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As a Christian university, the University of Mobile affirms…
… the Nature of Christ. Jesus Christ is the physical expression of the eternal, transcendent, and triune God of the universe. To Him we owe the highest love, reverence, and obedience. He is an intelligent, spiritual, and personal Being. He is the Creator, Redeemer, Preserver, and Ruler of the universe and all contained therein.
There is one and only one living and true God. He reveals Himself to us as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, with distinct personal attributes, but with no division of nature, essence, or being. God is infinite in holiness, justice, and all other perfections. God is all-powerful and all-knowing, and His perfect knowledge extends to all things, past, present, and future, including the future decisions of His free creatures.
God as Father reigns with providential care over His universe, His creatures, and the flow of the stream of human history according to the purposes of His grace. He is all powerful, all knowing, all loving, all wise, and His presence fills the universe He created. God is Father in truth to those who become children of God through faith in Jesus Christ. He is fatherly in His attitude toward all men.
Christ is the eternal Son of God. He possesses and embodies the full nature of God. In His incarnation as Jesus Christ, He was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born by the virgin Mary. Jesus perfectly revealed and did the will of God, taking upon Himself human nature with its demands and necessities, and in so doing, He identified Himself completely with mankind but without sin. He honored divine law by His personal obedience, and, in His substitutionary death on the cross, He made provision for the redemption of men from sin. He was raised from the dead with a glorified body and appeared to His disciples as the person who was with them before His crucifixion. He ascended into heaven and is now exalted at the right hand of God where He is the One Mediator, fully God, fully man, in whose Person is effected the reconciliation between God and man. He will return in power and glory to judge the world and to consummate His redemptive mission. He now dwells in all believers as the living and ever present Lord.
The Holy Spirit is the Spirit of God, fully divine. He inspired holy men of old to write the Scriptures. Through illumination He enables men to understand truth. He exalts Christ. He convicts men of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment. He calls men to the Savior, and effects regeneration. At the moment of regeneration, He baptizes every believer into the Body of Christ. He cultivates Christian character, comforts believers, and bestows the spiritual gifts by which they serve God through His church. He seals the believer for the day of final redemption. His presence in the Christian is the guarantee that God will bring the believer into the fullness of the stature of Christ. He enlightens and empowers the believer and the church in worship, evangelism, and service.
God the Father…Genesis 1:1; 2:7; Exodus 3:14; 6:2-3; 15:11ff.; 20:1ff.; Leviticus 22:2; Deuteronomy 6:4; 32:6; 1 Chronicles 29:10; Psalm 19:1-3; Isaiah 43:3,15; 64:8; Jeremiah 10:10; 17:13; Matthew 6:9ff.; 7:11; 23:9; 28:19; Mark 1:9-11; John 4:24; 5:26; 14:6-13; 17:1-8; Acts 1:7; Romans 8:14-15; 1 Corinthians 8:6; Galatians 4:6; Ephesians 4:6; Colossians 1:15; 1 Timothy 1:17; Hebrews 11:6; 12:9; 1 Peter 1:17; 1 John 5:7.
God the Son…Genesis 18:1ff.; Psalms 2:7ff.; 110:1ff.; Isaiah 7:14; 53; Matthew 1:18-23; 3:17; 8:29; 11:27; 14:33; 16:16,27; 17:5; 27; 28:1-6,19; Mark 1:1; 3:11; Luke 1:35; 4:41; 22:70; 24:46; John 1:1-18,29; 10:30,38; 11:25-27; 12:44-50; 14:7-11; 16:15-16,28; 17:1-5, 21-22; 20:1-20,28; Acts 1:9; 2:22-24; 7:55-56; 9:4-5,20; Romans 1:3-4; 3:23-26; 5:6-21; 8:1-3,34; 10:4; 1 Corinthians 1:30; 2:2; 8:6; 15:1-8,24-28; 2 Corinthians 5:19-21; 8:9; Galatians 4:4-5; Ephesians 1:20; 3:11; 4:7-10; Philippians 2:5-11; Colossians 1:13-22; 2:9; 1 Thessalonians 4:14-18; 1 Timothy 2:5-6; 3:16; Titus 2:13-14; Hebrews 1:1-3; 4:14-15; 7:14-28; 9:12-15,24-28; 12:2; 13:8; 1 Peter 2:21-25; 3:22; 1 John 1:7-9; 3:2; 4:14-15; 5:9; 2 John 7-9; Revelation 1:13-16; 5:9-14; 12:10-11; 13:8; 19:16.
God the Holy Spirit…Genesis 1:2; Judges 14:6; Job 26:13; Psalms 51:11; 139:7ff.; Isaiah 61:1-3; Joel 2:28-32; Matthew 1:18; 3:16; 4:1; 12:28-32; 28:19; Mark 1:10,12; Luke 1:35; 4:1,18-19; 11:13; 12:12; 24:49; John 4:24; 14:16-17,26; 15:26; 16:7-14; Acts 1:8; 2:1-4,38; 4:31; 5:3; 6:3; 7:55; 8:17,39; 10:44; 13:2; 15:28; 16:6; 19:1-6; Romans 8:9-11,14-16,26-27; 1 Corinthians 2:10-14; 3:16; 12:3-11,13; Galatians 4:6; Ephesians 1:13-14; 4:30; 5:18; 1 Thessalonians 5:19; 1 Timothy 3:16; 4:1; 2 Timothy 1:14; 3:16; Hebrews 9:8,14; 2 Peter 1:21; 1 John 4:13; 5:6-7; Revelation 1:10; 22:17.
… the Ethic of Christ. The ethic of Jesus is love. The model of His self-less love directs and defines our interaction with all persons. The model of His self-less love is most perfectly demonstrated in His sacrificial and substitutionary death, burial, and resurrection and His offer of regeneration to individuals through His saving grace.
His love directs and defines interaction with all persons. All Christians are under obligation to seek to make the love of Christ supreme in our own lives and in human society. Means and methods used for the improvement of society and the establishment of righteousness among men can be truly and permanently helpful only when they are rooted in such love.
The self-less or other-focused nature of God's love is defined in the person, work, and teaching of Christ and was introduced by Christ as a new way of conducting interpersonal relationships. "A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another, even as I have loved you, that you also love one another." So important is this concept that Jesus declared it the basis by which his followers would be identified. "By this all men will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another."
Modeling the ethic of Christ, Christians should oppose racism, every form of greed, selfishness, and vice, and all forms of sexual immorality, including adultery, homosexuality, and pornography. We should work to provide for the orphaned, the needy, the abused, the aged, the helpless, and the sick. We should speak on behalf of the unborn and contend for the sanctity of all human life from conception to natural death.
Every Christian should seek to bring industry, government, and society as a whole under the sway of the principles of righteousness, truth, and brotherly love. In order to promote these ends Christians should be ready to work with all persons of good will in any good cause, always being careful to act in the spirit of love without compromising their loyalty to Christ and His truth.
Exodus 20:3-17; Leviticus 6:2-5; Deuteronomy 10:12; 27:17; Psalm 101:5; Micah 6:8; Zechariah 8:16; Matthew 5:13-16,43-48; 22:36-40; 25:35; Mark 1:29-34; 2:3ff.; 10:21; Luke 4:18-21; 10:27-37; 20:25; John 15:12; 17:15; Romans 12–14; 1Corinthians 5:9-10; 6:1-7; 6:9-10,13; 7:20-24; 10:23-11:1; Galatians 3:26-28; 5:19-24; Ephesians 6:5-9; Colossians 3:12-17; 1 Thessalonians 3:12; Philemon; James 1:27; 2:8.
… the Mission of Christ. The mission of Christ is to save the world from sin, offering reconciliation to God and eternal life to all persons who accept His salvation. It is the duty and privilege of every follower of Christ to participate in His mission, seeking constantly to win the lost to Christ by verbal witness undergirded by a Christian lifestyle, and by other methods in harmony with the gospel of Christ.
Man is the special creation of God, made in His own image. He created them male and female as the crowning work of His creation. The gift of gender is thus part of the intent and goodness of God's creation. In the beginning man was innocent of sin and was endowed by his Creator with freedom of choice. By his free choice man sinned against God and brought sin into the human race. Through the temptation of Satan man transgressed the command of God, and fell from his original innocence whereby his posterity inherit a nature and an environment inclined toward sin. Therefore, as soon as they are capable of moral action, they become transgressors and are under condemnation. Only the grace of God can bring man into His holy fellowship and enable man to fulfill the creative purpose of God. The sacredness of human personality is evident in that God created man in His own image, and in that Christ died for man; therefore, every person of every race possesses full dignity and is worthy of respect and Christian love.
God has ordained the family as the foundational institution of human society. It is composed of persons related to one another by marriage, blood, or adoption.
Marriage is the uniting of one man and one woman in covenant commitment for a lifetime. It is God's unique gift to reveal the union between Christ and His church and to provide for the man and the woman in marriage the framework for intimate companionship, the channel of sexual expression according to biblical standards, and the means for procreation of the human race.
The husband and wife are of equal worth before God, since both are created in God's image. The marriage relationship models the way God relates to His people. A husband is to love his wife as Christ loved the church. He has the God-given responsibility to provide for, to protect, and to lead his family. A wife is to submit herself graciously to the servant leadership of her husband even as the church willingly submits to the headship of Christ. She, being in the image of God as is her husband and thus equal to him, has the God-given responsibility to respect her husband and to serve as his helper in managing the household and nurturing the next generation.
Children, from the moment of conception, are a blessing and heritage from the Lord. Parents are to demonstrate to their children God's pattern for marriage. Parents are to teach their children spiritual and moral values and to lead them, through consistent lifestyle example and loving discipline, to make choices based on biblical truth. Children are to honor and obey their parents.
Salvation involves the redemption of the whole man, and is offered freely to all who accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, who by His own blood obtained eternal redemption for the believer. In its broadest sense salvation includes regeneration, justification, sanctification, and glorification. There is no salvation apart from personal faith in Jesus Christ as Lord.
Regeneration, or the new birth, is a work of God's grace whereby believers become new creatures in Christ Jesus. It is a change of heart wrought by the Holy Spirit through conviction of sin, to which the sinner responds in repentance toward God and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. Repentance and faith are inseparable experiences of grace.
Repentance is a genuine turning from sin toward God. Faith is the acceptance of Jesus Christ and commitment of the entire personality to Him as Lord and Savior. Justification is God's gracious and full acquittal, based upon His righteousness, of all sinners who repent and believe in Christ. Justification brings the believer into a relationship of peace and favor with God.
Sanctification is the experience, beginning in regeneration, by which the believer is set apart for God's purposes, and is enabled to progress toward moral and spiritual maturity through the presence and power of the Holy Spirit dwelling in him. Growth in grace should continue throughout the regenerate person's life. Glorification is the culmination of salvation and is the final and eternal abiding state of the redeemed in the presence of God.
The Kingdom of God includes both His general sovereignty over the universe and His full authority over men who willfully acknowledge Him as King. Particularly, the kingdom is the realm of salvation into which men enter by trustful, childlike commitment to Jesus Christ. All Christians should pray and work toward the establishment of God's kingdom and God's will on earth. The full consummation of the kingdom will be realized upon the physical return to the earth of Jesus Christ.
Genesis 18:1ff.; Psalms 2:7ff.; 110:1ff.; Isaiah 7:14; 53; Matthew 1:18-23; 3:17; 8:29; 11:27; 14:33; 16:16,27; 17:5; 27; 28:1-6,19; Mark 1:1; 3:11; Luke 1:35; 4:41; 22:70; 24:46; John 1:1-18,29; 10:30,38; 11:25-27; 12:44-50; 14:7-11; 16:15-16,28; 17:1-5, 21-22; 20:1-20,28; Acts 1:9; 2:22-24; 7:55-56; 9:4-5,20; Romans 1:3-4; 3:23-26; 5:6-21; 8:1-3,34; 10:4; 1 Corinthians 1:30; 2:2; 8:6; 15:1-8,24-28; 2 Corinthians 5:19-21; 8:9; Galatians 4:4-5; Ephesians 1:20; 3:11; 4:7-10; Philippians 2:5-11; Colossians 1:13-22; 2:9; 1 Thessalonians 4:14-18; 1 Timothy 2:5-6; 3:16; Titus 2:13-14; Hebrews 1:1-3; 4:14-15; 7:14-28; 9:12-15,24-28; 12:2; 13:8; 1 Peter 2:21-25; 3:22; 1 John 1:7-9; 3:2; 4:14-15; 5:9; 2 John 7-9; Revelation 1:13-16; 5:9-14; 12:10-11; 13:8; 19:16. Re. man Genesis 1:26-30; 2:5,7,18-22; 3; 9:6; Psalms 1; 8:3-6; 32:1-5; 51:5; Isaiah 6:5; Jeremiah 17:5; Matthew 16:26; Acts 17:26-31; Romans 1:19-32; 3:10-18,23; 5:6,12,19; 6:6; 7:14-25; 8:14-18,29; 1 Corinthians 1:21-31; 15:19,21-22; Ephesians 2:1-22; Colossians 1:21-22; 3:9-11; Genesis 1:26-28; 2:15-25; 3:1-20; Exodus 20:12; Deuteronomy 6:4-9; Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 1:26-28; Psalms 51:5; 78:1-8; 127; 128; 139:13-16; Proverbs 1:8; 5:15-20; 6:20-22; 12:4; 13:24; 14:1; 17:6; 18:22; 22:6,15; 23:13-14; 24:3; 29:15,17; 31:10-31; Ecclesiastes 4:9-12; 9:9; Malachi 2:14-16; Matthew 5:31-32; 18:2-5; 19:3-9; Mark 10:6-12; Romans 1:18-32; 1 Corinthians 7:1-16; Ephesians 5:21-33; 6:1-4; Colossians 3:18-21; 1 Timothy 5:8,14; 2 Timothy 1:3-5; Titus 2:3-5; Hebrews 13:4; 1 Peter 3:1-7. Salvation Genesis 3:15; Exodus 3:14-17; 6:2-8; Matthew 1:21; 4:17; 16:21-26; 27:22-28:6; Luke 1:68-69; 2:28-32; John 1:11-14,29; 3:3-21,36; 5:24; 10:9,28-29; 15:1-16; 17:17; Acts 2:21; 4:12; 15:11; 16:30-31; 17:30-31; 20:32; Romans 1:16-18; 2:4; 3:23-25; 4:3ff.; 5:8-10; 6:1-23; 8:1-18,29-39; 10:9-10,13; 13:11-14; 1 Corinthians 1:18,30; 6:19-20; 15:10; 2 Corinthians 5:17-20; Galatians 2:20; 3:13; 5:22-25; 6:15; Ephesians 1:7; 2:8-22; 4:11-16; Philippians 2:12-13; Colossians 1:9-22; 3:1ff.; 1 Thessalonians 5:23-24; 2 Timothy 1:12; Titus 2:11-14; Hebrews 2:1-3; 5:8-9; 9:24-28; 11:1-12:8,14; James 2:14-26; 1 Peter 1:2-23; 1 John 1:6-2:11; Revelation 3:20; 21:1-22:5. Re. Kingdom Genesis 1:1; Isaiah 9:6-7; Jeremiah 23:5-6; Matthew 3:2; 4:8-10,23; 12:25-28; 13:1-52; 25:31-46; 26:29; Mark 1:14-15; 9:1; Luke 4:43; 8:1; 9:2; 12:31-32; 17:20-21; 23:42; John 3:3; 18:36; Acts 1:6-7; 17:22-31; Romans 5:17; 8:19; 1 Corinthians 15:24-28; Colossians 1:13; Hebrews 11:10,16; 12:28; 1 Peter 2:4-10; 4:13; Revelation 1:6,9; 5:10; 11:15; 21-22.
…the Revelation of Christ and His Authority Over Mankind. All understanding and values are defined in terms of the relationship of human beings to Christ as He is revealed in Holy Scripture. It is the responsibility of every believer to read, seek to understand, and follow the teachings of Scripture.
The Holy Bible was written by men divinely inspired and is God's revelation of Himself to man. It is a perfect treasure of divine instruction. It has God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its content. Therefore, all Scripture is totally true and trustworthy. It reveals the principles by which God judges us, and therefore is, and will remain to the end of the world, the true description of Christian union, and the supreme standard by which all human conduct, creeds, and religious opinions should be judged. All Scripture is a testimony to Christ, who is Himself the focus of divine revelation. Exodus 24:4; Deuteronomy 4:1-2; 17:19; Joshua 8:34; Psalms 19:7-10; 119:11,89,105,140; Isaiah 34:16; 40:8; Jeremiah 15:16; 36:1-32; Matthew 5:17-18; 22:29; Luke 21:33; 24:44-46; John 5:39; 16:13-15; 17:17; Acts 2:16ff.; 17:11; Romans 15:4; 16:25-26; 2 Timothy 3:15-17; Hebrews 1:1-2; 4:12; 1 Peter 1:25; 2 Peter 1:19-21
Source: Baptist Faith & Message, Southern Baptist Convention


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All Mares In Foal and Racing Prospects
Yearling and Weanling 2-Year-Olds 3-Year-OldsMares in Foals
Todd Moak Proven Bloodstock offers boarding and management services for mares and racing prospects purchased by our clients. We charge reasonable rates and provide first rate care. We assist with all aspects of care and management from arranging necessary veterinarian services to the export process.

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Home > Girls > Party Banners For Girls > carousel-party-banner
Carousel Party Banner
This colorful carousel party banner is full of children who love to go round and round as they wave a hello to you! Share the party excitement with this fun banner.
Your satisfaction is guaranteed.
artist: Amy Adele
style: banner
size: Banner
paper type: thin
finish: matte (non-glossy)
recycled: 100% post consumer paper
printing method: digital
printing method: digital
font shown: Christine
font color shown: purple
item code: ba378
envelopes: none
(see matching items below for return address printing)


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The Secret Spiritual World of Children
Oprah.com | March 08, 2007
Few things are more profound than when an infant looks deep into your eyes, or touches your cheek, as though he feels what you're feeling. Or a young child asks a question that you, in all of your wisdom and maturity, cannot begin to fathom the answer. "Why are we here?" "Who is God?" "Why do people suffer?" Oprah believes that children's capacities for empathy and their constant questioning amount to something much deeper than just childlike love and curiosity. To explore this phenomenon, Oprah talks to Dr. Tobin Hart, author of
The Secret Spiritual World of Children
Oprah believes we are more than just our bodies. "There is so much more to life than that which we can perceive with our fives senses," she says. "Innocent children, it turns out, may have a far better grasp of what lives beyond our limited perceptions than we ever might have imagined."
Dr. Hart agrees with Oprah, but laments the fact that developmental psychology and theology has missed this over the last 100 years. "We've recognized them as immature adults, somehow not complete yet," Dr. Hart says. "And as we've grown together, we've recognized that they're already old souls. They're already folks who come in with a lot of lesson and a lot of capacity."
It used to be that parents would write off the phenomenon of "imaginary friends" or visions of angels as silly childish behavior. But, what if these experiences and visions are something much richer? What if these are manifestations of children's secret spiritual lives? And what if, as parents, we fostered this way of thinking, rather than dismissing it?
Printed from Oprah.com on Tuesday, March 11, 2014
© 2014 Harpo Productions, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Mira, Mar 2004, 6.99, 400 pp. ISBN: 0778320200 Lord John Elliot knows that he and his six year old second cousin Chloe are lucky to be alive u... About Adam Mira, Mar 2003, 6.99, 400 pp. ISBN: 1551666669 In 1824, Princess Desiree of Mont Nuages returns to London after six months at home nursing a h... All Smiles When Meg Smiles goes to work as the companion of a young princess during her first season, she immediately finds herself attracted to the princess's o... Beloved Saber, the Earl of Avenall, first met Ella Rossmara 5 years ago. They fell instantly in love, but Ella was still very young. She was also recovering f... Body of Evidence (Romance) Emma Lachance is in the process of divorcing her abusive husband, the mayor of Pointe Judah, when she runs into Finn Duhon while jogging. Finn and Emm... Cameron booklist Body of Evidence (Thriller/Action) Emma Lachance is quietly living her life in Pointe Judah, Louisiana when she runs into her old high school crush, Finn Duhon. Emma is out taking a ru... Cold Day in July Marc Girard, wealthy native son of Touissant, Louisiana, is a man on a mission. After several years away from this quiet little bayou town, Marc comes... Faces of a Clown Six years ago, Laura Fenton left California after accidently killing Mark Hunt's father. Laura was in love with Mark at the time, but Mark blamed her ... French Quarter When Celina Payne's boss and mentor, Errol Petrie, is murdered she has no one to turn to but Jack Charbonnet, whom she dislikes. Jack thinks Celina is... Key West Sonnie Giacano lost everything one fateful night. She's lost her husband, her unborn child and the portion of her memory that would tell her why. Sh... Kiss Them Goodbye Mira, Nov 2003, 23.95, 400 pp. ISBN: 151667452 Not long after his brother Guy died, New Orleans restaurateur David Patin dies in a fire at his... Stella Cameron list of books More and More In this story, Finch More and her brother, Latimer, are antiquarians who are working for a wealthy nobleman, Ross, Viscount Kilrood. Unknowing to... Now You See Him Mira, Nov 2004, 19.95, 352 pp. ISBN: 0778320995 Two years ago, Ellie Byron was standing on a balcony watching the Mardi Gras festivities when ... Once and For Always Caitlin McBride, an American shoe designer, has returned to the town of Tenby, Wales with her teenaged daughter Mary in order to get her chaotic life ... Sheer Pleasures When Attorney W.G. Phoenix takes a job as a masseuse at a private club in search of answers about a missing friend, she has no idea what she's getting... Tell Me Why Stella Cameron Kensington, Sep 2001, 24.00, 368 pp. ISBN: 1575668203 Almost two years ago, Carolee Burns was an international star playing ... Testing Miss Toogood Fleur Toogood is the daughter of a poor country parson who has been invited to have a season in London sponsored by the Dowager Marchioness of Gr... Stella Cameron novels The Orphan Mira, Mar 2002, 6.99, 400 pp. ISBN: 1551668831 In 1823 at 7 Mayfair Street in London, Latimer More knows he has found his love of a lifeti...
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On Traveling to Iran as an American Street Photographer
Photographer Brandon Stanton has generated quite a bit of attention in the photo world through his project Humans of New York, which features thousands of portraits that form a visual census of the city. His goal is to capture 10,000 portraits of New Yorkers that are associated with points on a map.
Stanton recently visited the country of Iran to shoot similar portraits of its inhabitants. He tells us that by visiting the country as a tourist rather than a press member, he was able to get a "remarkable amount of access" in order to create a beautiful collection of intimate street portraits.
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Peter King follows Bill Simmons' footsteps, not Rick Reilly's
When the news came out that Sports Illustrated is planning a new website edited by Peter King, comparisons to Bill Simmons' Grantland were inevitable. Further details that have emerged on King's venture aren't going to diminish those.
There are plenty of difference between King and Simmons... and SI and ESPN. For starters, King's website will be football-only while Grantland covers not just sports, but pop culture. Nevertheless, the unique model of Grantland and its loose association with ESPN has been a success for all parties involved. After his own contract renewal, ESPN granted Simmons his own website to go in a completely new direction that hadn't been seen before at a major sports media company, and in spite of early skepticism, the model has worked.
That leaves two important questions: will this plan work for King's site as well, and if so, is it a model that can be more widely applied?
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Front Page Titles (by Subject) 5: Why the Laws Were Repealed - The Manchester School of Economics
Return to Title Page for The Manchester School of EconomicsThe Online Library of LibertyA project of Liberty Fund, Inc.Search this Title:Also in the Library:
5: Why the Laws Were Repealed - William Dyer Grampp, The Manchester School of Economics [1960]Edition used:The Manchester School of Economics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960).
About Liberty Fund:Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright information:This book is published online with the kind permission of the copyright holder, the author William Grampp. Fair use statement:This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
5Why the Laws Were RepealedRepeal was a momentous change. It was the most important of the decisions that brought England to a policy of nearly complete freedom of foreign trade, something unique in history. The forces that produced repeal were varied, and the men who worked for it had diverse motives. I would like to set down what I think were the reasons for its success and, what is not quite the same thing but difficult to separate out, why the campaign was undertaken. 1. Repeal was a step in the movement toward free trade which was begun in the last quarter of the eighteenth century by Pitt who was a diligent student of The Wealth of Nations. The movement was arrested by the French wars, and resumed after 1815. In the budgets of Huskisson, in the 1820's, many duties were repealed or lowered, and it became the declared policy of the government of which he was a part that no industry would be given more than a 30 per cent protective duty. The practice was continued by the Conservative government from 1841 onward, and was especially noticeable in Peel's budget of 1842. It simplified the tariff structure by reducing many import duties, abolishing most duties on exports, and reviving the income tax in order to restore the small loss of revenue. However, none of the budgets between 1815 and 1846 exposed any important part of the domestic economy to foreign competition. The duty on tea was reduced, and that on raw cotton was abolished. There were frequent changes in the duties on corn but they were meant only to lessen, if possible, their burden on the consumer and were not meant to bring the country gradually to free trade. The Marxists explain repeal as the outcome of a historical tendency toward free trade, and Cobden himself once believed it inevitable because the government after 1815 had set itself on an irreversible course. His considerable efforts presumably made it more inevitable. 2. One reason why the movement was undertaken was the fact that an influential part of the public believed free trade would increase the income and wealth of the country. That belief was the essential point of liberal economic policy as applied to foreign trade, and the policy in its domestic aspect had become embedded in the public mind over a period of at least three centuries. The idea was not the product of the classical economists, even though they did not acknowledge its expression by the mercantilists who themselves did not originate it, and the idea was certainly not first given to the public by the Manchester School. The school exploited the public's predisposition to free trade; it did the job so well that it has become celebrated as the arch exponent of the idea, and has been ignored in other of its purposes. Some among the public believed in free trade because it would improve their own economic position as manufacturers, exporters, or consumers; others believed in it because it opened the way to other, more wanted, objectives, like peace or political reform. There were also some who wanted free trade simply because they believed it was a good thing for the country, not because it would confer material or other benefits on themselves; they believed in it as nearly for its own sake as it is possible to believe in an economic policy. That free trade would enrich the nation was an idea the League put before all classes and groups. It was the idea by which Cobden wanted to transform the repeal campaign from a parochial interest of the businessmen into what he called "a national issue." The intellectuals believed the agitators did not do it justice, and tried to make the argument more cogent. Millions heard it explained in one form or another over a period of eight years. They attended meetings, signed petitions, staged demonstrations, called on their members in Parliament, gave pennies to the campaign, patronized free-trade bazaars, and in these and other ways expressed their opposition to "the monopolists" who were holding back the progress of the nation. How much of their behavior was motivated by the power of the idea of free trade I do not know, but it would be rash to explain their conduct as the issue of specific self-interest alone. To be sure, everyone stood to gain by cheaper food and the economic growth which free trade promised. Still, it is hard to believe that such prospects—one of which was distant and both quite diffuse in their effect—could themselves generate such intense public excitement. One's respect for the power of the idea, as an idea, is increased by recalling that it was of long standing at the time of the repeal campaign, and that it had been justified by its application to many domestic markets, to the trade in some imports and in almost all exports. When the Manchester School proposed it be applied to the corn trade immediately, the school was not making a novel proposal or demanding a radical departure from existing policy. It simply was asking for more of the same and demanding it immediately. In taking its case to the people, it again was doing nothing new. Public turmoil over the corn laws was about 25 years old when the League was formed, and there was a precedent for the raised voices and menacing demonstrations. Among the historians of economic thought, there is an inclination to exaggerate the distance between the views of the economists and those of the public. When something like the Manchester School appears—which puts an idea into practice—the event is viewed as phenomenal (and the other forces which went into making the change are overlooked). Some of the great economists themselves have underestimated the public's acceptance of their ideas. A notable example is Smith, who often was "knocking at an open door" (to use a phrase which Pareto used about the socialists). Many of the restrictions on the domestic market had disappeared long before he objected to them. He may have been justified in believing the prospects were altogether dim for complete freedom of foreign trade. But his pessimism cannot explain the behavior of his followers in the next century. The classical economists then were not opposed to complete free trade because they believed the public did not want it—because they believed it was "politically unrealistic"—but because they themselves did not want it. One is bewildered by the spectacle of the public's being brought around at last to complete repeal while M'Culloch, repeating Ricardo, argues that landlords need some protection and John Mill is indifferent to the issue. There then was a distance indeed between the economists and the public, and it was the public who was far ahead, having been brought to its position by (among other reasons) the power of one of the ideas they professed to advocate. 3. There was a political—as distinct from an economic—motive in the work of some of the free traders. Their leader was Bright. As their purposes have been explained in detail, they need only be summarized here. They believed (a) that the removal of protection to agriculture would lessen the power of the landed interest in the House; (b) that it would drive the Tories from office and reduce the strength of the right wing of the Whig party; (c) that it would increase the influence of the business classes and bring them together with the lower middle class, which was being enfranchised by the 40-shilling freehold movement; (d) that it would bring about a more equitable distribution of seats in the House; and (e) that in time it would enfranchise the working class—the total effect being to create voting support, in and out of Parliament, for the policies of the Manchester School. What actually happened was not altogether expected, and the expectations were not all of them realized. There was, in a general way, a redistribution of political power away from agriculture and in favor of the industrial areas; the middle classes did become more important, and in time the working class also. But they did not constitute a reliable source of support for Manchester. The businessmen became rather conventional Whigs, and the 40-shilling freeholders became the dependable center of the Tories. The traditional parties, after initial disturbances, did not give way to a third party. They absorbed some of the policies of the Manchester School in a discriminating way, and the policies in their entirety never secured permanent political support. One reason was that they were diffuse and varied. Another is that those which happened to be popular were made into the program of one or another of the two parties or (as parliamentary reform was) of both parties. Still another is the fact that neither Cobden nor Bright was clear about just what kind of political support he wanted: whether from a third party, from the radical Whigs, or whether the support was to come from public opinion. On the eve of repeal, Cobden urged Peel to form a middle-class party. Peel refused. It was a curious episode: Cobden urging Peel to become his leader, and Peel declining Cobden as a supporter. Bright tried to apply to the franchise movement the methods that the League had used so successfully; but he could not get enough middle-class support. Both were reluctant to accept office. In 1845 Cobden refused the post of Vice-President of the Board of Trade offered by Russell, not because the offer was a paltry one, which it was, but because he wanted no part of officialdom. In 1869 Bright accepted the place of President under Gladstone. After 1846, the political support of the Manchester leaders always was uncertain. They were the creatures of the public opinion they created, and when the public changed its mind they were for a time completely cast aside. 4. Pacifism was the motive of another group in the free-trade movement, and Cobden was its leader. Its faith was that free trade would make war impossible, because war would impoverish the millions who depended on international exchange. The idea, it may be noticed, is not the customary relationship adduced between free trade and peace: that trade creates international specialization which, in turn, prevents a nation from becoming self-sufficient enough to wage a war. Rather, the idea is a simple expression of confidence in self-interest. It was a faith that moved Cobden, and he moved thousands, perhaps millions. "Free trade," he said, "unites, by the strongest motives of which our nature is susceptible, two remote communities, rendering the interest of the one the only true policy of the other, and making each equally anxious for the prosperity and happiness of both." Pacifism was Cobden's ruling purpose, and that is the most informative thing which can be said about him. The man who has been held up as the tribune of laisser faire was, in fact, not governed by economic purposes at all but by something much different; and of all the people who have written about him only Hobson has made the fact plain. There are few public figures whose motives were as transparent as Cobden's, and few who have been so mistaken by contemporaries and later generations. He said repeatedly that he wanted free trade because it would bring world peace, and his actions were altogether consistent with what he said. The evidence is so abundant that one is puzzled over its not being used. In 1842 he wanted to make the League a part of the peace movement—despite the fact that the League's constitution prohibited its taking on any other cause than repeal and despite Cobden's insistence that the constitution be followed literally when others wished to add their purposes to it—and his proposal was to bring the free traders over to pacifism, not the other way around. He wrote to Ashworth: "It has struck me that it would be well to try to engraft our Free Trade agitation upon the Peace Movement. . . . Free Trade, by perfecting the intercourse, and securing the dependence of countries one upon another, must inevitably snatch the power from governments to plunge their people into wars." The proposal was not carried out, and after repeal Cobden tried again. In 1847, he urged Bright to join him in marshaling the free traders against Palmerston's militant foreign policy in order to "try to prevent the Foreign Office from undoing the good which the Board of Trade has done to the people." He knew quite well that his pacifism was ignored by others, and he also knew that his motives were misunderstood. In 1850, he said: But when I advocated Free Trade, do you suppose I did not see its relation to the present question [of peace], or that I advocated Free Trade merely because it would give us a little more occupation in this or that pursuit? No; I believed Free Trade would have the tendency to unite mankind in the bonds of peace, and it was that, more than any pecuniary consideration, which sustained and actuated me, as my friends know, in that struggle. Only a few of his friends in fact did know. One was Combe, and pacifism was an issue on which they differed from the start. "I could account for his views only by Mr. Cobden's peculiar organization," he said, and meant "phrenological organization." His pacifism is indeed an interesting aspect of his personality, because it informed and guided his private as well as his public life. He had an aversion to violence, which was almost an obsession, despite his pugnacity during the repeal campaign. He was horrified by duelling and boxing, he condemned capital punishment, he disliked brass bands as much as the armies they accompanied, and he asked the Pope to prevail upon the Spanish to stop bull fighting. "Those horrid Indian massacres keep me in a constant shudder," he wrote in 1857. He didn't believe in revolution or in wars for national independence, and his reaction to the American Civil War was to denounce "the senseless and unscientific butchery" (although he hardly could have been less horrified had it been scientific). Yet as gentle as he was and as much as he relied upon persuasion, he was not a timid man, and he had great moral and physical courage. For some seven years he led one of the fiercest contests in the political history of the nineteenth century, and he repeatedly faced hostile crowds.1 After the corn laws had been repealed and he saw that free trade did not have the pacifying effect he had predicted, Cobden believed the fault lay with the free traders. "How few . . . really understand the full meaning of Free Trade principles," he wrote in 1857. "The manufacturers of Yorkshire and Lancashire look upon India and China as a field of enterprise which can only be kept open by force." He did not, however, lose hope, and when he concluded the commercial treaty with France in 1860 he said: "It will only require a few years to develop that state of mutual dependence which forms the solid basis for the peace and happiness of nations."2 The decisive test came when he had to choose between pacifism and free international capital movements of military significance. He promptly chose pacifism. The episode is related in Chapter 6, in which the Manchester School's ideas of foreign policy are described. Cobden's opposition to colonies was the best known feature of his pacifism. As a young man he read The Wealth of Nations, and his copy is still in the library of Dunford House, his last residence. There are lively marginal notes by the passages in which Smith condemns the colonial policy of Great Britain. But there are none at all by the celebrated passage about the invisible hand. Just what were Cobden's views on laisser faire? They were those of many other men of affairs: a declaration, at times mounting to enthusiasm, for the principle, and a refusal to be guided by the principle alone in coming to a decision about a particular measure of economic policy. Cobden rarely spoke about the principle. Once was in 1842 when he demanded repeal on the ground that it would increase employment and hence was a duty of the government. Peel replied, "You assume that we have the power, but I, acting upon the best judgment which I can form . . . entertain strong doubts as to the efficacy of the measure which you recommend." It appears that Cobden was saying that a policy of free trade would increase employment and that it was the government's duty to remove an obstacle to free trade. The idea is a part of laisser faire doctrine, and quite the opposite of the contention that the government has the duty to maintain employment by controlling trade. Cobden repeated the idea in 1846, in the only important speech he made during the debate over Peel's motion to abolish the corn laws. "You cannot do better than leave industry to its own instincts. If you attempt by legislation to give any direction to trade and industry, it is a thousand to one that you are doing wrong; and if you happen to be right, it is a work of supererogation." In 1848, in a debate over monetary policy, G. F. Muntz, a leader of the "Birmingham School" of currency reform (which was inflationary) said, "If honest, sober, industrious men could not find employment, the fault was with the government." Cobden rose to say that "it was a most dangerous doctrine to advance, that it was the duty of the Government, under all circumstances, to find employment for all who were able to work and of good character." Muntz hastened to declare that he had been misunderstood, that he fully agreed with Cobden, that he was not asking the government to assure employment, that he meant only its fiscal and monetary measures were mistaken.3 What does this mean: that the government has not the responsibility to maintain full employment or that it has not the power? Has it the power to direct certain other economic affairs and has it the responsibility to use that power? It seems to me that Cobden and most everyone else believed the government hadn't the power to increase employment, except by removing obstacles to international trade, and that it did have the power to direct a few other economic affairs. I do not believe they were opposed to government action in all affairs. Whether or not their view was consistent with economic liberalism is a matter of definition. It certainly is not consistent with the extreme version of liberalism, as expounded then by Herbert Spencer, for example, or in this century by Hayek. The matter of definition is quite important. If laisser faire means that the government should act only where it can be effective, then laisser faire means only that the government should not do what it cannot do. If laisser faire means that economic decisions are the ethical prerogative of the individual, it means the government should refrain from acting even where it can be effective. The doctrine sometimes has meant—as it meant to John Stuart Mill—that the government should act only where individuals themselves are not effective and should refrain from acting where individuals are. As much as one admires Mill, one feels that his solution was a feeble one, because it turns on the meaning of "effective." It is a relative notion. Perhaps Mill meant that the government should intervene only where a thing (as the shortening of working hours) would not be done at all. But he really didn't say that. Since his day, the advocates of government direction have found more and more instances of individual action being ineffective simply by showing that it is not as effective as the government's action can be. And, indeed, Cobden found a few. He supported the Banking Act of 1844 which gave the Bank of England quasi-monopoly powers and which, as Lloyd W. Mints remarked, was odd in one supposed to be a champion of laisser faire.4 He was very critical, indeed scornful, of the Poor Law of 1834 which then (and now) was taken to exemplify the laisser faire policy of Senior. He was opposed to completely free international movements of capital. He had no difficulty in supporting legislative control of railway construction in order that the tracks would be of a standard gauge. His ambiguous stand on the factory acts was described in the last chapter. And he was not above exploiting the public's distaste for extreme liberalism. In the 'thirties, the handloom weavers had petitioned the House for relief and had been turned away. Cobden recalled the incident when he condemned the House for protecting the rents of agricultural landlords: I am well acquainted with the answer which the poor distressed hand-loom weavers got when they addressed the House and claimed its protection. They were told that the House had been studying political economy, and that the weavers had entirely mistaken their position, and that their wages could not be maintained up to a certain price.5 The acid in this reminds one of Carlyle's comment on the classical assumption of full employment which underlay the Poor Law of 1834. 5. An altogether different motive governed some of the businessmen in the League. They wanted free trade in order to cut money wages. It was their "great object," and according to the protectionists and many historians it was the object of all or most of the free traders. I do not think it was, and as so much has been written otherwise the point calls for rather close attention. That a wage cut should have been thought to be the primary purpose of the movement is understandable, because: (a) Some businessmen did say they wanted repeal in order to cut wages. (b) The Chamber in 1837 stated that the corn laws raised money wages and placed British manufacturers at a disadvantage in foreign markets; and at its critical meeting in December 1838, when the radicals took control of it, their most compelling argument implied that repeal would lower money wages.6 (c) The Philosophic Radicals cited the point in their argument for repeal, and Villiers repeated it in the House when he made his annual motion in 1838. (d) Money wages in some areas were regulated in part by the price of corn. (e) That they must be was a part of Ricardian economics, which held that money wages in the long run were determined by the cost of subsistence. The evidence is persuasive, but it is not convincing. What it shows is that a wage cut was the purpose of some of the free traders, and that at one time their support was necessary to make the free-trade movement effective. To make the evidence complete there should be added to each of the points above the following facts: (a) Not all of the businessmen believed free trade would lower wages, and a few did not want them lowered. How many did believe it and how many did not, I have no idea. The fact that opinion was not unanimous means that the lowering of wages was not the "great object" of repeal. Of those who did believe it, not all of them thought lower money wages would be the principal advantage of repeal or even an important one. Those who held the belief were a minority in the counsels of the League, and after a while their view counted for less than nothing, the others finding it a liability and insisting that they keep it to themselves. A quite different idea of wages was expressed by the businessmen who spoke and wrote for the League, who organized it and drove it forward. Cobden and Bright, once they were in power in the League, contended that free trade would increase money wages. The most important tract on repeal written by a businessman was that by W. R. Greg, which (as explained below) stated that repeal would lower money wages but that they always would be higher than those abroad. (b) Although the Chamber did deplore the high money wages which, it said, were caused by the corn laws, it objected more strongly to other trade restrictions which had either a most indirect effect on wages or none at all. Moreover, its view of wages changed after 1838. (c) The Philosophic Radicals impressed the businessmen very much but did not give them their ideas or show them where their true interest lay or make their motives explicit to them. Carlyle's judgment of them as the "Paralytic Radicals" is undoubtedly harsh, but as a description of their political ineffectuality it was accurate. (d) It was only to a limited extent that money wages were in fact regulated by the price of corn.7 (e) It is not to the Ricardian system that one can trace the promptings of the businessmen or those of most others in the free-trade movement. By now it must be plain that there was no close correspondence between the ideas of the Manchester School and those of classical economics. If that were not clear enough, the fact that the Ricardians opposed complete repeal should be. The point shows the hazard of reading a policy implication in a positive statement of the classical economists, or of any other, no matter how logical the implication may be. Nevertheless, the lowering of money wages was thought to be the principal purpose of repeal. The League categorically denied it, and it was categorically asserted by the opposition. Many of the businessmen urged their workers to support repeal on the ground that their money wages as well as well as their real wages would be increased. The workers refused to believe such a thing possible (although at one time they did) and, seeing where the idea now came from, closed their minds all the more to it. "Oh, you have been most grossly bamboozled—most grossly deceived and gulled, most effectually practised upon," Cobden told an audience about the wage question.8 Yet even his power failed on this point. It is noteworthy that money and real wages did increase after 1846 along with the rise in textile exports and employment. Repeal was one cause of the increase. 6. More important than a wage reduction to most of the businessmen was an increase in the demand for textiles. One is led to this conclusion by what was said, written, and done during the period. The businessmen wanted to remove all import duties, thereby increasing their exports and their sales in the domestic market. They long had believed that their fortunes were governed by foreign trade, and they watched closely those actions of the government that in any way affected it. I have described the Chamber's efforts to alter the corn laws. In the same period, it also petitioned the government to change other of its policies. It asked for free trade between Ireland and England; it opposed the limiting of the size of vessels in the East India trade, and deplored what it said were unnecessarily cautious quarantine regulations which restricted the movement of other ships; it expressed alarm over a report that a higher duty was to be placed on raw cotton from America, and it urged the extension of cotton-growing in India and Egypt; it called for the recognition of the independence of Colombia and Mexico, which had promised to open their ports to the trade of all nations that did so; it opposed discriminatory duties on sugar and coffee from outside the empire because of their "lessening the demand for our manufactures"; and it declared that the equal treatment of Brazil would dissuade that country from imposing retaliatory duties on British capital and would present "a wide field for the employment of British capital." In 1839 it asked, "How are we to create such a demand for our productions abroad, as shall give the means of subsistence to this industrious community, and supply a profitable field of employment to our capitalists?" By "nothing . . . but the carrying out in practise [of] that principle of free trade."9 The industry objected to the restrictions because they limited its sales and were thought to do this in three ways. Some duties (like that on raw cotton) increased costs and prices; others (corn, sugar, coffee) increased the cost of food and reduced expenditure at home for textiles; and all reduced Britain's imports and, hence, its exports. Free trade, the businessmen believed, would increase sales by reducing costs and increasing demand at home and abroad. As the League developed its campaign, it emphasized more and more the expected increase in demand, and by 1841 that was the official line of the free traders. "If I know anything," Cobden said in his maiden speech in the House, "the repeal of the Corn Laws means increased trade and the claim of a right to exchange our manufactures for the corn of all other countries, by which we should very much increase the extent of our trade."10 The cost reductions from free trade were less and less noticed, although the duty on raw cotton was not entirely removed until 1845. Had the businessmen and the League in its entirety been governed by the intention to cut wages, the cost effect would have been emphasized and the demand effect given little notice. Of course it is conceivable that the emphasis was put on demand to hoodwink the public. Still one would expect to find some evidence of duplicity, since it is available on other points. Or it may have been that, despite all they said, the free traders wanted to cut wages but simply didn't realize it. A more plausible—certainly a simpler—explanation is to suppose they meant what they said. It is characteristic of businessmen in an expanding industry to be more enthusiastic over still greater increases in demand than in the possibility of cutting costs, as welcome as that possibility always is. The English laborer always would be "a more costly machine," W. R. Greg stated in 1842. His pamphlet was the best reasoned statement made by a businessman of the viewpoint of his class.11 It opens by stating that the output of cotton goods increased at a fairly steady rate between 1821 and 1839, and thus the ensuing recession was not attributable to an unusually large increase in output. It was caused by a decrease in the demand for textiles: in the home market where high food prices took money which would have been spent on textiles, and in the foreign market which was deprived of sterling by the corn laws. In order to restore the demand for textiles and other manufactured goods, Britain must accept goods from foreigners which are their "mode of payment." It follows that "perfect freedom of interchange therefore . . . must form the sole basis of our future prosperity." It would reduce the costs of production of manufactures, Greg states, and "cheaper food will no doubt enable our people to live in much greater comfort than at present, upon considerably smaller earnings." The "smaller earnings" will be helpful to the manufacturers, but it is not the cost reduction that will eliminate unemployment; rather, it is the increase in the foreign demand for manufactured goods, which increase will be greater than the foreign capacity to supply it. Free trade in corn will produce such an increase. It will raise food prices and wages abroad, lower both at home, lower the rate of profit in foreign manufacturing, and thereby reduce the incentive "to invest capital therein," shift resources to agriculture abroad, and restrain the growth of manufacturing there. Cobden differed pointedly from one aspect of this view of repeal, which was that of both the humanitarian and the self-interested businessmen. He would not admit the possibility of lower money wages or that there was any advantage in lowering them. He said they would increase under free trade because output would expand, and the higher wages themselves would make the expansion still greater. In 1842, he said: In every period when wages have dropped, it has been found that the manufacturing interest dropped also; and I hope that the manufacturers will have credit for taking a rather more enlightened view of their own interest than to conclude that the impoverishment of the multitude, who are the great consumers of all that they produce, could ever tend to promote the prosperity of our manufacturers. In public assemblies, one of his favorite metaphors was "the circle of exchange," and he described how it would be enlarged by free trade, meaning that trade would increase and along with it domestic employment and the demand for all goods. It was the nearest he came to classical doctrine, and is interesting because it is closer to the mercantilist way of looking at trade, in relation to economic growth, than to the classical view with its emphasis on efficiency and equilibrium. To the businessmen in the League, he addressed the warning: "I don't think Manchester will carry the repeal of the Corn Laws, but that we shall carry it only by making it a national question. Therefore don't let the enemy make it be believed that this is a mere manufacturers' or cotton spinners' question."12 When the businessmen claimed that repeal would increase the demand for textiles they were not looking only to the future. They expected an increase immediately after the laws were abolished, and their reasoning discloses the considerable facility some of them had with economic ideas. So long as the corn trade was restricted, both an increase and a decrease in corn imports could, it was believed, reduce the demand for textiles in the home market. Imports increased substantially only when the domestic price was high, and the increase caused an outflow of gold. The high price of corn reduced the domestic demand for textiles, and the reduction was made greater by the deflationary effect of the gold outflow. In the critical summer of 1842, the businessmen believed that repeal would have an inflationary effect which would relieve the present distress and, in addition, establish the condition for a long-term expansion of the textile industry; and this reasoning supported their belief. It also supported the belief that the corn laws were an unstabilizing influence on the entire economy as well as on the sectors producing grain and textiles. When the laws were repealed, the textile industry in fact did expand at a more rapid rate than in the past, but so did the rest of the economy. Free trade was one reason for the higher rate of growth, another was the increase in the world's gold supply after 1849, and a third was the external economies that were yielded by the railway investment made before 1850. Between 1840 and 1860, cotton exports increased at twice the rate of increase between 1820 and 1840, while the rate of increase in all exports was four times as great in the later as in the earlier period. The demand argument for repeal was well remembered by the free traders themselves, and it was Edmund Potter who laid the figures before them in 1861.13 They proved, he said, that his class had acted more in the interests of others than in its own. However, it is doubtful that in the 1840's his class knew it was promoting an end that was no part of what its self-interest intended. When the end became quite clear, the businessmen cooled toward free trade in an unmistakable way. (The events then are described in Chapter 6.) 7. Another motive of the businessmen was to arrest the growth of manufacturing abroad, possibly to stop it altogether, and, at the least, to lessen the competition it was giving them. They differed among themselves over why repeal would have this effect. Some believed it would lower money wages and, hence, costs at home and raise costs abroad, because food prices at home would fall and those abroad would rise. Some believed that it would halt the emigration of skilled workers from Britain, leaving foreigners without the necessary labor to produce textile machinery. Some believed free trade in Britain would cause other countries to lower their duties on manufactured goods. Some connected the increase in demand from free trade with the arresting of manufacturing growth abroad, saying that if foreigners had sterling they would buy British instead of domestic goods; although why they would do this if their own goods were cheaper it is difficult to understand. There is no doubt that by 1838 the British manufacturing industries had become alarmed at the industrial development abroad. The alarm aroused the Chamber out of its timidity, and marshaled the businessmen into the League. It was infectious, and was expressed by the leaders of the government. There was in the idea this rather remarkable implication: When the businessmen argued that without free trade, Britain would lose its dominant position in world manufacturing and that with free trade its superiority would be guaranteed, they were awkwardly close to saying that the merit of free trade was in its giving them a monopoly on the world market. They were playing for high stakes indeed. The most of which the League ever accused the British landlords was of wanting to monopolize the domestic corn market. The protectionists seem not to have made capital out of the implication. That is odd, because they were adroit at quoting the classical economists against the Manchester School, and they might have recalled Ricardo's observation: "In principle, nothing as odious as monopoly and restriction; in practise, nothing so salutary and desirable." 8. The Chamber stated that foreign countries would be opened to British capital by a policy of entire free trade. From the time of its founding onward, it expressed anxiety that restrictions on imports of any commodity from any country would cause foreigners to restrict the import of British capital as well as of goods. Though it occasionally professed to want a pacific foreign policy and showed how free trade would support it, the Chamber more often petitioned the government, and the Foreign Office particularly, on behalf of measures that would keep world markets open to British goods and capital even when such measures were, as they usually were, anything but peaceable. 9. On the opening pages of this study I said that the Manchester School was more an expression of middle-class radicalism than of classical economics. Its radicalism was one of the reasons why the free-trade campaign was successful. Its radicalism comprehended some of the motives described above. One was not, and although it cannot be made as explicit as the others it was important and ought to be set down. It was the attitude of dissent. It has been said that every important reform in Britain since the start of the nineteenth century has been promoted and brought to success by people who were obstinate, single-minded, disagreeable, and slightly ridiculous to their contemporaries and occasionally to posterity also. There were such people in the League, and each of them had his own reasons for wanting free trade. But it is hard to believe that it was their reasons that gave them the energy, courage, and resolution to see the campaign to its final success. They wanted free trade, one feels, simply because protection was a part of the established order of things, and they simply would not accept that order. Behind their reasoned case for free trade was a destructive temper which itself was indestructible. It gave them the energy which others in the movement lacked and which sustained it when it most needed resolution. [1.] Morley, The Life of Richard Cobden, I, 230-31; ibid., II, 10; Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, eds. John Bright and James E. Thorold Rogers (London, 1870), II, 421; Gibbon, The Life of George Combe, I, 314; Reminiscences of Richard Cobden, compiled by Mrs Salis Schwabe (London, 1895), p. 295. [2.] Morley, The Life of Richard Cobden, II, 214; Ashworth, Recollections of Richard Cobden, p. 380. [3.]Parliamentary Debates, Vol. 65, p. 1317; ibid., Vol. 84, p. 290; ibid., Vol. 101, pp. 638, 650. [4.] Lloyd W. Mints, A History of Banking Theory in Great Britain and the United States (Chicago, 1945), p. 111. [5.]Speeches . . . by Richard Cobden, I, 23. [6.]Proceedings of the Chamber of Commerce, III, 514-16; supra, pp. 55-56. [7.]Supra, p. 30. [8.] Ashworth, Recollections of Richard Cobden, p. 223. [9.]Proceedings of the Chamber of Commerce, IV, 28-29, and passim. [10.] Elijah Helm, Chapters in the History of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce (London [1902]), p. 79. [11.]Not Over-Production, but Deficient Consumption, the Source of our Sufferings, 2d ed. (London, 1842). [12.]Speeches . . . by Richard Cobden, I, 19; Ashworth, Recollections of Richard Cobden, I, 387. [13.]The Manchester Guardian, Feb. 1, 1861. |


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each time we open an xls file, a total of 3 sheets are loaded and 99% of the time, only one sheet is needed
can one calculate the impact of this waste on electricity waste or something??
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waste of electricity
Started by
, Sep 14 2011 02:16 PM
Posted 14 September 2011 - 02:16 PM
Posted 14 September 2011 - 02:25 PM
Its due to the default XLS file has 3 sheets. You can try measuring it, they give grants away for similar questions!
Posted 14 September 2011 - 04:03 PM
can one calculate the impact of this waste on electricity waste or something??
No, but if you want I can calculate the impact of posting things before thinking a bit on them (and checking the manual or googling for them)
Have you actually checked OPTIONS in Excel?
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AGA submitted a letter to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) docket strongly supporting the request from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for a limited waiver from provisions in the "Buy America", Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act. The waiver was necessary for a subset of Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) utility materials necessary for relocation project referred to as the "Cordelia I-80/I-680/State Route (SR) 12 Project" which is designed to reduce congestion, accommodate increases in traffic and address safety concerns. The vast majority of materials used on this important highway project will meet Buy America requirements. The public safety and jobs benefits derived from advancing this project are in the public interest.
AGA comments also explained that it is important that the FHWA and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) decide if Buy America requirements should be applied to utility relocation agreements, and if necessary to provide a reasonable framework for utilities to comply without disrupting ongoing projects. AGA believes this framework would need to include several key elements:
AGA Comments to U.S. DOT on Buy America Waiver Request
Date: July 19, 2013
AGA and other transportation industry trade associations sent the Secretary of Transportation a follow up letter to the memorandum of June 28, 2013, in which they requested his leadership to resolve the uncertainty that has resulted from the decision by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to begin applying Buy America requirements to utility relocation agreements.
Buy America Act - Letter to Secretary Anthony Foxx (Sep 17, 2013)
Date: September 17, 2013


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Piano Jazz Shorts podcast
Joanne Brackeen, 2006
new3/4/2014Virtuoso pianist and master composer Joanne Brackeen has been called "the Picasso of jazz piano." In her hands, the history of jazz is created and recreated as she floats seamlessly between traditional jazz and free play. Like McPartland, Brackeen has been a trailblazer for women in jazz. On this 2006 episode, the two friends get together on McPartland's "Ambiance" and John Coltrane's "Giant Steps."
Mary Lou Williams, 1979
In honor of Women's History Month Piano Jazz presents a session with pioneering pianist Mary Lou Williams, who would have been 103 this year. On this session from the very first Piano Jazz season Williams proves a tough nut for McPartland to crack, but warms up enough to play a duet and she even sings on "Rosa Mae." Other tunes include "Caravan," and Williams' "Scratchin' in the Gravel."
Alice Coltrane, 1982
Alice Coltrane, the wife of jazz giant John Coltrane, performed with her husband's band in his final years. She is also one of the few jazz harpists and a composer in her own right. On this 1982 Piano Jazz, Alice Coltrane performs her original tunes "Transfiguration" and "One for the Father" and joins McPartland for "Giant Steps."
John Dankworth and Cleo Laine, 1998
Saxophonist John "Johnny" Dankworth was one of the most celebrated jazz musicians and bandleaders of his native Great Britain. He performed with Charlie Parker during the Bop era, and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2006. Piano Jazz remembers Dankworth, who passed away in 2010, on this program from 1998 recorded before a live audience at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, NY. Dankworth joins vocalist and wife Cleo Laine along with host McPartland for "I Can't Give You Anything...
Grace Kelly, 2008
Saxophonist Grace Kelly made an impression in the Boston area with her playing before she was even a teenager. She studied with Lee Konitz from age thirteen and has played with a host of jazz legends, including Russell Malone and Phil Woods. Kelly shows off her sax skills on "Round Midnight" before demonstrating her vocal talents on "East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)."
Cedar Walton, 1980
Pianist Cedar Walton rode high on the cresting wave of '60s Hard Bop. He performed with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers and in Lee Morgan's band and was house pianist at Prestige Records. Walton passed away in August 2013. On this 1980 session, he performs his tune "N.P.S." and duets with McPartland on "Lover Man."
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OCTOBER ROAD-9 To 5 Collection. Celebrate your life on the job with the timeless patterns of 9 To 5. This package contains one 6-1/2x 4-1/2 inch sheet of assorted cling rubber stamps of varying shape and size. Available in several designs (each sold separately). Number of stamps per package varies by design. Made in USA.


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Chandeliers > Alexa > P4458-09
- Category: Chandeliers
- Room Type: Sitting Room Lighting, Dining Room Lighting
- Finish: Brushed Nickel
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- Description: Three-light Chandelier with white linen finished glass is complemented with a crisp, clear edge accent strip. This collection offers the best of traditional and modern highlight with a Brushed Nickel finish.
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The legendary characters of TANKMEN, Captain and Steve, join forces with Master Chief to battle the evils of the HALO universe.
Created by Dan Berry
Inspired by the Creations of JohnnyUtah.
Thanks for watching!
ATTENTION: There are no spoilers. I made up an alternate purpose for the ring. Please do not freak out! haha
PS. Thank you very much everyone, especially Tom for the collection adds and the Front page. I'm glad it turned out so well.
End Song= Knights of Cydonia by MUSE.
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars April 8, 2013
Woo, Tankment and Halo, what a genius combination of two great series this is. The introductory part with the chief and his past ventures is probably the best part, but as with all great Tankmen episodes there's plenty of both puns and violence, and for this one, there's even a partially new and innovative plot weaved in. Great animation, great voice acting and a grand finale. Nice work!
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Rated 5 / 5 stars March 26, 2013
....How did they guess what the master chief looks like? Hax!


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Those of you who desire your lullabies sang by a former professor with a magnificent beard will be happy to know that Kiss Each Other Clean, the newest album from Sam Beam a.k.a. Iron & Wine, is set for release in early 2011. Until then, your cat's mane and purring will have to suffice.
Listen Live:
iTunes and KEXP
You can now find KEXP under "Eclectic" in iTunes after the demise of the "Public" category, to better represent the diversity of our daytime variety shows and numerous specialty programs.KEXP Suggests


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American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org
National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov
BC Cancer Agency http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/default.htm
Cancer Care Ontario http://www.cancercare.on.ca/
Clinical Oncology . 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, Inc; 2000.
Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 16th ed. WB Saunders Co; 2000.
Ophthalmology . Mosby International Ltd; 1999.
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology . 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1997.
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Save 25 percent on a refurbished Roku box
This is an update of a deal I posted a couple of months ago.
Finding out what all the "Downton Abbey" fuss is about. The arrival of movies like "Mission Impossible III" and "Team America: World Police" on Netflix. The early debut of shows on Hulu.
These are just a few of the reasons why you need a Roku. As I've noted before, I think these little boxes are the best way to bring streaming media into your living room. They sling not only Netflix, but also Amazon Instant Video, CNET, HBO Go, … Read more


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Hodags advance to sectional final - Tomahawk falls
Submitted: 03/06/2014
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- Two games away from a trip to the state boys basketball tournament. That's the goal any teams still playing faced Thursday night.
Sectional semifinals throughout the state.
Strike up the band, as in Division Three, Tomahawk upset regional #1 seed Peshtigo to get to this game.
On Thursday, the Hatchets faced another #1 seed - Little Chute. The game was played in Antigo.
In the third quarter, Tomahawk's Jordan Roessler hit a 3-pt field goal to pull the Hatchets to within six points. Jared Jarvensivu led Tomahawk with 21 points.
But Little Chute pulled away from there. They led by as many as 19 points.
Tomahawk's season ends with a 58-44 defeat.
In Division Two, Rhinelander defeated Shawano 45-32. The game was played in Stevens Point. Rhinelander faces Rice Lake Saturday in Marshfield for a trip to state.
Other scores include in Division 5, Newman Catholic defeats Columbus Catholic 39-34. It's Newman and Green Bay NEW Lutheran meeting in Pulaski Saturday.
More scores at wjfw.com.
Story By: Joe Dufek
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Sponsored in part by HodagSports.com
Big Ol' Fish - Mar 6
Submitted: 03/06/2014
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- Here is 8-year old Sydney Eibisch (I-Bish) of Crystal Lake, IL. Last month while fishing with her dad and grandpa on Lake Alice near Tomahawk, Sydney caught her first walleye on her first ice fishing trip. She landed this 6-incher using a jig and minnow for bait. In fact, she was the only one to get on the board that day. After the picture, the fish was released.
4-year old Matthew Carpenter of Rhinelander was fishing at an area lake - when he landed this 22-inch Northern Pike. I'm told Matthew was very quick on the draw when the indicator on the tip up was spinning. Matthew is now giving tips to the rest of the family on how to land the big ones.
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Northwoods Spotlight - Northland Pines basketball brothers - Mar 5
Submitted: 03/05/2014
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- Last week, the season ended for the Northland Pines boys basketball team. The team only won one game all season long.
But for one Eagle River family, great memories were made - despite the record.
That's because one of the sons is able to enjoy life from the sidelines - despite obstacles.
Ken Kluever of Eagle River and his wife Carie learned their second child - Austin has spinal bifida. It's is a developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed. Austin will be bound to a wheel chair his whole life.
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Antigo ready for eleventh straight trip to state gymnastics
Submitted: 03/05/2014
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- This weekend the Antigo Red Robins will be competing at the state gymnastics meet.
It's the 11th straight year, Antigo has qualified for meet as a team.
During that time, Antigo won the D2 state championship in 2008.
Head coach Julie Langseth is in her 23rd year with Antigo.
The Red Robins are strong on the floor and balance beam. After a weak start, their work on the uneven bars has improved all season.
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The Second Season Began Tuesday Night for Girls Hoops
Submitted: 03/04/2014
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- The road to the state tournament began tonight in high school girls basketball. Regionals kicked off across the Northwoods.
We traveled to Rhinelander, Antigo and Crandon for highlights.
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CW Storm Headed Back to State
Submitted: 03/04/2014
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- With a win over Northland Pines, the Central Wisconsin Storm advanced to state for the seventh straight year.
They're heading to Madison Friday to take on Bay Area.
The Storm co-op has players from D.C. Everest, Mosinee and Wausau West and East.
They've won two State titles, one in 2008 and the other in 2012.
The Storm defeated the Eagles 2-0 in the sectional final held at the Dome to earn their spot in the tournament field.
Even though they've been there before, they know there's still work to do.
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The Hodags Are Sectional Bound Again
Submitted: 03/04/2014
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- The Hodag boys rallied from being down 13 points to earn their third straight regional title. But the celebration didn't last long, they quickly began preparing for Sectionals.
The Hodags have made it to the WIAA's sweet 16 for the third straight year. Next up they'll face a Shawano team that beat Antigo and Waupaca over the weekend.
Rhinelander is 19-5 on the season and playing inspired basketball. They want to make sure they position themselves to go further in the playoffs this time around.
The sectional semifinal will take place at 7 p.m. Thursday at Stevens Point Area Senior High.
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Player of the Week Nominees - March 3
Submitted: 03/03/2014
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- Only a few more weeks to go in the Winter Sports season. We'll start announcing our Players of the Year next Monday, but we still have one more group of nominees for Newswatch 12 Player of the Week.
On the hardwood Hodags Mitch Reinthaler came up big against Wausau East on Saturday. Mitch put up 18 points including a late free throw that sealed the win for Rhinelander. With the victory, the Hodags captured their 3rd straight regional title.
To the ice, hockey fans watched a thriller between Antigo and Northland Pines last Tuesday and Red Robins Alex Nagel was the hero. He had a hat trick, including the game winner in double overtime. The win sent Antigo to the section finals.
At state wrestling, it's hard enough to win one title much less repeat. But that's exactly what Merrill's Tyler Schmidt did. Tyler defended his title in D1 220 lb. on Saturday. He'll try to help Merrill to a team title this weekend.
And in girls hockey it was a familiar matchup on Saturday at the Dome. The Central Wisconsin Storm faced Northland Pines and it was a freshman with the performance of the day. Katelyn Ramthun scored 2 goals for the Storm and that was all they needed. The Storm are headed back to state.
To vote on any of our nominees go to the sports poll at wjfw.com. Voting will end at 3pm on Friday.
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Ilyasova scores 31, Bucks beat Jazz 114-88
Submitted: 03/03/2014
- Ersan Ilyasova scored a season-high 31 points on 13-of-14 shooting, and the Milwaukee Bucks hit a blistering 57 percent from the field to beat the Utah Jazz 114-88 on Monday night.
Zaza Pachulia added 14 points, six rebounds and five assists, and five Bucks scored in double digits. The NBA's worst team improved to 12-47 and enjoyed a rare breather at home.
Enes Kanter had 27 points to lead Utah, mired by a mistake-prone third quarter in which the Bucks regularly led by at least 20.
NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar took in some of the action. Drafted No. 1 overall by the Bucks in 1969, Abdul-Jabbar was in town to promote a tourism ad for the state of Wisconsin that played off his acting role in the movie ``Airplane.''
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Thornton scores 25 in Nets' 107-98 win over Bucks
Submitted: 03/01/2014
- Marcus Thornton scored 12 of his 25 points in the fourth quarter to lead the Brooklyn Nets to a 107-98 victory over the Milwaukee Bucks on Saturday night.
Brooklyn's Kevin Garnett missed the game with back spasms but wasn't needed as the Nets never trailed in the second half against the NBA's worst team.
Thornton, playing in his third game for Brooklyn since being obtained in a Feb. 19 trade with Sacramento, came off the bench to make 8 of 13 from the field to help the Nets finish their seven-game road trip 4-3.
Andray Blatche had 19 points and 13 rebounds for Brooklyn, including eight points and 10 rebounds in the fourth quarter.
Khris Middleton and Ramon Sessions scored 16 points apiece for Milwaukee.
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Several area wrestlers in semifinals after day one at state
Submitted: 02/27/2014
- Several wrestlers from the Northwoods headed to Madison with championship dreams. The Merrill Bluejays led the way with seven wrestlers competing at state.
At Division One 195 pounds, Rhinelander's Connor Johnson won is preliminary match against Green Bay Preble/East. However, he lost his quarterfinal match Thursday night.
At D-1 170 pounds, Merrill's David Pophal won both his matches. He'll wrestle in the semifinals Friday night.
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No. 14 Wisconsin beats Indiana 69-58
Submitted: 02/25/2014
- Sam Dekker scored 16 points and No. 14 Wisconsin shrugged off a slow start to beat Indiana 69-58 on Tuesday night.
The Hoosiers (15-12, 5-9 Big Ten) held Wisconsin (23-5, 10-5) to its lowest point production in the first half this season, taking a 29-19 lead.
But Wisconsin outscored Indiana 9-2 over the first 3 minutes of the second half as the shots started to fall. The Badgers shot 26 percent in the first half, they hit 62 percent of their shots in the second. They went 6 of 11 from the 3-point line after making just 1 of 10 in the first half.
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Canada wins 1-0 over the U.S. to advance to the gold-medal game
Submitted: 02/21/2014
- The U.S. was averaging five goals per game heading into the Olympic semifinals.
Against Canada, it couldn't muster one.
That was the story at the Bolshoy Ice Dome on Friday as Carey Price stopped all 31 shots faced and Canada continued its stifling defense in a 1-0 win over the Americans, securing a berth in the gold medal game for the second consecutive Olympics.
Jamie Benn scored the game's lone marker — his second of the tournament — early in the second period, deflecting home a Jay Bouwmeester slap-pass.
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Canada stuns the U.S. in overtime to win women's hockey gold
Submitted: 02/20/2014
- Marie-Philip Poulin scored twice for the second straight Olympic gold medal game and Canada beat the United States 3-2 in overtime on Thursday for its fourth consecutive title.
Canada trailed 2-0 before Brianne Jenner and Poulin scored in the final 3:26 of regulation, and Poulin had the game-winner with a power play goal at 8:10 of overtime.
To see more about the game, select the recap link below.
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USA advance to men's hockey semis
Submitted: 02/19/2014
- The U.S. stayed hot in the Sochi Olympics by taking care of the Czech Republic on Wednesday with a 5-2 win to advance to the semifinals.
James Van Riemsdyk, Dustin Brown, David Backes, Phil Kessel and Zach Parise all scored for the U.S.
Plover native Joe Pavelski had an assist in the victory.
For more on the game, select the recap link below.
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WJFW TV-12 Sports Results
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WJFW TV-12 Sports Team
Joe Dufek
Sports Director
Joe joined the Newswatch 12 sports team in July 2011 as the Sports Director.
Before coming to the Northwoods, Joe was the Weekend Sports Anchor at KBJR in Duluth, MN. Joe's resume includes working at WFRV in Green Bay, WDIO in Duluth, and WTCH radio in Shawano.
Joe has always had a passion for sports, especially football, hockey, and golf. Joe is a 2005 graduate from UW-Oshkosh with a B.S. degree in Radio/TV/Film. During his college days, he was the Sports Director for the university's radio station twice.
A native of Frog Station, WI (near Green Bay), Joe grew up watching the Packers, Brewers, and Bucks. In fact he also lists listening to old Packer radio braodcasts among his hobbies. Recently, Joe married his fiancee Amy.
When he is not watching or playing sports, he's likely reading or watching something on the American Civil War, or World War II.
Joe says,"In just a short time, I have really been made to feel right at home, thanks to the great folks in the Northwoods."
If you see Joe out on a shoot, please feel free to say hi and email any story ideas you may have.
Marisa Silvas
Weekend Sports Anchor/Reporter
Marisa Silvas joined the Newswatch 12 sports team in October 2011 as the Weekend Sports Anchor/Reporter.
Prior to coming to WJFW, she was an editor/associate producer for Comcast SportsNet Bay Area in San Francisco, CA. She also was a freelance field producer for NBC's Football Night in America and spent 6 years as a sports producer and editor for KNTV, the Bay Area's NBC affiliate where she co-hosted a weekly Sports Sunday web show with Jerry Rice.
She graduated with a degree in Communications from Santa Clara University.
Marisa is new to the Northwoods and the cold weather but has lived in several different locations on her journey to Rhinelander. Coming from a family with military ties, she was born in Austin, TX, but also grew up in Mississippi, Lancaster, CA, San Antonio, TX before settling down in Campbell, CA for the past several years.
Marisa has always had a passion for sports and people and has followed her dreams to WJFW after pursuing a full time on-air job for several years.
Marisa likes all sports but is most passionate about the NFL, NBA and major league baseball. Since she has lived in many different locations her favorite teams are all over the country as well. You will see her following her favorites: the San Antonio Spurs, Oakland Athletics and yes, Packers fans, sorry, the Chicago Bears.
She is also an avid fantasy sports fan and has participated in fantasy football and hockey leagues the past 5 seasons. Feel free to ask her for the hot waiver wire pickup!
She and her husband of 4 years, Lyndon, have taken several vacations over the past few summers to visit all the MLB parks...she has now been to 14 and is excited to add Target Field to the list this summer! Her favorites so far are Wrigley, PNC and Miller Park. She and her husband also make an annual trek to Soldier Field to watch their beloved Bears and hang out in their favorite city, where they got engaged at the top of the Hancock Tower in 2007.
In her free time, she loves hanging out with her husband Lyndon and adorable puggle Walter. She also never misses her favorite TV show, Dancing With The Stars and with an extensive dancing background, someday dreams of being a future celebrity contestant and winner!
Marisa is very excited to be making the big move from sunny California to the winter wonderland of Rhinelander! If you see Marisa out in the field or around the town, feel free to say hi and buy her a hot chocolate, she's probably cold!


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« Chris Brown and Girlfriend Cruise Melrose
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there faces are too funny,!! lmaooo
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Home School Heartbeat Radio Program
Click here to get Home School Heartbeat's daily e-mail transcripts | ||||||||||
Home schooling has been declared legal in all 50 states. But what about the rest of the world? Mike Farris, president of the Home School Legal Defense Association, discusses the global future of home schooling this week on Home School Heartbeat. Mike Farris: Michal Semin: Mike Farris: Michal Semin: Mike Farris: Michal Semin: Wed like you to have the latest news and resources on home schooling issues. Theyre available in our bimonthly newsletter The Home School Court Report. You can receive a free sample copy by calling area code (540) 338-5600.


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GNUstep examples is a collection of programs that are meant to show programmers how to use GNUstep. It includes a calculator, a currency converter, finger, fractal, puzzle, hostaddress, and ink (a simple editor).
Preview is a simple image viewer for GNUstep. It is designed to be easy to use and support GNUstep features such as image design, pasteboard/services, printing, and layout.
A Java library for reporting.
A post-quantum cryptography tool.


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UCB Physics in the News | |||||
Department Events | |||||||
Honors & Awards | |||||
In Remembrance | |
Events in Physics |
Title: | 290B Seminar (Seminar) |
Start Date: | 02/28/2012 |
Time: | 1:00 pm |
Location: | 325 Old Le Conte Hall, Campus |
Speaker: | Prof. Eberhard Mobius |
Affiliation: | Univ. of New Hampshire & Los Alamos National Lab |
Contact Person: | Chadi Salem (510) 643-2249 |
Details: | "Astronomy with Neutral Atoms: IBEX Catches the Interstellar Wind and Probes the Heliospheric Boundary" Abstract: 400 years after Galileo pointed a telescope at celestial objects for the first time, we have now added neutral atoms to our astronomical toolbox with the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX), which was launched October 19, 2008. Since early 2009, two energetic neutral atom (ENA) cameras take global images of the interaction of the solar system with its neighborhood. The IBEX-Lo camera catches the interstellar wind of neutral H, He, O, and Ne atoms that blows through the solar system with a speed of ≈23 km/s and arises from the Suns motion through the neighboring interstellar gas cloud. This interstellar gas flow provides us with an excellent probe of the state of the local interstellar cloud and of its interaction with the heliospheric boundary region. The deduced neutral interstellar flow vector puts us right into the local interstellar cloud. Both IBEX cameras have returned stunning images of the heliospheric boundary region, where the solar wind slows down in response to the surrounding interstellar medium. The images show an unexpected bright Ribbon across the sky, which provides us with a marker for the direction of the interstellar magnetic field, but the processes leading to the bright ENA emission are not yet understood. The IBEX results are about to revolutionize our understanding of the Suns interaction with its galactic neighborhood. |