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Jonathan Pollard
Jonathan Pollard | |
Jonathan Pollard, I.D. Photograph, U.S. Naval intelligence.
Born | Jonathan Jay Pollard August 7, 1954 Galveston, Texas, U.S. |
Other names | Thomas Richered Pollard Jr |
Occupation | Former intelligence analyst and spy for Israel |
Criminal charge
Violations of the Espionage Act |
Criminal penalty
Life imprisonment |
Criminal status
Incarcerated in the Federal Bureau of Prisons system |
Spouse(s) | Anne Henderson Pollard (divorced) Elaine Zeitz, aka Esther Pollard (current) |
Parents | Morris Pollard (father) Molly Pollard (mother) |
Jonathan Jay Pollard (born August 7, 1954) is an American convicted of passing classified information to Israel while working as a civilian intelligence analyst.[1] He pled guilty and received a life sentence in 1987. Because his crime occurred prior to November 1, 1987, he is eligible for parole after 30 years in prison provided he continues to maintain a clean record, and may be released on November 21, 2015.[2][3]
Israel granted Pollard citizenship in 1995, but denied until 1998 that it had bought classified information from him.[4] Israeli activist groups, as well as high-profile Israeli politicians, have lobbied for his release.[5] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has voiced particularly strong support for Pollard, visiting the convicted spy in prison in 2002 while not in office.[6][7] His case was later linked to that of Ben-ami Kadish, another U.S. citizen who pled guilty to charges of passing classified information to Israel in the same period.[8][9]
Pollard is the only person in US history to receive a life sentence for spying for an ally, and the only American citizen convicted of such a crime to be sentenced to more than 10 years in prison. Currently, the punishment for such a crime is set at a maximum of ten years,[10] except if it might "result in the death of an agent of the United States" or if it concerns "nuclear weaponry [...] war plans; communications intelligence or cryptographic information."[11] According to Rabbi author Avi Weiss Pollard has "expressed regret" for his actions,[12] According to the CIA's 1987 damage assessment of Pollard's crimes, which was declassified on December 14, 2012, Pollard was not asked by his Israeli handlers to gather information on U.S. military activities, but rather to collect U.S. intelligence on Arab states, Pakistan and the Soviet Union, and especially their weapons systems.[13]
Early life[edit]
Jonathan Jay Pollard was born in Galveston, Texas, in 1954, to a Jewish family, the youngest of three siblings.[14] In 1961 his family moved to South Bend, Indiana, where his father, an award-winning microbiologist, taught at Notre Dame.[14]
Pollard was raised in a family where loyalties as a Jew and as an American were one, and was interested in fully becoming part of his country. At an early age Pollard became aware of the horrific toll the Holocaust had taken on his immediate family, and when he was about to become a Bar Mitzva he asked his parents to visit the death camps.[12]
Pollard grew up with what he called a "racial obligation" to Israel,[15] and made his first trip to Israel in 1970, as part of a science program visiting the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. While there, he was hospitalized after a fight with another student. One Weizmann scientist remembered Pollard as leaving behind "a reputation of being an unstable troublemaker, the worst case of this kind in the history of the summer camp".[16]
After completing high school, Pollard attended Stanford University, where he completed a degree in political science in 1976.[14] While there, he is remembered by several of his acquaintances as boasting that he was a dual citizen of the United States and Israel and claiming to work for the Mossad and to have attained the rank of colonel in the Israel Defense Forces. None of these claims were true.[17][18][19] Later, Pollard enrolled in several graduate schools, but never completed a postgraduate degree.[14]
Pollard's future wife, Anne Henderson (born 1 May 1960) had moved to Washington DC in fall 1978 to live with her (recently divorced) father, Bernard Henderson. According to her father, in summer 1981 she moved into a house on Capitol Hill with two other women and, through a friend of one of her roommates, she first met Pollard. He later claimed to have fallen in love during their first meeting – they were "an inseparable couple" by November 1981, and in June 1982, when her Capitol Hill lease expired, she moved into Pollard's apartment in Arlington, VA.[20] In December 1982 the couple moved into downtown Washington DC, to a two-bedroom apartment at 1733 20th Street N.W., near Dupont Circle. They would remain there until their arrest in 1985, at which time they were paying $750 per month in rent.[21] They did not marry until August 9, 1985 – more than year after Pollard began spying for Israel – in a civil ceremony in Venice, Italy.[22]
Early career[edit]
In 1979, after leaving graduate school, Pollard began applying for intelligence service jobs, first at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and then the US Navy. Pollard was turned down for the CIA job after taking a polygraph test in which he admitted to prolific illegal drug usage between 1974 and 1978.[23] He fared better with the Navy and on 19 September 1979 he was hired by the Navy Field Operational Intelligence Office (NFOIO), an office of the Naval Intelligence Command (NIC), as an intelligence specialist working on Soviet issues at the Navy Ocean Surveillance Information Center (NOSIC), a department of NFOIO. A background check was required to receive the necessary security clearances, but no polygraph test. In addition to a 'Top Secret' clearance, a more stringent 'Sensitive Compartmented Information' (SCI) clearance was required. The Navy asked for but was denied information from the CIA regarding Pollard, including the results of their pre-employment polygraph test showing Pollard's excessive drug use.[23] Pollard was given temporary non-SCI security clearances pending completion of his background check, which was normal for new hires at the time and assigned to temporary duty at another NIC Department, the Naval Intelligence Support Center (NISC) Surface Ships Division, where he could be employed in tasks not requiring SCI clearance. NOSIC's current operations center and the NISC were co-located in Suitland, Maryland (inside the Washington D.C. "Beltway", the forerunner to today's National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office.
Two months after Pollard was hired, the technical director of NOSIC, Richard Haver, requested that he be terminated.[23] This came after a conversation with the new hire in which Pollard offered to start a back-channel operation with the South African intelligence service and lied about his father's involvement with the CIA.[23] Instead of terminating Pollard, Haver's boss reassigned him to a Navy human intelligence (HUMINT) operation, Task Force 168 (TF-168), an office within Naval Intelligence Command (NIC), the headquarters for Navy intelligence operations (located in a separate building, but still within the Suitland Federal Center complex.) This was apparently because Pollard had a friend from graduate school in the South African intelligence service.[23] In the vetting process for this position, Pollard, it was later discovered, lied repeatedly: he denied illegal drug use, claimed his father had been a CIA operative, misrepresented his language abilities and his educational achievements, and claimed to have applied for a commission as officer in the Naval Reserve.[23] A month later Pollard received his SCI clearances and was transferred from NISC to TF-168.
While transferring to his new job at TF-168, Pollard again initiated a meeting with someone far up the chain of command, this time with Admiral Sumner Shapiro, Commander, Naval Intelligence Command (CNIC) about an idea he had for TF-168 and South Africa. (The TF-168 group had passed on his ideas). After the meeting, Shapiro immediately ordered that Pollard's security clearances be revoked and that he be reassigned to a non-sensitive position. According to The Washington Post, Shapiro dismissed Pollard as a "kook", saying later, "I wish the hell I'd fired him."[24]
Because of the job transfer, Shapiro's order to remove Pollard's security clearances slipped through the cracks. However, Shapiro's office followed up with a request to TF-168 that Pollard's trustworthiness be investigated by the CIA. The CIA found Pollard to be a risk and recommended that he not be used in any intelligence collection operation. A subsequent polygraph test was inconclusive, although it did prompt Pollard to admit to making false statements to his superiors, prior drug use, and having unauthorized contacts with representatives of foreign governments.[25] The special agent administering the test felt that Pollard, who at times "began shouting and shaking and making gagging sounds as if he were going to vomit", was feigning illness to invalidate the test, and recommended that he not be granted access to highly classified information.[25] Pollard was also required to be evaluated by a psychiatrist.[25]
Pollard's clearance was reduced to Secret.[25] Pollard subsequently filed a grievance and threatened lawsuits to recover his SCI clearance, and subsequently began receiving excellent performance reviews.[26] In 1982, after the psychiatrist concluded Pollard had no mental illness, Pollard's clearance was upgraded to SCI once again. In October 1984, after some reorganization of the Navy's intelligence departments, Pollard applied for and was accepted into a position as an analyst for the Naval Intelligence Command.[citation needed]
Shortly after Pollard began working at NIC/TF-168, he met Aviem Sella, a combat veteran of the Israeli Air Force, at the time on leave from his position as a colonel to gain a master's degree in computer science as a graduate student at New York University. Pollard told Sella that he worked for U.S. naval intelligence, detailed to him specific incidents where U.S. intelligence was withholding information from Israel, and offered himself as a spy. Though Sella had wondered whether Pollard was part of an FBI sting operation to recruit an Israeli, he ended up believing him. Sella then phoned his air-force intelligence commander in Tel Aviv for further instructions, and the call was switched to the air-force chief of staff. Sella was ordered to develop a contact with Pollard.[27]
Within a few days, in June 1984, Pollard started passing classified information to Sella and received, in exchange, $10,000 cash and a very expensive diamond and sapphire ring, which Pollard later used to propose marriage to his girlfriend Anne. He also agreed to receive $1,500 per month for further espionage.[28]
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) investigator Ronald Olive has alleged that Pollard passed classified information to South Africa,[29] and attempted, through a third party, to sell classified information to Pakistan on multiple occasions.[30] Pollard also stole classified documents related to China on behalf of his wife, who used the information to advance her personal business-interests and kept them around the house, where investigating authorities discovered them when Pollard's espionage activity came to light.[31][32][33]
During Pollard's trial, the US government's memorandum in aid of sentencing challenged "defendant's claim that he was motivated by altruism rather than greed", asserting that Pollard had "disclosed classified information in anticipation of financial gain" in other instances:
The government's investigation has revealed that defendant provided to certain of his acquaintances U.S. classified documents which defendant obtained through U.S. Navy sources. The classified documents which defendant disclosed to two such acquaintances, both of whom are professional investment advisers, contained classified economic and political analyses which defendant believed would help his acquaintances render investment advice to their clients... Defendant acknowledged that, although he was not paid for his unauthorized disclosures of classified information to the above-mentioned acquaintances, he hoped to be rewarded ultimately through business opportunities that these individuals could arrange for defendant when he eventually left his position with the U.S. Navy. In fact, defendant was involved in an ongoing business venture with two of these acquaintances at the time he provided the classified information to them...[34]
During the course of the Pollard trial, Australian authorities reported the disclosure of classified American documents by Pollard to one of their own agents, a Royal Australian Navy officer who had been engaged in a personnel-exchange naval-liaison program between the U.S. and Australia.[35] The Australian officer, alarmed by Pollard's repeated disclosure to him of data caveated No Foreign Access Allowed, reported the indiscretions to his chain of command, which in turn recalled him from his position in the U.S., fearing that the disclosures might be part of a "CIA ruse".[35] Confronted with this accusation after entering his plea, Pollard only admitted to passing a single classified document to the Australian; later, he changed his story, and claimed that his superiors ordered him to share information with the Australians.[35]
As of 2014[update] the full extent of the information Pollard passed to Israel has still not been officially revealed. Press reports cited a secret 46-page memorandum, which Pollard and his attorneys were allowed to view.[36] They were provided to the judge by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who described Pollard's spying as including, among other things, obtaining and copying the latest version of Radio-Signal Notations (RASIN), a 10-volume manual comprehensively detailing America's global electronic surveillance network.[14][37]
Pollard's espionage was discovered in 1985 when a coworker anonymously reported Pollard's removal of classified material from the NIC. The coworker noted that Pollard did not seem to be taking the material to any known appropriate destination, such as other intelligence agencies in the area. Although Pollard was authorized to transport documents and the coworker did claim the documents were properly wrapped, it appeared out of place that Pollard would be transporting documents on a Friday afternoon when many workers were focused more on the upcoming weekend rather than intelligence work. Pollard's direct superior, having to complete extra work at the office on a Saturday, had walked by Pollard's desk and noticed unsecured classified material. Taking the initiative to secure it, the supervisor glanced over it and saw it was unrelated to antiterrorism matters in the Caribbean, which is what the section focused on. Looking at more unrelated documents, the supervisor believed foreign intelligence might be involved, but was unable to determine which nation would be interested.[38] Supervisors began investigating, and upon finding the enormous amount of material checked out by Pollard, and that it was outside of his area of responsibility, asked the FBI to begin an investigation.[citation needed]
Pollard was stopped and questioned about a week later while removing classified material from his work premises. He explained that he was taking it to another analyst at a different agency for a consultation. During the voluntary interview, his story was checked and found to be false. Pollard requested to make a phone call to his wife telling her where he was. As the interview was voluntary the investigators had no choice but to grant the request. During the call to Anne he used the code word 'cactus', meaning that he was in trouble and that she should remove all classified material from their home, which she attempted to do,[39] enlisting the help of a neighbor.[40]
After some time, Pollard agreed to a search of his home, which turned up only a few documents Anne had missed. At this point, the FBI decided to drop the case and leave it as an administrative action for Pollard's supervisors, since there only seemed to be some mishandling of documents and at this point, was no proof that Pollard was passing classified documents. The case broke wide open a few days later when Pollard was asked to take a polygraph. Instead, he admitted to illegally passing on documents, without mentioning Israel. The FBI again became involved. A short time later Pollard's neighbor began calling around the military intelligence community (he was a naval officer) asking what to do with the 70 lb suitcase full of highly classified material that Pollard's wife, Anne, had given him.[40] After being unable to contact Anne or Jonathan Pollard he became concerned about safeguarding the documents. He cooperated fully with the investigation and was not charged with any crime.[41]
After his partial confession, Pollard was put under surveillance but not taken into custody. On November 21, 1985, he and his wife attempted to gain asylum at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C., only to be rebuffed by the Israeli guards and was arrested by FBI agents who swarmed the perimeter as soon as Pollard set foot off embassy property.[42] Until this point, investigators could not confirm that Pollard had been spying for Israel; their only lead having been the speculation of Pollard's superiors.[citation needed]
After Pollard was arrested, Anne lost an agent following her and met Sella at a restaurant, where she informed him of her husband's arrest. Hours after Pollard was arrested, Sella and his wife, along with Yossi Yagur and Irit Erb (two other Israelis involved in the operation), fled to New York and caught flights out of the country before the FBI could stop them.[43] Anne was arrested the next day, November 22.[44]
Pollard eventually cooperated with investigators in exchange for a plea agreement for leniency for himself and his wife. Israel claimed initially that Pollard worked for an unauthorized rogue operation, a position they maintained for more than ten years, and agreed to cooperate with the investigation in exchange for immunity for the Israelis involved.
When asked to return the stolen material, the Israelis reportedly only turned over a few dozen low-classified documents.[45] At the time, the Americans knew that Pollard had passed tens of thousands of documents. When American investigators traveled to Israel they were treated with hostility from the moment they arrived in Israel to the moment they left.[45] The Israelis created a schedule designed to wear them down, including many hours per day of commuting in blacked out buses on rough roads, and frequent switching of buses[45] leaving them without adequate time to sleep and preventing them from sleeping on the commute.[45] The identity of Pollard's original handler, Sella, was withheld. All questions had to be translated into Hebrew and answered in Hebrew, and then translated back into English, even though all the parties spoke perfect English.[45] The Commander Jerry Agee remembers that, even as he departed the airport, airport security made a point of informing him that "you will never be coming back here again"; Agee found various items had been stolen from his luggage, upon his return to the United States.[45] The abuse came not only from the guards and officials, but also the Israeli media.[45]
Aviem Sella, Pollard's initial Israeli contact, was eventually indicted on three counts of espionage by an American court.[46] Israel refused to allow him to be interviewed unless he was granted immunity. The United States refused because of Israel's previous failure to cooperate as promised. Israel then refused to extradite Sella, instead giving him command of Tel Nof Airbase. The U.S. Congress responded by threatening to cut aid to Israel, at which point Sella voluntarily stepped down to defuse tensions.[47]
Plea agreement and trial[edit]
Pollard's plea discussions with the Government sought both to minimize his chances of receiving a life sentence and to enable Anne Pollard to plead as well, which the Government was otherwise unwilling to let her do. The government, however, was prepared to offer Anne Pollard a plea agreement only after Jonathan Pollard consented to assist the government in its damage assessment and submitted to polygraph examinations and interviews with FBI agents and Department of Justice attorneys. Accordingly, over a period of several months, Pollard cooperated with the Government's investigation, and in late May 1986, the Government offered him a plea agreement, which he accepted. By the terms of that agreement, Pollard was bound to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to deliver national defense information to a foreign government,[48] which carried a maximum prison term of life, and to cooperate fully with the Government's ongoing investigation. He promised not to disseminate any information concerning his crimes or his case, or to speak publicly of any classified information, without first submitting to pre-clearance by the Director of Naval Intelligence. His agreement further provided that failure by Anne Pollard to adhere to the terms of her agreement entitled the Government to void his agreement, and her agreement contained a mirror-image provision. In return for Pollard's plea, the Government promised not to charge him with additional crimes.[citation needed]
Three weeks before Pollard's sentencing, Wolf Blitzer, at the time a Jerusalem Post correspondent, conducted a jail-cell interview with Pollard and penned an article that also ran in The Washington Post headlined, "Pollard: Not A Bumbler, but Israel's Master Spy", published February 15, 1987.[49] Pollard told Blitzer about some of the information he provided the Israelis: reconnaissance satellite photography of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters in Tunisia, specific capabilities of Libya's air defenses, and "the pick of U.S. intelligence about Arab and Islamic conventional and unconventional military activity, from Morocco to Pakistan and every country in between. This included both 'friendly' and 'unfriendly' Arab countries." Some commentators identified this interview as a blatant violation of the plea agreement.[50]
Prior to sentencing, Pollard and his wife Anne gave further defiant media interviews in which they defended their spying and attempted to rally Jewish Americans to their cause. In a 60 Minutes interview, Anne said, "I feel my husband and I did what we were expected to do, and what our moral obligation was as Jews, what our moral obligation was as human beings, and I have no regrets about that."[37]
On June 4, 1986, Pollard pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to deliver national defense information to a foreign government. Prior to sentencing, speaking on his own behalf, Pollard stated that while his motives "may have been well meaning, they cannot, under any stretch of the imagination, excuse or justify the violation of the law, particularly one that involves the trust of government ... I broke trust, ruined and brought disgrace to my family."[51] He admitted and apologized for taking money from the Israeli government in exchange for classified information.[51] Anne Pollard, in her own statement, stated that she did "what at the time I believed to be correct", in helping her husband and attempting to conceal stolen documents, adding "And I can't say that I would never not help him again. However, I would look for different routes or different ways."[52]
The prosecution answered these statements by saying that the Pollards had continued to violate numerous nondisclosure agreements even as the trial was taking place. The prosecutor noted one in particular, which had been signed in June 1986, alluding to Pollard's interview with Wolf Blitzer.[53] The prosecutor concluded:
[I]n combination with the breadth of this man's knowledge, the depth of his memory, and the complete lack of honor that he has demonstrated in these proceedings, I suggest to you, your honor, he is a very dangerous man.[53]
Sentencing and incarceration[edit]
Pollard was sentenced to life in prison on one count of espionage on March 4, 1987. The prosecutor complied with the plea agreement and asked for "only a substantial number of years in prison;" Judge Aubrey Robinson, Jr., who was not obligated to follow the recommendation of the prosecutor, imposed a life sentence after hearing a "damage-assessment memorandum" from the Secretary of Defense.[54]
In 1987, Pollard began his life sentence. His wife, Anne, was sentenced to five years in prison but was paroled after three and a half years due to health problems. After her parole ended, she emigrated to Israel. Jonathan divorced Anne, stating he believed he was going to be jailed for the remainder of his life and did not want Anne to be bound to him.[38] In May that year, Pollard asked Avi Weiss to be his personal rabbi.[12]
From 1986 until his sentencing in June 1987, Pollard was held at FCC Petersburg in Virginia, about a three hour drive south of Washington. Immediately after sentencing, he was moved from Petersburg to a Federal prison hospital in Springfield, Missouri, where he was placed in a solitary cell and given a battery of mental health tests.[55] After one year in the psychiatric prison, in June 1988, he was transferred to the federal maximum security prison in Marion, Illinois. In 1993 he was transferred to a slightly less harsh facility in Butner, North Carolina.
At the time of Pollard's sentencing there was a rule that mandated parole for Federal inmates who had served 30 years out of a life sentences with parole eligibility that had maintained a clean record in prison. He is currently scheduled to be released November 21, 2015.
His Federal Bureau of Prisons ID is #09185-016. He is incarcerated in FCI Butner Medium at the Butner Federal Correction Complex in North Carolina. The Bureau of Prisons (BOP) projects his release date as November 21, 2015.[56]
According to a Haaretz article, if Pollard is released in 2015, he will be escorted by FBI agents to the gates of the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C. and transferred to Israeli custody.[57] However, a Jerusalem Post editorial states that if Pollard is paroled, the US government will still be legally able to keep him in the United States and under heavy restrictions for 15 years.[58]
In the district court, Pollard's attorney filed a motion to withdraw his plea and for other relief; the motion was denied. United States v. Jonathan Jay Pollard, 747 F. Supp. 797 (1990). He unsuccessfully appealed that denial. United States v. Pollard, 959 F.2d 1011, 295 U.S. App. D.C. 7, 1992 U.S. App. LEXIS 4695 (1992). The appeal was also denied. Several years later, with a different attorney, Pollard filed a petition for habeas corpus. A panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled two-to-one to deny Pollard's petition, primarily due to the failure of Pollard's original attorneys to file his appeal in a timely manner. Judge Stephen F. Williams dissented, in his words, "because the government's breach of the plea agreement was a fundamental miscarriage of justice requiring relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255".[59]
In July 2005, the District of Columbia Circuit rejected Pollard's latest appeal. Pollard had sought a new trial on the grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel, and he sought to receive classified documents pertinent to his new lawyers' efforts in preparing a clemency petition. The Court of Appeals rejected both arguments, however, and Pollard remains imprisoned. On February 10, 2006, lawyers for Pollard filed a petition for certiorari with the United States Supreme Court to attempt to gain access to the classified documents. The brief was based on the notion that the separation of powers doctrine is a flexible doctrine that does not dictate the complete separation of the three branches of Government from one another. The brief argued that the Court of Appeals violated this principle in asserting sua sponte that the judiciary has no jurisdiction over the classified documents due to the fact that access was for the ultimate purpose of clemency, an executive function. In fact, the President's clemency power would be wholly unaffected by successor counsel's access to the classified documents, and the classified documents were sealed under protective order, a judicial tool. The Supreme Court denied the cert petition on March 20, 2006.
Jonathan deeply regrets the tremendous cost of his actions. The cost to the health of his ex-wife Anne; the cost to his marriage; the cost of his incarceration, the agony of isolation and the mental torture he has been forced to endure. Moreover, on more than one occasion Jonathan acknowledged that he broke the law and has expressed regret that he did not find a legal manner through which he could pass lifesaving information to Israel.[12]
Israel and Pollard[edit]
Until 1998 Israel denied that Pollard was an Israeli source. Their official position was that he worked for an unauthorized rogue operation.
Israeli officials at one point reportedly considered offering to release Yosef Amit, an Israeli military intelligence officer who was serving a 12-year prison sentence for spying for the United States and another NATO power, in exchange for Pollard. However, Amit torpedoed the proposal, sending a letter to the State Attorney's Office emphasizing that he had no wish to be exchanged.[60]
In 1995, there were reports that Israel was considering a deal in which it would orchestrate the release of American spies imprisoned in Russia in exchange for Pollard. Under the deal, Israel would release Marcus Klingberg, an Israeli imprisoned in 1983 for spying for the Soviets, and in exchange, the Russians would release U.S. agents who had remained in prison since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The United States would then free Pollard.[61]
On May 11, 1998, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu admitted Pollard was a known information source, handled by high-ranking officials of the Israeli Bureau for Scientific Relations (Lekem). The Israeli government paid for at least two of Pollard's trial attorneys – Richard A. Hibey and Hamilton Philip Fox III – and continues to ask for his release.[37] Netanyahu and Ehud Barak, in 1999 in the context of the Israeli elections, exchanged barbs in the media over which of them had been more supportive of Pollard.[7]
In 2002, Netanyahu visited Pollard in prison,[62] and, in 2007, claimed that if he were to be elected Prime Minister he would bring about Pollard's release.[63]
In September 2009, Israeli State Comptroller Micha Lindenstrauss released a report that stated the Israeli government has made concerted efforts for years to gain Pollard's release, but the American government refused.[64] The Pollards rejected the findings of the report, calling it a "whitewash" of the Israeli government.[65] However, they did agree with another finding of the report that stated Pollard had been denied due legal process in the United States.
In June 2011, 70 members of the Israeli parliament (the Knesset) lent their support to the Pollard family's request that President Obama allow Pollard to visit his ailing father, Morris. When his father died soon after, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced Israel's official support for a new Pollard family request that would allow Jonathan Pollard to attend his father's funeral.[66] These requests were both ultimately denied by the U.S. government.[67]
In the 1990s, University of Notre Dame president Theodore Hesburgh, a family friend of Pollard's who had known him since he was six years old, attempted to broker a deal whereby Pollard would be released and "be banished to Israel", and renounce his U.S. citizenship in exchange.[68] Mike Royko of the Chicago Tribune wrote columns in February 1994 supporting the idea.[69] Pollard applied for Israeli citizenship in 1995; the Ministry of Interior initially refused on the grounds that the country did not normally grant citizenship to persons who had not yet immigrated, until reversing its decision and granting his petition on November 22, 1995.[70][71][72] However, White House officials expressed little enthusiasm for Hesburgh's plan and he gave up on further efforts toward pushing it forward.[68]
Some sources claim that Pollard then renounced his United States citizenship and is now solely an Israeli citizen, and would be deported to Israel if he were released from prison.[73] Others continue to identify him as a U.S. citizen.[74] According to the United States Department of State, with the U.S. not being in a state of war there are no regulations in effect under to empower the Attorney General to process renunciations of citizenship from persons physically present in the United States, and under 8 U.S.C. § 1483, it is not possible for a person to lose U.S. citizenship while physically present in the United States except by renunciation filed with the Attorney General or conviction for treason.[75]
Public campaigns[edit]
In addition to the release requests by the Israeli government, there has been a long running public campaign to free Pollard. The organizers include the Pollard family, his ex-wife, Anne, and Jewish groups in the U.S. and Israel. The campaign's main points claim that Pollard spied for an ally instead of an enemy, that his sentence was out of proportion when compared to similar crimes, and that the U.S. failed to live up to its plea bargain.[76][77] Some Israeli activists compared President Bush to Hamas and Hezbollah leaders who have taken Israeli soldiers prisoner.[78][79]
Pro-Pollard efforts[edit]
Pollard's supporters argue that his sentence was excessive. Although Pollard pleaded guilty as part of a plea bargain for himself and his wife, he was shown no leniency and was given the maximum sentence with the exception of death, because he allegedly broke the terms of that plea agreement even before the sentence was handed down.[80]
The issue of his imprisonment has sometimes arisen amidst Israeli domestic politics.[81] Benjamin Netanyahu has been particularly vocal in lobbying for Pollard's release, visiting Pollard in prison in 2002.[6] Netanyahu raised the issue with President Bill Clinton during the Wye River peace talks in 1998.[82] In his autobiography, Clinton wrote that he was inclined to release Pollard, but the objections of U.S. intelligence officials were too strong:
For all the sympathy Pollard generated in Israel, he was a hard case to push in America; he had sold our country's secrets for money, not conviction, and for years had not shown any remorse. When I talked to Sandy Berger and George Tenet, they were adamantly opposed to letting Pollard go, as was Madeleine Albright.[83]
Alan Dershowitz has been among Pollard's high-profile supporters, both in the courtroom as a lawyer and in various print media. Characterizing the sentence as "excessive", Dershowitz writes in an article reprinted in his bestselling book Chutzpah, "As an American, and as a Jew, I hereby express my outrage at Jonathan Pollard's sentence of life imprisonment for the crime to which he pleaded guilty."[84] Dershowitz writes:
[E]veryone seems frightened to speak up on behalf of a convicted spy. This has been especially true of the Jewish leadership in America. The Pollards are Jewish... The Pollards are also Zionists, who—out of a sense of misguided "racial imperative" (to quote Jonathan Pollard)—seem to place their commitment to Israeli survival over the laws of their own country... American Jewish leaders, always sensitive to the canard of dual loyalty, are keeping a low profile in the Pollard matter. Many American Jews at the grass roots are outraged at what they perceive to be an overreaction to the Pollards' crimes and the unusually long sentence imposed on Jonathan Pollard.[84]
In 2004, Malcolm Hoenlein called for Pollards' release, saying "27 years - he's paid the price for his crimes. He has expressed remorse. Enough is enough. It's time that he be let go - there is no justification that we can see for keeping him any longer, there's no cause of justice, no security interest that could possibly be served."[1]
The Jerusalem City Council has also acted in support of Pollard, changing the name of a square near the official prime minister's residence from Paris Square to Freedom for Jonathan Pollard Square.[85] Tamar Fogel, a 12-year-old Israeli girl whose parents and three siblings were killed in the 2011 Itamar attack, visited Pollard shortly after the death of his father in June 2011.[86]
Pollard has at times claimed that he provided only information that, at the time, he believed was vital to Israeli security and that was being withheld by the Pentagon, in violation of a 1983 Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries regarding the sharing of vital security intelligence. According to Pollard, this included data on Soviet arms shipments to Syria, Iraqi and Syrian chemical weapons, the Pakistani atomic bomb project, and Libyan air defense systems.[87] According to the declassified CIA 1987 damage assessment of the Pollard case, under the heading "What the Israelis Did Not Ask For", the assessment notes that, according to Pollard, (page 43) the Israelis "never expressed interest in US military activities, plans, capabilities, or equipment". The assessment concludes (page xiv) that "Pollard's espionage has put at risk important US intelligence and foreign-policy interests."[88] The Israeli handlers and Pollard claimed that the 1983 Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries entitled Israel to the classified information.[13]
In 2010 representatives Barney Frank (D-Mass.), Edolphus Towns (D-N.Y.), Anthony Weiner (D-N.Y.) and Bill Pascrell (D-N.J.) wrote a letter that "notes the positive impact that a grant of clemency would have in Israel, as a strong indication of the goodwill of our nation towards Israel and the Israeli people"."[89]
On November 18, 2010, 39 members of Congress submitted a Plea Of Clemency to the White House on behalf of Pollard, asking the president for his immediate release: "Such an exercise of the clemency power would not in any way imply doubt about his guilt, nor cast any aspersions on the process by which he was convicted." They stated "we write to urge you to use your constitutional power to extend clemency to Jonathan Pollard".[90][91][92]
Former White house legal counsel, Bernard Nussbaum, wrote a letter on January 28, 2011, to President Obama stating that he extensively reviewed the Jonathan Pollard file while he served in the White House. In his letter he stated, "that a failure at this time to commute his sentence would not serve the course of justice; indeed, I respectfully believe, it would be a miscarriage of justice".[93][94]
Former Secretary of State George Shultz also wrote a letter to President Obama on January 11, 2011, urging that Jonathan Pollard sentence to be commuted. He stated, "I am impressed that the people who are best informed about the classified material he passed to Israel, former CIA Director James Woolsey and former Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Dennis DeConcini, favor his release."[95][96]
In 2011, Henry Kissinger, former U.S. Secretary of State declared that the time had come to commute the sentence of Jonathan Pollard. On March 3, 2011, Kissinger wrote a letter to President Obama stating, "having talked with George Shultz and read the statements of former CIA Director Woolsey, former Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman DeConcini, former Defense Secretary Weinberger, former Attorney General Mukasey and others whose judgement and first-hand knowledge of the case I respect, I find their unanimous support for clemency compelling. I believe justice would be served by commuting the remainder of Jonathan Pollard's sentence of life imprisonment".[97][98][99][100]
Lawrence Korb, former assistant secretary of defense under Ronald Reagan, has called on the Obama Administration to grant clemency to Pollard:
Some now argue that Pollard should be released because it would improve U.S.-Israeli relations and enhance the prospects of success of the Obama administration's Middle East peace process. Although that may be true, it is not the reason I and many others have recently written to the president requesting that he grant Pollard clemency. The reason is that Pollard has already served far too long for the crime for which he was convicted, and by now, whatever facts he might know would have little effect on national security.[101]
Former Vice President Dan Quayle wrote a letter to President Obama on January 31, 2011, urging President Obama to commute Jonathan Pollard's sentence.[102]
On February 16, 2011, Arlen Specter wrote a letter to President Obama, stating that, as the Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, he believed Jonathan Pollard should be pardoned and released from prison. Arlen Specter was the second Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee (the first was Dennis DeConcini) to publicly call for the release of Jonathan Pollard.[103]
On March 22, 2011, more than one hundred New York State legislators signed a petition to President Obama stating, "that we see clemency for Mr. Pollard as an act of compassion justified by the way others have been treated by our justice system".[104] In August 2011 Barney Frank sought permission from Congress to discuss the incarceration of Jonathan Pollard and called on Barack Obama to "answer the many calls for Pollard's immediate release". According to activists promoting the release of Pollard, Frank said Pollard has paid a price much higher than anyone else that spied on a friend of the United States and more than many who spied for its enemies.[105]
Congressman Allen West from Florida, wrote a letter to President Obama on June 2, 2011, stating, "After serving 26 years behind bars, Jonathan Pollard's health is deteriorating, as is his wife's. If we can consent to the release by the British of the Lockerbie bomber back to Libya due to health concern, how can we justify keeping Mr. Pollard behind bars when his crimes were clearly not as serious as a terrorist who murdered hundreds of Americans?"[106][107]
On October 26, 2011, a bipartisan group of 18 retired US Senators wrote to President Obama urging him to commute Jonathan Pollard's prison sentence to time served. The letter included senators who initially opposed his release.[108][109]
In a letter to the editor of The Wall Street Journal, published on July 5, 2012, James Woolsey wrote that he now supports release of the convicted spy for Israel, citing the passage of time: "When I recommended against clemency, Pollard had been in prison less than a decade. Today he has been incarcerated for over a quarter of a century under his life sentence." He pointed out that of the more than 50 recently convicted Soviet and Chinese spies, only two received life sentences, and two-thirds were sentenced to less time than Pollard has served so far. He further stated that "Pollard has cooperated fully with the U.S. government, pledged not to profit from his crime (e.g., from book sales), and has many times expressed remorse for what he did." Woolsey expressed his belief that Pollard is still imprisoned only because he is Jewish.[110][111]
Angelo Codevilla, who has followed the Pollard case since serving as a senior staff member for the Senate intelligence committee from 1978 to 1985, argued that the swarm of accusations against Pollard over the years is implausible on the face of it, and that the Pollard case should not be a referendum on Jews or Israel, or the U.S.-Israel alliance. "The story of the Pollard case is a blot on American justice," said Codevilla referring to his life sentence. The crime of passing classified information without the intent to harm the United States usually results in prison sentences of "a very few years, much less time than Pollard has already served." He continued to state that the sentence "makes you ashamed to be an American".[112] Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich has expressed support for releasing Pollard.[113]
Official requests for clemency[edit]
Yitzhak Rabin was the first Israeli prime minister to ask for the release of Pollard, requesting U.S. President Bill Clinton to pardon him in 1995.[114] Among the many requests for Pollard's release was one at the 1998 Wye River conference, where Netanyahu recalls, "if we signed an agreement with Arafat, I expected a pardon for Pollard."[4][37] Of his meeting with Netanyahu during the Wye River talks, Bill Clinton writes, "Netanyahu was threatening to scuttle the whole deal unless I released Pollard. He said I had promised him I would do so at an earlier meeting the night before, and that's why he had agreed on the other issues. In fact, I had told the prime minister that if that's what it took to make peace, I was inclined to do it, but I would have to check with our people."[83] Clinton states that Madeleine Albright, Sandy Berger, and George Tenet were all "adamantly opposed" to letting Pollard out of prison.[83]
Another Israeli request for Pollard's release was made in New York on September 14, 2005, and was declined by President George W. Bush. A request on Pollard's behalf that he be designated a Prisoner of Zion was rejected by the High Court of Justice of Israel on January 16, 2006. Another appeal for intervention on Pollard's behalf was rejected by the High Court on March 20 2006.[115]
On January 10, 2008, the subject of Pollard's pardon was again brought up for discussion, this time by Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, during President George W. Bush's first visit to Israel as President. Subsequently, this request was turned down by President Bush. The next day, at a dinner attended by several ministers in the Israeli government (in addition to U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice), the subject of Pollard's release was again discussed. This time however, Prime Minister Olmert commented that it was not the appropriate occasion to discuss the fate of the convicted Israeli spy.[116]
As President Bush was about to leave office in 2009, Pollard himself requested clemency for the first time. In an interview in Newsweek former CIA director James Woolsey endorsed Pollard's release on two conditions: that he show contrition and decline any profits from books or other projects linked to the case. Bush did not pardon him.[117]
The New York Times reported on September 21, 2010, that the Israeli government (again under Netanyahu) informally proposed that Pollard be released as a reward to Israel for extending by three months a halt to new settlements in occupied territories.[118]
On December 21, 2010, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he would formally and publicly call for Pollard's release.[119] This was the first formal request made by Israel. On January 4, 2011, Netanyahu formally submitted a letter to President Obama requesting clemency. The White House issued a statement saying the letter would be reviewed, however no official response has been given to date.
In 2012, President Shimon Peres presented a letter signed by 80 Israel legislators and addressed to President Obama requesting Pollard's release on behalf of the citizens of Israel.[120] In November 2013, Jewish Agency chairman Natan Sharansky said, "It is unprecedented in the history of the U.S. that someone who spied for a friendly country served even half the time [that Pollard has] in prison."[121]
In July 2013, Israel once again unsuccessfully requested the release of Jonathan Pollard, after Israel agreed to release 104 Palestinian prisoners as a gesture to the Palestinian Authority, at the behest of President Obama.
Opposition to clemency[edit]
At the 1998 Wye River Conference, Benjamin Netanyahu demanded Pollard's release, and President Clinton made a public statement about reviewing the case.[83] This precipitated an "incredulous" reaction in the American intelligence community.[122] Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, as well as six other former U.S. Secretaries of Defense (Melvin R. Laird, Frank C. Carlucci, Richard B. Cheney, Caspar W. Weinberger, James R. Schlesinger and Elliot L. Richardson) spoke out in opposition to clemency for Jonathan Pollard.[54] They were joined by several senior congressional leaders.[54]
Four past directors of Naval Intelligence, William Studeman, Sumner Shapiro, John L. Butts, and Thomas Brooks, authored a response to the talk of clemency and what they termed "the myths that have arisen from this clever public relations campaign ... aimed at transforming Pollard from greedy, arrogant betrayer of the American national trust into Pollard, committed Israeli patriot".[123] They asserted that Pollard passed information to three other countries before engaging in espionage activity on behalf of Israel, and that he had offered his services to a fourth country while he was spying for Israel.[124]
We... feel obligated to go on record with the facts regarding Pollard in order to dispel the myths that have arisen from this clever public relations campaign... aimed at transforming Pollard from greedy, arrogant betrayer of the American national trust into Pollard, committed Israeli patriot.
Pollard pleaded guilty and therefore never was publicly tried. Thus, the American people never came to know that he offered classified information to three other countries before working for the Israelis and that he offered his services to a fourth country while he was spying for Israel. They also never came to understand that he was being highly paid for his services....
Pollard and his apologists argue he turned over to the Israelis information they were being denied that was critical to their security. The fact is, however, Pollard had no way of knowing what the Israeli government was already receiving by way of official intelligence exchange agreements.... Some of the data he compromised had nothing to do with Israeli security or even with the Middle East. He betrayed worldwide intelligence data, including sources and methods developed at significant cost to the U.S. taxpayer. As a result of his perfidy, some of those sources are lost forever
... Another claim Pollard made is that the U.S. government reneged on its bargain not to seek the life sentence. What is not heard is that Pollard's part of the bargain was to cooperate fully in an assessment of the damage he had done and to refrain from talking to the press prior to the completion of his sentencing. He blatantly and contemptuously failed to live up to either part of the plea agreement.... It was this coupled with the magnitude and consequences of his criminal actions that resulted in the judge imposing a life sentence.... The appellate court subsequently upheld the life sentence.
If, as Pollard and his supporters claim, he has "suffered enough" for his crimes, he is free to apply for parole as the American judicial system provides. In his arrogance, he has refused to do so, but insists on being granted clemency or a pardon.
Admiral Sumner Shapiro, Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, himself Jewish, stated that he was troubled by the support of Jewish organizations for Pollard: "We work so hard to establish ourselves and to get where we are, and to have somebody screw it up ... and then to have Jewish organizations line up behind this guy and try to make him out a hero of the Jewish people, it bothers the hell out of me."[24]
According to American intelligence expert John Loftus, former U.S. government prosecutor and army intelligence officer, Pollard could not have revealed the identities of American spies as Pollard lacked the security clearance to access this information. In the opinion of Loftus, "Pollard's continued incarceration is due to horrible stupidity."[125]
Ron Olive, retired Naval Criminal Investigative Service, led the Pollard investigation. In 2006 his book, Capturing Jonathan Pollard – How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice, was published. Olive wrote that Pollard did not serve Israel solely, and that Pollard confessed to passing secrets to South Africa and to his financial advisers, shopping his access to Pakistan and recruiting others for money.[126]
New Republic editor (and liberal supporter of Israel) Martin Peretz has argued against freeing Pollard, writing that "Jonathan Pollard is not a Jewish martyr. He is a convicted espionage agent who spied on his country for both Israel and Pakistan (!) – a spy, moreover, who got paid for his work. His professional career, then, reeks of infamy and is suffused with depravity." Peretz called Pollard's supporters "professional victims, mostly brutal themselves, who originate in the ultra-nationalist and religious right. They are insatiable. And they want America to be Israel's patsy."[127]
Former FBI and navy lawyer M.E. "Spike" Bowman, top legal adviser to navy intelligence at the time, and with intimate knowledge of the Pollard case, has issued a detailed critique of the case for clemency, asserting "Because the case never went to trial, it is difficult for outside observers to understand the potential impact and complexity of the Pollard betrayal. There is no doubt that Pollard was devoted to Israel. However, the extent of the theft and the damage was far broader and more complex than evidenced by the single charge and sentence."[128] Bowman wrote that Pollard "was neither a U.S. nor an Israeli patriot. He was a self-serving, gluttonous character seeking financial reward and personal gratification."[128]
In September 2011, Vice President Joe Biden was reported by The New York Times to have told a group of rabbis, "President Obama was considering clemency, but I told him, 'Over my dead body are we going to let him out before his time. If it were up to me, he would stay in jail for life.'"[129] A few days later, Biden denied having used those words although he acknowledged that the sentiment attributed to him was, in fact, his position on the issue.[130]
Pollard divorced his first wife, Anne, after her release from prison. Following his divorce, he remarried an activist who had been working to free him, Esther "Elaine" Zeitz.[131] Mrs. Pollard is active in the Israeli media on her husband's behalf, calling for his release or criticizing officials she believes have forgotten about him. In 1996, she embarked upon a public hunger strike, which she hoped would lead to the release of her husband.[132] There have been some questions in the media as to whether the two are actually legally wed.[133]
Pollard's story inspired the movie Les Patriotes (The Patriots) by French director Éric Rochant in which American actor Richard Masur portrayed a character resembling Pollard.
The settlement Beit Yonatan in Silwan, described by Haaretz as "a residential building erected by nationalist Jews in the heart of an Arab neighborhood in East Jerusalem", is named after Pollard.[134]
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- ^ "Pollard Married In Prison". Jonathanpollard.org. May 25, 1994. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
- ^ "Esther Pollard continues hunger strike". HighBeam Research. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
- ^ "Torontonian at centre of espionage tale Is Esther Pollard really the wife of convicted U.S. spy?". Toronto Star. December 8, 1996.
- ^ "Yishai moves to legalize Jewish ownership of East Jerusalem building", 08.02.10, Haaretzcom
External links[edit]
- Jonathan Pollard's Website
- Top US Officials: Free Jonathan Pollard Now on YouTube
- Israeli Espionage Against the U.S. Counterpunch, August 30, 2004
- American Security Perspective [2]
- Katz, Leslie. "Jonathan Pollard's ex-wife trying to build new life." J Weekly. Friday, February 26, 1999.
- Israel acknowledges spying on US. BBC News, May 12, 1998
- All about Jonathan Pollard
- Why Jonathan Pollard is Still in Prison at the Wayback Machine (archived January 7, 2006) by Edwin Black, published in The Forward and archived in the Internet Archive. A shorter version of this article was published here [3] in the The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles.
- CRS Report for Congress RS20001 Jonathan Pollard: Background and Considerations for Presidential Clemency – Federation of American Scientists
- Time for a fresh start. The Jerusalem Post Nov 22, 2009 Jpost.com.
- CIA Damage Assessment. Declassified December 14, 2012
- Young Israel Pres.: America Hypocritical on Pollard
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- American Orthodox Jews
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- Criminals from Indiana
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- Persons charged under the Espionage Act of 1917
- Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
- Stanford University alumni


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Download the full text of this paper in Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF format - (624 KB)
In the applications of identified VAR models, finite-sample properties are not obvious to obtain when identifying restrictions are imposed on some lagged relationships. As a result, researchers have either left lagged relationships unrestricted even though some restrictions clearly make economic sense or failed to provide correct inference of the estimates. We extend the Bayesian methodology in the existing literature to these cases and develop the blockwise Monte Carlo methods. We show how to implement these methods to obtain the estimation and inference.JEL classification: C11, C15, C32, C50
Key words: Contemporaneous recursive blocks; identifying restrictions; likelihood; finite samples, posterior; blockwise Monte Carlo methods
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Return-Path: Date: Sat, 2 May 1998 17:57:03 -0600 (MDT) From: owner-fordtrucks-small-digest ListService.net (fordtrucks-small-digest) To: fordtrucks-small-digest ListService.net Subject: fordtrucks-small-digest V2 #121 Reply-To: fordtrucks-small ListService.net Sender: owner-fordtrucks-small-digest ListService.net fordtrucks-small-digest Saturday, May 2 1998 Volume 02 : Number 121 ======================================================================= Ford Truck Enthusiasts - Ranger, Explorer & Bronco 2 Visit our web site: http://www.ford-trucks.com/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - To unsubscribe, send email to: fordtrucks-small-digest-request listservice.net with the word "unsubscribe" in the body of the message. For help, send email to the same address with the word "help" in the body of the message. ======================================================================= In this issue: ADMIN: Lists going down now... [Ken Payne ] ======================================================================= ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Sat, 02 May 1998 19:56:37 -0400 From: Ken Payne Subject: ADMIN: Lists going down now... As posted earlier this week the list is going down now (8:00pm EST) for the switch to the new list server. The switch should take a couple of hours. Once the switch takes place, an email will be sent to all list members containing uns*bscribe and p*sting instructions. After receiving this email you'll be able to post. S*bscribe requests to the old server will simply result in an email containing new s*bscribe instructions. The web site and FAQ will be updated to reflect the server change. Also, no posts prior to downtime will get lost. I'll be forcing a digest to go out to digest members about 5 minutes before the shutdown so everyone will get their FTE fix. Ken Payne CoAdmin, Ford Truck Enthusiasts http://www.ford-trucks.com ------------------------------ End of fordtrucks-small-digest V2 #121 ************************************** ======================================================================= Ford Truck Enthusiasts: Ranger, Explorer & Bronco 2 Visit our web site: http://www.ford-trucks.com/.... To access the rest of this feature you must be a logged in Registered User Of Ford Truck Enthusiasts
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Featured on tonight's episode of Teen Mom 2 on MTV. Cheers! Tags: Sync teen mom 2 Placement mtv cold Live Like You're Going Home War Jacket t1 year ago
Tonight's episode of TeenMom2 will feature our song "I'm Afraid of the Devil". Tune into MTV, 10/9c. Tags: Placement TV MTV Sync War Jacket Teen Mom 2 t1 year ago


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Northland Nature: July's roadside botany continues
Unlike several of the months of spring, the first half of this summer month has been warmer than normal. These temperatures, along with the rains that we recorded in June, has made for excellent conditions for what I like to refer to as July's roadside botany.
Unlike several of the months of spring, the first half of this summer month has been warmer than normal. These temperatures, along with the rains that we recorded in June, has made for excellent conditions for what I like to refer to as July's roadside botany.
In the open spaces next to the trails, roads and highways, multiple plants thrive. And it is hard for the passerby to not notice these thick and colorful growths. Here we'll see all of the colors of the rainbow and sizes that range from a few inches to several feet. Not only do these wild flowers of summer show such a variety of colors and sizes, but they also represent a huge diversity of plant families.
Taking a closer look at this display is a lesson in botany. Families most notable are the composites and the legumes. Among these two groups are hawkweeds, daisies, black-eyed Susans, oxeyes, thistles, goldenrods, clovers, sweet- clovers, vetches and birdsfoot trefoils.
The buttercup family is here too, as are some lilies, parsnips and mulleins. Not all of this crowd is appreciated by us, and several are labeled as weeds, unwanted plants. Arriving from other parts of the world, they have been able to take advantage of the open soil and sunlight to flourish and become naturalized. Others are native and I find it a delight to locate these in bloom at this time of midsummer.
Unfortunately, some of these natives have the term "weed" as a suffix. This connotes alien and invasive plants, when they are neither. Most notable of these mislabeled plants are the milkweeds and fireweeds. Each holds purple flowers that abound on the plants and bloom along the roadsides of July.
Milkweed, so named due to a white sap, has flowers borne on ball-shaped clusters attached to the main stem. Each cluster is composed of numerous aromatic florets. A close cousin, the dogbane, also a native, with its white flowers, is common here too.
Fireweed gets its name from the fact that it will grow back on the open space created by a fire. It also grows in many other appropriate sites. Its flowers of four purple petals stick up from the top of the stem. Blossoms open first at the bottom of this spike growth and then proceed up. By the end of its flowering season, the fireweed blossoms are open at the apex while the lower flowers, the first to bloom, will have become seed pods.
Both milkweed and fireweed attract myriads of insects and they are great places to watch butterflies, moths, bees, wasps and flies, just to name a few.
Other native plants in these open spaces now are white, orange and yellow. The largest of all the flora at this time, the cow parsnip, often reaches eight feet tall, but holds numerous tiny white florets in an umbel shape. In the wetter sites, its cousin, the water hemlock, thrives. This plant may be tall, but not as robust as the cow parsnip. Both of these plants are in the same family as the well-known and non-native Queen Anne's lace, which is blooming now too. I find it more common to the south of the Twin Ports, not common here.
A bright orange flowering plant is quick to grab our attention. And at this time of summer, the native wild lilies show just such colors. Known as wood lilies or Michigan lilies, the three-foot stems hold large flowers with big bent orange petals. They add much to the rest of the colorful scene.
The four petals of the evening primrose live up to this name and open each night at dusk. While most of roadside floral bouquet thrives in the daylight hours (some even closing up at night) and attracts the diurnal insects interested in nectar and pollen, the evening primrose makes use of the insects that move about at night.
Pollinators of the evening primrose are usually the moths. This group of insects is extremely varied, and with many species flying at night the flowers get plenty of visitors during the dark hours. Flowers don't open until sundown, but I have found that they will remain open at dawn and, adorned with dew, they may be best observed at this time.
Whether native, non-native or naturalized, the plants that make use of the few feet of space along the sides of the roads at this time offer a great sight of summer flowers. And with all their variety, they give a lesson in roadside botany.
Retired teacher Larry Weber is the author of several books, including "Butterflies of the North Woods," "Spiders of the North Woods" and "Webwood." Contact him c/o email@example.com.
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We talk to four pros who thrive in the shadows, creating blazingly brilliant images
Maybe it's human nature, but photographers often fear darkness. For many of us, it's associated with photographic failure: obscured subjects, blur from movement and inaccurate focus, and the inability to see while shooting. Overcoming that fear and conquering darkness has helped the four photographers featured here to create dark images that are boldly streaked with brilliance. Here are their secrets.
"Shadows communicate a sense of place just as powerfully as any brightly lit location can," says Cameron Davidson (camerondavidson.com), a northern Virginia-based pro who leaned out of a helicopter to shoot the office building on the next page. "I like shooting in dusky light, along the edges of darkness."
By suggesting depth, he goes on, darkness adds dimension to a scene or shaping to a face or figure. The color black in the frame also directs a viewer's attention to what's important. Even more advantageous? Its ability to conceal what is not.
"To hold blacks in the studio, you have to choose light modifiers that won't spray light around," says Jorge Moreno Jr. (jmorenophoto.com). For this type of low-key look, he uses one of two lighting setups: either a 60-inch umbrella or as small a soft box as possible. If used correctly, both can produce minimal spill that could turn black shadows gray. With the umbrella, he achieves this by not expanding it to its full 60-inches, but by opening it just slightly to focus the strobe light solely on his model.
"Once I've determined my lighting setup, the next step is to suppress the impact of any ambient light," says Moreno. This means using his camera's fastest flash sync speed and the smallest aperture possible for correct exposure, usually 1/250 sec and f/7.0.
"To minimize spill, I start at my strobe's lowest power setting and work my way up to the optimum exposure," he says. "If I can't eliminate ambient light completely, I dial up the strobe power so I can use an aperture small enough to prevent ambient light from reaching the sensor. I also keep my subject [and lights] far from the background, in order to hold a strong black back there."
Low-Light Locations
For New Yorker Michael Shane (www.michaelbshane.com), who photographed the space shuttle Enterprise for online publication The Verge, success comes from choosing his subjects and camera angles wisely. He avoids scenes that require deep depths of field; working at minimum aperture for front-to-back sharpness can be difficult in low light, especially when shooting handheld.
As he circled the space shuttle in the gloomy exhibition space at the Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum, he settled on the angle you see here. "I was cognizant of the fact that the shuttle's most interesting part from this angle, the landing gear, was [on a single plane] close to my camera," he recalls. "That meant I was able to shoot at my lens' fastest aperture, f/2.8, and get a sharp subject." Moral? Think twice before attempting subjects that require shooting at (or near) f/22.
Gear in the Shadows
"When you're shooting in low light, it's also important to know how your gear will perform," says Shane.
Because working in the dark is inherently difficult—you can't see well, after all—it's important to be completely familiar with your equipment and its control layout. Also know its capabilities. For example, pretest to determine the highest ISO that will produce satisfactory resolution and noise levels. "For this space shuttle shot, I knew from long-time experience with Canon's EOS 5D Mark II how far I was willing to push my ISO in order to get a file that wasn't too noisy," he says.
Similarly, Davidson cautions, "It's important to pretest lenses for infinity focus. Some systems have focus problems— either back or forward focus—that can lead to softness, especially in low light."
If you focus on distant subjects by manually setting the focusing ring to infinity, because it's too dark for autofocus, "make sure you know where infinity focus is on your lenses. It's not always at the infinity setting."
Managing color temperature is another low-light issue. Available-light color temps can vary widely after dark—sodium or mercury vapor, tungsten, halogen, even daylight bounced back from the moon. "So shooting RAW in mixed light is essential," says Davidson. It lets you fine-tune white balance later in software, without the clipping that's common with JPEG capture.
There is another way to deal with widely divergent color or color temperatures. Do as Steve Landeros (www.stevelanderosphotography.com) does: convert to black-and-white.
High contrast and wide dynamic ranges are also often a factor. A source such as street lighting can be many times brighter than the surrounding shadows. In such cases, Michael Shane recommends establishing "a close, personal relationship with an image's histogram. Examine your subject and its histogram, and decide whether highlights or shadows can be clipped, and, if so, by how much. Figure into your calculations what will be salvageable later by highlight or shadow recovery."


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Recipe by Kathy
"Chewy, fruity cookie."
Watch video tips and tricks
3/4 cup butter
1 1/2 cups packed brown sugar
4 eggs
4 (1 ounce) squares unsweetened chocolate
2 cups all-purpose flour
2 teaspoons baking powder
1 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/2 cup candied pineapple
1 cup raisins
1 cup chopped walnuts
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Blue Ribbon Fruit Cookies
Serving Size: 1/48 of a recipe Servings Per Recipe: 48 Amount Per Serving Calories: 117 Calories from Fat: 55
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Function: The Sexually Oriented Business Licensing Board (SOBL) has jurisdiction over the licensing, regulating and controlling of all sexually oriented establishments in Metropolitan Nashville.
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At the shows
Milan Fashion Week: 4 top trends for Fall 2013 from Fendi, MaxMara, Ports 1961 and more
See the photos from Milan Fashion Week »
FASHION's March cover girl Hailee Steinfeld made a splash in a pretty pink coat, sitting directly opposite me at MaxMara yesterday. I couldn't get near her to say hi, though, unless I wanted to risk breaking a toe. There's no competing with paparazzi, especially the Italian variety.
Here are four key trends from Day Two of Milan Fashion Week to add to your fall hit list:
Big coats: And we mean BIG and boxy, with roomy armholes and wide sleeves. No more struggling to get your coat over your jacket.
Circle skirts: They are giving a New Look quality to fall, but look most modern when worn with a boxy top. (See Look 1 at Ports 1961.
Wacko fur: Ports 1961 had sable bonded with neoprene. Fendi did striped and geometric minks, even fur eyeglasses. And it's all unapologetically real. Hey, I'm just telling it like it is. Please don't shoot the messenger.
Rich casual: Velvet track pants and python sneakers at MaxMara, astrakhan hoodies and bombers at Ports 1961, ornately-patterned T-shirts and jeans at Just Cavalli.
Join the discussion
Neither the author nor FASHION Magazine necessarily agrees with the comments posted here. Editors will not correct spelling or grammar. FASHION Magazine reserves the right to edit or delete comments entirely.
Brand New on Fashion
- Instant Karma: Thomas Sabo takes destiny for a spin with Georgia May Jagger as the fact of its latest collection
- Spring 2014 Must Haves: 3 instant updates that will bring your wardrobe into next season
- FASHION Magazine April 2014 cover: Cobie Smulders
- Florals for all: Sarah Stevenson's Target collection revealed!
- Awards show hair and makeup: The Beauty Panel recreates their favourite red carpet looks


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Let's get the awkwardness out of the way first, shall we? This is 40 is essentially The Judd Apatow Story, written and directed by Apatow, with Apatow's wife (Leslie Mann) playing his wife, Apatow's two daughters (Iris and Maude) playing his two kids, and, well, Paul Rudd playing Apatow himself. And yes, there are sex scenes in this film. (Wonder if Apatow gave Rudd notes along the lines of: "No, that's not actually how I do it.") Okay, so it's weird. Can we all just move on with our lives now?
Because, This is 40, which bills itself as the "sort of sequel to Knocked Up" is actually pretty great. It suffers from a lot of the same problems of Apatow's other (also great) comedies: It's overly long, a tad self-indulgent, and it never met a bit it didn't want to milk to death. But it's also sweet, smart, funny, insightful and, not surprisingly, feels remarkably lived in and real. (If I didn't know better, I'd say that was an actual family up on that screen. Oh. . . wait.)
Indeed, the American film it most reminds me of is Parenthood (the Steve Martin version; not the TV series), which had a similar mix of insight into the joys and heartaches of suburban American life and a tendency toward overly sitcommy tics.
Rudd and Mann play Pete and Debbie, happily married, two kids, nice yard, the works. They love each other, but sometimes they can't stand each other, too, as it often goes. They still have sex, but not as much—and they've reached the open-bathroom-door phase of the relationship where the magic and mystery is gone.
All this is exacerbated by the fact that Pete is under a lot of pressure at the new record label he just started. (Owning a record label is too "movie-ish" a profession, if you ask me, especially since the film is trying to depict this as an "everyfamily"; but at least Apatow didn't make Rudd a film director). He loves classic indie rock, like Graham Parker (gamely playing himself), and is stunned to discover that the rest of the country doesn't share his affection. Suddenly, Debbie's boutique that she runs as a sort of hobby has become a necessary bread winner in the home.
And then there are the in-laws: Debbie's wealthy, mostly absentee father (John Lithgow playing what is, alas, the film's broadest and least convincing character) and a wonderful Albert Brooks as Pete's ironically sad sack, ever-mooching father (he's remarried, broke, and has rowdy toddler triplets he can't be bothered to tell apart).
There are two girls—the older, Sadie, an increasingly petulant teenager; and the younger, Charlotte, feeling left out of her sister's secretive new world.
I love that This is 40 addresses the difficulty of navigating the minefield of teens and technology—Pete and Debbie read Sadie's Facebook conversations and punish her by turning off the WiFi—but I felt a bit where they confront a would-be cyber bully went on too long. This is partly due to Apatow's tendency to reward comic actors he loves: Melissa McCarthy, of Bridesmaids fame, plays the bully's mother—and he lets her riff with impunity.
But that's the thing: Everything is generous in this Apatow film. The humanity, the breathing room he gives to the actors, the running time (134 minutes). Heck, Apatow was even generous enough to lend Paul Rudd his wife.


text: The Toledo Region is the water recreation capital of the Midwest. Our scenic rivers, captivating islands and miles of remarkable Lake Erie shoreline give our region a character unlike any other. It also opens the door to an incredible array of second-to-none activities for the naturalist, history-buff, pleasure seeker and recreational adventurer. Bird-watching in autumn on the Lake Erie shore at Crane Creek-Magee Marsh is the the "Super Bowl" of American birding. Looking for thrills, stop at Cedar Point, the amusement park voted best in the world for its 17 roller coasters. Or you can make a splash at Ohio's largest indoor waterpark. Nearly seven million people visit the Ohio Lake Erie Shores and Islands each year for vacation. The Toledo Region is home to the Toledo Mud Hens, one of the oldest and most storied franchises in minor league baseball. We're also the Walleye Capital of the World. Every Spring, thousands of fishermen meet on the Maumee River to take part in the annual Walleye Run-- a fishing phenomenon unequaled on the Great Lakes. You can also find the walleye on the ice. From October through March we are home to the Toledo Walleye, a professional AA hockey team in the East Coast Hockey League that plays its games in downtown Toledo's Huntington Arena. The Arena also plays host to entertaining events and concerts from the music industry's biggest stars. The Toledo Region is also home to incredible arts and cultural offerings. The Toledo Museum of Art, is one of the world's best museums. It was the birthplace of the Studio Glass Movement and its Glass Pavilion is an amazing transparent building that won Travel and Leisure's 2007 Design Award. The Toledo Symphony is a world-class ensemble and has recently performed at Carnegie Hall and will tour China in 2012. From ballet to jazz, rock to opera, the Toledo Region boasts some of the best performers in the Midwest. Enjoy!


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MARK THISTLETHWAITE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNOR Executive Department STATE OF INDIANA February 3, 1910. My dear Mr. Link,- Permit me to inform you that Governor Marshall has appointed you as a member of the Indiana Voting Machine Commission. The other members are Lew Ellingham, Decatur, and Walter P. Coale, Indianapolis. Very truly yours, Secretary. Dan Link, Auburn, Indiana.
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I had the pleasure of attending the Diamonds in the Rough luncheon this past Tuesday in the USAO Ballroom. As I looked around at all the mentors that filled the tables, it made me proud to be a part of something so special.
If you didn't know, the Chickasha Public Schools Foundation organizes this yearly event for fifth grade girls. Most girls at that age have never experienced a fancy dinner in a public setting, so it was neat seeing all the young ladies dressed up and excited.
I enjoyed learning some new etiquette techniques myself and getting to laugh with the girls at my table. I also got to sit with a very sweet woman, Shannon a reporter from Chickasha Now. Her laugh is infectious.
I encourage all you women, whether you're a stay at home mother or a manager at a big business, to dedicate some time to inspire the young women in your community. I'm not sure if the CPSF host a boy's banquet, but if not that would be really neat if they started to.
BLOG: Diamonds in the Rough
- Blogs
BLOG: Staples policy of silence bad for business
Staples announced they're closing 225 stores this week, but no one seems to have any idea what the Chickasha's location fate will be.
Actually, let me rephrase. No one wants to discuss it. -
BLOG: Film enhances sense of patriotism
I love today.
Every year, I have a quiet evening at home with a healthy meal, some wine and a screening of a film that touts true patriotism.
Today is the day that shall never be forgot. It's the fifth of November. -
BLOG: Putin's hypocrisy is unbearable
It strikes me as odd that of all countries, Russia is the one advocating "dialogue" and "peace" when it comes to the Syrian problem.
BLOG: National media distorting real issues in Duncan tragedy
So I was putting the final touches on the weekend edition of the paper while listening to CNN, when my blood pressure began to sky rocket.
Literally minutes after the Stephens County District Attorney - and our district attorney for that matter - Jason Hicks sent out a release detailing why the murder of Australian baseball player Chris Lane was not a hate crime, but old CNN decided that wasn't good for ratings.
BLOG: Main issue remains untouched in Duncan shooting
So, now we know the three obviously lost teenagers involved in the Duncan shooting of an innocent Australian baseball player were not officially involved in a gang.
BLOG: TEA Party visit sparks revelation
I don't really go to church, and there are a few reasons why.
The main reason resonated with me when I went to the TEA Party meeting last Friday.
BLOG: Dorman's decision crushes dream
It's Monday and I must lament.
This weekend's paper featured an article detailing State Representative Joe Dorman's plan to run for county commissioner upon the completion of his current term. -
BLOG: Take responsibility for our furry friends
One of the first observations I made upon my arrival in Chickasha was the outstanding amount of stray animals. Temperatures started to quickly climb over the summer and it became more and more difficult traveling for assignments, witnessing these helpless creatures alongside so many roads.
BLOG: Remove the sheet covering guns online
Do you know why the second amendment exists?
- Blog: Can you help? You CERT-ainly can
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BLOG: Staples policy of silence bad for business