text:
Screenshot of Skype 6.2 on Windows 7
Original author(s) | Janus Friis, Niklas Zennström |
Developer(s) | Microsoft Skype Division (formerly Skype Technologies) |
Initial release | August 2003 |
Stable release |
List of releases
Windows desktop Windows 8 Windows Phone Mac iOS Linux Android |
Written in | Delphi, Objective-C, C++ with Qt[17] |
Operating system | Windows, Windows Phone, OS X, iOS, Linux, Android, BlackBerry OS, Symbian, PSP, PSVita, Xbox One |
Available in | 38 languages |
Type | VoIP, Instant messaging, Videoconferencing |
License | Freemium |
Website | www.skype.com |
Part of a series on |
Skype |
Skype /ˈskaɪp/ is a freemium voice-over-IP service and instant messaging client, currently developed by the Microsoft Skype Division. The name was derived from "sky" and "peer".[18]
Skype was first released in August 2003. It was created by Janus Friis (Denmark) and Niklas Zennström (Sweden) in cooperation with Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn (Estonia), who supplied the backend which was also used in Kazaa.[19] Skype had 663 million registered users as of the end of 2010.[20] It was bought by Microsoft in 2011 for $8.5 billion. Microsoft's Skype division headquarters is in Luxembourg, but most of the development team and 44% of the overall employees of the division are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia.[21][22][23]
The service allows users to communicate with peers by voice using a microphone, video by using a webcam, and instant messaging over the Internet. Phone calls may be placed to recipients on the traditional telephone networks. Calls to other users within the Skype service are free of charge, while calls to landline telephones and mobile phones are charged via a debit-based user account system. Skype has also become popular for its additional features, including file transfer, and videoconferencing. Competitors include SIP and H.323-based services, such as Linphone[24] and Google Hangouts.
Unlike most other VoIP services, Skype is a hybrid peer-to-peer and client–server system. It makes use of background processing on computers running Skype software, and this is reflected in Skype's original proposed name of Sky Peer-to-Peer.
Some network administrators have banned Skype on corporate, government, home and education networks,[25] citing reasons such as inappropriate usage of resources, excessive bandwidth usage, and security concerns.[26]
Skype was founded in 2003 by Janus Friis from Denmark and Niklas Zennström from Sweden.[27] The Skype software was created by the Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn[28] The first public beta version was released on 29 August 2003.[29]
In June 2005, Skype entered into an agreement with the Polish web portal Onet.pl.[citation needed] On 12 September 2007, eBay Inc. agreed to acquire Luxembourg-based Skype Technologies SA for approximately US$2.5 billion in up-front cash and eBay stock, plus potential performance-based consideration.[30]
On 1 September 2009, it was announced that eBay was selling 65% of Skype to Silver Lake, Andreessen Horowitz and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board for US$1.9 billion, valuing Skype at US$2.75 billion.
Microsoft acquisition[edit]
On 10 May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications, S.à r.l for US$8.5 billion.[31] The company was incorporated as a division of Microsoft, and Microsoft acquired all of the company's technologies with the purchase. This was completed on 13 October 2011.[31][32]
Microsoft phased out its long-standing Windows Live Messenger instant messaging service in favour of Skype, although Messenger continues in mainland China.[33] Microsoft began this transition on 8 April 2013, and completed the move by 30 April.[34]
Registered users of Skype are identified by a unique Skype Name, and may be listed in the Skype directory.[35] Skype allows these registered users to communicate through both instant messaging and voice chat. Voice chat allows telephone calls between pairs of users and conference calling, and uses a proprietary audio codec. Skype's text chat client allows group chats, emoticons, storing chat history and editing of previous messages. Offline messages were implemented in a beta of version 5, but removed after a few weeks without notification. The usual features familiar to instant messaging users — user profiles, online status indicators, and so on — are also included.
The Online Number, a.k.a. SkypeIn, service allows Skype users to receive calls on their computers dialed by conventional phone subscribers to a local Skype phone number; local numbers are available for Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[36][37] A Skype user can have local numbers in any of these countries, with calls to the number charged at the same rate as calls to fixed lines in the country. The countries on this growing list are referred to collectively as the SkypeIn Countries.
Skype supports conference calls up to 25 people at a time. Skype also supports video chat between two people for free. Screen sharing and group video calling is available for Premium subscribers between a maximum of 10 people.[38]
Skype does not provide the ability to call emergency numbers such as 112 in Europe, 911 in North America, 000 in Australia, 100 Call Police in India and Nepal[39] The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has ruled that, for the purposes of section 255 of the Telecommunications Act, Skype is not an "interconnected VoIP provider".[40] As a result, the U.S. National Emergency Number Association recommends that all VoIP users have an analog line available as a backup.[41]
On 14 July 2011, Skype partnered with Comcast to bring its video chat service to Comcast subscribers via their HDTV sets.[42]
On 17 June 2013, Skype released a free video messaging service which can be operated on Windows and Mac OS, iOS, Android and BlackBerry.[43]
On 12 August 2013, Skype released the 4.10 update to the app for Apple iPhone and iPad that allows HD quality video for iPhone 5 and fourth generation iPads.[44]
Usage and traffic[edit]
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Users may have more than one account; it is not possible to count users, only accounts. The volume of international traffic routed via Skype is significant. It has become the largest international voice carrier (by minutes of calls).[56] |
Year | International call market share |
2005 | 2.9 %[57] |
2006 | 4.4 %[57] |
2008 | 8 %[56] |
2009 | 12 %[55] |
2010 | 13 %[58] |
2012 | 34 %[59] |
In January 2011, after the release of video calling on the Skype client for iPhone, Skype reached a record 27 million simultaneous online users.[60] This record was broken with 29 million simultaneous online users on 21 February 2011,[61] and again on 28 March 2011 with 30 million online users.[62] On 25 February 2012, Skype announced that it has over 32 million users for the first time ever.[63] As of 5 March 2012, it has broken to 36 million simultaneous online users [64] and less than a year later, on 21 January 2013, Skype had more than 50 million concurrent users online.[65] In June 2012, Skype had surpassed 70 million downloads on an Android Device.[66]
On 19 July 2012, Microsoft announced that Skype users had logged 115 billion minutes of calls over the quarter, up 50% since the last quarter.[67]
System and software[edit]
Client applications and devices[edit]
Skype runs on a number of platforms including Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, 7, 8), OS X (10.6 or newer), Linux (Ubuntu and others), Android, BlackBerry 10, iOS, Symbian and Windows Phone.
On 29 October 2007, Skype launched its own mobile phone under the brand name 3 Skypephone, which runs a BREW OS.[68]
Skype also offers a Skype Wi-Fi Phone, which is a wireless mobile phone that allows users to make Skype calls, using a wireless Internet connection. The Skype Wi-Fi Phone has an on-screen menu that lets Skype users see who is online and available to talk, similar to what is seen on a PC. It can also be used to talk with non-Skype users. SkypeOut minutes can be used to call any phone for a low price and no monthly fee. The Skype Wi-Fi phone does not contain a web browser and so can not access hotspots that require web-based login or authentication.[69]
Other platforms officially supported include:
- The Nokia N800, N810 and N900 Internet Tablets, which run Maemo
- The Nokia N9, which runs MeeGo, comes with Skype voice calling and text messaging integrated however lacks video-calling.
- Both the Sony mylo COM-1 and COM-2 models
- The PlayStation Portable Slim and Lite series, though the user needs to purchase a specially designed microphone peripheral. The PSP-3000 has a built in microphone, which allows communication without the Skype peripheral.[70] The PSP Go has the ability to use Bluetooth connections with the Skype application, in addition to its built-in microphone.[71] Skype for PlayStation Vita may be downloaded via the PlayStation Network in the U.S. It includes the capability to receive incoming calls with the application running in the background.
- Samsung Smart TV has a Skype app which can be downloaded for free.[72] It uses the built in camera and microphone for the newer models. Alternatively a separate mountable Skype camera with built in speakers and microphones is available to purchase for older models.[73]
- Some devices are made to work with Skype by talking to a desktop Skype client or by embedding Skype software into the device. These are usually either tethered to a PC, or have a built-in Wi-Fi client to allow calling from Wi-Fi hotspots like the Netgear SPH101 Skype Wi-Fi Phone, the SMC WSKP100 Skype Wi-Fi Phone, the Belkin F1PP000GN-SK Wi-Fi Skype Phone, the Panasonic KX-WP1050 Wi-Fi Phone for Skype Executive Travel Set, the IPEVO So-20 Wi-Fi Phone for Skype and the Linksys CIT200 Wi-Fi Phone.
Third-party developers, such as Truphone, Nimbuzz and Fring, previously allowed Skype to run in parallel with several other competing VoIP/IM networks (Truphone and Nimbuzz provide TruphoneOut and NimbuzzOut as a competing paid service) in any Symbian or Java environment. Nimbuzz made Skype available to BlackBerry users and Fring provided mobile video calling over Skype as well as support for the Android platform. Skype disabled Fring users from accessing Skype in July 2010.[74] Nimbuzz discontinued support on request of Skype in October 2010.[75]
Before and during the Microsoft acquisition, Skype withdrew licensing from several third parties producing software and hardware compatible with Skype. The Skype for Asterisk product from Digium was withdrawn as "no longer available for sale".[76] The Senao SN358+ long-range (10–15 km) cordless phone were discontinued due to loss of licenses to participate in the Skype network as peers. In combination these two products made it possible to create roaming cordless mesh networks with robust handoff.
Skype uses a proprietary Internet telephony (VoIP) network called the Skype protocol. The protocol has not been made publicly available by Skype and official applications using the protocol are closed-source. Part of the Skype technology relies on the Global Index P2P protocol belonging to the Joltid Ltd. corporation. The main difference between Skype and standard VoIP clients is that Skype operates on a peer-to-peer model (originally based on the Kazaa software[77]), rather than the more usual client–server model (note that the very popular SIP model of VoIP is also peer-to-peer, but implementation generally requires registration with a server, as does Skype).
As far as networking stack support is concerned, Skype only supports the IPv4 protocol. It lacks support for the next generation Internet protocol, IPv6.[78]
Protocol detection and control[edit]
Many networking and security companies claim to detect and control Skype's protocol for enterprise and carrier applications. While the specific detection methods used by these companies are often private, Pearson's chi-squared test and Naive Bayes classification are two approaches that were published in 2008.[79] Combining statistical measurements of payload properties (such as byte frequencies and initial byte sequences) as well as flow properties (like packet sizes and packet directions) has also shown to be an effective method for identifying Skype's TCP- and UDP-based protocols.[80]
Audio codecs[edit]
G.729 and SVOPC. Skype added a Skype-created codec called SILK to Skype 4.0 for Windows and other Skype clients. SILK is intended to be "lightweight and embeddable".[81]
Video codecs[edit]
VP7 is used for versions prior to Skype 5.5[82][83][84][85][86]
As of version 5.7 VP8 is used for both group and one on one standard definition video chat and H.264 is used for 720p and 1080p high definition group and one on one video chat.[87][88]
Release history[edit]
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OS X[edit]
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Security and privacy[edit]
Skype is claimed initially to be a secure communication, with one of its early web pages stating "highly secure with end-to-end encryption".[103] Security services were invisible to the user, and encryption cannot be disabled. Skype reportedly uses publicly documented, widely trusted encryption techniques: RSA for key negotiation and the Advanced Encryption Standard to encrypt conversations.[104] However, it is impossible to verify that these algorithms are used correctly, completely and at all times as there is no public review possible without a protocol specification and/or the program source code. Skype provides an uncontrolled registration system for users with no proof of identity. Instead, a free choice of nicknames permits users to use the system without revealing their identity to other users. It is trivial to set up an account using any name; the displayed caller's name is no guarantee of authenticity. A third party paper analyzing the security and methodology of Skype was presented at Black Hat Europe 2006. It analyzed Skype and found a number of security issues with the current security model.[105]
Skype incorporates some features, which tend to hide its traffic, but it is not specifically designed to thwart traffic analysis and therefore does not provide anonymous communication. Some researchers have been able to watermark the traffic so that it is identifiable even after passing through an anonymizing network.[106]
In an interview Kurt Sauer, the Chief Security Officer of Skype, said, "We provide a safe communication option. I will not tell you whether we can listen or not."[107] Skype's client uses an undocumented and proprietary protocol. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is concerned by user privacy issues arising from using proprietary software and protocols and has made a replacement for Skype one of their high priority projects.[108] Security researchers Biondi and Desclaux have speculated that Skype may have a back door, since Skype sends traffic even when it is turned off and because Skype has taken extreme measures to obfuscate their traffic and functioning of their program.[109] Several media sources reported that at a meeting about the "Lawful interception of IP based services" held on 25 June 2008, high-ranking unnamed officials at the Austrian interior ministry said that they could listen in on Skype conversations without problems. Austrian public broadcasting service ORF, citing minutes from the meeting, reported that "the Austrian police are able to listen in on Skype connections". Skype declined to comment on the reports.[110][111] One easily demonstrated method of monitoring is to set up two computers with the same skype userid and password. When a message is typed or a call is received on one computer, the second computer duplicates the audio and text. This requires knowledge of the userid and password.
The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has interpreted the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) as requiring digital phone networks to allow wiretapping if authorized by an FBI warrant, in the same way as other phone services. In February 2009 Skype said that, not being a telephone company owning phone lines, it is exempt from CALEA and similar laws, which regulate US phone companies, and in fact it is not clear whether Skype could support wiretapping even if it wanted to.[112] According to the ACLU, the Act is inconsistent with the original intent of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution;[113] more recently, the ACLU has expressed the concern that the FCC interpretation of the Act is incorrect.[114][115] It has been suggested that Microsoft made changes to Skype's infrastructure to ease various wiretapping requirements;[116] however, Skype denies the claims.[117]
Some time before Skype was sold in 2009, the company had started its own program, called Project Chess, to explore legal and technical ways to easily share calls with intelligence agencies and law enforcement.[118]
On 20 February 2009 the European Union's Eurojust agency announced that the Italian Desk at Eurojust would "play a key role in the coordination and cooperation of the investigations on the use of internet telephony systems (VoIP), such as 'Skype'. ... The purpose of Eurojust's coordination role is to overcome the technical and judicial obstacles to the interception of internet telephony systems, taking into account the various data protection rules and civil rights"[119]
In November 2010, a flaw was disclosed to Skype that showed how hackers could secretly track any user's IP address.[120] As of 2013, this has still not been fixed.[121]
In 2012, Skype introduced automatic updates to better protect users from security risks, but received some challenge from users of the Mac product, as the updates cannot be disabled from version 5.6 on,[122] both on Mac OS and Windows versions, although in the latter, and only from version 5.9 on, automatic updating can be turned off in certain cases.[123]
According to a 2012 Washington Post article, Skype "has expanded its cooperation with law enforcement authorities to make online chats and other user information available to police"; the article additionally mentions Skype made changes to allow authorities access to addresses and credit card numbers.[124]
In November 2012, Skype was reported to have handed over user data of a pro-Wikileaks activist to Dallas, Texas-based private security company iSIGHT Partners without a warrant or court order. The allegation was an apparent breach of Skype's privacy policy. Skype responded with a statement that it launched an internal investigation to probe the breach of user data privacy.[125]
13 November 2012, a Russian user published a flaw in Skype's security, which allowed any person to take over a Skype account knowing only the victim's email by following 7 steps.[126][127] This vulnerability was claimed to exist for months, and existed for more than 12 hours since published widely.
14 May 2013, it was documented that a URL sent via a Skype instant messaging session was usurped by the Skype service and subsequently used in a HTTP HEAD query originating from an IP address registered to Microsoft in Redmond (the IP address used was 188.8.131.52). The Microsoft query used the full URL supplied in the IM conversation, and was generated by a previously undocumented security service.[128] Security experts speculate the action was triggered by a technology similar to Microsoft's SmartScreen Filter used in its browsers.[129]
The 2013 mass surveillance disclosures revealed that agencies such as the NSA and the FBI have the ability to eavesdrop on Skype, including the monitoring and storage of text and video calls and file transfers.[130][131][132] The PRISM surveillance program, which requires FISA court authorization, reportedly has allowed the NSA unfettered access to its data center supernodes. According to the leaked documents, integration work began in November 2010, but it was not until February 2011 that the company was served with a directive to comply signed by the attorney general.[130]
Service in the People's Republic of China[edit]
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (January 2012) |
Since September 2007, users in China trying to download the Skype software client have been redirected to the site of TOM Online, a joint venture between a Chinese wireless operator and Skype, from which a modified Chinese version can be downloaded.[133] The TOM client participates in China's system of Internet censorship, monitoring text messages between Skype users in China as well as messages exchanged with users outside the country.[134][135] Niklas Zennström, then chief executive of Skype, told reporters that TOM "had implemented a text filter, which is what everyone else in that market is doing. Those are the regulations." He also stated: "One thing that's certain is that those things are in no way jeopardising the privacy or the security of any of the users."[136]
In October 2008, it was reported that TOM had been saving the full message contents of some Skype text conversations on its servers, apparently focusing on conversations containing political issues such as Tibet, Falun Gong, Taiwan independence, and the Chinese Communist Party. The saved messages contain personally identifiable information about the message senders and recipients, including IP addresses, usernames, land line phone numbers, and the entire content of the text messages, including the time and date of each message. Information about Skype users outside China who were communicating with a TOM-Skype user was also saved. A server misconfiguration made these log files accessible to the public for a time.[135][137][138]
Research on the TOM-Skype venture has revealed information about blacklisted keyword checks, allowing censorship and surveillance of its users. The partnership has received much criticism for the latter. Microsoft remains unavailable for comment on the issue. [139]
According to reports from the advocacy group – Great Fire - Microsoft have modified censorship restrictions and ensured encryption of all user information. [140] Furthermore, Microsoft is now partnered with Guangming Founder (GMF) in China. [141]
Skype comes bundled with the following locales and languages: Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (Traditional and Simplified), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian and European), Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian and Vietnamese.
As the program (on Windows) offers users the option of creating new language files, at least 31 other (full or partial) localizations are also available for the following languages: Adyghe, Afrikaans, Albanian, Aragonese, Armenian, Basque, Belarusian, Bosnian, Breton, Chuvash, Cornish, Erzya, Esperanto, Faroese, Georgian, Irish, Khmer, Ligurian, Macedonian, Mirandese, Nias, Nynorsk, Palatinate German, Persian, Scottish Gaelic, Tajik, Tamil, Telugu, Uyghur (Persian and Latin script), Welsh[142]
Customer service[edit]
As of February 2012, Skype provides support through their web support portal, support community, @skypesupport on Twitter, and Skype Facebook page. Direct contact via email and live chat is available through their web support portal. Chat Support is a premium feature available to Skype Premium and some other paid users.
In January 2010 Skype rescinded their policy of seizing funds in Skype accounts that have been inactive (no paid call) for 180 days. This was in settlement to a class action lawsuit.[143] A settlement of up to US$4 was paid to persons who opted into the action.
Skype's refund policy states that they will provide refunds in full if customers have used less than 1 euro of their Skype Credit. "Upon a duly submitted request, Skype will refund you on a pro rata basis for the unused period of a Product".
Skype has come under some criticism from users for the inability to completely close accounts. Users not wanting to continue using Skype can make their account inactive by deleting all personal information, except for the user name.[144]
Educational use[edit]
Although Skype is a commercial product, its free version is being used with increasing frequency among teachers and schools interested in global education projects.[145] For example Skype is being used to facilitate language exchange. Students in different parts of the world are paired off, each is a native speaker of the language that the other wishes to learn. In conversations over Skype they alternate between the two languages.[146][147][148]
Teachers are using Skype in unique ways to fulfill educational goals. The videoconferencing aspect of the software is valuable in that it provides a way to connect students who speak different languages, hold virtual field trips, and reach out to experts in varying fields of study. These experiences allow students a chance to apply what they are learning in the classroom to real-life experiences and it also achieves further learning opportunities.[149][150]
Skype in the classroom is another free tool that Skype has set up on its website. It provides teachers with a way to make their classrooms more interactive and interesting. Skype in the classroom is a service that teachers can sign up for that will allow students to meet other students, talk to experts, and share ideas. Teachers can collaborate with other teachers around the world and design different learning experiences for their students. There are various Skype lessons, in which students can participate. Teachers can also use Skype's search tool and find experts in the field of their choice.[151]
Outages and downtime[edit]
This section is outdated. (February 2012) |
On 16 August 2007, Skype became unavailable for two days to a majority of its users. Millions of users were requesting to log in at the same time following a routine Windows Update and this flooded the peer-to-peer system.[152]
On 22 December 2010, it was reported that Skype experienced an outage estimated to represent 8 million foregone calls.[153] Skype administrators placed the following message on their Twitter page: "Some of you may have problems signing in to Skype – we're investigating, and we're sorry for the disruption to your conversations...engineers and site operations are working non-stop to get things back to normal."[154][155] The problem came down to the limited availability of "supernodes", affecting some versions of Skype.[156] Later in the day, Skype's CEO, Tony Bates, issued an apology. He said that the matter was being taken very seriously and was being thoroughly investigated. He said that malicious attack was not being ruled out as a problem cause and he put his estimate of the foregone calls at about 10 million.[157] On 23 December 2010, Skype's blog with Tony Bates issued another apology through a video posted on YouTube for the Skype outage.[158]
The problem persisted across the North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia. It had started to subside by 8:30 pm UTC; however users were warned it might take several hours for the program to be fully operative again.[159] It was reported at 9:27 am 23 December UTC that most users were able to log in again although some still could not.[160] On the other hand into Thursday only about a third of the expected traffic was actually using Skype, relative to the time-period.[161] On 23 December 2010, Skype said on its blog that the system had stabilized, and a detailed explanation of the incident was published six days later.[162] Bates offered all Pay As You Go and Pre-Pay customers a free call to any landline as compensation.[163] Subscribers had their subscription extended by one week.
Open source alternatives[edit]
Open source alternatives to Skype include Jitsi, Ekiga and Vox. These multiplatform clients can encrypt chats, calls and video calls. Users need to register an XMPP account to use some of the software.
See also[edit]
- Caller ID spoofing
- Comparison of instant messaging clients
- Comparison of instant messaging protocols
- Comparison of VoIP software
- Mobile VoIP
- Presence information
- Secure communication
- Unified communications
- Major competitors: Google Hangouts, Viber.
- Other competitors: VSee, UberConference, GoToMeeting, Webex, oovoo, Voxox.[164]
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- ^ "3 Skypephone Delivers Free Skype to Skype Mobile Calls and Instant Messages at the Touch of a Button". 29 October 2007.
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- ^ "Bring back the ability of CREATORs/MASTERs to edit/remove chat participants' messages".
- ^ Guzik, Aga. "Skype for Windows Desktop 6.5 with Easier Ways to Share and Add Contacts – - Skype Blogs". Blogs.skype.com. Retrieved 2013-06-27.
- ^ Skype VoIP Software Released For Linux – Slashdot
- ^ Skype for Linux blog – Skype 4.0 for Linux
- ^ Skype Garage blog – Hotfix for multiple Skype clients
- ^ Skype for Linux blog – Skype 4.1 for Linux
- ^ Skype for Linux 4.2
- ^ "Skype (Wayback Machine Archive)". Archived from the original on 1 July 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ "Skype Privacy FAQ". Skype. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
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- ^ ZDNet.de. "Telefonieren übers Internet: Wie sicher ist Skype wirklich? – Telekommunikation | Mobile Business". ZDNet.de. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
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- ^ Leyde, John (24 July 2008). "Austrian official fuels Skype backdoor rumours". The Register UK. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
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- ^ Was Skype reworked by Microsoft to make it easier to wiretap? | ITworld
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- ^ Language Magazine article
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- ^ Video Conferencing with Skype
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- ^ Arak, V (20 August 2007). "What happened on 16 August". Heartbeat.skype.com. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Rooney, B. (22 December 2010). "Skype Outage Hits Users Worldwide". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ "Skype outage: millions affected worldwide". Fox News. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
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- ^ Metz, C. (22 December 2010). "Skype goes tits up across globe: Mass supernode death". The Register. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Shiels, M. (22 December 2010). "Skype apologises for losing half of daily call traffic". BBC News. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Skype — The Big Blog (23 December 2010). "A further update on the Skype downtime". Skype Blogs. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ Ando, R (22 December 2010). "Update 2-Outage takes out Skype, recovery taking hours". Reuters. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ Farrell, Nick (23 December 2010). "Skype comes up with 'leaves on the line' excuse". The Inquirer. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ Johnson, L. (23 December 2010). "Skype issues continue as two thirds of users remain offline". T3.com. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
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- ^ "Skype makes wobbly return, offers compo to paying punters". 24 December 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ^ "12 Best Skype Alternatives For VoIP, Video Calls and Conferencing". thetecnica. Retrieved 04 March 2014.
Further reading[edit]
- Rushe, Dominic. "Skype's secret Project Chess reportedly helped NSA access customers' data." The Guardian. 20 June 2013.
- Latest Products."Skype Launches Video Messaging For Free"
External links[edit]
- Official website
- Compilation of research and technology articles involving Skype
- An Experimental Study of the Skype Peer-to-Peer VoIP System
- "Skype, Going Public, Hopes for $100 Million From First Offering" Eric Pfanner, The New York Times, 9 August 2010
- Skype Journal, an independent blog covering Skype since its 2003 launch.
- Official offline installer of Skype.
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August 8, 2012 – All good things must come to an end and, unfortunately, so did this year's Annual National Conference (ANC) in Denver. Were you among the 7,000+ school nutrition professionals, industry partners and advocates in attendance? If so, you know that this year's conference was filled with plenty of fresh and innovative ideas, new and old friends and unmatched learning opportunities—as well as the chance to let loose and have fun in the "Mile High City."
If you didn't make it to every session you wanted to at ANC, handouts of many of this year's education session presentations are still available for download. ANC audio recorded education sessions are also available for purchase! For instructions on placing your order and how the sessions can be used toward SNA certification, please visit www.schoolnutrition.org/ancaudio.
To relive your favorite ANC memories, be sure to check out all of the conference photos posted on SNA's Flickr page. Also, don't forget, out social media sites are a great way to stay connected with SNA and your colleagues throughout the year. If you haven't already done so, consider "Liking" SNA on Facebook or "Following" SNA on Twitter.
Finally, be sure to mark your calendar now for ANC in Kansas City, July 14-17, 2013! If you're interested in submitting a proposal to present a session at ANC 2013, click here. Stay tuned to the SNA website for the latest conference information.
ANC 2012 Presentations
ANC 2012 Audio Recordings
ANC 2013 Call for Proposals
August 7, 2012—It's back-to-school time, and for many school nutrition operations, that means changes in the size of their school districts or a different calendar than what many of us experienced when we were in school. The August issue of School Nutrition, SNA's award-winning flagship publication, explores some of these challenges faced by many school nutrition professionals around the country. Also included are an interview with new SNA President Sandra Ford, SNS, and a look at the STEPS Challenge, a new personal wellness program from SNA.
Sandra Ford, SNS, may have begun her foodservice career "by sheer accident," but her path through the profession has been long and varied. Get to know SNA's new powerhouse leader as she details her travels through the school nutrition profession, the delight she has found in a Florida lifestyle and her plans and goals for the year ahead in "Ford's Focus." Bonus Web Content: If you or someone you know is interested in reading this profile in Spanish, you can find a translated version online.
It's hard enough to predict meal counts from day to day, but it can be even harder to manage a school nutrition program when there are significant changes in the number of students from year to year. "Sizable Shifts" explores some of the ups and downs, literally, of managing such changes.
Academic and economic pressures are prompting school districts to make creative calendar decisions. Find out the impact these decisions have on some school nutrition operations in "Calendar Daze." Bonus Web Content: Don't miss additional perspectives from school nutrition operators who made creative adjustments as a result of changes to the school year calendars in their districts.
Last month, at SNA's Annual National Conference in Denver, President Sandra Ford, SNS, announced the launch of an exciting new personal wellness program developed especially for school nutrition professionals. Learn about the STEPS Challenge, how it works—and how you can sign up—in "Taking STEPS to a New You"!
Many school nutrition professionals are finding that some of the global cuisines that more and more students are eagerly embracing are key to healthier diets. In addition to offering some innovative ways to serve rice, "Get Rice to It!" provides a helpful primer on how to purchase, cook and store this versatile grain. Bonus Web Content: Check out a detailed chart of rice bowl ideas from the USA Rice Federation and menuing suggestions from previous winners of the USA Rice Federation's Healthy Rice Bowls contest for school nutrition professionals.
School Nutrition –August 2012

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Keywords: Tags All Green Recycling, All Green Global, RedOrange, Peter Jegou, electronics recycling, e-cycling, Mark Schaible, Sam Philip Daniel Fitzgerald
NEW YORK All Green Recycling LLC has launched All Green Global LLC (AGG), a joint venture with RedOrange LLC, in an effort to boost market share.
AGG will bring new opportunities with U.S. government and military agencies, Fortune 500 companies and companies in the aviation and construction sectors, the Somerset, N.J.-based electronics recycler said.
RedOrange is a privately owned supply chain management, logistics and global procurement company based in Colorado Springs, Colo. It is owned by Mark Schaible and Sam Philip, both of whom will lend their supply chain expertise to AGG.
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Stories for July 25, 2013
For A Young Paramedic, Saving A Life Meant A Lifelong Bond
Twenty-two years ago this summer, Bryan Lindsay was riding his bike when he was hit by a van and almost killed. He was 7 years old.
For Holder, An Intersection Of The Personal And Political
Hours before Attorney General Eric Holder announced he would seek new federal powers to protect minority voters in the state of Texas, the country's top law enforcement officer mingled at a Washington event about a topic that hit close to home.
Deadline Nears For Unclaimed Money Held By County Treasurer
Time is running out to collect about $300,000 in unclaimed money being held by San Diego County, Treasurer-Tax Collector Dan McAllister announced Thursday.
Age Of Champions
In this award-winning documentary, follow five competitors who sprint, leap and swim for gold at the National Senior Olympics. Meet a 100-year-old tennis champion, an 86-year-old pole vaulter and rough-and-tumble basketball grandmothers as they discover the power of the human spirit and triumph over the limitations of age.
U.S. Carmakers Are Riding High, But Detroit May Not Feel It
The news out of Detroit has been grim of late, but there are some bright spots coming from one corner of the Motor City. On Thursday, General Motors posted its 14th straight profitable quarter since emerging from bankruptcy. Ford announced its 16th consecutive profitable quarter Wednesday, and Chrysler is expected to offer good news soon as well.
North Carolina Set To Compensate Forced Sterilization Victims
North Carolina could become the first state to compensate people who were forcibly sterilized in programs across the country that began during the Great Depression and continued for decades, targeting individuals deemed feeble-minded or otherwise unfit.
Federal Case Pits Wounded Warrior Against FBI
Army Ranger Justin Slaby served two tours in Iraq and one in Afghanistan. While he was back in the U.S. preparing to deploy for a fourth tour, his left hand was blown off by a faulty grenade in a training accident. After being fitted with a state-of-the-art prosthesis, Slaby was encouraged by one of his doctors to try for a career in the FBI. What happened next has landed the ex-Ranger and the FBI in court and already tarnished the career of a high-ranking agent.
Queen Victoria's Empire
At the time of Queen Victoria's birth in 1819, England was an agrarian society. Within a few short decades, this small island nation would be transformed into an industrial superpower, with an empire spanning the globe. "Queen Victoria's Empire" is both the story of this remarkable time and an engaging portrait of a queen who ruled over a fifth of the world's population. It is the story of influential men who would shape a distinctively British imperialism: Gladstone, Disraeli, Livingstone, Rhodes and Prince Albert, Victoria's husband.
Key Witness Against Emmett Till's Killers Led A Quiet Life
Willie Louis may be one of the most celebrated but least-known figures in a pivotal point in American history: He testified against the men accused of kidnapping and murdering 14-year-old Emmett Till. He died July 18, but his wife, Juliet, announced his death this week.
Poll: Weiner Plummets In New York City Mayor's Race
New York City mayoral candidate Anthony Weiner's standing with voters has plummeted since new revelations about his lewd online exchanges emerged this week, according to a survey released Thursday.
When Asian And Latin Food Collide: Spicy, Tasty Or Confused?
Asian-Americans and Latinos trace their roots half a world away from each other -- literally. But their cultures, and especially the foods they love, have more in common than you might think. These days, they're colliding in new and interesting ways - from Korean barbecue taco trucks to finer dining.
Heads Roll At TV Station That Broadcast Bogus Pilots Names
Three of the station's staffers who were at work when KTVU-TV of Oakland broadcast obviously bogus and incredibly offensive names of what it said were the pilots of Asiana Flight 214 have been dismissed and more departures may soon follow. That's according to reports from Bay Area media blogger Rich Lieberman as well as San Francisco Chronicle columnists Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross.
A Brief History Of Sexual Harassment
The allegations against San Diego Mayor Bob Filner have been lumped into stories about other political sex scandals. But there's a substantial difference in what's been alleged about Mayor Filner.
POV: Last Train Home
Every spring, China's cities are plunged into chaos as 130 million migrant workers journey to their home villages for the New Year in the world's largest human migration. "Last Train Home" takes viewers on a heart-stopping journey with the Zhangs, a couple who left infant children behind for factory jobs 16 years ago, hoping their wages would lift their children to a better life. They return to a family growing distant and a daughter longing to leave school for unskilled work. As the Zhangs navigate their new world, this award-winning film paints a rich human portrait of China's rush to economic development.
Fire Going Out, Gas Leak Blocked At Gulf Of Mexico Rig
"Natural gas has stopped flowing to a drilling rig on fire in the Gulf of Mexico," NPR's Jeff Brady tells our Newscast Desk.
Making Sense Of Cleveland's Good And Bad News
As Cleveland embraces national attention for everything from its booming arts and culinary scene to its redevelopment plans, it struggles with recent high-profile crimes. Some residents and tourists are left with news whiplash as they try to figure out what these diverging storylines say about the city.
Feds Charge SAC Advisors With Insider Trading
Federal officials in New York City have charged SAC Capital Advisors with insider trading, the culmination of a protracted investigation into the hedge fund founded by embattled billionaire Steven Cohen.
After Years Of Violence, L.A.'s Watts Sees Crime Subside
On most weeknights, in the middle of his shift, Los Angeles police officer Keith Mott trades his gun and uniform for a T-shirt and shorts, and heads to a park in the Watts neighborhood of South Los Angeles. He's there to coach 7- and 8-year-old boys on the Pop Warner Pee Wee football team, the Watts Bears.
La. Flood Board Sues Oil Industry For Destroying Wetlands
The government board charged with protecting New Orleans from flooding sued the oil and gas industry on Wednesday.


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Whether treating a toddler in an emergency or supporting a teen through chemotherapy treatments, we are dedicated to the care of each patient. It's through teamwork at every level of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and with you, the family, that we are able to achieve excellence in pediatric care.
See more about us
With a proven track record of providing world-class care to patients in more than 30 pediatric specialties, we are a model for other pediatric hospitals. Infants, teens and young adults belong in a children's hospital where they can get specialized treatment from caregivers who know the important differences between children and adults.
See our clinical services
Do you have a question about your child's health? This section offers information that may help you. View age-appropriate health information for your child.
Research is a cornerstone of the Children's Healthcare of Atlanta mission to enhance the lives of children. In conjunction with Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Tech and Morehouse, Children's seeks answers to the most challenging childhood medical conditions through teaching and research.
Children who are overweight are now suffering from diseases once seen only in adults, such as hypertension, liver disease and Type 2 diabetes. That's why Children's launched Strong4Life, a wellness movement designed to ignite societal change and reverse the epidemic of childhood obesity and its associated diseases in Georgia.
As a not-for-profit organization, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta relies on the generous financial and volunteer support of our community. Your donations directly impact the lives of each family served by Children's and support many initiatives such as clinical excellence, research, teaching, wellness and charity care.
Inpatient Diabetes Education Programs
Egleston 404-785-1724
Scottish Rite 404-785-4841
Every day, more than 6,000 children and young adults in Georgia with diabetes go to school, play sports, have friends and do pretty much everything they did before they found out they had diabetes. Children's sees about 400 newly diagnosed patients with diabetes every year, caring for nearly 4,000 families.
With help from diabetes professionals at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, these children and their families learn to balance the daily demands of blood testing and insulin injections with the challenges of growing up.
In the current age of social networking, smart phones, microcomputers, and nanotechnology, Children's is reaching out to partners including Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology and the Centers for Disease Control to create a world where kids with diabetes spend less time worrying about treatment and more time being a kid.
To make an appointment or to contact the outpatient diabetes team, call 404-785-2000.
To learn more about the diabetes outpatient education programs, call 404-785-1724 (Egleston) or 404-785-4841 (Scottish Rite).
Today's diabetics lead active lives and adjust their insulin based on what they'll consume—instead of visa versa. Visit our Dedicated to all Better Blog for tips to keep in mind if you're a coach, part-time caretaker, camp counselor or teacher of a diabetic child.
Gone are the days of believing type 1 diabetics can't become elite athletes. Click here to read the latest Dedicated to All Better Blog about how one Children's patient followed his dream to become a collegiate athlete.
Support the Children's Diabetes program and help fund excellent clinical care, family support teams and leading-edge research.


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Heraeus Innovation Award
With the Heraeus Innovation Award Heraeus honors the Company's researchers and developers for outstanding ideas and achievements annually since 2003. The laureates receive the awards at a ceremony. All Heraeus researchers and developers worldwide are eligible to apply for the award. More than 230 product innovations have been submitted since the first competition.
more information about the laureatesMaterials specialist for the manufacture and processing of high-purity quartz glass
Heraeus QuarzglasFused silica for high power fiber lasers (2013)
High-power fiber Iasers are indispensable in material processing and industrial manufacturing technology. Dr. Andreas Langner from Heraeus Quarzglas developed an innovative core material for laser fibers. This new material makes it possible to build multi-kilowatt fiber lasers (extra-large-mode-area lasers) that generate more than five kilowatts of laser power from a single glass fiber for the first time ever.
Precious metals and special metals for industrial products
Heraeus Precious MetalsCelcion® – Heat Management System for LED (2013)
The Celcion® thick-film material system developed by Mark Challingsworth from Heraeus Precious Metals allows LEDs to glow more intensely for a longer period of time than before by significantly lowering the heat generated on the carrier materials. Celcion® was developed for building circuits directly on aluminum substrates. Assembling LEDs with Celcion® is more economical than previous processes using metal core printed circuit boards.
Bone cement and biomaterials for elective orthopaedic and trauma surgery
Heraeus MedicalAntibiotic coating process for cementless arthroplasty (2012)
There are two methods for anchoring prosthetic implants: cementless and cemented. Dr. Ekaterini Copanaki from Heraeus Medical has developed an innovative process for coating cementless arthroplasty with antibiotics. The antibiotic is released directly from the implant at the operation site within the body over a defined period of time, preventing infections from taking hold.
Skilled partner for processing precious metals and other innovative materials
Heraeus Materials TechnologyNew platinum-rhodium wafers (2010)
Nitric acid has been obtained by burning ammonia over platinum catalyst. Today's producers are using gauzes made from platinum-rhodium alloys. Dr. Stefan Vorberg from Heraeus Materials Technology developed the next generation: highly active wafers made from platinum-rhodium alloys. Advantages of the catalyst wafers include a higher yield of nitric acid and, in turn, fertilizer, when compared to gauzes.
World market leader in sensor and measurement systems for steel industrie
Heraeus Electro-NiteQuiK-Spec® (2013)
Jan Cuypers from Heraeus Electro-Nite developed QuiK-Spec®, a sensor measuring system for the steel industry that conducts chemical analyses of significant substances directly during smelting – faster than ever. The system allows steel producers to measure temperature as well as oxygen content, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon in less than a minute, avoiding time-consuming detours through a chemistry lab.
Specialty light systems and lamps for industrial, environmental and health applications
Heraeus NoblelightInfrared emitter with QRC® reflector (2008)
The infrared emitter with the new QRC® reflector (QRC = quartz reflective coating) developed by Jürgen Weber from Heraeus Noblelight improves energy efficiency in industry, especially where high temperatures are needed or under vaccum conditions. Vacuum heating using the reflector made of opaque glass involves no contact and therefore does not carry the risk of impurities.


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Reviewed by: glendaly
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Location: puerto rico
Date: Aug 27, 2013
The logo in the product was fuzzy. And something seems as if they had been a long time in storage the ballons are worn is sad because it for my girl birthday
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Reviewed by: Enchanted
Location: Miami
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Title: It helped
Date: Nov 29, 2012
Duraility is ok, I had to tape the bottom with heavy tape because they could not hold my goodies, but overall they helped and looked cute!
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Hey I've been messing around with this project for about a week or so now and decided to show some pics of the progress , I hope to have it done Christmas day. Let me know what you think
Discussion on Kroenen WIP Update within the Prop Building Workshop forum, part of the Community category; Hey I've been messing around with this project for about
Hey I've been messing around with this project for about a week or so now and decided to show some pics of the progress , I hope to have it done Christmas day. Let me know what you think
Last edited by Jarvis; Jan 6, 2009 at 2:46 PM. Reason: Fisrt Pull Update
Thats awesome!!
ok i am embarassed now - my wip is weeks old now and not even half as done as urs mate
i'd be interested in one if u doin a run!
Wow, I can't wait to see this finished, it's like it came right out of the factory.
great work!!
I'd be interested in one... as it is after the first pull... a simple white face mask... I'd use that for Grey Fox.
I would be down for one too if you plan on molding a few.That is beautiful.
Jarvis, your stuff is so incredible! Amazing job! I better call the BPRD!
WOW! Very nice. I might be up for grabbing one of these too. If you do a run that is.
what i think? I think i want one! thats great looking! whitch mask is it btw, the WWII one?
Here's a few pics of the mask as it stands now with all of the soon to be cast parts finished , I did a final all over sanding to smooth it out as much as possible so that when casting come out of the mold there shouldn't be alot of work to do except paint.
Plus a bonus pic of the next mask being blocked out in clay
Plus a bonus pic of the next mask being blocked out in clay
:thumbup:thumbup Great scott! Gimmie! If you decide to do multiple pulls, LMK! I love that version!!!
Here are the pics of Kroenens first pull it looks like the mold came out just fine , I don't see any flaws in the new shell.
Also I'm adding a pic of the next mask from Hellboy It still has aways to go .
Wow that is amazing! Are you going to do a run?
I'm putting the costs togeather this week for a First run, I'm going to keep the price as friendly as possible and maybe even do one mask as give away just for fun.
Well put me on that list! That's a beauty!
Very nice work Jarvis
man - as I said 2 weeks ago - count me in!
price pending ofc, now that xmas bills are starting to come in
I shot some color on the first pull just to get an Idea of what it will look like , I know the colors are incorrect but thats because I used what paint I had on hand. I'll do a full build later this week.
Dude! That is friggin sweet. You did one helluva job. Price pending I may be interested in one too.
Nice work B. Thanks for sharing. Bro, can you please get back to me with regards to that initial order? Thanks buddy, looking forward to hear from you.
Stay safe,
Wow, thats just so sweet. Definitely interested if you get to doing a run. I've been working on a 1/6th scale version of the Sandstorm mask so I know how much work is involved.
holy... i wish i wasnt tight for cash right now. mabie ill have some when your doing the run
I can't say anything that the above people haven't said....Thats absoutly awsome! I wish I could try my hand at sculpting. I have no idea where to start. Any idea how much a cast would run?
Wow, I'd like to know more! Killer sculpt Jarvis.
The first two castings are ready to go , I'm waiting on an order of Resin to begin the first run of ten.
The TDH price for a kit is set at $125.00 shipped it includes
The Mask , Detail parts, Brass screws , tubing for the side panels and the lens.
You may or my not want to back the mask with fiberglass.
pm regarding payment details and shippin question
Awesome! What's the shipping cost to the UK?
PM sent JARVIS
Great work Jarvis....
So is that $125 shipped anywhere?
$125.00 shipped U.S. I'm checking on UK cost tonight.)
Last edited by Jarvis; Jan 10, 2009 at 8:42 PM.
It looks to be an Extra $15.00 U.S. to ship to the UK.
right - I can confirm wanting in on the run pls
paypal details required
Gav - stop surfing on TDH and get back to work on my armour mate! ;P
Hey man that is amazing work good stuff.
Here's a few extra shots from todays happy hour on my day off.
just sickening man.
ta for offering these
Now you need to add the final battle mask..lol
Great work man.
Awesome Sandstorm mask buildup!
Last edited by Sentry1; Jan 12, 2009 at 5:04 PM.
PM coming your way.
Can this be used for the WW2 mask?
Fantastic work!!
Could you give a little info on the steps between the clay sculpt to
the super smooth finish?
That's an amazing work of art man!!!!!
Thanks for the kind words RBF,
The clay sculpt was covered with plastic wrap then a few layers of fiberglass over that . To get the mask as smooth as possible I used a two part Epoxy to cover the entire sculpt and sanded for quite awhile using different grades of sandpaper .
Then it was just a matter of building up mass and knocking it down to where it needed to be.
If I can be of any more help let me know.
Really impressed by this bruv... :thumbup
wow thats awesome
awesome you make it look too easy
The resin supplier that I did business with has let me down Two times now by sending contaminated product so it's taking a little longer to get to the first run , I'm looking to start the run the middle of next week .
I do have on hand a couple of not the best quality masks cast,
Not the best meaning that at the begining of the cureing process the resin lightly expanded ( or foamed due to moisture ) It's not the worst thats ever happened it just not where I want my kits to be , PM me if your interested in one of those masks . I'll post pics soon .
As far as kits go let me ask you guys this , There are small detail bits like screws of different sizes and tubing that can be found at any Ace Hardwhare store , Would you rather they be part of the kit or would a list of parts be acceptable?
Let me know
Geezus Brian,
Those are sweet jobs! Nice work brother! These are goin into my scrap book on outstanding masks. Thanks for sharing.
Stay safe,
hey jarvis - in terms of availbility; I wont mind either or. I seem to be at the hardware store every other week as is. Also, you know how it goes, sometimes people dont liek the look of the stuff in the kit and get their own stuff anyways (eg FX stormtrooper helmet detail bits)
in terms of my pure laziness - would prefer it in the kit
soz abt trouble with suppliers. thought u were pretty braev casting stuff in winter as well mate!
Mask showed up yesterday. Great quality work.
I'll post some progress pics as I go.
Jarvis.. Great work. Please put me on your list. Definitely want one of those!
I've been a member here for only a little while, but I'm starting to believe that you guys can do anything! Amazing job! :thumbup
Stunning, absolutely stunning - if I could make this kit without sticking my fingers/clothes/table/anything else nearby together I would be after this like a shot
great work earlier you mentioned the chance of a free mask (or kit) and i was wondering if there was a chance i could grab that deal?
The first short run for the Mask has started in the Cargo Hold
hi jarvis. 125 is a great price? kood i get to kits from you pretty plz? thnx mate
sweet sweet sweet! plz say you have more of these to sell. im not lookig for a deal. id jus love to get a couple of these to do sum crazy designs on them. lemme kno what you've got for sale. thnx ty
hi guys new here. how wood i go about lookin to see what foe sale in the cargo hold. i cant get in yet? am i not aloud to buy things? im very interested in the kroenen mask by jarvis. id love to buy one if i kood. thnx tyler
How did you get such a flawless black finish? The black one looks gelcoated, not painted...
hi jvasilatos. my names tyler. are you able to get into the cargo hold? or kan u get a hold of someone who kan? i realy wanna get one of these helmets kits they have for sale, but one will get back to me. thnx much ty
Heys guys, here is the "officer" version I'm currently working on.
Again.. nice work Wes! I hope the PM was of some use?
Kroenen's awesome! Too bad he didn't make it to the second movie.
Great job Wes looking forward to seeing more pics
Love the hat Who's the maker?
The black finish on mine is done simply by using good paint .
Jarvis, have sent a PM but may be missed so thought I'd contact you here also.
Am a new member (joined specifically to see this thread actually) and so cannot post in the Cargo Hold - would you be prepared to sell me a kit on here and ship to the UK?
I'm currently re-working the ear sections based on some updated reference pics I obtained.
Wow, Im highly impressed! It looks great and for some reason, reminds me of the comic version more than the movie! Very nice!
For you guys working on this mask, I bought these welding goggles from harbor Freight. The round lenses pop out and fit great after minor trimming.
Nice touch Wes.. and cheers for todays wishes!
Jarvis - Turned up today so a great B-Day present! very nice and clean cast for those sitting on the fence!
Soooooo, whens the venetian mask coming to a store near us? Now THAT'S what I cannot wait for!
just like to say i love the mask
i keep meaning to get one made
but never seem to have the time
Just a quickie to say, kit arrived safe and sound in the UK - awesome kit!
I'm a complete newbie to this so any tips on the prep adn painting would be appreciated.
Oh dude, that looks so awesome. I'd buy one, I've been trying to get my hands on the Sideshow Collectibles mask. It's four times the price of this, but this one looks just as good.
Excellent work Jarvis.........anxiously awaiting run number 2
Nice work!
What kind of clay did you use for the first mask?
Ah, the beauty, the simplicity of that design...okay, not to build of course.
Wow, I was searching all over fleabay a while ago for Kroenens faceplate.
Are you still offering these?
Amazing. Simply amazing.
Are you still doing runs on these, or are you finished? Because if you are still doing any, I'd love to order one.
I second that. I would also like one if you are still doin them.
I can still cast a few more Kroenens if you want one just shoot me a PM ...............ALSO
My Venetian Kroenen mask has finally been put into rubber I should be pulling the first castings next week , I do have a few folks interested that I'll be taking care of right away if there's any others interested let me know.
Friggin sweet. What else can I say?
still in awe. xmas is coming soon!!!!!!!
Payment sent. I'm psyched, can't wait to put my hands on one of these.
So, these come as kits, right? Does the kit include lenses, or is that something we gotta get ourselves?
are you using a salt shaker top or are you casting these for the kit?
***... Are you still able to make one and send it to uk?? Just say how much and when would be ready. *** it is just so cooool!!! ****!
Mask arrived today, safe and sound. Very nice, Jarvis.
It's surprisingly accurate, for being a kit!
I'll post up a pic of the finished product once I got the thing trimmed up, painted, and got the goggles popped in.
Thanks, Jarvis!
Thanks for contributing to our site!
While our members have a wide range of interests, this site is focused on Star Wars costuming and specifically on Star Wars bounty hunters like Boba Fett. In an effort to maintain this focus we are closing this thread... but all is not lost!
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20×16″ framed double matted print
50 copies 5×7″ Matted prints
architecture, australian, beautiful, boy, bridge, buildings, cars, ccw19, child, children, city, city lights, crown casino, day, king street, lamberti, landscape, light, lights, love, melbourne, mothersday, mother's, night, play, reflection, rosina, rosinalamberti, southbank, victoria, water
View Full ProfileBeautiful shot, love your talents. Wonderful portfolio you have.
Superb Art, absolutely fantastic reflections, a gorgeous shot.
Great shot ….excellent exposure
Beautiful mood, reflection and composition. I agree with Mark….
So beautiful, magnificent photo, awesome
Beautiful. I'd love to see that in person one day. I have to plan a trip…. ;-)
ultimate reflection :)
beautifully done Rosie…….not such a Lonely Planet after all…. :)
A perfect capture of a wonderful vista ! Awesome !
wow…u have so many great place to shoot!….this looks wonderfull


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Economic research and analysis
Two broad categories of research and analysis material are produced by the WTO: regular assessments of the global trade picture in the WTO annual publications and research reports on specific topics. The WTO also organizes regular economic seminars.
See also: > Statistics > Reviews of member governments trade policies > World Trade Review
> Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation: 45 Case Studies
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World Trade Report The main WTO research publication on global trade policy, with special topics, analysis, and new developments.
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Trade profiles This booklet is a quick source for national and trade statistics of WTO Members and countries which are in the process of negotiating WTO membership.
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The purpose of the special studies of the Economic Research and Statistics Division is to use economics and economic research in order to help structure the discussion of issues of relevance to the WTO.
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These papers prepared by WTO professionals and contributors from organizations which work with the WTO are meant to stimulate discussion on specific issues dealing with the multilateral trading system. They are reviewed by the WTO for the quality of their content but the opinions expressed are those of the authors.
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These working papers represent research in progress. They reflect the opinions of the authors, and are the product of professional research. They do not necessarily represent the Secretariats view but are circulated as part of the critical review that is necessary to ensure WTO research meets high academic standards.
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The WTO assists doctoral students from developing countries to conduct advanced research for the final stage of their thesis at the WTO for periods between three and six months, and to provide them with mentoring/advice in close collaboration with the students' academic supervisors. A maximum of 6 students can be accommodated in any one year. The programme is now full for 2014. Applications for 2015 will be considered during July 2014.
Links to other policy, research and data sites back to top
> World Trade Report 2013: Factors shaping the future of world trade > Supply Chain Perspectives and Issues: A Literature Review > Global Value Chains in a Changing World > A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis > Making Globalization Socially Sustainable
Book launch: Connecting to Global Markets - Challenges and Opportunities: Case Studies Presented by WTO Chair Holders: (11 February 2014)
IMF/World Bank/WTO Trade Workshop : (5-6 June 2013)
Future of the World Trading System: Asian perspectives: (11-12 March 2013)
Dialogue on the economic and development implications of the Doha Round (22 March 2010)
Conferences organized by the Graduate Institute's Centre for Trade and Economic Integration and the WTO
> Climate Change, Trade and Competitiveness: Issues for the WTO (16-18 June 2010)
Workshops > Geneva Trade and Development Workshop > IMF/World Bank/WTO Trade Workshop (2 December 2011) > Workshop on New Era Preferential Trade Agreements (4 November 2010)
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Transient found dead in park
A 41-year-old homeless man was found dead Tuesday morning at the park near Fourth Street and Adams Avenue.
There is no evidence that supports physical trauma to the person, said El Centro police Cmdr. Mike Crankshaw, who noted an autopsy and toxicology report are pending.
El Centro police received the call around 6:25 a.m. regarding a possible assault, according to a press release. Upon arrival officers located the man, later identified as Eddie De la Rosa, dead. Based on the information gathered, police said De la Rosa was homeless and slept in the park with his brother, who was detained for questioning but later released.
The case is under investigation, Crankshaw said.
Armed robbery reported at Del Taco
A man described as a medium-built, clean-shaven white adult with partially grey hair robbed the Del Taco restaurant on Ocotillo Drive at gunpoint Monday night, taking an undisclosed amount of cash.
The incident happened around 11:20 p.m. when the man entered the store with a gun and ordered employees to the ground, according to a press statement. The suspect gained access to the store's cash register and obtained an undisclosed amount of cash. Crankshaw said the amount robbed is being kept quiet for investigation purposes.
The suspect fled the location shortly after, and it's unknown if the man was on foot or had a vehicle. A search of the area was done with the assistance of El Centro Sector Border Patrol agents, canine units and a helicopter. However, the suspect wasn't found.
The suspect is described as being 5 feet, 8 inches tall and was wearing a black fleece jacket, black pants, black gloves, a watch cap and a small black waist pack.
The suspect is considered armed and dangerous; anyone with information regarding this incident is urged to call the El Centro Police Investigation Division at 760-337-4525.
$5,000 in meth and heroin seized
A 46-year-old man was arrested for various narcotics offenses Sunday after being found in possession of methamphetamine and evading police.
At about 2 p.m., police officers patrolling the northwest portion of El Centro saw a vehicle being driven by Frank Contreras, according to a press release.
Officers were familiar with Contreras and aware he had a suspended driver's license.
Officers attempted a stop on the vehicle but Contreras refused to stop and pulled into the parking lot of the Food 4 Less supermarket near North Cottonwood Drive.
Officers activated their lights and siren, but Contreras continued to drive through the aisles of the parking lot until he was blocked in by another police unit, the release notes.
Contreras was taken into custody for driving on a suspended license and evading police. He was also searched by police officers who discovered methamphetamines on him.
Based on Contreras' previous police contacts and arrests for sales of narcotics, a search warrant was obtained for Contreras' home, the release notes.
Later that day, a search warrant was executed on Contreras' residence near the 500 block of Wall Road in Imperial. There, a total of 13 grams of methamphetamine, 2 ounces of heroin and multiple items of narcotic paraphernalia were recovered.
Contreras was booked into the Imperial County jail on suspicion of sales and transportation of narcotics and evading police, the release notes. His bail was set at $50,000. The estimated street value of the drugs was $5,000.
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Jennifer Conner, a U.S. Border Patrol agent, was taken to Desert Regional Hospital in Desert Hot Springs after the unmarked Border Patrol canine unit she was driving collided with a van Tuesday on Highway 78 south of Palo Verde, according to the California Highway Patrol.
Conner was attempting to pass a tractor-trailer when she struck the left front of a Ford delivery van being driving west on Highway 78 by Henry Espinoza, a Highway Patrol report states.
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Our Science – Ramamurthi Website
Kumaran S. Ramamurthi, Ph.D.
Kumaran Ramamurthi received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the University of California, Los Angeles where he studied secretion of bacterial virulence proteins with Prof. Olaf Schneewind. He then studied subcellular protein localization as a National Research Service Award postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Richard Losick at Harvard University. He arrived at the NIH in 2009.Research
A longstanding challenge in developmental biology is to understand how organisms construct large structures that ultimately help define how that organism looks. We are approaching this problem by examining the morphogenesis of a simple organism, a bacterial spore, and are trying to understand how a spore ends up looking like a spore. When the rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus subtilis faces starvation, it elaborates a spherical internal organelle that will eventually mature into a spore, a dormant cell type that protects the bacterium's genetic material from environmental onslaughts. As the spore matures, the bacterium deposits a thick protein shell, called the spore coat on the surface of the developing spore which will eventually protect the spore when it is released. The spore coat is composed of some seventy different proteins, is the outermost structure of the spore, and is what makes a spore look like a spore.
How is the spore coat assembled?
Assembly of the massive coat depends on a tiny peptide, called VM, which anchors the coat onto the surface of the developing spore. How does the peptide localize to the right place? We have discovered that the convex, or positively curved, membrane surface of the developing spore is a landmark that VM recognizes and that this geometric cue recruits VM to its proper subcellular location. Next, VM recruits another protein, called IVA, which then polymerizes by hydrolyzing ATP to form a stable platform atop which every other coat protein sequentially assembles. Protein sorting driven by a geometric cue, and protein assembly driven by ATP hydrolysis, are novel mechanisms for the assembly of a supramolecular structure. We are now employing genetic, biochemical, cytological, and biophysical approaches to understand the detailed mechanisms of how these early events in coat assembly occur and how the self-assembly of the spore coat proceeds beyond these initial steps.
***Graduate students that are interested in a postdoctoral fellowship are encouraged to send their CV directly to Kumaran Ramamurthi (ramamurthiks[at]mail.nih.gov)***
This page was last updated on 6/7/2013.


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Heel of the Week: Luichiny Elisa Beth
Filed Under (Heel of the Week) by Michelle on 12-03-2012
Tagged Under : Booties, Heel of the Week, Luichiny Shoes, Suede Shoes
Electrify your style in the Elisa Beth by Luichiny. This hot ankle boot features sparkling stones throughout the entire silhouette and a 2 inch platform for added height. An amazing addition to any wardrobe, the Elisa Beth looks fabulous when worn with a pair of winter tights and adds just the right pop of color and sparkle. Or for a more laid-back look, try pairing Elisa Beth with denim and an oversized sweater. No matter how you wear it, the Elisa Beth is sure to add some glitz and glamour to your holiday season.
Luichiny Elisa Beth in Red Suede
Luichiny Elisa Beth in Mustard Suede
Luichiny Elisa Beth in Grey Suede
Luichiny Elisa Beth in Bright Blue Suede
Luichiny Elisa Beth in Black Suede