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Front Page Titles (by Subject) APPENDIX [TO BOOK II] - The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume II - The Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy (Books I-II)
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APPENDIX [TO BOOK II] - John Stuart Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume II - The Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy (Books I-II) [1848]Edition used:The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume II - The Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy (Books I-II), ed. John M. Robson, introduction by V.W. Bladen (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965).
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Appendix[*]in 1846 there appeared an elaborate treatise,* by two authors, MM. Mounier and Rubichon, the latter of whom was by his own statement a public functionary for ten years preceding the French Revolution, and both appear to take their ideas of a wholesome state of society from the institutions and practices of the Middle Ages. In this book it is maintained, that while French writers and administrators are in a conspiracy to represent their country as making rapid strides in prosperity, the progress of the morcellement is in fact reducing it to beggary. An imposing array of official details, adduced in apparent support of this assertion, gave a degree of weight to it which it could not claim from any correctness of information or capacity of judgment shown by its authors. Their work was cried up as a book of authority by the Quarterly Review,† in an article which excited some notice by proclaiming, on the evidence produced by these writers, that "in a few years the Code Napoleon will be employed in dividing fractions of square inches of land, and deciding by logarithms infinitesimal inheritances." As such representations ought not to be without a permanent answer, I think it worth while to subjoin the substance of three articles in the Morning Chronicle, containing as complete a refutation of these writers and of their reviewer, partly from their own materials, as appears to be either merited or required. Substance (with omissions and corrections) of three articles in the Morning Chronicle of 11th, 13th, and 16th January, 1847, in reply to MM. Mounier and Rubichon and to the Quarterly Review, on the Subdivision of Landed Property in France IThe reviewer makes an extraordinary slip at the threshold of his subject, in estimating the extent to which the morcellement has actually proceeded. He finds it stated, that among nearly five millions and a half of landed proprietors, there are 2,600,000 the revenue of whose land, as rated to the land-tax, does not exceed forty shillings, which sum he very candidly says, should rather be sixty, as the rated value is very much lower than the real value. On this he exclaims, "There already exist in France millions of examples that a propriétaire may be poorer than a peasant. . . . 2,600,000 families, comprising 13,000,000 persons, of each of which families the rated income does not exceed forty shillings, but say sixty shillings sterling, for the maintenance of five persons—and these are proprietors! The poorest day labourer would earn four times as much." He seems actually to suppose that these small proprietors, like great landlords, live only upon the rent of their land, forgetting that they have its whole produce. He might have known from the very documents he has quoted, and might have guessed if he had not known, that the forty shillings at which the land is rated in the collectors' books are not the gross produce of the little estate, but its net produce; the surplus beyond the expenses of cultivation: which expenses include the subsistence of the cultivators, together with interest on the capital. The reviewer himself shows that the rated revenue of all the landed property of France is about 4 per cent of its rated value, and does not therefore much exceed a reasonable rent. A writer who can mistake this for the whole income of a peasant cultivating his own land, gives the measure of his competency for the subject, and of the degree of attention he has paid to it. We will now attempt to discover, from the reviewer's data and those of his authors, what may really be the condition of these 2,600,000 proprietors. As the French Government estimates the land-tax at one-tenth of the revenue of the land, aproprietorsa rated at £2 (or 50 francs) pay, it is to be presumed, five francs. The average of the contribution foncière for all France is 2½ francs per hectare, and in the southern half of the kingdom, which is the most divided, two francs. A hectare being about 2½ English acres, this gives from five to between six and seven acres as the portion of land which falls to the lot of each of the reviewer's forty-shilling or sixty-shilling freeholders. But, it may be said, this is not the average but the maximum of their possessions. We will therefore take another estimate grounded on official documents, from the reviewer's authorities, MM. Mounier and Rubichon. "It is hardly credible," they say, "that there are in France more than four millions of proprietors so poor, that they pay no more than 5f. 95c." (say 6f.) "to the contribution foncière." In this case the 5f. 95c. are certainly the average. Six francs of land-tax corresponds to six acres per family on the average of all France, and to seven and a half on that of the southern division, which contains the greatest proportion of small proprietors. A still more favourable result is given by the calculations of M. Lullin de Châteauvieux, a much better authority than these authors, who estimates the average holdings of the 3,900,000 poorest proprietors at eight acres and a half. Now, take any one of these computations in a fertile country like France, suppose as bad an agriculture as exists anywhere in Western Europe, and then judge whether a single family, industrious and economical as the French of the poorer classes are, and enjoying the entire produce of from five to eight and a half acres, subject to a payment of only tenpence an acre to the Government, can be otherwise than in a very desirable condition? We do not forget that the land is sometimes mortgaged for part of the purchase money, and the reviewer makes a great cry about the tremendous encumbrances by which the land of France is weighed down; not amounting, however, on his own showing, to forty per cent on the rental, which we should think b as favourable a return as could be made by any landed aristocracy in Europe. The interest on the mortgages of all France is estimated at twenty-four millions sterling for one hundred and fourteen millions of acres—less than five shillings per acrec. Thec owner of from five to eight acres could afford to pay double this amount, and be very well off. We are aware that this is an average, and that four millions of properties, averaging, according to M. de Châteauvieux, eight acres and a half, imply a great number of proprietors who have less. But there must be a proportional (though not an equal) number who have more; and it must not be supposed that this statement includes the large properties, one of which would be enough to keep up the average against a hundred extremely small ones. No properties are included which pay so much as twenty francs land-tax, corresponding on the average of France to twenty dacres—on thatd of the south to twenty-five. When it is considered that of the whole soil of France eonly a third*e is in the hands of peasant proprietors, and that this fthirdf is not more subdivided than we now see, it will probably be thought that hitherto at least, the mischiefs of subdivision have not reached a very formidable height. g[Facts of a less conjectural character than the above have been afforded by the researches of M. de Lavergne. Of five millions of small rural proprietors, three millions at least, according to that high authority, pay less than ten francs of taxes, and possess, on an average, only one hectare (2½ acres). Two millions pay from ten to fifty francs, and possess, on an average, six hectares, or fifteen acres. These last, says M. de Lavergne, "enjoy sometimes a real affluence. Their properties are divided by inheritance; but many of them are continually making new acquisitions by purchase, and on the whole their tendency is more to rise than to descend in the scale of wealth." Respecting the amount of debts with which the peasant proprietors are encumbered, the facts are highly and unexpectedly favourable. By the latest authentic returns, the average indebtedness of the entire landed property of France, does not, according to M. de Lavergne, exceed one-tenth of the value; and in the case of rural property, it is only half that average, or one-twentieth. The burthen of interest he estimates, not at 40 per cent on the rental, but at 10 per cent only; and even this, he thinks, would now be an overstatement, "car les dernières crises ont amené une tendance générale vers une liquidation."† ]g But it is not what France now is, so much as what she is becoming, that is the material point. Is the morcellement increasing, or likely to increase? The apologists of the French system have never denied that the land in many parts of France is too minutely divided. What they deny is, that hthish is a growing evil. They assert that the subdivision has reached its height, and that the reunions, by purchase, marriage, and inheritance, now balance the subdivisions. How stands the fact in this respect? Are the small properties tending to become still smaller, or not? The reader will be surprised when he finds that, with all their straining, M. Rubichon and his reviewer have failed of proving that the morcellement, in this sense of the term, is making any progress at all. The reviewer has a curious theory on the subject. He thinks that "on the calculated average of three children to each inheritance,"[*] the piece of land now held by one proprietor must necessarily be divided among three in the next generation, and among nine in that which follows. Under what system of landed property could a population increase at this rate, and not be reduced to starvation? But is it a fact that population is anywhere trebled in the space of a generation? We have here blunder within blunder of a very complicated description. In the first place, he should not have said three children to one inheritance, but to two inheritances; for as the French law in questions of property observes that impartial justice between the two sexes in which other laws are so often deficient, the mother's patrimony is on an average equal to that of the father. In the next place, could not the reviewer have taken the trouble to ascertain at what rate the French population is actually increasing? If he had, he would have found that in the 27 years from 1815 to 1842 it only increased 18 per cent, and during that period with progressively increasing slowness, namely, in the first eleven years 9 per cent, in the next nine years less than 6 per cent, and in the seven years from 1835 to 1842, 3 per cent only.* This retardation we must take the liberty of attributing mainly to the prudence and forethought generated in the poorest class by this very subdivision of property. Instead, therefore, of trebling in a generation, the population iincreasedi in that period about 20 per cent; j and if the growth of towns, and of employments not agricultural, in the same space of time, is sufficient to absorb this increase, there needs not be, and will not be, even if the law does its worst, any increase of subdivision. Now, the towns of France have increased, and are increasing, at a rate far exceeding the general increase of the population. We read only the other day in the Siècle,[*] as the result of the census just concluded, that Paris, which in 1832 had only 930,000 inhabitants, khad in 1846k more than 1,350,000, an increase of nearly fifty per cent in fourteen years.* There is every reason, then, to infer, from these general data, that the morcellement is making no progress. What facts have M. Rubichon and the Quarterly reviewer to oppose to these? One fact; which at first sight appears a very strong one. Between 1826 and 1835, the number of properties rated to the land-tax exhibited an increase of more than 600,000; being about six per cent in ten years. Let us first remark, that 600,000 separate assessments are equivalent only to about 300,000 proprietors; it being the common estimate of French writers, that on the average about two côtes foncières, or separate accounts with the land-tax, correspond only to a single proprietor. But if the reviewer had consulted his author just ten pages further on,† he would have found a cause sufficient to account for a considerable portion of this increase. There were sold between 1826 and 1835 domains of the State, to the value of nearly 134 millions of francs, or five and a half millions sterling. The very nature of such a sale implies division. And we are the more inclined to ascribe much of the apparent increase of division to this circumstance, because in the ten years preceding those in question, the côtes foncières increased in number by little more than 200,000; an alarming proof, according to the reviewer, of the progressive advance of the evil; but, as we suspect, arising partly from the fact, that during the earlier decennial period a smaller, though still a considerable, amount of public domains were alienated. In addition to the State lands, a great extent of Communal lands were likewise alienated during the same period: and it is further necessary to subtract all the additions made to the number of côtes foncières by the extension of building, and lbyl the natural subdivision of town property, during ten years. All these items must be accurately estimated and deducted, before it can be affirmed with certainty that in the rural districts there was during those years any increased division of landed property at all. And even if there was, increased division does not necessarily imply increased subdivision. Large estates may have been, and we believe were in many instances, divided, but the division may have stopped there. We know of no reason for supposing that small properties were divided into others still smaller, or that the average size of the possessions of peasant families was at all diminished. It so happens that facts exist, more specific and more expressly to the point than any of M. Rubichon's. A new cadastre, or survey and valuation of lands, has been in progress for some years past. In thirty-seven cantons, taken indiscriminately through France, the operation has been completed; in twenty-one it is nearly complete. In the thirty-seven, the côtes foncières, which were 154,266 at the last cadastre (in 1809 and 1810), have only increased by 9011, being less than 18 per cent in considerably more than thirty years, while in many of the cantons they have considerably diminished. From this increase is to be subtracted all which is due to the progress of building during the period, as well as to the sale of public and communal lands. In the other twenty-one cantons the number of côtes foncières is not yet published, but the number of parcelles, or separate bits of land, has diminished in the same period; and among mthosem districts is included the greater part of the banlieue of Paris, one of the most minutely divided districts in France, in which the morcellement has actually diminished by no less than 16 per cent. The details may be found in M. Passy's little work, "Des Systèmes de Culture." So much for the terrible progress of subdivision. We cannot leave this part of the subject without noticing one of the most signal instances which the reviewer has exhibited of his incompetency for the subject he treats of. He laments over the extraordinary number of sales of landed property which he says the law of inheritance constantly occasions; and indeed the sales of land are shown to have amounted in ten years to no less than one-fourth part of the whole territorial property of France. Now, whatever else this extraordinary amount of sale and purchase may prove, the whole of it is one gigantic argument nagainstn the reviewer's case; for every sale of land which is caused by the law of inheritance must be a sale for the express purpose of preventing subdivision. If land, sold in consequence of an inheritance, is nevertheless subdivided, this cannot be an effect of the law of inheritance; it would only prove that land sells for a higher price when sold in small portions: that is, in other words, that the poor, and even, as the reviewer would have us believe, the very poor, are able to outbid the rich in the land market. This certainly does onoto prove that the very poor of France are so very poor as these writers try to make out, while it pdoesp prove that, if so, they must be by far the most industrious and economical people on the face of the earth, for which some credit ought surely to be given to the system of peasant properties. IIWe have shown that the four millions of landowners in France who can be reckoned among peasant proprietors, those whose holdings fall short of twenty acres, are computed by one of the best q authorities to possess on the average eight and a half English acres each, and r from no authentic documents can the average be brought much below that amount; a fact wholly incompatible with their being in the state approaching to starvation in which M. Rubichon and his reviewer srepresent them to bes . It is equally certain that if there is bad agriculture on these small estates, it is from some other cause than their smallness. Farms of this size are consistent with agriculture equal to any on the face of the earth. We shall now, however, touch upon another kind of morcellement, which does amount to a serious inconvenience, and wherever it exists must have a strong tendency to keep agriculture in a low state. This is the subdivision, not of the land of the country among many proprietors, but of the land of each proprietor into many detached pieces, or parcelles, as they are technically designated. This inconvenience has been experienced in other countries besides France, as in the canton of Zurich, in the Palatinate, and (as respects holdings, though not properties) in Ireland. In France it is carried to so great an excess, that the number of parcelles is ten times the number of côtes foncières; and as there are supposed to be twice as many côtes foncières as proprietors, the curious fact is disclosed, that on the average of France the estate of every landowner consists of twenty fragments in twenty different places. The consequences are a subject of general and increasing complaint. Great loss of time and labour; waste of cultivable soil in boundaries and paths; the inaccessibility of many parcelles without trespassing on other properties; endless disputes and frequent litigation—are enumerated among the evils: and it is evident what obstacles the small size and dispersed position of the parcelles, and their intermixture with those of other proprietors, must oppose to many kinds of agricultural improvement. For a considerable portion of this evil the French law of inheritance may fairly be held responsible. A certain amount of it is inevitable wherever landed properties are undergoing a double process of division and recomposition: marriages, for example, must in general bring together portions of land not adjacent. But if parents had the power of bequest, the owner of twenty parcelles, even if he adhered to the spirit of the law of equal division, would give some of the portions entire to one child, and others to another. The law, on the contrary, must divide with exact equality; and as it is generally impossible to adjust the value of patches of unequal fertility, vineyards, meadows, arable, &c., so as to satisfy everybody, it continually happens, especially in the more backward parts of France, that when the settlement is made by division instead of sale, each co-heir insists on taking a share of every parcelle instead of the whole of some parcelles; from whence, no doubt, the amazing multiplication of these little patches in many parts of France.t That French agriculture, and the condition of the peasant population, are injuriously affected by this sort of morcellement, is so far true, that it must considerably retard the improvement which might otherwise be expected, and which, in spite of all hindrances, does even now, to a great extent, take place. More than this we cannot admit. There are conclusive proofs of great and rapid improvement in some parts of France, and M. Rubichon and his reviewer have no evidence whatever of retrogression in any. They produce tables of the average amount of different kinds of food consumed by the population; also tables of the number of cattle, the amount of produce per hectare of the different kinds of cultivation, &c., calculated from the official documents. These estimates, assuming their correctness (which, so far as that quality is attainable, we generally see no reason to discredit) are indicative, doubtless, of a low and backward state. But statistics are only evidence of the present. Where are the statistics of the past? That the agriculture of a great part of France is rude and imperfect is known to all Europe; but that it ever was better, is an assertion opposed to all evidence, and we shall not take M. Rubichon's word for it, no more than for the notion that the u general condition of the mass of the people has been deteriorating from the time of Louis XIV.* if not earlier. At this last proposition we cannot repress our wonder. In the reign of Louis XIV., Marshal Vauban, a great authority with all who are themselves authorities, and even with M. Rubichon, estimated that one-tenth of the population of France were beggars, and five of the remaining nine-tenths little above beggary. In the same reign, Labruyère claimed credit for apprising the salons of Paris that a strange nondescript sort of animals, who might be seen in the fields, and were much addicted to grubbing in the earth, were, though nobody would suppose it, a kind of men. Some readers may remember the picture drawn by the old Marquis Mirabeau of the rural population in the middle of the eighteenth century; nor was Arthur Young's, at the opening of the Revolution, much more favorable. Compare this with any authentic account, or with the testimony of any observant resident or traveller, respecting their condition now. M. Rubichon's statistics comprise no returns of the rate of wages. We are quite willing that our case should rest upon the result of an inquiry into that one point. As for agriculture, when it is recollected that, at the beginning of this century, in the greater part of France the culture of artificial grasses might be said to be unknown, and that the course of cultivation consisted solely of grain crops and fallows, it will be difficult to make us believe that, even in the most backward parts of the country, there has not been a considerable improvement from so miserable a level. v[Look now at the facts collected by M. de Lavergne. Fallows have been reduced, since 1789, from ten to five millions of hectares. The number of hectares under wheat has risen from four to six millions, while the inferior grain, rye, has fallen off; that under artificial grasses, from one to three millions; under roots, from 100,000 to two millions; under the more peculiar and expensive crops, from 400,000 to one million. "Thanks to this better distribution of the soil, which allows six millions more of hectares to be devoted to the feeding of animals, and consequently to the production of manure; thanks to marling, to irrigation, to draining, to more efficient tillage, the yield of all crops has increased; wheat, which gave at an average only eight hectolitres per hectare (seed deducted) now gives twelve, and as the breadth sown has also increased, the total produce has more than doubled. The same thing has taken place with cattle, which, receiving twice as much sustenance, have increased, both in numbers and quality, so as to double their produce. The crops for manufacturing use have extended themselves; silk and colza have quintupled; home-grown sugar is an entirely new product; the produce of the vintage has doubled. Even wood, being better defended from the ravages of animals, and better managed in consequence of an increased market, has obtained an increase of annual profits, though too often at the expense of the capital."* ]v The blind zeal with which M. Rubichon presses everything into the service of his theory, in which he is faithfully echoed by his reviewer, makes them lay great stress upon the increase of roots, and other inferior kinds of culture, as a proof that the population is sinking to an inferior kind of nutriment; as if the same thing was not happening in England; as if it was not a necessary condition of an improved rotation of crops, that other cultures should increase in a greater proportion than grain culture, and even at the expense, in some degree, of the inferior kinds of grain. We have admitted, and again admit, the unsatisfactory state of cultivation on a very great portion of the soil of France; but would it be any better if the estates were large? Is it any better now on the large estates? When M. Rubichon and his reviewer talk of the small properties as "creating a new Ireland in France," his own pages make it known that the large properties, in the backward parts of France, are already an Ireland, in the very worst feature of Irish landed mismanagement, the system of middlemen. It is a general practice, according to M. de Châteauvieux, with the great proprietors of the central departments, to let their land en bloc, to a middleman, usually an attorney or a notary, who sublets it in small portions on the métayer system, and is not only, as in Ireland, the hardest and most grasping of landlords, but having only a temporary tenure, and being no agriculturist, of course expends nothing in improvements. Of fifty-seven millions of acres cultivated by tenants, twenty-one millions ware held onlyw by farmers at fixed rents, and thirty-six millions on the métayer tenure; which in France implies all the defects, with very few of the advantages, of proprietary cultivation; the only exceptions being La Vendée and a few of the adjoining departments, where the large proprietors are resident, a primitive relationship subsists between them and their tenants, and the métayers have in general, as in Tuscany, a virtual fixity of tenure. We do not believe it will be found in any part of France that the small properties are under a bad agriculture, and the large properties under a good one. They are both bad, or both good. Where large farms exist and are well cultivated, the small properties also are well managed and prosperous. And this brings us to the principal cause, both now and formerly, of the unimproved agriculture and scanty application of capital to the soil of France. This is, the exclusive taste of the wealthy and middle classes for town life and town pursuits, combined with the general want of enterprise of the French nation with respect to industrial improvements. It is truly, though epigrammatically, said x by M. Rubichon, that the Frenchman, generally, knows but one way of getting rich; namely, thrift. He does not understand sowing money freely to reap it largely. This is the true cause why, when large properties are sold, they bring the greatest price by being much subdivided. The peasants, thanks to the Revolution, to the small properties, and to their own unparalleled yfrugalityy , are able to purchase land, and their savingsz, together with the money which they imprudently borrow for the same purpose,z are the only part of the wealth of the country which takes that direction. We are often told, that it does not answer to capitalists to buy land at the extravagant price which the passion of the peasantry for land induces them to give, amounting often to forty years' purchase. It does not answer to pay that price in order to live idly on the rent in Paris, or the large provincial towns. But if there was one particle of the spirit of agricultural improvement in the owners of the monied wealth which is so largely increasing in the manufacturing and commercial districts, few speculations would be more profitable than to buy land in many fertile and ill-cultivated parts of France, at even more than forty years' purchase of its wretchedly low rental, which would soon be doubled or trebled by the application of capital, with ordinary agricultural knowledge and enterprise. If the petite culture is half as wasteful and unprofitable as is pretended, the profit would be proportional of substituting atheagrande culture for it. b But with a people who dislike rural pursuits, and in the pursuit of money-getting prefer the beaten ways, there can be clittlec other farming than peasant farming. IIIThe cheval de bataille of M. Rubichon and his English followers against the petite propriété, is the cattle question; not without cause, since on this subject they have an indisputable basis of fact, however inadequate to sustain the superstructure they have raised upon it. The supply of butcher's meat to some of the principal towns, especially Paris, is less copious than formerly. It has increased greatly, but in a less ratio than the population. Of the fact there is no doubt, since on this point there are trustworthy statistics of the past as well as of the present. In 1789 the consumption of meat in Paris averaged 68 kilogrammes (150 lbs.) for each person; in 1841 it was but 55 (121 lbs.), and there are also complaints of a falling off in the quality. The Quarterly reviewer treats very cavalierly the explanation given of this fact by M. Cunin-Gridaine, Minister of Commerce and Agriculture. "This is to be accounted for by the revolution which has taken place in the working classes; Paris having become the most manufacturing town in Europe." Industrielle is not exactly synonymous with manufacturing, but let that pass. On this the reviewer:—"This seems a strange explanation. The new population of Paris is to starve on an ounce" (five ounces) "of meat per diem. How is that? Pooh! says the Liberal Minister, they are only manufacturers. This solution will not be very agreeable to those theorists amongst us who confound the extension of manufactures with the welfare and comfort of the working people. The more candid Minister of Louis-Philippe assumes that a manufacturing population must of necessity be worse fed than other classes." The reviewer is evidently no Œdipus. But he might have found in another page of M. Rubichon's treatise, what the Minister meant. In a town such as Paris before the Revolution, in which there was, comparatively speaking, no production at all, but only distribution—the population consisting of the great landlords, the Court and higher functionaries paid by the State, the bankers, financiers, government contractors, and other monied classes, with the great and small dealers and tradesmen needful for supplying these opulent consumers, and few labourers beyond those who cannot be wanting in so large a town—all will see that the richer must bear an unusually high numerical proportion to the poorer consumers in such a city. Suppose now that a Manchester or a Glasgow grows up in the place. It is pretty evident that while this would add a little to the richer class, it would add twenty times as much to the poorer. Considering now that the upper and middle classes in France are great consumers of animal food, while the poor consume very little dof it, the portiond of each poor person might in these circumstances increase very much, while yet the average consumption per head of the whole city, owing to the diminished proportional numbers of the richer class, might be considerably diminished. We have little doubt that this is the fact, and that the great increase in the inferior kinds of animal food introduced into Paris would prove to be for the use, not of those who formerly used the superior kinds, but in a great measure for those who seldom obtained animal food at all. This, however, does not explain the whole of the change which has taken place; for the price of butchers' meat has also risen in the Paris markets so materially as to be a source of great privation and complaint. The rise may be ascribed to various causes. In the first place, "France has till lately always been a large importer of cattle; and down to 1814 they were exempted from all duty. In that year, however, a duty of three francs was laid on each head of cattle imported;" and in 1822 the duty "was suddenly raised to 55 francs, an increase which has well nigh put a stop to the importation."* Secondly, the octroi, or town custom duty, now so burthensome, did not exist at all in 1789, and has been largely increased at various periods, both in Paris and most other towns, since its first establishment. eA third cause is that the trade of butcher in Paris is a monopoly, the number of butchers being limited, and to so small a number, that the privilege bears a high pecuniary value.† This we believe to be the principal cause of the high price and diminished consumption of meat in Paris. Two circumstances are almost decisive in proof of his opinion. One is that while the consumption per head of butcher's meat has diminished, that of almost every other article of food has largely increased. The other is, that in the banlieue of Paris, which differs from Paris itself in no material circumstance but that of being beyond the octroi, and exempt from the butchers' monopoly, the consumption per head of meat, instead of diminishing, has augmented in a remarkable degree; as it is affirmed to have also done in all the great towns of France, Paris excepted.‡e But if there were not these causes, there is cause almost sufficient in the very fact of an increased and rapidly increasing population. Paris has added, in fourteen years, between four and five hundred thousand to its inhabitants, an increase of nearly one-half. The agriculture of a country must be rapidly improving indeed, if an increase like this can take place in a single market without compelling it to draw its supplies from a larger surface and a greater distance, and therefore at an increased expense. Where would London have been by this time, for the supply of its markets, fwere it notf for our great coasting trade, and the invention of steam gcommunicationg , which conveys not only cattle but carcases from the extremity of Scotland as cheaply as they hcould formerlyh be brought from Buckinghamshire? The cattle for the supply of Paris must travel by land, from distances varying from 50 to 150 leagues (this rests on the authority of a Committee of the Municipal Council of Paris in 1841), and after so long a journey have either to be brought to market out of condition, or to be fattened in the immediate neighbourhood. Can any one, then, be surprised that a idoublei population cannot be so j cheaply supplied as one of half the number? To these k causes of the diminished supply of butcher's meat in the towns, we are not afraid to add lanotherl , which, though resting mainly on general considerations, we should not be wholly unable to support by positive evidence. This is, the increased consumption by the country people. They have less animal food, in proportion, to spare for the towns, because they retain more of it for their own use. On what evidence is it asserted that small properties imply deficiency of cattle, and consequent deficiency of manure? That they are not favourable to sheep farming seems to be admitted; myet in France, as well as in the United Kingdom, the number of sheep has doubled in the course of a century.* It is true that in quality, instead of the extraordinary improvement which has taken place in England, they have remained almost stationary. Butm the breeding and fattening of horned cattle nisn so perfectly compatible with small capital, that in the opinion of many Continental authorities, small farms have the advantage in this respect, and so great an advantage as to be more than a compensation for their inferiority in sheep.† It is argued that the petite propriété must diminish othe number ofo cattle, because it leads to the breaking up of natural pasture. But when natural pasture is fit for the plough, a greater number of cattle than were supported on the whole, may be supported on a part, by laying it out in roots and artificial grasses; and it is well known that on the stall-feeding system there is much greater preservation of manure. The question of petite culture, in relation to cattle, is, in fact, one and the same with the question of stall-feeding. The two things must stand or fall together. Stall-feeding produces, cæteris paribus, a greater quantity of provisions, but in the opinion of most judges a lower quality. Experience must decide. This brings us back to the causes assigned by the committee of the Paris town-council, for the falling off in the quality of the beef consumed at Paris. One is, the extraordinary increase in the consumption of diary produce. Milk is now brought from distances of thirty leagues, and within six or eight leagues of Paris no calves are now bred up, all being sold at the earliest moment possible. In consequence, a great part of the beef sold at Paris is the flesh of cows too old to be fit for producing milk. A second cause assigned is, the increase of stall-feeding. But the committee make an instructive distinction. In Normandy, which affords the greatest portion of the supply, the quality, they say, has deteriorated; but in La Vendée, and the central provinces, the Limousin, Nivernais, Bourbonnais, and La Marche, "there is improvement in weight, in fatness, and from some districts in number," though these countries have also adopted stall-feeding; and in this, say the committee, there is no contradiction, since "what is a deterioration in the rich pasturages of Calvados, is improvement in the petites herbes of the Allier and the Nièvre." It may now be left to the reader to judge if the case of our adversaries has not broken down as completely on this, their strongest point, as it has done on every other point of any importance.‡ We cannot close this long controversy without producing evidence of the extraordinary improvement, extraordinary both in amount and in rapidity, which is taking place in the productiveness of the agriculture of some parts of France. We quote from another work by an authority already cited, M. Hippolite Passy, several times a minister of Louis-Philippe, and well known as one of the pmost influentialp politicians and publicists of France. This tract, published in 1841, is an examination of "the changes in the agricultural condition of the Department of the Eure since 1800." The Eure is one of the five departments of Normandy, and belongs to the region of which M. Rubichon admits the agriculture to be the best in France; but only (as he contends) because the morcellement has not had time to produce its effects, having commenced in that region only from the Revolution, and he assigns to it accordingly no privilege but that of Outis in the Odyssey, to be devoured the last. Let us now see the facts. This department fortunately possesses an accurate agricultural statistique for the year 1800, drawn up by a préfet who took great pains to be correct in his information. M. Passy's pamphlet is a comparison of these returns with those collected by the q French Government in 1837. In this interval of thirty-seven years, scarcely any new land rwasr taken into cultivation, nearly all fit for culture shaving beens already occupied. But fallows thadt diminished from 172,000 hectares to a little more than 80,000. The cultures which supply cattle uhadu increased in a much greater proportion than any others: instead of 17 per cent of the cultivated area they voccupiedv 37 per cent. Horses whadw multiplied from 29,500 to 51,000, horned cattle from 51,000 to 106,000, sheep from 205,000 to 511,000, and as their food xhasx increased in a still greater ratio, and there ywasy importation besides, all kinds of live stock zwerez better fed, and ahada gained in size, weight, and value. The produce per hectare of all kinds of grain, and of most other kinds of produce, bhadb considerably increased, of some kinds nearly doubled. These changes chadc chiefly been effected during the second half of the period, so that the improvement dwasd as progressive as on M. Rubichon's theory should have been the deterioration. There ehade been no perceptible variation in the proportion between the grande and the petite culture; nor fhadf the division of properties at all promoted the division of farms. On the soils where small farms are most profitable, large properties are rented to small tenants; where the reverse is the case, a single farmer often rents the lands of several proprietors, and this arrangement extends itself more g as the subdivision of property advances. The consumption of food per head of the population hhadh largely increased—in the ratio, according to M. Passy, of about 37 per cent; and while the agricultural wealth of the department ihadi increased, according to his estimate, by 54 per cent, the population jhadj only increased 5 per cent.* Though the Eure belongs to the most productive and thriving region of France, it is not the most productive or the most thriving department. The Nord, which comprises the greater part of French Flanders, and is a country of small farms, maintains, according to M. Passy, proportionally to its extent, a third more cattle than the Eure; and the average produce of wheat per hectare, instead of seventeen, is twenty hectolitres, about twenty-two English bushels per acre. Results almost as satisfactory may be deduced from a statistical account of a much less improved district than the Eure, the most eastern district of Brittany, the arrondissement of Fougères, published in k1845k , by the souspréfet, M. Bertin. "It is only since the peace," says this intelligent functionary, "that the agriculture of the arrondissement has made much progress; but from 1815 it has improved with increasing rapidity. If from 1815 to 1825 the improvement was as one, it was as three between 1825 and 1835; and as six since that period."[*] At the beginning of the century little wheat was cultivated, and that little so ill, that in 1809 the produce per hectare was estimated only at 9 hectolitresl; rather more than 10 bushels per acrel . mIn 1845,m M. Bertin estimates it at 16n, or upwards of 18 bushels per acren . The cattle, being better fed, and crossed with more vigorous breeds, have increased in size and strength; while in number, horned cattle, between 1813 and 1844, multiplied from 33,000 to 52,000, sheep from 6300 to 11,000, swine from 9300 to 26,100, and horses from 7400 to 11,600. New and valuable manures have been introduced, and have come largely into use. The extent of meadow land has increased and is increasing, and great attention has of late been paid to its improvement. This testimony comes from an enemy of the morcellement, who, however, states that it is advancing very slowly, and is not likely to advance much further, the co-heirs not dividing each parcelle, but either distributing the parcelles among them, or disposing of them by private or public sale. Some farmers, he says, who are also proprietors, have the good sense to sell the few fields which belong to them, in order to increase their farming capital. M. Bertin is an enemy to stall-feeding, which, he says, is not practised in his arrondissement. The increase of live stock is othereforeo the more remarkable. It may not be useless to mention an assertion of this writer, that the official publication from which M. Rubichon's data are taken greatly understates the number of horned cattle in France, by the accidental omission of a column in summing up, by which the number is brought below ten millions, when it ought, according to M. Bertin, to be thirteen. Of the food of the inhabitants he says, that not long ago it was composed almost exclusively of milk, buckwheat cakes, and rye bread, but has greatly improved in quantity, quality, and variety, especially in the last ten years and now consists of wheaten bread, or bread of two-thirds wheat and one-third rye; with butter, vegetables, and pin "p good farms" about a kilogramme (or 2¼ lbs.) of pork per week for each person. There is also some consumption of other flesh-meats among the labouring people, and the arrondissement contains 63 butchers' shops, where fifteen years ago there were not 30; the increase not being in the towns (or rather town), but in the villages. The clothing of the rural population is substantial, "and different for every season, which is always a sign of general comfort," and "persons in rags are very rare in the arrondissement." We cannot further extend this long discussion; but enough has been said, to enable our readers adequately to appreciate the terrible predictions of alarmist writers respecting the consequences of the Division of Landed Property in France. [[*] ]This Appendix appears at the end of Vol. I (i.e., after Bk. III, Chap. vi) in all Library editions. For a note on its MS, see Appendix I, under Mill, Unheaded leading articles, Morning Chronicle. [* ]De l'Agriculture en France, d'après les Documents officiels. Par M. L. Mounier, avec des Remarques par M. Rubichon. [2 vols.] Paris [: Guillaumin], 1846. [† ]For December 1846. ["Agriculture in France," Quarterly Review, LXXIX (Dec., 1846), 202-38. The quotation is from p. 217.] [a-a]Source (MS), 48, 49 families [for explanation of Source (MS) see Appendix I, under Mill, Unheaded leading articles, Morning Chronicle] [b]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57, 62, 65 is [c-c]Source (MS) : the [d-d]Source (MS) acres, [e-e]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57 much less than half [* ][62] Lavergne, Economie Rurale de la France, pp. 23 and 51. [f-f]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57 half [g-g]+62, 65, 71 [JSM's square brackets] [† ][62] Pp. 451-454. [h-h]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57 it [[*] ]Quarterly Review, LXXIX, p. 212. [* ]These facts are taken from M. Passy. We may now add, in the ten years from 1847 to 1856 not quite 1⅘ per cent. Between 1851 and 1856 the increase in all France was not equal to that of Paris. Nearly all the poorer departments had diminished in population. See [Guilhaud de Lavergne, L., "Dénombrement de la Population de 1856,"] the Journal des Economistes for February 1857 [pp. 225-33]. [48, 49, 52 Passy. In page 289 of the present work, from a more complete comparison, which includes the results of the last census [52 result of the census of 1846], the increase of population has been shown to be even slower than is here represented.] [i-i]Source (MS), 48, 49 increases [j]MS, 48, 49 [footnote:] *Even this is a considerable overstatement. The census of 1806 showed a population of 29,107,425. In 1846, according to the census of that year, it had only increased to 35,409,486, being an increase of little more than 21½ per cent in forty years. The longest term ever assigned to a generation is thirty years.] 52 as MS . . . 35,409,480 . . . years. [paragraph] (The census of 1851, received while this volume was passing through the press, shows a population of 35,781,628, being an increase of only 1.08 per cent in the last five years, or 0.21 per cent per annum. This result the French minister ascribes partly to cholera and emigration, but partly also to the diminution of marriages.—See the Moniteur of May 14, 1852.) [De Persigny, F. "Rapport au Prince Président de la République Française," Le Moniteur Universel, CLV, 14 May, 1852, p. 731.] [[*] ]Siècle, 29 Dec., 1846, p. 2. [k-k]Source (MS), 48, 49 has now [* ][57] In 1856 the department of the Seine, which consists almost entirely of Paris, had risen to 1,727,000 inhabitants; while Lyons, Marseilles, St. Etienne, Bordeaux and Nantes (or at least the departments containing them) had largely increased in population. [† ]Mounier and Rubichon, vol. i. p. 110. [l-l]+48, 49, 52, 57, 62, 65, 71 [m-m]Source (MS), 48 these [n-n]Source (MS), 48, 49 against [o-o]Source (MS) not [p-p]Source (MS) does [q]Source (MS), 48, 49 living [r]Source (MS), 48, 49 that [s-s]Source (MS), 48, 49 would represent them [t]Source (MS), 48, 49 [paragraph] This evil, while it would not exist to any very material extent except under the peculiar French law of inheritance, is not inevitable even under that law. The enormous extent of sales of land, amounting in ten years to a fourth part of the landed property of France, are a clear proof that in general the adjustment of inheritances is not effected by a subdivision of the land, but by sale; which, it needs scarcely be remarked, does not necessarily imply parting with the land, there being nothing to hinder the heirs themselves from becoming the purchasers. We have no doubt it would be found that this rational mode of executing the law is tending more and more to become universal. To hasten the undoing of the mischief which has been already done, the Government has been often urged (in some instances by Councils-General of Departments) to propose a law authorizing the consolidation of landed properties by a general valuation and exchange of allotments, in every commune in which the majority of the proprietors may apply for it; and unless the evil is seen to be correcting itself by a spontaneous process, nothing, we should think, can long prevent the adoption of so salutary an expedient. [u]Source (MS), 48, 49 food and [* ]It did deteriorate in the early part of the reign of Louis XIV, not because the peasants bought land, but because they were compelled to sell it. "Au moment," says Michelet (Le Peuple, ch. 1 [pp. 7-8]), "où nos ministres Italiens, un Mazarin, un Emeri, doublaient les taxes, les nobles qui remplissaient la cour obtinrent aisément d'être exemptés, de sorte que le fardeau double tomba d'aplomb sur les épaules des faibles et des pauvres, qui furent bien obligés de vendre ou donner cette terre à peine acquise, et de redevenir des mercenaires, fermiers, métayers, journaliers. . . . Je prie et je supplie ceux qui nous font des lois ou les appliquent, de lire le détail de la funeste réaction de Mazarin et de Louis XIV. dans les pages pleines d'indignation et de douleur où l'a consignée un grand citoyen, Pesant de Boisguillebert, réimprimé recemment dans la Collection des Economistes. Puisse cette histoire les avertir dans un moment où diverses influences travaillent à l'envi pour arrêter l'œuvre capitale de la France, l'acquisition de la terre par le travailleur." [v-v]443+62, 65, 71 [JSM's square brackets] [* ][62] Economie Rurale de la France, pp. 52, 53. [w-w]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57, 62 only are held [x]Source (MS) somewhere in these volumes, [y-y]Source (MS), 48, 49 prudence [z-z]+52, 57, 62, 65, 71 [a-a]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57, 62 la [b]Source (MS) The thing would be soon done if the love of industrial progress should ever supplant in the French mind the love of national glory, or if the desire of national glorification should take that direction.] 48 as MS . . . would soon be . . . as MS] 49 as 48 . . . should supplant . . . as MS [c-c]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57 no [d-d]Source (MS), 48, 49 , the ration] 52, 57 , the portion [* ][Source (MS) in text] M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary, art. France [Vol. I, pp. 855-6]. [e-e]Source (MS), 48, 49 These causes are enough of themselves to account for a considerable part of the enhancement complained of. [† ][62] Now [1862] no longer true, the occupation having been thrown open. [‡ ][52] On the first point: "La consommation du beurre, qui était représentée en 1812 par une valeur de 6,935,929 francs, s'élevait en 1847 à 13,303,435 fr.; celle de la marée, qui était en 1812 de 4,183,532 fr. atteignait en 1847 la valeur de 6,908,423 fr.; celle des œufs, de 3,857,150 fr. en 1823, s'élevait à 6,727,867 fr. en 1847. En 1833, la valeur de la volaille consommée s'élevait à presque 7,000,000 fr.; en 1842, c'était 10,000,000 fr.; et dans les années qui ont suivi, cette valeur s'est élevée à plus de 9,000,000 fr. C'est-à-dire que la consommation des principales denrées, beurre, œufs, volaille et marée, s'augmentait pendant une période de trente-cinq années dans des proportions supérieures à l'accroissement de la population, tandis que la consommation de la viande de boucherie diminuait de 10 kilogrammes par individu, ou de 20 pour cent." [f-f]Source (MS) but [g-g]Source (MS), 48, 49 navigation [h-h]Source (MS), 48, 49 can [i-i]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52 doubled [j]Source (MS), 48, 49 well or so [k]Source (MS), 48, 49 three [l-l]Source (MS), 48, 49 a fourth [m-m]448Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57 but [* ][62] Lavergne, Essai sur l'Economie Rurale de l'Angleterre, de l'Ecosse, et de l'Irlande, 3me éd. p. 16. [n-n]48 seems to be [† ]See this question discussed in Book I. ch. ix. of the present work, pp. 144-7. [o-o]+48, 49, 52, 57, 62, 65, 71 [‡ ][57] The consumption of butcher's meat at Paris would seem to have considerably increased since the first publication of this discussion. The following table is extracted by M. Michel Chevalier (in the Journal des Economistes for July, 1856) [XI (2e Série), 124], from the elaborate work of M. Husson, entitled "Les Consommations de Paris:"
or about 210 English pounds. [p-p]Source (MS), 48 first [q]Source (MS), 48 present [r-r]Source (MS) has been [s-s]Source (MS) being [t-t]Source (MS), 48 have [u-u]Source (MS), 48 have [v-v]Source (MS), 48 now occupy [w-w]Source (MS), 48 have [x-x]49, 52, 57, 62 had [y-y]Source (MS), 48 is [z-z]Source (MS), 48 are [a-a]Source (MS), 48 have [b-b]Source (MS), 48 has [c-c]Source (MS), 48 have [d-d]Source (MS), 48 is [e-e]Source (MS), 48 has [f-f]Source (MS), 48 has [g]Source (MS) and more [h-h]Source (MS), 48 has [i-i]Source (MS), 48 has [j-j]Source (MS), 48 has [* ]During the last two [57, 62, 65 two last] quinquennial periods [48, 49, 52 last quinquennial period], the population of this department, on the showing both of the census and of the register of births and deaths, has [52 had] actually diminished. [k-k]Source (MS), 48, 49 1846 [[*] ]Translated from Bertin, Amédée, and Maupillé, Léon. Notice Historique et Statistique sur la Baronie, la Ville et l'Arrondissement de Fougères. Rennes: Marteuille & Lefas, 1846, p. 352. [l-l]+65, 71 [m-m]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57 At present [n-n]+65, 71 [o-o]Source (MS) all [p-p]Source (MS), 48, 49, 52, 57, 62 "in |


text:
- Perfectly slim fit
- Specialized coating provides a superior look and feel.
- Buttons are easily accessible while resting in iGlaze shell casing.
- Unobstructed use of built-in camera and flash.
iGlaze was designed for owners who prefer a minimalist-style hardshell case that serves to accentuate the unique look of GS4 while protecting it from damage. Moshi's iGlaze excels at protecting your GS4 from scratches and shocks without compromising its form and functionality. The outside of the case is surface treated with a specialized coating that provides a unrivaled look and feel.
Additional Information
Weight | 1.0000 |
Color | Red |
Device Compatibility | Samsung Galaxy S4 |
Category | Carrying Cases And Skins |
Model | 99MO058321 |
Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price | $29.99 |
Customer Reviews
- Keeping things running smoothly!Review by Anna
Quality Overall Price Value

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The offline mappa map helps you make the most of Tokyo in Japan with a POI database and search built in.This is the mappa map for Tokyo / Tōkyō (東京) the capital of Japan.
The geography of central Tokyo is defined by the JR Yamanote Line. The center of Tokyo — the former area reserved for the Shogun and his samurai — lies within the loop, while the Edo-era downtown (下町 shitamachi) is to the north and east. Sprawling around in all directions and blending in seamlessly are Yokohama, Kawasaki and Chiba, Tokyo's suburbs.
The Central Tokyo area includes: Chiyoda (Akihabara); Chuo (Ginza); Minato (Akasaka, Shinbashi, Roppongi, Odaiba, Shiodome); Shinjuku; Shibuya (Harajuku, Ebisu); Shinagawa (Gotanda); Toshima (Ikebukuro) and Meguro.
Top 5 reasons to get your offline mappa map for Tokyo, Japan:
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4. POINT OF INTEREST DATABASE BUILT-IN - Search a dozen categories including, restaurants, bars and hotels, also handy places such as hospitals, taxi ranks and public transport stops. We've also included a fuzzy partial search for POI and street names to make it fast and easy.
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Install your offline mappa map for Tokyo now!
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Bring home a smarter television with the Samsung 55" ES6800 Slim LED TV. You'll have access to online Smart Hub content and services, web browsing and more. AllShare Play also lets you enjoy music, photos and videos streamed wirelessly from compatible devices like smartphones and tabs. You'll experience all your entertainment with stunning picture quality, thanks to enhancements like Micro Dimming and Clear Motion Rate. And, with a thin-slim bezel and stylish slim design, the ES6800 will look great in your living room.
Smart Content
Gain access to a world of online entertainment, apps and services, with the new upgraded Smart Hub with powerful Dual Core multitasking. -
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Enhance your home entertainment with Micro Dimming technology that brings excellent picture quality and smoother motion to enjoy a more realistic and immersive viewing experience. -
Give your home and family the benefit of an elegant premium metallic touch that maximises your seamless and immersive entertainment experience. -
Use versatile connectivity including 3HDMI, wireless AllShare Play streaming and ConnectShare Movie USB access to enjoy, share and store your multimedia content easily.
Enjoy easier and more convenient Smart Hub services
Enter a world of online entertainment with the new enhanced Smart Hub. Three new signature services – Fitness, Kids and Family Story - help you to exercise, keep children entertained and educated, and share precious memories. The powerful Dual Core processor allows you to do smooth multitasking between content. Browse the web, access Samsung Apps and enjoy breathtaking Full HD 3D content at home. Experience 3D content with the 3D explore feature. Discover the ultimate Smart TV experience.
* Content available via Smart Hub may vary among product categories, models, and territories. See Samsung.com for more details.
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Discover breathtaking images that will allow you a more immersive viewing experience. Micro Dimming brings you enhanced contrast that delivers realistic picture quality. Meanwhile, the impressive Clear Motion Rate delivers onscreen movement with greater clarity. With the high-quality 3D glasses provided, you'll also be able to enjoy amazing Full HD 1080p 3D visuals. Make the most of your entertainment with better picture quality.
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* Web storage requires separate registration with a third-party storage provider.
Features and specifications are subject to change without prior notification.


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Columns What's the right thing to do about Valentine's Day? By news on February 10, 2011 Dear New Shrink, I have a question regarding Valentine's Day. It is something that... Read more →
Columns How to make the most of online job search By news on February 3, 2011 Dear New Shrink, I am interested in finding a new job but am not sure how to get started.... Read more →
Columns Coping with the loss of a friend By news on January 27, 2011 Dear New Shrink, I am at a loss. My friend and I have known each other 20 years. He moved... Read more →
Columns What's more important in a romance, actions or words? By news on January 13, 2011 Dear New Shrink, My boyfriend and I are extremely close. We have been together for a... Read more →
Columns Dressing for success By news on January 6, 2011 Dear New Shrink, For many years I have worked in an office where a specific dress code... Read more →
Columns Resolutions: Resolve to take baby steps By news on December 30, 2010 Dear New Shrink, You won't believe this, but my husband and I actually got into an... Read more →
Columns 10 steps to finding career success in 2011 By news on December 23, 2010 The end of the year is the perfect time to begin thinking about what's important to... Read more →
Columns Brother from a different mother? By news on December 16, 2010 Dear New Shrink, I have two children and I love them both. But they are as different as... Read more →
Columns Holiday season a great time to reconnect By news on December 9, 2010 Dear New Shrink, I have been told that the holidays present an excellent time to... Read more →
Columns How a simple conversation can lead to a new career By news on November 25, 2010 Dear New Shrink, I am interested in making a career change but feel totally lost in how... Read more →


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mp3cd |
This script burns a playlist (.m3u, XMLPlaylist or command line list) of MP3s, Oggs, and/or WAVs to an audio CD. The ".m3u" format is really nothing more than a list of fully qualified filenames. The script handles making the WAVs sane by resampling if needed, and normalizing the volume across all tracks. Reading tags and writing CD-TEXT is supported.
If a failure happens, earlier stages can be skipped with the '-s' flag. The file "tool-output.txt" in the temp directory can be examined to see what went wrong during the stage. Some things are time-consuming (like writing the WAVs from MP3s) and if the CD burn failed, it's much nicer not to have to start over from scratch. When doing this, you will not need the m3u file any more, since the files have already been built. See the list of stages using '-h'. This script implements the suggested methods outlined in the Linux MP3 CD Burning mini-HOWTO: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/MP3-CD-Burning/ |
Home Page: http://outflux.net/software/pkgs/mp3cd/
Interface: Command Line
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text:
Here is a page with lots of airplane no-no`s and some other hazardous goof`ups.
Airplane [Ooops]Moderator: Team Cub
Forum rules
1. Keep it clean. 2. Keep the discussion civil. 3. Name calling is not allowed. Politics and religion are two topics that tend to degenerate into a violation of one of the three simple rules above. The mods and the site admin reserve the right to "lock" or "delete" any discussion that in our opinion, is "heading in the wrong direction." MOST of all, be respectful of your fellow Cubber's opinions. Don't expect to change someones belief system from a simple forum on the internet.
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Airplane [Ooops]Here is a page with lots of airplane no-no`s and some other hazardous goof`ups.
http://www.micom.net/oops/ Then came Bronson
Interesting. Oh - the alert one - well that's a Canadian Herc at CFS Alert.... been there twice! Confusion breeds Discussion which breeds Knowledge which breeds Confidence which breeds Friendship
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text:
Latest Additions to the Galleries
Rain drops on a flower bud. View full screen for detail.
Bud Drop
By FieldingMellish Posted: Feb 15, 2013
Dimensions: 5184x3456
Size: 1612kb
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Friendship Sloop Days 2010: July 22 – 24
The annual, and this year the 50th, rendezvous and races of the Friendship Sloop Society will take place July 22 – 24th, 2010 in Rockland, ME. These lovely gaff rigged sloops have a long history in Maine and an enthusiastic group of Friendship sloop owners convenes annually for fun and racing.
Races take place on Friday, Saturday and Sunday inside Rockland harbor, and by far, the best place to watch is from the Rockland Breakwater.
The lovely gaff rigged Friendship sloop has no real birth, but was gradually developed around 1880 from the fishing and lobstering needs of the men of Muscongus Bay on the Maine coast. For many years, these easy to handle boats, were used by fishermen for daily catch. The FSS explains where the name came from, "There are many names that are remembered as builders: Carters, McLains, Collomores, Winchenbachs, Morses and others but Wilbur Morse's name comes up as father of the Friendship Sloop because of the large number that come from his shop. It is said a sloop was launched every two or three months. Because of Wilbur's mass production and his shop being in Friendship, this great sloop acquired the name of the town he was building in."
Today, many of the sloops are privately owned, primarily along the East Coast, but some as far as the Pacific (that make the annual trek to Rockland!). A few operate daily sails for passengers on the coast of Maine in the towns of Boothbay Harbor, Belfast, Bar Harbor, Southwest Harbor, and a few others.


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101 Don Mariano Cui Street, Capitol Site, Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines 6000 (Show on map)
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Top attractions in the area:
Cebu Capitol (0.2 Km / 3 min walk)
Rizal Memorial Library and Museum (0.4 Km / 5 min walk)
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Agate Lake Resort
- 9326 Agate Lake Rd, Lake Shore, MN 56468 | Get Directions
- Phone: 218-963-2224
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$150 - $425 Daily | More- Daily: $150 - $425
- Weekly: $500 - $2810
- Call for monthly rates. Call for specials and coupons. Check the off season rates. We give discounted rates to military.
Year-RoundQuiet family resort with 720 ft. of sandy beach. Level grounds, playground, water trampoline, minnow races, fishing contest, volleyball, basketball, horseshoes, fire pit, game room, laundry facilities and much more. Open year round. New addition onto gameroom for retreats, quilting, scrapbooking, and other crafts. Fireplaces, tv/vcr/dvd. Good fishing and recreational lake. Close to golf, hiking, shopping, restaurants & many more attractions. A great place to make memories with your family.
Located on a Lake or River
- Agate
On-Site Facilities & Services
- Located on a Lake or River
- High Speed Internet Available
- Children's Programs (scheduled, supervised)
- Laundry Facilities
On-Site Recreation
- Swimming Beach
- Fishing Boats Available
- Canoes or Kayaks Available
- Hiking Trail
- Dock Space/Slips/Mooring Buoys
- Fishing Boat Motors Available
- Pontoon Boat(s) Available
- Playground
- Ice Fishing Houses
Indoor Lodging Amenities
- Accessible to disabled
- Open in Fall
- Open in Winter
- Kitchen/Kitchenette(s)
- Fireplace in Room(s)
Accommodations Policies
- Open to the general public, no membership required
Resort Plans
- Housekeeping
Green Practices
- Waste Reduction/Reuse/Recycling
Lodging Capacity
- Number of cabins: 11
- Number of cabins available in winter: 6
- TOTAL number of indoor lodging units: 11
- TOTAL indoor lodging units available in winter: 6
Length of Stay
- Daily Rental Available
- Weekend Rental Available
- Weekly Rental Available
- Split Weeks Available
What's Nearby
Coming from Brainerd, take 371 N to Co. Rd 77 (by Schaefers Foods and Holiday gas station) Go left on 77- 6 miles to Agate Lake Rd. go right for 1/2 mile. Will bring you right to the driveway with our sign at the entrance
- Facility accommodates meetings for 30 or more
- Meeting/Convention Facilities (maximum capacity): 50
- Banquet Facilities (maximum capacity): 50


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Product Notification: Symantec Client Firewall IPS Security Update 286
Article:AL1080 | | | Created: 2011-02-10 | | | Updated: 2011-02-10 | | | Article URL http://www.symantec.com/docs/AL1080 |
Date: February 10, 2011
Notification Type: Security Update
Product: Symantec Client Firewall
Version: 7.1.4 and 8.x
Operating System: Windows 2K/XP
Authenticode signing certificate expiration: November 24, 2013
Symantec has posted Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) signatures to update Symantec Client Firewall version 7.1.4 and above.
Detailed information about this update is available at:
Symantec encourages you to update to the newest signature set. This update is available on the Live Update servers.
Article URL http://www.symantec.com/docs/AL1080
Terms of use for this information are found in Legal Notices


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When you become a Green Mountain customer, you could be eligible to participate in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Green Power Partnership program. The EPA created the Green Power Partnership program to support the voluntary purchase of green power by organizations that are looking to improve their environmental position. Because we feel it is important to help support our customers' commitment to renewable energy, Green Mountain is happy to assist our customers in their membership application to become an EPA Green Power Partner.
Here are just a few of our customers who participate in the EPA Green Power Partnership program: |


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Gas prices have jumped in the Region... and they're up around the country, too. According to Triple A's Daily Fuel Gauge Report, the current average price for a gallon of regular unleaded gasoline in the Gary metropolitan area is about $3.38, up twenty-cents from a week ago. On the national scene, ABC reports we're all paying more to fill up -- about a penny more in the past week to an average of $3.32 a gallon for regular unleaded. The Midwest has seen prices rise by 7 cents.The lowest gas prices in the U.S. can be found out west. A gallon of regular unleaded in Colorado is at $2.83 a gallon.
LAURA WALUSZKO Region News Team |
SCOTT ROSENBERG Region News Team |
BRENT BROWN Region News Team |
JAY STEVENS Region News Team |
KARL BERNER Region News Team |
ANNIE FOX Region News Team |
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Posts tagged "how to winterize a classic car"
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You've dreamt about it for years, you've (finally) convinced your significant other, and you are ready to pull the proverbial trigger: it's time to buy your first classic car. Understanding the initial—and subsequent—financial commitment is the first step to preparing for the complexities of becoming a classic car owner. But, there are other steps to...
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Wednesdays at 9pm
Relive the cute couples locking lips and cruel confessions as the Girlfriends group dates come to a spectacular close.
From the wonderful (but empty) wine fridge to the bath big enough for three, join our Girlfriends as they give the insider tour of the ultimate bachelorette pad
We saw the tall, the talented and the exceedingly good thighs. But which of our audition boys took your fancy?
Get the Girlfriends look as Ruby, Sophia and Mellissa give a guided tour of their wardrobes
The Girls give the inside gossip on their best and worst first dates
The boys have 24 hours to impress the girl, how will they get on?
Which boys made it past the dates, ditching and awkward kissing?
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TONS OF UPGRADES !!! 2004 Audi S4 Quattro Sedan with a true 6-speed and 115k miles. This S4 sounds as good as it looks... More
Low-mileage, 1-owner 2012 Audi S4 Prestige. Presented in sparkling Monsoon Grey Metallic over Black, this 2012 S4 is a sleek, supercharged sport sedan that... More
ONE OWNER with LOW MILES AND 333HP SUPERCHARGED V6 matched with an AUTOMATIC S TRONIC 7-SPEED DUAL CLUTCH GEARBOX! Extra charge equipment includes NAVIGATION... More
2000 AUDI "S-4" QUATTRO SEDAN #WAUDD68D0YA056278. (Stock #3582.) Purchased in 2000 by a local (Mendham) extreme car enthusiast, engineer and long-time Stable customer, this methodically-maintained and carefully driven high-performance... More


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GI Joe: Cobra Files
Series: Idw G I Joe Cobra Files
nummer: 5
uitgever: IDW
product type: digital comic/eComic (Ongoing Series)
Everyone on the COBRA FILES team is reeling from the previous mission. Everyone but CLOCKSPRING. He's got other things on his mind. Dejected and bitter over FLINT and CHAMELEON's recent tryst, he's starting to listen to TOMAX's sinister advice... and thinking of taking matters into his own hands.


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This Week's Hottest Events: John C. Reilly, Santigold, and The Hard Nut
Lost Landscapes of San Francisco
Guerilla archivist Rick Prelinger gives his seventh annual presentation of rarely seen film clips, landscapes, and portraits of San Franciscans as captured by amateurs, newsreel cameramen, and studio filmmakers over the years. This kind-of cult classic is a sell-out, but there's a walk-up line for unclaimed tickets on the night of.
When: 7:30 p.m., Tues. 12/11
Where: Castro Theatre, 429 Castro St.
John C. Reilly with Lavender Diamond
Actor extraordinaire John. C. Reilly and Tom Brosseau join LA-based indie folk electro-pop rock quartet in a special guest appearance at this new, jazzy venue. And tickets are only $10-12! Get on this.
When: 8:30 p.m., Tues. 12/11
Where: The Chapel, 777 Valencia St.
Just as expected, Santigold's sophomore effort Master of My Make-Believe was released to critical acclaim. Initial hits "Disparate Youth," "Big Mouth," and "The Keepers" have just as much vibrancy and punch as every hit on her debut album. It's a wonder tickets are still on offer for this show. Take it as a sign, and snatch them up now.
When: 8 p.m., Wed. 12/12
Where: The Fox, 1807 Telegraph Ave., Oakland
Chronicle Books Warehouse Sale
Here's one for all the kids and bookworms in your life. Chronicle Books hosts its annual holiday warehouse sale, with titles at 80 percent off! Choose from Lobel's Meat Bible to Small Stakes: Music Posters and everything in between.
When: 9 a.m. - 7 p.m., Wed. 12/12–Fri. 12/14
Where: Chronicle Books, 680 Second St.
Chris Isaak
Fresh off his performance of "Great Balls of Fire" at Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, everyone's rockabilly guilty pleasure Chris Isaak takes the stage in SF. Bets are that he'll be playing holiday favorites from his Christmas album (can you smell the cheese?). And if we're lucky, he'll make some time for "Wicked Game" and "Somebody's Crying."
When: 8 p.m., Thurs. 12/13
Where: Nob Hill Masonic Auditorium, 1111 California St.
Holiday Eating
Off the Grid
OTG Fort Mason is on hiatus until spring, but it's making a special holiday appearance for your eating and shopping pleasure. Pick up your tree from The Guardsmen, shop wares by local craftsmen and artisans, and nosh on favorites by Curry Up Now, Hapa SF, Senior Sisig, and Wing Wings. Plus, Magnolia and Alembic will be on hand with drinks. And—wait for it—10 percent of retail sales will go to the SF Food Banks. Best Friday night ever.
When: 5 - 10 p.m., Fri. 12/14
Where: Fort Mason, Marina Blvd. and Buchanan St.
The Hard Nut
Leave the kids at home. Cal Performances brings Mark Morris' cheeky rendition of The Nutcracker back to the stage this holiday season. Expect retro costumes, sassy song and dance, and a sense of humor tailored for adults.
When: Fri. 12/14–Sun. 12/23
Where: Zellerbach Hall, Bancroft Way and Telegraph Ave., Berkeley
The Big Eat 2012: 100 Things to Try Before You Die
The Big Eat 2011: 100 Things to Try Before You Die
The Big Veg 2011: 50 Vegetarian (Or Vegan) Things to Eat Before You Die
Four Ways To Escape the Cold in Mexico
Jams We Love: Our Weekly Playlists
10 Best Dishes $10 in the Inner Sunset
Rise and Dine: A Guide to Brunch at SF's Best Restaurants
The Best Cheese in SF (Recommendations from Local Cheese Shops)
Refreshingly Unhip: The Best Vanilla Ice Cream in SF
The 20 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Tenderloin & Tendernob
Community Gardens Around the City
Horseback Riding Within 1.5 Hours of SF
Four Awesome Northern California Hot Springs
Refreshingly Unhip: SF's Old-School Pastrami Sandwiches
The 7 Best Carne Asada Burritos in San Francisco
The 10 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Outer Sunset
The 20 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Mission
The 10 Best Dishes Under $10 in Bernal Heights
The 10 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Lower Haight
The 10 Best Lunches in Union Square Under $10
Refreshingly Unhip: The Best Glazed Dougnuts in SF
Expert Advice on Parking in The City
- This Week's Hottest Events: Hardly Strictly, Mill Valley Film Fest, and Litquake
- This Week's Hottest Events: Litquake, Hardly Strictly, Open Studios, + Arcade Fire
- This Week's Hottest Events: Mill Valley Film Fest, Hardly Strictly, and Seven Sisters
- This Week's Hottest Events: Pride Events, Stern Grove Festival, and Chronicle Books Sale
- This Week's Hottest Events: SFJazz Center Opens, The Walkmen, and SF Sketchfest


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BAYFRONT home in Slaughter Beach!!
By The Nick Carter Team | Mar 06, 2014
Beautiful bay front home for sale in Slaughter Beach. Three bedroom, two bathroom home with kitchen/dining combo, gas fireplace, detached garage and much more.
This home is listed for $399,000
Call Nick Carter at (302) 228-NICK (6425) to see this listing today.
Click here to visit The Nick Carter Team website.


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All that needs done is nothing
Ten years ago the political system enacted a law to lower taxes and raise expenses. The law carried an expiration date of the end of this year.
Without intervention the nation's budget benefits from increased revenues and decreased expenses. Application of the net gain to current debt and deficit reduces the interest cost on public borrowings. Savings from lower interest costs offer a real opportunity to lower taxes. Every citizen becomes a beneficiary of a stronger dollar, less inflation and lower prices.
Perched on the edge of this fiscal precipice the Democrats have in hand a tax increase. The Republicans have in hand reduced expenditures. Both parties receive their wish by simply doing nothing. The country gains an initiative that leads to a good way of life for everyone.
Dismiss the hyperbole of promoters and fear mongers. Step over this rut in the road and make a move toward national solvency. All that needs done is nothing.
Taylor Johnson
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Photo: Michael Edwards Ever hear the one about the guy who had peachy-pink peonies imported from Chile every February? Apparently, he wanted to guarantee his sweetheart a touch of spring each morning. Then there's that story of the man who kept his wife's kindergarten picture in his wallet, because they met on the first day of school and (even after 66 years together) that photo never failed to make him smile. Oh, and let's not forget my personal favorite: This one involves a woman who thought her boyfriend was taking her for a weekend in East Hampton. Work was high-stress and they were both pretty beat. "You know what? I don't feel like driving," the man said casually. "Let's head for LaGuardia and catch a puddle jumper." But as they approached the airport, he announced a little change of plans. "You'll be needing this," he said, and put a passport in her hand. The very surprised woman and her boyfriend didn't go to the Hamptons that weekend. Instead, he jetted her off to Paris, and there, in the courtyard of the Louvre, he got down on one knee and proposed.
All three stories sound like urban boyfriend legends. But Peony Guy does exist—he colors my hair. And yes, Virginia, somewhere outside Tucson there lives a 71-year-old gentleman who is still madly in love with the girl who taught him to hopscotch. As for Mr. Ooh-La-La, I saw the engagement ring with my own two eyes and—so help me God—that diamond was bigger than my high school. When I recount the tale of my friend's Parisian proposal to Johannes (a.k.a. the father of my child, the love of my life), there is a thoughtful pause. I know he must be doing what I did—picturing the giddy hand-in-hand walk along the Seine, the caviar on toast points at dinner, Notre Dame glowing against a blanket of stars in the night sky. I sigh. He sighs: "Hey, do you remember the time I went out and bought the stuff that turned the water in your toilet that cool ocean blue color?" "Yeah, honey," I said. "I remember." I am a sensible woman. I keep Bactine in my medicine chest, an umbrella in my office, $200 in my sock drawer. I'd sooner remove my own spleen with a grapefruit spoon than buy a set of sheets that require ironing. I believe in practical shoes, low-maintenance hair, and whichever frozen peas happen to be on sale. I'm not entirely sure what a bodice is, but I can tell you that I don't want mine ripped. Still, I can't help feeling that there's something to be said for moons and Junes and Ferris wheels. I believe in the power of marabou, the brothers Gershwin, bubble baths in claw-footed tubs surrounded by a bazillion twinkly white candles. I believe in strawberries coated in dark chocolate and raspberries floating in pink Champagne. I'm glad Victoria has a few secrets. I think fireplaces should be lit, compliments should be paid, La Bohème should be sung, legs should be shaved. I want Lassie to come home, I want Ali MacGraw to live, and I want Gene Kelly to dip Cyd Charisse straight into next Thursday. I'm not proud of this, but in the interest of full disclosure, here it is: I am deeply relieved when Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan finally kiss. My name is Lisa, and I am a romantic. From the February 2007 issue of O, The Oprah Magazine
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It might be time to do an emotional detox. Release any bitterness, resentment, hurt, and pain that you may have accumulated over your lifetime. It isn't possible to let it go all at once, but if you work on it daily you'll begin to notice a difference in your overall health and vitality. A strong Pisces focus means you could become more tired more quickly. It helps to pace yourself and get plenty of sleep. You'll also be more open to other people's energies and moods, so make time to be alone and recharge your batteries.
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Constantine Karamanlis Age: 91former president and prime minister of Greece who helped restore democracy to his country in the 1970s, after a period of military dictatorship. Died: April 23, 1998.Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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"I served two years with the Peace Corps in Malawi, where I taught high school English in an underserved village school. I wholeheartedly believe that the VIA program not only influenced my experience there, but is primarily responsible for my decision to join. The program's open conversation and focus on the humanities encourages expanding one's worldview and helped to define and motivate my curiosity about the world, and other cultures' interpretations of the 'good life.' That frame of mind allowed me to approach Malawi in less of a judgmental way."
"VIA was the single most important part of my time at Salve. VIA allows for, and I believe encourages, strong relationships with the faculty members. And I couldn't be more grateful to have formed the relationships with the professors that I have. Even now, years after graduation, the impact VIA has made on me is apparent. All of the texts, and even the handouts and workbooks created by my VIA professors, occupy a prominent shelf in my home today."
"Although everyone was so different, I have never met a group of people so accepting and of such different backgrounds who really came together to form this unique bond that I hope will be lifelong. More than anything, VIA has led me to find my own personal definition of what I deem the 'good life,' something I don't think many people actually think about. Our classroom studies, along with the constant nurturing of the faculty, have led me and my peers to reach our full potential while at Salve, and these lessons in and on life will be carried with us forever."
"I did not learn 'facts' in this program, at least they were not the central focus. Rather, I learned a method of living. VIA cultivates the virtues of curiosity, friendship, a passion for learning and many others. It is the cultivation of these virtues that have shaped my character. Consequently, I am never satisfied by my own ideas, and I constantly seek to have my thoughts challenged so that the field of possibilities is expanded in my life."
"I entered Salve such a small portion of a person. I was scared and somewhat narrow-minded. Not on purpose, but because I had lived such a sheltered life. I was nervous and inexperienced. But I found VIA. During VIA I was able to discuss, disagree and support so many theories and ideas and opinions. VIA provides a forum that allows a student to grow mentally while gaining so much knowledge and self-confidence. In my life, VIA is one of the greatest gifts I have been given."
"VIA, so incredibly, honors individuality and passion. I am so grateful that as a confused 18-year-old incoming freshman I found this program. I was accepted by like-minded individuals who cared about one another no matter how diverse, even personality-wise, and who all worked diligently and relentlessly toward a goal none of us can deny and all of us share: happiness."


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Book Description:The basis for the classic film starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman, Saratoga Trunk unfolds the story of Clio Dulaine, an ambitious Creole beauty who more than meets her match in Clint Maroon, a handsome Texan with a head for business -- and an eye for beautiful young women. Together they do battle with Southern gentry and Eastern society, but in their obsession to acquire all they've ever wanted, they fail to realize they already have all they'll ever need -- each other.
Tags: Literature & Fiction, Contemporary,
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When Is It Time To Outsource Your SEO Requirements?
Out-Sourcing your SEO efforts is a major decision for any business. A single person may be able to do their search optimization efforts for a small website or a niche that is not competitive but anything more than minor efforts will require a multi-person effort.
A professional search engine optimization company has the resources and dedication to rank even the most competitive websites but they need to be up-to-date on the current acceptable SEO practices. The days of spam linking techniques are past and any marketing company that you may hire should understand what is needed to rank your website today.
SEO in the Post-Panda World
When trying to please the search engines, understand that you want to please the mighty Google. Other search engines may bring in a trickle of traffic but are not that important in the long-term. The Panda update was an attempt to weed out the uninteresting, uninformed and unoriginal content that is clogging up the Internet. This is a boon for SEO services because the type of work that a company needs to do now to rank a website detailed and time consuming.
Five Post-Panda SEO Tips
- Fantastic, original and thoughtful content
- Older websites get a bonus
- Authority links matter more than ever before
- Social media activity
- No low quality pages on a website
If your company's website is lacking in any of the above, it is time to rethink the site. Pages of useless content will get your website knocked down in the search results. Old-fashioned spam techniques, for links or content, are no longer effective. Social Media is more important than ever before.
If you do not have time to rework your website, it might be time to hire an independent SEO contractor. Sometimes just getting a consultation can give you fresh insight into your site. You have put so much work into your website that you may not be able to see the flaws that exist.
Hiring an SEO team to come in and gussy-up your website is expensive. There is no getting around that. On the other hand, hiring seven new people to work on your website from your office is expensive also. If you can train and pay for an in-house web marketing department, go for it. Most small companies cannot do so and they will need to hire someone to handle the details of SEO for them.
What to Look for in an SEO Company
- Experience
- Knowledge
- Customer Service
- Honest
- SEO Integrity
Oddly enough, the things that you will look for in an SEO company are the same things that you would look for in any other company. You want a solid company that has a good name in the industry. They should get the work done on time and have it be of exceptional quality.
As a search engine optimisation expert, Keith Barrett advises many small business owners on all aspects of SEO.
Written by DST Contributor
7 Responses to "When Is It Time To Outsource Your SEO Requirements?"
I have gained some important information about SEO requirements by reading this post. Thanks for sharing this information.
Yes your right i find it very informative this post SEO is the best to work with us,i even share to my friends about this and they are very thankful too.
I am now interested to know more about SEO Post-Panda. Want to read more on this subject matter. Thanks.
Well presented information. There is also a need to look out for a responsible organization.
I think outsourcing is a viable strategy if you are still able to manage the process closely and easily. You wouldn't want to outsource everything and end up losing control of a project. Some tasks are easier to outsource than others and careful thought into which ones can help make sure you don't lose control of your project.
I didn't get the "authority links matter most" part. What does this mean? Can you please give us some sample of this information? But anyways this Panda update really make thing more harder for spammer to trash the internet with irrelevant content.
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Tracker Migration to Launchpad Scheduled
I'm happy to announce the establishment of a Mailman/FSF donation fund. You can now donate to the GNU Mailman project, with most of your donation going directly to help Mailman. A portion of your donation will also go to help the Free Software Foundation, so you can help two great organizations with one donation. Many thanks to the fine folks at The Mail-Archive.com for kicking things off with their generous initial donation.