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Copyright 2002 Psychonomic Society, Inc. 1304 Memory & Cognition 2002, 30 ( 8), 1304- 1312 One fundamental claim of current linguistic theories is that syntax ( sentence form) and semantics ( sentence meaning) are separable and independent ( see Chomsky, 1986). Whether this claim is an accurate description of the processes underlying language comprehension has been a matter of debate. A common assumption within psycholinguistics is that separable, largely independent processes construct distinct syntactic and semantic repre-sentations of a sentence ( Ferreira & Clifton, 1986; Frazier & Rayner, 1982). An alternative view is that sentence meaning can be derived directly, without an intervening syntactic level of representation ( Johnson- Laird, 1983; Marslen- Wilson & Tyler, 1987; McClelland, St. John, & Taraban, 1989). One means for contrasting these views involves record-ing event- related brain potentials ( ERPs) elicited during language comprehension ( see Hagoort, Brown, & Oster-hout, 1999; Osterhout, McLaughlin, & Bersick, 1997). The advantage of this approach derives from the fact that ERPs provide an on- line, millisecond- by- millisecond record of the brain's electrical activity during comprehension. Fur-thermore, ERPs are multidimensional, varying in polarity, timing, morphology, and scalp distribution. If one assumes that cognitively distinct processes are mediated by neurally distinct brain systems, evidence that events occurring at the syntactic and the semantic levels elicit distinct brain re-sponses ( i. e., responses that differ in timing, distribution, or polarity) could be construed as supporting the claim that separable syntactic and semantic processes exist. Particularly relevant to this issue is recent evidence that ( at least under certain experimental conditions) syntactic and semantic anomalies elicit distinct changes in the ERP ( for a review, see Hagoort et al., 1999, or Osterhout et al., 1997). Semantically inappropriate words ( e. g., " The cat will bake the food") elicit a centroparietal negative wave that peaks at about 400 msec ( the N400 effect ; Kutas & Hillyard, 1980, 1984). Syntactically anomalous words ( e. g., " The cat will eating the food") elicit a centro-parietal positive wave that begins about 500 msec after word onset ( the P600 effect) and persists for at least several hundred milliseconds ( Hagoort, Brown, & Groothusen, 1993; Osterhout, 1997; Osterhout & Holcomb, 1992, 1993; Osterhout, Holcomb, & Swinney, 1994; Osterhout & Mobley, 1995; Osterhout & Nicol, 1999). In some re-ports, syntactic anomalies have also elicited an anterior negative wave peaking between 125 and 500 msec ( Frie-derici, Hahne, & Mecklinger, 1996; Neville, Nicol, Barss, Forster, & Garrett, 1991; Osterhout & Holcomb, 1992). These findings have been shown to generalize well across types of linguistic anomalies ( see Osterhout et al., 1997), types of languages ( including English, Dutch, Italian, and French; Angrilli et al., 2002; Hagoort et al., 1993; Oster-hout, McLaughlin, Allen, Inoue, & Loveless, 2002), modal-ity ( visual and auditory; Hagoort & Brown, 2000; Hol-comb & Neville, 1991; Osterhout & Holcomb, 1993), and rates of word presentation ( Allen, Badecker, & Osterhout, in press; Hagoort & Brown, 2000; Kutas, 1993; McKinnon & Osterhout, 1996). Such evidence seems to indicate that at least some as-pects of syntactic and semantic processing are neurobio-logically distinct. However, this evidence has been ob-tained with highly artificial methods. For example, in the This work was supported by Grant 2 R01DC01947 from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, awarded to L. O. We thank Rick McKinnon for help with stimulus preparation. Correspondence may be sent to L. Oster-hout, Department of Psychology, Box 351525, University of Washing-ton, Seattle, WA 98195 ( e- mail: losterho@ u. washington. edu). Brain potentials elicited by prose- embedded linguistic anomalies LEE OSTERHOUT, MARK D. ALLEN, JUDITH MCLAUGHLIN, and KAYO INOUE University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Linguistic theories distinguish between syntax ( sentence form) and semantics ( sentence meaning). Correspondingly, recent studies have shown that syntactic and semantic anomalies elicit distinct changes in the event- related brain potential ( ERP). However, these results have been obtained with highly artificial methodologies and have not yet been generalized to more natural reading conditions. Here, we recorded ERPs while subjects read a naturalistic prose passage. The subjects either read for comprehension with no other task being assigned or read for comprehension and made acceptability judgments after each sentence. Consistent with prior work and regardless of the subjects' assigned task, syntactic anomalies elicited a large positive wave ( P600), whereas semantic anomalies elicited a large increase in N400 amplitude. These results demonstrate that the qualitatively distinct ERP responses elicited by syntactic and semantic anomalies are not artifacts of unnatural aspects of previously used stimuli, thereby providing additional evidence that separable syntactic and semantic processes exist. BRAIN POTENTIALS TO LINGUISTIC ANOMALIES 1305 vast majority of these studies, subjects were instructed to read or listen to long lists of unrelated sentences. As far as we can ascertain, only two published studies have con-trasted the ERP responses to syntactic and semantic anom-alies embedded in naturalistic prose. Kutas and Hillyard ( 1983) had subjects read an English prose passage con-taining semantic anomalies and morphosyntactic anom-alies involving errors in number agreement or verb tense ( e. g., " As a turtle grows its shell grow too"). The seman-tic anomalies elicited an increase in N400 amplitude. Few reliable differences were found between the syntac-tically well- formed and the ill- formed conditions, al-though the syntactically anomalous words elicited a small increase in negativity between 300 and 400msec at some anterior electrode sites. In a similar study ( Münte, Heinze, Matzke, Wieringa, & Johannes, 1998), subjects read a German prose passage containing semantically anomalous, morphosyntactically anomalous ( involving case errors), and misspelled words. Only semantically anomalous words elicited a robust N400 effect. How-ever, all anomaly types elicited positive waves onsetting at about 500 msec and persisting for at least 500 msec. The results of these two studies are inconsistent with each other and with the results of studies in which lists of unrelated sentences were used. Procedural differences between Kutas and Hillyard's ( 1983) and Münte et al.' s ( 1998) experiments ( and between these two studies and sentence list studies) might partly explain the discrepan-cies. For example, Kutas and Hillyard ( 1983) presented English stimuli, whereas Münte et al. ( 1998) presented German stimuli. Kutas and Hillyard ( 1983) used word-onset intervals ranging from 640 to 760 msec, whereas Münte et al. ( 1998) used word onset intervals of 1 sec. Furthermore, Kutas and Hillyard ( 1983) plotted only the initial 600 msec of activity subsequent to critical word onset; this epoch might have been too short in duration to observe late positive waves, even if they were present in the data. 1 In any event, it remains unclear whether the finding that syntactic and semantic anomalies elicit the P600 and the N400 effects, respectively, can be general-ized to conditions in which subjects read prose, rather than lists of unrelated sentences. Another artificial methodological aspect of prior studies involves the task assigned to subjects. With a few excep-tions, researchers have asked subjects to judge the accept-ability or grammaticality of each sentence, in addition to reading for comprehension. It is unclear what effect this secondary task might have on the primary task of inter-est ( language comprehension) and on the processing of and brain responses to linguistic anomalies. To date, only one study has included a task manipulation within a single experiment, using identical materials across task conditions. Osterhout, McKinnon, Bersick, and Corey ( 1996) presented a series of unrelated sentences ( some of which contained a syntactic anomaly) and asked subjects either to read for comprehension or to read for compre-hension and make a sentence acceptability judgment at the end of each sentence. Syntactic anomalies elicited a large positive wave under both task conditions, although the am-plitude of this effect was larger in the acceptability judg-ment condition. Here, we replicated this task manipulation by presenting prose, rather than lists of sentences, and by including semantic, as well as syntactic, anomalies. In summary, we asked subjects to read a natural, con-nected prose passage that contained syntactically and se-mantically anomalous words. The subjects either read the prose for comprehension or read for comprehension and made a sentence acceptability judgment after each sentence. Our goals were twofold: f irst, to verify that syntactic anomalies elicit the P600 effect ( and perhaps anterior negativities) and semantic anomalies elicit the N400 effect under these more naturalistic reading con-ditions, and second, to determine which ( if any) of these brain responses are strongly influenced by the task as-signed to the subjects. Evidence that these brain responses are observed even when subjects simply read prose for comprehension would extend the generalizability of such findings to more natural reading conditions, thereby providing additional evidence that separable syntactic and semantic processes exist. METHOD Subjects Twenty- four neurologically normal, right- handed native English speakers ( 18– 45 years of age) participated for class credit after giv-ing informed consent. Twelve subjects participated in each of the two task conditions. Stimuli and Procedures The subjects read a modified version of an essay taken from an En-glish as a second language text describing Amelia Earhart's last flight ( Kenan, 1998). The text contained 173 sentences, ranging from 4 to 15 words in length, and approximately 1,700 words. Ninety sentences were chosen to be the critical sentences. Three versions ( well- formed control, semantically anomalous, and syntactically anomalous) of each sentence were constructed by replacing a sentence- embedded word ( 50% nouns and 50% verbs) with a semantically anomalous word or by modifying the selected word so that it became syntacti-cally anomalous. The syntactic anomalies involved inappropriate in-flectional morphology resulting in an agreement or verb tense error. These sentences were then used to construct three versions of the text, so that only one version of each sentence appeared in each version of the text, and each text version contained 30 exemplars each of well-formed, semantically anomalous, and syntactically anomalous critical sentences. Example paragraphs of the text are shown in Table 1. The subjects sat in a comfortable chair situated in a dimly illu-minated room. The text was presented as a series of sentences. Each Table 1 Example Paragraphs From the Essay Presented to Subjects In 1937, Amelia Earhart was thirty- eight years of age. She was proba-bly the most acclaimed woman pilot in the world then. She decided to realize a dream/ dreams/ toaster of hers she had as a girl. Flying around the world at the equators was her goal. There would also be three fast U. S. ships which were positioned to assist. The U. S. S. Ontario was positioned/ positions/ flirting halfway between Lae and Howland. The U. S. S. Swan was positioned between Howland and Honolulu. The Coast Guard ship Itasca was waiting/ waits/ laughing just off Howland. Note— Italicized words represent the critical words in the control, syntac-tically anomalous, and semantically anomalous conditions, respectively. 1306 OSTERHOUT, ALLEN, MCLAUGHLIN, AND INOUE trial consisted of the following events. A fixation cross appeared for 500 msec, after which a sentence was presented in a word- by-word manner, with each word appearing on the center of the screen for 300 msec. A blank- screen interval of 400 msec separated words. Sentence- ending words appeared with appropriate punctuation. A 1,450- msec blank- screen interval followed each sentence to allow eye blinks. This interval was followed by a prompt asking the sub-jects to respond by pressing a button on a joystick. Task was manipulated in a between- subjects manner. In the pas-sive reading condition, the subjects passively read the text for com-prehension and, when presented with the response prompt, pushed one of the buttons when ready for the next sentence. The subjects were told that anomalous words would occasionally appear in the text and were instructed to ignore the anomalies. In the sentence ac-ceptability judgment condition, the subjects read for comprehension and made sentence acceptability judgments at the end of each sen-tence. The subjects indicated their responses by pressing one button on the joystick for acceptable and the other button for unacceptable . Button- response pairings were counterbalanced across subjects. EEG Recordings and Analysis Continuous EEG was recorded from 13 scalp sites, using tin elec-trodes attached to an elastic cap. Electrode placement included In-ternational 10– 20 system locations ( Jasper, 1958) over homologous positions over the left and right occipital ( O1, O2) and frontal ( F7, F8) regions and from frontal ( Fz), central ( Cz), and parietal ( Pz) midline locations. Several nonstandard sites were also used, in-cluding Wernicke's area and its right- hemisphere homologue ( WL, WR: 30% of the interaural distance lateral to a point 13% of the nasion- inion distance posterior to Cz), temporal ( TL, TR: 33% of the interaural distance lateral to Cz), and anterior temporal ( ATL, ATR: one half the distance between F7/ F8 and T3/ T4) sites. Verti-cal and horizontal eye movements were monitored via two elec-trodes placed near the eyes. The above channels were referenced to an electrode placed over the left mastoid bone and were amplified with a bandpass of 0.01– 100 Hz ( 3- db cutoff ). EEG was sampled at 200 Hz throughout the experiment. Epochs comprised the 100 msec preceding and the 1,180 msec following word onsets. Trials characterized by excessive eye movement or am-plifier blocking ( 8%) were removed prior to averaging. ERPs were quantified as the mean voltage within a latency range ( time- locked to word onset), relative to a baseline of activity comprising the 100 msec preceding and the 50 msec immediately following critical word onset. Analyses of variance ( ANOVAs) were performed on mean amplitudes within four time windows: 50– 150, 150– 300, 300– 500, and 500– 800 msec. These windows correspond to the latency ranges of the early negativities, N400, and P600 effects previously reported. Data acquired at midline and lateral sites were treated separately to allow for quantitative analysis of hemispheric differences. ANOVAs with a between- subjects factor of task and within- subjects factors of sentence type and electrode site were performed on the data from the midline sites. The lateral site ANOVAS contained an additional within- subjects factor of hemisphere. To protect against Type I error owing to violations of the assumption of equal variances of differ-ences between conditions of within- subjects factors, the Huynh– Feldt correction was applied when effects with more than one degree of freedom were evaluated. Corrected p values are reported. Reliable effects in the omnibus analysis were followed, when appropriate, by pairwise comparisons. These comparisons were evaluated using a modified Bonferroni procedure ( Keppel, 1982). Under this pro-cedure, a = .04 for each comparison. RESULTS Acceptability Judgments Well- formed, semantically anomalous, and syntacti-cally anomalous sentences were judged to be acceptable on 87%, 4%, and 6% of the trials, respectively, in the sentence acceptability judgment condition. Effects of Anomaly Type on Event- Related Potentials Figure 1 plots the grand- average ERPs ( collapsed over the task factor) to critical words in the three sentence types. Consistent with prior reports, a clear negative- positive complex was visible in the first 300 msec following word onset ( the N1– P2 complex). These potentials were fol-lowed by a negative- going component with a peak around 400 msec ( N400). Reliable differences between conditions did not emerge until approximately 300 msec after word onset. ( For all analyses involving mean amplitudes between 50 and 300 msec, Fs < 2.) ANOVAs on mean amplitude within the 300- to 500- msec window revealed a main ef-fect of sentence type [ midline, F( 2,44) = 27.14, MSe = 8.76, p < .0001; lateral, F( 2,44) = 21.70, MSe = 10.63, p < .0001] and an interaction between sentence type and electrode position [ midline, F( 4,88) = 11.80, MSe = 1.05, p < .001; lateral, F( 8,176) = 10.10, MSe = 1.73, p < .01]. Pairwise comparisons revealed that semantic anom-alies elicited larger N400s than did the other conditions [ semantic vs. well formed, midline, F( 1,22) = 47.86, MSe = 8.20, p < .0001, and lateral, F( 1,22) = 28.55, MSe = 11.00, p < .0001; semantic vs. syntactic, midline, F( 1,22) = 31.16, MSe = 11.49, p < .0001; and lateral, F( 1,22) = 3.51, MSe = 12.04, p = .07], particularly over posterior regions [ sentence type 3 electrode site: seman-tic vs. well formed, midline, F( 2,44) = 18.90, MSe = 1.17, p < .0001, and lateral, F( 4,88) = 17.66, MSe = 1.86, p < .0001; semantic vs. syntactic, midline, F( 2,44) = 14.86, MSe = 0.95, p < .0001, and lateral, F( 4,88) = 3.66, MSe = 1.90, p < .1]. Although the syntactic anomalies elicited a slightly larger N400 than did the well- formed controls at midline sites, this N400 difference was not robust [ midline, F( 1,22) = 0.62, MSe = 6.58, p > .4]. At lateral sites, ERPs to syntactic anomalies were slightly more positive- going than those to well- formed sentences at anterior locations and more negative- going than those at posterior locations [ sentence type 3 electrode site: F( 4,88) = 8.80, MSe = 1.73, p < .01]. The main effect of sentence type was also robust be-tween 500 and 800msec [ midline, F( 2,44) = 18.18, MSe = 11.46, p < .0001; lateral, F( 2,44) = 16.33, MSe = 15.64, p < .001], and differences between conditions were largest posteriorly, particularly over midline sites [ F( 4,88) = 3.34, MSe = 1.82, p < .1]. These effects reflected the large pos-itive wave ( P600) elicited by syntactic anomalies, relative to the other two conditions ( syntactic vs. well formed, midline, F( 1,22) = 21.11, MSe = 12.90, p < .0001, and lat-eral, F( 1,22) = 18.81, MSe = 17.33, p < .001; syntactic vs. semantic, midline, F( 1,14) = 27.39, MSe = 12.71, p < .0001, and lateral, F( 1,22) = 30.49, MSe = 14.19, p < .001]. The P600 effect was larger over posterior sites, par-ticularly over midline sites [ sentence type 3 electrode site: syntactic vs. well formed, F( 2,44) = 3.98, MSe = 1.77, p < .05, and syntactic vs. semantic, F( 2,44) = 5.38, MSe = BRAIN POTENTIALS TO LINGUISTIC ANOMALIES 1307 1.21, p < .05]. ERPs to semantic anomalies were slightly more positive- going than those to well- formed sentences, beginning at about 600 msec, but only at the most poste-rior sites ( Pz, 01, 02). However, there were no robust dif-ferences between the semantically anomalous and the well- formed controls within this window [ main effect of sentence type, midline, F( 1,22) = 0.53, p > .4, and lateral, F( 1,22) = 0.48, p > .4; sentence type 3electrode site, mid-line, F( 2,44) = 1.86, p > .15, and lateral, F( 4,88) = 1.06, p > .3]. Effects of Task on Event- Related Potentials Difference waves, derived by subtracting the response to the well- formed control condition from the response to each type of anomaly, are shown in Figures 2A ( se-mantic anomaly condition) and 2B ( syntactic anomaly condition). For both anomaly types, midline ERPs were more positive- going for the judgment condition than for the passive reading condition, particularly over anterior locations, beginning at about 300 msec and continuing throughout the epoch [ 300– 500 msec: task 3 sentence type 3electrode site, F( 4,88) = 3.68, MSe = 1.05, p < .05]. This task effect was more robust for the syntactic anom-alies [ 300– 500 msec, task 3 sentence type 3 electrode, F( 2,44) = 6.07, MSe = 1.03, p < .01; 500– 800 msec, F( 1,22) = 3.59, MSe = 1.77, p = .07] than for the semantic anomalies ( Fs # 1). Despite this effect of task, the P600 effect to the syntactic anomalies was reliable under both task conditions [ judgment condition, midline, F( 1,11) = 39.16, MSe = 6.93, p < .001, and lateral, F( 1,11) = 19.77, MSe = 9.06, p < .01; passive reading condition, midline, sentence type 3 electrode site, F( 2,22) = 3.59, MSe = 2.21, p = .05, and lateral, main effect of sentence type, F( 1,11) = 5.78, MSe = 25.59, p < .05]. Figure 1. Grand average event- related potentials to well- formed, semantically anomalous, and syntactically anomalous words, recorded over 3 midline and 10 lateral electrode sites. Onset of the critical word is indicated by a vertical calibration bar. Each hashmark represents 100 msec. Negative voltage is plotted up. 1308 OSTERHOUT, ALLEN, MCLAUGHLIN, AND INOUE Figure 2. Difference waves formed by subtracting event- related potentials elicited by well- formed con-trols from those elicited by critical words in the sentence judgment ( solid lines) or passive- reading ( dashed lines) tasks. ( A) Semantic anomaly condition. ( B) Syntactic anomaly condition. BRAIN POTENTIALS TO LINGUISTIC ANOMALIES 1309 Extended Epoch We also examined an extended epoch of activity en-compassing the 2,200 msec of activity that immediately followed critical word onset, collapsing across the task variable ( Figure 3). 2 Mean amplitude differences be-tween 300 and 500 msec and between 500 and 800 msec were highly similar to those reported using the shorter epochs. Between 300 and 500msec, ERPs to semantically anomalous words were more negative- going over mid-line sites than were those to the well- formed [ F( 1,17) = 26.58, MSe = 10.71, p < .001] and syntactically anom-alous sentences [ F( 1,17) = 19.74, MSe = 13.62, p < .001]. There was no reliable difference between the syntactically anomalous and the well- formed conditions [ F( 1,17) < 1, p > .8]. Between 500 and 800 msec, ERPs to the syntac-tically anomalous condition were more positive- going than were those in the well- formed condition [ F( 1,17) = 15.44, MSe = 14.52, p = .001] and the semantically anomalous condition [ F( 1,17) = 18.91, MSe = 14.75, p < .001]. ERPs to the semantically anomalous words did not differ reliably from ERPs to those in the well- formed condition [ F( 1,17) < 1, p > .5]. Inspection of Figure 3 also reveals that the large pos-itive wave elicited by the syntactically anomalous words persisted for at least 1,600 msec— that is, for more than 2 sec and throughout the epochs elicited by at least two subsequent words. A much smaller amplitude positive shift was also observable in the ERPs to the semantically anomalous words; this effect became most notable 1,100 or 1,200 msec after critical word onset and persisted for more than half a second. ANOVAs were performed on mean amplitudes within two windows: between 800 and 1,700msec ( to capture the portion of the waveform con-taining the largest amplitude positive shift in the seman-tic condition) and between 800 and 2,200 msec ( to exam-ine the temporal extent of the effects in both anomalous conditions). ERPs to the syntactic anomalies were robustly more positive- going than were those to the well- formed condition in both time windows [ 800– 1,700 msec, F( 1,17) = 13.26, MSe = 17.21, p < .01; 800– 2,200 msec, F( 1,17) = 8.41, MSe = 18.12, p = .01], whereas ERPs to the semantic anomalies were not, under the modified Bonferroni procedure [ 800– 1,700 msec, F( 1,17) = 4.82, MSe = 8.59, p > .04; 800– 2200 msec, F( 1,17) = 2.41, p > .1]. DISCUSSION We report that syntactic and semantic anomalies elicit distinct brain responses ( the P600 and the N400 effects, re-spectively), even when they are embedded in naturalistic, connected prose. The observation that syntactic and se-mantic anomalies elicit these two very different brain re-sponses has now been generalized across languages ( e. g., English, Dutch, French, and Italian), modalities ( visual and auditory), types of anomaly, rates of word presentation, and various other methodological and stimulus factors. Such good generalization makes it unlikely that this result reflects an artifact of a particular combination of stimuli, methods, and language. Rather, the accumulating evidence supports the generalization that the human brain responds differently to linguistic anomalies involving syntax and se- Figure 3. Extended epoch plotting event- related potentials to the critical word and to sub-sequent words in the sentence. Top panel: Semantic anomaly condition versus control con-dition. Bottom panel: Syntactic anomaly condition versus control condition. 1310 OSTERHOUT, ALLEN, MCLAUGHLIN, AND INOUE mantics, as manifested in the P600 and the N400 effects. This conclusion, in turn, supports the claim that separable syntactic and semantic processes exist. Limitations and apparent exceptions to this general-ization do exist. For example, several studies have re-ported that the ERP response to syntactic anomalies is dominated by an anterior negativity ( usually maximal between 200 and 500msec), rather than a P600- like pos-itivity ( Münte, Heinze, & Mangun, 1993; Rösler, Fried-erici, Pütz, & Hahne, 1993). There are numerous ways in which these experiments differ from those reporting P600 effects, and these differences could affect the re-sults. For example, most studies reporting an anterior negativity, rather than a P600- like positivity, have placed the anomalous word at the end of the sentence. This po-tentially confounds the effects of the anomaly with end-of- sentence wrap- up effects ( see Osterhout, 1997, for evidence in support of this possibility). Some of these studies have included tasks that might have confounded the response to the anomaly. For example, Rösler et al. asked participants to make lexical decisions to critical words. It is not clear how the lexical decision task might interact with the response to a linguistic anomaly. Fi-nally, there might be limitations to generalizations across languages. Most of the studies reporting anterior neg-ativities in the absence of P600s have presented Ger-man stimuli, whereas the majority of studies report-ing P600 effects have presented English stimuli. Much of the grammatical work in English is encoded in word order, whereas similar grammatical work in German is encoded in a system of case- marking ( but see Angrilli et al., 2002, for evidence of a P600 response in Italian, which is also a case- marked language). At the least, cau-tion is needed in comparing the responses to ostensibly similar linguistic constructions presented in different languages. Other studies have reported a biphasic response to syntactic anomalies, in which an anterior negativity is followed by a P600- like positivity ( Friederici et al., 1996; Neville et al., 1991; Osterhout & Holcomb, 1992, 1993). Friederici and colleagues have proposed that there are two separable and functionally distinct anterior negativities: an early one ranging from 100 to 250 msec and a later one ranging from 300 to 500msec ( Friederici, 1995; Friederici et al., 1996). These researchers have also proposed that the early effect specifically reflects phrase structure anomalies, whereas the later effect re-flects syntactic incongruity in general. In the present study, we did not observe any anterior negativities in re-sponse to the syntactic anomalies. A large number of prior studies have also failed to find such negativities ( see, e. g., Hagoort et al., 1993; McKinnon & Osterhout, 1996; Osterhout, 1997; Osterhout et al., 1994; Osterhout & Nicol, 1999). This might be due, in part, to the small amplitude and variable temporal qualities of these nega-tivities. Increased variance across trials or subjects or in-sufficient signal- to- noise ratios could obscure these effects even if they are present. In any case, a careful reading of the extant literature suggests that the antecedent condi-tions that elicit anterior negativities might not be suffi-ciently understood to allow for clear theoretical inter-pretations of these effects. Our results are seemingly inconsistent with those re-ported by Münte et al. ( 1998). These researchers pre-sented a prose passage containing sentence- embedded syntactic anomalies, semantic anomalies, and misspelled words. In contrast to the results reported here, all three types of anomaly elicited positive waves ( although the semantic anomalies, but not the other anomalies, also elicited an N400 effect). We cannot, at present, reconcile these different outcomes. These different results might be due to differences in methods, stimuli, and/ or language. However, it is our belief that the preponderance of evi-dence is consistent with our generalization. In particular, Münte et al.' s ( 1998) observation that sentence- embedded semantic anomalies elicit a positive wave is inconsistent with the results of a majority of the relevant studies ( see, e. g., Hagoort & Brown, 1994; Osterhout, 1997; Osterhout & Mobley, 1995; Osterhout & Nicol, 1999). One impor-tant consistency between our results and those of Münte et al. ( 1998) is that the ERP responses to syntactic and semantic anomalies become less distinct over time. In the present study, both types of anomaly elicited more positive- going activity than did well- formed controls, beginning at about 1,100 msec, although this effect was much more robust in the syntactic condition. Because few reports have included extended- epoch averages, it is difficult to know whether this is true only under prose conditions or is more generally true. It is also unclear whether this late- onset positivity is an extension of the neural events underlying the P600 effect or a reflection of separate neural events. In the present study, the task manipulation had a quan-titative, rather than a qualitative, effect on ERPs. Specif-ically, syntactic anomalies elicited a larger amplitude P600 in the acceptability judgment condition than in the passive- reading condition ( for a similar result, see Os-terhout et al., 1996). There are many possible explana-tions for this task effect. For example, passive readers, more than those who were explicitly monitoring for anomalies, might have varied considerably in their at-tention to the prose and the anomalous words. The greater between- subjects variance within the P600 win-dow in the passive- reading condition ( MSe = 25.59 mV) than in the acceptability judgment condition ( MSe = 9.06 mV) is consistent with this notion. Another possi-bility is that the response to the anomalies is influenced by their degree of task relevance ( see Osterhout & Ha-goort, 1999), either by virtue of modulating the neural processes underlying the P600 effect or by engaging neural systems that are sensitive to task relevance ( such as those indexed by the P300; Donchin, 1981). It should be noted, however, that all of the subjects reported notic-ing the linguistic anomalies, regardless of task, and that the anomalies were relevant to both tasks, although per-haps in different ways. BRAIN POTENTIALS TO LINGUISTIC ANOMALIES 1311 We should mention explicitly that none of these re-sults brings us closer to understanding the cognitive and neural underpinnings of these language- sensitive ERP effects. Most important, it is not clear whether these ef-fects reflect linguistic processes themselves or processes that are correlated with, but indeterminately removed from, the linguistic processes themselves. For this rea-son, inferences about the timing of linguistic processing on the basis of the temporal aspects of the ERP results are premature. Finally, although the experimental conditions used here more closely approximate " normal" reading condi-tions than have the methods used previously, people do not normally read sentences presented one word at a time at the slow rate of 700 msec per word. Faster visual pre-sentation rates and connected natural speech introduce the potentially serious problems of component overlap in the responses to successive words. In the present study, the relatively long interval between words allowed us to more clearly ascertain the responses to the critical words without contaminating the response of interest with the responses to subsequent words. However, sev-eral studies have shown that the P600 and N400 effects can be observed with visual rates as fast as 400 msec per word and with connected natural speech ( Allen et al., in press; Hagoort & Brown, 2000; Holcomb & Neville, 1991; Osterhout & Holcomb, 1993), indicating that the results reported here generalize to fluent, naturalistic speech, as well as to connected prose. In summary, our results demonstrate that syntactic and semantic anomalies elicit qualitatively distinct brain re-sponses ( the P600 and the N400 effects, respectively) even when they are embedded in prose and when sub-jects are assigned no task other than to comprehend what they are reading. These findings provide additional evi-dence from the normal, intact human brain that at least some aspects of syntactic and semantic processing are neurobiologically distinct. At present, little is known about the cognitive and neurobiological processes un-derlying the N400 and P600 effects. It is not unreason-able to believe that as we learn more about these pro-cesses, we will simultaneously be learning more about the differences in how the brain deals with the syntax and the semantics of language. REFERENCES Allen, M., Badecker, W., & Osterhout, L. ( in press). Syntactic fea-tures are analyzed independently of their hosts. Language & Cogni-tive Processes. Angrilli, A., Penolazzi, B., Vespignani, F., De Vincenzi, M., Job, R., Ciccarelli, L., Palomba, D., & Stegagno, L. ( 2002). Cor-tical brain responses to semantic incongruity and syntactic violation in Italian language: An event- related potential study. Neuroscience Letters, 322, 5- 8. Chomsky, N. ( 1986). Knowledge of language. New York: Praeger. Donchin, E. ( 1981). Surprise! . . . Surprise? Psychophysiology, 30, 90- 97. Ferreira, F., & Clifton, C., Jr. ( 1986). The independence of syntac-tic processing. Journal of Memory & Language, 25, 348- 368. Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. ( 1982). Making and correcting errors dur-ing sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of struc-turally ambiguous sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 178- 210. Friederici, A. D. ( 1995). The time course of syntactic activation dur-ing language processing: A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. Brain & Language, 62, 311- 341. Friederici, A. D., Hahne, A., & Mecklinger, A. ( 1996). Temporal structure of syntactic processing: Early and late event- related poten-tial effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 22, 1219- 1248. Hagoort, P., & Brown, C. M. ( 1994). Brain responses to lexical ambi-guity resolution and parsing. In C. Clifton, Jr., L. Frazier, & K. Rayner ( Eds.), Perspectives on sentence processing ( pp. 45- 80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hagoort, P., & Brown, C. M. ( 2000). ERP effects of listening to speech compared to reading: The P600/ SPS to syntactic violations in spoken sentences and rapid serial visual presentation. Neuropsycho-logia, 38, 1531- 1549. Hagoort, P., Brown, C., & Groothusen, J. ( 1993). The syntactic pos-itive shift as an ERP measure of sentence processing. Language & Cognitive Processes, 8, 439- 483. Hagoort, P., Brown, C., & Osterhout, L. ( 1999). The neural archi-tecture of syntactic processing. In C. Brown & P. Hagoort ( Eds.), Neurocognition of language ( pp. 273- 316). Oxford: Oxford Univer-sity Press. Holcomb, P. J., & Neville, H. J. ( 1991). Natural speech processing: An analysis using event- related brain potentials. Psychobiology, 19, 286- 300. Jasper, H. H. ( 1958). Report to the committee on the methods of clin-ical examination in electroencephalography. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 10, 371- 375. Johnson- Laird, P. N. ( 1983). Mental models: Towards a cognitive sci-ence of language, inference, and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Kenan, L. R. ( 1998). New American profiles. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch. Keppel, G. ( 1982). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook. En-glewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall. Kutas, M. ( 1993). In the company of other words: Electrophysiologi-cal evidence for single- word and sentence context effects. Language & Cognitive Processes, 8, 533- 572. Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. ( 1980). Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207, 203- 205. Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. ( 1983). Event- related brain potentials to grammatical errors and semantic anomalies. Memory & Cognition, 11, 539- 550. Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. ( 1984). Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 307, 161- 163. Marslen- Wilson, W. D., & Tyler, L. K. ( 1987). Against modularity. In J. L. Garfield ( Ed.), Modularity in knowledge representation and natural- language understanding ( pp. 37- 62). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. McClelland, J. L., St. John, M., & Taraban, R. ( 1989). Sentence comprehension: A parallel distributed processing approach. Lan-guage & Cognitive Processes, 4, 287- 336. McKinnon, R., & Osterhout, L. ( 1996). Constraints on movement phenomena in sentence processing: Evidence from event- related brain potentials. Language & Cognitive Processes, 11, 495- 523. Münte, T. F., Heinze, H.- J., & Mangun, G. R. ( 1993). Dissociation of brain activity related to syntactic and semantic aspects of language. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 335- 344. Münte, T. F., Heinze, H.- J., Matzke, M., Wieringa, B. M., & Jo-hannes, S. ( 1998). Brain potentials and syntactic violations revisited: No evidence for specif icity of the syntactic positive shift. Neuro-psychologia, 36, 217- 226. Neville, H. J., Nicol, J. L., Barss, A., Forster, K. I., & Garrett, M. F. ( 1991). Syntactically based processing classes: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 151- 165. Osterhout, L. ( 1997). On the brain response to syntactic anomalies: 1312 OSTERHOUT, ALLEN, MCLAUGHLIN, AND INOUE Manipulations of word position and word class reveal individual dif-ferences. Brain & Language, 59, 494- 522. Osterhout, L., & Hagoort, P. ( 1999). A superficial resemblance does not necessarily mean you are part of the family: Counterarguments to Coulson, King, and Kutas ( 1998) in the P600/ SPS- P300 debate. Lan-guage & Cognitive Processes, 14, 1- 14. Osterhout, L., & Holcomb, P. J. ( 1992). Event- related brain poten-tials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory & Language, 31, 785- 806. Osterhout, L., & Holcomb, P. J. ( 1993). Event- related potentials and syntactic anomaly: Evidence of anomaly detection during the per-ception of continuous speech. Language & Cognitive Processes, 8, 413- 438. Osterhout, L., Holcomb, P. J., & Swinney, D. A. ( 1994). Brain po-tentials elicited by garden- path sentences: Evidence of the applica-tion of verb information during parsing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20, 786- 803. Osterhout, L., McKinnon, R., Bersick, M., & Corey, V. ( 1996). On the language- specificity of the brain response to syntactic anomalies: Is the syntactic positive shift a member of the P300 family? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 507- 526. Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., Allen, M., Inoue, K., & Loveless, J. ( 2002). Changes in brain activity associated with the first year of adult foreign- language instruction. Manuscript in preparation. Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., & Bersick, M. ( 1997). Event- related potentials and human language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 203- 209. Osterhout, L., & Mobley, L. A. ( 1995). Event- related brain poten-tials elicited by failure to agree. Journal of Memory & Language, 34, 739- 773. Osterhout, L., & Nicol, J. ( 1999). On the distinctiveness, independence, and time course of the brain responses to syntactic and semantic anomalies. Language & Cognitive Processes, 14, 283- 317. Rösler, F., Friederici, A. D., Pütz, P., & Hahne, A. ( 1993). Event-related brain potentials while encountering semantic and syntactic constraint violations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 345- 362. NOTES 1. When the data reported by Kutas and Hillyard ( 1983) were in-spected using a longer duration epoch, a P600- like positive wave became clear in the response to the syntactic anomalies ( M. Kutas, personal communication, November 18, 2002). 2. Extended epochs could not be obtained for 6 of the subjects, owing either to excessive artifact rejection for the extended epoch or to prob-lems in retrieving critical files from the data archive. Therefore, the data from 18 subjects were included in the extended- epoch grand average. ( Manuscript received December 7, 2001; revision accepted for publication August 13, 2002.)
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Study strikes down 'sustainable packaging' terminology
Another conclusion of the study, PwC relates, is that stakeholders are engaging in greater collaboration to ensure the objectives for sustainable packaging are aligned. "It's evident that the packaging industry, retailers, and suppliers are putting aside their traditional views of commercial sensitivities and the 'silo' approach to sustainability," says the report. "In its place is a willingness to develop an overall solution to sustainability that covers the entire life cycle."
Notes study participant Michael Wilson of Diageo, "Our approach hasn't changed dramatically, but we are looking to collaborate more with our suppliers and customers. Collaboration up and down the supply chain is the way forward, with technology and innovation being the crucial components of progress."
To facilitate this collaboration, PwC reports, the industry has come together to construct a uniform language around sustainable packaging, as well as standard metrics and key performance indicators. This refers to the Global Protocol on Packaging Sustainability, launched by the Global Consumer Goods Forum in September 2011.
Says Anne Roulin, also of Nestle, "We have better tools available to analyze environmental impact than ever before. Life cycle assessment is the tool of choice, and it is fully embedded into our R&D processes."
Tools for change
According to the study, "new packaging materials, improved efficiency processes, and 'smart design' products are all helping to improve the impact of packaging across the supply chain."
Among the technologies (for both product and packaging) cited by PwC as having the potential to create greater packaging efficiency are:
• Product reformulation
• The use of filler materials
• Nanotechnology
• Paper manufacturer UPM's development of fibril cellulose
• Printed functionality, sometimes known as printed intelligence
• Retail-Ready Packs (RRPs)
In conclusion, PwC reports that the evolution of efficient packaging solutions will be shaped by the cost of materials; breakthroughs in new technologies; the security of supplies such as fiber, glass, PET, water, and electricity; consumer demand for convenience; and finding sources of competitive advantage in falling consumer spending.
Participants in the study included The Alliance for Beverage Cartons and the Environment (ACE) UK, Diageo, INCPEN, Marks & Spencer, Nestle, Procter & Gamble, and Rexam. PwC relates that it also drew conclusions from other PwC publications, EU Commission Web sites, and various analyst sources, including Datamonitor, PIRA, and Kantar.

subset: commoncrawl


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Go back in time with the fun and distinctive styling of the Cleveland collection. Retro chrome plated tables, chairs, and bar stools create a unique 1950's diner appeal. With a number of different looks, the Cleveland collection will make a wonderful addition to your pub room, game room, or casual dining spaces.
Create a relaxed yet distinctive look in your home with the retro designs of this side dining chair. The chrome plated frame and black or red cushioned seat and padded seat back offer a 1950's diner appeal. Complete this fun style by pairing this piece with the coordinating chrome plated dining table!
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Expert App Reviewers
So little time and so very many apps. What's a poor iPhone lover to do? Fortunately, 148Apps is here to give you the rundown on the latest and greatest releases. And we even have a tremendous back catalog of reviews; just check out the Reviews Archive for every single review we've ever written.
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Go to m.barnard.edu for the Mobile Barnard web app or download it from the App Store or Google Play.
Go to m.barnard.edu for the Mobile Barnard web app or download it from the App Store or Google Play.
If you would like your event to be featured on this page, please e-mail Eliza Taylor, GBB Communications Chair, at email@example.com.
CU Wind Ensemble Presents: Tales and Visions
When: Sunday, December 8th 2:00PM
Where: Roone Arledge Auditorium, 115th and Broadway
Who: All are welcome to attend. Free with CUID. $5 general admission.
What: Come join us and the Columbia Classical Performers at our last concert of the semester! We will be featuring music by Reed, Mackey, McBeth, Halvorsen, and Wagner. Complementary snacks and refreshments will follow the performance.
Facebook event: https://www.facebook.
Campus-wide Hannukah Celebrations The Jewish Festival of Lights is finally here! Join in on a festive communal candle-lighting ceremony in your dorm, or a dorm nearby, complete with candy, dreidels, and FREE donuts! In addition, as part of the spirit of gift-giving and triumph over tragedy, please join in our efforts to raise money for the recovery efforts in the Philippines through the American Jewish World Service-- there will be "tzedaka" (charity) collection boxes at the event. When: Monday, Dec. 2,, 7:30-8:30 pm Locations: Barnard dorms: Sulz lobby, Elliot lobby, Plimpton lounge, 600 lounge Columbia dorms: Furnald lounge, Schapiro lounge, E.C. lounge
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The room was very nice: good bed and shower, fridge, air conditioning. The guy at the reception was very nice and helpful. The location of Casa Carra is pretty good, just next to the Vitorio Emanuele metro station, one station from Rome Termini central station. The breakfast at the cafetaria next door was nothing special but okay.
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Neuron, Volume 55, Issue 4, 602-614 16 August 2007
H Bonding at the Helix-Bundle Crossing Controls Gating in Kir Potassium Channels
Supplemental Data for Rapedius et al.
- Document S1. Three Figures (PDF 158 kb)
- Movie S1. How Kir1.1 Might Move between the Open and Closed States (MPG 2039 kb)
- This movie was produced by linearly tweening between the open and closed states using VMD. It illustrates the types of motions necessary to open the channel and the possible role of Lys-80 and Ala-177 in stabilizing the closed state. The view is from beneath the channel up through the pore. TM1, TM2, and the slide helix are shown in green, yellow, and red, respectively. The two amino acid residues (Lys-80 and Ala-177) are drawn as tubes and are colored according to element.
Summary of this Article Full Text of this Article


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Flap over county road work raises questionsAugust 21, 2012, 7:00 pm by James Walker
County roads, public roads, publicly dedicated roads and others. "There are many kinds of roads and it is extremely complicated, said Burnet County Attorney Eddie Arredondo, who conducted an investigation after the anonymous caller complained to County Auditor Karen Lester July 15. Lester later informed one of her bosses, 424thDistrict Judge Dan Mills of the complaint and Mills forwarded the complaint to Sheriff W. T. Smith. "Previous county attorneys Eddie Shell and Robert Klaeger gave opinions that county equipment and personnel could do this, Arredondo said in an interview Monday. "It goes back to what commissioners thought they could do. The county attorney is now recommending that the county get an updated opinion on the matter from legal counsel. The caller complained to Lester after receiving an unsatisfactory initial response from someone in Arredondos office, Arredondo acknowledged in a report to the commissioners at their meeting Aug. 14. Precinct 1 Commissioner Bill Neve has acknowledged that his employees hauled materials bought by Council Creek Village Subdivision residents near East Lake Buchanan to a road within the subdivision and deposited them there. The county employees did no work on the road, Neve said. For the rest of the story, see Wednesdays Bulletin. Reader CommentsSomeone needs to check out the problems of roads and favoritism in Cottonwood Shores? They do weird and irrelevant project, and yet they neglect the roads here. the rule is -
county workers only do work for the county, and that is exclusively.
at no time does the county deliver or work for another without compensation being accounted for,
when the public wants extra work done, there had better be a surplus in the checking account to do it with.
NO DIFFERENT than any business, the county is incurring a cost per person, per vehicle, per day.
county workers, even commissioners and county attorneys know there's a related cost of operation per day.
HOW much did the county attorney charge the commissioners for the opinion the attorney rendered?
POLITICS had better be put on the back burner and that the appropriate person was invoiced the appropriate cost of the improvement to a PRIVATE subdivision.
IF NOT, then the person in charge of this area of county government should be fired immediately and the house cleaned of those whom they trained incorrectly. |
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I get so tired of all the stupid arguments about creation on the blogs. If you are religious and do not believe in evolution why were you drawn to read this article? I am a student and when I turn to the comments at the end of the article I am looking for discussion on the article not your religious beliefs. I believe in a higher power, but I do not believe in everything a book (Bible), compiled and put together by some priests and Constantine, tells me to do, and I certainly do not want it shoved down my throat after every article I read on NAT GEO. Either give us your opinion without all the "god" stuff or start your own blog to complain about who don't believe ancient religions anymore. I am sorry but the majority of us are not brimming with faith. And I agree I would have loved to have seen the real bones of this fish.
Illustration courtesy Brian Choo
Published September 25, 2013
Scientists have found the oldest face—and it's a fish. (Not a fishface, though.)
The 419-million-year-old fish fossil could help explain when and how vertebrates, including humans, acquired our faces—suggesting a far more primitive origin for this critical feature of our success, a new study says.
"Entelognathus primordialis is one of the earliest, and certainly the most primitive, fossil fish that has the same jawbones as modern bony fishes and land vertebrates including ourselves," said study co-author Min Zhu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
"The human jaw is quite directly connected to the jaw of this fish, and that's what makes it so interesting."
The bones comprising the fish's cheek and jaws appear essentially the same as those found in modern bony vertebrates, including humans, Zhu added. Because it boasts maxilla and mandible much like our own, the fish may be the earliest known creature with what we'd recognize as a face. (Related: "Ancient Toothy Fish Found in Arctic—Giant Prowled Rivers.")
Key Evolutionary Step
The development of jaws and faces was a key step in vertebrate evolution, and probably appeared as a way for fish to catch bigger and/or more nimble prey, according to the study, published September 26 in the journal Nature.
There remains much to learn about how it happened, however.
University of Oxford paleobiologist Matt Friedman, who wasn't involved in the research but penned a commentary for Nature, said the fossil boasts a jaw and face structure that's nothing like those in any other known members of Entelognathus's extinct family of primitive armored fishes, the placoderms. These creatures had simple jaws and cheeks composed of just a few large bones, Friedman explained, rather than complex arrangements of smaller bones like those found in modern bony fishes.
But in the new fossil, found in China, has a distinctive three-bone system still used by chewing vertebrates today: a lower jawbone called the dentary and two upper jaw bones called the premaxilla (holding the front teeth) and the maxilla (holding the canine and cheek teeth).
"The exciting thing about this fossil is that when you look at the top of it, it looks like a placoderm, but when you look at the side of the fish and the structure of the jaw, it doesn't look like any placoderm that we know of," Friedman said.
"This tends to suggest the exciting possibility that these jawbones evolved way deep down in the lineage, so these features we used to hold as being unique to bony fishes may not be so unique." (Related: "Ancient Fish Downsized But Still Largest Ever.")
Understanding Our Origins
The ramifications of that theory, if confirmed, would extend far beyond fish into the deepest roots of our own family tree, Friedman said.
"Basically, as terrestrial vertebrates, we are a kind of very specialized, very bizarre fish that about 370 million years ago went on land and lost its fins. Understanding the origin of bony fishes is inextricably linked to understanding our own origins because we're bony fishes.
"These different bones in our skull, the ones that medical students learn the names of, where and when in our family tree did they arrive?" he asked. (Related: "Flat-Faced Early Humans Confirmed—Lived Among Other Human Species.")
If it's the case that the bones we see in Entelognathus are genuinely related to the ones in our own faces, Friedman explained, we can trace the origin of those features very deep down into our own family tree, even before the lineage of bony fishes (including terrestrial vertebrates like humans) split from that of the cartilaginous fishes (including sharks and rays).
"It suggests a real antiquity to some of the most prominent features of our own bony faces."
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Pearl V-Neck One-Piece Swimsuit (# TSW33140P)
Bring seaside elegance to any water's edge in this flattering one-piece swimsuit. Sleek and stylish, it features a tummy-control panel that offers a slimming silhouette without sacrificing comfort. Made from premium Italian microfiber, it retains its shape, dries quickly and resists fading. Dyed-to-match lining.
Xtra Life Lycra® resists the effects of chlorine and other pool chemicals 510 times longer than unprotected elastane, allowing garments to keep their shape much longer.
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CTE: Learning that works for America®
Nationwide, Career Technical Education (CTE) programs are changing, evolving and innovating to better serve the country's needs. CTE is preparing students of all ages to help drive America's success and vitality. Further, it is creating an educational environment that integrates core academics with real-world relevance. CTE is leading this change, transforming expectations and making a difference for students, for secondary and postsecondary schools, for businesses and industry—for America.
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Ruger® 10/22® Carbine Autoloading Rimfire Rifle
Sale price: Clearance price: Starting at: Sale starting at: Clearance starting at: Reg. price:
One of America's favorite .22 LR designs, the Ruger 10/22 delivers proven performance over a wide range of rimfire applications. Ideally suited for informal target shooting, plinking small game hunting, or action-shooting events, Ruger has sold millions of 10/22 rifles since their introduction in 1964. With its legendary action and renowned reliable rotary magazine, every 10/22 rifle has proven to be sleek, perfectly balanced, rugged, and superbly accurate. With its proven design, legendary reliability, and modern features demanded by today's shooters, these firearms are also priced right to keep the ownership of a great tradition affordable. Synthetic stock. Alloy steel barrel. Lightweight aluminum receiver. Superbly accurate.
Rated 5 out of 5 by 4
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Rated 5 out of 5 by HunterH32 A squirrel's worst nightmare
I got this gun not all that long ago for some target shooting and squirrel hunting, I put on a red dot sight with the Weaver styled scope mount it comes with. I have killed squirrels up to 60 yards with no problem at all. It rarely jams and I that is only with an aftermarket magazine from Butler Creek. The thing I love most about this gun is how easy it is to customize. Due to It's popularity, many parts, stock and custom, are available for this gun.
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May 21, 2012
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Little Black Gfs is an awesome black amateur ex girlfriends site.
Here are a handful of submitted pictures of a really cute and sexy young black girl. She's taking self pics of her sexy body wearing bra and panties, using her cell phone camera. She's really cute and has such a sweet smile and smooth nice black ass. Hot ebony ex girlfriends like this are usually found on BlackGfs.com and My Ebony GF so check those out.
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1 nightsThe Golden Age of Travel Package for 2 Travelers
1 nightsThis tour-only package for 2 includes:
- The Golden Age of Travel day tour for two aboard the British Pullman, departing from and returning to London Victoria station
- 5-course lunch with champagne and a half-bottle of wine per person
- Personal steward service throughout
- Value Added Taxes (VAT)
View Itinerary
Booking Conditions:
- This package does not include hotel or overnight accommodations of any kind. Price above is for tour activities and above inclusions only.
(888) 297-3299
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Man's Best FriendNatural Ingredients
Isn't it time you took a long hard look in the mirror and said, "It's time for some after shave balm"? Of course it is.
Packed with 8 essential oils, green tea, konjac mannan, rosehip oil and vitamin E to help nourish and soothe the skin.
Bulldog shave products contain unique essential oil blends and amazing natural active ingredients to improve performance.
Bulldog is man's best friend
For us, natural grooming is about caring as much about what you put on your skin as what you eat. You will never find Parabens, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, artificial colours, synthetic fragrances or animal ingredients in any of our products.
BUAV Approved | Vegetarian Society Approved
Made in the United Kingdom
Avoid contact with eyes. For external use only.
©Bulldog Natural Skincare/Naked Earth, Inc.
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By El Toro
from USA
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Best Uses
Comments about Bulldog Natural Skincare Original After Shave Balm, 2.5 fl oz:
You can use this balm daily, or just on the days when you cut too closely and irritate your skin. The product goes on smoothly and absorbs quickly, and the subtle scent doesn't linger. Like a secret agent, it does the job then disappears.
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(0 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
By hiker
from los angeles, ca
While it contains natural ingredients it also contains a lot of not so natural chemicals typical of modern products. I was looking for something 100% more natural. Was much happier with Burts Bees aftershave.
Apply to face after shaving.


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Warning Signs Of HPV
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)What Is HPV? How Can HPV Be Detected? Can HPV Infection Be Prevented? How Are HPV Infections Treated? The Bottom Line NOTE: In the U.S., counseling and referrals are available on a national human papillomavirus (HPV) hotline. Call toll-free at 877-HPV-5868 (877-478-5868). What Is HPV? There are over 100 viruses known as human papilloma virus (HPV). They are common. One study found HPV in 77% of HIV-positive women. HPV is transmitted...
Ask the Experts
What are the warning signs of anal cancer?Hi Dr. Bruce, Could you tell me, what would be some warning signs of anal cancer? I occasionally have a little blood in my stools. What would you advise? Thank you,Concerned...Response from Bruce Dezube, M.D.
Harvard Medical School
Anal cancer can indeed present at change in bowel habit; blood in stool, pain with bowel movements, lump or bump in the area, and so on. Most anal cancers in HIV'ers are related to the human papillomavirus (HPV); HPV causes anal warts. Many...
Read more »
Gardasil (HPV) vaccine for those already with HPV (HPV Vaccine for MEN) (GARDASIL) VACCINE (HPV)I'm a 43 year old man with HPV already, awaiting biopsy results to see if I have anal cancer as we speak. Is it a waist of time and resources to get the Gardasil (HPV) vaccine at this time, or will it help down the road whether I have anal...Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation
Hello,Gardasil is a preventative, not a therapeutic vaccine. Consequently if you already have the HPV strains contained within the vaccine, getting inoculated will not provide any help. I'll reprint some information about Gardasil from the...
Read more »
Recurring HPV is that a sign of HIV?I was diagnosed with HPV in February. My last sexual contact before that was early in January. I had a test for HIV in Mid-March which was negative. However my HPV keeps returning and I am wondering if it is to do with the Immune deficiency relative...Response from Ryan M. Kull, C.S.W
Columbia University's Health & Related Services
Recurring outbreaks of HPV related to HIV infection are associated to later stage disease when immune suppression is more siginificant. It is unlikely that your outbreaks are related to HIV infection. If you are interested in having an accurate HIV...
Read more »
GARDASIL FOR PEOPLE WITH HPV (GARDASIL VACCINE) (HPV VACCINE FOR THOSE ALREADY INFECTED WITH HPV, 2008)Hello Dr. Francisco, Im a 24yr old male who recently found out has HPV, as a consequence my girlfriend also has it, but anyway my in my desperation to find information about it I found this site, question is: would it hurt just to try GARDASIL, you...Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation
Hello,Actually, my name if Frascino, not Francisco. So you can call me Dr. Bob.Regarding HPV, there are many different variants. But only a very few are associated with the subsequent development of cancer. The million dollar question remains...
Read more »
Connect With Others
Yeast infections, BV, and HPV
Posted by Anonymous, 4 Replies
I am starting to go crazy here thinking I may have HIV. I was told about two years ago that I had HPV which gave me an abnormal pap smear. A colposcopy was done that showed I had mild dysplasia. My pap and hpv test last year showed a negative...
Read more »
HPV and oral sex?
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply
Hi Im the same sguy with the OCD oral sex herpes problem. I was wonderin about HPV. 6 months and no signs. Am I in the clear with that as well?On a sidenote Im not going to have sex ever. Ive had only one BJ and I flip. this sex thing is not for me... Read more » HPV POST SURGERY
Posted by HealingPower, 1 Reply
Okay, so I had my surgery last Wednesday(thank the Lord for Anesthesia) May 31. I took Thurs/Fri off, and glad I did they gave me Hydrocodone/Apap and sent me on my way. Since then I have only been eating soup and crackers with an occasional ham...
Read more »
Just Diagnosed with HPV...possible link to HIV?
Posted by am2394, 3 Replies
Hi all,I had a possible HIV exposure in late July...i am a 21 year old female. I had unprotected sex with the friend of a friend. he did not ejaculate inside me. i have no reason to think he is HIV+, but he is the first person i have ever been... Read more » Advertisement Advertisement
Guides for People With HIV


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Career Center firstname.lastname@example.com phone: 208-885-6121 fax: 208-885-2816 Idaho Commons, Room 334 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 2534 Moscow, ID 83844-2534
Career Center Hours Monday-Friday (Academic Year) 8:00 am-5:00 pm Monday-Friday (Summer) 7:30 am-12 pm and 1 - 4:30 pm Drop-In Hours: Monday-Friday, 11:00 am-1:00 pm at the Career Center Mon, Wed, & Thurs, 2-4:30 pm at Career Center @ CBE (ALB 013B) Appointment Suggested. Drop-Ins Welcomed.
STUDENT Login Vandal CareerConnection is the University of Idaho's state-of-the-art career management database. As a member of the NACElink Network, the University of Idaho is pleased to provide students and alumni with a robust system that provides access to thousands of jobs, internships, and a range of other services including campus interviewing and resume referrals. Helpful hints:
Have a question? Visit our Frequently Asked Question's page.
Can't find the answer? Contact the Career Center at 208-885-6121 or email@example.com.


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Latest headlines
- Kooper's Tavern to open new restaurantKooper's Tavern will expand to Jacksonville, Maryland, in The Manor Shopping Center servicing... Continue
- Shoo-Fly Diner and the Charmery: Together for one night onlyWho da thunk it? There are wine and food pairings, beer and food pairings, cocktails and food... Continue
- Time to return to Copia for great drinking and dining in St. LouisThe last time Copia Restaurant and Urban Winery actually took off was the year it almost burnt to... Continue
- Restaurant review: Sirio Ristorante - Upper East Side, ManhattanSirio Ristorante795 5th Ave, New York, NY 10065(212)-940-8195,www.siriony.com/HOURS: Open daily;... Continue
- Today is Free Pancake Day at IHOPIHOP restaurants nationwide, including the one in San Jose, are hosting the 9th Annual National... Continue
- Tom's Urban DTLAExaminer.com attended a media sneak peek of Tom's Urban days before it opened in DTLA's L... Continue
- PABU's reopening party and all are invitedThey're back, they're back – PABU Izakaya is back after emergency repairs to... Continue
- Restaurant review: EN Japanese Brasserie - West Village, ManhattanEN JAPANESE BRASSERIE435 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014 ... Continue
- Round the clock Korean dining to be found at Seo Ra BeolSeo Ra Beol, a Korean dining establishment in Duluth, splits it's restaurant between a... Continue
- West Anne Arundel County Restaurant Week – make it a staycationThe popularity of restaurant weeks continues to grow – we are in the midst of Anne Arundel... Continue
- Visit Fire Artisan Restaurant during Inlander Restaurant WeekInlander Restaurant Week is happening now in Spokane and Coeur d'Alene. The event began on... Continue
- Santana Row celebrates the year of the horseThe Chinese New Year celebration at Santana Row—a premiere shopping, living, dining, and... Continue


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NJ kicks off campaign to boost Shore businesses on Valentine's Day
People planning to share their love this Valentine's Day are being asked to show a little love for the Jersey Shore — by opening their wallets.
"I get thousands of phone calls a week about how we can help people rebuild in New Jersey," Lt. Gov. Kim Guadagno said Monday. "And in the short term we can help rebuild New Jersey by doing one simple thing — come to the Jersey Shore for Valentine's Day. You will be surprised at all the businesses that are open."
Guadagno's visit to Jenkinson's Aquarium in Point Pleasant Beach was the state's kickoff for the "Show Your Love for the Jersey Shore" campaign, one of several public and privately funded marketing initiatives to promote the region after superstorm Sandy.
Travel and tourism is a $38 billion business in New Jersey, and if people don't return to the Shore this summer, New Jersey stands to lose significant tax revenue.
"Sometimes we call it the third largest industry in the state of New Jersey," Guadagno said. "The Jersey Shore is a large and impactful piece of that."
Governor Christie, out of the state this week raising money for his reelection bid, is banking on the rebuilding effort to boost the state's economy and to help him win a second term. Christie made the recovery the focus of his State of the State address last month and has toured devastated communities, highlighting boardwalk rebuilding efforts and sand dune replacements.
Christie is hoping the state will get federal funds to help promote tourism, but private industry and Choose New Jersey, a non-profit composed of business leaders, are also funding advertising campaigns.
Guadagno said the Shore needs all the help it can get, with other states now using the disaster as an opportunity to promote their own beaches.
"Now you know this administration," she said. "You punch me, I'll punch you right back. So I fully expect that we will get right in that game and we will not sit on our hands — out of a sense of competition if nothing else — as Maryland and Virginia focus on their beaches, you can bet New Jersey will double down on our beaches and how we're coming back. We fully intend to fight for those dollars."
Guadagno, Christie's running mate, has been putting her focus on businesses' recovery efforts. Next week, she's heading to Canada to promote the Jersey Shore.


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Skip to content, or skip to search.
Skip to content, or skip to search.
She tells us not to "feel defeated" backstage at the Dolce & Gabbana show.
It's Marianne Faithfull meets Joan Jett meets Liza Minelli.
Smoky and sultry, you should consider it for tonight.
Professional tips from a makeup artist in the adult-film industry.
Her makeup artist breaks down her latest red-carpet go-to look.


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(Difference between revisions)
Portal:Windows Phone
From Nokia Developer Wiki
m (Hamishwillee - - →How can you help?: - make more topical) |
m (Hamishwillee - - →Key article lists) |
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[[Portal:Most Viewed Windows Phone Articles|More...]] | [[Portal:Most Viewed Windows Phone Articles|More...]] | ||
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Revision as of 11:37, 5 March 2013
Nokia Lumia is Nokia's main smartphone platform. We currently have 9 Lumia/Windows Phone articles in this Wiki.
Winners Announced (04 Jan 2013): Congratulations to all our Windows Phone 8 Wiki Competition winners. The winners will receive a brand new Nokia Lumia device running Windows Phone 8.
Wiki |
Key article lists
How can you help?
We need innovative, real world and "unique" articles showing:
- Best practices and tips and tricks for writing great Windows Phone apps.
- How to use hardware and services that are unique to Nokia Lumia devices
- Integration with Nokia Windows Phone apps and services (like Nokia Music API, Here Drive, Here Maps etc) if these expose a public developer API
Other article types are welcome, but remember we want articles that are complementary to (and add value over) the existing resource on MSDN/DevCenter.


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SKU: 251462 Weight: 0.21
Out of stock
List Price:$19.33 Your Price:$14.68 You Save: $4.65 (24%) International customers, please view our shipping page for information on additional shipping fees. CLICK HERE
MAYA ROAD-Trinket Seasons Ribbon. This package contains one 25 yard spool of 3/8 inch wide grosgrain ribbon. Available in a variety of colors (each sold separately). Imported.


text: Peace, French Pop admirers! Here at Audiko we offer you to download French Pop ringtones for free. Possessing the largest database of free ringtones in all possible music styles including French Pop with all its variations including Chanson, Retro, Humour and many more! Here are the most special bands and artists of the French Pop genre of music including the most well-known stars such as Gilbert Montagne, Elisa Tovati as well as meek or L5. In such a way, we have all French Pop ringtones for iPhone and mobile to download. Currently everyone listens to the hottest hits such as Juste un instant by M. Pokora and Joe Le Taxi by Vanessa Paradis and downloads them to their phones. Here you can find any French Pop ringtone to download in a couple of seconds! You can simply download French Pop ringtones to your phone from Jenifer Bartoli, Natasha St.Pier, Ludivine Sagnier,Louis Garrel, Clotilde Hesme, Marc Lavoine & Bambou and Jil Caplan or search for your favorite artist or band within Audiko's free ringtone database. Be sure you will find one you need.


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tribe of Iroquoian-speaking North American Indians who lived in what is now the U.S. state of New York. The Onondaga traditionally inhabited villages of wood and bark longhouses occupied by related families. They moved these houses periodically to plant new fields, to seek fresh supplies of firewood, and to be nearer fish and game. They grew corn (maize), beans, squash, sunflowers, and tobacco. A council of adult males in each community guided the village chiefs
Learn more about Onondaga with a free trial on Britannica.com.


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Our clients have never lost money in the stock market. Never. From retirement savings to long-term care strategies, click here to learn more about what we do and how we did it. Learn More
We host educational seminars from May through November. Click here to learn more and make a reservation. Learn More
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At Senior Financial, we specialize in what we call "Safe Money Strategies." Our sole mission is to provide you with a risk-free financial future. We do this by providing safe-money solutions based on actuarial fundamentals, not on speculation or the latest investing fads.
Every Friday morning at 9 am, Thom discusses the financial markets, the economy, geopolitics, current events, and government policy as they impact the financial needs of New Englanders over the age of 50. Tune in to WFEA 1370-AM and tell your friends about it! Learn more
ATTEND OUR NEXT SEMINARClick to Learn More >


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"In order to compose, all you need to do is remember a tune that nobody else has thought of." - Robert Schumann
Hi and welcome. Read some of my compressed, timesaving, not really ironic text in the profile. I hope that you get inspired by the music here and suddenly imagine a future project with it, that you build around the cuts of it. If you do, let me know, I will do my best to promote it. Thank you! Now as you were, Browsing time!!
Best Sellers…
...with some of your coments you great people!
1. Motivate Me – "Excellent work my friend!!!!..."
2. Skynet Particles Logo – "Superb!"
3. Morale Lift – "Great uplifting song, friend!!!..."
4. Fashion Show Disco Bus – "Hey, this sounds really great! ..."
5. New Day – "This is so fun! I love it!"
6. Crystal Timelapse – "Incredible work, congratulations…"
7. Future Tech Talk – "Excellent work. This is exactly what I was looking for…."
8. Troytek – "Sounds fresh and original!!..."
9. Hip Hop Beat 2 – "Very nice sound design! Lovely."
10. Mega Factory Tech – "Another awesome tune sir!!..."
To all Video Hive and Active Den Authors.
Big Yes to collaborations, get in touch and lets make another best seller.


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Animal Emergency Hospital of Bel Air, Maryland provides Emergency and Critical Care for your Animals. We provide Onsite Lab Procedures, Digital Radiology, On site Surgery, 24 hour Monitoring and Hospitalization.
For over 10 years the Veterinary Doctors of the Animal Emergency Hospital have provided the Harford County, Maryland residents and their pets with quality Emergency Services when their regular veterinarians were not available. Animal Emergency Hospital currently supports more than 50 Maryland and Pennsylvania veterinary practices. We operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Our patients receive the Highest Quality Treatment and Supervision round the clock. Our Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Services allow us to serve the Northern Baltimore area with the fastest response time. Our Harford County Emergency Veterinary Hospital is a state of the art Veterinary Medicine Facility.Our Professional and Qualified Veterinary Staff strive to provide the Best Care, Treatment and Support for Small Animals, Avian and Exotics. Animal Emergency Hospital is proud to have an open door policy. We welcome pet owners to come in and take a tour of our hospital anytime. |
Do you have an emergency?
If you have an emergency, or if you are not sure if you have an emergency please call us at 410-420-7297 (PAWS)
For information on what is an emergency, the types of animals we treat, and our payment options, please see our Frequently Asked Questions Tab.
For directions to our hospital and our address, please see our Directions Tab.
How are we different from your regular veterinarian?
Here at Animal Emergency Hospital we specialize in emergency care. Our highly skilled staff of doctors, technicians, and support staff are always here 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year to handle any emergency situation. We have specialized equipment, technology, and services such as:
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At Animal Emergency Hospital we pride ourselves in our caring, compassionate, and dedicated manner of taking care of all animals and owners that come through the door. Although we do offer many different types of services we do not offer any regular veterinarian services such as vaccines, routine dentals, and health check-ups. To find a list of regular veterinarians in your area please see our Maryland Veterinarians Tab.
Find us on Facebook!
Go to: http://www.facebook.com/marylandpetemergency
See reviews and recommendations from our past clients! See more pictures of our hospital! Click "Like" and share our page with your friends!


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I'm having trouble deploying the new combined 32/64bit version of Flash published through the SCUP cab catalog and SCCM Software Updates deployment. On every one of my machines the update fails with the same error. I have a mixed environment of Win XP 32bit and Win 7 64 bit machines.
I've previously had no trouble at all deploing Flash (and other Adobe updates) updates using the SCUP catalog and SCCM. It is first with 11.3.300.257, where the msi contains binaries for both 32 and 64 bit, that i experiece issues.
The error i get in the WindowsUpdate.log is:
WUAHandler.log (SCCM related log) gives the error:
Installation job encountered some failures: Error = 0x80240022.
UpdatesHandler.log (SCCM related log) gives the error:
Update execution failed.
The Windows Application Event Log displays nothing in relation to the msi, so no usefull info there.
Anyone else out there with the same issues, or with some guidance?
I know that the response is really late. Did you solve this issue?
If not, could you please do the following:
- Right-click and see if the installer is blocked.
- Try installing Flash Player using the command that you use in SCCM and see if it installs.
Have, I am having the exact same problem. But 90% of my machines are fine. It is the about 30 machines, about 10% of the total, which fail with this error message. I cant see anything wrong with these machines, or anything in common thats different from the machines that patch ok.
This has occurred with all Flash ActiveX updates for Internet Explorer since I began using SCUP with SCCM.
any other advice that could be of use? Thanks!


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My First Place
After a three-month search, first-time buyers Katie and Michael struggle to find the perfect house in the perfect neighborhood. They are determined to find an investment home in an up-and-coming area. After two homes fall through in inspection, will they flex their financial power to buy a newer house? Real estate agent Justin Seeby is on hand to help.


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Study finds Apple tops in call center tech support
Apple outscored both Dell and Hewlett-Packard in overall satisfaction with tech support by phone, though its problem-resolution rates took a bit of a hit in a study released today by consumer feedback firm Vocal Laboratories.
Based on interviews with customers from July 2009 to December 2010, Apple's lead in phone support over Dell and HP dipped a bit in the second half of last year compared with the first half, according to the study from Vocal Laboratories (Vocalabs).
But Apple customers seeking tech support still proved the happiest, with 66 percent saying they were "very satisfied" with … Read more


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Share videos you watch on WSJ Live with your Facebook friends. Videos you watch here will automatically be posted to your timeline.
Log OutIf this is not you or you want to change users, logout. Note: You will be logged out of your Facebook account.
This live presentation has concluded. The program is being posted. Check back soon.
From Jennifer Lawrence in Dior (meh) to Lupita Nyong'o in Ralph Lauren (perfect), WSJ's Elizabeth Holmes shares her picks for the best and worst dressed of the 2014 Golden Globes.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.


text:
Search Result
Search Tags: onstar
GM, OnStar team with developer for community of the future
A new planned community outside of downtown Austin, Texas wants its residents to be the guinea pigs for a clean energy smart grid test both in the home -- and on the road.
Friday - 08/03/2012, 12:55pm EDT
Tags: General Motors, OnStar, Chevy Volt
Track drivers with new OnStar device
If you're driving someone else's car right now, you may want to be careful where you go.
Saturday - 03/31/2012, 08:21am EDT
Tags: OnStar, OnStar Family Link, cars, GPS, GPS tracking
Live video chat while driving? Might be a thing of the near future
Onstar is set to demonstrate in-car video chats and live video streaming in a Chevy Volt.
Friday - 12/30/2011, 06:03am EST
Tags: OnStar, Chevy Volt, Consumer Electronics Show, max smith, verizon


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Hot Meals Now on Instagram
Twitter Updates
- Here's our very own @joycetreasure in action! :) #femmefierce #leakestreet #internationalwomensday… instagram.com/p/lScHFDxK8T/ 3 days ago
- These pics were all taken about half way through. The women have until 5 pm to finish. #femmefierce… instagram.com/p/lSbp0TRK7Q/ 3 days ago
- Femme Fierce Leake Street takeover. #femmefierce #leakestreet #graffiti #streetart… instagram.com/p/lSa8QFRK6E/ 3 days ago
My website
Eat The Seasons
- Great resource of what's in season. Sign up for a free weekly email update. www.eattheseasons.co.uk
Organic Wick
Brilliant co-operative run by local residents in Hackney Wick, bringing in organic seasonal produce from a farm in Essex.
www.organicwick.org.uk Links Likes Loves Food
Links Likes Loves....Fashion and other loves
Restaurant Loves
My book
Tag Archives: happy birthday
Love cookies Love is in the air…..everywhere….
Make some cookies. Make some icing. Go crazy and have fun! Happy Valentines day! Happy Birthday Freya! X


text:
Chili on the Half-Shell
From Woman's Day
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Nutritional Information
(per serving)
Calories | 438 |
Total Fat | 31g |
Saturated Fat | 8g |
Cholesterol | 59mg |
Sodium | 1183mg |
Total Carbohydrate | 22g |
Dietary Fiber | 6g |
Sugars | n/a |
Protein | 20g |
Calcium | -- |
U.S. | Metric | Conversion chart |
- 2 cup(s) thawed Browned Ground
- 1 can(s) (28 oz) crushed tomatoes
- 1 can(s) (4.5 oz) chopped green chiles
- 3 tablespoon(s) 1 Step Tex-Mex Chili Beef Seasoning (from your markets spice section)
- 2 ripe Hass avocados
- 2 cup(s) shredded lettuce
- Toppings: shredded Cheddar cheese, corn chips, sour cream and chopped onion
- Browned Ground
- 3 pound(s) very lean ground beef
- 1.5 cup(s) chopped onions
- 1 tablespoon(s) minced garlic
- Put Browned Ground, tomatoes, chiles and seasoning into a large saucepan. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer uncovered 3 minutes to develop flavors.
- Meanwhile halve, peel and pit avocados.
- Divide lettuce between 4 serving bowls. Top each with an avocado half, chili and Toppings.
- For Browned Ground:
- Put ingredients in a 5-qt pot. Cook over medium-high heat, breaking up clumps of meat with a wooden spoon, 6 minutes or until beef is browned.
- Cool slightly, then place 2 cups in each of 4 gallon-size ziptop food bags. Press out air, seal and freeze flat.
- Browned Ground: Kirstie Pedley of Owensboro, KY, uses this mixture as a starting point when she makes tacos, meat sauce, chili or any recipe that starts with browned ground beef.
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Christine Livsey Status: See all reviews Member since 2013 Organization: University Of Arizona Read more » | 3.7 RATING:
"I think it is a good tool, and I would recommend it to others. It allows me to do everything that I need to do in a timely manner. " |
Fully-integrated turnkey Anesthesia System immobilizes small animals when taking pictures with the iBox Explorer2 Imaging Microscop, iBox® Scientia™ and iBox® Spectra™ Imaging System. The easy to use Anesthesia System is compact, portable and safe for animals.
The Small Animal Anesthesia System allows small animals to be anesthetised in order to capture superior small animal images with the high resolution, high sensitivity cooled CCD camera and optics using the iBox® Small Animal Imaging System.
The Anesthesia System combines several components to regulate and administer a combination of oxygen and isoflurane gas to the animal. The initial anesthesia is performed in the induction chamber. The animal is then moved to the warming plate inside the iBox darkroom. The plate generates uniform temperature conditions which maintain a safe body temperature of the animal during the imaging process. A breathing device on the plate connects to patented valves. These valves control the gas flow through the nose cone to protect the animal and technician from overexposure to gas. The breather incorporates multiple ports to accommodate up to three mice.
The patented Anesthesia System has passed rigorous testing by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and creates a safe environment for laboratory staff.
Small Animal Anesthesia System Features:
- Anesthesia of up to five mice in the iBox Scientia and iBox Spectra allows researchers to capture more images in less time.
- The iBox Explorer accommodates anesthesia and placement of up to two mice inside the darkroom.
- Easier to clean: The new warming plate has an easy-to-clean, flat, RTV free, surface.
- Easy to use:
- Hosing quick connects and disconnects.
- Flow meter to easily check and monitor gas flow. - Minimal use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane.
- New safety features:
- A buzzer sounds if the plate exceeds temperature specifications and will begin to shut down.
- Anesthesia exhaust tubes, connections, chamber, and flush mechanisms are designed to prevent exposure to Isoflurane gas in the lab.
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Natasha Mylius
Austin, TX - United States
Natasha Mylius
Member Since: 02/09/2010
I am a painter currently living in Austin, Texas. Originally from Russia, I moved to America in 2000. My journey took me first to Dallas/ Fort Worth area in Texas, then to New Orleans, Louisiana, and finally back to Texas where I settled in Austin.
I received a very traditional art education and originally mastered a realistic style of painting. Yet, as an independent artist, I began to explore different styles and techniques. Now I find that impressionism is the style closest to my heart. I work in oil on canvas by using a palette knife, building up color in multiple layers. The variety of colors and the texture help me truly reflect the way I see the world.
Visit my website www.GalleryNandM.com to see entire collection of my art.
Thank you!
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Keen Bryce Hiking Shoe
Find It In Store
Item # 283120
The Keen Bryce hiking shoe is ready for adventure - are you? You'll experience the great outdoors with your feet comfortably protected in the Bryce lace-up with it's waterproof upper and patented toe protector.
PLEASE NOTE: For this style we recommend you order a 1/2 size larger than normal
- Waterproof nubuck, mesh, and synthetic upper
- Pull loop at tongue and heel for easy on/off
- Patented toe bumper provides protection against loose debris
- Padded collar and tongue for comfort
- KEEN.DRY™ waterproof, breathable lining keeps feet dry
- Removable, metatomical dual-density insole provides great arch support and underfoot cushioning
- KEEN.Zorb strobel
- Molded EVA midsole provides lightweight cushioning
- TPU stability shank
- Non-marking rubber sole for traction and durability over terrain
- Weight: 17 oz. (Men's size 9)
- Imported
- View more Men's Keen Shoes