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US: Constellation Brands unveils US$20m expansion
By Andy Morton | 26 September 2013
Constellation Brands is to invest US$20m in its Californian wineries to help keep pace with demand for its premium lines.
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Constellation Brands is to invest US$20m in its Californian wineries to help keep pace with demand for its premium lines.
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Steve Hullfish has been producing and editing award-winning television since the mid-1980s. He has written four books, countless magazine articles and hosted an Avid training DVD. He has lectured at NAB, DVExpo and the Master Editor seminars. He has edited on Avid since 1992 and was named to Avid's first group of Master Editors. His client list includes: Universal Studios, NBC Television, PBS TV, Turner Networks, The Oprah Winfrey Show, "Investigative Reports" and "Cold Cases" with Bill Kurtis for A&E, Jim Henson Home Entertainment, HIT Enterta...
By Steve Hullfish | March 01, 2014
There are very few movies where my curiosity is piqued about how it was edited, but Gravity was one of them. My curiosity was so strong that I pursued this interview for five months, from the release of the movie, until almost Oscar night. Mark Sanger's fellow editors recognized the... Read More
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By Steve Hullfish | June 28, 2013
According to the What's New Document the list of new stuff in MC7 is 25. I think we can whittle that down a bit by eliminating all of the ISIS-related ones (most people are not on ISIS, though those who ARE on it certainly will find them all critically useful), combining a few similar... Read More
3 Comments
By Steve Hullfish | June 27, 2013
If you have a Canon 5D and edit on Avid, I have the missing link.
(And if you edit on something else, I still have the missing link… see the bottom of the article.)
So, I've had my Canon 5D Mark II for a few years. I've used it on a few jobs that I've... Read More
1 Comments
Avid Media Composer 7 has actually streeted a little earlier than planned, so I thought I'd spend a couple of articles filling you in on the new features, one at a time.
So, one of the features I saw demonstrated at NAB in April that I thought was pretty cool was Spanned Markers.... Read More
By Steve Hullfish | June 25, 2013
I posted another one of these color tests several months ago and it went viral, so I'm going with another one I found recently.
This doesn't have a UI that's quite as fun as the last one, but it's quite challenging.
According to the X-Rite website, 1 in 255... Read More
2 Comments
By Steve Hullfish | June 07, 2013
Before I received the NVIDIA K5000, I read about it and was excited that it had H.264 encoding capability on the board. I tend to do a lot of H.264-encoded deliverables. Unfortunately my excitement was short lived when I found out that while NVIDIA had delivered on their end, nobody else had... Read More
In my first book on color correction, "Color Correction for Video – 2nd Edition" there's a great story about an early color grading pioneer. When they built his color correction suite, they made it like a "smoking room," with warm, incandescent lighting and... Read More
By Steve Hullfish | July 19, 2012
So, I've spent a lot of the last decade thinking, writing, talking and speaking about color. One of the things that I thought would be more clear in talking to creative people about color would be the emotional impact of specific colors.
While colors certainly deliver valuable story and emotional clues, the question among colorists and directors of photography is whether a specific color provides a specific emotional cue that is the same for all people. Most colorists believe that color cues are dependent on context and culture.
Read More
By Steve Hullfish | July 12, 2012
In Part 1 we covered the JKL keys, IO keys and zooming in the timeline. In the previous installment, we covered Insert, Overwrite, Replace and the Pen Tool.
In this, the 3rd part of our FCP to Avid thesaurus, we'll translate the delete and shift-delete functionality of FCP; Mark Clip and Marker. Read More
By Steve Hullfish | July 10, 2012
In Part 1 we covered the JKL keys for playing footage and the IO keys with various modifiers to mark and clear in and out points. We also covered zooming in the timeline. In this installment, we'll cover the Insert, Overwrite and Replace buttons; and the Pen Tool. Read More
By Steve Hullfish | July 07, 2012
With so many people looking for an NLE to replace FCP7, it's natural that people are turning to Avid.
I've moved between editing systems often, and I can relate to the apprehension and frustration of moving to a new NLE. I often describe this process like learning a new language: you already know how to communicate, but now you need to do it with new words and new grammar.
By Steve Hullfish | June 28, 2012
The ability to work well in a shared, creative community is a key requisite for any professional editing solution used in producing today's feature films and prime time TV shows. As the hands-down leader in the development of integrated media environments for the post production industry, Avid understands this better than most. Read More
By Steve Hullfish | May 05, 2012
I found a very cool little site that tests your ability to match a specific color based on hue, saturation and brightness. At first, I thought it was just kind of cute, but the more I played it, the more valuable I felt it was to improving your skills as a colorist. Trying to see and match colors is critical to a colorist. Also, as I played numerous iterations of the game, I realized that my eyes must have a specific deficiency in a hue range that is just on the magenta side of red. I was getting perfect and very good scores all the way around the color wheel, but in that specific area I was rarely getting very good scores. Read More
By Steve Hullfish | October 24, 2011
The first part of this article dealt with the capture, transcode, preparation and off-line edit of the feature film, "Courageous," for which I was one of three editors. In this article I'll discuss the on-line process which primarily took place at PostWorks New York.The main personnel involved with the on-line editing were Post production Supervisor, Clarke Gallivan, on-line editor George Bunce, colorist Scot Olive, and Joe Beirne, head of all things technical at PostWorks. Read More
By Steve Hullfish | October 15, 2011
Last October, I had the rare opportunity to edit a feature film called "Courageous," which is in theaters now. "Courageous" was the number one new movie the weekend it opened (September 30th) and the number four movie over all and it's stayed in the top six for the last three weeks, with its per-theater box office at the number one spot for two weeks, and still at number 2.You can download the trailer here.This article and the follow up will discuss the entire workflow of getting the R3D files from the camera, archiving them, transcoding them, organizing the files, making editing decisions with the director, and eventually, delivering the edit and raw files to PostWorks in NY and following the entire on-line post-production workflow getting the RED files and a Final Cut Pro 7 sequence up on the big screen in over 1,200 theaters nationwide.
By Steve Hullfish | July 27, 2011
When astronauts had a problem out in space, you heard the familiar "Houston, we have a problem" radio call. With FCP X, the problem is in Cupertino. What if Steve Jobs was running NASA?This story was inspired by Oliver Peters and the following really cool web site.http://360vr.com/2011/06/22-discovery-flight-deck-opf_6236/index.html Read More
By Steve Hullfish | June 25, 2011
If you still have doubts that FCP X is really just iMovie on steroids - and the fact that the first thing it asks to import from IS iMovie and that's not enough of a clue - then take a very close look at the launch screen for FCP X. Read More
32 Comments
By Steve Hullfish | June 20, 2011
PluralEyes has really made a name for itself with editors as the DSLR workflows have been explored more and more. PluralEyes is a software solution that allows you to automatically sync up the separate audio and video files from, say, a 5D Mark II DSLR with an audio file from a handheld digital recorder, like the ZOOM. Read More
By Steve Hullfish | April 13, 2011
At the request of Zacuto in Chicago, Bob Primes, ASC led a group of over 100 intrepid volunteers and ASC colleagues in the creation of The Single Chip Camera Evaluation. Basically, a well-planned and fairly comprehensive shootout between the Arri Alexa, Sony F35, RED MX, Phantom Flex, WeissCam, Sony F3, Panny AF100. Canon 5D, 1D, 7D, Nikon D7000 and Kodak 5213 film. Read More
10 Comments
By Steve Hullfish | April 05, 2011
Rumors are flying that Apple will be using the Vegas Supermeet to announce the next version of Final Cut Pro. Supposedly, Apple will be taking over the entire event for their announcement, canceling all other sponsors, including AJA, Avid, Canon, BlackMagic, Autodesk and others, who were set to give presentations.I am waiting for some confirmations from inside sources at various companies but some of the "proof" that is public so far:Daniel Berube, a co-producer of the event with Michael Horton, has rushed back to Vegas early from LA due to changes at Supermeet.UPDATE: Philip Bloom just confirmed with me that Canon has canceled his appearance at the Supermeet, though he still may present (possibly as a guest of Apple.) At present he doesn't know if he will speak or not. Canon was told last night that Apple has demanded ALL "lecturn" or stage time exclusively. Some sponsors who were not using presenters may continue to sponsor the Vegas event, but none of them will be presenting on the stage. I can't imagine any news that would warrant this kind of "take-over" other than to announce and demonstrate the next full version of Final Cut Pro and possibly an entirely newly designed FCS4.Frank Capria mentioned on the Avid-L2 that Avid would find another venue to present director Kevin Smith, who was scheduled to present at Supermeet. (UPDATE: Avid confirmed that Supermeet (Michael Horton) told them last night that their sponsorship had been canceled. According to Avid, "Apple doesn't want anyone to have stage time but them.") (UPDATE: Avid will be hosting Kevin Smith at other venues during NAB, for more information: http://community.avid.com/forums/p/95640/547333.aspx#547333)AJA offered a "no comment" on their Supermeet sponsorship and referred all questions to Michael Horton (who runs Supermeet). AJA has their own party that night at a different location, so it probably doesn't affect their plans too much.Black Magic also gave me a no comment, though they acknowledged that something was happening with their Supermeet sponsorship.I'm still waiting to hear from Michael Horton and Black Magic. UPDATE: 8:44pm, April 5th) The Supermeet website recently changed, dropping all previously mentioned presenters and mentioning a "very special guest" with a "sneak peak at something very special." This basically confirms most of the rumors. (http://www.supermeet.com/)UPDATE: Here is the statement I just received from Autodesk (6:15pm Central time, April 5):Autodesk will not be presenting on the main stage at Las Vegas SuperMeet during NAB, but will be participating in the SuperMeet Digital Showcase. For more information on the SuperMeet event, please contact the FCPUG organizers. During NAB, there will be numerous opportunities to see Smoke in action, both through customers presentations and Autodesk demonstrations on the Autodesk tradeshow booth SL2120. We are also providing free hands-on Smoke training in the North Hall on Monday & Tuesday.UPDATE: Black Magic Design has confirmed that they - and actually most of the sponsors - are STILL sponsors of the Supermeet. The main thing that changed with the addition of the Apple announcements is that the STAGE presenters have been changed. BMD is excited to be giving away over $20,000 of prizes at the event.Stay Tuned for more!!! Keep checking back for updates or add me to your RSS feed. Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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Bentwood Retro Stool
The Bentwood Retro Stool is a versatile solution that will add style to your home as it helps you organize. This mid-century inspired stool provides a simple seating solution, as well as an additional surface to display items of your choice, hold your iPod, or place your cup of coffee. It can also be used as a stunning, minimalist side table. This versatile solution is perfect for your modern home.
- Simple modern design provides perfect balance of function and style
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- Versatile design functions as stool or side table
- Minimalist style ensures a perfect match to almost any contemporary setting
- Available in your choice of veneer and finish color combination
Height: 15.25"
Width: 20"
Depth: 11.5"
Seat Height: 15.25"
- (1) Bentwood Retro Stool
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Toll Free: 1-877-22-INMOD or 1-877-224-6663 International: 973-276-0444 (9am-6pm E.S.T., mon-fri |
Copyright 2003-2013 by Evofurniture, LLC. All rights reserved.


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Earlier this week, I pointed out how SB Nation's mock draft had the 49ers selecting D.J. Swearinger with their first pick. In a good bit of timing, my late second round pick in the SB Nation blogger mock draft came up, and I decided to go with Swearinger. I view him as a guy who really could provide a version of a younger Dashon Goldson with more upside. Mocking the Draft's Dan Kadar was a fan of the pick:
Here at Mocking the Draft, or SB Nation NFL Draft (whichever), we have quite strong feelings for Swearinger. He's an instinctual safety with the athleticism to gamble and make up on the play. Swearinger's ability to read the quarterback is matched in this year's safety class only by Kenny Vaccaro. He doesn't bite on play fakes and closes in a hurry. If the 49ers could get him in the first round, it's a good choice. To get him in the second could be considered the steal of this mock.
Earlier in the draft, I selected Jesse Williams in the first round, and Zach Ertz early in the second round. I'm not 100% sold on either of them, but seeing D.J. Swearinger fall deep into the second, it was a bit of a no-brainer for me. And that was part of the reason I passed on safety with picks 31 and 34. It was somewhat a roll of the dice, but I felt quality safety talent would slip to me with the 49ers late second round pick.
Swearinger has not gotten quite the love that Kenny Vaccaro, Jonathan Cyprien and other safeties have gotten, but he seems to be climbing in the eyes of prognosticators. Of course, while draft "experts" are finalizing their opinions, the 49ers and other teams likely have their boards long since done. Trent Baalke said as much during his Wednesday media sessions.
One of my followers on Twitter (@TDAVENPORT88) conducted an interview with Swearinger for Golden Gate Sports. Give it a read when you get a minute.
The 2013 SB Nation blogger mock draft is now complete. We have a full draft stream with explanations and analysis for every pick. Give it a look, and here is a rundown of all the picks:
Second Round
Pick | Team | Player |
33 | Jacksonville Jaguars | Sio Moore, LB Uconn |
34 | San Francisco 49ers | Zach Ertz, TE, Stanford |
35 | Philadelphia Eagles | Sylvester Williams, DT, North Carolina |
36 | Detroit Lions | Larry Warford, OB, Kentucky |
37 | Cincinnati Bengals | Alex Okafor, DE, Texas |
38 | Arizona Cardinals | Kyle Long, OB, Oregon |
39 | New York Jets | Mike Glennon, QB, North Carolina State |
40 | Tennessee Titans | Barrett Jones, OG, Alabama |
41 | Buffalo Bills | EJ Manuel, QB, Florida State |
42 | Miami Dolphins | Damontre Moore, DE, Texas A&M |
43 | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | Johnthan Banks, CB, Mississippi State |
44 | Carolina Panthers | Kawann Short, DT, Purdue |
45 | San Diego Chargers | Terron Armstread, OT, Arkansas Pine-Bluff |
46 | St. Louis Rams | Eddie Lacy, RB, Alabama |
47 | Dallas Cowboys | Eric Reid, S, LSU |
48 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Matt Elam, S, Florida |
49 | New York Giants | Manti Te'o, MLB, Notre Dame |
50 | Chicago Bears | Logan Ryan, CB, Rutgers |
51 | Washington Redskins | Jamar Taylor, CB, Boise State |
52 | Minnesota Vikings | Robert Woods, WR, USC |
53 | Cincinnati Bengals | Giovanni Bernard, RB, North Carolina |
54 | Miami Dolphins | Ryan Swope, WR, Texas A&M |
55 | Green Bay Packers | Travis Frederick, OG, Wisconsin |
56 | Seattle Seahawks | Jordan Reed, TE, Florida |
57 | Houston Texans | Brandon Williams, DT, Missouri Western |
58 | Denver Broncos | Corey Lemonier, DE/OLB. Auburn |
59 | New England Patriots | Markus Wheaton, WR, Oregon State |
60 | Atlanta Falcons | David Amerson, CB, NC State |
61 | San Francisco 49ers | D.J. Swearinger, S, South Carolina |
62 | Baltimore Ravens | Menelik Watson, OT, Florida State |


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I - Central Sector Schemes | |||||
1 | Training for All | ||||
2 | Domestic Funding for Foreign Training | ||||
3 | Grant to IIPA | ||||
4 | Capacity Building for Access to Information (UNDP Scheme) | ||||
5 | DFID - Project on Capacity Building for Poverty Reduction (Training Component) | ||||
6 | Augmentation of Training Facilities in ISTM | ||||
7 | Improvement of Infrastructure and Upgradation of Essential Facilities at LBSNNA | ||||
8 | Plan Schemes of CBI | ||||
9 | Plan Schemes of CIC | ||||
10 | Plan Scheme of CVC - "IT Enabling Core CVC Processes" | ||||
II - Centrally Sponsored Schemes | |||||
1 | Propagation of Right to Information Act | ||||
I - Central Sector Schemes | |||||
1. Training for All | |||||
The activities under the Training Schemes include:- | |||||
(a) | Imparting training to all rungs of civil services from the lowest and cutting edge level to the highest in policy making so as to improve the skill, knowledge and attitude of these employees; | ||||
(b) | capacity building at the national level for exchange of information on studies and training with other countries; | ||||
(c) | Conducting state-wise surveys on the development problems affecting them vis-à-vis their potential for development; | ||||
(d) | Capacity building programme for mobilizing support for civil society for various public policy initiatives; and | ||||
(e) | re-engineering of various government processes for suggesting improvement in public service delivery and to develop network of reputed management institutions and State ATIs for information sharing and replication of best practices and successful strategies across the country; | ||||
(f) | upgradation of infrastructure of State ATIs for improved training facilities. | ||||
2. Domestic Funding for Foreign Training | |||||
The scheme includes:- | |||||
(a) | Long term training; | ||||
(b) | Short term training; and | ||||
(c) | Partial support to those who secure admission on their own. | ||||
Officers are sent abroad under this Scheme for training on need based considerations, predominantly aiming at drawing lessons from successful cross country experience. | |||||
3. Grant to IIPA | |||||
The scheme is intended to upgrade infrastructural facilities at IIPA. IIPA, established in 1954, provides a unique intellectual and physical capacity for training particularly in public policy and administration. In view of the challenging future needs in the sector of capacity building, IIPA will be strengthened on the following lines: | |||||
(a) | Upgradation and modernization of existing physical infrastructure to create modern training facilities. | ||||
(b) | Augmentation of intellectual infrastructure (data base and knowledge centre and capacity enhancement). | ||||
(c) | IT connectivity with videoconference facilities with all its 19 regional branches and 42 local branches to create nationwide network. | ||||
4. Capacity Building for Access to Information (UNDP Scheme) | |||||
The project aims at strengthening the mechanism for improved governance and citizen interface to enable operationalisation of Right to Information through training initiatives | |||||
5.DFID - Project on Capacity Building for Poverty Reduction (Training Component) | |||||
The project aims at capacity building of the cutting edge level functionaries for improved service delivery. The DfID project on Capacity Building for Poverty Reduction is being implemented by the Department of AR&PG. However, one of the initiatives relate to capacity building for improved service delivery which is implemented by Training Division, Department of Personnel and Training. | |||||
6. Augmentation of Training Facilities in ISTM | |||||
The augmentation of Training Facilities in ISTM and improving of the overall infrastructure of ISTM is to meet the growing training needs, proposed to be carried out by improvement over the existing infrastructure. This includes work related to renovation of Seminar Halls, replacement of furniture in class rooms, refurbishing of Hostel, Library and Administrative Blocks and technological initiatives such as upgradation and digitization of the library, setting up ICT lab etc. | |||||
7. Improvement of Infrastructure and Upgradation of Essential Facilities at LBSNNA | |||||
LBSNAA is the venue for the 'Mid-Career Training for IAS officers'. The infrastructure facilities are proposed to be upgraded to develop the Academy into a lead institute for conducting programme in areas like Gender, Human Rights, Freedom of Information and Ethics and also to develop LBSNAA as a centre of excellence for training members of the higher civil services in the South Asia and East Asia region. The major components of this Scheme are - | |||||
(i) | Upgradation of LBSNAA to a Centre of Excellence | ||||
(ii) | Setting up of National Centre for Good Governance | ||||
8. Plan Schemes of CBI | |||||
(a) | Modernisation of Training Centre of CBI | ||||
This scheme is intended for improvement of training facilities in CBI Academy and its Regional Training Centres and modernization in thrust areas like Information Technology, strategic options, re-engineering of process, up-gradation of training system, logistic and support facilities, scientific and forensic support services and human resource management | |||||
(b) | CBI e-governance | ||||
The scheme includes upgradation of Wide Area Network of CBI branches, replacement of old computers and servers of the CBI branches, purchase of Mobile phone and laptops for IOs, Supervisory Officers etc. so as to equip the field formations with modern equipments in order to fasten the enquiries. | |||||
(c) | Construction of CBI HQ Office Building | ||||
The construction of a state-of-the-art building is on at CGO complex, New Delhi to house the CBI Head Quarters. | |||||
(d) | Purchase of land for CBI Mumbai Branch | ||||
This is for purchase of land from the MMRDA, Mumbai for accomodating the CBI Mumbai branch | |||||
9. Plan Schemes of CIC | |||||
(a) | Construction of Office Building of Central Information Commission | ||||
Efforts are on hand to locate a suitable site to construct a state-of-the-art Headquarters building for the Central Information Commission, to accommodate the full complement of CIC, 10 ICs and the Secretariat. | |||||
(b) | Other Plan Schemes of Central Information Commission | ||||
The scheme includes the following activities: · Records management including digitalization of records · Setting up of Video Conference Studio · Preparation of Publicity Material on RTI | |||||
10. Plan Schemes of CVC - "IT Enabling Core CVC Processes" | |||||
The Plan Scheme of CVC – "IT enabling core CVC Processes" is an IT project aimed at automation of all office processes in the Commission, as a step towards Paperless Office which forms part of overall long term policy of the Commission. The Commission has envisaged to re-engineer its Work Flow process to reduce the number of levels and provide transparency into the status position of the issues handled at different levels of its hierarchy, through this Scheme. | |||||
II - Centrally Sponsored Schemes | |||||
1. Propagation of Right to Information Act | |||||
(Strengthening, Capacity Building and Awareness Generation for Effective Implementation of the RTI Act) | |||||
The Scheme is aimed at developing and organizing educational programmes to advance the understanding of the public, in particular of the disadvantaged communities as to how to exercise their rights under the Right to Information Act. | |||||
The Scheme has four components under it. These are: | |||||
(i) | Capacity Building | ||||
(ii) | Training | ||||
(iii) | Awareness generation | ||||
(iv) | Education | ||||
Beyond this, there is a component of management support to the RTI Division and Training Division of DoPT in the form of a Knowledge Partner and National Resource Centre for RTI (KP&NRC). |


text:
Ubisoft announces Far Cry Collection for PS3
But European bundle The Wild Expedition includes original Far Cry and is also coming to Xbox 360 and PC.
But European bundle The Wild Expedition includes original Far Cry and is also coming to Xbox 360 and PC.
Kevin VanOrd's top 10 list of 2013 reveals a dark side he didn't know he had.
Ubisoft CEO confirms Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon has sold over a million units and may be turned into a retail release.
"We're clearly going to make another one," says Ubisoft marketing manager.
Ubisoft launches new garrison reset option for spinoff on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC; allows players to conquer garrisons again.
Developer Mike Bithell joins Kevin, Carolyn, and Tom to show new GameSpotter Walter Lopez the ropes. Or in this case, the barbed wire.
Email addresses and encrypted passwords accessed in Ubisoft server exploit, says publisher, but no payment information, phone numbers, or physical address information was taken.
Ubisoft CEO says he is "very happy" with sales for Far Cry 3 spin-off and Call of Juarez: Gunslinger.
Voice actor Michael Biehn states on a podcast that game director Dean Evans wants to turn the game into a franchise.
Take a blast from the past in the retro-inspired first-person shooter Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon.
Far Cry 3 goes on an 80s nostalgia trip courtesy of Ubisoft's forthcoming Blood Dragon stand-alone. Get your fill of cyber-soldiers and giant reptiles in our gameplay gallery.
Far Cry 3 spin-off officially confirmed two days after the full version of the game is leaked online.


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Bay of Bengal
It has been suggested that Mahodadhi be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2013. |
Bay of Bengal | |
Map of Bay of Bengal
Location | South Asia |
Coordinates | 15°N 88°E / 15°N 88°ECoordinates: 15°N 88°E / 15°N 88°E |
Type | Bay |
Primary inflows | Indian Ocean |
Basin countries | India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka[1][2] |
Max. length | 2,090 km (1,300 mi) |
Max. width | 1,610 km (1,000 mi) |
Surface area | 2,172,000 km2 (839,000 sq mi) |
Average depth | 2,600 m (8,500 ft) |
Max. depth | 4,694 m (15,400 ft) |
The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world,[3] forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the east.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – the Ganges and its distributaries such as Padma and Hooghly, the Brahmaputra and its distributaries such as Jamuna and Meghna, other rivers such as Irrawaddy River, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri flow into the Bay of Bengal. Among the important ports are Chennai, Chittagong, Kolkata, Mongla, Paradip, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam and Yangon.
- 1 Extent
- 2 Etymology
- 3 Rivers
- 4 Sea ports
- 5 Islands
- 6 Beaches
- 7 Oceanography
- 8 Tropical storms and cyclones
- 9 Historic sites
- 10 Economy
- 11 Strategic importance of Bay of Bengal
- 12 Environmental hazards
- 13 Transboundary issues affecting the Bay of Bengal marine ecosystem
- 14 History
- 15 Marine archaeology
- 16 See also
- 17 References
- 18 Further reading
- 19 External links
- 20 Sources
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:[4]
- On the East. A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E and thence along the Southwest limit of the Burma Sea [A line running from Oedjong Raja (5°32′N 95°12′E / 5.533°N 95.200°E) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].
- On the South. Adam's Bridge (between India and Ceylon [Sri Lanka]) and from the Southern extreme of Dondra Head (South point of Ceylon) to the North point of Poeloe Bras (5°44′N 95°04′E / 5.733°N 95.067°E).
According to ancient Hindu scriptures, this water body has been referred to as Mahodadhi[5][6] The Bay of Bengal appears as Sinus Gangeticus or Gangeticus Sinus, meaning "Gulf of the Ganges", in ancient maps.[7] In the 10th century the explosion of Indianized kingdoms, led by the Chola Empire, resulted in the Bay of Bengal being known as the Chola Lake. It later came to be known as Bay of Bengal after the region of Bengal.[8]
Many major rivers of the Indian subcontinent flow west to east before draining into Bay of Bengal. The Ganges is the northernmost of them. Its main channel enters and flows through Bangladesh, where it is called Padma River, before joining Meghna River. However, Brahmaputra River flows from east to west in Assam before turning south and entering Bangladesh where it is called Jamuna River. Jamuna joins Padma and then Padma joins Meghna River that finally drains into Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is formed at the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers and lies partly in West Bengal and partly in Bangladesh. Brahmaputra at 2,948 km (1,832 mi) is the 28th longest River in the world. It originates in Tibet. Hooghly River, another channel of the Ganga that flows through Calcutta drains into Bay of Bengal in India itself.
Further south of Bengal, Mahanadi River, Godavari River, Krishna River and Kaveri River (earlier spelt as Cauvery) are the major rivers that flow from west to east in Indian subcontinent and drain into Bay of Bengal. Many small rivers also drain directly into Bay of Bengal; the shortest of them is Cooum River at 64 km (40 mi).
The Irrawaddy River also spelt as Ayeyarwady of Burma flows into Andaman Sea of Bay of Bengal and once had thick mangrove forest of its own.
Sea ports[edit]
Some of the biggest ports in the world — Chittagong in Bangladesh and Visakhapatnam, Chennai in India— are in the bay. Mongla, Kolkata and Yangon, the largest city and former capital of Burma, are also important ports on the bay. Other Indian ports on the bay include: Kakinada, Pondicherry, Paradip, Dhamra, Gopalpur.
The islands in the bay are numerous, including the Andaman Islands, Nicobar and Mergui groups of India. The Cheduba group of islands, in the north-east, off the Burmese coast, are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes, which are occasionally active. Great Andaman is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands, whereas Ritchie's Archipelago consists of smaller islands. Only 37, or 6.5%, of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited.[9]
The Bay of Bengal is a salt water sea and is a part of the Indian Ocean.
Plate tectonics[edit]
The lithosphere of the earth is broken up into what are called tectonic plates. Underneath the Bay of Bengal is the Indian Plate which is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate and is slowly moving north east. This plate meets the Burma Microplate at the Sunda Trench. The Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands are part of the Burma Microplate. The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench. Here, the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the volcanoes in Myanmar, and a volcanic arc called the Sunda Arc. Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Asian Tsunami was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a submarine earthquake which then resulted in a huge Tsunami.[12]
Marine geology[edit]
A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Ceylon and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay, and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands, is bounded by the 100 fathom line of sea bottom; some 50 m. beyond this lies the 500-fathom limit. Opposite the mouth of the Ganges, however, the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence.
Swatch of No Ground is a 14 km-wide deep sea canyon of the Bay of Bengal. The deepest recorded area of this valley is about 1340 m.[13] The submarine canyon is part of the Bengal Fan, the largest submarine fan in the world.[14][15]
Marine biology, flora and fauna[edit]
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst coral reefs, estuaries, fish spawning and nursery areas, and mangroves. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64 largest marine ecosystems.
Kerilia jerdonii is a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Glory of Bengal Cone (Conus bengalensis) is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal.[16] An endangered species, the Olive Ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach, Odisha, India. Marlin, barracuda, skipjack tuna, (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna, Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis), and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are a few of the marine animals. Bay of Bengal Hogfish (Bodianus neilli) is a type of Wrass which live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether they are the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) or the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) . Tuna and dolphins are usually residing in the same waters. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy Dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) can be found.[17][18]
The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve provides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), giant Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), and Malayan box turtle (Cuora amboinensis kamaroma) to name a few.
Another endangered species Royal Bengal Tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta.[19][20]
Chemical oceanography[edit]
Coastal regions bordering the Bay of Bengal are rich in minerals. Sri Lanka, Serendib, or Ratna – Dweepa which means Gem Island. Amethyst, beryl, ruby, sapphire, topaz, and garnet are just some of the gems of Sri Lanka. Garnet and other precious gems are also found in abundance in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.[21]
Physical oceanography - climate of the Bay of Bengal[edit]
From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the "East Indian Current." The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then the North Eastern Coast of India by end of June.
The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September and December see very active weather, season varsha (or monsoon), in the Bay of Bengal producing severe Cyclones which affect Eastern India. Several efforts have been initiated to cope with Storm surge.[22]
Tropical storms and cyclones[edit]
A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of 74 miles (119 kilometres) per hour is called a cyclone when they originate over the Bay of Bengal; and called a hurricane in the Atlantic.[23] Between 100,000 and 500,000 residents of Bangladesh were killed because of the 1970 Bhola cyclone.
- 2013, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin
- 2013, Cyclone Mahasen
- 2012, Cyclone Nilam
- 2011, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane
- 2010, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri
- 2008, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
- 2007, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr
- 2006, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala
- 1999, Super Cyclonic Storm 05B
- 1996, Konaseema Cyclone
- 1991, Super Cyclonic Storm 02B
- 1989, November Typhoon Gay
- 1985, May Tropical Storm One (1B)
- 1982, April Cyclone One (1B)
- 1982, May Tropical Storm Two (2B)
- 1982, October Tropical Storm Three (3B)
- 1981, December Cyclone Three (3B)
- 1980, October Tropical Storm One (1B)
- 1980, December Unknown Storm Four (4B)
- 1980, December Tropical Storm Five (5B)
- 1977, Andhra Pradesh Cyclone (6B)
- 1971, Cyclone Odisha
- 1970, November Bhola cyclone
- The Calcutta cyclone of 1864: caused a storm surge of 40 feet. Barometer 28.025 inches of mercury. 50,000 direct deaths and 30,000 from disease.[24]
- The Backergunge cyclone of 1876: 10 to 30 or 40 feet storm surge. 100,000 direct deaths and 100,000 indirect from disease.[24]
- The False Point cyclone of 1885: 22 feet of storm surge. Barometer 27.135 inches of mercury.[24]
Historic sites[edit]
- The ancient Buddhist heritage sites of Pavurallakonda, Thotlakonda and Bavikonda lie along the coast of Bay of Bengal at Visakhapatnam in India.
- The remains of the Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lie under the Bay of Bengal. Spokespeople from Andhra University Centre for Marine Archaeology say the temple may be located opposite the Coastal Battery.[25]
- Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram is the name for Mahabalipuram. Mahabalipuram's Shore Temple was constructed in the 8th century AD and myth has it that six other temples were also built here.
- Another historic site which has been preserved is Vivekanandar Illam. It was constructed in 1842 by the Ice King Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round. In 1897, Swami Vivekananda famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.
- Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda. This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid 1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site.
- Ramanathaswami Temple located at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean come together.[26]
One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies more commonly referred to as British East India Company. Gopalpur-on-Sea was one of their main trading centers. Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were English East India Company and French East India Company.[27]
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the Gulf of Mannar with the Bay of Bengal. This would connect India east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka.
Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines. Fishermen can catch between 26 and 44 species of marine fish.[28] In one year, the average catch is 2 million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone.[29] Approximately 31% of the world's coastal fishermen live and work on the bay.[30]
Strategic importance of Bay of Bengal[edit]
The Bay of Bengal is centrally located in the region from the Middle East to the Philippine Sea. Even from aviations strategic aerial position it lies at the centre. It lies at dead center of two huge economic blocks, the SAARC and ASEAN. China's southern landlocked region in the north, and major sea ports of Bangladesh and India. Both rising economically, though with chaotic democracies. Bangladesh, China and India has forged naval cooperation agreements with Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia to increase its cooperation in checking terrorism in the high seas.[31]
The Bay of Bengal is strategically crucial for India since it is a natural extension of its sphere of influence. Secondly because of the presence of outlying islands, namely Andaman islands and Nicobar islands and most importantly several major ports such as Kolkata, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, and Tuticorin along its coast with the Bay of Bengal.[32]
China has recently made some efforts to project influence into the region through tie-ups with Myanmar and Bangladesh.[33] The United States held several major exercises with Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.[34][35] The largest ever wargame in Bay of Bengal, known as Malabar 2007, was held in 2007 and naval warships from US, Singapore, Japan and Australia took part in it. India, was also a participant. Large deposits of natural gas also incited a serious up for grabs urgency by India.[31] Disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between Myanmar and India with Bangladesh.
The disputed maritime boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar has twice resulted in military tensions, in 2008 and 2009. Bangladesh is currently pursuing a settlement with Myanmar and India to the boundary dispute through the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea.[36]
Environmental hazards[edit]
The Asian brown cloud, a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires, and industrial discharges.[37]
Transboundary issues affecting the Bay of Bengal marine ecosystem[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) |
A transboundary issue is defined as an environmental problem in which either the cause of the problem and/or its impact is separated by a national boundary; or the problem contributes to a global environmental problem and finding regional solutions is considered to be a global environmental benefit The eight Bay of Bengal countries have (2012) identified three major transboundary problems (or areas of concern) affecting the health of the Bay, that they can work on together. With the support of the Bay Of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME), the eight countries are now (2012) developing responses to these issues and their causes, for future implementation as the Strategic Action Programme.
Overexploitation of fisheries[edit]
Fisheries production in the Bay of Bengal is six million tonnes per year, more than seven percent of the world's catch. The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are: a decline in the overall availability of fish resources; changes in species composition of catches; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch; and changes in marine biodiversity, especially through loss of vulnerable and endangered species. The transboundary nature of these issues are: that many fish stocks are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of fish, or larvae. Fishing overlaps national jurisdictions, both legally and illegally – overcapacity and overfishing in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations. All countries (to a greater or lesser degree) are experiencing difficulties in implementing fisheries management, especially the ecosystem approach to fisheries. Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of vulnerable and endangered species. The main causes of the issues are: open access to fishing grounds; Government emphasis on increasing fish catches; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers; increasing fishing effort, especially from trawlers and purse seiners; high consumer demand for fish, including for seed and fishmeal for aquaculture; ineffective fisheries management; and illegal and destructive fishing.
Degradation of critical habitats[edit]
The Bay of Bengal is an area of high biodiversity, with a large number of endangered and vulnerable species. The major transboundary issues relating to habitats are: the loss and degradation of mangrove habitats; degradation of coral reefs; and the loss of, and damage to, seagrasses. The transboundary nature of these major issues are: that all three critical habitats occur in all BOBLME countries. Coastal development for several varying uses of the land and sea are common in all BOBLME countries. Trade in products from all the habitats is transboundary in nature. Climate change impacts are shared by all BOBLME countries. The main causes of the issues are: food security needs of the coastal poor; lack of coastal development plans; increasing trade in products from coastal habitats; coastal development and industrialization; ineffective marine protected areas and lack of enforcement; upstream development that affects water-flow; intensive upstream agricultural practices; and increasing tourism.
Pollution and water quality[edit]
The major transboundary issues relating to pollution and water quality are: sewage-borne pathogens and organic load; solid waste/marine litter; increasing nutrient inputs; oil pollution; persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and persistent toxic substances (PTSs); sedimentation; and heavy metals. The transboundary nature of these issues are: discharge of untreated/partially treated sewage being a common problem. Sewage and organic discharges from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River are likely to be transboundary. Plastics and derelict fishing gear can be transported long distances across national boundaries. High nutrient discharges from rivers could intensify largescale hypoxia. Atmospheric transport of nutrients is inherently transboundary. Differences between countries with regard to regulation and enforcement of shipping discharges may drive discharges across boundaries. Tar balls are transported long distances. POPs/PTSs and mercury, including organo-mercury, undergo long-range transport. Sedimentation and most heavy metal contamination tend to be localized and lack a strong transboundary dimension. The main causes of the issues are: increasing coastal population density and urbanization; higher consumption, resulting in more waste generated per person; insufficient funds allocated to waste management; migration of industry into BOBLME countries; and proliferation of small industries.
Northern Circars occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India's Madras state. Chola dynasty (9th century to 12th century) when ruled by Rajaraja Chola I occupied the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal circa AD 1014, The Bay of Bengal was also called as the Chola Lake.The Kakatiya dynasty reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. Kushanas about the middle of the 1st century AD invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. Chandragupta Maurya extended the Maurya Dynasty across Northern India to the Bay of Bengal. Hajipur was a stronghold of Portuguese Pirates. In the 16th century the Portuguese built trading posts in the North of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and Satgaon (Porto Pequeno).[38] Before the arrival of British to India it was also known as "Kalinga Sagar".[39]
British penal colony[edit]
Cellular Jail or "Black Waters" built in 1896 on Ross Island, a part of the Andaman Island Chain. As early as 1858 this island was used as a British penal colony for political prisoners facing life imprisonment.
Marine archaeology[edit]
Maritime archaeology or marine archaeology is the study of material remains of ancient peoples. A specialized branch, Archaeology of shipwrecks studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. Stone anchors, amphorae shards, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive the test of time for archaeologists to study and place the salvaged findings into a time line of history. Coral reefs, tsunamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles and a criss cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with pirating have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal.[40]
Famous ships and shipwrecks[edit]
- 1778 to 1783 The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal.
- c1816 Mornington Ship burned in the Bay of Bengal.[41]
- 1850 American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in the Bay of Bengal.[42]
- American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson, Jr. died 12 April 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal.
- 1855 The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal.[43]
- 1865, a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon.
- 1875 Veleda 76 m (250 ft) long and 15 m (50 ft) wide is a part of a current salvage operation.[44]
- 1942 Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal.
- 1971 December 3 - It was claimed that Indian Navy destroyer INS Rajput sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi off Visakapatnam, in the Bay of Bengal.
See also[edit]
- ^ http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/baybengal.htm
- ^ http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/B_0361.HTM
- ^ "Bay of Bengal". Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition". International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ Kuttan (2009). The Great Philosophers of India. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1434377807.
- ^ "Dhanushkodi". indiatourism4u.in. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ 1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville
- ^ Map of the Bay of Bengal URL accessed 22 January 2007
- ^ The long stretch of sand glistening like silver dust URL accessed 23 January 2007
- ^ Pasha, Mostafa Kamal; Siddiqui, Neaz Ahmad (2003). "Sundarbans". In Islam, Sirajul. Banglapedia: national encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6.
- ^ "World's longest beach hidden in Bangladesh". The Sydney Morning Herald. 31 January 2007.
- ^ Tsunami URL access 21 January 2007
- ^ Morphological features in the Bay of Bengal URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ Curray, Joseph R.; Frans J. Emmel; David G. Moore (December 2002). "The Bengal Fan: morphology, geometry, stratigraphy, history and processes". Marine and Petroleum Geology (Elsevier Science Ltd) 19 (10): 1191–1223. doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(03)00035-7.
- ^ France-Lanord, Christian; Volkhard Spiess, Peter Molnar, Joseph R. Curray (March 2000). "Summary on the Bengal Fan: An introduction to a drilling proposal". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
- ^ Phillip Colla Natural History Photography URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ Naturalist: On the swatch of no ground: Mashida R Haider goes to the Bay of Bengal and comes back full of the marine life there URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ CMS: Stenella attenuata, Pantropical spotted dolphin URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ 17 Bay of Bengal URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ Zipcode Zoo Bodianus neilli (Bay of Bengal Hogfish) URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ http://www.aringthing.com/promise_rings.htm
- ^ Glossary of Physical Oceanography Ba-Bm URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ Forces of Nature—Natural Disaster Fast Facts (National Geographic) URL accessed 22 January 2007
- ^ a b c Hurricanes: their nature and history: particularly those of the West Indies, 6th Edition, Ivan Ray Tannehill, 1945, pp. 38-40
- ^ Morien Institute - underwater discoveries news archive - January - June, 2006 "Sri Vaisakheswara still lies underwater" URL accessed 22 January 2007
- ^ Ramayana URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ Nabataea: Trade on the Bay of Bengal URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ LME 34 Bay of Bengal URL access 21 January 2007
- ^ http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21576721-harbours-eastern-lobe-indian-ocean-could-transform-economic-geography-asia-new The Bay of Bengal: New bay dawning
- ^ a b http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GA25Df05.html
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm
- ^ http://www.burmadebate.org/archives/spring01strategic.html
- ^ http://www.globalpolitician.com/23382-india
- ^ http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-09/2007-09-10-voa15.cfm?CFID=23265195&CFTOKEN=84466582
- ^ http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=449
- ^ EO Natural Hazards: Smog over the Bay of Bengal URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ The Portuguese in Bengal. History of Ugolim (Hoogli), Meliapore ... URL accessed 21 January 2007
- ^ Odisha Government, e-magazine. "Universal Brotherhood and the Temple of Lord Jagannath at Paradip". Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ Marine Archaeology in India URL accessed 22 January 2007
- ^ Shipwrecks 1816-1818 URL accessed 23 January 2007
- ^ The Maritime Heritage Project: Gold Rush Ships, Passengers, Captains URL accessed 23 January 2007
- ^ Shipping Notes from the 1800s - P.E.I. URL accessed 23 January 2007
- ^ Diving-News.com » Wrecks URL accessed 23 January 2007
Further reading[edit]
- The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between Bangladesh and Myanmar: Motivations, Potential Solutions, and Implications by Jared Bissinger (Asia Policy, July 2010) published by National Bureau of Asian Research
External links[edit]
Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Bengal. |
- 487 V. Suryanarayan, Prospects for a Bay of Bengal Community
- Arabian Sea: depth contours and undersea features - Map/Still - Britannica Concise
- Bay of Bengal - HighBeam Encyclopedia
- Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press


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Tuesday, 16th August, 2005, 04:43 PM #1
Acolyte (Lvl 2)
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ø Ignore PatlinA Clash of Earth and Sea (El Jefe Judging) [See Part II]
Emerging from the Red Dragon Inn, having obtained directions from Joe, the adventurers prepare for a long journey to the north, beyond the mountains and to the lake in which their Merfolk employers reside.
Last edited by Patlin; Sunday, 11th February, 2007 at 04:20 PM. Reason: Many thanks to El Jefe for agreeing to Judge!
PbP details Invisible Castle Dice Rolling LEW DM LEB DM
LEW PCs: Ironwolf Banion Tor LEW PCs: Anvuss Rionus el'Aundair T'Ranis
"Daddy's teaching me to play D&D. I am his 'young apprentice.'" Brielle Patlin, 7 years old, 3/9/08.
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Tuesday, 16th August, 2005, 06:41 PM #2
El Jefe Judging
You now have a judge.
Living EN World
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Oirhandir in Once Upon a Rheim,
Boog Sammas in Blood of The Werewolf
and DMing The Stuff of Dreams
Living Superheroes
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Playing Shoot in Head of the class
The road goes on forever and the party never ends...
Tuesday, 16th August, 2005, 08:11 PM #3
Zack Grimm waits for the others that took on the job at the northern edge of Orussus. He is sharpening the blade of his scythe with a whetstone, not a sign of impatience in him.
Tuesday, 16th August, 2005, 10:35 PM #4
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ø Ignore ManzanitaIgnatious O'Reilly
"I have a pony, which can carry me, and perhaps a little extra equipment." Iggy fetches his pony from Joe's stables. Then, from the safety of Sara's shadow, he approaches Zach Grimm.
"Nice, um, pointy thing you've got there. Sure to be useful if we get in a fight. I'm a divinor myself. I try to leave the fighting to Sara here. Nice to meet, you, though, Mr. Grimm."My PbP characters
Wednesday, 17th August, 2005, 06:48 AM #5
Stopping the whetstone for a moment, Zack looks over the wizard and warrior. Nodding, he goes back to tending to his scythe.
"Nice to meet you."
Wednesday, 17th August, 2005, 08:30 AM #6
Novice (Lvl 1)
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ø Ignore XaelDucane Grimm, Human Fighter 1
Ducane follows up, giving a slight nod to his companions. "Hi, nice to meet you. Never mind Zack, he's naturally creepy.", he says.
Wednesday, 17th August, 2005, 08:59 AM #7
Gallant (Lvl 3)
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ø Ignore Steve JungCharlarn of Phyrah: Male human cleric 3/ranger 1
Charlarn leaves for the temple and drops off his notes on his recent adventures. He meets with the administrator. "Windwalker Cocer, here are my notes on Monemvassia. I hope they will be informative."
The older cleric responds, "I'll read them with great interest, Zephyr Charlarn. You look as though you're ready to take the road again."
"I am. Some merfolk to the north have asked for help. The party responding to their call have no priest with them, so I volunteered. I know some of them from previous trips."
Cocer says, "The road calls to us all. May the wind be at your back and the Searcher guide your journey."
"Thank you, Windwalker." Charlarn goes back to his room at the Red Dragon and changes from his robes to his chain shirt. He folds the vestments and places them into his pack. hefting his pack onto his back, he heads outside to meet the others.
OOC: I'll be at GenCon until Monday. Manzanita, could you NPC Charlarn until then, please? Thanks.Charlarn of Phyrah in Living ENWorld: The Lion's 2nd Face
Chester Martin in Revenge, Renewal, and the Promise of a New Year, Wizards, Whiskey, and Wonderful Things, Here There Be Vampires, and Ballots & Bullets
Good bye, Randomling's House
Wednesday, 17th August, 2005, 02:39 PM #8
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ø Ignore Kahuna BurgerSara, gregarious human fighter
Originally Posted by XaelI understand, comprehend, get, grok, and see your point. I can take, handle, cope and deal with the way you run your game. The reasons I disagree with you and/or dislike your playstyle preference lie elsewhere
Wednesday, 17th August, 2005, 08:28 PM #9
Acolyte (Lvl 2)
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ø Ignore ManzanitaIgnatious
Ignatious blushes and smiles. He's getting more used to Sara's offcolor comments, and doesn't turn as red as he used to. "Yes, dopplegangers. Can assume any form, and read their victim's minds, so they can affect their personalities. You never know who to trust when they're around." Iggy pauses, and glances around with consternation.
"But surely none around here. In any case, let's be off!"My PbP characters
Wednesday, 17th August, 2005, 11:55 PM #10
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ø Ignore PatlinHeading out of Orussus, the party initially has a peacefull ride across the countryside. Bandit problems, which had plagueed the area repeatedly, have been violently suppressed and the roads have been rendered safe for travelers and merchants alike. It may only be a matter of time until new highwaymen rise up on the roads north of Orussus, or until the bandits rumored to operate to the east expand their opperation, but for now you reap the benefits of the law and order as you travel for an extended period without interruption.
There is a pass through the Northern mountains coloqulially known as "Big/Little Pass" which comes out near the city state of Andren, which is nearly due north of Orosus. There are many smaller villages in the hills around andren, including a now largely non existant one named RedOak.
[ooc: I'm stealing this last paragraph verbatim from here. Originating from KB, as it happens.]
Once you enter the pass, the going will likely get harder. Each of you spend 1 gold on various provisions, both for the trail and at the occasional roadside inn. you may also want to get some extra provisions before heading into the mountain. At the moment, you are in a rather unremarkable small town, where the proprietor of the general store has informed you he can offer a last opportunity to stock up on food and everyday items before venturing into the mountains.PbP details Invisible Castle Dice Rolling LEW DM LEB DM
LEW PCs: Ironwolf Banion Tor LEW PCs: Anvuss Rionus el'Aundair T'Ranis
"Daddy's teaching me to play D&D. I am his 'young apprentice.'" Brielle Patlin, 7 years old, 3/9/08.
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