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150, Jean Talon Est
Montreal, QC H2R1S7
Getting there ›
CAN$30 and under
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Vinizza Details
Dining Style:
Casual Elegant
(514) 904-2250
Hours of Operation:
Lunch: Monday - Friday: 11:30 am - 2:00 pm;
Dinner: Monday - Thursday: 5:30 pm - 10:00 pm, Friday - Saturday: 5:30 pm - 11:00 pm, Sunday: 5:00 pm - 10:00 pm
Payment Options:
MasterCard, Visa
Executive Chef:
Nicolas Guidi
Dress Code:
Casual Dress
Accepts Walk-Ins:
Getting there
Cross Street:
Street Parking
A word from Vinizza
The taste of Italy is so unique; it must be savored to the fullest. Vinizza brings this flavor to your table with recipes from Tuscany and Naples using fresh ingredients. Our vast selection of wines can complement any one of our authentic dishes. From our hand-made pastas to our pizzas baked in our
unique gas/wood oven, the taste of Italy is yours to discover...
Foodspotting photos
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Diner Reviews
I had the daily salad, hr8
combination but a bit to much oil. The meatballs are GR8 & nicely presented, I would however recommend they be served with a dish not only the mini skillet. The 12" pizza was slightly over sauced, but the sauce & crust are perfect, however @ $18 for a pizza with two slices of cheese & two basil leaf's is over priced for lunch. The heat level of the pepper oil is perfect. Gr8 Tiramisu & of coarse Italian coffee..."
Dined on 1/28/2014
We have been going to this
restaurant over the past 4-5 years. Initially, our experiences were excellent. However, while the service remains strong, as well as the general ambience and decor of the restaurant, the menu and quality have increasingly become inconsistent or, as in our most recent experience, poor. The menu in particular seems to have undergone a number of revisions which has resulted in much less choice and less tasty dishes. Last, the final $$$ bill was very expensive. So, overall, a very disappointing experience which is difficult to recommend to others. All of that said, the staff are exceptionally pleasant, attentive and helpful. A pity, as Vinizza was one of our top choices for restaurants only a year ago."
Dined on 1/17/2014
It's one of my favorite italian
restaurants. Delicious! Good quality food ! Great wine list for any palate! Atmosphere is lively, service is fast and friendly ! Vinizza is serving solid simple Italian food, highlighting their handmade pastas and wood-fired pizzas. The prices are reasonable for the quality and freshness of the food served at this restaurant. As stated on their menu and website, with each main course served, Vinizza makes a donation to Accueil Bonneau – which helps feed a person in need."
Dined on 1/13/2014
We are planning to go back very
soon. The food was very good and the service excellent. Very good choice in wine."
Dined on 12/28/2013
Vinizza never disappoints! The
food is always well prepared and delicious however what makes Vinizza special is the service!"
Dined on 11/4/2013
We absolutely loved it everything
was delicious , very friendly service and outstanding wine list we defiantly going back"
Dined on 11/2/2013
This was a great place for 3
tourists to have a nice dinner that wasn't over priced. It was easy to get to by metro, food was delicious, and the staff was great!"
Dined on 10/28/2013
We had a very nice dining
experience. The staff is very friendly and the service was impeccable. The food was tasty, well presented and the portions were reasonable, though not generous (except for the appetizer which we shared). On the downside the restaurant was a bit empty for a Wednesday night."
Dined on 10/24/2013
the food was good, but they WILL
NOT entertain special requests. So definitely a no go , if you have restrictions, allergies. Everything is pre-prepared. Not sure, if "no special requests" comes from the chef or just the serving staff. I wouldnt go back."
Dined on 10/16/2013
Mozzarella di Buffala was
delicious with cherry tomatoes and peppers. The thin crust pizza as the tomato sauce are a must."
Dined on 10/6/2013
This is a great place for food
lovers. The restaurant is located right beside the market and uses fresh products only for a tasty cuisine. We tried the fish of the day and lamb braised. Absolutely delicious. Great service too!"
Dined on 10/3/2013
Excellent food very good service
one of the best restaurants in little italy!"
Dined on 9/17/2013
Our group of three enjoyed our
entrees and the pizzas were very tasty. The gnocchi we out of this world but the portion was too small. Overall highly recommended...."
Dined on 8/17/2013
Without hesitation get the
calamari followed by Pizza, you won't be disapointed."
Dined on 8/10/2013
Ambiance très bonne, bouffe
excellente et personnel très agréable. J'y retournerais sans problème! Petit point négatif, pas de menu table d'hôte donc la facture monte assez rapidement."
Dined on 8/10/2013
The dinner was outstanding, with
various choices of entrees"
Dined on 7/11/2013
Pizza was good and pasta was also
good but portions were small for what you paid on the pasta. Service was indifferent."
Dined on 7/14/2013
Best gnocchi & pizza in town.....
outstanding service great wine list and staff and manager were very friendly and helpful going back soon..."
Dined on 7/2/2013
Amazing service the food was
really good as well... best pizza in town , great wine list we are going back for sure"
Dined on 6/17/2013
Three out of four dishes we
ordered were lacking in flavour. The orecchietti pasta was too al dente, portion size was too small, not a good value for what you get."
Dined on 5/19/2013
We have been to Vinizza more than
once and the food and service are great. Would definitely return. The pizza is great and the staff is very accomodating for kids."
Dined on 4/11/2013
Overall very pleasant experience.
HOWEVER... not enough protein in the main dishes! Not enough seafood in the rizzoto and linguine, and the portions are FAR FROM GENEROUS. We hope that this will change as we love the restaurant and would like to go back! Thank you"
Dined on 4/4/2013
Used to be consistent and good
pizza.i don't know what is happening but We will think twice about going back. The pizza was definitely not up to par. The pizza we ordered was supposed to have sliced tomatoes and was instead served with a tomato sauce instead. No explanation as why. The fish of the evening was a grilled filet of sea bass with grilled peppers and vegetables. The. Fish was overlooked and dry and the grilled peppers was actually a quarter of a piece of pepper. The service was also very, very long. We are a group that practically go every Sunday night for pizza and was very disappointed as we're our friends. Too bad."
Dined on 3/24/2013
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A Geeks Guide2 ...Hacking
Geeks Guide 2 from Register Books Electronic vandalism, government espionage, ITU hideouts, luminous hairstyles and the coolest body piercings; the Hollywood portrayal of the hacking scene is one we are all familiar with. However this common portrayal often skips the fact that hacking is an art – indeed it is the fine art of …
you should be able to...
"...outsmart common security measures; gain access to a remote server; hijack TCP connections and more."
And then get arrested and extradited by the Yanks who you've embarassed because they had shite security on their systems...
@Graham Marsden
You don't need to know how to do any of the above to embarrass US.gov sysadmins. You just need a blank password.
I'm writing to Jacqui Smith to tell her about this subversive book* as it could be used by the evil agents of international tourism. Shame on El Reg for aiding the enemies of this glorious country to attack our computer infrastructure.
* After I buy my copy of course.
Amen brother Graham
I'm a Yank and I agree with you. Computer hacking should be a misdemeanor at most.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Op-Ed Columnist: The Unhealthy Meat Market
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Lance Armstrong Foundation sued by holder of design patent for BARKSTRONG pet collar
RAMBUS: The battle over hold-ups in industry standard setting
Quick appellate review of patent claim constructions: Is the door opening for interlocutory appeals?
The high reversal rate for claim construction is especially problematic because most claim construction decisions cannot be immediately appealed. Interpreting the claims is only the first step in the infringement analysis. After they're interpreted, that construction has to be applied to the accused product or process. Most often that's something the jury is supposed to decide, which means you may have to go through a long and costly trial before a judgment is entered. That judgment--either that the patent claims are infringed or they are not--is what the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the "Federal Circuit") ultimately reviews.
However, if the claim construction was wrong in the first place, the jury's verdict on infringement is usually wrong, too. That means a second trial will likely be necessary, which results in more work for the courts, more time lost in litigation, and more money spent on lawyers. The rub, argue critics, is that much of this additional expense and inefficiency could be avoided if claim construction opinions could be appealed prior to a final judgment on infringement.
A unique brand of monopoly
But the monopoly in the patent world is a different animal than what most would consider a true monopoly. When most people think about a monopoly, they think of the ability of one person or company to assert dominance in a certain market by being the only seller of a product. That is not the case in the patent world. A patent does not guarantee any dominance in any market whatsoever; in fact, it does not even give the patent holder the right to make the patented product at all.
While seemingly counterintuitive, this is the way the patent system has to work because of the nature of patentable inventions. Sir Isaac Newton, arguably one of the greatest scientists and inventors of all time, perfectly but unintentionally characterized the patent system when he said, "If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants."
The Microsoft patent emperor with nothing on but a Speedo
You've already seen it on Slashdot. ZDNet also has a great write-up. But for the real meat go to the source, Tom Kemp's blog.
About what? Well, just the contention that
...[o]f the 125 protocols posted on MSDN for Windows Server, 99 of the 125 protocols have no US patents associated with them, meaning 80 percent of the Windows server protocols do not have US patents associated with them.Jason Perlow rightly asks if Samba got anything real from its patent deal with Microsoft. But perhaps we should stretch this further:
If, in fact, 80 percent of … Read more
Apple looks toward iPhone chat app
At its iPhone SDK event last month, Apple touted an adaption of AOL's instant-messaging client for the iPhone. Now comes news of Apple's own patent application for a chat feature.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office published the application, titled "Portable Electronic Device for Instant Messaging," on March 6--the very same day Apple was providing details on its software development kit for the iPhone, including AOL's test version of the first "official" native Web chat for the gadget.
The news of the Patent Office's action was first reported by the AppleInsider site … Read more
Legal injunction bars Dish Network from selling four models of DVRs
Looks like Dish may have spoken a bit too soon.
A little over a week ago, an appeals court determined that Dish Network (formerly EchoStar Communications) had indeed violated a software patent held by TiVo on digital video recorders.
While TiVo gleefully celebrated, Dish expressed disappointment, but assured its customers that none of its products would be affected because the software that was in violation had already been remotely updated by the company some months before.
Now it appears there's just a bit more to the story. Engadget has a blog pointing to notices Dish sent on Monday. The … Read more
Dual-licensing with patents: It's bound to happen
Pierre notes it is "only a matter of time before an open source company decides patents could be used to solidify open source dual-licensing schemes." I think he's right. In fact, I've seen this very issue rear its ugly head within my own company as I've thought through ways to partner with Microsoft and other proprietary companies.
It would be very easy to do as Novell did: Enter into an agreement to make a version of one's software "safe" from patents. It makes Microsoft happy. Presumably it makes one's users happy ("I'm safe from...my vendor and its partners?!").
But it doesn't fix the downstream problem, and it doesn't fix the broken software patent problem. It trades off FUD to make a sale. Myopic and ultimately damaging to one's customers, one's peers, and oneself.
This isn't even remotely intended to be a criticism of any one company or group of companies. It's rather an acknowledgment of an issue that is going to become more and more pronounced over time.… Read more
Microsoft's Ray Ozzie commits to more open source
Ray Ozzie took the stage of Microsoft's Most Valuable Professionals conference earlier today and made some interesting comments on Microsoft's open-source ambitions. He says all the right things, but leaves a bit too much unsaid:
My position toward open source generally is that it's a part of the environment. It's very useful for developers to be able to get the source code to certain things, to modify them. Microsoft fundamentally, as a whole, has changed dramatically as a result of open-source as people have been using it more and more....… Read more


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CTA replacing outside security by hiring customer-service workers
By CHRIS FUSCO AND ROBERT HERGUTH firstname.lastname@example.com May 6, 2013 12:01AM
Updated: June 7, 2013 6:07AM
The CTA says it has a way to make riding the L safer: Get rid of most of its private security guards. Spurred by a deal with a key labor union, the transit agency has begun replacing hundreds of contract security guards it now uses to patrol L and subway stops with full- and part-time CTA customer-service employees. CTA officials say the move will make stations safer by putting security responsibilities in the hands of workers trained especially to do the CTA work. The customer-service workers "will have roughly the same amount of training as the private security personnel, but that training will be specific to the CTA," agency spokesman Brian Steele says. The new workers will perform the same duties as the private security guards, according to Steele, and will be able to do other things, too — like retrieve items dropped on L tracks and help customers who are unfamiliar with ticket machines. One difference: The CTA isn't requiring its customer-service workers to get state security licenses — something the agency now requires under its private security guard contract with Securitas Security Services USA, and its minority subcontractor, Star Detective & Security Agency. The more than 450 full-time CTA rail guards employed by those companies all are licensed through the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation, so they're trained and screened under rules set by state law. Not requiring that poses "a safety concern," says James Huckabee, vice president of Star Detective, especially in light of so-called wilding incidents in which groups of teenagers get off the L and attack or harass people, and the Boston Marathon bombings, in which bombs were placed in backpacks. "When you take away trained security personnel from anything, your risk of illegal activity and criminal activity goes higher," Huckabee says. "They're asking the [customer-service employees] to tell people when the trains come. They're not trained to watch for suspicious packages, terrorist activity, how to write a report for the police and get areas cordoned off" in case of an emergency. A Securitas official also points to the company's training and licensing. "Securitas . . . and its officers are hired and licensed under state law," says Lynne Glovka, spokeswoman for the multinational company's U.S. branch. "All state of Illinois training requirements are met [20 hours], plus an eight-hour, site-specific CTA-orientation training and an eight-hour anti-terrorism course are given." Steele says the CTA customer-service workers are getting two days of security training as part of their seven-day training program, including "one day spent addressing CTA-specific safety, security and emergency-response procedures" and "one day dedicated to anti-terrorism and security." He says about "20 percent" of the private security guards' training covers subjects "not directly applicable to the CTA" — like parking-lot safety and Illinois' criminal statutes. The CTA now deploys the unarmed private security guards where it sees the most need, at low-traffic stations during off-peak and overnight hours. If there are fewer than 60 customers entering or exiting a station during a 30-minute period, the private guards are assigned. "Every hour currently worked by a Securitas guard who works as a station attendant will be covered by the new CTA employees," Steele says. Last year, the CTA paid Securitas $23 million under the security-guard contract, a small portion of which includes providing guards for CTA bus barns and other facilities that aren't open to the public. The Chicago Police Department has a transit unit as well. When the private security guards need the police, they call for help. According to Glovka, Securitas and Star Detective will eliminate the 450-plus L and subway guard jobs altogether once the switch to customer-service employees is completed. The CTA plans to keep hiring outside security companies to provide guards working with dogs at train stops and has no plans to change that staffing. Securitas is in the final year of a five-year contract that paid it $1.7 million last year for that work, also with Star as its subcontractor. The contract is up in July. Besides keeping the canine cops, the CTA has installed $26 million worth of high-definition video cameras at L and subway stations — a tool it didn't have when Securitas was first hired in the late 1990s. In February, a Chicago Sun-Times analysis found that crime at L stops was up 21 percent in 2012, but violent crime was down 30 percent. The most common offense — turnstile-jumping or other forms of fare evasion — soared by 41 percent, the analysis found. The move to replace the 450-plus private security guards with CTA employees follows a Dec. 7 deal the agency reached with Amalgamated Transit Union Local 308. The agreement calls for the CTA to employ a total of 240 full-time "customer-service representatives," and nearly 700 new, part-time "customer-service assistants," each who can work up to 32 hours a week. The CTA plans to have the new hires in place this summer. More than 280 have been hired so far. ATU Local 308 President Bob Kelly says he suggested dumping the private security guards. He says CTA officials told him the switch would save several million dollars, but Steele says the cost is about the same. "I'm not one bit concerned" about replacing the guards, Kelly says. "In fact, I think [security] will be heightened. What does a security guard do? Nothing. Stand there and watch the [fare-card] machines." On a recent day on the Blue Line, one of the private security guards emerged from a station kiosk — the old ticket window — and helped a woman who was having trouble getting a suitcase through the turnstile. "Here you go," he said, directing her from the regular turnstile to a larger one designed for wheelchair access. The guard, who would not give his name, disagreed that the new CTA customer-service employees will be an improvement. "We get more respect because we're security," he said. "They're trying to [make us look] lesser than we are."


text:
Venous Skin Ulcers: Using Compression Stockings
What is an Actionset?
A venous skin ulcer is an open wound that typically develops on the lower leg and can take months to heal. If you have had a venous skin ulcer before or have one of a number of high-risk conditions that impair your lower-leg blood circulation, you have a significant risk of developing a venous skin ulcer. Key points
You can find more information about vein, circulation, and skin ulcer problems in these topics: Return to topic:
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. |
Women's Health
Find out what women really need.


text:
Skyrim:Oghma Infinium
The UESPWiki – Your source for The Elder Scrolls since 1995
Daedric Artifact: Oghma Infinium (0001A332) | |||
Type | Book | ||
Editor ID | DA04OghmaInfinium | ||
Statistics | |||
Weight | 1 | Value | 2500 |
The Oghma Infinium is a Daedric artifact acquired by the player for completing the quest, Discerning the Transmundane. Reading the book will give you the option to boost either your combat, magic, or stealth skills by five levels.
Related Quests
- Discerning the Transmundane: Uncover the secrets of the mysterious Dwemer lockbox.
- The Oghma Infinium is removed from your inventory 1 second after choosing a skill and going back to the inventory. You can drop the book before it is removed and pick it up afterwards. However, this will not allow you to boost your skills again.
- When reading the Oghma Infinium from a bookshelf, the number of books that can be stored in that shelf increases by one each time the book is read.
- This bug is fixed by version 126.96.36.199.8 of the Official Skyrim Patch.
- You may not always get all five points in each skill. ?
- Reload an older game and alter your skill values slightly, even just gaining a few more XP in the skill, then try again.
See Also
For more information, see the lore article.


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ntkyeung wrote:Ultimate Ashman wrote:The only person I think Ben would "betray" would be Kevin if he ever decided to turn back to his evilsh ways.
Man of Action has confirmed Ben 10000 and Ken 10 episodes are not canon and that they will not happen.
I know, I wasn't talking about that. I was talking about when Kevin was evil when he was 11 years old.


text:
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
This study has been completed.
Information provided by:
Swedish Orphan Biovitrum
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: May 17, 2002
Last updated: November 25, 2009
Last verified: February 2008
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The purpose of this study is to determine the safety of anakinra in patients with Polyarticular-Course Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, a form of rheumatoid arthritis affecting children.
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Juvenile Chronic Arthritis |
Drug: Anakinra Drug: Placebo |
Phase 2 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Randomized Endpoint Classification: Safety Study Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Investigator) Primary Purpose: Treatment |
Official Title: | A Randomized, Multi-center, Blinded, Placebo-controlled Study With an Open-label Run-in Period to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Daily, Single, Subcutaneous Injections of r-metHuIL-1ra (Anakinra) in Polyarticular-Course Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Resource links provided by NLM:
Further study details as provided by Swedish Orphan Biovitrum:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the safety of anakinra [ Time Frame: 28 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Enrollment: | 86 |
Study Start Date: | July 2000 |
Study Completion Date: | November 2003 |
Primary Completion Date: | November 2003 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Placebo Comparator: placebo |
Drug: Placebo
Experimental: anakinra |
Drug: Anakinra
Ages Eligible for Study: | 2 Years to 17 Years |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
- Male or female age 2-17 yrs inclusive * Minimum weight 10 KG * Diagnosis of Chronic Arthritis
Contacts and Locations
More Information
Additional Information:
No publications provided
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014
Additional Information:
No publications provided
Responsible Party: | Global Development Leader, Amgen Inc. |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00037648 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | 990758-990779 |
Study First Received: | May 17, 2002 |
Last Updated: | November 25, 2009 |
Health Authority: | United States: Food and Drug Administration |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Arthritis Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Joint Diseases Musculoskeletal Diseases Rheumatic Diseases Connective Tissue Diseases |
Autoimmune Diseases Immune System Diseases Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein Antirheumatic Agents Therapeutic Uses Pharmacologic Actions |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014


text:
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text:
: There ain't no way in the world that you can go from a HUGE BUMP like in the bottom pics - to the TINY she had last night.
Look at LaLa's face . . . she KNOWS that Kim f*cked up!!!
I don't care what ppl say, I've had a baby and your stomach does NOT change from day to day depending on where your baby is. your baby can't move that much. I've been around alot of other pregnant women and I've never seen one day your pregnant the next day your not! I'm not saying she is faking but come on
Why is MTO so obsessed with trying to prove someone is fake pregnant. You have yet to prove these creepy theories,, so why do yall go so hard on this topic??? I've always been perplexed about this. You guys either say someone is pregnant when they're not...... Or..... When someone says that they are pregnant,, you go.on these weirdo rants trying to prove that they arent. What gives?
mto'ers are so stupid she is preggo but black makes you slimmer well sherlock holmes when she was on the red carpet with that big *** stomach her *** or dress whatever that was is black and you can still see her belly so dont blame the color of the clothing i believe she is preggo because of not she would want to be remember as the fly pregnant lady but no matter how hard she tries mother nature is taking her course. lol but on the red carpet that is a fake belly
Y'all sound so dumb why would she wear a fake belly sometimes and then not wear one at all if she's suppose to be pregnant? Even if she's wearing a fake stomach she would wear it ALL the time. If she didn't look pregnant wouldn't other RELIABLE sources take these pictures and say that also like how they did when Beyonce's stomach collapsed. This is a picture the angle can change how something really looks in person. I don't even like Kim kardashian but y'all sound so idiotic.
That chick isn't faking her pregnancy. IF you knew anything about light, color, and angle of camera, you'd be able to see the bump. People keep throwing shade at her and though I'm not a fan, I can't knock a woman who hustles like she does. MTO writers are just *** because their sub-par earnings are the same as the tip she left at the restaurant while dining out with LaLa.
I usually don't comment here too often but I love how mediatakeout steals stories from DAILMAIL.CO.UK & they just select certain pictures to put up from the articles her bump did look as big as the other pictures Media just chose to not put up a side pic where you can see her bump & it's just as big SMFH
some of you are real bright angles lighting clothing choices and time of day affect how much a pregnant womans belly shows as does height. the dress Kim is wearing in these photos with La La is Tafetta which doesn't hide a bump as prominent as hers it almost reminds me of a cap seleved version of the dress Joanne Woodward accepted her oscar in 55 years ago. the only difference other than Kim being *** & tackier is that Woodward suffered a miscarriage *** before she won the oscar though she eventually had 3 more daughters
Dear MTO, please STFU with the fake baby bump stories. I'd thought yall had learned your lesson after watching Beyone's Life is But A Dream. I used to visit this site everyi day until after I watched the *** and saw how you guys were responsible for that ridiculous lie. Now this is like my second time visiting this site after watching it. You guys are the worst. Try having some real facts behind your stories before posting them as facts. So over this site!
IF YOU WATCHED BEYONCE'S *** THEN YOU WOULD KNOW SHE WAS TRULY PREGNANT. WHAT WOMAN WITH THAT MUCH POWER WOULD RISK PUTTING HER CAREER IN JEOPARDY BY PRETENDING TO BE PREGNANT? THINK ABOUT IT. BEYONCE IS NATURALLY PETITE SO SHE DIDN'T GET THAT BIG DURING HER PREGNANCY! HELL, I ONLY GAINED 30 LBS DURING MY PREGNANCY AND NEVER GOT BIG. THIS *** IS GETTING OLD. THE *** WORKS OUT LIKE 4 HOURS A DAY SO OF COURSE SHE WAS GONNA GET BACK IN SHAPE FAST. Ugh.
im a mother of 2 kids (hopefully 3 one day <3 God willing),.. and while i can agree to an extent that certain outfits can make your belly look a little more predominate the others, the difference is mild at best. These pictures and the others I have seen show a very clear distinction in size; leaving me inclined to believe that either Kim's whole pregnancy is a facade and a publicity stunt, or that she is indeed pregnant but dons a fabricated belly during red carpet events to enhance the size of her belly. Bigger belly = bigger photo op. Either way.. why is this woman so famous.. she is trash. Not only is anything about her allowed to be aired in my home, i vowed to never purchase any of the Kardashian products. I refuse to put any of my hard earned money into their pockets.
Queens' Queen flag as inappropriate/spam Why is MTO so obsessed with trying to prove someone is fake pregnant. You have yet to prove these creepy theories,, so why do yall go so hard on this topic??? I've always been perplexed about this. You guys either say someone is pregnant when they're not...... Or..... When someone says that they are pregnant,, you go.on these weirdo rants trying to prove that they arent. What gives?************Lol. Truth!


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OC3D Reviews ›› GPU & Displays
ASUS GTX750 Ti Review
GPU & Displays | 7th March 2014
Following the recent launch of the Maxwell architecture on the GTX750Ti, we take a look at the first partner card from ASUS.
MSI R9 290X Lightning Review
GPU & Displays | 4th March 2014
MSI have two major lines, the regular Gaming edition and the hardcore overclocking Lightning. Today we're looking at the R9 290X Lightning.
ASUS GTX780Ti DirectCU II OC Review
GPU & Displays | 21st February 2014
ASUS have applied their DirectCU II cooler to the awesome GTX780Ti. There is also a factory overclock, so how does it perform?
OC3D Articles ›› GPU & Displays
MSI R9 290X Lightning EXCLUSIVE
James Riley | 3rd March 2014
We have an exclusive look around the new MSI R9 290X Lightning Edition
MSI GTX750 Ti Gaming OC Edition
James Riley | 28th February 2014
We take a quick look at MSI's take on the GTX 750 Ti. Powerful card that requires no extra power connections.
Asus GTX 750 TI Direct CUII
James Riley | 27th February 2014
We take a quick look at Asus' version of the ultra power efficient and high clocking GTX 750 Ti.
Arctic Z1 Monitor Stand Review
Tom Logan | 25th February 2014
Getting a comfortable place for your monitor is vital. We take a look at a space-saving stand that should help.
Nvidia Maxwell GTX 750 Ti Review
GPU & Displays | 18th February 2014
The first Maxwell card is upon us in the shape of the GTX750Ti. We take a look at how it performs.
MSI R9 290 Gaming Review
GPU & Displays | 15th February 2014
The big problem with the R9 290 was the heat, so does the MSI Twin Frozr unleash the beast?
ASUS ROG Poseidon GTX780 Review
GPU & Displays | 27th January 2014
Today we're looking at the ASUS Poseidon GTX780, combining water-cooling with air-cooling to be all things to all men.
ASUS R9 290X DirectCU II OC Review
GPU & Displays | 29th December 2013
Today we're looking at the ASUS R9 290X DirectCU II, a card that hopes to fix the issues with the reference 290X. Is it successful?
Gainward GTX780 Ti Phantom Single and SLI Review
GPU & Displays | 23rd December 2013
We have managed to get the Phantom twins in bed together for some GTX780 Ti Sli goodness! Ohhh Matron!
Gigabyte R9 290X Windforce
James Riley | 1st February 2014
Gigabyte releases their Windforce version of the AMD R9 290X. RushKit takes a quick look at the card.
How to set up AMD Crossfire
James Riley | 20th January 2014
In this guide, we show you how to quickly set up a multi-card AMD Crossfire system.
How to set up Nvidia SLI
James Riley | 20th January 2014
We show you how to quickly add and set up a second Nvidia card to run in SLI.
Asus R9 290X DCII OC First Look
James Riley | 20th December 2013
We finally see a non-reference R9 290X. All the performance of the 290X with a lot more cooling, and a lot less noise!
ASUS GTX780 Poseidon Platinum First Look
Bryan Waters | 16th December 2013
Fancy a graphics card that is as happy whether it's air cooled or in a water loop? ASUS have just the ticket.
Gainward GTX 780 TI Phantom First Look
James Riley | 9th December 2013
We show off the latest GTX 780 TI; the Gainward 780 TI Phantom! Great looking card, innovative design and incredibly powerful!


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Say No to Drugstore: Residents, Elected Officials to Protest Duane Reade Sign
City residents and elected officials are coming together this Sunday to rally against a flashing neon sign at an Upper West Side Duane Reade.
The flashing billboard, affixed to the second story of a Duane Reade at 72nd and Broadway, has generated complaints from neighborhood residents who say that the sign is disruptively bright. The Read More


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General presentation
Information documents
The Court in brief
The Court in brief brochure is an introduction to the Court and the key dates in its history. It gives a short summary of the Convention and its guarantees and prohibitions.
Other languages
The ECHR in facts and figures
This document contains statistics on cases dealt with by the Court in 2013, particularly judgments delivered, the subject-matter of the violations found and violations by Article and by State.
Overview 1959-2013
This document gives an overview of the Court's activities since it was established.
Overview 1959-2013
Questions and answers
The Questions and answers are provided for the benefit of potential applicants.
Other languages
Simplified Convention
This simplified version of selected Articles from the Convention and its Protocols is included for educational purposes only and takes its inspiration from the simplified version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights produced by Amnesty International.
Simplified Convention
Video on admissibility conditions
The Court has launched a short video in English and French on the criteria for admissibility, produced with the support of the Principality of Monaco. The video, which is approximately three minutes long, is aimed at the general public and sets out the main conditions required in order to apply to the Court; failure to satisfy these conditions is the reason why the vast majority of applications are rejected.
Video on admissibility conditions
Other languages
Video on the Convention
The Court has produced a short video presenting the main rights and freedoms in the Convention. Aimed at a wide range of viewers, this video is currently available in 38 languages. The Court wishes to encourage initiatives aimed at including this video in civic education programmes.
Video on the ConventionFilm on the Court
The conscience of Europe, which is currently available in 24 languages, is a film about the Court. This documentary, intended for the general public, shows specific examples of cases examined by the Court and considers its prospects over the forthcoming years and the challenges facing it.
The conscience of EuropeVideo on 60 years of the Convention
Since its adoption on 4 November 1950, the Convention has been supplemented by several Protocols which have added to the rights and freedoms laid down in the original text. Through its case-law, the Court has had the opportunity to interpret the rights and freedoms defined in the Convention. In doing so, it has made the Convention a living instrument capable of applying to situations that did not exist or were inconceivable at the time it was drafted. As a result of the Court's interpretation, the Convention is a resolutely modern treaty that can adapt to contemporary social issues.


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Project-based courses develop skills in engineering
Interdisciplinary discussions about teaching and learning have influenced a shift to include more skill development, redefining education in engineering at Queen's.
"We're trying to identify which skills are important in engineering and where students build those skills," says Brian Frank, an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the current DuPont Canada Chair in Engineering Education Research and Development. "How do we assess how well students demonstrate specific skills sets, and how can we use that information to create curricula?"
Dr. Frank served as an educational development faculty associate with the Centre for Teaching and Learning (CTL) before accepting his current chair. His ideas about teaching were influenced while working alongside faculty members from a variety of disciplines also interested in exploring methods of assessment.
Dr. Frank modified a traditional engineering lecture course into a project- or "studio-style" course. Students in the course acquire specific expertise and skills by solving complex problems over several weeks, or the whole term. They integrate skills acquired in previous classes and emulate how engineers work in the field, drawing on past experiences and adapting them to meet current needs.
Dr. Frank has since been involved with a group of engineering faculty who are incorporating project-based courses into all 10 Queen's engineering programs, and a revised first-year program for all engineering students. Most of the 650 students in first-year engineering work on community service projects, which serve as a vehicle to develop the skills-based learning outcomes of the course. These skills include design, project management, information evaluation, communication, and teamwork.
Brian Frank is currently working with the Engineering Graduate Attribute Development (EGAD) Project developing resources to assist engineering faculties and schools across the country incorporate outcome-based learning models.
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H. Scott Leviant
Mr. Leviant is a civil litigation attorney with over 11 years of experience (10 as an attorney) handling complex and class action matters. Over the last five years, Mr. Leviant litigated class actions at several large plaintiffs' firms. Before that, Mr. Leviant worked at the small civil litigation firm Stanbury & Fishelman, Inc., where he handled increasingly sophisticated matters, including complex commercial litigations, class actions, appellate matters and civil trials.
Mr. Leviant has obtained several published appellate decisions, including Ghazaryan v. Diva Limousine, Ltd. 169 Cal. App. 4th 1524 (2009), which reversed a denial of class certification and obtained an Order of the Court of Appeal directing certification of the proposed class, Laliberte v. Pacific Mercantile Bank, 147 Cal. App. 4th 1 (2007), which reversed an adverse trial court ruling and reaffirmed the expansive nature of the "community of interest" concept in California class actions, andJohnson v. Glaxosmithkline, Inc., 166 Cal. App. 4th 1497 (2008), as modified (October 14, 2008), rev. denied, which reversed an adverse trial court ruling and questioned the rationale and viability of Alvarez v. May Dept. Stores Co., 143 Cal. App. 4th 1223 (2006).
Mr. Leviant is also the founder, primary author and Editor-in-Chief of The Complex Litigator, a legal blog focusing on developments in the areas of class action practice, complex litigation, and technology for small firms. In addition to his blog, Mr. Leviant has authored or co-authored various published articles.
Mr. Leviant is in his third year of service on the Board of Governors for the Consumer Attorneys of California.
Mr. Leviant is admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth and Ninth Circuits, the United States District Courts for the Central, Southern and Northern Districts of California and all California Courts.
Mr. Leviant received his undergraduate degree from Occidental College. Graduating cum laude, Mr. Leviant majored in economics and received a "minor" emphasis in mathematics. Along with his study of economics and mathematics, he also had an emphasis in physics. This combination of scientific and economic education has been of assistance during his litigation of complex civil actions. Mr. Leviant received his law degree from the University of Southern California Law Center.


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Newberry Center for Renaissance Studies Consortium Fellowships
The application deadline for the 2014-15 fellowships is January 15, 2014.
These two short-term fellowships support scholars at Center for Renaissance Studies consortium member institutions. They offer support for one month's work in residence at the Newberry for one PhD candidate and one faculty member (with preference for non-tenured faculty) working in medieval, Renaissance, or early modern studies. See Short-Term Fellowships for application forms and instructions.
École Nationale des Chartes Fellowship
The application deadline for the 2014-15 fellowship is December 1, 2013.
This fellowship, which has existed since 1979, provides auditor tuition and a portion of living expenses for an American or Canadian graduate student who has advanced to PhD candidacy to study at the École Nationale des Chartes in Paris. The École is the oldest institution in Europe specializing in the archival sciences, including paleography, codicology, bibliography, diplomatics, textual editing, and the history of the book. Preference is given to students attending member institutions of the Center for Renaissance Studies consortium. It is strongly recommended that the recipient be in residence at the École during the fall semester. Applications are especially encouraged from students who are in the research stage of their dissertation work.
See Long-Term Fellowships for application forms and instructions. The Project Abstract and Project Description should provide specific reference to the applicant's need for the training available at the École and how it will contribute to the dissertation or future projects. Applicants for this fellowship may disregard the question in the application instructions about use of Newberry materials.
Download the École Nationale des Chartes's brochure.
Other Fellowships
The Newberry offers additional Fellowships in the Humanities, including short-term fellowships for which graduate students are eligible to apply, and other programs for scholars. For more information contact the Office of Research and Education at (312) 255-3666, or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Learn more about the Center for Renaissance Studies.


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When our 4-year-old son, Lyric, was an infant, my side of the family took great joy in how much he looked like me as a baby. They pulled out photos to compare, and, as my grandmother put it, "He looks like Mikey — but better looking."
I agree. And even if I didn't, I know better than to argue with my grandmother.
But, despite the physical similarities early on, Lyric quickly showed he was a person all his own. His predilection for math and science stood in stark contrast to my love of all things creative. And much to my dismay, he soon preferred working jigsaw puzzles with my wife to playing drums with me.
So, when he received an invitation to a create-your-own-clay-piece birthday party for one of his preschool buddies, I couldn't help but wonder: How would his piece compare to those of his friends?
It's safe to say Lyric likely will not pursue a career as a master sculptor.
Wearing his art apron, Lyric sat patiently and quietly with his hands folded on the table as the teacher went through the instructions for creating a clay animal.
It could be anything, she said. Let your imagination run wild.
Even before we arrived, I decided I would let Lyric complete the project on his own. I'd simply assist.
Lyric eyed the large ball of clay curiously.
"What do you want to make?" I asked him.
"A ball," he said, proudly.
"No, no," I tried to explain. "We're going to make an animal with this ball. What animal do you want to make? A dog? Cat? How about a turtle?"
Lyric thought about it for several seconds as I repeated his options. He reluctantly decided on a turtle. We rolled out the ball, stuffed newspaper inside and squished it back together to form a body. We then used a second piece of clay to form a head.
"OK, so now you have to use your hands to make it look like a turtle," I advised.
Lyric took his fingers and pinched out some tiny legs and a tail. Then, he took one of the clay tools and scraped some striations along its back. He was having a grand time, but truthfully, his creation barely looked like a turtle. I took a quick glance around the room. One kid made an exact replica of Snooty the manatee. Another had his creation standing up on two legs. A third had facial features. It looked pensive, like it was considering the finer points of Shakespeare.
When it was time to paint, Lyric didn't choose coordinating colors or even separate hues for different parts of the creature. Rather, he chose all the colors and outfitted his turtle in some strange tie-dyed mess from head to tail.
But when he was done, Lyric put his paintbrush down and sat back in his seat. His face beamed as he looked up at me.
"It's amazing!" I told him, truthfully. "You did such a great job!"
And it was: An original creation by my boy. It was by far the best sculpture made that day.
Following the birthday cake, Lyric had a chance to tour the art center and see the different kilns. And as the instructor explained how all the animals would cook, turn hard and become fragile in the end. I could see all the information soaking into Lyric's brain. He lingered in the room, taking a few extra seconds to examine the kilns before before we left.
Last week, Lyric's creation finally came home after its time in the kiln. I unwrapped it and handed it to him.
"Oh!" he said as he held it in his lap. "It's my lizard turtle! We have to be careful with him. He's breaked-able."
And that's when I realized: Lyric's creativity that day had nothing to do with the clay or the paint. He wanted to create a new species.
So he did.
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12 LWRBA March Membership Luncheon
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12 March Membership Luncheon
11:30 am - Mar
15 Irish Celtic 5K, Lakewood Ranch
8:00 am - 10:00 am - Mar
15 Palma Sola Botanical Park plants, antiques and crafts sale
8:00 am - 3:00 pm - Mar
22 5th Annual Ponies for Pups
11:30 am - Mar
22 Lakewood Ranch Community Fund 'Havana Nights' Gala
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23 The Bridal EXPO
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26 LWRBA March Executive Briefing
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Tick Tock
Daylight Saving Time starts 2 a.m. Sunday, so be sure to set your alarm accordingly. -
Good vibrations
The Tabernacle Christian School middle school student Lauren Medred, an East County resident, earned top vocal honors, taking first place in vocal solo female category of the Florida League of Christian School's Festival of the Academics and Arts Feb. 28 and March 1 at Southeastern University in Lakeland. -
Tech takeover
Manatee County schools dominated a state technology competition with five of six top-three finishes earned by Manatee County schools during the 35th annual Technology Student Association State Competition late February.


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This item is currently sold out or unavailable online.
This page is provided for reference to historical product information.
Item 852451
This item's hot - and it's only available online.
(based on 6 reviews)
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First Hammock Purchase Review
By Nilo von lichtenstein
from Apex, North Carolina
About Me Casual/ Recreational
See all my reviews
Comments about Gibbon Double Hammock - 2012 Closeout:
Used this hammock during camping by a lake. My boy uses it as a swing.It's less expensive (when on sale) compared to EMU with simple set up. Straps were included. The fabric seem acceptable for durability and strength but caution sharp objects (pocket knife, keys) in back pocket for it may cut the hammock while laying in it. Noticed a stitching failure near hammock pocket direct result from forcing folded hammock in after use. This failue was not located in key structural locations thus would not anticipate failure to hold ones weight. Compared to EMU, the hammocks storage pocket is located at far end rather than centered. It is not conveniently place where one can put keys, knife or other objects while relaxing.
Comment on this review
Looks like a banana but I got a lemon.
By Beaver Patrol
from Allen, TX
I set the hammock up the weekend I received it and tested it myself. Hopped out after two minutes and let my kids try it. My kids together weigh less than I do and I am well under the weight limit. After about 5 minutes relaxing in the hammock one of the loops that secures the hammock to the tree strap broke, dumping my kids and dropping my son on tree roots. Everyone was OK but the hammock went back to REI.
Service and delivery comments:
Prompt delivery. Hammock was absolutely no use as it broke the first time it was set up. Customer service at REI in Dallas was awesome and I was able to get a refund without any hassles.
The Perfect Hammock
By rigelto
from San Juan
About Me Avid Adventurer
Just Great. I had it installed in less than a minute. Just put a tarp on top and there is your campsite (summer).
Great Hammock
By Solly the Sherpa
from Austin, TX
Simple, easy to set up
(9 of 11 customers found this review helpful)
Not even close to the advertised weight!
By undermind
from Pacific Northwest
REI advertises this hammock at 19oz. The manufacturer (Gibbon Slacklines) advertises this hammock at 16 oz. NEITHER are correct. If you care about the hammock's weight, read on. If you don't, skip to the third paragraph (the good stuff). I needed a double hammock. I didn't care who made it, my main use is for backpacking. I simply wanted a well-made, lightweight double hammock. This led me to double hammocks by ENO, Grand Trunk, and Gibbon. My decision was made on weight. REI's clearance price only sweetened that deal. The Gibbon hammock came in significantly lighter than the competition. The puzzling thing was that they somehow did it while providing the BIGGEST hammock at the same time. This concerned me because I didn't know how that could be possible due to the fact that everybody's more or less using the same parachute nylon. My concern was confirmed when I received it. I took it and plopped it on my calibrated digital scale and it was 31.2 oz. Wow. Obviously I expect that the advertised weight would not include the hanging straps, so I took that out of the mix and had 25 oz. I'm still 9 oz over the manufacturers advertised weight. That weight of 25 oz consisted of the hammock material, and a small loop of rope which cinches the ends together, and a cam buckle (which attaches the hammock itself to the hanging straps). The rope and cam buckle are absolutely required for the hammock to be a hammock and not just a square piece of nylon. So I don't know how anyone can justify advertising a weight of less than 25 oz or 1 lb 9 oz. I even unattached the cam buckles and that reduced the weight to 22.5 oz. While researching double hammocks, I have found an absolute inconsistency in weight specs. Across ALL manufacturers and online stores. There is also a serious lack of reviews on these Gibbon hammocks. So I'm hoping to answer the questions for other people that I had going into it. This weight stuff may seem ridiculously tedious, but if you care about the weight of your pack, you should care about this. After all, this is the reason why people pay $35 more for a stove that weighs 3.2 oz instead of 4.5 oz. If you care, here are the actual weights:Hammock (with rope cinching the ends) = 22.5ozHammock + cam buckles = 25ozHammock packaged for the trail = 31.2oz(That includes hammock plus hanging system and the stuff sack which is permanently attached to the hammock) If you've skipped to the third paragraph because you don't care about weight, I would absolutely praise and recommend this product. It is very well made. Excellent attention to detail: triple stitched, fantastic hanging system, and it happens to be the roomiest in it's class. It looks good too if you don't mind their limited color choice. (the yellow is more of an orange color. Or Meyer lemon if you will). The hanging system gives a ton of choice of placement in regard to how far apart the hanging points are due to the long straps. Just loop your straps around 2 trees, then slip the straps into the cam buckles attached to the 2 ends of the hammock. It's infinitely adjustable, foolproof, quick, and easy. It seems to be the simplest and most effective system included with any of the hammocks in it's class. Just jump in and hope the cam teeth hold you and your babe up. And they definitely should. Think of cam style (non-ratcheting) tie down straps you'd use on a motorcycle or similar. The buckles typically holds at least 300-500lbs EACH. I don't know the actual rating on these Gibbon-included cam buckles, but those are typical numbers.Sooooo, if you're still reading, you are definitely bored by now. This is a great product in which I'm giving 2 stars. I'm dancing on the knife's edge of my biggest web review pet peeve: giving a low rating because of something stupid like the store sending someone the wrong color, or the reviewer receiving a one time faulty item. This really annoys the heck out of me. A 2 star rating is not fair if you don't care about weight, but if you do, like me, this hammock unfortunately is not very useful to me.
(6 of 6 customers found this review helpful)
Diamond in the rough!
By ULwannabe
from Madison, WI
Maybe diamond in the rough isn't completely accurate, but I am trying to convey my satisfaction with this product, and my surprise that I am the first to review. First of all, the price is unbeatable. Not only for a double hammock, but for a double hammock this durable, that includes everything you need! There is no need to buy additional straps or webbing, and it would be useless to have caribiners to "simplify" setup. If you are familiar with their slacklines, you will instantly recognize the secure method for stringing it to a tree, which is also very compact and simple. If you need/want a hammock for any reason other than UL backpacking (possibly even then), get this hammock!
Delivery was fast and problem free!
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Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
A far-infrared sauna is a type of sauna that uses light to create heat. "Far" describes where the infrared waves fall on the light spectrum. A traditional sauna uses heat to warm the air, which in turns warms your body. An infrared sauna heats your body directly without warming the air around you.
The appeal of saunas in general is that they cause reactions, such as vigorous sweating and increased heart rate, similar to those elicited by moderate exercise. An infrared sauna produces these results at lower temperatures than does a regular sauna, which makes it accessible to people who can't tolerate the heat of a conventional sauna. But does that translate into tangible health benefits? Perhaps.
Several studies have looked at using infrared saunas in the treatment of chronic health problems, such as high blood pressure, congestive heart failure and rheumatoid arthritis, and found some evidence of benefit. However, larger and more-rigorous studies are needed to confirm these results.
On the other hand, no adverse effects have been reported with infrared saunas. So if you're considering trying a sauna for relaxation, an infrared sauna might be an option.
Brent A. Bauer, M.D.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Proceeds from website advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services.
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Chinese intelligence operations in the United States
The People's Republic of China (PRC) is alleged to undertake a widespread effort to acquire U.S. military technology and classified information[citation needed]. In addition, the Chinese government is engaged in the economic development of its country by way of obtaining valuable trade secrets and technology, much of which has come from companies in the United States. To fulfill its long-term military development goals, the PRC uses a variety of methods to obtain U.S. technology—including espionage, the exploitation of commercial entities, and a network of scientific, academic, and business contacts.[1] The Chinese operate in ways that take advantage of U.S. laws to avoid prosecution. The PRC uses a vast network of agents and contacts to collect pieces of information that are collated and put together in the PRC. Often each individual piece is not enough to warrant any suspicion or prosecution from U.S. government personnel. The aggressiveness of Chinese penetration is well documented in multiple espionage cases including those of Larry Wu-Tai Chin, Katrina Leung, Gwo-Bao Min, Chi Mak, and Peter Lee.[2][3] In addition to traditional espionage, the PRC uses civilian companies to partner with American businesses in order to acquire advanced technology and economic data.[4] Additionally, the PRC utilizes cyber-espionage to penetrate the computer networks of U.S. businesses and government agencies. This is evidenced by a recent Chinese cyber-attack on Google's computer systems in December 2009.[5] PRC intelligence operations in the United States have become so pervasive that U.S. law enforcement officials have identified China as the most active foreign power involved in illegal acquisition of American technology.[6]
High profile Chinese spy cases in US media have raised concerns to civil rights groups about racial profiling Chinese Americans, Asian Americans, or immigrants of Chinese origin for being spies, especially after the high profile "Chinese espionage" case against Wen Ho Lee fallen apart.[7] [8]
The PRC utilizes a variety of methods to operate in the United States.[9] The individuals attempt to acquire the targeted information by utilizing open sources such as libraries, research institutions and unclassified databases.[9] In addition to co-opting Chinese travelers to carry out specific intelligence operational activities, the PRC often debriefs Chinese scientists who participate in scholarly exchange programs, or who attend trade missions, scientific cooperation programs and other similar events.[10] Moreover, the character of the Chinese political system allows the state great power to compel Chinese citizens to cooperate.[11] Consequently, the PRC is able to utilize a vast network of contacts recruited to collect and steal intelligence on cutting edge U.S. technologies, including the most sensitive military developments.
Partnerships are started between Chinese civilian companies and foreign companies in order to give Chinese defense industries access to advanced technologies.[12] The regulatory and commercial environment in China places intense pressure on American and other foreign companies to transfer technology to their Chinese partner companies as part of doing business in the PRC.[12] In order to remain globally competitive, foreign companies are almost always willing to provide technology, capital, and manufacturing expertise in order to obtain access to Chinese markets.[12] High-technology equipment is also purchased by PRC recruited agents running front companies in Hong Kong.[10][12] Some of the items acquired are dual-use components, which can be used for both military or civilian purposes.[13] These items may include computers, semiconductors, software, telecommunications devices, and integrated circuits.[12] Furthermore, the PRC will use Chinese state-run firms to outright purchase American companies with access to the targeted technology.[10]
The PRC also accesses restricted foreign technology through industrial espionage.[12] U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials have rated China's industrial espionage and theft operations as the leading threat to the security of U.S. technology.[14] Between October 2002 and January 2003, five Chinese businessmen were accused of illegally shipping equipment and trade secrets from California to China.[9] U.S. Officials were able to prevent one Chinese man from shipping a recently purchased high-speed computer from Sandia National Laboratories, which had been used on classified projects including the development of nuclear weapons.[9]
Nuclear espionage[edit]
A 1999 report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military and Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, known as the Cox Report, warned that the PRC has stolen classified information on every thermonuclear warhead in the U.S. ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) arsenal.[15] Information is collected through espionage, as well as through rigorous reviews of U.S. technical and academic publications, and pervasive interaction with U.S. scientists.[16] The PRC tasks a large number of individuals to collect small pieces of information which is then collated and analyzed in the PRC.[16] In this way, individual PRC agents can more easily escape suspicion while carrying out their operations in the United States. U.S. Government personnel suspect that the PRC's intelligence collection efforts directed towards the development of modern nuclear weapons to be focused primarily on the Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore, Sandia, and Oak Ridge National Laboratories.[16] The PRC is known to have stolen classified information on the following warheads: the W-56 Minuteman II ICBM, the W-62 Minuteman III ICBM, the W-70 Lance short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), the W-76 Trident C-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), the W-78 Minuteman III Mark 12A ICBM, the W-87 Peacekeeper ICBM, and the W-88 Trident D-5 SLBM. The PRC also has stolen classified information on U.S. weapons design concepts, weaponization features, and warhead reentry vehicles.[17]
Cyber warfare[edit]
The PRC operates a political and corporate espionage effort directed towards accessing the networks of major financial, defense and technology companies, and research institutions in the United States.[18] PRC efforts involve exploiting security flaws in software, and email attachments to sneak into the networks of important U.S. companies and organizations.[18] An example of such an attack, is a recipient opening an email attachment that seems to be from a familiar source. The attachment contains a "sleeper" program that embeds in the recipient's computer. The program is controlled remotely, allowing the attacker to access the recipient's email, send sensitive documents to specific addresses, and even turn on a web camera or microphone to record what is happening in the room.[18]
In January 2010, Google reported, "a highly sophisticated and targeted attack on our corporate infrastructure originating from China that resulted in the theft of intellectual property from Google."[19] According to investigators, the Google cyberattack was directed towards the company's password system that millions of people use to access Google's various web services, including email and business applications.[19] The attack targeted the Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists.[19] In addition to Google, at least 34 companies have been attacked including Yahoo, Symantec, Adobe, Northrop Grumman, and Dow Chemical.[18]
In January 2013 The New York Times reported that it had been the victim of hacking attempts originating from China over the previous four months after it had published an article on Prime Minister Wen Jiabao. The newspaper elaborated that the "attacks appear to be part of a broader computer espionage campaign against American news media companies that have reported on Chinese leaders and corporations."[20]
Chinese cyberattacks seem to have largely targeted strategic industries in which China is lagging.[18] Specifically, attacks on defense companies target information on weapons systems, and attacks on technology companies seek valuable source code which is critical to software applications.[18] Chinese cyberattacks have emphasized what senior U.S. Government officials have said is an increasingly serious cyber threat to U.S. critical industries.[18]
Spy cases[edit]
Larry Wu-Tai Chin[edit]
Larry Wu-Tai Chin worked in the U.S. intelligence community for close to 35 years, all the while providing the PRC with sensitive classified information.[21] Chin was recruited as a spy by a Chinese Communist Official in 1948, while he was employed as an interpreter at the U.S. Consulate in Shanghai.[2] Chin was later hired by the CIA's Foreign Broadcast Information Service office. After becoming an American Citizen in 1965, Chin was transferred to Arlington, Virginia, where he had access to highly sensitive information; including reports from intelligence agents abroad, and translations of documents acquired by CIA Officers in China.[2] In addition, Chin sold highly classified National Intelligence Estimates pertaining to China and Southeast Asia to the PRC.[2] Consequently, the PRC was able to uncover weaknesses in their intelligence agencies, and compromise U.S. intelligence activities in the region. Among the most damaging information Chin compromised, was highly sensitive information regarding President Nixon's plans for normalizing relations with China two years before President Nixon traveled to China. In February 1986, Larry Wu-Tai Chin was finally convicted of 17 counts of espionage, conspiracy, and tax evasion.[2]
Katrina Leung[edit]
In 1982 FBI Special Agent James Smith recruited Leung, then a 28-year-old immigrant from China, to work in Chinese counterespionage.[22] Leung, a prominent business consultant, was seen as especially valuable due to the many contacts she had with high level officials in the Chinese Government.[2] Smith and Leung became involved in a long-term sexual affair lasting nearly two decades.[22] During this time, Smith made classified documents available to Leung, who was able to surreptitiously make copies of multiple classified documents.[22] Leung was able to provide the PRC with information on nuclear, military, and political issues.[23] Another FBI agent, William Cleveland, also became sexually involved with Leung.[22] Leung was able to exploit her personal relationships with her FBI handlers and provide the PRC with highly sensitive information for 18 years.
Peter Lee[edit]
Lee was a Chinese born physicist who worked at Los Alamos nuclear weapons laboratory, and later for TRW, a major California defense contractor. Lee pleaded guilty to lying on Security Clearance forms, and to passing classified national defense information to Chinese scientists on business trips to Beijing.[24] Lee compromised classified weapons information, microwave submarine detection technology, and other national defense data.[2] Later the Department of Energy concluded that Lee's disclosure of classified information, "was of significant material assistance to the PRC in their nuclear weapons development program...This analysis indicated that Dr. Lee's activities have directly enhanced the PRC nuclear weapons program to the detriment of U.S. national security."[2]
Chi Mak[edit]
Chi Mak is a Chinese-born engineer who worked for L-3 Communications, a California based defense contractor.[3] Chi worked as a support engineer on Navy quiet drive propulsion technology.[3] According to recovered documents, Chi was instructed by his Chinese contacts to join "more professional associations and participate in more seminars with 'special subject matters' and to compile special conference materials on disk."[3] Specifically, Chi was to seek information on: space-based electromagnetic intercept systems, space-launched magnetic levitation platforms, electromagnetic gun or artillery systems, submarine torpedoes, electromagnetic launch systems, aircraft carrier electronic systems, water jet propulsion, ship submarine propulsion, power system configuration technology, weapons system modularization, technologies to defend against nuclear attack, shipboard electromagnetic motor systems, shipboard internal and external communications systems, and information on the next generation of US destroyers.[3] Chi Mak was able to successfully secretly copy and send various sensitive documents on U.S. Navy ships, submarines and weapons to China via courier. In 2008, Chi was sentenced to a 24 and 1/2 year prison term for his espionage activities.[25]
Ko-Suen "Bill" Moo[edit]
Ko-Suen Moo was convicted of being a covert agent of the People's Republic of China in May 2006. He attempted to purchase United States military equipment to send back to China but was arrested by undercover United States agents. Some of the equipment Mr. Moo tried to purchase included an F-16 fighter jet engine, an AGM-129A cruise missile, UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter engines, and AIM-120 air-to-air missiles.[citation needed]
Wen Ho Lee[edit]
Wen Ho Lee is a Taiwanese American scientist who worked for the University of California at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He created simulations of nuclear explosions for the purposes of scientific inquiry, as well as for improving the safety and reliability of the US nuclear arsenal. A federal grand jury indicted him of stealing secrets about the U.S. nuclear arsenal for the People's Republic of China (PRC) in December 1999.
After federal investigators were unable to prove these initial accusations, the government conducted a separate investigation and was ultimately only able to charge Lee with improper handling of restricted data, one of the original 59 indictment counts, to which he pleaded guilty as part of a plea settlement. In June 2006, Lee received $1.6 million from the federal government and five media organizations as part of a settlement of a civil suit he had filed against them for leaking his name to the press before any formal charges had been filed against him. Federal judge James A. Parker eventually apologized to Lee for denying him bail and putting him in solitary confinement, and excoriated the government for misconduct and misrepresentations to the court.
Bo Jiang[edit]
Bo Jiang, a researcher working on "source code for high technology imaging" at NASA's Langley Research Center, was arrested under the charge of lying to federal officer on March 16, 2013 at Dulles International Airport before he was on his planned one-way trip to return to China. Allegedly, Jiang told FBI that he was carrying fewer computer storage devices than he really was. He has been accused of espionage by Representative Frank Wolf, and is under investigation for possible violations of the Arms Export Control Act.[26] An affidavit claimed that on a prior occasion, Jiang had taken a NASA laptop containing sensitive information to China.[27]
U.S. Magistrate Judge Lawrence Leonard ordered Jiang released after a federal prosecutor acknowledged there is no evidence so far that he possessed any sensitive, secret or classified material.[27] Jiang's lawyer says congressman is making "scapegoat" of his client and a subject of witch hunt.[28]
On May 2, 2013, Bo Jiang was exonerated in federal court of the only felony charge of lying to federal investigators, despite the hype in media that he was a Chinese spy.[29][30]
Hua Jun Zhao[edit]
Hua Jun Zhao, 42, may have stolen a cancer-research compound from a Medical College office in Milwaukee and taken steps to deliver it to Zhejiang University, according to a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent's affidavit in support of a criminal complaint dated March 29.[31]
The presiding Judge Charles N. Clevert found no evidence that "Zhao had intended to defraud or cause any loss to Medical College of Wisconsin, or even to make money for himself".[32] Zhao was subsequently convicted on a much lesser charge of "accessing a computer without authorization and obtaining information worth more than $5,000" for accessing his own research on university-owned lab computers, right after school officials seized his own personal laptop, portable memory devices and papers.[33]
Chinese intelligence-gathering agencies[edit]
Ministry of State Security(中华人民共和国国家安全部): Formerly a bureau under the Ministry of Public Security, it was raised to Ministry status in June 1983.[34] MSS is the principal Chinese agency responsible for intelligence collection and counterintelligence.[9] According to Western intelligence sources, MSS operates intelligence activities in more than 170 cities in close to 50 countries through its Foreign Affairs Bureau.[9] MSS reach beyond China allows it to pursue Chinese dissidents in foreign countries and establish cover for Chinese diplomats and agents who are planted among the 15,000 Chinese students who attend U.S. universities, as well as thousands of Chinese who travel to the U.S. as business representatives, or members of scientific, academic, and cultural delegations.[9]
People's Liberation Army: Intelligence elements of the PLA include: Second Department or Intelligence Department(of People's Liberation Army General Staff Department,总参二部), Third or Electronic Warfare Department(总参三部), Fourth Department (focuses on information warfare)(总参四部), General Armaments Department and General Logistics Department (both of which train technical collectors)(总装备部及总后勤部), and the PLA General Political Department(总政治部).[11]
Political Legal Leading Group(政法委): Chinese Communist Party agency under the party's Military Commission (responsible for internal order), whose responsibilities include overseeing intelligence and law enforcement regarding internal affairs.[9]
Investigations Department(监察部): Chinese Communist Party agency that is responsible for political investigations of party members.[9]
United Front Works Department(统战部): Chinese Communist Party agency that is responsible for handling Chinese who are living in other countries and who are usually citizens of other countries. Works Department personnel are stationed in Chinese embassies and consulates, and attempt to influence important people of Chinese ancestry to follow Chinese Communist Party direction.[9] Works Department Agents also keep an eye on Chinese academics and scientists working in other countries and make sure they eventually go back home to China.[9]
The Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense(国防科工委): Sends agents to foreign countries, including the United States, as employees of front organizations to purchase defense equipment and technologies restricted for export. Examples of Chinese cover organizations include, New Era Corp., Chinese International Trust and Investment Corp., and Poly Technologies.[9]
Various case histories[edit]
- In 2007, McAfee, Inc. alleged that China was actively involved in "cyberwar." China was accused of cyber-attacks on India, Germany, and the United States, although China denied knowledge of these attacks. China has the highest number of computers vulnerable to be controlled, owing at least partially to the large population.[clarification needed][citation needed]
- A September 2007 estimate by former senior U.S. information security official Paul Strassmann claimed that 735,598 computers in the US were "infested with Chinese zombies"; infected computers would potentially create a botnet capable of carrying out unsophisticated, but potentially dangerous denial-of-service attacks.[35]
- On March 28, 2009, a cyber spy network, dubbed GhostNet, using servers mainly based in China has tapped into classified documents from government and private organizations in 103 countries, including the computers of Tibetan exiles,[36][37] but China denies the claim.[38][39]
- In December 2009 through January 2010, a cyber attack, dubbed Operation Aurora, was launched from China against Google and over 20 other companies.[40] Google said the attacks originated from China and that it would "review the feasibility" of its business operations in China following the incident. According to Google, at least 20 other companies in various sectors had been targeted by the attacks. McAfee spokespersons claim that "this is the highest profile attack of its kind that we have seen in recent memory."[41]
Impact on Chinese/Asian Americans[edit]
High profile Chinese spy cases in US media have raised concerns to civil rights groups about racial profiling Chinese Americans or immigrants of Chinese origin for being spies. In the prominent case targeting Wen Ho Lee, Dr. Lee's lawyers say the scientist had been unfairly singled out by government investigators because of his ethnic background.[7][42]
See also[edit]
- ^ deGraffenreid, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Global Security. "Ministry of State Security Operations." (accessed March 11, 2010).
- ^ a b c d e Wortzel, p. 6.
- ^ Wortzel, p. 9.
- ^ Helft, Miguel and John Markoff, "In Rebuke of China, Focus Falls on Cybersecuirty," The New York Times, January 13, 2010.
- ^ Wortzel, p. 8.
- ^ a b "Racial Bias in the Wen Ho Lee Case?", PBS.org, Dec. 14, 1999
- ^ "Charged With Being Ethnic Chinese", Pacific News Service, August 18, 2000
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Polmar, Norman and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage, Second Edition, (New York, NY: Random House Reference, 2004), p. 125.
- ^ a b c Eftimiades, p. 28.
- ^ a b Wortzel, p. 5.
- ^ a b c d e f Wortzel, p. 4.
- ^ Wortzel, p. 3.
- ^ U.S. Department of Defense, Annual Report to Congress on the Military Power of the People's Republic of China, (Washington, DC: July 2007), p. 29.
- ^ deGraffenreid, p. 99.
- ^ a b c deGraffenreid, p. 98.
- ^ deGraffenreid, p. 100.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cha, Ariana Eunjung and Ellen Nakashima, "Google China cyberattack part of vast espionage campaign, experts say," The Washington Post, January 14, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Google cyberattack hit password system – NY Times," Reuters, April 19, 2010.
- ^ Perlroth, Nicole (2013-01-30). "Hackers in China Attacked The Times for Last 4 Months". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
- ^ Eftimiades, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d "They let her clean the China," The Economist, May 15, 2003.
- ^ Lichtblau, Eric, "F.B.I. Was Told Years Ago Of Possible Double Agent," The New York Times, April 12, 2003.
- ^ Polmar, Norman and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage, Second Edition, (New York, NY: Random House Reference, 2004).
- ^ Warrick, Joby and Carrie Johnson, "Chinese Spy 'Slept' In U.S. for 2 Decades," The Washington Post, April 3, 2008.
- ^ Lambidakis, Stephanie (19 March 2013). "Update: NASA researcher arrested on China-bound plane". CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- ^ a b Howard, Jacqueline (18 March 2013). "Bo Jiang, Former NASA Contractor, Arrested By FBI On Plane To China". Huffington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- ^ Dujardin, Peter (21 March 2013). "Attorney: Former NASA contractor subject of 'witch hunt'". Daily Press. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "NIA STATEMENT ON THE RELEASE OF DR. BO JIANG". 3 May 2013. Retrieved 10 Nov 2013.
- ^ "Chinese scientist freed after felony case collapses". 3 May 2013. Retrieved 10 Nov 2013.
- ^ Wisconsin Researcher Accused of Economic Spying for China
- ^ Chinese Scientist to be Sentenced for Theft of Research Drug
- ^ Ex-Espionage Suspect Gets Time Served for Computer Crime
- ^ Eftimiades, p. 17.
- ^ Waterman, Shaun (17 September 2007). "China 'has .75M zombie computers' in U.S.". United Press International. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
- ^ AP: Researchers: Cyber spies break into govt computers
- ^ CTV News: Video clip
- ^ Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Remarks on the So-called Chinese Cyber-Spy Ring Invading Computers in Countries
- ^ embassy scoffs at reports of cyber spying
- ^ "A new approach to China". Google Inc. 2010-01-12. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
- ^ "Google Attack Is Tip Of Iceberg", McAfee Security Insights, Jan. 13, 2010
- ^ "The Prosecution Unravels: The Case of Wen Ho Lee", nytimes.com, Feb. 5, 2001
- deGraffenreid, Kenneth (ed.), The Unanimous and Bipartisan Report of the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China ("The Cox Report"). Select Committee, U.S. House of Representatives (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1999)
- Eftimiades, Nicholas, Chinese Intelligence Operations (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994)
- Wortzel, Larry M., Hearing on "Enforcement of Federal Espionage Laws." Testimony before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the House Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, January 29, 2008
External links[edit]
- United States and Canadian computer security researchers monitor a Chinese cyber-spying operation, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/science/06cyber.html?emc=tnt&tntemail1=y
- Chinese coordinated assault on the email accounts of journalists, academics, and human rights activists, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/31/world/asia/31china.html?emc=tnt&tntemail1=y
- Google decides to lift censorship in China, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8582233.stm
- More journalists have their email accounts hacked, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/technology/companies/19google.html?emc=tnt&tntemail1=y
- Google reaction to Chinese cyber attack, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8455712.stm
- More examples of how China steals U.S. Military Secrets, http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/3319656
- Britain warns businesses of the Chinese spying threat, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/world/europe/01spy.html
- Vast Chinese espionage campaign, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/13/AR2010011300359.html?sid=ST2010011300360
- Chinese spy buys Pentagon secrets, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/25/60minutes/main6242498.shtml


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Adam WoodPh.D. Candidate in Management and OrganizationUSC Marshall School of Business
Los Angeles, CA 90089-0808Phone:213-740-4802Education:BA, University of ChicagoOverview
Adam is a Ph.D. candidate studying Organizational Behavior at the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business. His professional experience includes several years as management and technology consultant in both the United States and Europe. As a consultant, Adam held positions at Visa U.S.A., Sybase, Inc., Federal Express Corporation, and American Management Systems, Inc. His research focuses primarily on negotiation topics, specifically involving the role of emotions, interpersonal dynamics, and interpersonal perception in value creation and value claiming. Adam served as Program Chair of the New Doctoral Student Consortium at the Academy of Management Conference, Montreal, 2010. In addition, he is a member of the Academy of Management, American Psychological Association, and Psi Chi.
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