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Ignore newspaper headlines about students leaving university with £50,000 of debt. Thats a mostly meaningless figure. Itll actually cost those who earn well after uni far more, and those who dont earn as much far less or nowt.
Its now three years since student finance in England was radically overhauled, yet myths, panic and confusion are still widespread. So forget the politics, its time to focus on the practical impact on students pockets.
This special guide by Martin Lewis shows the 20+ key facts every potential student, parent and grandparent should know.
In this guide
Tweet | mse.me/students2013 |
Current students see Student MoneySaving, Student Accounts, Repay My Student Loan? and the Student Checklist guide for more ways to save
Before we start, I'd just like to say:
"For 20 years we've educated our youth into debt when they go to university, but never about debt - that must change"
For this reason, even though I'm no fan of the changes, in 2011 I agreed to head up a student finance taskforce working with the NUS, universities and colleges to try to ensure we bust the myths and misunderstandings that have resulted from so much political spittle flying.
What counts is that no student is wrongly put off going to university thinking they can't afford it. Some may rightly be put off, but unless you understand the true cost, how can you decide?
Trebling of tuition fees doesn't necessarily mean trebling of costs
All universities are now allowed to charge up to £6,000 a year and many up to £9,000 (nearly three times 2011's fees), providing they make extra provisions for bursaries for poorer students. The max for part-timers is £6,750 a year.
You might think universities would be cock-a-hoop over this, as they'd be getting more cash, but their direct funding has actually been radically cut by the Government, sometimes by more than the extra fees received - so it's far from clear-cut.
On the back of this, you'll no doubt have read headlines like "students to be £50,000 in debt when they leave". Yet the big confusion with tuition fees is that everyone talks about the price tag and the amount you borrow, whereas what really counts is how much you will need to repay.
And that, as I'll explain in more depth later, depends far more on how much you earn once you graduate or leave university.Those who earn a lot will repay a lot. Those who don't gain too much financially from going to university will repay little or nothing. Some have even called this 'no win, no fee', although of course, winning at higher education is about far more than just how much you earn afterwards.
The changes ONLY hit first time undergraduates starting in or after September 2012
The new student finance system only affects those starting their first undergraduate course at university or college in 2012, 2013 or beyond. If you already have a higher education qualification you're unlikely to be able to borrow the money. Included within undergraduate courses are Higher National Diploma/Certificate courses and certain teacher training courses such as PGCE. Those on courses which started before 2012 stick with their existing fees and repayments.
Find out more if you're... changing or deferring a course, on a foundation course, wanting to study healthcare/medicineChanging or deferring course
If you started a course before 2012, and then changed, provided it was to an equivalent (full-time to full-time or part-time to part-time) degree, even at a different university, you should be able to continue on the same fee structure and not move to the new system. Always double-check with the institution beforehand.
If you were accepted onto a pre-2012 course and chose, or needed, to defer, you'll continue on the 2011/12 financial package. Yet if you took at least a year before starting you'll be moved to the new financial package.Foundation course
If you started a higher education course in 2011 that includes a foundation year which is an integral part of the course, and you enrolled at the outset for the integrated course, you will continue to remain on the 2011 structure and not move to the new one.
However, if you began a freestanding higher education course in 2011, like certain 'access' courses, and start a degree in the following years you would be treated as a new starter.
NHS Bursary Scheme
Medical and healthcare students get support from the NHS Bursary Scheme. The amounts and rules are different depending on the course.
Medical or dental students on five/six-year courses will have all tuition fees paid in their fifth and final years. Those on four-year courses must contribute £3,465 to their first year fees, then receive £3,465 in years two, three and four. Both will then be able to apply for a student loan for the remainder of their fees.
Fees for suitable non-medical courses, eg, physiotherapy, nursing and midwifery, are usually paid directly by the NHS so eligible students will not be required to pay tuition fees.
They will also be eligible for a £1,000 grant, means-tested bursary up to £4,395 (£5,460 in London, £3,351 if living at home, less for courses under 30-weeks each academic year) and a non-means-tested maintenance loan of up to £2,324 (£3,263 London, £1,744 home, reduced in final year).
You don't need the cash to pay for university
It ISN'T a case of 'pay up or you can't go'. Once your application has been processed, tuition fees are automatically paid by special Student Loan Company loans which full-time students only need to start repaying in the April AFTER graduation (or leaving) at the earliest, no matter how long your course.
Of course you don't have to take the loan for tuition fees, you could opt to pay it directly. Yet you may be surprised that...
For many, paying tuition fees upfront rather than taking the loan risks leaving them £10,000s WORSE off.
If you are considering paying tuition fees upfront, read the full Beware Paying Tuition Fees Upfront guide, which takes you through the pros and cons.
Earn under £21,000 and you'll never repay
You only repay 9% of everything you earn annually above £21,000 of pre-tax salary once you've left university. Therefore if you've started repaying the loan, but then lose your job or take a pay cut, your repayments drop accordingly.
If you earn £22,000 in a year, what do you repay?
The answer is £90, as twenty two thousand is one grand above the threshold and 9% of £1,000 is £90.
And if you earn £31,000, what do you repay?
£900. Thirty one thousand is £10,000 above the threshold and 9% of that is £900.
"How on earth will my child be able to afford to repay these debts if they get a poorly paying job?"
This panic question has been thrown at me by many parents - and it's really important to examine it in the light of the required repayments.
Someone on a low wage will be required to repay little or nothing at all. In fact, only higher earners will be shelling out large amounts.
It's important to note that not repaying much because you're just over the threshold isn't being bad. The system is, in reality, a graduate contribution, designed so that, in the main, those who gain the most financially out of university contribute the most.
The £21,000 threshold is set to change
The £21,000 threshold is scheduled to rise in line with average earnings. This will start in April 2017 (a year after the first graduates under the new system - 2012 starters - are eligible to repay).
For the rest of this guide, for ease, I will just refer to it as 'the £21,000 threshold'.Further info on repaying:
Technically you repay 9% above £1,750 a month - important if you get bonusesWeve stated that you start to repay when you earn £21,000 a year, mainly because most people will go into a salaried job where they earn a set amount each month. However, payments are calculated and taken monthly, so £1,750 is the important figure.
This means that if you earn £1,500 most months, but overtime or bonuses take you over the £1,750 threshold for one month, then the Student Loans Company will take 9% of anything above £1,750 from that months paycheck - even if you don't make £21,000 or more during the year.
Similarly, if your income is volatile this could affect you too. Lets take an extreme example: if you earned £15,000 one month, and nothing for the rest of the year, youd still pay 9% of everything you earn over the £1,750 threshold that month.
In this extreme case, the student loans company would take just under £2,000 that month, even though your total earnings for the year are £6,000 under the threshold.
If this happens, you can reclaim any 'overpayments' at the end of the financial year - you will need all your payslips to prove your income is under £21,000 over the year.
What counts as additional income for student loan repayment purposes?
If you have additional income of over £2,000 from savings interest, pensions or shares and dividends, then this will also be treated as part of your income for repayment purposes. You'll need to repay 9% of that too via self-assessment.
How student loans are treated for tax purposes
While the amount you pay is calculated based on your pre-tax income above £21,000, the money is taken after youve paid tax. For example...
If you earn £30,000 a year gross (pre-tax) salary, you will repay £810 a year (9% of the £9,000 above £21,000).
Yet you still pay tax on the entire £30,000 income. You dont get any tax breaks on the fact youre repaying the student loan.Do I still have to repay my student loan if I move overseas?
The answer is yes. The student loan has been set up as a contract, not a tax, therefore the fact that you're no longer living in the UK doesn't affect that contract.
The rules state you're still obliged to repay based at 9% of all earnings above (the local equivalent of) £21,000 a year. Not doing so could lead to substantial penalties.
If we ignore the moral obligation to repay the state for the education it provided you, the real question here isn't "do I have to", but "how can they make me?"
This is an issue of enforcement. Certainly if you temporarily leave the UK and come back having missed some payments, expect to be pursued. If you move abroad permanently, never to return, there may be no attempt to pursue you in a foreign court. But there are no guarantees of that.Some further information on this for current graduates (likely to be similar for future graduates) is available on the Student Loans Company website, though it's a bit sketchy in parts.
How do student loan repayments affect my pension repayments?
Student loan repayments should be based on your income AFTER pension contributions have been deducted. Whether that happens though depends on how you contribute to your pension.
- Employer's pension. If you are in an employer's pension scheme, eg, a final salary or career average plan, your repayments will automatically be calculated on your income after pension contributions.
- Personal pension. If you pay into a personal pension, whether monthly via your company payroll or directly as a lump sum, you need to request a self-assessment tax return (if you dont already do one) to have the pension contributions taken into account.
You need to decide if it's worth the hassle of going self-assessment if you don't already. For each £1,000 you pay into your pension (£800 net) each year, you could pay around £90 extra in student loan repayments.
No debt collectors with student loans
Student loans are repaid through the payroll just like income tax. What this means is that once you're working, your employer will deduct the repayments from your salary before you get it. So the amount you receive in your pay packet each month already has it removed.
This means no debt collectors will come chasing as you don't have a choice in the matter and will have paid it automatically.
The main exemption to this is for the self-employed (people who work for themselves or are freelance). For more on that see how the self-employed repay.How the self-employed repay student loans
You always repay the student loan in the same way as you repay income tax.
For the self-employed, this is done via HMRC's self-assessment scheme. At the end of each tax year, you calculate your earnings and the appropriate amount of tax and loan repayments, and then send it to the Revenue. This also applies if you have additional self-employed earnings on top of employment.
If you fail to pay, you'll be sent a reminder. Ignore that, and in a similar way to failing to repay your taxes, you could end up in court. Some more information is available for graduates on the Student Loans Company website.
As a side note, if you are likely to be self-employed, read my Warning to new freelancers and the self-employed blog.
After 30 years, any and all remaining debt is wiped
You stop owing when you've cleared the debt or when 30 years (from the April after graduation) have passed, whichever comes first. If you never get a job earning over the threshold, you'll never repay. More on what happens on death or incapacity.
The debt is also wiped if you die, so it won't be passed on to your beneficiaries as part of your estate. It's also wiped if you're permanently disabled in such a way that you'll be permanently unfit to work (in such a case, earnings will usually be under the threshold anyway, but this rule's there for rare cases where unearned income is above the threshold to allow the recipient to keep it all).
'Above-inflation' interest will be charged Don't understand interest rates? Read the Interest Rates Beginners' Guide
For those who started university before 2012, there was no 'real' cost to borrowing money via student loans, as the interest rate was set at the rate of inflation (RPI). So borrow a shopping trolley worth of goods and you'll repay enough to buy the same, even though the actual cash amount may increase (more on this in the Should I Repay My Student Loan? guide).
Yet for those starting in or after September 2012 that's all changed. The interest is as follows:
- While studying: Accrues RPI inflation plus 3% on the outstanding balance. This continues until the first April after graduation when it changes to
- After studying, earning under £21,000: Accrues RPI inflation.
- After studying, earning £21,000 - £41,000: The interest rate will gradually rise from RPI to RPI plus 3% the more you earn (the interest rises 0.00015% for every extra pound you earn or, put another way, if you earn £1,000 more, you accrue 0.15% extra interest). These thresholds are likely to rise with average earnings from 2017.
- After studying, earning over £41,000: Accrues RPI inflation plus 3%.
It's worth noting all the above scenarios assume inflation is positive (prices rising). It's not yet known what would happen in a period of deflation (prices falling).
The rate used is the previous March's RPI inflation rate. March 2013's inflation rate was 3.3% meaning interest charged on new-style student loans in 2013/14 is 6.3%.
In this dropdown - find more about interest rates if you don't complete the course.If you start a course in September 2012, regardless of how early you leave, you won't need to make any repayments until April 2016 (the first April after 2012 starters would graduate on a three-year course) as the system isn't being set up until then.
You'll be charged interest of RPI inflation from the April after you leave until April 2016. After that date, interest will be at the same level as everyone else.
Being charged interest isn't the same as needing to repay it
I'm no fan of the fact that students aren't just being charged for their education, they also pay for financing it with above inflation interest.
Yet that's a principled stance. In practical terms for many graduates, especially those who aren't high earners when they leave, they'll never have to repay this interest, so it's meaningless. See my Student loans are interest free for many blog.
Repayments are £417/year LESS than for current graduates
Many people worry that with the much higher levels of student debt, cash will be too tightly squeezed to live on once post-2012 starters graduate.
Yet actually, today's university starters will have MORE cash in their pockets each month than those students who've just graduated.Graduates who started their course before Sept 2012, repay 9% of everything earned above £16,365. Those starting in 2012 and beyond see that increased to £21,000.
That means those earning above the £21,000 threshold have £417-a-year more in their pockets than now. A chart should help.Earnings Current system New 2012 system Annual repayment Monthly pay packet reduction it's equivalent to Annual repayment Monthly pay packet reduction it's equivalent to £16,000 Nothing Nothing Nothing Nothing £17,000 £57 £4.80 Nothing Nothing £21,000 £417 £35 Nothing Nothing £22,000 £507 £42 £90 £7.50 £30,000 £1,227 £102 £810 £67.50 £40,000 £2,127 £177 £1,710 £142.50 £50,000 £3,027 £252 £2,610 £217.50 For simplicity, Ive compared new starters with current graduates. Actually a fairer comparison will be with 2011 starters the last on the old system. While it's likely those repaying under the new system will still have more disposable income in the years following graduation, the gap will be substantially reduced due to the inflation. There will still almost certainly be a gap, read more on why inflation decreases the difference.
Why inflation decreases the difference
Current graduates start repaying their loans when they earn more than £16,365. This threshold is set to rise with the RPI measure of inflation each April, until 2016.
The actual figure used will be the rate of RPI in the March from the prior year, so on 6 April 2012 it rose to £15,795, as March 2011s inflation was 5.3%. In April 2013 the figure rose to £16,365 (March 2012's RPI was 3.6%).
And in April 2014, this minimum income threshold should rise to around £16,905, as March 2013's RPI inflation was 3.3%.
Heres a chart showing the impact at various rates factoring in the above known rate.Repayments in 2016 Average annual inflation (2013-16) Current system New system Increase in disposable income under new system No inflation £16,365 £21,000 £417 2.5% (A) £17,625 £21,000 £305 4% £18,410 £21,000 £230 6.5% £19,765 £21,000 £110 9% £21,190 £21,000 (£17) (A) Roughly the Bank of Englands inflation target (CPI inflation at 2% - so this is roughly RPI 2.5%) For the sake of clarity, it would take average annual inflation from 2013 to 2016 of a huge 9% for the repayments to be equal - frankly inflation at that rate would mean we had even bigger national problems.
What about after 2016?
From 2017 the threshold for repayment under the new system is scheduled to rise with average earnings there is as yet no decision on what will happen beyond 2016 to the thresholds for those on the current system.
You WILL owe money for longer than current graduates and MAY pay a LOT more
The flipside of people repaying less due to the higher £21,000 threshold than current graduates is that it will take much longer to pay off the loan. And this is compounded by the fact the original debt is bigger and the interest rate higher.
This is because under the new system the cost is effectively being spread over a much longer period. Initially, graduates will be able to keep more of their income to spend than now. Though later on when they would've paid off the loan under the current system, they'll have less as they'll still be repaying. -
Part-timers can get loans for tuition fees too
Part-time students, often forgotten, make up 40% of all undergraduates. Fees for part-timers also jumped very substantially in 2012, with all universities being able to charge up to £4,500 and some £6,750, provided they offer bursaries.
The one silver lining to this is for the first time part-time students (provided it's their first degree and they're studying at least 25% of a full-time course) will no longer need to find the cash upfront. They're now eligible for tuition fee Student Loan Company loans on exactly the same basis as full-time students. They won't be eligible for maintenance loans or grants though.
Full info on this in my Part-Time Students' Finance Guide, produced by the Independent Taskforce on Student Finance Information.
Monthly repayments are the same, whether fees are £6,000 or £9,000
Whether you choose a course that costs £6,000 or £9,000, you'll repay the same amount each month, as that purely depends on what you earn (9% above £21,000).
In other words, whatever your tuition fees (and maintenance loan) if you earn £22,000, and haven't cleared the debt, you repay £90 a year.
Of course, the more you borrow, the longer you'll be repaying. Yet it's worth noting that, as many people won't finish repaying before the 30 years is up (see key fact 18) unless you're a higher earner, picking a course with higher fees won't actually cost you more. See the min, max and average fees planned to be charged by each university in 2013 (pages 8 and 9) and 2014 (pages 12 to 15).
Student loans also cover living costs
Full-time students aged under 60 at the start of their course can also take a loan to pay for their living costs, eg, food, books, accommodation and travel. They are known as maintenance loans, and are usually paid in three termly instalments direct to students' bank accounts.
The amount is dictated by two elements:- The guaranteed bit. Up to 65% of the maximum living cost loan will be available to everyone, regardless of their parental income.
- The income assessed bit. The amount you can borrow is means-tested, in other words it depends on you or your parents' residual income (pre-tax income minus pensions - see a full
definition of residual income).
If income is higher, then you or your parents are expected to fill this financing gap.
Maximum maintenance (living) loan Academic year Living with parents Living away from home Living away from home (London) Living away from home (overseas) 2012/13 and 2013/2014 £4,375 £5,500 £7,675 £6,535 2014/15 £4,418 £5,555 £7,751 £6,600 One big concern is student loans arent big enough
While most headlines rant about the size of student loans, actually for many the problem is living loans arent actually large enough. With student rents rising and costs increasing, for some, living off these amounts is tight. Theres little signs of the government looking to increase these amounts.
So it's crucial to ensure that there is a real focus on budgeting, and the money isnt spent in the first few weeks of term. Extra funds from parents and part time jobs will help. Do see Student MoneySaving tips for more on how to make the cash stretch further.Deadlines to apply for maintenance loans
To get these loans in time for the start of the autumn term/semester, students resident in England need to apply by 31 May 2014. In Scotland, prospective students have until 30 June. For Welsh & Northern Irish students, the deadline is in April 2014.
Missing the deadline doesn't mean you can no longer apply for a loan, it just means the cash might not arrive until a few weeks into term. See Gov.UK (England), Student Awards Agency for Scotland, Student Finance Wales, or Student Finance ni.
Under £42,600 income households' students get maintenance grants
In 2013/14 full-time students with residual income under £25,000 get a grant of £3,354. This will increase slightly to £3,387 in 2014/2015 in other words, it never needs repaying (unless you leave your course early, when you may be asked to pay it back).
If you're entitled to a full grant the maximum loan you'll be entitled to is reduced though by less than the amount of the grant.
So at £25,000 income or less, in 2014/15, a student living away from home (outside London) would get a grant of £3,387 and a maximum loan of £2,725 (not the full £5,555).
Those from households with income between £25,001 and £42,611 (increasing to £42,620 in 2014/15) get smaller grants, though the maximum loan amount increases to make up for it.Support package 2013/14 Support package 2014/15 Household income Non-repayable maintenance grants Maintenance loans Total Non-repayable maintenance grants Maintenance loans Total £25,000 or less £3,354 £3,823 £7,177 £3,387 £3,862 £7,249 £30,000 £2,416 £4,292 £6,708 £2,441 £4,335 £6,776 £35,000 £1,478 £4,761 £6,239 £1,494 £4,808 £6,302 £40,000 £540 £5,230 £5,770 £547 £5,282 £5,829 £45,000 £0 £5,288 £5,288 £0 £5,341 £5,341 £50,000 £0 £4,788 £4,788 £0 £4,836 £4,836 £55,000 £0 £4,288 £4,288 £0 £4,331 £4,331 £60,000 £0 £3,788 £3,788 £0 £3,826 £3,826 £62,500 or more £0 £3,575 £3,575 £0 £3,610 £3,610 For students living away from home and studying outside London. Student loans DO NOT go on credit files
When you borrow from a bank for a credit card, loan or mortgage, to evaluate whether they'll make money from you lenders look at three pieces of information your application form, any previous dealings they've had with you and crucially, the information on your credit reference files (full info: How Credit Ratings Work).
Most normal financial transactions and credit relationships you have are listed on these files - yet student loans are not included (with the exception of students who started university before 1998 under the original loans system and defaulted).
So the only way loan, credit card or mortgage providers know if you've got a student loan is if they choose to ask on application forms. They can do this and it happens, but in general it's only for bigger value transactions such as mortgages.
Bigger tuition fees are unlikely to impact the ability to get a mortgage
I know many parents worry that the much higher level of tuition fees, and subsequent 'debt', will hit their child's ability to get a mortgage after studying.
Of course, having a student loan is worse than not having one when it comes to getting a mortgage. Though going to university often results in earning a higher salary, which will usually easily cancel this out.
Here's what the Council for Mortgage Lenders (the mortgage company trade association) has said, sadly in less than plain English: "A student loan is very unlikely to impact materially on an individual's ability to get a mortgage, but the amount of mortgage available may depend on net income."
To explain this, it's more relevant to compare the impact of the system's change to those who are currently graduating.As I've already explained, those starting in 2012 and beyond are likely to have HIGHER disposable (net) income than current graduates. This makes saving for a deposit and repaying a mortgage in the years after graduation easier.
However, they will be repaying long after current graduates, so at that point they will have less disposable income. Overall, both in my view, and that of mortgage brokers I've discussed it with, it's likely to even out - and it's certainly a negligible issue compared to building a substantial deposit (see the First Time Mortgage Guide).
You can repay early
In the early days, the Government was consulting on penalties to stop people repaying early - but the mass of feedback (including our no to penalties submission) was against - and thankfully it decided to scrap the idea.
Yet this doesnt mean you should pay off early, just because it's allowed. While in general wed encourage people to repay their debts as quickly as possible, student loans are one of the rare cases where that will be a bad decision for a good number of people.
This is because, as explained in point 18 below, under the new system many won't fully repay before the debt's wiped after 30 years (use the Student Finance Calc to see). Overpaying each month could actually be peeing in the wind as the overpayment's not reducing the amount youd need to pay back at all.
Even if youve enough cash to clear the loan in full it may not be worth it as your repayments primarily depend on what you earn, not what you borrowed. It could mean you need to repay less than what you owed. To see how this concept works read the Beware paying Tuition Fees Upfront guide.
Students from, or going to, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish unis may have different rules
Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish students, including those who decide to study in England, receive their financial support from their "home" devolved administration so it's a matter for those governments to decide how they wish to support their students.
Scotland: Scottish students studying in Scotland will carry on not paying any tuition fees from 2012. English and Northern Irish students studying there will be charged up to £9,000 per year, as will Scottish students studying in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. If applicable, repayments apply to salaries above £16,365. Welsh students in Scotland will receive some support from the Welsh Government - see below for details.
More info: Student Awards Agency for Scotland -
Northern Ireland: Northern Ireland students studying in Northern Ireland will pay a fixed price of £3,465 from 2012. Those from England or Scotland will be charged up to £9,000 per year, while Welsh students will receive some support from the Welsh Government, as explained below.
More info: Student Finance NI -
Wales: Tuition fees at Welsh universities follow the English pattern and will be increased up to £9,000 from 2012. However, the Welsh Government will cover the increase for Welsh resident students. They won't have to pay any more than the current cost plus inflation, likely to be £3,575. English, Scottish and Northern Irish students will need to pay the full amount.
More info: Student Finance Wales
Here's a summary of the situation for 2013 starters:
Maximum annual tuition charges Where student is studying Where student lives England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland England Up to £9k Up to £9k Up to £9k Up to £9k Scotland Up to £9k Free Up to £9k Up to £9k Wales Charged up to £9k, but Welsh Govt pays anything above £3,575Northern Ireland Up to £9k Up to £9k Up to £9k £3,465 Source: Ucas -
Many people will never pay it all back
By running the numbers on some typical situations using the Student Finance Calculator, it looks likely only those towards the higher end of the income scale will ever repay what they borrowed.
In one way it's good, as it means the level of the tuition fees is irrelevant to most - they'll just keep paying the same proportion each month and if they don't earn enough, they won't come close to paying back what was borrowed (never mind the interest).
But it's also means the loan won't be cleared until it's wiped after 30 years.
The following table should help you see roughly who's likely to pay the loan off, and what the total cost will be. As inflation and students' future income are both unpredictable, we've had to make some assumptions. This table should be seen as an indication of scale rather than anything more exact.
Before you look at the table
Please be aware it's designed to give a VERY rough indication of whos likely to pay the loan off. Weve been forced to make many assumptions about inflation, earnings growth and graduates' earning growth, small changes which have a big impact. So please use this as a guide only.
Expect to repay more quickly than the chart shows if
Youre in a career where salary increases rapidly
You live at home or get a maintenance grantIf so, scroll down for a better fit. Someone starting on £15,000 but with big salary increases to come should probably look at results for a £20,000-£25,000 starter.
Expect to repay more slowly than the chart shows if
Youre in a career where salary remains static
Youre likely to spend periods not working (redundancy, career break, unemployment, parenting)
You're studying in London and not living at home
You're likely to switch to part-time work
You're likely to retire during the 30 yearsIn this case you're likely to pay off your debts more slowly, so look up the chart for a better fit. Someone starting on £25,000 should look at the results for a £20,000 or £15,000 starter.
The very highest earners aren't the very highest payers
Throughout this guide, I've written "the more you earn the more you repay", yet a quirk of the system means technically, beyond a certain point, that's not true.
In truth, for the huge majority of people this isn't relevant, so feel free to skip this technical point, but from a political perspective it is worth examining.
This quirk happens because seriously high earners pay off so quickly they have less time to accrue interest. This doesn't mean they pay nothing, they still pay far more than very low earners, but it does mean that very very high earners repay less than high earners.
Try a wee experiment to understand this. Go to the Student Finance Calculator and set it to the maximum tuition fees (£9,000 per year) and typical maintenance loan (£5,555 per year). Now use the salary slider to change the starting salary and (on standard assumptions of inflation and salary growth) you'll see at first the repayments rise. Then, after a starting salary of around £41,000, they start to fall. Think of it like a graduate tax, not a loan
The maximum possible loan combining tuition fees and maintenance in 2013 is £16,675 a year; £50,000 over a three-year course.
This is a frightening amount, and indeed many are frightened of it. Yet it's important to not just jump at this figure, but look at it in regards to how much of that you'll actually have to repay.
In fact, when you examine this debt, it's far more like an additional tax than a loan (see my old blog: Student loans aren't a debt for why the language needs to be changed) for the following reasons:- It's repaid through the income tax system
- You only repay it if you earn over a certain amount
- The amount repaid increases with earnings
- It does not go on credit files
- Debt collectors will not chase for it
- Bigger borrowing doesn't increase repayments
- Many people will continue to repay for the majority of their working life
In many ways it has many of the features of a tax, but one that simply ends once you've repaid what you borrowed, plus interest. (This isn't the first time I've argued this, see my old blog: We Already Have A Graduate Tax.)
So if you examined it as a tax on current thresholds, a typical graduate will face the following deductions from their payroll, while they still have an outstanding student loan.
Equivalent 'marginal' (1) tax rates for graduates under 2012 system
Assumes current tax thresholds remainAnnual earnings up to £9,440 No tax as this is the typical 'personal allowance', the amount earnable before income tax starts. Earnings over £9,440 up to £21,000 32% tax and national insurance Earnings above £21,000 41% due to addition of student loan repayments Earnings above £41,450 51% due to addition of higher rate tax, but drop in national insurance (2) Earnings above £150,000 56% due to higher rate tax (2) (1) 'Marginal' means you only pay the specified tax rate on that portion of salary. For more, see the Tax Rates guide. (2) Earn above £100,000 and your personal allowance will also be affected. In reality, it isn't a tax, it's a loan contract. In effect, it's somewhere between the two.
What's the reason I stress the tax concept? It's because many parents wrestle with 'how will I pay for my child to go to university?' and then risk their own financial solvency and security to do so. And while it may sound callous, you need to decide whether paying for it really is your responsibility.The system is set up so that the cost is met by the beneficiary of the education - your child. When this is called a 'loan' many parents feel guilty and become desperate to avoid their child getting into this debt, even though they may not need to repay it.
Yet if we'd called it a tax, would you still feel compelled to prevent it? If you're a parent it's worth thinking this through to judge your own reaction.
Student loans should be counted as part of students' income
Many school leavers go straight to university with their parents or grandparents yelling "STICK TO A BUDGET!" Yet that simply isn't enough info. Think about this for a moment:
A working person shouldn't spend more than they EARN.
What shouldn't a full-time student spend more than?It's this piece of the budgeting jigsaw many people miss, but it's crucial - without knowing your income, you can't budget.
I'd define a student's income as: the student loan, any grant, any income from working and any money given by parents or relatives.
Total that up, and this is what you should budget not to spend more than.It's important to note while this does include the student loan, it doesn't include 0% overdrafts, which at best should be seen as aids to cashflow but not income (see Best Student Accounts guide) or any other commercial debt.
While we're talking budgeting, if you're 17 and reading this guide, that's brilliant news - nothing is more important than understanding the cost of your education. Can I also suggest you read the Teen Cash Class guide? It'll give you more ideas on how to be successful with your money.
Offered a fee waiver or bursary? Go for the bursary
Those coming from homes with lower incomes, or with less traditional university backgrounds, are likely to be offered incentives by universities. The exact structure and money is likely to be given in one of three ways, but should be worth up to £3,000:
- Fee waiver. Here you are given a reduction each year on your tuition fees, meaning the loan you need is less.
- Bursary. This is some form of cash or gift in kind. It could range from a £1,000 grant or help with living arrangements, depending on your situation.
- Scholarship. Similar to a bursary, it is usually a form of cash or gift in kind. Getting one depends on academic ability (usually A-level grades) rather than income.
See details about learner support funding.
Definitions of discretionary funding
Many organisations, including universities and colleges, offer additional funding to help students in particular circumstances. Sometimes this is to broaden the range of entrants to higher education and sometimes it aims to encourage applications from high achieving students.
Each organisation will have its own priorities for the students it wants to assist. So the following categories will vary depending on where and what is being studied. Students need to research what support is on offer both in their local area, subject area, and at the universities they are applying to.
A bursary is a grant that does not need to be repaid. Bursaries are usually paid by universities to help with costs associated with study: books and equipment, childcare, and travel are typical examples. Eligibility is usually determined by household income, or other personal circumstances, eg, those with children or those leaving care. Availability and how much you receive will vary at different universities.
A scholarship does not have to be repaid. Scholarships are usually paid in recognition of educational achievement and can help towards the costs of fees or other course costs and may also provide living cost support. Availability and how much you receive will vary at different universities.
Fee waiver/fee discount
This is paid to cover some (via a discount), or all (via a waiver) of your tuition fees. You will not usually receive a payment directly when you are awarded a fee waiver/discount. It reduces the amount of tuition fees you are required to pay and does not have to be paid back.
Info provided by Nasma.
Why a bursary beats a fee waiver
If you are given a choice, as some universities will be offering, with everything else being equal it is usually better to go for a bursary.
The reason for this is quite simple. As I've explained, many people will never repay in full, even at the £6,000 level.
Therefore, in real terms, unless you earn a higher salary on graduation the fee waiver is unlikely to reduce the amount you repay at all. So while it may feel like your fee and debt are lower, there is no material impact on your pocket.
Yet a bursary will provide definitive cash now, which is a boon and could reduce the need for any commercial borrowing. So as one is a certain gain, and the other a 'you may benefit in the future but might not', the choice is a no-brainer.
To get really advanced (feel free to ignore this) for those who are sure theyll be on very big salaries there is an advantage to taking the fee waiver as it reduces the interest paid. Yet this is marginal at best over taking cash now, as inflation reduces the impact due to money being worth more now than later.
It is interesting to note that while worse for you, fee waivers are far better for the Treasury. As the money comes from the university, it decreases the amount the Government has to loan out.
Why are they giving out this money?
Universities who charge over £6,000 must use some of the excess funds over that amount to help improve access to university. The money comes from two sources, click to find out more...
The National Scholarship Programme (NSP) - lower income households
In 2013/14 the NSP will have roughly £200 million to give out to students with a household income under £25,000 half provided by universities, half by the state. The amount will be £300 million in 2014/15 but is dropping in 2015/16 as part of the money is going to postgraduate students instead.
Yet the name is frankly less accurate than calling a rabbit a cabbage. It is neither national (there's no uniform system and each university provides its own) nor is it about scholarships (which are based on academic merit). It's actually about bursaries and fee waivers.
The double misnomer doesnt mean it isnt important though.
The Access Programme - widening participation
Institutions that charge fees above £6,000 are also obliged to put some of the excess charge (works out at an average of around 25%) into access agreement schemes to widen participation for students from under-represented groups.
This money will be given to students from low household incomes who come from under-represented groups, ie, those most able but least likely to apply.
Other forms of funding
On top of the official financial support, other funding sources are also available from scholarship sites such as Scholarship Search, Family Action, Turn2Us, Student Cash Point and Uni Grants UK. Though check the details directly with the university, find contact details on the Nasma website, or grant provider too.
Can the system be changed once I've started?
So now you understand it, the obvious question is, "how fixed is all this?"
The government announced in the latest Autumn Statement (December 2013) that it's selling off the remaining £40bn of student loan debt it has - a concern to many of the 4m uni leavers since 1990 with outstanding loans.
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (which deals with universities) sent us the terms of the student loan book sale which, includes:
"Borrower protection is a primary aim of the Government. That is why terms and conditions, including the calculation of interest rates will not be altered to the detriment of borrowers as a result of any sale."
And it also told us:
"Following a sale, SLC and HMRC will continue to administer loans, with the collection processes remaining the same. This means that there will be no changes to the way individuals make repayments through the PAYE system or to the way individuals make repayments through self-assessment channels."
Therefore, currently there are no planned changes to the terms of the loans. However, it's important to understand Parliament is omnicompetent. In other words, it's completely free to make and change rules made in the past. This means there is no 100% guarantee the system will remain unchanged for the 30 years until youre clear. It's worth being aware this is a risk factor.
Yet once the system is finalised and youve started university any negative changes in the future are unlikely, as policymakers are generally adverse to retrospective change.
Looking at the history of student loans, any major changes to the system have only affected new students. Those who have already started remain on the system in place when they started university (with minor positive changes, such as uprating due to inflation).
While nothing is impossible, the best that can be done is to plan that the system in place now will continue throughout your repayments.
For much more, see see my blog: Can the government change student loan terms? and Student loan sell-off - should you be worried?
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Real Estate
The Healthiest (And Unhealthiest) Cities For Women
5:30 pm, November 15th | by Carmen Shardae Jobson
You're in luck! SELF magazine has taken it upon them…selves to rank "The Healthiest Cities in America for Women." Lists like this either make you feel psyched to have made the right choice, or very self conscious about the city you list as home on Facebook. Only two metropolitan cities made the cut — Minneapolis and San Francisco (does Honolulu count as a metropolis?), and the other eight are quaint, tranquil, and forest-y, with plenty of scenic landscapes. California is especially well-represented on the list, with cities like San Jose reporting that 84% of its residents are dedicated to exericising regularly. You may not live in these healthy hotspots now, but make sure to give a shout-out to a loved one or long-distance friend that does!
- San Jose, California
- Bethesda, Maryland
- San Francisco, California
- Santa Barbara, California
- Honolulu, Hawaii
- Santa Ana, California
- Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Fargo, North Dakora
- Portland, Maine
- Burlington, Vermont
Curious about what was considered the unhealthiest? They're here too (sorry, y'all). But hey — New York managed to steer clear of this one (I guess Bloomberg is doing something right…)
- Tulsa, Oklahoma
- Jackson, Mississip
- Detroit, Michigan
- Louisville, Kentucky
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Little Rock, Arkansas
- Memphis Tennessee
- Birmingham, Alabama
- Las Vegas, Nevada
- Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

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Stones into schools [sound recording] : promoting peace with books, not bombs, i
Mortenson, Greg.
Adult Fiction LC2330 .M6748 2009b
Mortenson, Greg.
Adult Fiction LC2330 .M6748 2009b
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What other readers are saying about this title:
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The movie shows how dependent our kids are to the social network. I also didnt realize how sophisticated these predators are. I was very disturbed by the movie, anger toward the predator but also angry with the daughter who totally trusted a stranger, defiant to loving parents and although 15, never takes responsibility for her selfish behavior. Some kids never get ********* all about their
Fair movie, but I could not hear most of it. Spanish subtitles only...go figure. Only one star because of that. I do not read lips or speak Spanish.
This was good, although I didn't like the ending much - but it made it's point. I wish they could've gotten into the father's mind a little more, but they did a good job of showing the effects of the Internet and Predators on a family! Nice job David Schwimmer..................I liked this movie and was disappointed when it didn't make it to the big screen here in Oklahoma!
Nice effort by David Schimmer
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2011 - Urine and brownwater separation at GTZ main office building Eschborn, Germany - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Winker, M., Saadoun, A. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). [661.57 KB]
Summary:This case study is about a demonstration project in the headquarters of GTZ in Eschborn, Germany. The project consists of 50 urine-diversion flush toilets, 23 waterless urinals and …
Uploaded on 28 Oct 2011 • Views: 3568 • Downloads: 254
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2009 - Urban urine diversion and greywater treatment system Linz, Austria - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Oldenburg, M., Werner, C., Schlick, J., Klingel, F. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). [1.89 MB]
Summary:This case study discusses a medium-scale pilot project in a new urban area in Linz, Austria. The project serves 250 inhabitants in 88 flats and 270 school pupils. It was developed …
Uploaded on 28 Oct 2011 • Views: 3578 • Downloads: 161
2009 - Urine-diversion vacuum sanitation system Beijing, China - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Germer, J. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). [516.03 KB]
Summary:This case study is a project to introduce vacuum urine-diverting sewerage system at an university building in Beijing, China. The project was implemented in a 9 storey building …
Uploaded on 28 Oct 2011 • Views: 2578 • Downloads: 92
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20th Anniversary Celebration
20th Anniversary Celebration Committee
20 Things You Might Not Know
20 Things You Can Do
Where are they now?
History of the Pro Bono Program
For the Good of the Order
Pro Bono Program
Where are they now?
Anne Marie (Coval) Hanson
What firm/organization are you working with now?
BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina
What kind of pro bono or volunteer work have you been involved in?
Several years ago I was on the inaugural Irmo Arbor Day Committee, which planted trees and helped clean up trash along the roadside. I also served on the board (including as past president) of the USC School of Music Friends of Music, which raises money for scholarships for music students. I am currently on the Richland County CASA Board and am also the USC School of Music appointee on the USC Alumni Committee.
What are the main reasons why you would recommend that law students become involved in pro bono work?
It helps give your life balance and perspective. It sometimes takes you out of your comfort zone, which we all need from time to time. For me personally, when I volunteer I am reminded how extremely blessed and fortunate I am.
How would you encourage current law students to get involved with the Pro Bono program?
Just jump in! There is a serious shortage of people wanting to take an active role in their community. People are ALWAYS appreciative of volunteers - even if you've never done it before. Plus there are lots of different ways to help and volunteer, so you're bound to find something that you're interested in.
Has pro bono work contributed to your sense of career satisfaction?
Honestly probably not! :
Did your experiences in the Pro Bono program at USC prepare you or benefit you in your career?
Ummm ... .
In your career, have you seen an overlap between your volunteer work and your sense of your own place in the community and the legal profession?
Not really!! I volunteer more because I like to volunteer, not so much in an attorney role.
How do pro bono efforts fit in to the work of the South Carolina Bar?
Not sure. It should be a part of everyone's career, but I know it isn't.
What kind of perceptions, positive or negative, do you think that the bar as a whole has about attorneys who are actively involved in pro bono work?
I think attorneys either volunteer or not, and I think that trait was ingrained in them long before law school. It's hard to get attorneys who don't want to do pro bono work out of their shell to try it.
What is most memorable/best experience you had during your law school career through the Pro Bono program?
The most memorable experience was going with an attorney to finalize a will for a lady who was in hospice. We went to her trailer out in the sticks. I still remember that all of the hospital equipment stuck in this little trailer and her family thanking us tremendously for taking some time to do this for them. And it was hardly any work at all; just spending a little face time with a person who didn't have much longer to live and wanted to have her affairs in order. If that doesn't make you thankful for what you have, I don't think anything will.
What does the 20th Anniversary of the Pro Bono program mean to you?
I'm happy that it is still going strong and that it will keep allowing law students to give back to the community.
What is your most cherished memory with Pam?
She sent a letter to my parents when I graduated. That was really neat! It put a personal touch on my law school experience. Additionally, getting to serve on a board with her now makes it seem like everything has come full circle. :
Brook Andrews
, Class of 2007, Washington, DC
Amy Armstrong
, Class of 2001, Pawleys Island, SC
Rhodes Bailey
, Class of 2007, Columbia, SC
Stefania Bondurant
, Class of 2007, Greenville, SC
Ben Bruner
, Class of 2008, Columbia, SC
Andrew Chandler
, Class of 2001, Charleston, SC
Wilda Cobb
, Class of 1991, Atlanta, GA
Valerie Cochran
, Class of 2007, Albany, GA
Colin Colverson
, Class of 2009, Oak Ridge, TN
Robert Condy
, Class of 2006 Charleston, SC
Paul D. de Holczer
, Class of 1994, Columbia, SC
Debbie Drucker Deutschmann
, Class of 1996, Timmonsville
Karen Lear Edwards
, Class of 2001 Columbia, SC
Megan Ehrlich
, Class of 2006, Charleston, SC
Rosalyn Frierson
, Class of 1992, Columbia, SC
Tanya Gee
, Class of 2002 Columbia, SC
Dan Goldberg
, Class of 2004, Columbia, SC
Gwynne Goodlett
, Class of 1998, Columbia, SC
Ford Graham
, Class of 2005 Columbia, SC
Brooks Fuller
, Class of 2009, Charlotte, NC
Susan Hackett
, Class of 2003, Columbia, SC
Anne Marie (Coval) Hanson
, Class of 2003 Columbia, SC
Adam Landy
, Class of 2009 Columbia, SC
Nancy Layman
, Class of 1992, Columbia, SC
Samantha Luck
, Class of 2009, Columbia, SC
Fran Marshall
, Class of 2006, Columbia, SC
Lucy Grey McIver
, Class of 2002
Brandy (Berry) Milazzo
, Class of 2001, Charlottte, NC
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, Class of 2004, Columbia, SC
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, Class of 1998, Charleston, SC
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Stephanie Weissenstein
, Class of 2004, West Columbia, SC
Robin Wheeler
, Class of 1999, Columbia, SC


text:
Choking (cont.) Medical Author:
John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP
John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEPJohn P. Cunha, DO, is a U.S. board-certified Emergency Medicine Physician. Dr. Cunha's educational background includes a BS in Biology from Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and a DO from the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences in Kansas City, MO. He completed residency training in Emergency Medicine at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, New Jersey. Medical Editor:
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical EditorMelissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology. IN THIS ARTICLE
The American Heart Association's Recommendations for Choking
How to perform abdominal thrusts
For babies (younger than one year of age), the child will be too small for abdominal thrusts to be successful. Instead, the infant should be picked up and five back blows should be administered, followed by five chest thrusts. Be careful to hold the infant with the head angled down to let gravity assist with clearing the airway. Also be careful to support the infant's head. If the infant turns blue or becomes unresponsive, CPR should be administered. If you are in doubt about what to do, and you are witnessing someone choking, call for emergency help immediately, do not delay. You may be able to successfully stop the choking before help arrives using techniques discussed here, but it is best for the choking person to be evaluated by the emergency medical team when they arrive. If something is still in the person's throat, the emergency medical team can begin care immediately and take the person to the hospital for further treatment. Variations of abdominal thrusts for special circumstances:
You are choking and you are alone: You may deliver an abdominal thrust on yourself. This can be done in one of two ways.
Pregnant/obese people: Abdominal thrusts may not be effective in people who are in the later stages of pregnancy or who are obese. In these instances, chest thrusts can be administered. For the conscious person sitting or standing, take the following steps:
For the unconscious pregnant or obese person: The sequence of events is the same as those for an unconscious adult. Chest thrusts, rather than abdominal thrusts, are delivered. To position yourself for chest thrusts, take the following steps:
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Monday October 24, 2011
Elmira (NY): Head coach Mike Kessler is no longer with the team. Assistant Tony Marks will serve as the interim head coach.
Friday October 21, 2011
East Gaston (NC): Defensive coordinator Bo Smith has been diagnosed with cancer. Please keep his family in your prayers.
St. Augustine Prep (NJ): Tonight will be Dennis Scuderi's last game as the head coach. Athletic Director Tony Iaconelli will serve as the interim head coach for the remainder of the season.
Thursday October 20, 2011
Lansdale Catholic (PA): Head coach Phil Algeo has decided to retire. Algeo has been the head coach at Lansdale for the past 44 years.
Notre Dame Prep (Scottsdale, AZ): Head coach Scott Bemis is currently battling cancer. Please keep his family in your prayers.
Monday October 17, 2011
Warren County High School (GA): Head coach David Daniels was hospitalized after intervening in a dispute between players after the game Friday. The Clarion Ledger is reporting that Coach Daniels has recently undergone surgery. Please keep Coach Daniels' family in your thoughts.
Coppell HS (TX): Mike Dormady is no longer the offensive coordinator. Jay Jones is serving as the interim coordinator. Joe McBride is the head coach.
Vero Beach HS (FL): Former head coach Bill Livings passed away early Sunday following complications from a recent surgery. Livings is second all time in wins in Florida. Please keep his family in your prayers.
Sunday October 16, 2011
Legendary Connecticut high school coach Jerry McDougall died this week. Please keep his family in your prayers.
Tuesday October 11, 2011
Charles Henderson HS (Troy, AL): Defensive coordinator Tyrone Black passed away today. Please keep his family and the entire Trojan Football family in your thoughts.
Fannin County (GA): Clark Drennan has been relieved of his responsibilities and is no longer with the program. Greg Chambers, Fannin's athletic director, will serve as interim head coach for the remainder of the season.
Sports Management Worldwide: Looking to earn your Masters Degree or Doctorate quickly... and while still working? Our friends at Sports Management Worldwide have partnered with Concordia University Chicago to provide you with a fast, affordable, completely online sports management degrees. Sports Management Worldwide is known for their connectivity and excellent reputation. Whether you want to be a coach, athletic director, scout, agent, GM, sports broadcaster... or just acquire your graduate degree, this school is your ticket to the next level. Visit Sports Management Worldwide. Have questions about the online degree program or whether it is a good fit for you? Fill out this quick form and Dr. Lynn Lashbrook will give you some free confidential advice.
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Posted November 01, 2011 on
AP on Fox
Ryan Johansen can take out a long-term lease on an apartment now.
Columbus Blue Jackets general manager Scott Howson posted a message on his Twitter account Tuesday saying, ''We have decided to keep Ryan Johansen through the 10-game threshold.''
The team's front office had been deliberating whether to keep the club's 2010 first-round pick (fourth overall) with the NHL club or send him down to juniors. The 19-year-old has played in nine games so far, and playing in a 10th would trigger his entry-level contract, allowing him to become a restricted free agent after 2013-14.
But he appears to have found an immediate home with a team struggling for scoring and playmakers.
Johansen has two goals and two assists in nine games.
Original Story:
Blue Jackets elect to keep Johansen on big club
Blue Jackets keep youngster Johansen on roster
Jackets elect to keep Johansen on big club
Jackets won't send Johansen to juniors (AP)
Blue Jackets elect to keep Ryan Johansen on big club
Blue Jackets to trigger contract, keep Johansen
Columbus Blue Jackets to keep Ryan Johansen with big club
The waiting game isn't for everyone
Blue Jackets 3, Ducks 1
Mason makes three key saves in second period
NHL Roundup: Columbus turns scrappy
NHL roundup: Jackets down Ducks; Oilers win 5th in row
Mason makes three key saves in second period
Blue Jackets down Ducks for 2nd win of season
Jackets top Ducks for 2nd win of season
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text:
Freeman Shaw
Freeman Shaw born about 1863 in Norfolk, Ontario, Canada to Stephen Nicol Shaw and Leah Bennett. (Stephen was one of the many children of Vincent Shaw & Elizabeth Martin)
(Vincent was the son of Michael Shaw and Freelove Culver)
Last known was 1901 Canadian Census in Hamilton, Ontario.
Living w
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text:
Master of Education in Special Education with Concentration in Visual Impairment
Major: SPEDegree Awarded: MED
Unit: GE
Program Webpage: http://louisville.edu/education/degrees/med-se
Program Information
Admission Requirements: Baccalaureate degree or its equivalent from an accredited institution, two letters of recommendation, minimum combined score of 800 on the GRE, Test of English as a Foreign Language required of all foreign students from countries in which English is not the native language, a copy of a Kentucky teaching certificate, and 2.75 cumulative grade point average.
Prerequisite to entry into the program:
EDSP 540 Intro to Exceptional Children or equivalent | 3 |
Teacher certification |
Inquiry (Critical Thinker) (9 hours) | |
EDSP 644 Applied Behavior Analysis | 3 |
EDSP 639 Research Analysis in Special Education | 3 |
EDSP 669 Single Subject Research Methods and Designs | 3 |
Advocacy: (Professional Leader) (6 hours) | |
EDSP 597 Seminar in Special Education: Issues in Special Education | 3 |
EDSP 627 Applications of Assistive Technology | 3 |
Action (Problem Solver) (3 hours) | |
EDSP 629 Visuals Impairment Practicum | 3 |
Midpoint Assessment: Completion of ½ of Experienced Teacher Standards, with ¾ of indicators for each standard
Area of Emphasis (At least 18 hours) | |
EDSP 619 Orientation and Mobility/Daily Living Skills for Teachers | 3 |
EDSP 624 Characteristics and Needs of Students who are Blind and Visually Impaired | 3 |
EDSP 625 Standard English and Nemeth Braille Codes | 3 |
EDSP 626 Educational Procedures for Low Vision Children | 3 |
EDSP 628 Seminar: Assessment of the Visually Impaired Students | 3 |
EDSP 634 Characteristics & Needs of Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities | 3 |
Minimum total hours | 36 |
Exit Requirements: Portfolio (All ETS standards and ¾ of indicators for each standards) or Master's Thesis (EDSP 699
- Students who make a grade of C or below in any Special Education course leading to teacher certification are required to repeat the course before being admitted to Practicum (EDSP 629).
- Successful completion of the appropriate PRAXIS Exams are required for Visual Impairment teacher certification.
- Successful completion of midpoint evaluation of program, performance and portfolio.
- Minimum of 18 hours in 600-level courses is required.
- Transfer credit must be officially accepted by the advisor (maximum of 6 hours) - final acceptance is dependent upon receipt of official transcripts.
- A maximum of 6 hours taken in non-degree status can be applied toward a master's degree (upon approval of advisor).
- All courses must be completed within 6 years of admission to the program.
- To complete the program, students must have minimum of a 3.0 cumulative grade point average. No credit shall be accepted for carrying a grade lower than "C".
Departmental Faculty
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Chair Special Education Department
Associate Professor
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Len Thompson Lures' classic feature a wide wobble and flash that attracts a wide variety of species from the smaller spoons for panfish to the larger spoons for lake trout and muskies. The Len Thompson Spoons are available in 12 sizes and a wide variety of colors to match the hatch and water colors. Contact Len Thompson Lures at (403) 782-3528; lenthompson.com.
"These spoons are incredible once I received them I went straight to the local park and limited out with in 30 minutes."
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A beautiful girl, Snow White, takes refuge in the forest in the house of seven dwarfs to hide from her stepmother, the wicked Queen. The Queen is jealous because she wants to be known as "the fairest in the land," and Snow White's beauty surpasses her own.
The Happiest, Dopiest, Grumpiest, Sneeziest movie of the year.
Director: | David Hand |
Writers: | Ted Sears, Richard Creedon, Otto Englander, Dick Rickard, Earl Hurd, Merrill De Maris, Dorothy Ann Blank, Webb Smith |
Stuart Buchanan
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Adriana Caselotti
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Eddie Collins
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No weather is too cold to prevent kids from saving the day--at least not when they're wearing Wonder-Mittens! Felt and a pair of store-bought mittens are all you need.
New episodes 12/18 & 12/29 @ 3:30PM ET on Nick Jr.
Print and cut out the badge template.
Follow the template to cut out two yellow circles, two blue circles, and two red Ws from felt.
Glue the yellow circles to the blue circles. Then glue the Ws to the yellow circles.
Glue one badge to the rounded tip of each mitten.
Wish everyone a WONDERful holiday with this tree topper!
We've got the goods on some slick Wonder Pets goody bags
No sew? No sweat! Save the day with the little ones
Let Tuck, Ming-Ming, and Linny adorn your tree this holiday
Stage your own spectacular Wonder Pets Christmas adventure!
Save the day & keep little heads warm with this no-sew hat!
This eco-friendly house shows some "serious" courtesy to your little feathered friends
Time to wave your pom-poms for this wonderfully fluffy craft
This caper will be a wonderful adventure for both of you
A happy Easter is about to hatch!
Come out of your shells to make this one terrific Turtle Tuck
This guinea pig sure is egg-cited for spring!
Dress up your preschooler as her favorite gifted guinea pig!
Dress your preschooler in this wonderful Ming-Ming costume!
Turn your little tike into Tuck. All it takes is a little teamwork!
School is in session with this simple print-n-fold schoolhouse!
It's a stylish sack that's got the right stuff. Don't forget the celery!
Crafty kids' kites made from paper bags
Now your pet is a Wonder Pet, too!
It's truly a wonder-ful thing when you and your little one team up to help others
Let little fingers do the acting!
Get on board with the Wonder Pets as they join the circus!
This family-friendly craft is the product of teamwork--share your memories for years.
Create a Wonder wall!
Make a plain t-shirt or tote spectacular by adding our exclusive Dora decal
Just when you thought Boots couldn't be any more huggable!
Pulls make it easier for little hands to zip up jackets before zipping out
When the weather outside is frightful, a Diego scarf is delightful!
It's easy to stay warm when Mr. Sun is overhead
Face those winter winds with a cheery smile from Kai-lan!
Let's bundle up with Boots and go outside!
Having a tricky time zipping up coats? Little hands get a little help from Wubbzy.
Keep warm with Wubbzy!
No sew? No sweat! Save the day with the little ones
'Tis the season--to add Olivia to the mantel!
Winter coats come off with ease!
Save the day & keep little heads warm with this no-sew hat!
Take these pups on a Halloween treat-or-tricking adventure!
Create your very own trick-or-treat bag with Dora!
If kids yelp for Halloween help with picking out their costume, print these masks!
Customize kids' skates with an amazing shrink film craft
Gear up for Dora's Great Roller Skate Adventure with this exclusive t-shirt design!
Here's a printable purse that's fashionable & makes saving pennies fun!
Make your own exclusive tee that features all the Guppies!
Here's a printable purse that's fashionable & makes saving fun!
Outfit your preschooler with a printable helmet & shield that looks just like Mike's!
Make matching tees and a card to show Dad he's umirrific!
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Make a spook-tacular bag for collecting Halloween goodies
All it takes is a few pieces of felt, a headband and a little crafting magic!
Make a custom kids concert tee featuring your child's favorite Fresh Beat!


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U.S. Army War College >> Strategic Studies Institute >> Publications >> Strategic Theory for the 21st Century: The Little Book on Big Strategy
U.S. Army War College >> Strategic Studies Institute >> Publications >> Details
Authored by Dr. Harry R Yarger.
+[Strategic Theory] +[Yarger] +[Security Strategy and Policy]
The word "strategy" pervades American conversation and our news media and is most often used as a general term for a plan, a concept, a course of action, or a "vision" of the direction in which to proceed at the personal, organizational, and governmental—local, state, or federal—levels. Such casual use of the term to describe nothing more than "what we would like to do next" is inappropriate and belies the complexity of true strategy and strategic thinking. This "little book" talks about big strategy, strategy at the highest levels of the nation-state. It is applicable to grand strategy, national security strategy, national military strategy, and regional or theater strategy. The monograph does not propose a strategy for the United States; rather, it provides a framework for considering strategy at any of the levels mentioned above. It is an examination of theory, exploring those aspects of strategy that appear to have universal application. The theory also may have application to the strategy of nonstate actors, institutions, and businesses, but the explicit purpose and perspective offered herein focus on the nation-state.
Dangerous Ground: The Spratly Islands and U.S. Interests and Approaches
What Is Next for Mali? The Roots of Conflict and Challenges to Stability
State Collapse, Insurgency, and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from Somalia
Short of General War: Perspectives on the Use of Military Power in the 21st Century


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Sneables.com is now offering a wide variety of merchandise with Funny Quotes, Jokes and Slogans. I'm sure that you will find something amazing in my shop, Here you to find many awesome T-Shirts, hoodies, kids tees, cool gifts and accessories. Sneables.com has been impressing many of it's customers with unique and original designs such as this one. If you love to have fun and show everyone how you feel, then this illustration/graphic tee is ideal for you. Makes a perfect gift for any occasion or anyone on your shopping list. All Funny Quotes,Jokes and Slogans are protected under Trademark and Copyright Laws, and are owned by 2day & 2morrows Creations inc
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I was born and raised in Albany, NY. My Mother raised 2 sets of twins on own. I have an older brother and sister, my brother and I are Indentical. My mom did the best she could when we were growing up and I love her for that. It gives me great joy to see
Traveling, Enjoy Life to the Fullest, Having Fun With Friends, Going Out to Eat, Concerts, Going Out With Friends. Watching Football Bucs and Gaints, Baseball the Rays and Yankees, Making People Laugh, Owning My Own Business, Health & Fitness. Classic roc
I Love Me Myself And I is Funny Designed by Sneables.com
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The relaxed fit t-shirt for women has a narrow neck rib, tailored sleeves and a redesigned cut for a better ladies fit. With plenty of extra room, this shirt is ideal for most body types. The fabric is made from 100% pre-shrunk cotton (deep heather is 50% cotton/50%polyester) and has a fabric weight of 5.4 oz.


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As It Happens | Mar 19, 2013 | 7:44
Retiring Prostitutes
Fifty years is a long career in any field. Especially when you work with your twin sister. So Louise and Martine Fokkens are calling it quits, now that they're unquestionably the longest-working prostitutes in Amsterdam's Red Light District.


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uterus u·ter·us (yōō'tər-əs)
n. pl. u·ter·us·es or u·ter·i (yōō'tə-rī')
A hollow muscular organ consisting of a body, fundus, isthmus, and cervix located in the pelvic cavity of female mammals, in which the fertilized egg implants and develops into the fetus. Also called metra, womb.
uterus (y'tər-əs) Pronunciation Key
Plural uteri (y'tə-rī') or uteruses The hollow, muscular organ of female mammals in which the embryo develops. In most mammals the uterus is divided into two saclike parts, whereas in primates it is a single structure. It lies between the bladder and rectum and is attached to the vagina and the fallopian tubes. During the menstrual cycle (estrus), the lining of the uterus (endometrium) undergoes changes that permit the implantation of a fertilized egg. Also called womb. See more at menstrual cycle. |
A pear-shaped organ in the female reproductive system where the embryo or fetus develops until birth. The strong muscles of the uterus help push the baby out of the mother's body.


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On a coast of rocky cliffs, you can visit the town of Dieppe. Seine-Maritime is home to this historic town and others. In Dieppe, you can visit several main attractions. These include the Castle Museum in a 15th century castle atop the cliff's headlands or St. Jacques Church. Modern Dieppe has the new exhibition center - L'Estran-la Cité de la Mer. Visits to Dieppe often take in landing sites nearby and former battlefields in the region. For accommodations in the region, EasyToBook.com is the place to find all types of accommodation.
EasyToBook.com lets you find hotels near all these sights. The chalky cliffs of Seine-Maritime make up Etretat's major natural attractions. Sights include the formations, including arches, several are nearby Falaise. The tall rock formations of the Falaise d' Etretat consist of huge archways. These are naturally carved and curved formations. The biggest arch and an Etretat attraction is the Falaise d'Aval. Other FAlaise further along the coast include the Falaise d'Amont. This Falaise is notable for the chapel of Notre Dame de la Garde that sits serenely on its top.
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Kathy 2/7 Clip
Kathy welcomes Pauley Perrett, Jaime Pressly, and Kunal Nayyar to her couch. Premieres Mar 7 @ 11:30/10:30c.
Kathy makes sure her staff is working as a team.
A contestant gets to choose one item that represents Jaime Pressly.
Kathy welcomes Megan Mullally, Nick Offerman, and Michelle Trachtenberg to her couch. Premieres Mar 14 @ 11:30/10:30c.
Kathy enjoys when Nancy Grace loses it.
Jaime Pressly shares how she did not last long as a server after an altercation with a customer.
Hear Kathy's harrowing tale of working with Kirstie Alley.
Allegedly Ozzy Osbourne was running around with 25 hours' worth of energy at the Daytime Emmys.
Kathy Griffin, Jane Fonda, Lisa Ling, and Sharon Osbourne discuss anal sex and the repercussions that stem from that.
Jimmy Kimmel not only admits Oprah Winfrey is a deity, but he accepts it as fact.
Jimmy Kimmel and Kathy Griffin discuss how frequently Jimmy masturbates when he's in a relationship and when he's single.
While her staff celebrates their 'Beef Fest,' Kathy Griffin is the designated chaperone but things still get raunchy.


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The Hickory Grove Quartet, a Four Oaks group, will perform at 6 p.m. Sunday, Sept. 22, at Friendship Baptist Church on Greenleaf Road a half-mile south of McGee's Crossroads. Admission is free.
The Tim Greene Trio will perform at 6 p.m. Sunday, Sept. 22, at Piney Grove Baptist Church, 4440 Piney Grove Road, Angier. For more information, call 919-639-2481 or visit www.pineygrovechapel.org.
Fundraising meals
A country breakfast is scheduled from 7:30 a.m. to 10 a.m. Saturday, Sept. 21, at New Zealand Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church, 5312 Meadowbrook Road in the Meadow community. The cost is $6 for adults and $3 for children ages 12 and younger. For more information, call 919-894-4848.
A breakfast is scheduled from 7:30 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. Saturday, Oct. 5, at Edgerton Memorial United Methodist Church, 401 W. Anderson St., Selma. The cost is $6 and includes scrambled eggs, sausage, grits, a biscuit and choice of milk, coffee or orange juice. Proceeds will go to a children's playground.
Plates of barbecued pork and chicken will be on sale from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Friday, Sept. 27, at Elizabeth United Methodist Church, 4269 Cleveland Road, Smithfield. The cost is $8 and includes choice of pork or chicken, two sides, hush puppies and dessert. The church will deliver large orders. To purchase tickets in advance, call Jack Smith at 919-300-3078. For more information, call John Buckley at 919-270-8579 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Chicken plates will be on sale Saturday, Sept. 21, at Beulah Land Faith Chapel, 320 Trailer Park Road, Lot 28, Micro. The cost is $8 per plate and includes chicken, green beans, potatoes, a roll and dessert. For information, call 919-538-7722.
Plates of barbecue will be on sale from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Friday, Sept. 27, at Powhatan Original Free Will Baptist Church, 3468 Powhatan Road, Clayton. The cost is $8 per plate. For information, or to order plates, call 919-612-1964.
Churches seeks vendors
Oakland Presbyterian Church in the Cleveland community is seeking unique, handcrafted items for its craft sale from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 23. For a vendor application, contact the church office at 919-934-5476.
Mount Zion United Methodist Church in the Cleveland community is seeking vendors for its annual Christmas Bazaar, which is scheduled from 8:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 2. The church is seeking sellers of artwork, jewelry, crafts and holiday gifts. A snack bar will offer breakfast and lunch items, drinks, snacks and desserts. Vendor applications are available at www.mountzion-umc.org. For more information, call 919-772-8415.
Programs, services
Selma Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church will celebrate homecoming Sunday, Sept. 22. The Sanderson Family of Turkey will sing at 10:30 a.m. Afterward, the Rev. Sam Pope of Rowan Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church in Ivanhoe will speak. Lunch will follow in the fellowship hall. The church is at the corner of Graves and Elizabeth streets in Selma.
Revival services are scheduled for 7:30 p.m. Sept. 18-20 at Sanders Grove Baptist Church, 6989 N.C. 210, Smithfield. The following will speak: the Rev. James Allen of Lee's Crossroads Baptist Church near Wendell, Wednesday; the Rev. DeAshley Curtis of Green Chapel Baptist Church near Smithfield, Thursday; and the Rev. Michael Martin of Oakey Grove Baptist Church near Smithfield, Friday.
A homecoming service is scheduled for 11 a.m. Sunday, Sept. 22, at First Missionary Baptist Church, 403 E. Caswell St., Smithfield. The Rev. Wesley Clayton of St. James Baptist Church in Henderson will speak. Lunch will follow the service.
A homecoming service is scheduled for Sunday, Sept. 22, at Fellowship United Methodist Church, 5755 Rain Crossroads Road, Princeton. Revival will follow at 7 p.m. Sept. 22-25. The Rev. Doug Johnson will speak.
Edgerton Memorial United Methodist Church in Selma has resumed its Mother's Morning Out program. The free program cares for children ages 3-5 while their moms run errands, clean house, go to appointments or simply take a break. It offers activities, stories, music, playtime and Bible lessons. Hours are 9 a.m. to noon Wednesdays through May 21. For more information, or to register a child, call 919-965-3761 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Revival services are scheduled for 7 p.m. Sept. 18-20 at Galilee Missionary Baptist Church, 2017 Galilee Road, Smithfield. The Rev. Michael C. McDougald will speak. He is pastor of Baptist Union Church in Hope Mills.
A course titled Financial Peace University will begin Sept. 19 at Hope Church, 1696 Amelia Church Road, Clayton. The class will meet at 6:30 p.m. Thursdays for nine weeks. Participants will learn how to get out of debt, spend and save wisely, and manage money. The cost is $110 per person. For more information, call Howard Gergis at 919-868-5137.
Daddy-daughter social
A father and daughter social is scheduled from 7 p.m. to 8 p.m. Friday, Sept. 27, at First Baptist Church, 411 N. Fayetteville St., Clayton. Fathers and daughters in grades 3-5 can enjoy games, refreshments, door prizes, music, dancing and photos by a professional photographer. For more information, call 919-553-4161.
Bible study
"Secret Keeper Girl Bible Study: My Best Friend Jesus," a Bible study for students in grades 3-6, will begin Sept. 20 at Hope Church, 1696 Amelia Church Road, Clayton. The Bible study will meet from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. Fridays for six weeks. The cost is $7. For more information, or to register, call 919-480-4287.
Send faith notes to email@example.com


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Affliction American Customs Metal Corps T-Shirt
SALE $46.00 was $58.00 Item #10400AW8272- Vintage wash graphic v-neck t-shirt
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Size: 60 Softgels
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Lutein is an antioxidant carotenoid that occurs in nature with zeaxanthin, a closely related carotenoid. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrate in the eye's macula and lens, as well as in the skin, breast and cervical tissues. Both lutein and zeaxanthin protect the macula from degradation normally associated with aging and oxidative stress. The macula is responsible for focus and color differentiation. Lutein and zeaxanthin are found in dark green, leafy vegetables. While the average American intake of lutein is only 2 mg per day, other population groups consume up to 20 to 25 mg per day.
Jarrow FORMULAS® Lutein is extracted from marigold petals. Each softgel contains 20 mg elemental lutein from lutein esters, which are naturally occurring, more stable and are well absorbed.
Amount Per Serving | % Daily Value | |
Lutein (from esters) (Tagetes erecta) (Marigold petal extract) | 20 mg | * |
Zeaxanthin (as esters) (Tagetes erecta) (Marigold petal extract) | 1 mg | * |
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On my birthday.
With cake and ice cream.
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Hang tight!
Recipe by MissaLissa
"This broccoli salad is perfect to bring to a summer grill-out or to have as a side dish with your favorite meal. Broccoli is a great source of fiber and calcium."
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1 head broccoli, cut into florets
1 teaspoon olive oil
1/4 cup pine nuts
1 1/2 tablespoons rice wine vinegar
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
2 cloves garlic, minced
1 pinch cayenne pepper
3 tablespoons golden raisins
We thought this was ok. I think I might have preferred keeping the broccoli raw and having the extra crunch. The broccoli on its own was lacking flavor. Salt helped a bit. I also had to add extra vinegar and oil because there didn't seem to be enough to really coat everything. The pine nuts added a nice texture and I liked the sweetness from the raisins. Both these ingredients make the dish, however they tend to sink down to the bottom of the bowl and it's hard to get some in every bite. This recipe is off to a good start, however I'd recommend adding more seasonings.
I like this recipe because it puts an interesting spin on a vegetable that I personally find kind of boring. I thought there was too much rice vinegar in this recipe so I would use less next time. I also used almonds instead of pine nuts. They tasted great but I'm sure the pine nuts would've gone better with the golden raisins. I added olives as well. I will definitely make this again!
4 Ratings
I made a loose interpretation of this recipe because of ingredient limitations and my own inability to follow instructions longer than two steps. So this is what I made: 4 cups broccoli chopped, 2 tbls olive oil, 4 cloves garlic (because I knew 2 just wasn't going to cut it), 1 tbls peanuts (didn't have pine nuts on hand), 1 1/2 tbls rice vinegar, some paprika and THEN some cayenne (because I can read like a Big Girl). One thing that I did pretty different was that I fried the peanuts and the spices together, which I think helped boost the flavor issue. I also ate my dish warm instead of cooling it. It turned out great! I'll definitely eat it again. As for not getting a little bit of everything in one bite, I would have to say I found it effective to stab the broccoli at the end and use the top to mop up the peanuts and garlic. Mmm, num, num.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Garlic Broccoli Salad
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe Servings Per Recipe: 4 Amount Per Serving Calories: 140 Calories from Fat: 83
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Fresh broccoli with lots of bacon, grapes, almonds, and a sweet, tangy dressing.
A kicking, creamy 5-star broccoli salad with bacon and cheese.
This tasty salad is perfect for potlucks and buffets.


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moonlight sketch Landscapes
Artist description:
Hey, i couldn't sleep so i drew this around 1 a.m., i just did a quick draw no ref. just my mind.
Created Mar 13, 2009. Unless noted Copyright 2009
loveforever .
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wow! the blue lining outside the moon is so pretty and special! ^__^ 5/5!!
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Your Dog, Your Life
The Scoop
Dog News, Politics
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Wildebeest creates the perfect present for new dog parents.
Dog Breeds
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Photo Comments
"Watching from the clouds"
"Wishing You a Merry Christmas"
"My Family at Little Man's wedding. He's my son"
"Just sitting"
Photo Comments (1)
"My wife Coco and me"
"I'm a big boy. Mom says so"
"Yes and you want what"
"I love to ride. Gift from Coco"
"Ready to play"
I crossed last night at 11:30. I was ready togo. I had not pain. I just closed my eyes and I was at the bridge. Mom is crying and it is hard for her to see. But Mom wrote this this morning she said after it ran throught her head all last night. Heaven has a new Star, The Bridge a new Angel. You have a piece of my heart I have a hole to fill. I know it was your time, Wish you had been with me longer. But I know you are at peace, free of all your pain. As you cross the Bridge, I know that you where met, by others I have lost. The ones that also have a piece of my heart. They all were there to meet you and tell you all the joys. I know you will be with family. They will be there for you. I wish you could have stayed longer but I know you are not alone You have some of your family, I have some of them too. So rest in Peace Sweet Wooly, and know that you are missed. Wooly Bully Stone Jan.25,2003-Sept.28,2011
We found out the other day that my brother Max was killed. He was attacked by a big dog. The people that have the dig dog have to pay all vet bills and have that dog checked out. Max lived in the next town and his family run a DQ. We would got to see pictures of him and see how he was doing. They got Max at 8 weeks. Max was 8 yrs old. That leaves just Bitty and me from that litter. Mom is very sad when she hears that any of her pups pass. Most live within a 50 miles of us. Rest in peace Max. I know that you will be waiting for the rest of the family. Know that you are with grandma CAllye, dad Thumper and the other 2 sisters we had. Love You Max Wooly
Mom got a picture of my brother the other day. His name is Max. Max lives in the next town about 7 miles from us. We sure look alike. just that he has his ears cropped. Mom made a pic of together. Same color and size. Boy I cann't wait to meet up with him. may in spring.