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- Home >
- Car Dealer >
- Iowa Car Dealer >
- Yetter Car Dealer >
- Porsche Dealer Yetter
Porsche of Omaha
6625 L St, Omaha, NE 68117
(97.41 miles away)
Carousel - Porsche
9393 Wayzata Blvd, Golden Valley, MN 55426
(197.26 miles away)
Maplewood - Porsche
2780 Highway 61, Maplewood, MN 55109
(207.6 miles away)
Porsche - Saab center Merriam
9400 W 65th St, Shawnee Mission, KS 66203
(228.54 miles away)
Zimbrick European; Zimbrick BMW
2300 Rimrock Rd, Madison, WI 53713
(282.12 miles away)
Dealers in Nearby Cities
View thousands of cars, trucks, and SUVs for sale online from Yetter Porsche dealers. Sort automobile listings a couple of different ways. Group the vehicles by their MSRP price, MPG numbers, year, manufacturer, or location. Find Porsche dealers in Yetter with ease. Choosing what car to buy can be tough. Do some legwork by studying all the various options to get the most out of your investment. Browse the inventory of cars for sale at Yetter Porsche dealers.
Cyberspace has become the first place that car shoppers look when starting the car buying process. Driving around to each Porsche dealer Yetter can be a real hassle. A better way to browse automobile listings from Porsche dealers in Yetter is to visit Autobytel; which has hundreds of autos listed in your area. Plus you can find so much information in one easy to reference location. Consider a couple of cars at the same time with our vehicle competitor tool. And see the MSRP of a new or preowned car. This is just the tip of the iceberg. The Autobytel website is packed with additional information. View multiple facts and stats on an automobile including a summary on the many options and accessories. You can also check-out multiple photos of the interior and exterior. Browse online for Yetter Porsche dealers from the comfort of your own home.
A Porsche dealer Yetter can do more than just sell you a car. Most reputable Yetter Porsche dealerships have a complete financing department that offers leases. There will be a massive amount of factory car parts on-hand at a Yetter Porsche dealer. Warranty repairs can be redeemed at almost any Porsche dealers in Yetter as long as the vehicle and conditions meet the warranty requirements. In the event that your vehicle breaks down and the warranty has already expired; you can get repairs done at various Yetter Porsche dealers. There are other assets offered by a Porsche dealer Yetter including a body shop and a certified pre-owned sales department.
There is an area to rate Yetter Porsche dealerships based on your experience. Is the dealership reliable and trustworthy or do people have a bad experience there? You can find this information by reading consumer reviews. Because in the end, it is these consumer reviews that can make or break a Yetter Porsche dealer. Exploring all that Porsche dealers in Yetter have to offer is a solid game plan. Use the online resources at Autobytel.com to locate the perfect vehicle. You may even save hundreds if not thousands by looking at incentives and rebates before going out to buy a vehicle.


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Dear Member of Congress,
As the Washington gun lobby tries to force every state to let non-residents carry concealed, loaded guns in their communities, we thought you should know more about the relationship between this potential new federal mandate and Trayvon Martin's tragic death.
The bottom line: If Congress imposes "national reciprocity" for concealed carry permits, Trayvon's shooter would be able to carry hidden, loaded guns in 49 states out of 50. And there's nothing your state's police could do about it.
George Zimmerman had been arrested for an altercation with a police officer, had a protective order entered against him for domestic violence, and had called 911 fully 46 times to complain about "suspicious activity" – including kids playing in the street.
Nevertheless, he held a valid Florida permit to carry a hidden, loaded gun. And Florida police had no authority to revoke it.
Unlike Florida, at least 23 states currently give police discretion to deny a concealed carry permit if the applicant has an arrest record or pattern of behavior that suggests that he would be a threat to others.
But in a brazen display of callousness – just days after Trayvon Martin was killed – gun lobby extremists and their allies in Congress- led by Senators Begich, Manchin, Thune and Vitter- have introduced bills that would override those laws and force every other state to honor George Zimmerman's concealed carry permit. Only Illinois – which doesn't allow concealed carrying – would be exempted (for now).
Forced reciprocity is opposed by more than 625 mayors, many national, regional and state law enforcement organizations, a coalition of more than 30 national religious groups, a coalition of 56 domestic violence victim advocacy organizations; the American Prosecutors Association; attorney generals; faith leaders, and many others who care about states' rights and public safety.
For more information, including a comprehensive list of opponents, please see www.ourlivesourlaws.org and www.maig.org
Mark Glaze Director Mayors Against Illegal Guns

subset: commoncrawl


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This spring a bigger problem than the bank-loan freeze has emerged for entrepreneurs: Credit card companies are slashing their limits, and small business owners are suffering because a majority of them rely on plastic to bolster cash flow and sustain operations.
The pullbacks are especially tough because more and more entrepreneurs are depending on the cards as their main source of credit. According to the National Small Business Association (PDF) 59 percent of small business relied on plastic for daily operations, up from 44 percent last year.
Nearly 8 out of 10 small business owners surveyed by the association say that credit-card terms have worsened in the last five years. In the last year alone, 63 percent of proprietors reported that their interest rates had increased. About 62 percent of owners stated that the newer credit card terms are affecting their ability to grow business.
Meanwhile, The New York Times reports that there is a proposal on Capital Hill to expand a new congressional mandate limiting interest rate hikes for consumer credit cards to include small business plastic.


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Follow us: Share us: Subscribe to FREE Celiac.com email alerts Join Celiac.com's New Online Support Group |
Celiac.com Sponsor: |
Member Since 15 Oct 2010Offline Last Active Mar 04 2014 03:13 PM
Yay, thanks for saying Hi! I always love meeting "like-minded folks" too :) Yeah, I won't be wearing mine for too much longer. One's 18 months and the other...
Updated 02 Feb · 0 comments


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Using this tweak you actually cant use emoji once this is installed!!!
It was.
In a list of four jailbreak tweaks, please be more specific when saying, "this tweak."
spotdic is nice, swipe selection doesn't work with baiduinputmethod, which is is the only keyboard i use.
why do i keep getting the Forbidden error and can't download anything from Cydia anymore?
Swipe Selection is by far one of the best tweaks I have used. I love it!
Swipeselection works perfect and apple really should learn from jailbreak devs or even hire them for better iOS rather than we are all depending on jailbreak.
Apple just steals the jailbreak apps it likes and takes credit for them
spotdict is great, I managed to convince one of my pals to jailbreak cause of it
Trimo try installing your tweeks while in safe mode. Good luck
Just refresh cydia first
Report it to the developer so he can fix it. He can't test his tweak with everyother tweak/program, feedback is appreciated.
I really wish someone would build a tweak to enable mirroring from SBsettings....
If you are running card switcher - there is no way to enable mirroring
Is this out yet?
Dashboard X
Looks like something that should be native to iOS... (who knows, it may be... all of the good ideas are "borrowed" from the JB community anyway)


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Our mission is to provide low and moderate-income residents with resources and support that will enable them to create, own, and/or manage their own housing and improve their neighborhoods. For over four decades, the Parodneck Foundation for Self-Help Housing and Community Development, Inc. has played a leading role in providing financial, technical and organizing assistance to New York City's housing and community development efforts. Founded in 1970 from the proceeds of the sale of a milk cooperative, the Foundation is a city-wide, tax-exempt, not-for-profit organization.
Read More


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Grown up glamourDo understated sexy with Grazia in a sequinkimono or a fluffy knit, or treat yourself to abeautiful lace dress. This collection will makesure you're all about sophisticated elegance. Shop Grazia Footwear > Sort By: 2 Items Found for Heels Grazia Studded Court Shoe EEE Fit £35.00 More colours available Grazia Studded Court Shoe E Fit £35.00 More colours available Sort By: |


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Hey All,
I've narrowed down my choice of stylus to boxwave products based on reviews vs. value for money. However, when I went to the boxwave website, I noticed that there are multiple models for which the specs/features/sizes are not very clearly differentiated...I was wondering if any of you could answer with specifics about the following models:
Boxwave Capacitive Stylus - I know this is their most popular stylus with rubber-tip
Boxwave Evertouch Capacitive Stylus - I believe this is similar to the previous stylus, except that it has a foam tip?
Boxwave Slimline Capacitive Stylus - rubber-tip, but how is it different from the 'skinny' stylus?
Boxwave Skinny Capacitive Stylus - rubber-tip, but how is it different from the 'slimline' stylus?
Thanks for all your responses/help!


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< Return To Hearing
The Honorable Barbara Boxer
United Stated Senator
Statement for the Record by Senator Barbara Boxer Good morning and thank you, Madame Chair, for the privilege of participating in this important hearing. I commend you for your hard work and leadership on this issue for all these years, and I am proud to join as a co-sponsor of your bill. I am proud to join because this bill is balanced between punishment and prevention, and will bring much needed help to beleaguered communities. I also want to welcome my good friends from Los Angeles - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and Chief William Bratton. Both the Mayor and the Chief have worked tirelessly on the issue before us today - gang violence. They confront it every day, and we deeply appreciate their hard work and efforts. We are here today because we want to help them in their efforts. Those of us from California - Madame Chair, the Mayor, the Chief and I - know all too well, unfortunately, the damage that gang violence has done to our communities and our families, particularly our children. I want to tell you a very sad story that catapulted me into action. On November 13, 2005, 11-year old Mynisha Crenshaw sat down to have dinner with her 14-year old sister and their family in their San Bernardino, California apartment building. A gang-related dispute broke out and gunfire sprayed the apartment building, killing young Mynisha and seriously wounding her 14-year old sister. Imagine the fear and anguish the family and the community felt because of this tragedy - a young girl, full of hope and promise, dead because of senseless violence. Her big sister, wounded from the same gunfire, thankfully recovered. Imagine the fear, though, in the community that something like this could happen again. And just four months later, it did - two men were killed in gang-related crossfire in downtown San Bernardino. In response to the shootings, I, along with Senator Feinstein, introduced a bill called Mynisha's Law. Under Mynisha's Law, an interagency task force - comprised of the Depts. of Justice, Education, Labor, HHS and HUD - would be responsible for identifying and coordinating comprehensive gang prevention and intervention resources to high intensity gang areas. Today, I am pleased to announce that provisions of Mynisha's Law have been incorporated into the Gang Abatement Act. One provision places an interagency task force in each high intensity gang area so that each area will have access to comprehensive prevention and intervention resources from a variety of sources. For example, a high intensity gang area could receive assistance in the form of 21st Century Learning Centers from the Dept. of Education. The Mayor, Senator Feinstein and I all have been big supporters of this program. A high intensity gang area could also receive grants from the Office of Community Services under the Dept. of Health & Human Services to build community-based youth empowerment programs. Or a high intensity gang area could receive assistance from the Job Corps program under the Dept. of Labor. The point is that we will now be able to bring a variety of resources to assist communities suffering from gang violence. The second provision is a reporting requirement that will ensure that the needs of each jurisdiction are considered by the President and Congress during the budget process. Each high intensity gang area is required to report whether federal resources are meeting the needs of the jurisdiction - if not, then specific recommendations to address shortfalls are required. Annual reports from each jurisdiction will be distributed not only to Congress, but also to the Director of the Office of Management & Budget and the National Domestic Policy Council. Again, Madame Chair, I want to thank you for the opportunity to contribute to your efforts on the important issue of gang violence. Gang violence affects communities, families and children all across America - it is a waste of life; it is unacceptable. Madame Chair, you have laid out the crisis in your opening statements. Your bill, S.456, the Gang Abatement Act, goes a long way toward creating an effective federal, state and local partnership to combat gang violence. The bill provides new tools and strong penalties to help bring gang criminals to justice. The bill also provides additional resources to enhance information sharing and coordination between federal, state and local law enforcement authorities. The Gang Abatement Act commits significant and substantial resources - hundreds of millions of dollars - to communities for gang prevention and intervention. This is an important commitment by the federal government to provide stable long-term gang prevention and intervention resources to communities in need, as well as tough penalties aimed at ruthless gangs. In closing, I want to again thank the Chair, Senator Hatch, Mayor Villaraigosa and Chief Bratton for their hard work and dedication in addressing the issue of gang violence. I would also like to thank Chairman Leahy and the Judiciary Committee for the privilege of appearing here today to participate in this important hearing. I look forward to seeing S.456, the Gang Abatement Act, come to the floor of the Senate soon for a vote. |


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Top ten albums—
1. Bish Bosch by Scott Walker
2. Kiss by Carly Rae Jepsen
3. R.A.P. Music by Killer Mike
4. Vivaldi – The Four Seasons – Recomposed by Max Richter
5. The Idler Wheel is Wiser than the Driver of the Screw and Whipping Cords Will Serve You More than Ropes Will Ever Do by Fiona Apple
6. Visions by Grimes
7. Kin by iamamiwhoami
8. Channel Orange by Frank Ocean
9. Locked Down by Dr. John
10. Ten Freedom Summers by Wadada Leo Smith
Honourable mentions—
There's No Leaving Now by The Tallest Man on Earth
Good Kid, MAAD City by Kendrick Lamar
Attack on Memory by Cloud Nothings
Top twenty songs—
1. Reagan by Killer Mike
2. Tonight I'm Getting Over You by Carly Rae Jepsen
3. Skin by Grimes
4. Wasted Days by Cloud Nothings
5. Bad Religion by Frank Ocean
6. Phone Sex by Blood Diamonds feat. Grimes
7. Hot Knife by Fiona Apple
8. Phrasing by Scott Walker
9. Journeys by John Talabot feat. Ekhi
10. Backstreet Freestyle by Kendrick Lamar
11. The Art of Peer Pressure by Kendrick Lamar
12. Gang Bang by Madonna
13. I've Seen Footage by Death Grips
14. Loner by Burial
15. Losing You by Solange
16. Generational by The Invisible
17. Wildest Moments by Jessie Ware
18. Diamonds by Rihanna
19. Request Denied by El-P
20. Pyramids by Frank Ocean
Bonus Tracks: "Epizootics!" by Scott Walker, Vowels = Space and Time by Grimes, Bitch Dant Kill My Vibe by Kendrick Lamar, The rest of Carly Rae Jepsen's Kiss


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"Very Nice Jersey! Great material. Excellent price! I may buy another color for a second jersey for our team." (E2252)
"Love these medals!! I ordered them as favors for a 4 year old bday party and had them engraved. They arrived fast and were a huge hit at the party! Very professional looking." (E4260)
"Great bargain" (E19755)
Youth Dazzle w/Snaps Football Pants-Closeout [E12918]


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Former Chancellor of UT System (1984-1992), John J. McKetta Centennial Energy Chair in Engineering
Dr. Hans M. Mark is the John J. McKetta Centennial Energy Chair in Engineering in the Cockrell School of Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin.
Dr. Mark's research is in orbital mechanics, specifically tilt-rotor aircraft applications, electromagnetic railguns and the prevention of nuclear weapons proliferation. He has also done work with nuclear gamma rays, national defense policy and atomic wave functions.
Dr. Mark has taught physics and engineering courses at Boston University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, Davis and Stanford University. He joined the faculty at UT-Austin in 1988.
In 1969, Dr. Mark was named Director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Ames Research Center in California where he worked with research in life science, space science and space technology.
He served as Secretary of the Air Force in President Jimmy Carter's administration and is a former Deputy Administrator of NASA in President Ronald Reagan's administration.
Dr. Mark served as Chancellor of The University of Texas System from 1984 to 1992. He was the keynote speaker at The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College partnership's first Commencement in May 1992.
He has served as a consultant for the National Science Foundation, the Institute for Defense Analysis, the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board and the Defense Science Board.
He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and an Honorary Fellow in the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Dr. Mark earned a bachelor's degree in physics in 1951 from the University of California, Berkeley and a doctoral degree in physics in 1954 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Chancellor, The University of Texas System (2009-present)
Francisco Gonzalez Cigarroa, M.D., was born on December 1, 1957, in Laredo, Texas. One of ten children, Dr. Cigarroa is a third generation physician. Dr. Cigarroa graduated in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in biology from Yale University. Dr. Cigarroa earned his medical degree in 1983 from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.
Dr. Cigarroa joined the faculty of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio in 1995, where he served as director of pediatric surgery before serving as president of the institution from 2000 -2009. In 2003, President George W. Bush appointed him to serve on the President's Committee on the National Medal of Science.
In 2009, Dr. Cigarroa became the first Hispanic named chancellor of The University of Texas System. As chancellor, he oversees one of the largest public systems of higher education in the nation, which consists of nine universities and six health institutions. He is also vice chairman for policy on the Board of Directors of The University of Texas Investment Management Company.
Currently, he serves on the National Research Council Committee on Research Universities and on the American Academy Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. In addition, President Barack Obama appointed Dr. Cigarroa to serve as a commissioner on the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans.
Dr. Cigarroa is a nationally renowned transplant surgeon and continues to perform liver and kidney transplant surgeries.


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Don't delay
There's no time like the present to clear a new path toward better health. Hiking can provide excellent opportunities as you pursue your individual goals along various trails. This is a great time to head for the hills -- and it may be your shortcut to a fitter body.
Cindy Boggs, fitness presenter, author and Activate America director, has been an ACE-certified coordinator/instructor since 1989. Send your questions about fitness, training or health to YMCA of Kanawha Valley, 100 YMCA Drive, Charleston, WV 25311, or e-mail cindys...@aol.com. Look for Cindy's fitness advice book, "CindySays ... You Can Find Health in Your Hectic World" on her website, www.cindysays.com, or contact the YMCA at 304-340-3527.


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Funeral procession makes stop at Burger King
Man's daughter places Whopper Jr. on his grave
UPDATED 10:46 AM EST Jan 28, 2013It wasn't quite the scene you would expect at a fast food restaurant Saturday as a funeral procession went through the drive-through at a Burger King near Route 30 in York.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Lenovo outs Ice Cream Sarnie telly
CES 2012 Week Lenovo has announced what it claims is the world's first TV to sport Google's latest OS, Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. It's also the first set with a dual-core processor. Having already pitched its new ThinkPad laptop range for the Consumer Electronics Show 2012, the company turned attentions to the living …
Shouldn't you be calling it Android 4.0?
I mean that's it's product name....
ICS is the project name. I don't see you calling Kinect Project Natal.....
Smart Telly
I want a telly with another telly hanging off the side. Then, when watching a film, the other telly will automatically fire up IMDB so the missus and I can argue about who was in what other film without having to crank up the laptop!
Hmm - speech recognition
Does this mean it'll go off an perform all sorts of unwanted actions, because of what someone in a tele program has just said?
The fights between my kids over who's going to watch what are noisy enough as it is without them trying to out-shout each other to get the TV to obey them.
At the risk of being classed an old fogey, at times I can see the value in the old channel selector dial that had to be turned (and could also pulled off and put in the top cupboard to prevent fights).


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No animals were poached, bred, killed or otherwise harmed in the making of Kromatorium, a blinding collection of bones and beasts. The new series of eco-friendly art was created by Swiss-born Los Angeles-based artist and designer Andrea Kitts. To create these striking sculptures, Kitts takes antlers and other osteological materials and by-products, all foraged or found, and casts them in metal made from recycled SUV rims to create one-of-a-kind art objets for the urban collector. If you are interested in seeing her pieces in person, make your way up to Torrance this weekend and check out the Flag Stop Art event. More info on the show and the series after the jump…
Kitts found the original Mule Deer antlers on a hiking trip in the woods of Montana. After enjoying them as found objects for several months, she decided she wanted to combine the beautiful natural forms with the sleekness of modern technology. The antlers are sand-cast in aluminum salvaged from old SUV rims, and then polished to a luxurious finish at a local foundry that recycles old car parts for their casting materials. The antlers range in size from 15″ to 24″ long. The length of the antlers, which shed and regrow annualy, tells the approximate age and size of the animal. Sold in sets, these striking sculptures could literally be an Expedition, re-imagined by an artist and re-shaped by nature.
Kromatorium will be on display as part of the Flag Stop Art, an alternative contemporary art event, September 3 and 4 in Torrance.
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A great pub, magical beer garden & a private event space, bar & roof terrace for celebrations all year round.
'A wonderful London pub serving fresh British food…. and great Sunday roasts.'
A great pub, magical beer garden & a private event space, bar & roof terrace for celebrations all year round.
'A wonderful London pub serving fresh British food…. and great Sunday roasts.'
*** Book our private party floor with its own roof terrace – it's all yours***
Celebrating at The Stag is easy – book a table in the pub, a cabana in the garden and for groups of 15 to 60 people book our private floor with its' own bar & roof terrace . It is available for meetings, breakfasts, lunches, dinners & drinks parties.
'the best selection of beer & cider for miles around and nice-as-pie staff'
To make a booking with us or to enquire about private events please email us
Great for private events from 15-60 people. For enquiries and information please email us.
To make a booking with us or to enquire about private events please email us
Call us on 0207 722 2646
67 Fleet Road, London, NW3 2QU
We are always keen to hear from passionate hospitality professionals for kitchen & front of house positions.
Please email email@example.com
with an up-to-date CV & covering letter.
EVERY TUESDAY – Best Friend Tuesday!
Introducing Best Friend Tuesday!
Stag love, on a plate. You bring your friend, and we buy their food*. Every Tuesday from midday til 10pm.
EVERY SUNDAY - Roasts, roaring fires & acoustic stars
Cracking roasts & tip top drinks, rounded off with Sunday Night Music Club at 7pm – fireside acoustic talent every week.
To book your Sunday roast & enjoy some of Londons best new musical talent email us at email@example.com
THURSDAY 20th FEBRUARY – Rib & Wine Supper
We are excited to be teaming up with Paul, our local wine legend from Jerobaoms in Hampstead, for another of our epic rib & wine suppers.
This month Paul is bringing some of Spains finest Rioja's & his favourite Cava.
Tickets are £30 per person and include a glass of Cava, a rib supper, with our slow cooked Jacob's Ladder short ribs & 4 glasses of great vintage Rioja's that go beautifully with red meat.
For tickets please go to www.staghampstead.ticketsource.co.uk
WEDNESDAY 12th MARCH- The Mighty Rock N Roll Music Quiz
Never mind those buzzcocks. Andy Ross, our own rock overlord from Food Records, returns with our mighty pub quiz. Top prize is a MAGNUM or Laurent Perrier champagne. The quiz starts at 8pm, and should be finished by 10pm.
Entry is £2 per person, please email us to reserve your team spot at firstname.lastname@example.com
WEDNESDAY 19th MARCH - The Beer Hunter – beer & wings night
The Beer Hunter returns, after more extensive global travels hunting down some great new brews for you to try.
This our monthly beer & wing night, where we introducing great new beers from around the world and baskets of chicken wigns all round.. From 8pm til 9pm sharp. Numbers are limited, tickets are £10 per person and available at www.staghampstead.ticketsource.co.uk
Tickets include all your beer and chicken wings galore.
* Best Friend Tuesday – offer applies to main courses only. Lowest priced main course is discounted from bill.


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Tamarindo bed and breakfast
Tamarindo Bed and Breakfast is located just 3 blocks away from the oceanfront and the main square. It has 7 units, each nicely decorated. Each room has its own bathroom. A shared kitchenette, purified water, a computer, WiFi are available. Personal attention from the owner. Tamarindo Cozumel Bed and Breakfast, Apartments and Suites has 4 comfortable tastefully decorated rooms and a thatched-roof bungalow, all with cable TV, a private bathroom, and access to a shared kitchenette, beautiful terraces, hammocks, BBQ, a rinse tank and a drying area for your dive gear. check in: 13:00 check out: 12:00 breakfast included credit cards not accepted cancellation policy 72 hours +9 pax group bookings not accepted |
Availability & Rates
To view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'B&B Facilities & Policies
- Air Conditioning
- Breakfast Included
- Free Wifi
- Laundry Facilities
Cancellation Policy
This property has a 3 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.DirectionsShow MapHide Map
4 blocks from the oceanfront
2 blocks from a supermarket and local eateries
Located Near
4 blocks from the oceanfront
2 blocks from a supermarket and local eateries


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11:41 am
Wed September 16, 2009
Wounded Warrior Program tries to help returning soldiers
By Malcolm Glover
When soldiers return home from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan many of them want an advocate to help them navigate the difficult terrain of government agencies and private programs that offer the services they desperately need.
FM 89's Malcolm Glover reports on the work of the Army Wounded Warrior Program in Arkansas.
Click here to learn more about the Army Wounded Warrior Program.


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Konkani language
Konkani | |
कोंकणी, Konknni, ಕೊಂಕಣಿ, കൊങ്കണി | |
The word Konkani in Devanagari script
In other scripts: Roman script: Konkani Kannada script: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ (konkaṇi) Malayalam script: കൊങ്കണി (konkaṇi) |
Pronunciation | kõkɵɳi (standard), kõkɳi (popular) |
Native to | India |
Region |
Konkan, includes the state of Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and some parts of Kerala Konkani is also spoken in the United States, the United Kingdom, Kenya,[1] Uganda, Pakistan, Persian Gulf,[2] Portugal |
Native speakers
7.4 million (2007)[3] |
Dialects | |
Devanagari (official),[note 1] Roman,[note 2] Kannada,[note 3] Malayalam and Arabic | |
Official status | |
Official language in
Goa, India |
Regulated by | Various academies and the government of Goa[4] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | kok |
ISO 639-3 | kok – inclusive code Individual codes: gom – Goan Konkani knn – Maharashtrian Konkani |
Distribution of native Konkani speakers in India
Konkani[note 4] (Devanāgarī: कोंकणी, Kōṅkaṇī) is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of languages and is spoken on the western coast of India. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution[6] and the official language of the Indian state of Goa. It is a minority language in Maharashtra, Karnataka and northern Kerala (Kasaragod district).[7]
Konkani is a member of the southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of the old Indo-European language structure and shows similarities with both western and eastern Indo-Aryan languages.[7]
It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers.[8] Reference to the name Konkani is not found in literature prior to 13th century. The first reference of the name Konkani is in "Abhanga 263" of the 13th century Marathi saint poet, Namadeva (1270–1350).[9] Konkani has been known by a variety of names: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, and Goani. It is called Amchi Bhas (our language) by native speakers (Amchi Gele in Dakshina Kannada), and Govi or Goenchi Bhas by others. Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki.[10]
Konkani was commonly referred to as Lingua Canarim by the Portuguese[11] and Lingua Brahmana by Catholic missionaries.[11] The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Lingua Concanim.[11]
The name Canarim or Lingua Canarim, which is how the 16th century European Jesuit, Thomas Stephens refers to it in the title of his famous work Arte da lingoa Canarim has always been intriguing. It is possible that the term is derived from the Persian word for coast, kinara; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada.[12]
All the European authors, however, recognized two forms of the language in Goa: the plebeian, called Canarim, and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called Lingua Canarim Brámana or simply Brámana de Goa. The latter was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes.[13]
There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani.
- The word Konkan comes from the Kukkana tribe, who were the original inhabitants of the land Konkani originated from.[14]
- According to some Hindu legends, Parashurama shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his arrow landed. The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as Konkan meaning piece of earth or corner of earth,kōṇa (corner)+ kaṇa (piece). This legend has been mentioned in Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana.
- Konkan is synonymous with Konkani, but it is today divided into three states: Mahrashtra (Konkan regiona), Goa, and Karnataka (North Canara).
Pre-history and early development[edit]
The Substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Proto-Australoid tribes called Kurukh, Oraon, and Kukni, whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects like Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, and Malto[15] According to the Indian Anthropological Society,these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India (Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mirzapur) and are not found in Konkan anymore.[16][17] Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the Mundari substratum.[18] Goan Indologist Raakrishna Shenvi Dhume identified many Austroloid Munda words in Konkani, like mund,mundkar,dhumak,goem-bab, and others.[19] This substratum is very prominent in Konkani.[20]
These primitive Australoid tribes, once were pre-historic inhabitants of Goa and Konkan. Nothing more is known about them. As per some historians and linguists, modern communities like Gaudes, Kunbis, and Mahars of Konkan today are supposed to be the modern representatives of Proto-Australoids. Originally hunter-gatherers, they later developed a primitive form of agriculture. Several Konkani words related to agriculture find their roots in Proto-Australoid dialects, for example: kumeri (type of farming), mer (field boundary), zonn (share of the surplus production), khazan (type of farmland), kudd (room), and khomp (hut).
The later migrants who reached Konkan speaking early Dravidian languages (see:Proto-Dravidian language) are believed to be the Mediterraneans. Historians maintain that the paleo-Mediterraneans who came to India from northwest passes as early Dravidians formed a heterogeneous racial subtype. These Mediterraneans (or Dravidians as many historians call them) knew the craft of systematized agriculture,and inhabited most of neolithic India.[21] The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum.[22] Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: tandul (rice), naall (coconut), madval (washerman), choru (cooked rice), methi (fenugreek), mulo (radish), chinch (tamarind), vayange (brinjal), bel, and pal (house lizard).[23] Linguists also suggest that the substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada.[24]
The Indo-Aryan element[edit]
Although Konkani shows influences of the Dravidian substratum it definitely belongs to the Indo-Ayan branch. It is inflexive, non-Dravidian, and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of variety of Prakrits. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over the years.[25]
Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 2400 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 1000–700 BC.[19] Many spoke old Indo-Aryan vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to Vedic Sanskrit; others still spoke Dravidian andDesi dialects. Thus the ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume Shauraseni to be its progenitor whereas some call it Paisaci. The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Dr. Taraporewala, who in his book Elements of Science of Languages (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many Dardic features that are found in present-day Kashmiri.[25] Thus, the archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists.[14] This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like Dnyaneshwari, and Leela Charitra.[26] Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into a lexical fund of its own.[26] The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau.[19] Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians.[27]
Goa and Konkan was ruled by the Mauryas and the Bhojaa; as a result numerous migrations occurred from northeast and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernaculars, which led to a mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrits. It was substantially influenced later by Magadhi Prakrit.[28] The overtones of Pali[26] (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary.[29] A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with Eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali and Oriya, which have their roots in Magadhi.[30]
Maharashtri was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri".[31] This old language that was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart.[31]
The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms.[32] The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ao sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes o or u in Konkani.[33] Examples include: dando, suno, raakhano, dukh, rukhu, manisu (from Prakrit), dandao, sunnao, rakkhakao, dukkhao, vukkhao, vrukkhao, and mannisso. Another example could be the sound of ण at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of Shauraseni vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later Maharashtri Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into Apabhramsha, which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani.[29]
Later Dravidian influence[edit]
Though it belongs to the Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by Old Kannada, a member of the Dravidian family. A branch of the Kadambas, who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in Karnataka. Konkani was never used for official purposes.[34] Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka.[35]
Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has prothetic glides y- and w-.[36] The Kannada influence is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in yes/no questions and the negative marker are sentence final.[36] Copula deletion in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada.[36]
Phrasal verbs are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns.[7]
The table below illustrates some phrasal verbs used in Konkani:
Konkani in Goa and North Karnataka | Konkani in South Karnataka | Meaning |
bas or basun sod | baisa | sit down |
randh or randhun ghe | randhun sodi | cook |
karun ghe | kornu dhi | to get something done |
Konkani and Gujarati analogy[edit]
The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and Lothal migrants all settled in Goa during the pre-historic period and later. Chavada, a tribe of warriors (now known as Chaddi or Chaddo), migrated to Goa from Saurashtra, during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the Arabs in 740.[37] Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar Apabhramsha dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati.
- Konkani and Gujarati have many words in common, not found in Marathi.[38]
- The Konkani O (as opposed to the Marathi A, which is of different Prakrit origin), is similar to that in Gujarati.[38]
- The case terminations in Konkani, lo, li, and le, and the Gujarati no, ni, and ne have the same Prakrit roots.[38]
- In both languages the present indicatives have no gender, unlike Marathi.[38]
Other foreign languages[edit]
Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.[35] A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are karz (debt), fakt (only), dusman (enemy), and barik (thin).[35] Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include mustaiki (from Arabic mustaid, meaning "ready"), and kapan khairo ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser").
Portuguese influence[edit]
Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from the Portuguese language. Even the spoken dialects by the majority of Goan Hindus has a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, the spoken dialects of the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent), and their religious literature shows a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example krupa for grace, yamakunda for hell, vaikuntha for paradise and so on). The syntax used by Goan Catholics in their literature shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.[39] The Portuguese influence is also evident in the Marathi–Konkani spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, Thane a variant of Konkani used by East Indian Catholics
The language[edit]
Although most of the stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan.[40]
Early Konkani[edit]
The earliest inscription in Konkani found in the village of Aravalem, in Goa dated back in the Gupta period in Brahmi script, ascribed to the 2nd century AD in the late Brahmi script:
śacipurācyā śirāsi (on the top of Shachipura).[41]
Another inscription in Nāgarī, of Shilahara King Aaparditya of the year 1166 AD says:
ātā̃ jō kōṇṇuyirē śāsanō̃ḷapī̃ tēcyā vēḍhyāta dēvācī bhāla saktumbī āpaḍē̃ tēcī mā̃ya gāḍhavē̃.
An inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith (The word gomateshvara apparently comes from Konkani gomaṭo which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and īśvara meaning "lord".[42]) at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads:
"śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" (Chavundaraya got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done).[note 5][note 6]
Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and the base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi.[43] Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from Quepem in the early 14th century, have been written in Goykanadi.[18] One such stone inscription or shilalekh (written Nāgarī) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to the Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state. It mentions words like, kullgga, kulaagra, naralel, tambavem, and tilel.[44]
A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord Narayana attributed to the 12th century AD says:
"jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu". (The one who brought the Vedas up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to Manu, he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.).
A hymn from the later 16th century goes
vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.[41]
Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo, jī, and jẽ. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa. The conjunctions yedō and tedō ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.[45] The use of -viyalẽ has been replaced by -aylẽ. The pronoun moho, which is similar to the Brijbhasha word mōhē has been replaced by mākā.
Medieval Konkani[edit]
This era was marked by the invasion of Goa and subsequent exodus to Marhatta territory, Canara (today's coastal Karnaraka), and Cochin.
- Exodus ( between 1312–1327 when General Malik Kafur of the Delhi Sultans, Alauddin Khilji, and Muhammed bin Tughlaq destroyed Govepuri and the Kadambas
- Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the Bahamani kingdom captured Goa, and subsequent capture in 1492 by Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur
- Exodus due to the Christianization of Goa by Portuguese subsequent to 1500
- Hindu, Muslim, and Neo-Catholic Christian exodus during the Goa Inquisition, which was established in 1560 and abolished in 1812.
These events caused the Konkani language to evolve into multiple dialects. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include dār (door) giving way to the word bāgil. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o".
Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Bhatkal came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam.[46] Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the Siddis, who are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Portuguese merchants.[47]
Contemporary Konkani[edit]
Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. However, the Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated Standard Konkani.
Geographical distribution[edit]
The Konkani language is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan. This consists of the Konkan division of Maharashtra, the state of Goa, and the Uttara Kannada (formerly North Canara), Udupi, and Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) districts of Karnataka, together with many districts in Kerala (such as Kasargod, Kochi, Alappuzha, Trivandrum, and Kottayam). Each region has a different dialect, pronunciation style, vocabulary, tone and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.[48] The Census Department of India, 1991 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 1,760,607 making up 0.21% of India's population. Out of these, 602,606 were in Goa, 706,397 in Karnataka, 312,618 in Maharashtra, and 64,008 in Kerala.[49] It ranks 15th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there are 2,489,015 Konkani speakers in India.[50] A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates or citizens of other countries (NRIs). Determining their numbers is difficult.
A significant number of Konkani speakers are found in Kenya, Uganda, Pakistan, the Persian Gulf, and Portugal. During Portuguese rule many Goans had migrated to these countries. Many families still continue to speak different dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the native languages.
Konkani revival[edit]
Konkani was in a sorry state, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost singlehandedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab.[51] His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Viswa Konknni Dis).[52]
Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939.[53] Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far.
Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminient social worker of Kodibag, Karwar strove for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan.
Post-independence period[edit]
Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration.
However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. A plebiscite retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.[51] However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.[54]
Recognition as an independent language[edit]
With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi. Suniti Kumar Chatterji, the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language.
Official language status[edit]
All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally fed up with the delay, Konkani lovers launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status to Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from Catholic communities: Floriano Vaz from Gogal Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira all from Agacaim. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.[54]
Konkani was included in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution of India, as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of national languages.
The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many diphthongs. Like the other Indo-Aryan languages, it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.[32]
- The palatal and alveolar stops are affricates. The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are alveopalatal.[55]
- The voiced/voiceless contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates. The affricates are all voiceless and the sonorants are all voiced.[55]
- The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the aspirates and fricatives. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.[55]
- Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. Palatalisation/non palatisation is found in all obstruents, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones[55]
One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of /ɵ/, the close-mid central vowel, instead of the schwa as used in Hindi-Urdu and Marathi.
Whereas most Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: /e/, /ɛ/ and /æ/.
Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for /ʌ/.
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo -palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
Stops | p pʰ b bʱ |
t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪ʱ |
ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ |
cɕ cɕʰ ɟʝ ɟʝʱ |
k kʰ ɡ ɡʱ |
Fricatives | s | ɕ | h | ||||
Nasals | m mʱ | n̪ n̪ʱ | ɳ ɳʱ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Liquids | ʋ ʋʱ | ɾ ɾʱ l lʱ |
ɽ [56] |
j |
The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in Marathi.
Konkani grammar has an overall Sanskrit structure and is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. Konkani is a language rich in morphology and syntax. It cannot be described as a stress language nor as a tone language.[49]
- Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:[57]
- naam (noun)
- sarvanaam (pronoun)
- visheshan (adjective)
- kriyapad (verb)
- kriyavisheshana (adverb)
- ubhayanvayi avyaya
- shabdayogi avyaya
- kevalaprayogi avyaya
Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an SOV language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also modifiers and complements tend to precede the head and postpositions are far more common than prepositions. In terms of syntax, Konknai is a head-last language, unlike English, which is an SVO language.[58]
- Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the avyayas are either tatsama or tadbhava.[57]
The following table illustrates this:
Verbs and their roots:
Konkani verbs | Sanskrit/Prakrit Root | Translation | ||
वाच vaach (tatsama) | वच् vach | read | ||
आफय, आपय aafay, aapay (tatsama) | आव्हय् aavhay | call, summon | ||
रांध raandh (tatsama) | रांध् raandh | cook | ||
बरय baray (tadbhav) | वर्णय् varnay | write | ||
व्हर vhar (tadbhav) | हर har | take away | ||
भक bhak (tadbhav) | भक्ष् bhaksh | eat | ||
हेड hedd (tadbhav) | अट् att | roam | ||
ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav) | लेह् leh | lick | ||
शीन sheen (tadbhav) | छिन्न chinna | cut | ||
Source:Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh[57] |
- Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with present participle of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.[57] When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in dialects spoken in Karnataka whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.
For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka "Konkani hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating".
- Out of eight grammatical cases, Konkani has totally lost the dative, the locative, and the ablative.[57] It has partially lost the accusative and the instrumental cases too.[57] So the preserved cases are: the nominative, the genitive, and the vocative case.[57]
Konkani Apabhramsha and Metathesis[edit]
- Like other languages, the Konkani language has three genders. Use of the neuter gender is quite unique in Konkani. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri,in which it is retained much more in Konkani than Marathi.[57] Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex.[57]
Metathesis is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law. Here, the ष is dropped,and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of ukar).[59]
- Unlike Sanskrit, anusvara has great importance in Konkani. A characteristic of Middle Indo-Aryan dialects, Konkani still retains the anusvara on the initial or final syllable.[57] Similarly visarga, is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख.
- Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.[57] The "Breathed" accent is retained in most of the tatsamas than the tadbhavas.[57] Declension also affects the accent.[57]
- Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives.
- Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.[57]
- Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.[57]
The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. There are many indications that Konkani is more closer to Sanskrit than any other widely spoken Indian languages. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of tatsama (Sanskrit words without change), tadhbhava (adapted Sanskrit words), deshya (indigenous words) and antardeshya (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.[58]
Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like Marathi, but it still retains Prakrit and apabhramsha structure, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritsed, numerous Sanskrit loanwords are found, unlike the Catholic dialect, which was influenced by the Portuguese during their conversion in the early 16th century. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskrit vocabulary again; the Catholic Church has also adopted a Sanskritisation policy.[55] Even though recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary is difficult and unfamiliar to the new Catholic generations, they have not revolted.[55] On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by Kannada, which is one of the most Sanskritised language of Dravidian origin, have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.[55]
Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.[60]
The Brahmi script was originally used but fell into disuse.[32] Later, some inscriptions were written in old Nagari.However owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the restrictions imposed by the inquisition,some early form of Devanagari was disused in Goa.[60] The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of Konkani and Nagari scripts.[11]
Another script, called Kandevi or Goykandi, was used in Goa since the times of the Kadambas, although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the Halekannada script, with strikingly similar features.[61] Unlike Halekannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the Kadamba script, which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan. The earliest documents written in this script are found in a petition addressed by Ravala Śeṭī, most probably a Gaunkar of Caraim in the islands of Goa, to the king of Portugal. This 15th-century document bears a signature in Konkani that says: "Ravala Śeṭī baraha" ("Writing of Ravala Śeṭī").[62] The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD.[41] The Roman script has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.
Konkani is today written in five scripts: Devanagari, Roman, Kannada, Malayalam, and Perso-Arabic. The Goan Hindus use the Devanagari script in their writings while the Goan Catholics use the Roman script. The Saraswats of Karnataka use the Devanagari script in the North Kanara district, but those in Udupi and South Kanara use the Kannada script. The Karnataka Christians also use the Kannada script. Malayalam script was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but now there is a move to use the Devanagari script.[36] Konkani Muslims around Bhatkal taluka of Karnataka use Arabic script to write Konkani.[63] When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script.
Alphabet or the Varṇamāḷha[edit]
The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:[64]
अ | a /ɐ/ |
आ | ā /ɑː/ |
इ | i /i/ |
ई | ī /iː/ |
उ | u /u/ |
ऊ | ū /uː/ |
ए | e /eː/ |
ऐ | ai /aːi/ |
ओ | o /oː/ |
औ | au /aːu/ |
अं | aṃ /ⁿ/ |
अः | aḥ /h/ |
क | ka /k/ |
ख | kha /kʰ/ |
ग | ga /ɡ/ |
घ | gha /ɡʱ/ |
ङ | ṅa /ŋ/ |
च | ca /c, t͡ʃ/ |
छ | cha /cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/ |
ज | ja /ɟ, d͡ʒ/ |
झ | jha /ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/ |
ञ | ña /ɲ/ |
ट | ṭa /ʈ/ |
ठ | ṭha /ʈʰ/ |
ड | ḍa /ɖ/ |
ढ | ḍha /ɖʱ/ |
ण | ṇa /ɳ/ |
त | ta /t̪/ |
थ | tha /t̪ʰ/ |
द | da /d̪/ |
ध | dha /d̪ʱ/ |
न | na /n/ |
प | pa /p/ |
फ | pha /pʰ/ |
ब | ba /b/ |
भ | bha /bʱ/ |
म | ma /m/ |
य | ya /j/ |
र | ra /r/ |
ल | la /l/ |
व | va /ʋ/ |
ष | ṣa /ʂ/ |
श | śa /ɕ, ʃ/ |
स | sa /s/ |
ह | ha /ɦ/ |
ळ | ḷha //ɭʱ// |
क्ष | kṣa /kʃ/ |
ज्ञ | jña /ɟʝɲ/ |
Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of dialects. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.[63]
Other researchers have classified the dialects differently.
- Kalelkar classification
Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, N. G. Kalelkar has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:[63]
- Northern Konkani: Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to Marathi; i.e. Malvani
- Central Konkani: Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture.
- Southern Konkani: Dialects spoken in the Canara region (Mangalore & Udupi) of Karnataka, which came in close contact with Tulu and Kannada.
Maharashtrian Konkani, which is a group of dialects that mark the transition between between Konkani and Marathi, is sometimes included.
The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons:
- The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects.
- The Portuguese influence in Goa, especially on Catholics.
- The strong degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in Goa and coastal Maharashtra with Marathi.
- Progressive inroads made by Urdu into the Muslim communities.
- Mutual animosity among various religious and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion.
- The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world.
- The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani education, even informally.
- The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in Potaachi Bhas (language of the stomach) over Maaim Bhas (mother tongue). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.[63]
Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani,[citation needed] starting with Shenoi Goembab's efforts to revive Konkani. There has been a renewed interest in Konkani literature. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped.
Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra, organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis.
According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of multilingualism. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes Konkanis the most multilingual community of India.
This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkanis have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language.
While bilingualism is not by itself a bad thing, it has been misinterpreted as a sign that Konkani is not a developed language. The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi[63][65] and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa.
Konkani–Marathi dispute[edit]
It has been claimed by some quarters that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language. This has been attributed to several historical reasons (outlined in the History section), the close similarities between Marathi and Konkani, the geographical proximity between Goa and Maharashtra, the strong Marathi influence on Konkani dialects spoken in Maharashtra (such as Malwani), a supposed lack of literature in Konkani, and a great degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus with respect to Marathi.
José Pereira, in his 1971 work Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy, pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy.[63]
Another linguist to whom the error is attributed is Grierson. Grierson's work on the languages of India: The Linguistic Survey of India was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in costal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in costal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. Grierson's opinion about Goan Konkani was not based on its linguistics but on the diglossic situation in Goa.
S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani, which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.[63][65] Shenoi Goembab, who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians.
Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967.[63]
The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987.
Script and dialect issues[edit]
The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkanis. The decision to use Devanagari as the official script and the Antruz dialect has met with opposition both within Goa and outside it.[54] Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkanis, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to Roman script in Goa or Kannada script in coastal Karnataka[54] Prominent among the critics are Konkani Catholics in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They are demanding that Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.[66]
In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkanis, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.[67] Thee government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari script.[68]
There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The All India Konkani Parishad founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.[69] A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005.
Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture.
The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in Mumbai, is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of All India Konkani Parishad. On 28 December 1984, Goa Konkani Akademi (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture.[70] The Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK) is a popular research institute based in the Goan capital Panaji. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education.[71] The Dalgado Konkani Academy is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji.
The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in Mumbai, which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The government of Karnataka established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.[72] The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa.
The First World Konkani Convention was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.[73]
The World Konkani Centre built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, Mangalore was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,[74] "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over."
The Goa Inquisition is seen as a blot in the history of the Konkani language. According to the orders of the Goa Inquisition, it was an offence to remain in possession of books in local languages. All books, whatever their subject matter, written in Konkani, Marathi, or Sanskrit, were seized by the inquisition and burnt on the suspicion that they might deal with idolatry. It is probable that valuable non-religious literature dealing with art, literature, and sciences were destroyed indiscriminately as a consequence. For instance, even before the inquisition orders, in a letter dated 24 November 1548, Fr. Joao de Albuquerque proudly reports his achievement in this direction.[75]
- The first writer in the history of Konkani language known to us today is Shamaraja; he was also known as Krishnadas Shama as he was an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna. He was born in the 15th century AD in the village of Quelossim in Goa. As per the date mentioned in his Shrikrishnacharitrakatha, he began writing his book on 13th of the Vaishakha month of the Hindu lunar calendar, which is 25 April 1526, according to the Gregorian calendar. He authored Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Krishnacharitrakatha in prose style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in Braga in Portugal. The script used by him for his work still remains a mystery.[76]
- Vishnudas Nama who also used pen names like Vaishampayana and Parameshvaraco Sharanagat Nama, authored Bhishmaparva and Adiparva, transliterations of which are found in the public library of Braga in northern Portugal.[18]
- Another copy of Ramayana does not bear any author's name, although the name of a certain "Sadashiva" has been mentioned.[18]
- The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English Jesuit priest, Fr. Thomas Stephens in 1622, and entitled Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim (Old Portuguese for: Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language).
- The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, Arte da Lingoa Canarim, was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.[14] Similarly, a book named A Konkani Grammar, was printed in the year 1882 in Mangalore by Angelo Francesco Saverio Maffei, and describes Canara Konkani grammar.[77]
Konkani media[edit]
All India Radio started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Panjim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly Trivandrum, Alleppey, Trichur, and Calicut AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.[14]
In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. Rakno, Daize, and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish 3-4 magazines in a year.
Presently there is just a single daily newspaper, called Sunaparant. There is a fortnightly published newspaper called Kodial Khaber.
Konkani periodicals published in Goa include Vauraddeancho Ixtt (Roman script, weekly), Gulab (Roman script, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari script, monthly), Panchkadayi (Kannada script, monthly) and Poddbimb (Roman script,monthly).
The Doordarshan centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others.
In popular culture[edit]
Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of Hindi movies. Many Hindi movie characters feature a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie Aasha (1957 film), contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Some kids were chanting "Eeny, meeny, miny, moe", which inspired C Ramchandra and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a Goan, added the words "maka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".[78][79]
An international ad campaign by Nike for the 2007 Cricket World Cup featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "Bebdo", composed by Chris Perry and sung by Lorna. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino.
A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, was held in Mangalore on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the Guinness Book of World Records for holding a 40-hour-long nonstop musical singing marathon, beating a Brazilian musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing nonstop for 36 hours.[80]
See also[edit]
- Canara Konkani
- Konkani in the Roman script
- Konkani Language Agitation
- Konkani people
- Konkani phonology
- Konkani Poets
- Konkani Script
- Konkani words from other languages
- Languages of India
- Languages with official status in India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
- Maharashtri
- Malvani dialect
- Malvani people
- Marathi–Konkani languages
- Paisaci
- Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers
- World Konkani Centre
- World Konkani Hall Of Fame
- ^ Devanagari has been promulgated as the official script.
- ^ Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication.
- ^ The use of Kannada script is not mandated by any law or ordinance. However, in the state of Karnataka, Konkani can be taught using the Kannada script instead of the Devanagari script.
- ^ Konkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called Konkan, on the west coast of India. Geographically, Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the river Damanganga to the north, and the river Kali to the south; the north–south length is about 650 km and the east–west breadth is about 50 km. The dialect spoken in Goa, coastal Karnataka, and in some parts of northern Kerala has distinct features, and is rightly identified as a separate language called Konkani.[5]
- ^ Chavundaraya was the military chief of the Ganga dynasty-era King Gangaraya. This inscription on the Bahubali statue draws attention to a Basadi (Jain Temple) initially built by him and then modified by Gangaraya in the 12th century AD. Ref: S. Settar in Adiga (2006), p256
- ^ The above inscription has been quite controversial, and is touted as old-Marathi. But the distinctive instrumental viyalem ending of the verb is the hallmark of the Konkani language, and the verb sutatale or sutatalap is not prevalent in Marathi. So linguists and historians such as S.B. Kulkarni of Nagpur University, Dr V.P. Chavan (former vice-president of the Anthropological Society of Mumbai), and others have thus concluded that it is Konkani.
- ^ Whiteley, Wilfred Howell (1974). Language in Kenya. Oxford University Press,. p. 589.
- ^ Kurzon, Denis (2004). Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters. Multilingual Matters,. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-85359-673-5.
- ^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
- ^ "The Goa Daman and Diu Official Language Act" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ "Konkani Language and History". Language Information Service. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages- India/ States/ Union Territories – 2001 Census".
- ^ a b c Cardona,Jain, George,Dhanesh (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 1088 pages(see page:803–804). ISBN 9780415772945.
- ^ Janardhan, Pandarinath Bhuvanendra (1991). A Higher Konkani grammar. P.B. Janardhan. pp. 540 pages.
- ^ V.J.P. Saldanha. Sahitya Akademi. 2004. pp. 81 pages. ISBN 9788126020287.
- ^ M. Saldanha 717. J. Thekkedath, however, quotes Jose Pereira to the following effect: "A lay brother of the College of St Paul around 1563 composed the first grammar of Konkani. His work was continued by Fr Henry Henriques and later by Fr Thomas Stephens. The grammar of Fr Stephens was ready in manuscript form before the year 1619." (Jose Pereira, ed., "Gaspar de S. Miguel's Arte da Lingoa Canarim, parte 2a, Sintaxis copiossisima na lingoa Bramana e pollida," Journal of the University of Bombay [Sept. 1967] 3–5, as cited in J. Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India, vol. II: From the Middle of the Sixteenth to the End of the Seventeenth Century (1542–1700) [Bangalore: TPI for CHAI, 1982] 409).
- ^ a b c d Sardessai, Manohar Rai (2000). "Missionary period". A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 30–70.
- ^ Arte Canarina na lingoa do Norte. Anonymous MS, edited by Cunha Rivara under the title: Gramática da Lingua Concani no dialecto do Norte, composta no seculo XVII por um Missionário Portugues; e agora pela primeira vez dada à estampa (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1858). Cunha Rivara suggested that the author was either a Franciscan or a Jesuit residing in Thana on the island of Salcete; hence the reference to a 'Portuguese missionary' in the title.
- ^ Mariano Saldanha, "História de Gramática Concani," Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 (1935–37) 715. See also M. L. SarDessai, A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000) 42–43.
- ^ a b c d Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-81-7201-664-7.
- ^ Singh, K.S. (1997). People of India Vol. III : Scheduled Tribes. Oxford University Press. pp. 522, 523. ISBN 978-0-19-564253-7.
- ^ Indian Anthropological Society (1986). Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, Volumes 21–22. Indian Anthropological Society. pp. See page 75.
- ^ Enthoven, Reginald Edward (1990). The tribes and castes of Bombay, Volume 1. Asian Educational Services. pp. 195–198. ISBN 81-206-0630-2.
- ^ a b c d Gomes, Olivinho (1997). Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3 Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology, K. Ayyappapanicker. Sahitya Akademi,. pp. 256–290. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
- ^ a b c Sinai Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume,. pp. 355 pages.
- ^ India. Office of the Registrar General (1961). Census of India, 1961, Volume 1, Issue 1 Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General. 67: Manager of Publications. pp. see page.
- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-77111-0 at pp.4–6.
- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003)The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-77111-0 at pp. 40–41.
- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-77111-0 at pp. 12.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature: Introductory articles. Institute of Asian Studies. 1990. pp. See Page 45.
- ^ a b Menezes, Armando (1970). Essays on Konkani language and literature: Professor Armando Menezes felicitation volume. Konkani Sahitya Prakashan. pp. 118 pages(see page:2).
- ^ a b c Ayyappapanicker, K. Medieval Indian literature: an anthology. Volume 3. Sahitya Akademi. p. 256.
- ^ James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray (1919). Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 10. T. & T. Clark. pp. see page 45.
- ^ Wilford, Major F. (1812). "II". Asiatic researches or transactions of the society instituted in Bengal. Eleventh,. p. 93.
- ^ a b Gomes, Olivinho (1999). Old Konkani language and literature: the Portuguese role. Konkani Sorospot Prakashan, 1999. pp. 28, 29.
- ^ Southworth, Franklin C. (2005). Linguistic archaeology of South Asia. Routledge. pp. 369 pages. ISBN 978-0-415-33323-8.
- ^ a b Ayyappapanicker, K. Medieval Indian literature: an anthology. Volume 3. Sahitya Akademi. p. 246.
- ^ a b c Bhat, V. Nithyanantha. The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives. Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute. p. 5.
- ^ Bhat, V. Nithyanantha. The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives. Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute. p. 12.
- ^ Mitragotri, Vithal Raghavendra (1999). A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara. Institute Menezes Braganza, 1999. p. 268.
- ^ a b c Sardessai, Manoharray (2000). "The foreign influence". A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 (1st ed.). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 21–30. ISBN 978-81-7201-664-7.
- ^ a b c d George, Cardona; Dhanesh Jain. The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 840.
- ^ Gune, V.T (1979). Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa Daman and Diu, part 3,Diu. Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa. p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Saradesāya Publisher, Manohararāya (2000). A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi,. pp. 317 pages. ISBN 978-81-7201-664-7.
- ^ Anvita Abbi, R. S. Gupta,, Ayesha Kidwai (2001). Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2001 – Language Arts & Disciplines -. pp. 409 pages(Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax). ISBN 9788120817654.
- ^ Sinai Dhume, Ananta Ramakrishna (2009). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC to1352 AD. Panaji: Broadway book centre. pp. Chapter 6(pages 202–257). ISBN 9788190571678.
- ^ a b c Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. New Delhi: Kendra Sahitya Akademi. pp. 8–10. ISBN 81-7201-664-6.
- ^ Pereira, José (1977). Monolithic Jinas. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. see pages 47–48. ISBN 9788120823976.
- ^ D'Souza, Edwin. V.J.P. Saldanha. pp. 3–5.
- ^ Da Cruz, Antonio (1974). Goa: men and matters. s.n., 1974. p. 321.
- ^ Maffei, Agnelus F.X. (2003). A Konkani grammar. Asian Educational Services. p. 83. ISBN 81-206-0087-8.
- ^ "Konkani History". Kokaniz.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- ^ Shah, Anish M.; et al. (15 July 2011). "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture". American Journal of Human Genetics 89 (1): 154–161. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ Kurzon, Dennis. Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast. pp. 25–30.
- ^ a b Caroline Menezes (The National Institute for Japanese language, Tokyo, Japan). "The question of Konkani?" (PDF). Project D2, Typology of Information Structure". Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Abstract of Speakers' strengths of languages and mother tongues – 2001". Census of India. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ a b Goanews – By Sandesh Prabhudesai
- ^ Goanews – By Sandesh Prabhudesai
- ^ Kelekar 2003:14.
- ^ a b c d Goanet Reader: Puzzle wrapped in an enigma, understanding Konkani in Goa
- ^ a b c d e f g Cardona, George (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 1088. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
- ^ Masica (1991:97)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Janardhan, Pandarinath Bhuvanendra (1991). A Higher Konkani grammar. Foreign Language Study / Indic Languages Konkani language About (in English, Konkani). P.B. Janardhan. pp. 540 pages.
- ^ a b Kurzon, Dennis (2004). Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters. Multilingual Matters,. p. 158. ISBN 9781853596735.
- ^ Pandarinath, Bhuvanendra Janardhan (1991). A Higher Konkani grammar. P.B. Janardhan. pp. 540 pages(see pages:377 and 384).
- ^ a b Sardessai, Manohar Rai (2000). "Missionary period". A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 9–10.
- ^ Indian archives. Volume 34. National Archives of India. National Archives of India. p. 1985.
- ^ Ghantkar, Gajanana (1993). History of Goa through Gõykanadi script (in English, Konkani, Marathi, Kannada). pp. Page x.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mother Tongue blues – Madhavi Sardesai
- ^ Gomanta Bharati,yatta payali,Published by GOA BOARD OF SECONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION ALTO BETIM,page number:11
- ^ a b "Language in India". Language in India. 2001-05-03. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- ^ PTI Feb 20, 2007, 03.16pm IST (2007-02-20). "Goa group wants Konkani in Roman script". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- ^ "Kannada script must be used to teach Konkani". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 14 March 2006.
- ^ "News headlines". Daijiworld.com. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Goa Konkani Akademi – promoting the development of Konkani language, literature and culture". Goa Konkani Akademi. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ "Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr". Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ "Konkani". Kalaangann, Mandd Sobhann (The Konkani Heritage Centre). Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ "Encouragement for Vishwa Konkani Kendra". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 6 September 2005.
- ^ "Mangalore Goa CM Dedicates World Konkani Centre to Konkani People". Daijiworld.com. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
- ^ Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi,. p. 317. ISBN 978-81-7201-664-7.
- ^ Bhembre, Uday (September 2009). Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar:Krishnadas Shama. Sunaparant Goa. pp. 55–57.
- ^ Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier. A Konkani grammar (in English, Konkani). Retrieved 22 April 2010.
- ^ Joshi, Lalit Mohan (2002). Bollywood: popular Indian cinema. Dakini Books. pp. 351 pages(see page:66).
- ^ Ashwin Panemangalore (2006-06-16). "The story of 'Eena Meena Deeka'". DNA (newspaper). Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- ^ "Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konkani. |
Konkani language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
Look up Konkani in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Konkani phrasebook. |
- Vauraddeancho Ixtt, Konkani language site
- Konkani News, Konkani language site
- Kital, Konkani language site
- Chilume.com, Konkani Literature
- Niz Goenkar, Konkani-English bilingual site
- Learn Goan Konkani online
- Read Konkani News online
- Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online
- Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online
- An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi
- Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project
- Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary
- World Konkani Centre, Mangalore
- Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility


text:
Survivors of an 8.9-magnitude earthquake and tsunami lie wrapped in blankets at the Red Cross operations centre in Miyagi prefecture March 11, 2011. Photo source: Reuters.comThe plight of the Japanese people is agonizing to watch. Naturally, your first instinct may be to donate as quickly as possible. But there are reasons to think before you text your money.
Texting a donation is easy, but it's not instantaneous. It takes about 90 days for your money to get to your designated organization, according to mGive, the leading mobile donation platform (and a charity itself).
Some organizations allow 5-10% of your donation to go to mGive to cover admin costs. "It's not ridiculously high," says Deborah Hirt, research manager at the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University. "But it's something you should be aware of."
The most efficient way to give is to donate online, through a charity's secure website, says Hirt. "Organizations know instantly that they've received a gift." (Although a similar percentage of your cash goes toward online administrative fees.)
But in many ways, using a good old-fashioned check is the most direct way to reach the cause of your choice—and studies show that people who send checks often donate more money, says Hirt.
Also consider is whether the organization you're supporting is effective on the ground, and has experience in the stricken country. "We saw many organizations with good intentions rush to Haiti, and rush to raise money, but they ended up pulling out quickly," says Jeff Nene, spokesperson for the charitable organization Convoy of Hope, which is raising money for Japan.
Nene and others recommend Charity Navigator to find reputable organizations providing relief.
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-Keep your political and religious views off this forum.-We are here to have fun and learn, so please try and keep it that way for everyone!
If you like my work and would like to help get my nails done I'd love it!
YESSSSS. I don't have one, but this is good hopes that more in the future will be no problem! I hope!
The Mooooooon!
*looks at watch... then at the calender.
The thought WTF comes to mind, I expected droid x to be rooted but damn not this soon... lol, Someone needs some sleep. And maybe needs to pee. LOTS of Monster and Dew were involved.
i was just reading birdmans twitter. guess we have to start buying beers. this is good news. whos buying an x now.
Galaxy Nexus
Nexus 7
No X here, but great news for the future.
that was quick.
Correct me if I'm wrong but isn't the true problem of all this getting bast the boot loader? I understand that there was no question about it being rooted but how are you going to get past the boot loader?
Please be respectful. Respect is #1 here at DF Please read our Guidelines of Conduct
lol i might, i just hope pete and cm are interested in it. i will not buy a phone that they dont support in their roms. i think im going to update my phone right before they tier up the internet. i hope they come out with a better phone that the droid x before then though. then again I might just stay with droid for a couple years though, if they can get those g1s to run on our stuff i bet hackers will get the droid on the future stuff (when its besically one of the crappier phones)