with restricted school night sleep in the 2011 CDC study. (McKnight-Eily, Eaton, Lowry, Croft, Presley-Cantrell, & Perry, Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students, supra, Preventive Medicine, pp. 1-3.) Suicide is the third leading cause of death among U.S. adolescents, in recent years accounting for 10% or more of all teen fatalities. (CDC Nat. Vital Statistics System, Mortality Tables.) Recent data put the suicide rate in the general population at 2.7%. (Miniño, Xu, & Kochanek, Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2008 (Dec. 9, 2010) 59 Nat. Vital Statistics Rep. 2.)
The adolescent sleep pattern runs from about 11 p.m. to 8 a.m. and is "rather fixed." (Later Start Times for High School Students, supra, Univ. Minn.) As the National Sleep Foundation points out, only by carefully controlling light exposure, including wearing eyeshades to exclude evening light, have scientists been successful in modifying adolescent circadian rhythms. (Backgrounder: Later School Start Times (2011) Nat. Sleep Foundation.) Waking an adolescent at 7 a.m. is the "equivalent" of waking an adult at 4 a.m. (Carrell, Maghakian, & West, A's from Zzzz's? The Causal Effect of School Start Time on the Academic Performance of Adolescents, supra, 3 Am. Economic J.: Economic Policy 3, p. 64.) Joining other Harvard educators in endorsing later start times (e.g., here, here, here, here, here, pp. 382-383), Professor of Sleep Medicine Susan Redline advises that 7:30 a.m. and 8 a.m. classes begin too early for adolescent students to obtain sufficient sleep and serve to interrupt REM sleep. (Powell, Bleary America needs some shut-eye: Forum points to schools, hospitals, factories as ripe for sleep reform (Mar. 8, 2012) Harvard Science.) Brown University's Mary Carskadon refers to early school start times as "just abusive." (Carpenter, Sleep deprivation may be undermining teen health (Oct. 2001) 32 Am. Psychological Assn. Monitor 9.)
In 2009, scientists writing in the journal Developmental Neuroscience succinctly stated the uniformly held position of sleep experts on school start times: "For policy makers, teachers and parents, these results provide a clear mandate. The effects of sleep deprivation on grades, car accident risk, and mood are indisputable. A number of school districts have moved middle and high school start times later with the goal of decreasing teenage sleep deprivation. We support this approach, as results indicate that later school start times lead to decreased truancy and drop-out rates." (Hagenauer, Perryman, Lee, & Carskadon, Adolescent Changes in the Homeostatic and Circadian Regulation of Sleep, supra, 31 Developmental Neuroscience 4, p. 282.)
School leaders have a unique capacity to shape the lives of students. (See, Park, Falling Asleep in Class? Blame Biology (Dec. 15, 2008) CNN.) The time of day when school begins is different than other issues in education — it has the potential to implicate adolescent morbidity and mortality. (Sleep Experts Concerned About St. Paul Start Time Change (Jun. 3, 2011) CBS; Vorona, Szklo-Coxe, Wu, Dubik, Zhao, & Ware, Dissimilar Teen Crash Rates in Two Neighboring Southeastern Virginia Cities with Different High School Start Times, supra, 7 J. Clinical Sleep Med. 7, pp. 145-151.) Physicians have been urging school administrators to eliminate early starting hours for teenagers since at least 1994. (Minn. Med. Assn. Letter to Superintendent Dragseth (Apr. 4, 1994) Edina Pub. Schools.) It's long past time to start listening.
Yours truly,
Your Name/Title/Affiliation
Start Time Recommendations:
"During the school year, many teenagers find themselves nodding off during their early morning classes as high school bells ring around 7:30 a.m. While parents and teachers may attribute falling asleep during class to staying up too late checking Facebook statuses and texting with friends, medical evidence suggests that an early school start time before 8:30 a.m. is a greater culprit because classes are occurring when students' brains and bodies are still in biological sleep mode."—Kyla Wahlstrom, Ph.D., Director, Center for Applied Research & Educational Improvement (CAREI), Univ. Minn. (Wahlstrom, Later High School Start Times Improve Student Learning and Health (Aug. 24, 2012) Univ. Minn., College of Education & Human Development, Vision 2020 Blog.)
"High school should start at 8:45 a.m., or better at 9 o'clock."—Jeffrey Deitz, M.D. (Deitz, Children's Sleep: Time For A Wake-Up Call (Dec. 11, 2011) Huffpost: Healthy Living.)
Relying upon studies by Edwards (here), Carrell, et al. (here), the biological evidence, and data reflecting the prevalence of sleep deprivation among adolescents attending early starting schools, economists from Columbia University and the University of Michigan "conservatively" estimate that shifting middle and high school start times "from roughly 8 a.m. to 9 a.m.[,]" will increase academic achievement by 0.175 standard deviations on average, with effects for disadvantaged students roughly twice as large as advantaged students, at little or no cost to schools; i.e., a 9 to 1 benefits to costs ratio when utilizing single-tier busing, the most expensive transportation method available. (Jacob & Rockoff, Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments, supra, Hamilton Project, Brookings Inst., pp. 5-11, 21, n. 7 [considering study by Cortes, et al. (here), distinguishing study by Hinrichs (here)].) "This impact is equivalent to an additional two months of schooling." (Policy Brief, Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments (Aug. 2011) Brookings Inst., Hamilton Project, p. 4.) "When translated into earnings, the average student who starts school later would make about $17,500 more over the course of her life." (Ibid.; Jacob & Rockoff, Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments, supra, Hamilton Project, Brookings Inst., pp. 6, 10 [accord].)
Sleep medicine and pulmonary specialist Dr. Robert Geck suggests high schools begin classes between 9 a.m. and 10 a.m. (Arja, Classes too early for teens? (Jul. 18, 2011) My Fox Tampa Bay.)
"The study strongly recommends that middle schools should consider delaying the school starting time by at least one hour. Such a change could enhance students' cognitive performance by improving their attention level, increasing rate of performance, as well as reducing their mistakes and impulsivity."—Dubi Lufi, Ph.D., Emek Yezreel College, Emek Yezreel, Israel, Orna Tzischinsky, Ph.D., Emek Yezreel College, Emek Yezreel, Israel, Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Stav Hadar, M.A., Emek Yezreel College, Emek Yezreel, Israel. (Lufi, Tzischinsky, & Hadar, Delaying School Starting Time by One Hour: Some Effects on Attention Levels in Adolescents (Apr. 2011) 7 J. Clinical Sleep Med. 2, p. 137, italics added [study shifted start times from 7:30 a.m. to 8:30 a.m.].)
"Probably, 9 o'clock would be the ideal start time for high schools."—Judith Owens, M.D., M.P.H., Director of Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center. (Burns, No More Dozing Off in First Period (Aug. 1, 2010) Miller-McCune.)
Martin Ralph, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology at the University of Toronto, recommends that high school classes begin at 11 a.m. (Kruszelnicki, Teenage Sleep (May 3, 2007) ABC Science; see, Lim, Maas Pushes for Later Start Time at Schools (Feb. 26, 2009) Cornell Daily Sun [Harvard study finds teen brain doesn't fully awaken until 11 a.m.]; Preckel, Lipnevich, Boehme, Brandner, Georgi, Könen, Mursin, & Roberts, Morningness-eveningness and educational outcomes: the lark has an advantage over the owl at high school (2011) British J. Education Psychology, pp. 1-21 [among 9th and 10th graders, larks (morningness chronotypes) outperform owls (eveningness chronotypes) on exams administered from 10 a.m. to noon].)
"A long-term solution to chronic sleep deprivation in adolescents that others conducting research on adolescent sleep behaviors support may mean that high school start times should be no earlier than 8:30 A.M."—Heather Noland, M.Ed., James Price, Ph.D., M.P.H., Professor, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, University of Toledo, Joseph Dake, Associate Professor, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, University of Toledo, & Susan Telljohann, Professor, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, University of Toledo. (Noland, Price, Dake, & Telljohann, Adolescents' Sleep Behaviors and Perceptions of Sleep (2009) 79 J. School Health 5, p. 230.)
"The often serious impact of this chronic under-sleeping is now evident in both high school and middle school students. [¶] For all students one of the most salient—and correctable—social factors contributing to student sleep deprivation, is school start times. [¶] The circadian biology of sleep would predict that among individual children, those who are predisposed to be 'night owls' would be even more likely to suffer the consequences of sleepiness in a school system that imposes start times before 9 a.m. [¶] In brief, there are two features of the circadian rhythm especially important to understand regarding sleep in teenagers: (1) the drowsy signal that cues bedtime is dependent on the dampening of circadian-dependent alertness; and (2) the physiology of puberty causes a shift in the circadian rhythm which delays the timing of this biological bedtime by about an hour. These two biological factors underlie the main difficulties faced by adolescents attending school before 9:00 a.m.: the general problem that one cannot easily fall asleep before their biological bedtime, and the additional problem that puberty creates a tendency for even later bedtimes. [¶] Though research has not yet identified an ideal school schedule, the wealth of evidence reviewed in this chapter and elsewhere strongly suggests that students have a better opportunity to be rested and ready to learn by delaying school start time to 8:30 a.m. or later."—Edward O'Malley, Ph.D., Mary O'Malley, M.D., Ph.D. (O'Malley & O'Malley, School Start Time and Its Impact on Learning and Behavior, publish. in, Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents, supra, pp. 79, 83-84, 89.)
"Adopt a single start time (8:30-3:30) for all … Middle and High Schools."—Chattanooga Crime Task Force Committee, Roger Thompson, Ed.D., Committee Chair, Associate Professor, Criminal Justice, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga. (Chattanooga Crime Task Force Comm. (2008) Crime Task Force Rep., p. 15, Recommendation No. 7.)
"Right now, high schools usually start earlier in the morning than elementary schools. But if school start times were based on sleep cycles, elementary schools should start at 7:30 and high schools at 8:30 or 8:45—right now it's the reverse. School systems should be thinking about changing their start times. It would not be easy—they would have to change the busing system—but it would increase their student's sleep time and likely improve their school performance."—Richard Schwab, M.D., Associate Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Co-Director, Penn Sleep Center. (Start School Later in the Morning, Say Sleepy Teens (May 20, 2007) Am. Thoracic Society; cf. Epstein, Chillag, & Lavie, Starting times of school: effects on daytime functioning of fifth-grade children in Israel (May 1998) 21 Sleep 3, 250-256; see also, Scott, The Squeeze on Zs, Part 2: Teens Struggle with Sleep Time (Feb. 6, 2012) TownandCountry-Manchester Patch ["It really makes sense for elementary school students to go to school first."---John Spivey, M.D., board certified specialist, pediatric sleep medicine, pediatric pulmonology].)
"Overall, many adolescents confront a major challenge if schools begin earlier than 8:30 a.m.; many schools start too early in the morning for adolescents to get adequate sleep, whether in the United States or in other countries such as Canada, Israel, Brazil, or Italy. [¶] [S]chool administrators are being urged to acknowledge the evidence and to adjust school schedules accordingly (e.g., delay high school start times)."—Amy Wolfson, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Mary Carskadon, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry& Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Director of Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Bradley Hospital. (Wolfson & Carskadon, A Survey of Factors Influencing High School Start Times, supra, 89 Nat. Assn. Secondary School Principals Bull. 642, pp. 49, 50, citations omitted.)
"Schools with start times before 8:30 a.m. place students at a disadvantage in terms of arousal and alertness, not only for early morning classes but also throughout the day because adolescents' biological rhythms are out of sync with typical school routines."—Peg Dawson, Ed.D., N.C.S.P., Staff Psychologist, Center for Learning and Attention Disorders, Seacoast Mental Health Center, past president of the New Hampshire Association of School Psychologists, the National Association of School Psychologists, and the International School Psychology Association. (Dawson, Sleep and Adolescents (Jan. 2005) Counseling 101, p. 12; see also, Dawson, Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Information for Parents and Educators (2004) Nat. Assn. School Psychologists Resources.)
Citing research to support their position, the California Student Advisory Board on Legislation in Education recommended delaying start times throughout the state to 8:40 a.m. The student board noted the detrimental effects of early start times on attendance, academic performance, and behavior. The board's fiscal analysis predicted that delaying start times would increase attendance "resulting in more ADA money for schools" and test scores "will rise. Higher test scores (API) will insure greater levels of federal funding." The students concluded, "even with the implementation of state-sponsored pilot programs, the costs will be far outweighed by the benefits of the program." (Cal. Assn. Student Councils (2004) Cal. Student Advisory Bd. on Legislation in Education, School Starting Time, pp. 10-11.)
"Although providing a home environment to promote healthy sleep is the first step to eliminating sleep deprivation in adolescents, increased public awareness of the impact of sleep on learning and behavior is important. For this to occur legislation to ensure that high school start times not begin before 9:00 a.m. may help in reducing sleep deprivation leading to improved academic performance and behavior[.]"—Georgios Mitru, M.Ed., Daniel Millrood, M.Ed., M.S.P.T., New York Medical College faculty, Jason H. Mateika, Ph.D., Professor of Physiology, Wayne State University. (Mitru, Millrood, & Mateika, The Impact of Sleep on Learning and Behavior in Adolescents (Jun. 2002) 104 Teachers College Record 4, p. 721.)
"In 1913, Terman and Hocking (1913) reported that sleep in adolescents in the western U.S. was longer than that previously reported in studies of English (n=6180) (Ravenhill 1910) or German (Bernhard 1908) children and adolescents. One of the factors that they felt explained this difference was that school start times were an hour later (9:00 AM) in the U.S. than those in Germany and England (7:00–8:00 AM). They go so far as to state, 'The American practice of beginning at 9 o'clock is far wiser, and should never be changed unless for very special reasons.' " (Colrain & Baker, Changes in Sleep as a Function of Adolescent Development (2011) 21 Neuropsychology Rev., p. 13, quoting Terman & Hocking, The sleep of school children; its distribution according to age, and its relation to physical and mental efficiency (1913) J. Educational Psychology, p. 271.)
Implicit Recommendations
On January 26, 2012, Brown University Professor of Medicine Richard Millman encouraged a one hour delay in morning classes at Barrington High School. (Rupp, Barrington Studies Later School Start Time For Teens (Jan. 27, 2012) East Greenwich Patch.) The present start time is 7:40 a.m. (Rupp, Moving School Start Time Gets Push (Oct. 21, 2011) Barrington Patch). The district has posted a video of Professor Millman's presentation; the professor notes the value of a one hour delay at approximately 1:18:20, 1:23:00, and 1:53:00.
In 2008, following a presentation by Cornell University Professor of Psychology James Maas concerning the "conflict" between "academic clocks" and "teenagers' body clocks," Deerfield Academy delayed start times from 7:55 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. (Lim, Maas Pushes for Later Start Time at Schools, supra, Cornell Daily Sun.)
"Of all the arguments I've heard over school start-times, not one person has argued that children learn more at 7:15 a.m. than at 8:30."—Mark Mahowald, M.D., Professor of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, visiting Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University. (Bronson, Snooze or Lose (Oct. 7, 2007) N.Y. Magazine, web p. 3.)
Less Specific Recommendations
"We believe that high schools should take a close look at having later start times to align with circadian rhythms in teens and to allow for longer sleep times. Too many teens in this country obtain insufficient sleep. A burgeoning literature suggests that this may lead to problematic consequences including mood disorders, academic difficulties and behavioral issues."—Robert Vorona, M.D., Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk, Virginia, after finding, inter alia, 41% higher teen crash rate in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where high school classes began at 7:20—7:25 a.m., than in adjacent Chesapeake, Virginia, where classes started at 8:40—8:45 a.m. (Teen Automobile Crash Rates are Higher When School Starts Earlier (May 12, 2010) Am. Acad. Sleep Med.; see, Vorona, Szklo-Coxe, Wu, Dubik, Zhao, & Ware, Dissimilar Teen Crash Rates in Two Neighboring Southeastern Virginia Cities with Different High School Start Times, supra, 7 J. Clinical Sleep Med. 2, 145-151; Crash rates may be higher for teen drivers who start school earlier (Apr. 12, 2011) Am. Acad. Sleep Med.)
"These analyses suggest that earlier high school-start times contributed to an increase in crash rates amongst teenagers in the United States. They are additional data suggesting that high school start times should be delayed to increase the amount of sleep that teenagers get during the school week and, hence, reduce the amount of sleep deprivation they incur."—Stuart Quan, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Senior Physician, Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, commenting on the study by Vorona, et al., supra. (Quan, Podcast Transcript (Apr. 2011) 7 J. Clinical Sleep Med. 2, p. 1.)
The single most profound difference we could make [i]n education … would be to let teens sleep on nature's schedule (midnight to 9 a.m. or later).—JoAnn Deak, Ph.D., Educator and Psychologist. (Large, Shedding light on the teen brain (Jun. 8, 2009) The Seattle Times.)
Russell Foster, Ph.D., F.R.S., Head of Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chair of Circadian Neuroscience, Oxford University, says teenagers are biologically wired to stay up late and wake late, making a 9 a.m. start too early. (Critchley, Sleepy teens want later start (May 4, 2007) Herald Sun.) In 2007, Professor Foster suggested classes not begin until the afternoon because teens' body clocks can be delayed between two and four hours. (Making teens start school in the morning is 'cruel,' brain doctor claims (Dec. 1, 2007) London Evening Standard; see also, Hansen, Janssen, Schiff, Zee, & Dubocovich, The Impact of Daily Schedule on Adolescent Sleep, supra, 115 Pediatrics 6, pp. 1555-1561 [high school seniors perform better in the afternoon than in the morning on vigilance tests, symbol copying, visual search tasks, and logical reasoning].) More recently, however, Professor Foster has endorsed "an extra hour in bed" and expressed approval of the UCL Academy "later" start time; i.e., 10 a.m. (Foster, Why teenagers really do need an extra hour in bed (Apr. 22, 2013) New Scientist; see, Parsons, Could a one-hour lie-in improve pupils' exam results? UK schools 'could move class start times back to 10am' (Mar. 18, 2013) Yahoo! News.)
General Recommendations
"[C]hildren and adolescents with restricted sleep are at greater risk for increased oppositionality and irritability, as well as reduced attention, executive functioning, processing speed, behavioral/emotional regulation, motivation and academic achievement. … Certainly this causal link between sleep loss and impaired functioning in children and adolescents provides the impetus for consideration of delaying school start times, particularly for adolescents, who are experiencing a natural delay in circadian rhythm." (Crabtree & Witcher, Impact of Sleep Loss on Children and Adolescents, publish. in, Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents (Informa Healthcare 2008, Ivanenko edit.) p. 144.)
"[S]chools need to incorporate into their pedagogical proposal measures that would reduce the impact of phase delay on the student's performance. [¶] The first step would be to reconsider the school's temporal organization, in particular its class schedules, and systematize the results of possible interventions that aim to reduce the student's daily sleepiness and thereby improve performance. [¶] The changes we propose are apparently simple modifications, such as delaying the beginning of morning classes." (Louzada, Teixeira da Silva, Peixoto, & Menna-Barreto, The Adolescence Sleep Phase Delay: Causes, Consequences and Possible Interventions (Jul. 2008) 1 Sleep Science, p. 52.)
"Recent research has focused on the effects of daytime sleepiness in the student population. Poor sleep quality has been linked to increased tension, irritability, depression, more frequent use of alcohol and illicit drugs, accidents, and lowered academic performance. Sleep problems are common and unrecognized in the student group. The influence of sleep on learning and behavior has recently captured the attention of school districts across the United States and school administrators increasingly need to weigh the factual information about the biology of student sleep patterns against the competing demands of teachers' work preferences and athletic and after-school schedules. [¶] [T]here is increasing data that early school start times result in increased daytime sleepiness, and altering the times to a later time period has positive effects on academic performance and sleepiness." (Bijwadia & Dexter, The Student with Sleep Complaints, publish. in, Sleep: A Comprehensive Handbook (Lee-Chiong, edit., Wiley-Liss 2006) pp. 959, 960.)
"There is a need for educators to be more aware of the impact of school start times and academic scheduling, and to consider sleep problems as potential factors in students who fail to achieve or who exhibit behavioural problems. While it may be administratively convenient to begin high school classes early, there is strong evidence in our data, supported by the literature, suggesting that later start times would be more appropriate for teens." (Gibson, Powles, Thabane, O'Brien, Molnar, Trajanovic, Ogilvie, Shapiro, Yan, & Chilcott-Tanser, "Sleepiness" is serious in adolescence: Two surveys of 3235 Canadian students (May 2006) 6 Bio Med Central Pub. Health 116, p. 8.)
"Where possible, efforts should be made to encourage lighter homework loads and later school start times, so that adolescents can go to bed and wake up at times that are more suited to their bodily rhythms." (Fredriksen, Rhodes, Reddy, & Way, Sleepless in Chicago: Tracking the Effects of Adolescent Sleep Loss During the Middle School Years (Jan./Feb. 2004) 75 Child Development 1, p. 94.)


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Nido Bath Bar
Nido 3 light vanity wall sconce features frosted glass diffusers. Available in oil-rubbed bronze and matte chrome finish. Fixture available in 1, 3, 4 and 5 light versions as well as a ceiling flush mount and pendant option. Three 100 watt, 120 volt, T3 Short RSC halogen lamps not included. General light distribution. CETL listed for dry locations. 32W x 5H x 5 inch depth.
Product Name Order Code | Finish Color | Width | Lamp | Stock | List Price | Our Price |
Nido Bath Bar 63960-ORB-FST | 32" | HAL Halogen | 0 | $195.00 | $156.00 |
Dimensions: 5"H x 32"W x 5"D |
Lamp Source: Halogen |
Bulb: 3 x T3SHORT/RSC/100W/120V Halogen Bulb not included |
Dimmer: Incandescent |
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subset: commoncrawl


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The actor has a soft spot for tragic love stories and characters yearning to belong.
By As told to Karen Holt
The Catcher in the Rye
Johansson first encountered the novel's Holden Caulfield as a preteen.
"There was a searching quality about him that affected me," she says. "You know: someone who wants acceptance from his peers but also pushes them away." Rereading Salinger's era-defining debut as an adult, Johansson noticed the "simplicity of his writing. Now I'm better able to appreciate the purity of his words."
— As told to Karen Holt
View complete list | 4 of 5
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Say What???
That's right. Peanut butter. Sriracha. Ketchup. On a cheeseburger... with lots and lots of crispy bacon! We went there... and we loved every last bite of it!
Plain old ketchup and mustard are so last year! Why not get crazy and give this bacon cheeseburger with peanut butter Sriracha ketchup a try... you'll be glad you did! Bacon cheeseburger with peanut butter Sriracha ketchup recipeYields 1 burger Ingredients:
More burger recipesGreen chile burgers with chile-lime mayo


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"I used this card as a joint christmas card and birth announcement and it was perfect! I included birth announcement on the front of the card and than a christmas greeting on the back. The card is beautiful and exactly what I was looking for."
"This card is lovely in its simplicity. You have the option to remove the large letter in the corner, to put the focus more on the baby. I adapted this as a Baptism invitation and it worked out very well. I had it printed on the "pearl shimmer" paper and the subtle shimmer was a very pretty touch. (It wasn't overwhelming, just a soft shimmer)"
"This is a beautiful card to announce our daughter's birth. All our friends and family loved them. Would have liked to have white as a text color for the details and to have the option of "she's arrived" on the back no matter what color is chosen on the back."
"The card is just lovely! I got the matte paper and had it cut with rounded edges. Talking to a customer service rep about the image was also incredibly helpful. Great company, excellent product, outstanding customer service. Order the card! (mine arrived DAYS before I expected it to)"
"Love this design! I love how I was also able to add photos to the back of the card. Our friends and family gave us many compliments! The square design was really unique."


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Faded Dreams V
Retired June 2012. Unretired June 2013., from Bronx, New York
Fun fact: I only play Black Adam's regime costume because his cape helps me time his B2 3 combos. Jun 27, 2013
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Main: ____"I'm not having fun unless my opponent is trying to punish my elbow dash online and eats another, and another, whilst my penis gradually increases in bloodflow and length." - Online Reptile Representative (Temjiin)"top level competition in greece? who is that? zeus himself plays raiden?" - ClaymanAbout
- Location:
- Bronx, New York


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Skip to content, or skip to search.
Skip to content, or skip to search.
Home > Restaurants >
19 Eighth Ave.,
New York, NY 10014
With its mid-century-modern aesthetic Chocolate Bar is a candy store for grown-ups. Alison Nelson has an addiction to coffee and chocolate, and stocked her eight-seat shop with dark-chocolate-covered peanut-butter-and-jelly bars made by local bakers. Naturally, the owner insists on tasting everything she sells.
Adam Platt picks 2013's top dining destinations,
including Blanca, Mission Chinese Food, and Perla.
The best that the city's restaurants have to offer:
bar food, dumplings, soft serve, tongue, and more.
We live in a city full of small cheap-eats miracles,
including pork buns, Asian hipster grub, and pizza.


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Look and feel your best with these healthy eating tips & workout strategies.
Why Kettlebells Are King for Burning Calories
Once you learn the super high number of calories you can incinerate in a minute, you may give up dumbbells for good.
Julia Mancuso Discusses Her Famous Derrière
We caught up with the professional skier after Sochi to talk about winning bronze—and the title of "best butt of the Olympics."
Sheryl Sandberg Wants to Ban the B-Word
No, not that one. Find out why she's on a mission to ban "bossy" from the playground and the office.
Mouthwatering BBQ Dishes
Get a taste of summer (or at least major cravings) by checking out these unbelievably tasty recipes from pro chefs.
The Cost of the Breast Self-Awareness Message
What exactly is self-awareness and what is the final word on self exams? Research finally has a conclusion.
Is This What's Causing Your Food Allergy?
If removing gluten, soy, or dairy from your diet hasn't solved your health woes, one of these foods may be the real problem.
The Hourglass Workout
Tighten and tone your way to a sexy body with curves in all the right places in 5 moves.
How to Get More Pleasure Out of Any Sex Position
A top sex expert shares her secrets for making little moves that are practically guaranteed to give you a powerful orgasm. Try one (or more) tonight!


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Saint Flavian of Autun
Also known as
- Flavinian
- Flavius
Seventh-century bishop of Autun, France.
Additional Information
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints
MLA Citation
- "Saint Flavian of Autun". Saints.SQPN.com. 28 April 2013. Web. 17 March 2014. <>


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (166 votes).
In short: An orgy of runningIn full: This was my first, and I will be doing it again and again. The spectators, marshalling, course and other runners cannot be faulted. Date of review: March 19, 2005
In short: its not running its philosophyDate of review: March 18, 2005
In short: this was my first half marathon i really enjoyed running it mind you the upperparliament street hill was a killer but overall it was well worth doing ,i cant wait for 2006Date of review: March 17, 2005
In short: Exceptional!In full: There is no other race like it. A great course this year and once again the marshalling was outstanding. Roll on next year!Date of review: March 17, 2005
In short: A brilliant day, a great feeling of achievement at the finish. Well organised and great marshals. Can`t wait for March 2006Date of review: March 16, 2005
In short: loved itIn full: I gave it the respect it deserves and did it as much justice as I could possibly manage. The event is a mad mixture of two extremes, beautiful scenery and brutality under-foot. No other race I have done encapsulates the spirit of running in such a way that this one does. Cheers for the fantastic support and organisation. Date of review: March 16, 2005
In short: Less shingle, less mud on a beautiful day so why was it harder than previous years? Was a couple of extra sneaky miles added?In full: Love this race. After 9 runs I still apply the same day as the entry forms are available.Date of review: March 16, 2005
In short: fantasticDate of review: March 16, 2005
In short: FantasticIn full: Race Day +3 and I still hurting but I am so glad I had a go. Six of us crossed the line together as we decided this was a one for all and all for one event, not competitive. The spectator support is amazing. Not everyone kept their shoes in the bog though!Date of review: March 16, 2005
In short: Superb, roll on next year.Date of review: March 16, 2005


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Max (Dirk Bogarde) is a discreet, unassuming night porter working in a posh hotel in Vienna in 1957, tending to the guests' needs, from cold water to a bed-warming gigolo. Then Lucia (Charlotte Rampling) arrives at the hotel, on the arm of her husband, an American composer, and Max's past comes flooding back to him. It turns out Max was an S.S. officer at a Nazi concentration camp where Lucia was a beautiful young prisoner. She became, in effect, Max's sexual slave. Now, years later, their reunion...more
All The Night Porter cast + crew photos


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found 2 items where the county is Baker and the state is Georgia. Showing page 1 of 1. |
search: |
Baker County Schools. Baker County K12 School. ( Newton, Georgia United States) DeSoto Trail Region, GA. Baker County Library. ( Newton, Georgia United States) [web site ] [online catalog] [Evergreen -- Equinox Software] |
About lib-web-catslib-web-cats (library web sites and catalogs) is a free directory of libraries throughout the world. This directory is a component of Library Technology Guides. Please contact Marshall Breeding if you have any corrections or concerns about this resource. |
indicates that the library participates in a consortium for its automation system.


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Featuring an elegant design and a wide range of rich, lustrous colors, the Grandeur Rug from our Hand-Tufted Collection offers outstanding, classic style that will outlast passing trends. This hand-tufted rug offers lasting durability that will stand up to the most high-traffic areas of your home. Place your order today.
You asked and we simplified! We are dedicated to making your shopping experience easier than ever, so we created Simple Shipping:


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If a theater is not available for online ticketing it is either because they have not yet become a Fandango partner or their location does not have the technical capability to support online ticketing.
4925 N. Edgewood Drive Next to Riverwoods Mall Provo, UT 84604 (801) 764-9345
Opens Thu, Mar. 20
Opens Sun, Mar. 30
Opens Thu, Apr. 3
Opens Fri, Apr. 4


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Thank you Corey. I loved the colours and drove hard and fast to get to that position. Technically I'm pleased with it because I was around three miles away on the verge of a busy road without a tripod or auto focus. Otherwise its a touch flat and not particularly sharp. Nevertheless "Awesome" .... certainly not! I cannot accept such a superlative. I feel "Awesome" is better reserved for the end of the world, a descending host of angels or witnessing the face of your God. "Very Awesome"... beyond the boggling capabilities of my little mind. But thanks, again, anyway.
Very Awesome Picture!!!
Corey Coyle
Суприматизм в действи. Хорошо. Евгений
Suprematism in action. Well. Evgeny
Yes it was Tim. I use the Nikon 105mm f2.8 VR for most of my macro shots , but you'll find a few that were taken with the Nikon 300mm f4
Josh reads his home book while nanna mouths the words. Bless. Yes, that is a - Soft Kitty, Warm Kitty, little ball of fur - t-shirt.


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I have been working at Panera Bread part-time for more than a year
Pros – There are a lot of nice workers here. You get 50% off on your break and they are pretty flexible with availabilities.
Cons – Lately they are understaffed. The managers can be rude .
Yes, I would recommend this company to a friend – I'm optimistic about the outlook for this company
I have been working at Panera Bread full-time for more than a year
I have been working at Panera Bread part-time for less than a year
We are bakers of bread. We are fresh from the oven. We are a symbol of warmth and welcome. We are a simple pleasure, honest and genuine. We are a life story told over dinner. We are a long lunch with an old friend. We… — Full Overview
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BSF arrests four Maoists in Odisha
New Delhi, Sep 19 : The Border Security Force (BSF) arrested four Maoists in Odisha, an official statement said Thursday.
Ghasi Badanayak, 26, Samara Mahi, 30, Shib Majhi, 37, and Gadu Shisha, 30, were arrested Wednesday. All are residents of Anagel village in Malkangiri district of the state.
Acting on secret information, the troopers of 161 Battalion along with the local police arrested the four from a local market in Malkangiri.
Maoists are active in more than half of Odisha and the district of Malkangiri, over 600 km from Bhubaneswar, is considered their stronghold.
--IANS (Posted on 19-09-2013)
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orissa-news headlines
Residents of Odisha's Malkangiri district to boycott assembly elections
Congress leaders join BJD in Odisha
Congress leader joins BJD in Odisha
Odisha restricts use of red beacons on official vehicles
BJD, JMM to strike deal for Lok Sabha polls
Odia film stars join political parties
Odisha seeks more forces for polls
Naveen Patnaik hits out at Modi, Rahul
What happened at Patnaik-CBI chief meet, ask Congress, BJP
Three held over murder of Odisha police officer
Odisha announces insurance for journalists
Two Maoists killed in Odisha gunfight
Quick Links: Goa | Munnar | Pondicherry | Free Yearly Horoscope '2014


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- Home
- The Scoop
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Coaching Awards
2013 Coaches of the Year
- 2013 Offensive Coordinator
- 2013 Defensive Coordinator
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- 2013 Quarterbacks Coach
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- 2013 FCS Coordinator
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- 2013 NAIA Coordinator
- 2013 Director of Operations
- 2013 Strength & Conditioning
- 2013 Director of Player Personnel
- 2012 Coaches of the Year
2011 Coaches of the Year
- 2011 Offensive Coordinator
- 2011 Defensive Coordinator
- 2011 Special Teams
- 2011 Quarterbacks Coach
- 2011 Wide Receivers Coach
- 2011 Offensive Line Coach
- 2011 Running Backs Coach
- 2011 Defensive Backs Coach
- 2011 Linebackers Coach
- 2011 Defensive Line Coach
- 2011 Dir Football Operations
- 2011 Strength & Conditioning Coach
- 2011 FCS Coordinator of the Year
- 2011 Division II Coordinator of the Year
- 2011 Division III Coordinator of the Year
2010 Coaches of the Year
- 2010 Offensive Coordinator
- 2010 Defensive Coordinator
- 2010 Special Teams Coordinator
- 2010 Quarterbacks Coach
- 2010 Running Backs Coach
- 2010 Wide Receivers Coach
- 2010 Offensive Line Coach
- 2010 Defensive Line Coach
- 2010 Linebackers Coach
- 2010 Defensive Backs Coach
- 2010 Dir of Football Operations
- 2010 Strength & Conditioning Coach
- 2010 Div. 1-AA Coordinator
- 2010 Div. II Coordinator
- 2010 Div. III Coordinator
2013 Coaches of the Year
Big Ten coaches share their best recruiting stories
ESPN put together a few stories from Big Ten coaches sharing their best stories from the recruiting trail, and a few of them are instant classics that will be talked about in the office for years to come.
Read all of them, from Jerry Kill to Urban Meyer here. Last week, Maryland's Randy Edsall shared a recruiting visit that had him dialing 911.
Here are just a few that we thought were worth a quick look.
Bill O'Brien:
The last week of recruiting, I was flying in basically 40-mile-an-hour winds. I was in Virginia, that area most of the time, Pennsylvania some, but everywhere I was flying into, it felt like we were going down. So every place I ended up, I made sure to say to that player, "You better be a good player because I just put my life on the line landing here."
Pat Fitzgerald:
It was funny. I was at a high school in a hallway talking with a family. All of a sudden, one of the kids comes walking by and sees me and goes, "Hey, go Penn State!" One of his buddies then goes, "Be quiet, that guy's going to kick your butt." I just said, "Keep walking." So we have a lot of fun with some of the high school kids.
Urban Meyer:
Dontre [Wilson]'s high school coach called me as we were waiting on his text and he said, "We've got a problem here." I got up and walked out of the room and said, "What have we got going?" He said, "He's not sure he wants to do this." My heart sunk to my knees. And then he said, "Coach, did I get you?" I said, "Yeah, you got me." I'm going to get him back someday.
Nice work from the guys over at ESPN.


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By Gilbert S. Grant
IN THE KINGDOM OF TONGA, flying foxes have the good fortune of being considered sacred. The bats are the official property of the king, and no one but royalty is allowed to hunt them or harm them in any way. Because they are protected from human exploitation--the most severe threat to bats throughout the Pacific Islands--the Tongan bats have maintained a relatively stable population. In addition, for many years, Tonga has enjoyed the absence of any devastating cyclones.
Although appearances would indicate that Tonga's bats are doing fine, no researchers had ever actually counted the bats anywhere in Tonga nor published any information on their behavior or diets. Some baseline studies were definitely needed. In the summer of 1995, I conducted a census of Tonga's flying foxes (Pteropus tonganus) with financial assistance from BCI.
Counting the bats was something of a logistical challenge. Tonga consists of 170 islands, not including the new volcano which emerged from the ocean while I was there. Only 36 of the islands are inhabited by humans. I got much of my information on where to find bats with help from Jim McMahon, the captain of a boat I rented on the island of Vava'u, who asked locals which islands had colonies of peka--their name for flying foxes.
McMahon and I spent one very long day journeying by boat to seemingly countless islands. At the end of the day, we had seen nearly 6,000 bats in 25 roosts on 13 islands. Unfortunately, bad weather and time constraints prevented us from visiting all the islands with reported bat populations.
On the large island of Tongatapu, I rented a car and systematically drove the remote backroads (a fact the car rental agency need not know) in search of flying foxes. I found seven major roosts with a total of nearly 3,600 bats. These numbers do not include the many nursing babies I saw, nor the bats hidden in the dense foliage of mango and strangler fig trees, where it was impossible to see them well enough to count them.
The largest bat colony on Tongatapu is very well known. The bats roost along both sides of the main road in the adjacent villages of Kolovai and Ha'avakatolo. As part of Tonga's growing ecotourism industry, signs introduce visitors to the colony and advertise tours. Between 10 and 15 tours visit the Kolovai roost every day. The bats are unusually tame and do not appear to be disturbed by tourists walking under their roost trees or by the occasional car horns and slamming of doors.
Further promotion of ecotourism might bring even more visitors and necessary financial aid to Tonga, and the bats would play an important role in the success of such plans. While the islands offer superb fishing, birding, snorkeling, and diving, many guides and tour operators such as Jim McMahon say they are frequently asked to take guests on side trips to view the flying fox colonies. Although the bats are not yet the main attraction, it seems that Tonga might not have the same appeal without them.
On both Tongatapu and Vava'u, I saw many baby bats attached to females and observed mating within harems. Males scent-mark a section of a tree branch and defend all females that land within this territory. The behavior I observed is very similar to that of the same species in nearby American Samoa, Western Samoa, and Niue.
I found the flying fox population on Tonga to be apparently healthy and larger than in most island regions. In recent decades, flying fox populations have declined on numerous Pacific islands. A number of species have become extinct because of natural causes combined with human causes. The primary problem on other islands is overhunting: The introduction of guns has led not only to excessive hunting by individuals but also to commercial trade with other cultures that consider bats a culinary delicacy.
Considering the small sizes of most Pacific island bat populations today and the constant threats from both humans and nature, it's critical that key areas for each species be protected, in the event that other populations are wiped out. The flying foxes of Tonga could be just such a safeguard for other islands. By protecting their bats, the king and other Tongans are not only conserving their own sacred subjects, but also are providing a sort of ecological savings account--as well as a unique natural attraction for the pleasure of those who visit their kingdom.
Gilbert Grant is a visiting assistant professor of biology at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. When he's not studying flying foxes in the South Pacific, he conducts field research on sea turtles and marine birds.


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Two years ago, I tried to predict the Oscar winners by crunching data from the last 30 years of awards history. The project was a mixed success. But I've dusted off the database and aimed to simplify it — boiling it down to a few core factors that have been especially reliable predictors in the past. Here, then, over at the Carpetbagger, are the rules-of-thumb for predicting the Oscars. Read more.
Nate Silver's Political Calculus
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Natal teeth are teeth that are already present at the time of birth. They are different from neonatal teeth, which grow in during the first 30 days after birth.
Natal teeth are relatively uncommon, appearing in about one in every 2,000 to 3,000 births. Although most natal teeth are isolated incidents, their presence may be associated with certain medical syndromes.
Natal teeth generally develop on the lower gum, where the central incisor teeth will appear. They have little root structure and are attached to the end of the gum by soft tissue and are often wobbly.
Natal teeth are usually not well formed, but they are firm enough that, because of their placement, they may cause irritation and injury to the infant's tongue when nursing. Natal teeth may also be uncomfortable for a nursing mother.
Frequently, natal teeth are removed shortly after birth while the newborn infant is still in the hospital, especially if the tooth is loose and the child runs a risk of aspiration, or "breathing in" the tooth.
Most of the time, natal teeth are not related to a medical condition. However, sometimes they may be associated with:
If the teeth are not removed, keep them clean by gently wiping the gums and teeth with a clean, damp cloth. Examine the infant's gums and tongue frequently to make sure the teeth are not causing injury.
Call your doctor if an infant with natal teeth develops a sore tongue or mouth or other symptoms.
This finding is usually discovered by the health care provider during the initial examination of the infant, and often no further documentation is needed other than just to note that there were teeth present at birth.
Dental x-rays may be considered. If there are signs of any condition that can be associated with natal teeth, examination and testing for that condition will be performed.
Fetal teeth
Updated by: Paul Fotek, DMD, Florida Institute for Periodontics & Dental lmplants, West Palm Beach, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
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I don't know why the pictures look squished :(
I used the Anita jeans pattern with the following modifications:
- took in center back seam at yoke and waist
- raised/extended center back at yoke
- flat seat adjustment
- graded to a different size at waist
Note that there are a few mistakes? in the pattern instructions:
- sew, don't baste the pocket fabrics together
- there's a missing stitching line for most of the sizes, for the top-stitched backwards J at the mock fly
Project described here:
wrangler cotton twill, heather ross mermaid cotton fabric, metal zipper, jean button, lots of thread
Aug 17, 2012, 07.27 PMby Sylvia Eady
where are your monoko doll patterns located?
Jul 13, 2011, 07.57 AMby sertyan
Hi Jocelyn I am very glad to see you post your project on Burdastyle I have been following you since the days you posted free patterns for Momoko dolls! I didn't know you moved to a new online domain..and congratulations on 'The Jocelyn' on Burdastyle. What an honour! I have 'transitioned' from sewing for Momoko to sewing for my little girl. Cheers!
Jul 14, 2011, 05.26 AMby joclin
How wonderful to see you here — I remember the nice things you made for Momoko as well! I've mostly stopped making things and drafting for Momoko these days, though it's always fun to look at the tiny things in Japanese doll magazines.
You've made really cute things for your daughter. She is quite lucky to have such a nice wardrobe!
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[Illinois] AVS Meeting 2012: Understanding Atomic-Layer-Deposition Synthesis of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 Solar Cells
Ranking is calculated from a formula comprised of user reviews and usage data. Learn more ›
04 Jun 2013 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Sergey V. Baryshev
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has recently attracted attention as a light absorber for photovoltaic applications because of its band gap (εg≈1.4 eV), the relative abundance and low cost of its constituent …
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Simulates the exciton dynamics in organic photovolatic devices
Design of Optoelectronically-active Polymers for Organic Photovoltaic Applications
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The Solar Research Series includes presentations from researchers at Purdue and leading researchers across the nation on developments in wafer-based, thin-film, organic and cross-cutting …
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An introduction to solar cells covering the basics of PN junctions, optical absorption, and IV characteristics. Key technology options and economic considers are briefly presented.
Solar Cell Fundamentals
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The modern solar cell was invented at Bell Labs in 1954 and is currently receiving renewed attention as a potential contribution to addressing the world's energy challenge. This set of five …
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Solar cell performance is determined by generation and recombination of electron-hole pairs. This tutorial focussing on recombination losses in crystalline silicon solar cells under short-circuit …
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2011 NCN@Purdue Summer School: Electronics from the Bottom Up
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click on image for larger version Alumni Discussion Group: LinkedIn
Solar Cells Lecture 3: Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Devices and Systems
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Modeling and simulation play an important role in designing and optimizing PV systems. This tutorial is a broad overview of the topic including a look at detailed, numerical device simulation.
NanoDays - Artificial Photosynthesis with Biomimetic Nanomaterials: Self-Repairing Solar Cells
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Purdue NanoDays Purdue University Office of Engagement NANOVIS Incorporated Purdue Research Park Intel Corporation nano Professor Verso Paper Corp Purdue University Discover Park Qdoba …
nanoHUB.org, a resource for nanoscience and nanotechnology, is supported by the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


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Many outdoors enthusiasts are opting for small, rugged all-terrain camping trailers that can be towed just about anywhere a four-wheel drive vehicle can go.
Off-road trailers, sometimes called 4x4 or Jeep trailers, are designed specifically for extreme terrain. Many of these heavy-duty compact Recreation Vehicles come equipped with a tent and bed, skid plate, large tires, lift kits, and articulation systems.
Chris Cole and Anne Pence, owners of Campa USA, have bounced their all-terrain camping trailers over more than 150,000 miles of road -- from paved Interstate highways to the harsh off-road conditions on Mexico's Baja peninsula.
"We often take dirt roads," said Cole, who was born and raised in rural South Africa. "The beauty of our camping trailer is that it is intended to handle difficult terrain and road conditions."
Campa USA has manufactured self-contained, expedition-grade tent camping trailers since 2004, soon after Cole and Pence traveled to South Africa to acquire the manufacturing rights.
"We subsequently completely re-engineered the entire product and concept, building the first units on the shop floor, literally on our hands and knees," said company vice president Pence. "Since then we have set up a first-class manufacturing process with prints in CAD, and utilizing laser cutting and CNC press-brake technologies."
The Campa ATT (all-terrain trailer) and its smaller version, the Campa Cub, are highly mobile, robust trailers that are designed to prove themselves on the toughest off-road conditions like the infamous Rubicon Trail in the California's High Sierra.
The recently introduced Campa Cub is an entry level off-road trailer that "reaches a broader audience in the sense that the unit is far more affordable," said Pence. "It is light weight and customers very much like the option to color-match to their vehicles."
Both rugged trailers measure 11 feet long by 6 feet wide. The basic ATT model has a dry weight of 1,900 pounds and a cargo capacity of 2,200 pounds. The modular stainless steel construction gives the flexibility of customizing units based on individual choice.
The slate of options for the Campa ATT includes a built-in kitchen, trailer-top tent, sleeping for two to eight people, hot water shower system and Port-a-Potty, 10-pound propane tank, two 20-gallon water tanks, water purification system, solar panels, generator, and racks for bikes, kayaks and inflatables. A decked-out Campa ATT prices in at around $18,000.
The Campa Cub trailer has a dry weight of 1,200 pounds with a cargo carrying capacity of 2,000 pounds. With a raft of amenities, the Cub goes for around $9,500.
These off-road rigs provide everything one needs at the end of a long day exploring. People can "get to remote places, have the trailer set up in five minutes, and be sitting in their chairs in the shade enjoying a cold beer out of a fridge," said Cole. Contact: Campa USA, 115 Columbus St., Elyria, Ohio, 44035; (440) 463-2796; http://www.campausa.com.
The Tentrax Off-Road All Terrain Trailer features high ground clearance for easy four-wheel towing to backcountry campsites. Each unit is custom built beginning with the basic trailer. According to the website: "Each Tentrax is individually built by the same person
(our family) ensuring quality and assembly experience." Basic trailer including fiberglass laminated tub, black powder coated tube frame and top rack, and bumper with built-in 2-inch receiver starts at $3,330. Contact: Tentrax, 30470 Seely Lane, Eugene, Oregon 97405; (800) 488-2022; http://www.tentrax.com.
Little Guy Lil' Rough Rider is an off-road teardrop camper trailer with locking double entry doors and slider window and screen that provide safety and privacy, and a rear locking hatch with access to the galley. The Lil' Rough Rider comes in two sizes: 5-foot-wide cabin, weighing 1,420 pounds; and 6-wide at about 1,550. The overall length is just over 12 feet, including the tongue. There is 20 inches of ground clearance to the cabin and 19 inches of water-fording capability. Pricing starts at $8,000. Contact: Little Guy Worldwide, 4122 Erie Ave. SW, Massillon, Ohio 44646; (877) 545-4897; http://www.golittleguy.com.
The Jeep Extreme Trail Edition off-road trailer is billed as a tough and innovative "Go Anywhere, Sleep Anywhere" camping trailer. It features a queen-size bed, sofa with stowable table, built-in aluminum cabinet, 110-volt power supply and a premium canvas enclosure. It provides a heavy frame, 35-inch BF Goodrich Mud Terrain tires, 15 inches of ground clearance, full-underbody skid plate, high-mounted fenders, and 360-degree axis pintle hitch. The Extreme model weighs 1,050 pounds. The MSRP is a hair under $12,000. The trailer is ordered from Mopar (www.mopar.com) through local Jeep dealerships.


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Multicolored Handprint Wreath
This multi-coloured handprint banner is perfect for Martin Luther King Day, international events, or any time you are studying different cultures. It makes a good classroom project.
Colored paper or cardstock
Cut lots of colored handprints. If you are doing this in a class or group you could have each child making one handprint in a different color.
Glue the hands together to form a circle.
You might also like the Martin Luther King Jr. Handprint Poem.
This craft is reprinted courtesy of ActivityVillage.co.uk.
Activity Village is full of fun and educational activities for children under 10. You will find free coloring pages, easy kids crafts, kids puzzles and word searches, printables, worksheets and flashcards, downloadable jigsaws and lots of extensively-tested recommended sites. We believe that busy kids are happy kids!


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A man appeared in the Ga-Rankuwa Magistrate's Court IN South Africa on Tuesday for allegedly raping his goat, North West police said.
Woman who worshipped the Devil gave birth to seven-headed snake
A former devil worshipper in Swaziland says she has given birth to a seven-headed snake and vomited up live starfish. ...Witch turned into smoke and flew as bat
"I placed a goat's horn into the stomach of my elder sister to prevent her from having children," Olivia, 19, and a self-proclaimed witch, now exorcised, told a large congregation at the Ebenezer Healing Church at Kasoa, in the Central Region last week. ...- Two porn stars exposed as Kumbirai Garapo and Audrey Gaker
- Suicidal H- Metro editor Robert Mukondiwa caught red handed in gay sexual act on Mugabe Namibia trip
- UK plan to deport Zimbabwean man raises floodgates fears
- VOTO petitions MDC GNU leaders to declare personal assets
- Michael Jackson is a disgrace to the black race
- Phillip Chiyangwa's dirty daughter using sexuality explicit language to talk about her father's promiscuous sex life
- Suicidal H- Metro editor Robert Mukondiwa caught red handed in gay sexual act on Mugabe Namibia trip
- Viomak to endorse Supreme Leader title with protest music album
- Divorcing womaniser ZANUPF minister Sylvester Nguni donated $20 000 to opposition Mavambo party
- Solomon Mujuru's 15 children show up demanding a share of their father's estate


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*No minimum purchase required. Use promotion code IPEB43H3 at checkout. Promotion/source code box is located in step 4 of checkout. Valid at eastbay.com, by phone or mail. Does not apply to prior purchases or open orders and cannot be combined with any other offers. May not be used toward purchase of GiftCards or team orders. Promotion may be modified or terminated at any time. Certain restrictions and exclusions may apply. Some items are not eligible for discount and will indicate "excluded from discount" on the product's description page. Offer expires 03/20/2014 (03:59 am CT).
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Be the total package in the adidas ForMotion Elite Sock. This hard-working sock gives you the benefits of ClimaCool� ClimaLite� construction to ventilate your feel, while wicking unwanted moisture away, leaving you cool, dry and ready for action. Add to that combination ForMotion designing and you have a sock that is build to compliment your natural movement and allow for optimal mobility. Targeted cushioning on the foot bed provides shock absorption and comfort while added compression in the ankle and arch give extra stability. 80% nylon/20% spandex. Imported. |


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Made from a unique combination of naturally antimicrobial Merino wool and TXO moisture and odor control technology, Terramar Women's TXO Merino Wool 3.0 Tights keep you warm, dry, comfortable and odor-free.
Weighing only 6 ounces, the Rab Women's Kinetic Pants are an ideal lightweight shell for backpackers, alpine climbers and multi-sport enthusiasts. Knee articulation, hem drawcord and 3/4-length side zips ensure ease of use and comfort on the trail.
The lightweight Marmot Women's Rockstar Pant is designed with stretch mobility and the water repellent and breathable blend of Marmot's M3 softshell fabrics. This pant excels during hikes on rugged trails or alpine scrambling.
The Marmot Women's Trail Breeze Tight features lightweight breathable stretch nylon fabric to provide excellent performance during long runs and hikes. Built for active pursuits, the Trail Breeze Tight moves with you.
Lightweight, stretchy and fast to dry, the Patagonia Women's All-Out Capri is designed for ultra-lightweight comfort and mobility in hot, humid environments.
Lightweight and fast-drying, Patagonia Women's Capilene 1 SW Stretch Bottoms are a reliable option for warmer weather backpacking and can be worn as a layering piece in cooler temperatures.
Ideal for hiking, backpacking or traveling, the 3/4-length adidas Outdoor Women's Climalite Hiking/Trekking Capri employs soft, lightweight Climalite fabrics to deliver comfort and excellent moisture management.
Whether travelling in warm, sunny locations or heading out on a multi-day backpacking trip in the desert, the Patagonia Women's Solimar Pants offer lightweight coverage, comfortable stretch and a 30-UPF sun protection rating to keep you moving.
Versatile and perfect for a wide range of temperatures, Patagonia Women's Capilene 3 MW Bottoms keep you dry and warm in cool to cold conditions. They excel in cooler weather when worn alone and can be worn as a baselayer when winter kicks in.
The Terramar Women's 3.0 Hottotties Footy Leggings are a quick-drying base layer bottom designed to move moisture away from your body during intense cold-weather workouts so you stay as comfortable as possible.
Terramar Women's 2.0 Cloudnine TR Pants are a midweight temperature-regulating base layer bottom designed to move moisture away from your body during intense cold-weather workouts so you stay as comfortable as possible.
Offering fully featured 3-season protection with dry-wicking waterproof/breathable protection, the Mountain Hardwear Women's Plasmic Pant sheds rain while maintaining maximum breathability and comfort using Dry.Q EVAP technology.
The lightweight and packable Mountain Hardwear Women's Epic Pant is a perfect companion on any hike or backpacking trip where wind and rain threaten to send you indoors. Waterproof/breathability at just 8 ounces!
Waterproof, durable and weighing an average of just 8.9 ounces, the Red Ledge Women's Thunderlight Pant is a good option for hikers and backpackers seeking protection from wet or windy weather at an affordable price.
Midweight Terramar Women's TXO 2.0 Tights are an effective base layer made from activated carbon with Nano Silver yarns to wick moisture, keeping you dry, warm and comfortable.
Fully waterproof, breathable and durable enough for the trail, the Marmot Women's PreCip Full Zip Pant is a versatile, lightweight option for hikers and backpackers seeking reliable protection from wet and windy weather.
A fully waterproof and breathable 2.5 layer hard shell, the Patagonia Women's Torrentshell Pant is an excellent lightweight option for hikers and backpackers seeking reliable protection from wet or windy weather.
Fully waterproof, breathable and durable anough for the trail, the Marmot Women's PreCip Pant is an excellent lightweight option for hikers and backpackers seeking reliable protection from wet and windy weather.
The adidas Outdoor Women's Terrex Swift AllSeason Soft Shell Pant offers excellent breathability in an all-around soft shell pant that can be used for a variety of outdoor activities including cool weather backpacking, hiking, rock climbing and snowshoeing.
Women's shorts and skorts for camping, hiking and backpacking
Women's thermal and wicking base layer pants and shirts
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Last year, senior editor Michael Springer traveled through Europe visiting significant historic construction sites. This is the first in a series.
Feature2-35.jpgClick Image Gallery
In the South of France near the city of Nîmes, a mythical structure has existed since the Romans erected it during the first century A.D. The Pont du Gard, or "bridge over the Gardon River," was built solely to transport water from a distant spring over the Gardon through a channel atop the span as part of a 31-mile-long aqueduct. But greater than its centuries of moving water, it has served as an attraction for a steady stream of visitors for two millennia, including tradesmen following their "Tour de France" to become finished journeymen (see "Rite of Passage," page 42). The marks they carved into the ancient stone can still be seen today.
Feature2-28.jpgClick for Image Gallery
To the Romans, a plentiful water supply defined civilization itself, and a constant supply of pure spring water defined a most luxurious existence. That cultural imperative was the reason this aqueduct wound through the countryside in an engineering feat that doused the citizenry of Nîmes with more than 500 gallons per person every day.
Feature2-30.jpgClick for Image Gallery
Roman workers toiled for 15 years laying the 11 million stones that enclosed the waterway and coating them with 31 miles of waterproof mortar. All the while, the slope had to be painstakingly controlled by the librator (topographical engineer) with bridges and tunnels, because the elevation drop between the spring in Uzès and the city of Nîmes was less than 40 feet. That's an average slope of .0029 inches per foot, less than three thousandths of an inch! A daunting surveying accomplishment even today, it is amazing that the engineers of the time were able to calculate a path that let gravity alone carry the water across the landscape while adding many miles to the aqueduct's length to avoid insurmountable obstacles. The straight-line distance between each end is only about 12 miles.
The Pont du Gard was the centerpiece of the aqueduct and is one of the few recognizable parts still standing. Built sometime between 38 and 52 A.D., this is the tallest structure of its type built by the Romans, towering an impressive 160 feet above the river and featuring the widest single Roman arch ever built, spanning the river's normal flow at more than 80 feet. The overall length of the span was more than 1,600 feet across, over which the canal on the top level slopes only 3/8 inch in elevation. An estimated 1,000 men labored for three to five years on this structure using more than 55,000 tons of stone. This Herculean project required the talents of stonecutters, masons, blacksmiths, carpenters, lime burners, and an army of helpers. In fact, the workforce was largely supplied and organized by the military utilizing local craftsmen, soldiers, mercenaries, and slaves.
Feature2-31.jpgClick for Image Gallery
A university professor takes issue with my attitude about safety, saying I blamed the...
Wanna see the very first model? You know you do.
Michael Springer
It only takes one glance to notice that Blåkläder workwear is a bit different. But...
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