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Science Applications International Corp. has hired Mary Craft to serve as deputy business unit general manager of the company's Mission Support Business Unit, effective March 12.
Led by General Manager Larry Hill, the unit's capabilities include geospatial intelligence and production services, intelligence analysis and operation support fused with technical expertise, field operation tradecraft, and full spectrum analytical and mission support.
The unit also includes language services and translation capabilities, education and training support, according to a March 7 SAIC announcement.
With more than 25 years of industry and business leadership experience in the intelligence sector, Craft most recently served as a senior vice president at QinetiQ North America, supporting the Defense Department and intelligence community markets.
She also previously served as a vice president at General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, where she performed strategic planning and new business development for the Surveillance and Reconnaissance and the Intelligence Engineering business units. Prior to that, she was a program manager at Raytheon Systems.
Craft holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Wichita State University and an MBA from The George Washington University.
SAIC, of McLean, Va., ranks No. 6 on Washington Technology's 2011 Top 100 list of the largest federal government contractors.
About the Author
David Hubler is the former print managing editor for GCN and senior editor for Washington Technology. He is freelance writer living in Annandale, Va.
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Bettsville School closed Friday after a large number of student absences were called in from various illnesses.
"At this point, over 25 percent of the elementary and 20 percent of the entire school are absent due to strep, croup, bronchitis, pneumonia and various strains of the flu," Superintendent Gregg Pettit said in a statement on the school's website.
Staff reported to school Friday to help disinfect classrooms and other areas of the school. They spent about 12 hours scrubbing and wiping down everything.
"We did everything," said Principal Michelle Dantuono. "We did lockers, we did desks, we did floors, we did keyboards and the computers.
Dantuono said they called the day off to allow sick children a 3-day weekend to recover, so they could be at their best Monday.
"Kids are walking around and they're coughing, and it just seemed to keep escalating," she said. "I hope it tells the parents that we care about our kids and want them to be healthy, and that as long as they're healthy, they're going to get the best education they can. If they're here and they're sick, they're not going to learn what they need to learn."
Bettsville Schools will resume at their regular time Monday. Anyone with questions can call the school's office at 419-986-5166.
Copyright 2013 Toledo News Now. All rights reserved.


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Social Security: Are We Getting Our Money's Worth? | |
by Jagadeesh Gokhale and Kevin J. Lansing | January 1, 1996 |
Consider the following investment scenario. You turn over 10 percent of your salary each year to an investment manager who pools your contributions with those of others to form something that looks like a mutual fund. The manager assembles a portfolio that ends up earning a meager rate of return--less than 1 percent after adjusting for inflation.Next, you learn that before you ever joined the fund, the manager made some unwise promises to the early investors. In particular, he guaranteed that they would receive very high rates of return--far exceeding the fund's ability to pay, given its less-than-spectacular investment performance. Moreover, he handed out all sorts of cash bonuses along the way to keep the early investors happy. To maintain investor confidence, the manager used incoming cash from the new investors to make direct payments to the early investors.
This precarious setup actually worked for awhile. Now, however, like all pyramid schemes, the fund is on the brink of collapse because the supply of new investors has begun to dry up. Indeed, the manager informs you that you will have to increase your annual contribution to keep the fund solvent, and that you should reduce your expectations about future payoffs from this investment.
Although the possibility of becoming entangled in such a financial mess is probably not foremost in many people's minds, it may already be a reality for the majority of American wage earners. As it turns out, the U.S. Social Security Trust Fund has many features in common with this hypothetical scenario. Today's workers may wonder whether Social Security will be able to deliver the benefits that have been promised for their retirement, and if so, how these benefits compare to those that might be provided by alternative investments. In this Economic Commentary, we examine Social Security from an individual investment perspective and discuss whether current and future workers are likely to receive their money's worth from the program.
Similar to the hypothetical scenario, 10.52 percent of every U.S. employee's gross annual wage (up to a maximum of $61,200) must be "contributed" to the Old Age and Survivor's Insurance (OASI) trust fund under the Federal Insurance Contribution Act of 1939. These contributions are collected via a payroll tax on employee earnings.1 The payroll tax rate has risen dramatically and is now almost six times its original level.As tax rates have risen, so too has the maximum level of earnings subject to the tax. At its inception, the OASI tax rate was 2 percent on earnings up to $3,000, implying a maximum annual contribution of $60 per employee. Today, the average contribution is more than $2,000 per year--an increase that has far outpaced the growth of worker compensation per hour (figure 1). Hence, compared to earlier generations, today's workers must turn over a much larger fraction of their paychecks in order to qualify for benefits.
SOURCES: Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund (footnote 9), tables II.F8 and ii.F19; and Economic Report of the President, 1995 (footnote 12), table B-47.
The enormous amount of workers' earnings being channeled into OASI has raised concern about the nature of the investment "deal" they may expect to receive.2 Assuming that the return from participation consists of post-retirement benefit checks alone, one can compute the "internal rate of return" on contributions made over an individual's working years.3 Figure 2 shows the internal rates of return for different generations according to birth year. Early participants, especially those born before 1900, have received extremely high returns--12 percent or more after adjusting for inflation.4The high returns paid to these early participants can be traced in part to the conversion of OASI from a fully funded system into a "pay-as-you-go" plan in 1939. At that time, it was decided that early participants would receive full benefits (retirement, spousal, dependent, and survivor) regardless of the number of years, or the amounts, of their prior contributions. In following years, the number of covered occupations was expanded, with new participants likewise receiving full benefits.5 These large windfalls granted to the early OASI participants assured them of a high rate of return.
In addition to extending benefits to those who had contributed little or nothing to the program, Congress has periodically legislated higher benefits for retirees and their dependents. In 1972, a whopping 20 percent increase in Social Security benefits was enacted for 27.8 million individuals. Benefits were expanded by another 11 percent in 1974 and, with the advent of cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) in 1975, began rising automatically every year. However, a flaw in the indexing formula caused increases in the cost of living to be double-counted. Until Congress corrected this mistake in 1977, the system was geared to provide huge rewards to older generations whenever inflation occurred. As a result of these benefit hikes, generations born between 1900 and 1930 have earned relatively healthy rates of return from OASI (see figure 2).
SOURCE: Dean R. Leimer, "Cohort-Specific Measures of Lifetime Net Social Security Transfers" (footnote 6), appendix E.
Viewed purely in monetary terms, therefore, OASI represents a poor investment for today's workers. Alternative investments might provide a much higher return. The Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 stock index, for example, has averaged a 7.1 percent return since the inception of the OASI program.7
Indeed, many of today's workers might gain by forfeiting all of their accumulated OASI benefits in exchange for the freedom to invest future contributions in common stocks. For instance, investing 10 percent of a $40,000 annual salary for 45 years--from ages 21 to 65--in an instrument that earns a 1.8 percent rate of return will yield a portfolio worth $273,700 on the individual's sixty-fifth birthday. Now suppose that, at age 40, the investment program is terminated, the entire portfolio (then worth $88,800) is discarded, and future contributions are invested in a new plan that earns 7.1 percent per year. At age 65, the new portfolio would be worth $278,800--$5,100 more than the original plan.8 This suggests that workers below the age of 40 could benefit if allowed to redirect their OASI contributions into common stocks.
One might argue that comparisons such as these, which are based solely on average returns, are unfair to OASI because common stocks involve a higher level of risk for investors. Although this is true for short time horizons, holding assets over long periods reduces the risk of experiencing low or even negative returns. To illustrate, table 1 shows that the minimum historical return on each of the various types of assets tends to increase as the investment horizon lengthens. Over 20-year periods, the minimum return on the S&P 500 stock index was 3.1 percent--nearly double the 1.6 percent minimum earned on intermediate-term government bonds. Thus, if one is concerned about minimizing downside risk over the long run--as when investing for retirement security--historical evidence seems to favor a diversified portfolio of common stocks.
Dismal Returns for Current and Future Generations
Rapid expansion of benefits for past retirees implied that less money was accumulated in the OASI trust fund for those who came later. To make matters worse, the rate of return earned by the trust fund itself has remained extremely low, primarily because it is legally barred from investing in assets other than U.S. government securities. Between 1937 and 1989, the inflation-adjusted rate of return on OASI trust fund assets averaged a meager 0.6 percent per year.6 Consequently, workers born during the postwar period are expected to receive much lower rates of return than those of earlier generations. For example, under existing rules, those born around 1960 and now in their prime working years are projected to earn about 1.8 percent on their contributions.
TABLE 1: Historical Minimum Returns Over Various Time Horizons
Time Horizon | |||||
Asset Type | 1 yr. | 5 yr. | 10 yr. | 15 yr. | 20 yr. |
Small company stocks | -58.0 | -27.5 | -5.7 | -1.3 | 5.7 |
S&P 500 stock index | -43.3 | -12.5 | -0.9 | 0.6 | 3.1 |
Long-term government bonds | -9.2 | -2.1 | -0.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
Intermediate-term government bonds | -5.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
NOTE: These figures are based on 1926-94 data and represent the minimum observed compound rates of return, before adjusting for inflation, for a series of overlapping holding periods, each spanning the specified number of years.
SOURCE: Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation, 1995 Yearbook (footnote 7), table 2-7.
The high rates of return enjoyed by the initial wave of retirees were made possible by favorable demographic conditions. A small, Depression-era generation of retirees was being supported by a huge baby boom generation of workers. Not only did early participants receive far more than they ever put in, but all sorts of new benefits were added without regard to the long-term financial consequences. This demographic profile will soon reverse itself as the population of workers shrinks and the number of elderly retirees balloons rapidly. As in our hypothetical scenario, the pyramid scheme is headed for insolvency.The retirement of the baby boom generation beginning around the year 2010 will cause the number of OASI workers per beneficiary to decline steadily, from 3.6 in 2010 to 2.4 in 2030 (figure 3). Official projections under intermediate economic and demographic assumptions show that the OASI trust fund will be bankrupt in the year 2031. Under pessimistic assumptions involving lower fertility and death rates--and consequently fewer workers per beneficiary--current tax and benefit rules will push OASI into bankruptcy 11 years earlier.9
Underlying these projected bankruptcy dates is the redemption of government securities held in the OASI trust fund. This will be necessary to cover the shortfall of contributions relative to benefits that will occur as the baby boom generation begins retiring. The cash necessary to redeem the government bonds can be obtained only by 1) running a bigger deficit, 2) cutting government spending, 3) increasing taxes, or 4) reducing OASI benefits. These actions will place additional financial burdens on current and future workers, implying that the internal rates of return reported earlier should probably be revised downward. For example, under the intermediate set of economic assumptions, a gradual series of payroll tax increases beginning in the year 2020 will cause the internal rates of return for future workers to drop below 1 percent. Under pessimistic assumptions, these rates actually become negative.10
SOURCE: Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund (footnote 9), table II.F19.
Although current and future workers are projected to earn far less from OASI than they would from competing alternatives, the program may provide social advantages not reflected in calculations based solely on cash contributions and benefits. For example, one might argue that workers are not farsighted enough to save for retirement and must be forced to do so. Alternatively, individuals might strategically "free ride" on public generosity: Knowing that the government will bail them out, they will arrive penniless at retirement.Another view is that OASI affords society a valuable mechanism for risk-sharing between living and unborn generations--one that private markets cannot provide. For example, if some generations suffer through a war or a severe economic depression, the government can spread the cost of these events to future generations by providing benefits to the unfortunate today and deferring taxation until much later. Finally, OASI might help to accomplish other goals, such as reducing poverty among elderly Americans.
Despite their merit, however, these arguments cannot be used in defense of the current OASI setup. First, they assume that the government is farsighted enough to invest worker contributions in ways that build the nation's stock of productive resources. The record to date, however, suggests that contributions have been used to finance consumption either by the government or by individuals via government transfers.
Second, retirement security can be ensured without the government itself operating a retirement program. For example, Congress could mandate withholding a portion of each employee's wage for deposit into an account handled by a professional investment manager--much like a private pension plan.
Third, the existence of unfavorable demographics, combined with the fact that past contributions have been largely consumed, makes it doubtful that the government could bail out the baby boom generation from a calamity such as the Great Depression.
Finally, while reducing poverty is an important social goal, OASI was designed primarily for providing retirement insurance. Its founders believed that benefits would be earned according to time and pay in the workforce. Old-age poverty could be adequately addressed via an explicit welfare program rather than by combining it with a retirement program like OASI.
In our hypothetical scenario, the pyramid scheme that took advantage of new investors was limited to a small number of individuals. The OASI program, in contrast, is nearly universal and has the potential for economywide repercussions that could further reduce workers' resources. The mean real income of households headed by persons age 65 or older in 1990 was 27 percent larger than that of similar households in 1980. For households headed by persons age 64 or younger, the corresponding figure was only 11 percent. A comparison based on consumption expenditures yields similar results. This suggests that programs like OASI, Medicare, and others have enabled the elderly to consume a growing portion of the economic pie.11A direct consequence of greater consumption by the elderly is a lower saving rate. The personal saving rate has dropped from about 5-1/2 percent of GDP during the 1970s to only 3-1/2 percent during the 1990s.12 Lower saving translates into a lower stock of productive resources for the future--particularly a reduced stock of capital per worker, a key ingredient of productivity improvement in the post-WWII era. Indeed, gains in productivity have been the driving force behind the growth in real wages.
Declining saving rates, slower productivity gains, and sluggish wage growth are all clearly discernible in U.S. economic statistics since the 1970s--precisely the time when OASI benefits to the elderly skyrocketed. Thus, apart from having to turn over a higher fraction of their paychecks to OASI, current and future workers could be further affected by the dynamic economic forces that may link OASI to lower saving and reduced wage growth.13
The terms "trust fund" and "contributions" were carefully selected during the crafting of the 1939 amendments to the Social Security legislation. They suggest that participants have earned the right to future benefits, and create an impression of asset management for the exclusive benefit of contributors under an inviolable set of rules. These labels have proved misleading because Congress has exercised its legal right to change the tax and benefit structure on numerous occasions. Indeed, frequent changes have caused OASI to grow from a small initiative for providing retirement security into a massive and complex program that involves huge cross-generational resource transfers. The lopsided nature of the investment deal that rewards earlier participants at the expense of those who enroll later raises serious questions about the program's intergenerational fairness.Under current rules, OASI represents a bad investment for today's young workers, many of whom would be better off if they could invest their future contributions in private capital markets. The current rules are not sustainable, however: Additional measures will be necessary to keep the program solvent, and these are likely to further worsen current workers' rates of return. Moreover, many of OASI's social objectives could be obtained via a mandatory pension plan that prevents resources allocated for retirement support from being consumed immediately. A critical element of such a plan would be the freedom to invest worker contributions in a wide range of assets, including corporate stocks and bonds. In addition, the poverty-reduction benefits of OASI could be obtained through a separate welfare program designed specifically for that purpose.
In the face of these deficiencies and despite the long-term unsustainability of OASI, many people, including some key policymakers, continue to support the current framework. Indeed, the policy options being debated today for balancing the federal budget by the year 2002 contain no proposals for reforming the program. Further delay in addressing OASI's shortcomings will only increase intergenerational inequities and impede efforts to improve Americans' living standards.
2. Total OASI contributions reached about $308 billion in fiscal year 1994.
Back to commentary
3. The internal rate of return is the rate of interest that causes the present value of contributions to equal the present value of benefits. The computation explicitly takes into account the size and timing of cash flows as they occur over an individual's lifetime, and the probability of surviving to each age.
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4. The very first beneficiary, Ms. Ida Fuller, paid only $22 in Social Security taxes, but ended up collecting about $20,000 in benefits. See "Your Stake in the Fight over Social Security," Consumer Reports, September 1981, pp. 503-10.
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5. By 1954, almost all private-sector workers were covered by OASI. Public-sector employees and teachers were covered by other pension programs.
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6. See Dean R. Leimer, "Cohort-Specific Measures of Lifetime Net Social Security Transfers," Social Security Administration, Office of Research and Statistics, Working Paper No. 59, February 1994.
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7. This figure represents the average compound "total return," including dividends and capital appreciation from 1937 to 1994, computed using the inflation-adjusted, S&P 500 total return index in Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation, 1995 Yearbook, Chicago: Ibbotson Associates, 1995, p. 43 (table B-11).
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8. In this example, all dollar figures have been rounded down to the nearest $100.
Back to commentary
9. Bankruptcy projections are from Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, April 3, 1995, table II.F20.
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10. See Leimer (footnote 6), appendix F and table 1.
Back to commentary
11. See S. Jay Levy, "The Economics of Aging: Can We Afford Grandma and Grandpa?" Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Public Policy Brief No. 18, 1995.
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12. See Economic Report of the President, 1995, chart 3-11, p. 118.
Back to commentary
13. See Jagadeesh Gokhale, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, and John Sabelhaus, "Understanding the Postwar Decline in U.S. Saving: A Cohort Analysis," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1996, forthcoming.
Back to commentary
The views stated herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland or of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.


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2) The school is more affordable than others. Most of the students get at least a little bit of scholarship money. Most students also save money by living at home and working part time.
3) Overall the quality of education is pretty good. Like all schools, the school has its good and bad professors, caring and uncaring professors.
Cons: 1) Almost all of the students live within commuting distance and are happy with their lives on Long Island. So while the student population is nice enough, people are not really looking to make friends.
2) Because Adelphi's reputation does not extend beyond Long Island, most students seek jobs on Long Island. But there are very few jobs on Long Island and the few that there are pay very little. This a problem considering the high cost of living on Long Island. The professors and administration seek to "solve" this problem by pushing everyone to go to graduate school. I wouldn't say that this school is "good" or "bad." Just be aware of what you're hoping to get out of a college and make sure that this school suits your needs.
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: : Story
Preview: Columbia SR
Kendall Rogers
Friday, June 08, 2012
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Oklahoma (42-23) vs. South Carolina (43-17)
National rank by PG:
Oklahoma (15), South Carolina (7)
Saturday (6/9), 8 p.m. (ESPNUHD) -- Sunday (6/10), 8 p.m. (ESPNUHD) -- Monday (6/11), 7 p.m. (ESPN2HD)
Carolina Stadium (8,000) in Columbia, S.C.
College World Series appearances:
Oklahoma (10), South Carolina (10)
The pick:
South Carolina
Columbia Super Regional: Who has the edge?
More on NCAA Super Regionals:
Starting pitching
It's extremely difficult to decide between the two starting rotations for a good reason -- both teams enter the weekend with very solid rotations. In the end, though, we give the slightest of edges to South Carolina.
Oklahoma really has pitched well lately with Jordan John and Jonathan Gray leading the way. John has a 2.26 ERA in 119 2/3 innings, and has struck out 104 and walked 31, while Gray has a fastball in the low-to-mid 90s and a 3.32 ERA in 97 2/3 innings. He has struck out 96 and walked 39, while teams are hitting him at a .271 clip.
Also keep an eye on Dillon Overton. Overton has started 16 games and made 21 total appearances and has a 3.16 ERA in 116 2/3 innings of work. He also has struck out 120 and walked 24.
For the Gamecocks, it doesn't get much better than left-hander Michael Roth, who has a 2.68 ERA in 107 1/3 innings of work. Meanwhile, right-hander Colby Holmes, who can dial up his fastball to 91-92 at times, has a 3.00 ERA in 69 innings. It's probably safe to list freshman left-hander Jordan Montgomery as the starter for a potential Game Three. Montgomery was very solid last weekend in the Columbia Regional and has a 4.05 ERA in 66 2/3 innings of work.
Oklahoma has one of the nation's elite relievers in Steven Okert, but it's the Gamecocks who enter the weekend with the better bullpen.
Right-handed pitcher Matt Price obviously leads the Gamecocks bullpen. He has appeared in 23 games (started five) and has a 3.63 ERA in 67 innings. He also has recorded 10 saves and is limiting teams to a .197 batting average.
Tyler Webb has appeared in 33 games and has a 2.01 ERA in 44 2/3 innings and Patrick Sullivan and Evan Beal each have ERAs below 3.90, with Sullivan having made 13 appearances and Beal, 26.
Also keep an eye on gritty right-hander Forrest Koumas, who has appeared in 17 games and has a 4.56 ERA in 25 2/3 innings. Koumas missed last week with an injury, so it'll be interesting to see how much he factors into the equation. For the Sooners, Okert also is as good as it gets. He has appeared in 29 games and has a 2.78 ERA in 81 innings of work. He also has struck out 75 and walked 35, while teams are hitting him at a .228 clip.
Don't look for a lot of runs to be scored this weekend. To say the least, both clubs usually leave something to be desired offensively, though, both have had some good moments in the last week.
Like some other categories, the Gamecocks have a slight edge entering the weekend. South Carolina has a .271 batting average, while the Sooners are hitting .265.
The Gamecocks are led at the plate by hard-hitting first baseman Christian Walker, who's hitting .319 with 11 doubles, 11 homers and 53 RBIs, while freshman outfielder Tanner English is hitting .307 with 21 RBIs.
Also keep an eye on outfielder Evan Marzilli (.288/2/30), shortstop Joey Pankake (.286/2/25), third baseman LB Dantzler (.260/9/44) and second baseman Chase Vergason (.250/1/7). Also, veteran Adam Matthews has power potential with a .241 average, five homers and 25 RBIs, while catcher Grayson Greiner could return in some facet this weekend.
For the Sooners, keep an eye on Max White, who's hitting a team-best .339 with 17 doubles, two homers and 55 RBIs. Meanwhile, Matt Oberste has been clutch lately and is hitting .331 with six homers and 22 RBIs. Also, Jack Mayfield and Erik Ross are good athletes to watch, though, both are hitting just .281 and .270, respectively, while Cody Reine had smacked six homers and knocked in 33 runs.
Both the Sooners and Gamecocks enter the weekend fielding at solid clips, but it's the Gamecocks that have the advantage in this category, fielding .980 as a club compared to .968 for the Sooners.
Going more in-depth ,though, it's easy to see why the Gamecocks have an advantage. Catcher Dante Rosenberg did a tremendous job replacing Grayson Greiner last weekend, LB Dantzler is an outstanding third baseman with a .975 fielding percentage, freshman shortstop Joey Pankake has evolved into a solid shortstop, second baseman Chase Vergason is very solid and first baseman Christian Walker is very consistent at his position.
The Gamecocks also have a seasoned and talented outfield that covers a lot of ground with Tanner English, Adam Matthews and Evan Marzilli leading the way.
The Sooners have a solid middle infield with Jack Mayfield and Caleb Dnt as the ringleaders, while third baseman Garrett Carey has been solid in the field.
Is there any doubt who has the edge in the intangibles department?
It simply doesn't get better than South Carolina when it comes to clutch play in the postseason. The Gamecocks have some veterans in some key positions. For instance, the weekend rotation is led by senior left-hander Michael Roth, while junior righty Matt Price leads the bullpen.
South Carolina also has several great leaders, including outfielder Adam Matthews, and of course, Roth.
For the Sooners, the big thing in their favor right now is just hot play. OU, very similar to its College World Series run a couple of seasons ago, is playing a terrific brand of baseball and is extremely confident entering the weekend.
Something must give between two hot teams.
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< Return To Hearing
Pastor Daniel de Leon, SrMarch 3, 2004
Pastor Daniel de Leon, Sr.
My name is Pastor Daniel de Leon, and I am here to represent the largest Hispanic Evangelical organization in the country, AMEN (Associacion Evangelica de Ministerios Nacionales). AMEN is comprised of over 8,000,000 members, representing 27 denominations and 22 Latino nations. I am also the Pastor of the largest Hispanic Evangelical Church in America, Templo Calvario, in Santa Ana, California. AMEN is a leading advocate on issues that concern the Hispanic community. On many issues, we work closely with our Catholic brethren. We are certainly working together on the issue we are discussing today - the institution of marriage, understood throughout history and across diverse religions and cultures as the union of one man and one woman. We have been a member of the Alliance for Marriage since its inception. When I turned on my television a few weeks ago, and saw what was happening in San Francisco, I couldn't believe my eyes. As I sat there, several things came to mind. First, I could not understand how an elected official could ignore and violate the laws of our state, and get away with it. I also could not understand why the courts would not stop this - why they would refuse to require an elected official to comply with the law of his state, and to respect the will of the people as expressed in our laws. Second, it wasn't just that officials and judges were ignoring the law. It was much worse than that. They were ignoring a law that is so fundamental to society - and in particular, of great importance to my community, to the people who I counsel. They were ignoring the importance of the institution of marriage, as the union of one man and one woman. Just a few years ago, Californians voted to reaffirm that marriage in the state of California is between a man and a woman only. Hispanics in particular voted overwhelmingly to uphold the traditional institution of marriage. This is one institution, even though imperfect, that has withstood the test of time and has proven to bring a sense of stability to society for time immemorial. The institution of marriage is designed for children, not for adult love. Adults can love in many ways - between brother and sister, between grandparents, uncles, aunts, between friends and loved ones. But marriage is for children. I am so saddened that we have forgotten that. And I am even more saddened that marriage is drifting further and further from what it is supposed to be all about - children. Adults seem to care more and more about one thing, themselves. This is one of the reasons why 50% of marriages wind up in divorce. We must strengthen marriage - not weaken it. And I fear that, if we start to abolish marriage laws in our nation, we will go further down the path of teaching people that marriage does not matter for the well-being of children, it only matters for the pleasure of adults. I am not here because I want to be here. There are many problems in my community, and I should be there working on them, not here far away in Washington, D.C. But I have flown all the way here from California, because I need to be here, to defend the most basic institution of society for the good of all, on behalf of my community. Because without marriage, we have no hope of solving the other problems we are facing back home. I live everyday in the front-lines of Urban America, where the ills of society are magnified greatly. People like myself, who provide a service to our community, are often the ones that have to "pick up the pieces" when marriages and families fall. In my 30 years of counseling, I have often dealt with grown children that still harbor hurts and deep seated frustrations because they did not have a mother and a father. I know that there are good people trying to raise children without a mother and a father. Perhaps it is the single parent. Or the grandparent or aunt and uncle. Or the foster parent. They do their best, and we admire and respect them for that. But at the same time, we want the very best for children - and that is a mother and father, and an institution that encourages people to give children both a mother and father. I want to say something about civil rights and discrimination. My people know something about discrimination. The institution of marriage was not created to discriminate against people. It was created to protect children and to give them the best home possible - a home with a mother and father. Some people talk about interracial marriage. Laws forbidding interracial marriage are about racism. Laws protecting traditional marriage are about children. To us in the Hispanic community, marriage is more than a sexual relationship. It is a nurturing, caring and loving relationship between a man and a woman that is to remain intact "until death does do us part." Children are born into this loving relationship with a great sense of anticipation. We love our children and we love children as you can tell by the numbers! Marriage between a man and a woman is the standard. A child is like a twig that is planted in the soil of our society that requires two poles to have the best chance of growing strong and healthy. Those two poles, if you will, are the parents, Dad and Mom. Very different and at times even opposites but necessary for a balanced form of living. Furthermore, marriage is a moral and spiritual incubator for future generations. Our children learn from their parents not only how to make a living but more importantly, how to live their life. This is not readily learned by a simple form of transference of knowledge but rather through the experience of daily living. Children learn from observation. As the home goes, so goes society. I believe that we need to send a positive message to our children and their children. That we cared enough about the most basic institution of our society, marriage between a man and a woman, that we passed a Constitutional Amendment to preserve it for future generations. This is not, and must not be, about party politics. This must be seen as our struggle as a social family to bring stability to a divided house. The President is right when he said that, "On a matter of such importance, the voice of the people must be heard . . . if we are to prevent the meaning of marriage from being changed forever, our nation must enact a Constitutional Amendment to protect marriage in America." Thank you very much. |


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This espadrille-esque shoe gets a boost for extra height and even more style. Glossy canvas fabric exudes modern flair, creating a shoe that is as sweet and feminine as it is casual-cool.
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Teacher identity, pedagogy and disciplinarity: Exploring the three strands of practice
File | Size | Format | |
67330_1.pdf | 99Kb | Adobe PDF | View |
Title | Teacher identity, pedagogy and disciplinarity: Exploring the three strands of practice |
Author | Ballantyne, Julie; Grootenboer, Peter John |
Publication Title | AARE 2010 Conference Proceedings |
Editor | Sarah Howard |
Year Published | 2010 |
Publisher | AARE |
Peer Reviewed | No |
Published | Yes |
Publisher URI | http://ocs.sfu.ca/aare/index.php/AARE/AARE_2010/paper/view/2097 |
Copyright Statement | Copyright remains with the authors 2010. The attached file is reproduced here in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. For information about this conference please refer to the conference's website or contact the authors. |
Publication Type | Conference Publications (Extract Paper) |
Please use this identifier to cite this record: http://hdl.handle.net/10072/36886
Griffith University copyright notice
Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You may make a print or digital copy of a work for your personal non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved, except for fair dealings or other user rights granted by the copyright laws of your country.


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What's your go to healthy snack?
I know that it's stereotypical that women love chocolate, and while I like it good enough, I much prefer a salty snack. Chips are my weakness, and I've been known to grab handfuls of fishy crackers while making snacks for my kids. Chips and crackers aren't the most low-calorie option, so I will take the extra few minutes to make a better snack for my kids and I:
Hot-air popcorn.
I drizzle a small amount of melted butter on the popcorn, sprinkle on a bit of salt, and send the kids on their merry way. I will often add some cajun seasoning because I happen to like spicy food.
A friend did a cleanse recently and told me that hot-air popcorn was one of the allowed snacks. She'd gotten into the habit of using microwave popcorn, which is definitely not the healthiest snack to be found. She had forgotten how great hot air popcorn tasted and bonus! It's a healthy snack.
What's your go to healthy snack that curbs your cravings?
Quoting kellynh:Lol.. I'm pregnant... Can't we just call everything healthy??
Surely... Calcium in cookies?? ;)


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Mimi Kuzyk
Mimi Kuzyk was originally a student of jazz dance, at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet School before she made her acting debut in He's Fired, She's Hired (1984). She was nominated a Genie for her performance in Lost and Delirious (2001). Other notable film credits include The Walking Dead (2010), The Human Stain (2003), The Day After Tomorrow (2004), and ...
See full bio »


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About Author Jim Wooten
After more than forty years as a national reporter and a foreign correspondent both for print and broadcast, Mr Wooten left ABC News in November of 2005 and immediately began work on his fourth book.
During his time as a journalist, he had filed from more than 80 countries on a variety of assignments ranging from war and revolution to famine and flood as well as covering eight presidential campaigns and 16 national nominating conventions.
He began his career with The Huntsville ( Ala.) Times, continued with The New York Times, where he was the chief of its Southern Bureau and its White House correspondent, and The Philadelphia Inquirer where he was a thrice-weekly columnist and at Esquire. In 1973, he covered the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East. In 1979, he joined ABC News and over the next 26 years reported from the White House, the United States Senate and was assigned to various presidential campaigns, including those of Ronald Reagan, Michael Dukakis, Bill Clinton and Robert Dole.
In 1991, he was a combat correspondent in the first Persian Gulf War, embedded with the Third Armored Division on its attack from Saudi Arabia into Iraq and eventually Kuwait. From 1993 through 1995, he reported frequently from Bosnia, spending considerable time in its besieged capital, Sarajevo. In 1997, he was posted to London and reported from various European and Asian countries, including Russia and Chechnya. Other assignments took him to South Africa, Algeria, Egypt, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zaire (now Congo) Kenya, Uganda and in 1995 into the genocide of Rwanda. In 2003, he returned once again to the Persian Gulf for the American invasion of Iraq and the march to Baghdad. He returned to Washington shortly thereafter.
He has won numerous awards for his work, including several Emmys, the John Chancellor Award for Excellence in Journalism, two Robert F. Kennedy Awards, the Ernie Pyle Award for combat reportage, as well as an Overseas Press Club Award and others from Harvard, Columbia and Georgetown universities. Ben Bradlee described him as "the best storyteller on television," and David Halberstam called him "the best foreign correspondent of his generation."
His books include a political biography of Jimmy Carter, an account of the Vietnam War and the story of a young AIDS victim in South Africa.
Mr Wooten, who resides in Washington, D.C., is married to Patience O'Connor. They have five daughters and eight grandchildren.
"Counting the Days of Our Lives:" Author Jim Wooten Says "Personal History Is a Process"


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CMC Board of Trustees
The CMC Board of Trustees sets policies to help the college serve the communities of six counties in the Colorado Rockies and the Western Slope
The Colorado Mountain College Board of Trustees has seven at large seats which are elected by all the voters in the six counties comprising the CMC District.
Board responsibilities include employing and evaluating the president, approving the college budget, establishing college goals and monitoring the progress of the institution.
One resident from each of the following counties is elected to the board: Eagle, Lake, Pitkin, Routt and Summit. An East Garfield and a West Garfield county resident are also selected by voters to serve. Those elected serve four-year terms. The Board usually meets on a monthly basis at locations around the district.
Strategic Planning
Download/View the strategic planning documents below.
- CMC Strategic Plan Campus Review Package 111513 (130.6 KiB)
- CMC Environmental Scan Symposium DRAFT 091113 (454.2 KiB)
- CMC Campus Review Presentation 111413 (1.1 MiB)
- Administrative Draft of the CMC Strategic Plan (585.5 KiB)


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Human Rights - Law/ Political Science Pathway (Research Route) MA
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How to apply
Advice to applicants
Points Based System (PBS) International applicants who will require a visa to study in the UK, please click here for up-to-date information on the PBS.
If you applied in the previous year and your application was not successful you may apply again. Your application will be considered against the standard course entry criteria for that year of entry. In your new application you should demonstrate how your application has improved. We may draw upon all information from your previous applications or any previous registrations at the University as a student when assessing your suitability for your chosen course.If you are applying for a place for the same year of entry through UCAS Extra, you should provide additional evidence of your suitability for the course. If you are applying through clearing you are required to meet the clearing requirements. In both UCAS Extra and clearing the places will be subject to availability.


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Editor-in-Chief: Stephen Higgs, PhD, FRES
ISSN: 1530-3667 • Published Monthly • Online ISSN: 1557-7759
Latest Impact Factor* is 2.277 *2012 Journal Citation Reports® published by Thomson Reuters, 2013
Stephen Higgs, PhD, FRESAssociate Vice President for ResearchResearch Director, Biosecurity Research Institute Peine Professor of Biosecurity Professor Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
Andery N. AlekseevZoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences
Jane Cardosa, BA, MA, DPhilInstitute of Health & Community MedicineUniversity Malaysia SarawakSarawak, MalaysiaJames E. Childs, ScDDept. of Epidemiology and Public HealthYale School of MedicineNew Haven, CT Xavier de Lamballerie, MD, PhDFaculté de Médecine de MarseilleMarseille, France
Durland Fish, PhDDepartment of Epidemiology and Public healthYale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CTCharles F. Fulhorst, DVM, DrPHUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, Texas
George F. Gao, DPhil(Oxon)Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China E. A. GouldCEH OxfordUK
Gregory E. Glass, PhDSouthern Research InstituteFrederick, MD
William Hawley, PhD, MPHEntomology BranchDivision of Parasitic Diseases, CDC, NCIDChamblee, GAHeikki Henttonen, PhDFinnish Forest Research InstituteVantaa, Finland
A. Marm Kilpatrick, PhD Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta Cruz, CA Uriel Kitron, PhD, MPHDept. of Environmental StudiesEmory UniversityAtlanta, GA
Alessandro Mannelli, DVM, PhDDepartment of Animal ProductionEpidemiology & EcologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Turin, Italy
Robert G. McLean, PhDNational Wildlife Research CenterFort Collins, CO
Tracey McNamara, DVMWestern University of Health SciencesPomona, CA
Thomas P. Monath, MDKleiner Perkins Caufield & ByersMenlo Park, CA
Richard S. Ostfeld, PhDInstitute for Ecosystems StudiesMillbrook, NY
Martin Pfeffer, DVM, PhDInstitute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health Leipzig, Germany
William K. Reisen, PhDUCD Arbovirus Field StationUniversity of California at DavisBakersfield, CAPaul Reiter, PhDInstitut PasteurParis, France
Bradley S. Schneider, PhDMetabiotaSan Francisco, CA
Tom G. Schwan, PhDLaboratory of Zoonotic PathogensRocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIHHamilton, MT
Willem Takken, PhDWageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, The Netherlands
Robert B. Tesh, MDCenter for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
Pedro F.C. Vasconcelos, MD, PhDInstituto Evandro ChagasAnanindeua, Pará, Brazil
David H. Walker, MDCenter for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
Alon WarburgHebrew UniversityJerusalem, Israel
Chris A. Whitehouse, PhDUSGS National Wildlife Health CenterMadison, WI
Gary P. Wormser, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases Dept. of MedicineNew York Medical CollegeValhalla, NY
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Grace wins China Open for third title of 2012
TIANJIN, China - Branden Grace of South Africa shot a final-round 3-under 69 Sunday to win the China Open by three shots.
The 23-year-old Grace started the round with a three-shot lead over 2011 winner Nicolas Colsaerts of Belgium and maintained that lead to finish with a 21-under 267.
Colsaerts sank a 15-foot birdie putt on the 9th to briefly close to within two shots but he three-putted the next hole for his first bogey in 34 holes to fall back to three behind.
Colsaerts also closed with a 69 to finish second at 18 under. England's Richard Finch was third a shot further back after carding a closing 66.
It was Grace's third European Tour victory of 2012 after back-to-back wins in January at the Joburg Open and Volvo Champions events in South Africa.
With the victory Grace becomes only the second player after Sweden's Johan Edfors in 2007 to win three times in a year after emerging from the European Tour's qualifying school.
"To get three before the start of May is unbelievable. But I have been playing well, getting myself into contention and making the most of the opportunities," he said.
"At first I was thinking about trying to keep my playing card this year but now I feel I have the ability to go out and win every week and I have had that mindset for some time."
Victor Dubuisson of France and George Coetzee of South Africa finished in joint fourth on 272. Five players including Francesco Molinari of Italy and Australia's Marcus Fraser finished another shot back in joint sixth.
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Double deck storage, Front zippered pocket, Wheeling system with new telescopic handle with stop button, Side compression straps, Lock loop to secure your bag! H 14.0, W 26.0, D 13.0 in. Volume: 78 l. Weight: 3200g. Compression strap. Multi compartment. 30year Manufacturer Warranty. |
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WebMD Interviews President Obama
Submit your questions about the Affordable Care Act for President Obama, then return on March 14 to watch the interview.
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The owner is friendly, but the room was clearly very old and run down. The carpets and bed clothes had stains on them and the paint was peeling on the walls. There was a smell of damp in the room and the shower was broken. The window would not open and the curtains were falling down. I wouldn't recommend staying... More
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Horrible Histories Puzzle, 300 Pieces, Assorted
Click on the image to zoomProduct information
- Brand
- Galt
- Eligible for International Delivery
- Number of pieces
- 300
- Suitable From
- 3 years
- Warning!
- Not suitable for children under 3 years.
Editor's Notes
First starting as a fun and educational book series, Horrible Histories has become a franchise included TV shows, games and audio books. Published by Scholastics and designed to engage children in history by highlighting the unusual, often gory and unpleasant aspects of the past, the Horrible Histories books were an instant success.
With over 25 million books sold worldwide, children enjoy the colourful adaptations of historical events, which go against the normal textbook studying and makes history accessible for all learners.
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he BIS drinking water specification (IS 10500:1991), which is a voluntary standard, was drawn up in 1983. It was last revised 17 years ago. A revision initiated in 2003, is still in its draft stage.
About CSE Laboratory
One often finds unsuspecting people buying bottled water or packaged drinking water thinking its safe. Well think again. As the Centre for Science and Environment laboratory report found after analysing bottled water samples from Mumbai and Delhi these products can be far more lethal than one can imagine. The samples contained a deadly cocktail of pesticide residues.
Mercury is a very toxic and dangerous substance. It is poisonous in all forms - inorganic, organic or elemental. Mercury is a proven neurotoxin. Inhaling mercury vapours can severely damage the respiratory tract. Sore throat, coughing, pain or tightness in the chest, headache, muscle weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbance, fever, bronchitis and pneumonitis are symptoms of mercury toxicity. Health concerns should be reason enough for us to properly manage its imports and disposal.
About the CSE Laboratory
Oil is essential for our body to function. But that does not mean that we should take for granted the cooking mediums we use in our food. As the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) laboratory report recently discovered our branded edible oils are full of unhealthy trans fats.
New Delhi, September 18, 2010:
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has come out with a strong rebuttal of claims made by Capilano, the Australian honey producing firm, which has rejected the tests on honey conducted by CSE's Pollution Monitoring Lab.
A latest study by CSE's Pollution Monitoring Lab finds antibiotic contamination in honey; investigations by Down To Earth points to double standards in regulations as foreign brands sold in India also have contamination


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InspectAPedia® | Question? Just ask us! |
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InspectAPedia ® Home WATER HEATERS AGE of WATER HEATERS AIRBOUND HEAT SYSTEM REPAIR by WATER FEED VALVE ALTERNATIVE HOT WATER SOURCES ANODES & DIP TUBES on WATER HEATERS ANTIFREEZE for BOILERS ANTI SCALD VALVES APPLIANCE DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY RATINGS AQUASTAT CONTROL Functions BACKDRAFTING HEATING EQUIPMENT BACKFLOW PREVENTER VALVE, HEATING SYS BACKFLOW PREVENTER, HEATER WATER FEEDER BACKUP HEAT for HEAT PUMPS BLEVE EXPLOSIONS BOILERS, HEATING CARBON MONOXIDE - CO CHECK VALVES, WATER SUPPLY CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS in WATER CHIMNEY INSPECTION DIAGNOSIS REPAIR CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPING CROSS CONNECTIONS, PLUMBING DEBRIS in WATER SUPPLY, Water Heater DRAIN a WATER HEATER TANK ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS FLOODED HEATING EQUIPMENT REPAIR FLOODED WATER HEATER REPAIR FREEZE-PROOF A BUILDING FROST HEAVES, FOUNDATION, SLAB GALVANIC SCALE & METAL CORROSION GAS BURNER Flame & Noise Defects GAS FIRED WATER HEATERS GAS PIPING, VALVES, CONTROLS HEAT TAPES, Heat, Insulation prevent Freeze-Up HEATING COST FUEL & BTU Cost Table HEATING COST SAVINGS METHODS HEATING SYSTEMS HOT WATER SUPPLY HOT WATER IMPROVEMENTS HOT WATER DELIVERY SPEED UP HOT WATER EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT HOT WATER PRESSURE EXPANSION RATE HOT WATER PRESSURE LOSS HOT WATER PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS HOT WATER QUANTITY IMPROVEMENT HYDROGEN SULFIDE GAS INDIRECT FIRED WATER HEATERS MANUALS & PARTS GUIDES - HVAC MIXING / ANTI-SCALD VALVES NO HEAT - NO HOT WATER: HEATER DIAGNOSIS NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE NOISE CONTROL for HEATING SYSTEMS NOISE, PLUMBING CHECKLIST NOISE, WATER HEATER ODORS GASES SMELLS, DIAGNOSIS & CURE ODORS IN WATER PIPING IN buildings, Clogs Leaks Types PLASTIC Plexvent / Ultravent RECALL PLUMBING FIXTURES, KITCHEN, BATH PLUMBING VENT DEFECTS & NOISES PUMPS, CIRCULATOR PUMPS, HEAT PUMPS PUMPS, OIL BURNER PUMPS, PONY PUMPS PUMPS, SEPTIC PUMPS PUMPS, SEWAGE EJECTOR / GRINDER PUMPS PUMPS, SUMP PUMPS PUMPS, WATER PUMPS PUMPS, WATER REPAIR RANGE BOILERS RELIEF VALVE LEAKS RELIEF VALVES - TP Valves on Boilers RELIEF VALVES - STEAM TP VALVES RELIEF VALVES - Water Heaters RELIEF VALVES - Water Tanks SAFETY, HEATING INSPECTION SCALE REMOVAL, WATER HEATERS SEWER GAS ODORS SOLAR HOT WATER HEATERS SOOT on OIL FIRED HEATING EQUIPMENT SPILL SWITCHES - Flue Gas Detection TANKLESS COILS TANKLESS WATER HEATERS THERMOSTATS, HEATING / COOLING THERMOSTATS, WATER HEATER TIMERS for ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS VALVES, PLUMBING WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES WATER CONTAMINANT LEVELS WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE WATER HEATERS WATER HEATER ALTERNATIVES WATER HEATER ANODES, DIP TUBES WATER HEATER AIR INLET WATER HEATER DEBRIS FLUSH WATER HEATER DRAIN PROCEDURE WATER HEATER EFFICIENCY WATER HEATER FLUSH PROCEDURE WATER HEATER NOISES WATER HEATER PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS WATER HEATER PROPERTIES WATER HEATER SCALE - De-Liming Procedure WATER HEATER SCALE PREVENTION WATER HEATER SAFETY WATER HEATERS for HOME HEATING USE? WATER ODORS, CAUSE CURE WATER PIPES, Clogs Leaks Types WATER PRESSURE & FLOW MEASUREMENT WATER PRESSURE GAUGE ACCURACY WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR WATER PRESSURE REDUCER / REGULATOR WATER PRESSURE PUMP REPAIR GUIDE WATER PUMPS, TANKS, TESTS, WELLS, REPAIRS WATER PUMP REPAIR GUIDE WATER PURIFIERS WATER QUALITY TESTS, CONTAMINANTS, TREATMENT WATER QUANTITY IMPROVEMENT WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS WINTERIZE A BUILDING More Information |
Tankless water heaters information home page: this article series explains the operating characteristics of tankless water heaters, also called instant water heaters or "on demand" water heaters. Tankless water heaters may be installed to serve a building, building area, or as point of use electric water heaters. The tankless point of use heaters we discuss include Bosch, Chromolite, Bradford White, Eemax, Instant-Flow, Noritz, Rheem, Rinnai, Stiebel, Takagi, Titan & other brands. We give contact information for each tankless water heater manufacturer. We also describe electric shower heaters: Dur-o-Matic, Marey, & other brands. Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2014 InspectApedia.com, All Rights Reserved. A Guide to Tankless Water HeatersReaders should also see ALTERNATIVE HOT WATER SOURCES to distinguish among these types of hot water producing systems and see ELECTRIC SHOWER HEATERS for a discussion of point of use heaters at shower heads. The original text of this article was provided courtesy of Carson Dunlop - that text has been edited and may not entirely reflect CD's views. Page top sketch of a point of use tankless water heater courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates. Our OPINION is that readers looking for plenty of hot water heated efficiently should also consider the heater we describe at Indirect-fired Water Heaters. A tankless water heater saves energy by turning off completely when no hot water is being drawn - there are no standby losses - no tank of hot water needs to be kept hot when hot water is not being used. Sketch of a point of use tankless water heater (at left) courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates. Although some instantaneous water heaters can provide up to 9 GPM (and use 200,000 BTUH), smaller units cannot provide very large hot water flow rates in gallons per minute. If the hot water usage rate is expected to be high, a very high BTUH unit (efficient but not necessarily economical) or multiple smaller point of use tankless water heaters may be needed to satisfy all building occupants and uses. Consumer Reports points out that a tankless water heater may be efficient but not necessarily economical to operate. What they mean is that it is certainly efficient to avoid heating water when no one is using it. But if water usage is high, a high-BTU tankless water heater may consume more total energy than a large but more conventional oil or gas fired hot water tank and burner. Tankless Water Heater Operation & CharacteristicsAs the name suggests, and as you can see in our photo at left of an electric Instant-Flow water heater, tankless water heaters have no tank, and therefore no storage capacity at all. When the faucets and fixtures in the home are idle, the water heater is dormant. No stored hot water means no standby losses, and, if you match the heating capacity of your tankless heater to your hot water flow rate requirements, there is no delay in hot water supply and no running out of hot water. The Instant-Flow® water heater shown is a Model S-48L/240 240-volt unit rated at 4800 watts and is installed on a 20-A electrical circuit. Tankless heaters are supplied in all-electric models (shown here) and gas (or possibly oil) fired units that include a burner, heat exchanger, venting system, and the necessary controls. When a hot water faucet is opened or the dishwasher or clothes washing machine calls for hot water, the tankless heater detects the water flow and ignites the burners. These powerful burners quickly heat the water inside the small diameter heat exchanger. As hot water is drawn out, fresh cold water is drawn in and the cycle continues. A significant advantage of this system is that you can't empty all of the hot water out of the tank because there is no tank - just continuous hot water. No Stored WaterThe other major advantage over conventional water heaters is energy savings. Tankless water heaters have no large reservoir of water that has to be kept hot around the clock in case hot water is needed. One side effect of the lack of storage is that all of the water in the system is cold when the system has not been in operation recently. When a hot water faucet is operated, it may take more time for hot water to be delivered than in a conventional system. Small SizeAs you can see by our photo (left) of an Ariston tankless water heater, tankless or demand or "instant" water heaters are much smaller than conventional waters with storage tanks, and are usually wall-mounted. However for non-electric tankless heaters, the burner on a tankless or demand water heater must be much larger than on a conventional heater since it has to instantly heat incoming cold water to its target hot temperature. Tankless Water Heater Fuel and VentingMost tankless water heaters are either electric, or they are fueled by natural gas or propane and are vented through a side wall of the house. As Rheem points out, "The venting must be Category III, Stainless steel, and it applies to the adapter, the vent pipe, all elbows, and terminal vent. This is important because the flue gases and by-products of combustion can cause condensation. Stainless steel will not deteriorate like type B venting under these conditions." Tankless Water Heater EfficiencyTankless water heaters are often much more efficient than conventional water heaters, using modulating burners, direct venting and/or condensing combustion systems. Mixing Valves / Flow Control Valves used on Tankless Water HeatersMost systems include a mixing (tempering) valve and a means of setting a maximum water temperature to avoid scalding. This tempering valve mixes some cold water with the hot water leaving the unit to reduce the temperature. In one sense, there should be no need for a tempering valve, since we do not need to keep the reservoir water at 140° to prevent Legionnaires Disease. On the other hand, since we don't know the flow rate of the water through the heater, the tempering valve may be needed since the burner cannot modulate to deliver exactly the temperature we want due to the infinitely variable water flow. If the flow rate is low, the water moves more slowly through the heater, and picks up more heat from the burner. Tankless Water Heater Remote ControlSome tankless systems include a remote control, which can be used to monitor the performance of the system, display error codes or change the desired water temperature. List of Tankless Water Heater Manufacturers, Brands, Contact Information
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Tankless Water Heaters, Demand, Instant, or Point of Use Water HeatersQuestion: water pressrure problems with tankless water heaterI recently installed an electric (120 amp) tankless water heater in a cabin - it actually has 6 ganged heating coils that turn on incrementally as the demand dictates. I also installed a scaldless shower faucet - which (I think) decreases the hot water draw when water pressure decreases. My dillema is: two or three times during a typical shower, the water temperature will increase rapidly (too hot), and then decrease rapidly (too cold) - and then settle at the "agreed upon" temperature for a minute or two. The water system is on a residential well that uses a 40-60 lb pressure switch. I theorize that when the pressure approaches the low (cut-in) point, the faucet demands more hot water (which causes the tankless heater to crank up more heating coils), but about the time that new hotter water reaches the shower (about 13 seconds from the water heater to the shower head) the pressure increases toward the 60-lb (cut-out) range - causing the faucet to demand less hot water - causing the water heater to shut down some of the heating coils. So, If I set a closer differential between the pressure switch cut-in/cut-out pressures (like maybe raising the cut-in to maybe 50 lbs), could I eliminate that yoyo effect? Or could there be a different cause? - Cabin Jack 1/19/2012 Reply:Jack, Why not install an automatic mixing valve to regulate the temperature regardless of water pressure? Also see TANKLESS WATER HEATER REPAIR GUIDE where we discuss other reasons that hot water temperature may vary when using an instant or tankless water heater. Question: which hot water source is better, gas or electric?I am thinking of replacing our hot water tank: which is best gas or electric? would prefer electric to avoid venting - Sid Archer 10/7/12 Reply:Sid there is not a single right answer to which type of water heater is best, as you want to match the heater to the intended use. Depending on where you live, electrical rates may make gas fuel look less costly to operate, possibly more costly to buy and install, including cost of a chimney or vent system. ... Ask a Question or Search InspectApediaQuestions & answers or comments about tankless water heaters, demand water heaters, & point of use water heaters: capacity, sources, installation, troubleshooting, & repair. Try the search box just below or if you prefer, post a question or a comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly. Search the InspectApedia website HTML Comment Box is loading comments...
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Express your opinion on any subject you wish. Not all comments are published. Call 304-357-4451 or email readersvo...@wvgazette.com.
From listening to the community (teachers, administrators, social workers, students, parents and other involved civic members), I hear only great respect and profound gratitude for Dr. Jorea Marple. Such outpouring of validation for a living person is rare. We need to alert the five BOE members to the meaning of democracy. Their motives and their behavior hurt us all.
Did you read the article in Sunday's paper? The Mexican government is going to pay about $250 to 735 illegals in Long Island who were victims of Hurricane Sandy. Isn't that great?
The woman in Teays Valley that's ashamed of her grandmother because of her old-age look and childish ways, does this woman not realize that if God lets her live, she too will be old, wrinkled and childish someday? I just wish my grandmother were here for me to love for whatever she looked like or how she acted. Remember this: God is love.
I wonder if George W. Bush will be coming to West Virginia to campaign for his little lapdog Shelley.
We're going to pay broadband thousands of dollars and we can't get high-speed Internet in these hollers where we live? How about everybody in these hollers quit paying taxes and we'll see how quick Charleston jumps on getting us high-speed Internet. Isn't it funny how money talks?
I've been teaching school in Kanawha County for 15 years now, and I would like to say whoever is in charge of the food service now needs to be seriously evaluated. I wouldn't feed those lunches they are serving now to a dog, much less a kid.
The Manchin machine is developing a strong odor, and it ain't Channel No. 5.
Yeah, Capito running against Rocky will be like Raese against Manchin. You know, Rocky's brought more jobs to West Virginia in a month than Capito has in her lifetime, so get real, people.
The Republicans are so embarrassed over losing the election that they have to keep talking about President Obama to take away the embarrassment.
"DeLong called the 'buddy system' at the regional jail: 'See nothing. Report nothing. Do nothing.'" Hey Joe Schmo, they're just following your lead. I hate to think how far down you will take the criminal justice system in this state before Tomblin figures it out.
I see where our new attorney general is looking for a handout from state businesses and residents to pay back a $943,000 loan he made to his campaign. I would suggest that he get the money from the out-of-state PACs that funded the rest of his campaign.
We need to get three decent and honest people to begin campaigning to replace Manchin, Capito and Tomblin, so people will not forget how they vote and the backroom deals they make so they can put it to the residents of West Virginia. If we get these people out of office, then we can get the lapdogs they appointed out also.


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"Wow! I would have been making this for YEARS now had I realized how simple it is." – Wendy
"Carrots were boring until this recipe came along! They simply melt in your mouth." – amanda77kr
Recipe of the Day
Sweet Baby Carrots
Honey, butter, and brown sugar combine to make baby carrots irresistible! — MrsAltmiller
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These roasted carrots are an easy, aromatic, and deliciously different side dish.
Carrot Side Dishes 103
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Sliced vegetables bake with a creamy, cheesy sauce and crunchy bread-crumb top.
See how to make wonderfully caramelized "grilled" parsnips in the oven.
See how to make sautéed carrots in a simple brown sugar and butter glaze.