text:
Word of Wisdom
- For the Pentecostal usage of this term, see Word of wisdom.
The "Word of Wisdom" is the common name of a section of the Doctrine and Covenants,[1] a book considered by many churches within the Latter Day Saint movement to consist of revelations from God. It is also the name of a health code based on this scripture, practiced most strictly by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and Mormon fundamentalists, and to a lesser extent, some other Latter Day Saint denominations. In the LDS Church, compliance with the Word of Wisdom is currently a prerequisite for baptism, service in full-time missionary work, attendance at church schools, and entry into the church's temples; however, violation of the code is not considered to be grounds for excommunication or other disciplinary action.[2]
The text discourages "hot drinks", the non-medicinal use of tobacco, the consumption of wine (excluding sacramental wine) or "strong drinks", and encourages using meat sparingly. The scripture also recommends the consumption of herbs, fruits, and grains, as well as grain-based "mild drinks". As practiced by the LDS Church, there is no firm restriction relating to meat consumption, but there are additional restrictions against narcotics, and all alcoholic beverages are forbidden, including beer. The LDS Church interprets "hot drinks" to mean coffee and tea.[3]
Origin and publication[edit]
According to Joseph Smith, Jr., the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, the Word of Wisdom was received in 1833 as a revelation from God. After Smith's death, Brigham Young stated that the revelation was given in response to problems encountered while conducting meetings in the Smith family home:
"When they assembled together in this room after breakfast, the first they did was to light their pipes, and, while smoking, talk about the great things of the kingdom, and spit all over the room, and as soon as the pipe was out of their mouths a large chew of tobacco would then be taken. Often when the Prophet [Joseph Smith] entered the room to give the school instructions he would find himself in a cloud of tobacco smoke. This, and the complaints of his wife at having to clean so filthy a floor, made the Prophet think upon the matter, and he inquired of the Lord relating to the conduct of the Elders in using tobacco, and the revelation known as the Word of Wisdom was the result of his inquiry."[4]
The Word of Wisdom was first published as a stand-alone broadsheet in December 1833. In 1835, it was included as section 80 in the first edition of the Doctrine and Covenants.
Word of Wisdom revelation[edit]
The revelation contains four parts:
- an introduction;[5]
- a list of substances that should not be ingested, including wine, strong drink, tobacco and "hot drinks";[6]
- a list of foods that should be used, some with certain limitations;[7] and
- a divine promise to those who follow the guidelines.[8]
The introduction and explanation as presented by Smith is:
A Word of Wisdom, for the benefit of the council of high priests, assembled in Kirtland, and the church, and also the saints in Zion— To be sent greeting; not by commandment or constraint, but by revelation and the word of wisdom, showing forth the order and will of God in the temporal salvation of all saints in the last days— Given for a principle with a promise, adapted to the capacity of the weak and the weakest of all saints, who are or can be called saints. Behold, verily, thus saith the Lord unto you: In consequence of evils and designs which do and will exist in the hearts of conspiring men in the last days, I have warned you, and forewarn you, by giving unto you this word of wisdom by revelation—[5]
Among the substances which the revelation indicates should not be ingested, the first is "wine or strong drink", which the revelation says should not be drunk.[9] (An exception is allowed for the use of "pure wine of your own make" as part of the sacrament ordinance,[10] though the LDS Church today uses water in place of wine.) The revelation also advises against the consumption of tobacco[11] and "hot drinks".[12]
The Word of Wisdom revelation also suggests proper uses for certain substances. While "strong drinks" are not to be ingested, they are appropriate when used "for the washing of your bodies";[13] likewise, while human ingestion of tobacco is forbidden, tobacco is said to be "an herb for bruises and all sick cattle, to be used with judgment and skill."[11]
The list of foods and substances which the revelation encourages the use of includes "wholesome herbs [and] every fruit in the season thereof"[14] and "that which yieldeth fruit, whether in the ground or above the ground".[15] It also prescribes the use of "all grain", which is described as "the staff of life, not only for man but for the beasts of the field".[16] Barley and other grains are recommended for use in making "mild drinks".[17] The "beasts of the field, and the fowls of heaven, and all wild animals that run or creep on the earth" may be used as food "sparingly" and "with thanksgiving", and only in winter, cold weather, or during famine or times of "excess of hunger".[18]
Divine promise[edit]
The Word of Wisdom states that it comprises a "principle with promise".[19] The promise given to those who followed the advice of the word of wisdom is as follows:
And all saints who remember to keep and do these sayings, walking in obedience to the commandments, shall receive health in their navel and marrow to their bones; and shall find wisdom and great treasures of knowledge, even hidden treasures; and shall run and not be weary, and shall walk and not faint. And I, the Lord, give unto them a promise, that the destroying angel shall pass by them, as the children of Israel, and not slay them.[8]
Application by Joseph Smith[edit]
Originally, abiding by the recommendations and prohibitions of the Word of Wisdom was not considered mandatory: it explicitly declares itself to be "not by commandment or constraint".[20] In February 1834, however, Joseph Smith proposed a resolution before the high council of the church that stated, "No official member in this Church is worthy to hold an office after having the word of wisdom properly taught him; and he, the official member, neglecting to comply with and obey it."[21] This resolution was accepted unanimously by the council.[21]
In 1842, Smith's brother Hyrum, who was the Assistant President of the Church and its presiding patriarch, provided an interpretation of the Word of Wisdom's proscription of "hot drinks":
And again "hot drinks are not for the body, or belly;" there are many who wonder what this can mean; whether it refers to tea, or coffee, or not. I say it does refer to tea, and coffee.[22]
According to a book written by LDS missionary and hymnographer Joel H. Johnson in 1881, Joseph Smith shared Hyrum's interpretation:
I understand that some of the people are excusing themselves in using tea and coffee, because the Lord only said "hot drinks" in the revelation of the Word of Wisdom .... Tea and coffee ... are what the Lord meant when He said "hot drinks."[23]
The charge of "not observing the Word of Wisdom" was one of five leveled against David Whitmer on April 13, 1838, which led to his excommunication.[24] Nevertheless, contemporary records indicate that Joseph Smith was not, himself, a strict observer. Smith is recorded at various times as drinking tea,[25] beer,[26] and wine.[27] There is a report he also smoked tobacco: according to Amasa Lyman, a member of the First Presidency under Smith, Smith once finished preaching a sermon on the Word of Wisdom and immediately afterward rode through the streets smoking a cigar.[28] According to Lyman, this was just one of many instances in which Smith "tried the faith of the Saints ... by his peculiarities." (One modern commentator has suggested that this may have been done by Smith to ensure that his followers' faith was based on the Latter Day Saint religion and not on Smith's personality or leadership.)[29]
On 19 August 1835, Almon W. Babbitt was brought before the church's high council on three charges. On the charge of "not keeping the Word of Wisdom," Babbitt stated "that he had taken the liberty to break the Word of Wisdom, from the example of President Joseph Smith, Jun., and others, but acknowledged that it was wrong."[30]
In 1838, Joseph Smith was operating a hotel/tavern in Far West, Missouri. In June 1838, the High Council of Far West felt compelled to remind Smith's family that there was a ban on the sale and consumption of "ardent spirits in the place."[31]
Interpretation by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]
Emphasized by Brigham Young[edit]
After Smith's death, several factions emerged from the Latter Day Saint movement. The largest of these groups, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), was led by Brigham Young. At a general conference of the church held on September 9, 1851, Young called on the attendees to "leave off the use of" items mentioned in the Word of Wisdom:
"The Patriarch [John Smith] again rose to speak on the Word of Wisdom, and urging on the brethren to leave off using tobacco, &c.
President Young rose to put the motion and called on all the sisters who will leave off the use of tea, coffee, &c., to manifest it by raising the right hand; seconded and carried.
And then put the following motion; calling on all the boys [sic] who were under ninety years of age who would covenant to leave off the use of tobacco, whisky, and all things mentioned in the Word of Wisdom, to manifest it in the same manner, which was carried unanimously."
The Patriarch then said, may the Lord bless you and help you to keep all your covenants. Amen.
President Young amongst other things said he knew the goodness of the people, and the Lord bears with our weakness; we must serve the Lord, and those who go with me will keep the Word of Wisdom, and if the High Priests, the Seventies, the Elders, and others will not serve the Lord, we will sever them from the Church. I will draw the line, and know who is for the Lord and who is not, and those who will not keep the Word of Wisdom, I will cut off from the Church; I throw out a challenge to all men and women. [32]
Though Young encouraged Mormons to follow the Word of Wisdom code, the church was tolerant of those who did not follow it. In 1860, he counseled those chewing tobacco in church meetings to at least be discreet and not excessive, but did not charge users with sin.[33] By 1870, however, he ended the practice of chewing and spitting tobacco in the Salt Lake Tabernacle.[34]
Young also recognized a separation between using tobacco (which was discouraged), and selling it to non-Mormons as a business (which was encouraged).[35] He also owned and maintained a bar in Salt Lake City for the sale of alcoholic beverages to non-Mormon travelers, on the theory that it was better for LDS Church authorities to run such establishments than for outsiders.[36]
The Word of Wisdom states that "flesh also of beasts and of fowls of the air... are to be used sparingly," and that "it is pleasing unto [God] that they should not be used, only in times of winter, or of cold, or famine".[37] Unlike the injunctions against tobacco, alcohol, and hot drinks, however, compliance with this injunction had never been made mandatory.
Many church leaders have expressed their views on the subject of meat. From 1898 to 1901, church president Lorenzo Snow repeatedly emphasized the importance of eating meat sparingly, teaching that church members should refrain from eating meat except in case of dire necessity, and should be seen in light of Joseph Smith's teaching that animals have spirits.[38] Apostle George Teasdale taught the same thing, and held that eating pork was a more serious breach of the Word of Wisdom than drinking tea or coffee.[38] When Joseph F. Smith succeeded Snow as president of the church in 1901, the emphasis on refraining from meat was dropped.[38] An official church publication states, "[m]odern methods of refrigeration now make it possible to preserve meat in any season".[39]
However, there have been some church leaders who have spoken on the subject since 1901. In 1950, apostle and plant scientist John A. Widtsoe said, in relation to meat consumption, "they who wish to be well and gain the promised reward stated in the Word of Wisdom must obey all of the law, not just part of it as suits their whim or their appetite, or their notion of its meaning."[40] As recently as 2012, official church spokesperson Michael Otterson stated "the church has also encouraged limiting meat consumption in favor of grains, fruits and vegetables."[41] To this day, the LDS Church's hymnal includes a hymn with the following lyrics:
That the children may live long
And be beautiful and strong,
They are seeking to be great and good and wise.[42]
Tea and coffee and tobacco they despise,
Drink no liquor, and they eat
But a very little meat;
The Word of Wisdom states in part,
16. All grain is good for the food of man; as also the fruit of the vine; that which yieldeth fruit, whether in the ground or above the ground—
17. Nevertheless, wheat for man, and corn for the ox, and oats for the horse, and rye for the fowls and for swine, and for all beasts of the field, and barley for all useful animals, and for mild drinks, as also other grain.[43]
The revelation suggests that barley-based mild drinks (such as beer) may be permissible.[17] As recently as 1901, Apostles Brigham Young, Jr. and John Henry Smith argued that the revelation did not prohibit beer.[38] However, LDS Church leaders now teach that consumption of any form of alcohol, including beer, violates the Word of Wisdom.[44][45][46]
Refined grain products[edit]
In a pamphlet written in 1930 called The Word of Wisdom, Apostle John A. Widtsoe taught that refined flour was contrary to the Word of Wisdom.[38] The church, however, has never prohibited the use of refined flour.
Standards of adherence[edit]
Adherence to the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom was not made a requirement for entry into LDS Church temples until 1902. However, even then, church president Joseph F. Smith encouraged stake presidents to be liberal with old men who used tobacco and old ladies who drank tea.[38] Of those who violated the revelation, it was mainly habitual drunkards that were excluded from the temple.[38] Around the turn of the century, the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom were not strictly adhered to by such notable church leaders. Anthon H. Lund, a First Counselor in the First Presidency, drank beer and wine; Apostle Matthias F. Cowley drank beer and wine; Charles W. Penrose, who also served as a First Counselor in the First Presidency, drank wine; Relief Society president Emmeline B. Wells drank coffee; and church president George Albert Smith drank brandy, for medicinal purposes.[38] In 1921, church president Heber J. Grant made adherence to the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom an absolute requirement for entering the temple.[38]
Today, adherence to the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom is required for baptism[47] and for entry into temples of the LDS Church.[48] BYU historian Thomas G. Alexander points out that while the original Word of Wisdom as a "principle with promise" was given by revelation, there is no evidence that any church leader has claimed a separate new revelation, or even a spiritual confirmation, of changing the Word of Wisdom from "a principle with promise" to a commandment.[38]
Official modern interpretation[edit]
The church's official statement on the interpretation of the Word of Wisdom is short: it reaffirms the long-standing meaning of "hot drinks" and extends the substances covered by prohibition:
The only official interpretation of "hot drinks" (D&C 89:9) in the Word of Wisdom is the statement made by early Church leaders that the term "hot drinks" means tea and coffee.
Members should not use any substance that contains illegal drugs. Nor should members use harmful or habit-forming substances except under the care of a competent physician.[49]
Although avoiding the prohibitions of the Word of Wisdom is a requirement for admission to LDS Church temples,[48] violation of the Word of Wisdom no longer results in church discipline, as it once did;[38] the church instructs its leaders that church discipline "should not be [used] to discipline or threaten members who do not comply with the Word of Wisdom".[2]
LDS Church leaders have counseled church members that they should not have personal interpretations of, or become extreme in their observance of the Word of Wisdom. One church apostle specifically warned that adding additional unauthorized requirements, emphasizing it with excess zeal, or making it a "gospel hobby" is a sign of spiritual immaturity and sometimes apostasy.[50]
Popular application[edit]
The prohibition of "wine or strong drink" is widely interpreted as a blanket prohibition of all alcoholic beverages, regardless of the level of alcoholic content of the drink.
Hot drinks[edit]
Generally, members of the church view the prohibition on "hot drinks" as covering coffee and tea, whether or not the drinks are hot. There is generally thought to be no prohibition against herbal tea, hot chocolate, or malt drinks such as Ovaltine or Milo. Other members choose to prohibit themselves from drinking any beverage that contains caffeine.
Cola and other caffeinated beverages[edit]
A longstanding issue among members of the church is whether it is permissible to ingest drinks containing caffeine that are not coffee or tea. In 1918, Frederick J. Pack, a Latter-day Saint professor at the University of Utah, published an article in an official church magazine in which he reasoned that because Coca-Cola contained caffeine, which is also present in tea and coffee, Latter-day Saints should abstain from Coca-Cola in the same way that they abstain from the Word of Wisdom "hot drinks".[51] Since Pack's article, many Latter-day Saints have come to believe that the reason tea and coffee are proscribed is the presence of caffeine in the drinks. However, the church has never stated that this is the reason for the prohibition:
The church does not have an official position on the consumption of caffeinated beverages, apart from the general statement that the Word of Wisdom does not specifically prohibit it. In 2012, responding to a report on Mormonism on NBC's "Rock Center," which claimed that LDS faithful were prohibited from drinking caffeine, the church wrote:
Despite what was reported, the Church revelation spelling out health practices (Doctrine and Covenants 89) does not mention the use of caffeine. The Church's health guidelines prohibits alcoholic drinks, smoking or chewing of tobacco, and "hot drinks" — taught by Church leaders to refer specifically to tea and coffee.
In the past, a number of church leaders have discouraged the use of such products. For example, in 1922, Church President Heber J. Grant counseled the Latter-day Saints:
I am not going to give any command, but I will ask it as a personal, individual favor to me, to let coca-cola [sic] alone. There are plenty of other things you can get at the soda fountains without drinking that which is injurious. The Lord does not want you to use any drug that creates an appetite for itself.[52]
Two years after making this statement, Grant met with a representative of the Coca-Cola Company to discuss the church's position on Coca-Cola; at the conclusion of their second meeting, Grant stated that he was "sure I have not the slightest desire to recommend that the people leave Coca-Cola alone if th[e] amount [of caffeine in Coca-Cola] is absolutely harmless, which they claim it is".[38] Grant never again spoke out against the use of cola drinks.
Approximately fifty years later, the church issued an official statement which stated:
With reference to cola drinks, the Church has never officially taken a position on this matter, but the leaders of the Church have advised, and we do now specifically advise, against the use of any drink containing harmful habit-forming drugs under circumstances that would result in acquiring the habit. Any beverage that contains ingredients harmful to the body should be avoided.[53]
Because of such statements, some adherents believe that caffeine is officially prohibited under the Word of Wisdom.[54][55] On the campus of Brigham Young University, a church-owned school in Provo, Utah, only caffeine-free beverages are sold.[56][57] Official church publications have occasionally published articles by medical practitioners that warn of the health risks of consuming caffeine.[58] However, in November 2010, the Salt Lake Tribune noted that in the 2010 church Handbook, which sets out the official position of the church on health and social issues, no position on drinking Coca-Cola or caffeinated drinks is included.[59] The Tribune has concluded that the church "takes no official position on caffeine".[57]
Other areas[edit]
Speculation also exists concerning the use of alcohol as a cooking ingredient or the use of decaffeinated coffee or tea.[60] The LDS Church has taken no official stance on either.
Health studies regarding Latter-day Saints[edit]
A 14-year selective study conducted by UCLA epidemiologist James E. Enstrom tracked the health of 10,000 moderately active LDS people in California and ended in 1987. Of these non-smoking, monogamous non-drinkers, Enstrom concluded from the study "that LDS Church members who follow religious mandates barring smoking and drinking have one of the lowest death rates from cancer and cardiovascular diseases—about half that of the general population. ... Moreover, the healthiest LDS Church members enjoy a life expectancy eight to eleven years longer than that of the general white population in the United States." The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for whites in the general population is defined as 100. For males in the study, the SMRs "are 47 for all cancers, 52 for cardiovascular diseases, and 47 for all causes; the SMRs for females are 72 for all cancers, 64 for cardiovascular diseases, and 66 for all causes." For LDS high priests who never smoked cigarettes, exercised, and had proper sleep, the mortality rate was less. The results were largely duplicated in a separate study of an LDS-like subgroup of white non-smoking churchgoers in Alameda County, California.[61]
See also[edit]
- ^ In the edition published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, it is Section 89. In the edition published by the Community of Christ, it is section 86. In older editions which are used by some other Latter Day Saint denominations, it is section 81.
- ^ a b "When a Disciplinary Council Is Not Necessary", Handbook 1: Stake Presidents and Bishops (LDS Church, 2010) § 6.7.1.
- ^ Word of Wisdom, "Gospel Topics", LDS.org (LDS Church), retrieved 2014-01-16
- ^ Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses, vol. 12, p. 158.
- ^ a b Section 89:1–4.
- ^ Section 89:5–9.
- ^ Section 89:10–17.
- ^ a b Section 89:18–21
- ^ Section 89:5
- ^ Section 89:5–6
- ^ a b Section 89:8
- ^ Section 89:9
- ^ Section 89:7
- ^ Section 89:10–11
- ^ Section 89:16
- ^ Section 89:14
- ^ a b Section 89:17
- ^ Section 89:12–15
- ^ Section 89:3
- ^ Section 89:2.
- ^ a b Joseph Fielding Smith (ed.) (1938). Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book) p. 117, n. 9.
- ^ Hyrum Smith, "The Word of Wisdom", Times and Seasons, 1 June 1842, vol. 3, p. 800.
- ^ In Joel H. Johnson (1881). Voice from the Mountains (Salt Lake City, Utah: Juvenile Instructor Office) p. 12; cited in "Section 89 The Word of Wisdom", Doctrine and Covenants Student (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church) p. 209.
- ^ Joseph Smith (B. H. Roberts (ed.)), History of the Church, vol. 3, p. 18.
- ^ Diary of Joseph Smith, March 11, 1843 entry
- ^ Millennial Star, vol. 23, no. 45 p. 720 (9 November 1861).
- ^ Joseph Smith (B. H. Roberts (ed.)), History of the Church (January 1836) vol. 2, 369 ("Our hearts were made glad by the fruit of the vine."; Joseph Smith (B. H. Roberts (ed.)), History of the Church (May 2, 1843) vol. 5, p. 380 ("Called at the office and drank a glass of wine with Sister Jenetta Richards, made by her mother in England,..."); Joseph Smith (B. H. Roberts (ed.)), History of the Church (June 27, 1844) vol. 6, p. 616 ("Dr. Richards uncorked the bottle, and presented a glass to Joseph, who tasted, as also Brother Taylor and the doctor..."); Joseph Smith (B. H. Roberts (ed.)), History of the Church (June 27, 1844) vol. 7, p. 101 ("Sometime after dinner we [John Taylor and other prisoners at Carthage Jail] sent for some wine. It has been reported by some that this was taken as a sacrament. It was no such thing; our spirits were generally dull and heavy, and it was sent for to revive us.... I believe we all drank of the wine, and gave some to one or two of the prison guards.").
- ^ Diary of Abraham H. Cannon, vol. 19 (October 1895 entry); cited in Gary Dean Guthrie, Joseph Smith As An Administrator, M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, May 1969, p. 161.
- ^ Gary Dean Guthrie, Joseph Smith As An Administrator, M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, May 1969, p. 161.
- ^ Joseph Smith (B. H. Roberts (ed.)), History of the Church, vol. 2, p. 252.
- ^ Donald Q. Cannon, Lyndon W. Cook. Far West Record: Minutes of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1830–1844, p. 191
- ^ "Minutes of the General Conference", Tuesday, Sep. 9, 1851, afternoon session; Millennial Star, 1 February 1852, vol. 14, p. 35.
- ^ Journal of Discourses, vol. 8, p. 361.
- ^ Journal of Discourses, vol. 13, p. 344.
- ^ Journal of Discourses, vol. 9, p. 35 (encouraging Mormons to raise and sell tobacco).
- ^ Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Utah, p. 540, n. 44.
- ^ Section 89:12–13
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Thomas G. Alexander, "The Word of Wisdom: From Principle to Requirement", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 14:3 (1981) pp. 78–88.
- ^ "Section 89 The Word of Wisdom", Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2002), pp. 206–11.
- ^ Widstoe, John A., The Word of Wisdom: A Modern Interpretation (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, 1950).
- ^ Tumulty, Karen. "Mormonism good for the body as well as the soul?", Washington Post, June 20, 2012.
- ^ "In Our Lovely Deseret", Hymns, no. 307.
- ^ Section 89:16–17.
- ^ LDS Church (2002, 2d ed.) "Chapter 27: The Word of Wisdom," Gospel Fundamentals (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church) p. 150.
- ^ Gordon B. Hinckley, "The Body Is Sacred," New Era, November 2006, pp. 2–5.
- ^ Thomas S. Monson, "Standards of Strength," New Era, October 2008, pp. 2–5.
- ^ "To this day those regulations [of the Word of Wisdom] apply to every member and to everyone who seeks to join the Church. They are so compelling that no one is to be baptized into the Church without first agreeing to live by them.": Boyd K. Packer, "The Word of Wisdom: The Principle and the Promises," Ensign, May 1996, p. 17.
- ^ a b LDS Church (2009). "Chapter 29: The Lord's Law of Health," Gospel Principles (Salt Lake City: LDS Church) p. 167.
- ^ 21.3.11 Word of Wisdom, "Selected Church Policies", Handbook 2: Administering the Church (LDS Church), 2010
- ^ Cook, Quentin L. (March 2003), "Looking beyond the Mark", Ensign
- ^ Frederick J. Pack, "Should Latter-Day Saints Drink Coca-Cola?" Improvement Era 21:5 (Mar. 1918).
- ^ Conference Report, April 1922, p. 165.
- ^ LDS Church, Priesthood Bulletin, Feb. 1972, p.4; quoted in "Section 89 The Word of Wisdom", Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2002) p. 209.
- ^ Robert Kirby, "Mitt stirs up old caffeine controversy", Salt Lake Tribune, 9 March 2007.
- ^ David A. Erickson, "Caffeine not prohibited" (letter to the editor), Deseret Morning News, 3 January 2008.
- ^ Melanie D. G. Kaplan, "Did you know ...", New York Times, 1 August 2004.
- ^ a b Peggy Fletcher Stack, "Mormons can drink caffeine? 'Dew' tell", Salt Lake Tribune, 2011-09-23.
- ^ See, e.g., Thomas J. Boud, "The Energy Drink Epidemic," Ensign, December 2008, pp. 48–52; Clifford J. Stratton, "Caffeine—The Subtle Addiction," Tambuli, March 1990, p. 25; William T. Stephenson, "Cancer, Nutrition, and the Word of Wisdom: One Doctor's Observations," Ensign, July 2008, pp. 42–47.
- ^ Peggy Fletcher Stack, "LDS Church handbook on social issues available online", Salt Lake Tribune, 2010-11-26.
- ^ What's Not on the Mormon Menu, Dummies.com, retrieved 2009-06-19
- ^ Enstrom, 1989.
- Alexander, Thomas G. (Autumn 1981), "The Word of Wisdom: From Principle to Requirement", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 14 (3): 78–88.
- Alexander, Thomas G. (1996), "The Adoption of a New Interpretation of the Word of Wisdom", Mormonism in Transition, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 258–71, ISBN 978-0-252-06578-1.
- Blakesley, Katie Clark (2004), 'Sin is Creeping in Among us': The Fight to Save the Youth and the 1921 Anti-cigarette Campaign, Master's Thesis, Salt Lake City: University of Utah.
- Bush, Lester E., Jr. (1981), "The Word of Wisdom in Early Nineteenth-Century Perspective", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 14 (3): 46–65; reprinted in Vogel, Dan, ed. (1990), The Word of God: Essays on Mormon Scripture, Signature Books, p. 161.
- Enstrom, James E. (1989), "Health practices and cancer mortality among active California Mormons", Journal of the National Cancer Institute 6:81 (23): 1807–14, PMID 2585528
- Ford, Clyde D. (Fall 1998), "The Origin of the Word of Wisdom", Journal of Mormon History 24 (2): 129–54.
- Hoskisson, Paul Y. (Fall 2009), "Different and Unique: The Word of Wisdom in the Historical, Cultural, and Social Settings of the 1830s", Mormon Historical Studies 10 (2): 41–61.
- Larson, Stan (1988), "Synoptic Minutes of a Quarterly Conference of the Twelve Apostles: The Clawson and Lund Diaries of July 9–11, 1901", Journal of Mormon History 14: 97–119.
- McCue, Robert J. (1981), "Did the Word of Wisdom Become a Commandment in 1851?", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 14 (2): 66–77.
- Merrill, Ray M.; Lindsay, Gordon B.; Lyon, Joseph L. (1999), "Tobacco-Related Cancers in Utah Compared to the United States: Quantifying the Benefits of the Word of Wisdom", BYU Studies 38 (4): 91–105.
- Peterson, Paul H. (1972), An Historical Analysis of the Word of Wisdom, Master's Thesis, Provo, UT: Department of History, Brigham Young University.
- Peterson, Paul H.; Walker, Ronald W. (2003), "Brigham Young's World of Wisdom Legacy", BYU Studies 42 (3–4): 29–64.
- Smith, Joseph, Jr. (1833), "A Word of Wisdom", in Smith, Joseph, Jr.; Cowdery, Oliver; Rigdon, Sidney et al., Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God, Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & Co (published 1835), pp. 207–08 (section LXXX) .
- Thompson, Brent G. (1983), "'Standing between Two Fires': Mormons and Prohibition, 1908–1917", Journal of Mormon History 10: 35–52.


text:
Where am I now?
I came to Franklin & Marshall in 2001, after a varied career in academia and the nonprofit sector, including teaching at Wellesley College and Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, and working for national organizations like Peace Action. My teaching and scholarship focuses on several overlapping areas: American political development and the special role that the African American struggle for citizenship has played in our history; American culture and society in the Cold War era and since. I also have a special interest in cultural history, looking at popular music and Hollywood movies.
Originally, my scholarship covered the social movements of the United States after World War II, the so-called New Left. I authored or edited several books on this subject, with a particular focus on the movements "in solidarity" with social change in Latin America, from the Cuban Revolution in the 1950s through the Central American wars of the 1980s. This led me to an interest in the long-term political evolution of American democracy and the question of Black Power--whether or not African Americans would ever be, or could ever be, "first-class citizens." To my surprise, I have found that this question was debated as far back as the 1790s, and that black Americans were always part of that debate. I am now deep into a book project called WE ARE AMERICANS: BLACK POLITICS AND BLACK POWER IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA (for a detailed academic CV go to http://www.fandm.edu/x2441?id=149).
I have worked in United for Peace and Justice, the main grassroots antiwar coalition, since fall 2002, serving on its elected Steering Committee through 2008 as the representative of Historians Against the War, a network I helped found at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in January 2003.
From 2004 through the present, I have helped direct our on-campus "F&M Votes" campaign, a joint student/staff/faculty effort which seeks to both register and turn-out our entire student body on Election Day.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Alois Schneiderbauer Status: See all reviews Member since 2013 Organization: BCD Read more » | 5.0 RATING:
"Really nice robot!" |
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text:
You are here: Security Center > Known Vulnerabilities in Mozilla Products > Security Advisories for SeaMonkey
Security Advisories for SeaMonkey
Impact key:
- Critical: Vulnerability can be used to run attacker code and install software, requiring no user interaction beyond normal browsing.
- High: Vulnerability can be used to gather sensitive data from sites in other windows or inject data or code into those sites, requiring no more than normal browsing actions.
- Moderate: Vulnerabilities that would otherwise be High or Critical except they only work in uncommon non-default configurations or require the user to perform complicated and/or unlikely steps.
- Low: Minor security vulnerabilities such as Denial of Service attacks, minor data leaks, or spoofs. (Undetectable spoofs of SSL indicia would have "High" impact because those are generally used to steal sensitive data intended for other sites.)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.24
MFSA 2014-13 Inconsistent JavaScript handling of access to Window objectsMFSA 2014-12 NSS ticket handling issues
MFSA 2014-11 Crash when using web workers with asm.js
MFSA 2014-09 Cross-origin information leak through web workers
MFSA 2014-08 Use-after-free with imgRequestProxy and image proccessing
MFSA 2014-07 XSLT stylesheets treated as styles in Content Security Policy
MFSA 2014-05 Information disclosure with *FromPoint on iframes
MFSA 2014-04 Incorrect use of discarded images by RasterImage
MFSA 2014-03 UI selection timeout missing on download prompts
MFSA 2014-02 Clone protected content with XBL scopes
MFSA 2014-01 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:27.0 / rv:24.3)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.23
MFSA 2013-117 Mis-issued ANSSI/DCSSI certificateMFSA 2013-116 JPEG information leak
MFSA 2013-115 GetElementIC typed array stubs can be generated outside observed typesets
MFSA 2013-114 Use-after-free in synthetic mouse movement
MFSA 2013-113 Trust settings for built-in roots ignored during EV certificate validation
MFSA 2013-112 Linux clipboard information disclosure though selection paste
MFSA 2013-111 Segmentation violation when replacing ordered list elements
MFSA 2013-110 Potential overflow in JavaScript binary search algorithms
MFSA 2013-109 Use-after-free during Table Editing
MFSA 2013-108 Use-after-free in event listeners
MFSA 2013-107 Sandbox restrictions not applied to nested object elements
MFSA 2013-106 Character encoding cross-origin XSS attack
MFSA 2013-104 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:26.0 / rv:24.2)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.22.1
MFSA 2013-103 Miscellaneous Network Security Services (NSS) vulnerabilitiesFixed in SeaMonkey 2.22
MFSA 2013-102 Use-after-free in HTML document templatesMFSA 2013-101 Memory corruption in workers
MFSA 2013-100 Miscellaneous use-after-free issues found through ASAN fuzzing
MFSA 2013-98 Use-after-free when updating offline cache
MFSA 2013-97 Writing to cycle collected object during image decoding
MFSA 2013-96 Improperly initialized memory and overflows in some JavaScript functions
MFSA 2013-95 Access violation with XSLT and uninitialized data
MFSA 2013-94 Spoofing addressbar though SELECT element
MFSA 2013-93 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:25.0 / rv:24.1 / rv:17.0.10)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.21
MFSA 2013-92 GC hazard with default compartments and frame chain restorationMFSA 2013-91 User-defined properties on DOM proxies get the wrong "this" object
MFSA 2013-90 Memory corruption involving scrolling
MFSA 2013-89 Buffer overflow with multi-column, lists, and floats
MFSA 2013-88 compartment mismatch re-attaching XBL-backed nodes
MFSA 2013-85 Uninitialized data in IonMonkey
MFSA 2013-83 Mozilla Updater does not lock MAR file after signature verification
MFSA 2013-82 Calling scope for new Javascript objects can lead to memory corruption
MFSA 2013-81 Use-after-free with select element
MFSA 2013-80 NativeKey continues handling key messages after widget is destroyed
MFSA 2013-79 Use-after-free in Animation Manager during stylesheet cloning
MFSA 2013-78 Integer overflow in ANGLE library
MFSA 2013-77 Improper state in HTML5 Tree Builder with templates
MFSA 2013-76 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:24.0 / rv:17.0.9)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.20
MFSA 2014-14 Script execution in HTML mail repliesMFSA 2013-75 Local Java applets may read contents of local file system
MFSA 2013-74 Firefox full and stub installer DLL hijacking
MFSA 2013-73 Same-origin bypass with web workers and XMLHttpRequest
MFSA 2013-72 Wrong principal used for validating URI for some Javascript components
MFSA 2013-71 Further Privilege escalation through Mozilla Updater
MFSA 2013-70 Bypass of XrayWrappers using XBL Scopes
MFSA 2013-69 CRMF requests allow for code execution and XSS attacks
MFSA 2013-68 Document URI misrepresentation and masquerading
MFSA 2013-67 Crash during WAV audio file decoding
MFSA 2013-66 Buffer overflow in Mozilla Maintenance Service and Mozilla Updater
MFSA 2013-65 Buffer underflow when generating CRMF requests
MFSA 2013-64 Use after free mutating DOM during SetBody
MFSA 2013-63 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:23.0 / rv:17.0.8)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.19
MFSA 2013-61 Homograph domain spoofing in .com, .net and .nameMFSA 2013-59 XrayWrappers can be bypassed to run user defined methods in a privileged context
MFSA 2013-58 X-Frame-Options ignored when using server push with multi-part responses
MFSA 2013-57 Sandbox restrictions not applied to nested frame elements
MFSA 2013-56 PreserveWrapper has inconsistent behavior
MFSA 2013-55 SVG filters can lead to information disclosure
MFSA 2013-54 Data in the body of XHR HEAD requests leads to CSRF attacks
MFSA 2013-53 Execution of unmapped memory through onreadystatechange event
MFSA 2013-51 Privileged content access and execution via XBL
MFSA 2013-50 Memory corruption found using Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2013-49 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:22.0 / rv:17.0.7)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.17
MFSA 2013-40 Out-of-bounds array read in CERT_DecodeCertPackageMFSA 2013-39 Memory corruption while rendering grayscale PNG images
MFSA 2013-38 Cross-site scripting (XSS) using timed history navigations
MFSA 2013-37 Bypass of tab-modal dialog origin disclosure
MFSA 2013-36 Bypass of SOW protections allows cloning of protected nodes
MFSA 2013-35 WebGL crash with Mesa graphics driver on Linux
MFSA 2013-34 Privilege escalation through Mozilla Updater
MFSA 2013-31 Out-of-bounds write in Cairo library
MFSA 2013-30 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:20.0 / rv:17.0.5)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.16.1
MFSA 2013-29 Use-after-free in HTML EditorFixed in SeaMonkey 2.16
MFSA 2013-28 Use-after-free, out of bounds read, and buffer overflow issues found using Address SanitizerMFSA 2013-27 Phishing on HTTPS connection through malicious proxy
MFSA 2013-26 Use-after-free in nsImageLoadingContent
MFSA 2013-25 Privacy leak in JavaScript Workers
MFSA 2013-24 Web content bypass of COW and SOW security wrappers
MFSA 2013-23 Wrapped WebIDL objects can be wrapped again
MFSA 2013-22 Out-of-bounds read in image rendering
MFSA 2013-21 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:19.0 / rv:17.0.3)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.15
MFSA 2013-20 Mis-issued TURKTRUST certificatesMFSA 2013-19 Use-after-free in Javascript Proxy objects
MFSA 2013-18 Use-after-free in Vibrate
MFSA 2013-17 Use-after-free in ListenerManager
MFSA 2013-16 Use-after-free in serializeToStream
MFSA 2013-15 Privilege escalation through plugin objects
MFSA 2013-14 Chrome Object Wrapper (COW) bypass through changing prototype
MFSA 2013-13 Memory corruption in XBL with XML bindings containing SVG
MFSA 2013-12 Buffer overflow in Javascript string concatenation
MFSA 2013-11 Address space layout leaked in XBL objects
MFSA 2013-10 Event manipulation in plugin handler to bypass same-origin policy
MFSA 2013-09 Compartment mismatch with quickstubs returned values
MFSA 2013-08 AutoWrapperChanger fails to keep objects alive during garbage collection
MFSA 2013-07 Crash due to handling of SSL on threads
MFSA 2013-06 Touch events are shared across iframes
MFSA 2013-05 Use-after-free when displaying table with many columns and column groups
MFSA 2013-04 URL spoofing in addressbar during page loads
MFSA 2013-03 Buffer Overflow in Canvas
MFSA 2013-02 Use-after-free and buffer overflow issues found using Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2013-01 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:18.0/ rv:10.0.12 / rv:17.0.2)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.14
MFSA 2012-106 Use-after-free, buffer overflow, and memory corruption issues found using Address SanitizerMFSA 2012-105 Use-after-free and buffer overflow issues found using Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2012-103 Frames can shadow top.location
MFSA 2012-101 Improper character decoding in HZ-GB-2312 charset
MFSA 2012-100 Improper security filtering for cross-origin wrappers
MFSA 2012-99 XrayWrappers exposes chrome-only properties when not in chrome compartment
MFSA 2012-97 XMLHttpRequest inherits incorrect principal within sandbox
MFSA 2012-96 Memory corruption in str_unescape
MFSA 2012-94 Crash when combining SVG text on path with CSS
MFSA 2012-93 evalInSanbox location context incorrectly applied
MFSA 2012-92 Buffer overflow while rendering GIF images
MFSA 2012-91 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:17.0/ rv:10.0.11)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.13.2
MFSA 2012-90 Fixes for Location object issuesMFSA 2012-67 Installer will launch incorrect executable following new installation
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.13.1
MFSA 2012-89 defaultValue security checks not appliedMFSA 2012-88 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:16.0.1)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.13
MFSA 2012-87 Use-after-free in the IME State ManagerMFSA 2012-86 Heap memory corruption issues found using Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2012-85 Use-after-free, buffer overflow, and out of bounds read issues found using Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2012-84 Spoofing and script injection through location.hash
MFSA 2012-83 Chrome Object Wrapper (COW) does not disallow acces to privileged functions or properties
MFSA 2012-82 top object and location property accessible by plugins
MFSA 2012-81 GetProperty function can bypass security checks
MFSA 2012-80 Crash with invalid cast when using instanceof operator
MFSA 2012-79 DOS and crash with full screen and history navigation
MFSA 2012-77 Some DOMWindowUtils methods bypass security checks
MFSA 2012-76 Continued access to initial origin after setting document.domain
MFSA 2012-75 select element persistance allows for attacks
MFSA 2012-74 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:16.0/ rv:10.0.8)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.12
MFSA 2012-73 SPDY information disclosureMFSA 2012-70 Location object security checks bypassed by chrome code
MFSA 2012-69 Incorrect site SSL certificate data display
MFSA 2012-68 DOMParser loads linked resources in extensions when parsing text/html
MFSA 2012-65 Out-of-bounds read in format-number in XSLT
MFSA 2012-64 Graphite 2 memory corruption
MFSA 2012-63 SVG buffer overflow and use-after-free issues
MFSA 2012-62 WebGL use-after-free and memory corruption
MFSA 2012-61 Memory corruption with bitmap format images with negative height
MFSA 2012-59 Location object can be shadowed using Object.defineProperty
MFSA 2012-58 Use-after-free issues found using Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2012-57 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:15.0/ rv:10.0.7)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.11
MFSA 2012-56 Code execution through javascript: URLsMFSA 2012-53 Content Security Policy 1.0 implementation errors cause data leakage
MFSA 2012-52 JSDependentString::undepend string conversion results in memory corruption
MFSA 2012-51 X-Frame-Options header ignored when duplicated
MFSA 2012-50 Out of bounds read in QCMS
MFSA 2012-49 Same-compartment Security Wrappers can be bypassed
MFSA 2012-48 use-after-free in nsGlobalWindow::PageHidden
MFSA 2012-47 Improper filtering of javascript in HTML feed-view
MFSA 2012-45 Spoofing issue with location
MFSA 2012-44 Gecko memory corruption
MFSA 2012-42 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:14.0/ rv:10.0.6)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.10
MFSA 2012-54 Clickjacking of certificate warning pageMFSA 2012-40 Buffer overflow and use-after-free issues found using Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2012-39 NSS parsing errors with zero length items
MFSA 2012-38 Use-after-free while replacing/inserting a node in a document
MFSA 2012-37 Information disclosure though Windows file shares and shortcut files
MFSA 2012-36 Content Security Policy inline-script bypass
MFSA 2012-35 Privilege escalation through Mozilla Updater and Windows Updater Service
MFSA 2012-34 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.9
MFSA 2012-33 Potential site identity spoofing when loading RSS and Atom feedsMFSA 2012-32 HTTP Redirections and remote content can be read by javascript errors
MFSA 2012-31 Off-by-one error in OpenType Sanitizer
MFSA 2012-30 Crash with WebGL content using textImage2D
MFSA 2012-29 Potential XSS through ISO-2022-KR/ISO-2022-CN decoding issues
MFSA 2012-28 Ambiguous IPv6 in Origin headers may bypass webserver access restrictions
MFSA 2012-27 Page load short-circuit can lead to XSS
MFSA 2012-26 WebGL.drawElements may read illegal video memory due to FindMaxUshortElement error
MFSA 2012-25 Potential memory corruption during font rendering using cairo-dwrite
MFSA 2012-24 Potential XSS via multibyte content processing errors
MFSA 2012-23 Invalid frees causes heap corruption in gfxImageSurface
MFSA 2012-22 use-after-free in IDBKeyRange
MFSA 2012-20 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:12.0/ rv:10.0.4)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.8
MFSA 2012-19 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:11.0/ rv:10.0.3 / rv:22.214.171.124)MFSA 2012-18 window.fullScreen writeable by untrusted content
MFSA 2012-17 Crash when accessing keyframe cssText after dynamic modification
MFSA 2012-16 Escalation of privilege with Javascript: URL as home page
MFSA 2012-15 XSS with multiple Content Security Policy headers
MFSA 2012-14 SVG issues found with Address Sanitizer
MFSA 2012-13 XSS with Drag and Drop and Javascript: URL
MFSA 2012-12 Use-after-free in shlwapi.dll
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.7.2
MFSA 2012-11 libpng integer overflowFixed in SeaMonkey 2.7.1
MFSA 2012-10 use after free in nsXBLDocumentInfo::ReadPrototypeBindingsFixed in SeaMonkey 2.7
MFSA 2012-09 Firefox Recovery Key.html is saved with unsafe permissionMFSA 2012-08 Crash with malformed embedded XSLT stylesheets
MFSA 2012-07 Potential Memory Corruption When Decoding Ogg Vorbis files
MFSA 2012-06 Uninitialized memory appended when encoding icon images may cause information disclosure
MFSA 2012-05 Frame scripts calling into untrusted objects bypass security checks
MFSA 2012-04 Child nodes from nsDOMAttribute still accessible after removal of nodes
MFSA 2012-03 <iframe> element exposed across domains via name attribute
MFSA 2012-01 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:10.0/ rv:220.127.116.11)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.6
MFSA 2012-41 Use-after-free in nsHTMLSelectElementMFSA 2011-58 Crash scaling <video> to extreme sizes
MFSA 2011-57 Crash when plugin removes itself on Mac OS X
MFSA 2011-56 Key detection without JavaScript via SVG animation
MFSA 2011-55 nsSVGValue out-of-bounds access
MFSA 2011-54 Potentially exploitable crash in the YARR regular expression library
MFSA 2011-53 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:9.0)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.5
MFSA 2011-52 Code execution via NoWaiverWrapperMFSA 2011-51 Cross-origin image theft on Mac with integrated Intel GPU
MFSA 2011-50 Cross-origin data theft using canvas and Windows D2D
MFSA 2011-49 Memory corruption while profiling using Firebug
MFSA 2011-48 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:8.0)
MFSA 2011-47 Potential XSS against sites using Shift-JIS
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.4
MFSA 2012-02 Overly permissive IPv6 literal syntaxMFSA 2011-45 Inferring Keystrokes from motion data
MFSA 2011-44 Use after free reading OGG headers
MFSA 2011-43 loadSubScript unwraps XPCNativeWrapper scope parameter
MFSA 2011-42 Potentially exploitable crash in the YARR regular expression library
MFSA 2011-41 Potentially exploitable WebGL crashes
MFSA 2011-40 Code installation through holding down Enter
MFSA 2011-39 Defense against multiple Location headers due to CRLF Injection
MFSA 2011-36 Miscellaneous memory safety hazards (rv:7.0 / rv:220.127.116.11)
Fixed in SeaMonkey 2.3.3
MFSA 2011-35 Additional protection against fraudulent DigiNotar certificatesFixed in SeaMonkey 2.3.2
MFSA 2011-34 Protection against fraudulent DigiNotar certificatesFixed in SeaMonkey 2.3
MFSA 2011-38 XSS via plugins and shadowed window.location objectMFSA 2011-33 Security issues addressed in SeaMonkey 2.3


text:
Scarlett Johansson pictured in a fur coat and a brunette wig filming 'Under the Skin' in Glasgow, Scotland. In one scene she is seen falling over in the street. October 23, 2012.
These Hot Boys Will Make Your Day – The Berry | |
Chris Evan's Heart-to-Heart Moment – Lainey Gossip | |
We Can Hardly Handle The Hotness – The Berry | |
Neville Longbottom Continues To Make Us Drool – Lainey Gossip | |
Cuteness Overload: 32 GIFs That Will Make You Awwwww – The Berry | |
Jared Leto Proves That He's Still Sexy – Lainey Gossip |


text:
The Acton Institute an internationally recognized world class think tank, is growing and thrilled to move into its new home, the Acton Building located in downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan. We look forward to becoming a part of a new neighborhood and establishing a presence in the community as well; we will be situated at the corner of Fulton and Sheldon.
Acton is a non-profit educational organization and our mission is to promote a free society characterized by individual liberty and sustained by religious principles, learn more about us at www.acton.org.
Purchase a subscription to the Journal of Markets & Morality to get access to the most recent issues.
Learn more at MarketsAndMorality.com | Subscribe
Read our free quarterly publication that has interviews with important religious figures and articles bettering the free and virtuous society. Visit R&L today.
Phone: (616) 454-3080
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text:
Valve launches 'Steam Trading Cards' in beta
What do you do when your platform already sells and launches video games? Make the platform itself a video game, naturally. Valve announced the beta launch of "Steam Trading Cards" today. The collectible meta-game lets you upgrade your Steam profile by playing games and collecting and trading their associated (virtual) cards.


text:
In what will be viewed as another post-sequestration sacrifice, the Transport Security Administration will begin to permit small pocket knives, baseball bats, and other sports equipment onboard commercial flights starting April 25th. TSA head John Pistole defended the administration's decision, explaining the need to reduce banned items and decrease wait times.
Proponents argue that there have been significant changes in air travel since 9/11, including reinforced pilot doors and motivated passengers. Douglas Laird, a former security director of Northwest Air, believes the damage that could be inflicted by a small knife is negligible, in a quote from USA Today:


text:
Bass Fishing ... Just for the fun of it!!!
Come see what all the splash is about!!! (big, BIGGER, BIGGEST TROPHY BASS!!!) Now this is what we call "fishin'...just for the fun of it" Please surf our "waves" for a sporting adventure of largemouth bass fishing Central Florida with Kissimmee fishing guides, away from the crowds of the beach. Combine your fishing trip with other outdoor activities, such as hunting, airboat or swamp buggy rides, and golf for a complete outdoor extravaganza. We also offer a wide variety of lodging: one of Central Florida's premier resorts and the largest dude ranch east of the Mississippi, Westgate River Ranch, where you can get a 10% discount with promo code BASS; an historic bed & breakfast nestled on a hillside lakefront in Babson Park, Hillcrest Lodge; your own private cabin right among huge oak tree hammocks on Lake Kissimmee at Grape Hammock Fish Camp; the Best Western Admiral's Inn situated right in front of the new Legoland or either of the Holiday Inn or Hampton Inn, situated near shopping and fine dining, all three of which are in nearby Winter Haven - it's your choice. And, we're only minutes away from even more fun, like newly-renovated Cypress Gardens, Bok Tower, Universal Studios, Disney World, MGM Studios, Wet n' Wild, Busch Gardens, Adventure Island, just to name a few.
A perfect location, plenty of outdoor activities, close to great dining, family entertainment, shopping, and great lodging,
what more could you want?!?!
We've got them on our sonar!
And, as you can see below,the weather's (almost always) perfect!!!
Your Deposit or Full Payment
may be made by Visa, Mastercard, Discover
or may be made online by sending your payment to
with your Paypal account
Thanks, and I hope you found what you were looking for. If not, you can call us at 863-692-2208, email us at email@example.com, or you can go to the Contact page and fill out the contact form or you can chat live with me now (if I'm not out fishing or sleeping!).
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after all ... that's what tackle is all about ... isn't it?
Awards Magazine Articles
Welcome to Orlando Florida , where it's all about family fun and adventure! Orlando is home to Disney World, Universal Studios Orlando, Busch Gardens Orlando and SeaWorld Orlando and many other world famous Orlando attractions. The metropolitan area is Florida's third largest and serves over 50 million tourists each year and boasts more theme parks and entertainment attractions than anywhere in the world AND more hotel rooms (including Orlando vacation rentals and condos) than any other US destination except for Las Vegas. Probably the most significant event that affected the region's growth came in 1971 when is Walt Disney opened Disney World. Since that day the Orlando business and tourism economy has never looked back. Tourists can find plenty of vacation planning help when looking for hotels in Orlando, Kissimmee hotels, Orlando tours, golf courses in Orlando, hotels near Disney and/or Orlando vacation packages and even shopping. There are plenty Orlando Travel guides that can help you plan your Orlando Vacation including the Orlando/Orange County Convention & Visitors Bureau, Inc. (Orlando CVB) among others. Here you can read Orlando travel reviews, view Orlando weather and see an Orlando Map. For Orlando travel specifics, the Orlando International Airport is located just six miles south of Orlando and is Florida's busiest airport. Flights to Orlando are frequent and car rentals in Orlando are easy to get and easy to pick up and return (when returning your car fill your gas tank up early as there are few options near the terminal). Most people forget that Orlando is close to the beach... you can go east to Cocoa Beach or west toward Tampa. Enjoy your trip to our beautiful city and enjoy all it has to offer. |
Welcome to Orlando Vacation Hotels!! Find info on Orlando Hotels, Disney World Hotels, Disney Packages, Orlando Tours and all you need to know on Flights to Orlando. Our Orlando Travel and Disney Vacation Hotels guides can help plan your DisneyWorld and Orlando Vacation.


text:
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text:
Roll Over Image to Magnify
& Click to Zoom |
Why Set & Save?
Just click "Add to Set & Save" when placing items in your cart.
New & Improved! Sunscreen Creams
Active - Moisturizing & water resistant (40 min) sunscreens for beach, swimming & activity.
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text:
Ohio may become the first US state to include "intelligent design" in its science standards. A lot depends on the outcome of a meeting on 11 March 2002.
A panel of experts will be discussing the merits of including intelligent design in Ohio's state standards. (Intelligent design is the belief that the "irreducible complexity" of certain biological features, such as the human eye, is evidence for a designer and against blind naturalistic processes.1) The panel discussion, scheduled for 11 March, is sponsored by the standards committee of the Ohio board of education.2
Theatrics on 2 March-a portent of things to come
Not surprisingly, evolutionists are gathering their forces. On 2 March they invited in two of their most formidable combatants-Stephen Jay Gould of Harvard University and Kenneth Miller of Brown University. Cleveland's prestigious Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) sponsored the public presentation, called "Evolution and God: why design theory isn't science."
The purpose of the meeting was not an open debate weighing the merits of intelligent design, but a one-sided excoriation of the view, preparing the troops for a new campaign of creationist-bashing. Gould was sick and could not come, but Miller-joined by physicist Lawrence Krauss of CWRU-tossed enough barbs at creationists to please their followers in the audience. "There is nothing to debate," said Dr Krauss. He let the crowd know that it was "an incredible waste of [his] time to talk about things that are obvious."3
Stay tuned for the "great non-debate" on 11 March
The CWRU meeting was a prelude to the upcoming panel discussion sponsored by the Ohio board of education. The topic: "Should intelligent design be included in Ohio's draft science academic content standards?" (For background on Ohio's science standards, see Creationism battle heats up again in US public schools; the unbending, pro-evolution slant of Ohio's first draft, released in December 2001, sparked a firestorm and calls for revision.)
The meeting will not be a debate. Four panelists will address a series of questions, prepared ahead of time by the standards committee. The public is allowed to watch the proceedings, but no questions are permitted.
The proposed panel includes two leading evolutionists and two advocates of intelligent design. The evolutionists are-do these names sound familiar?-Dr Kenneth Miller and Dr Lawrence Krauss.
Kenneth Miller is a rising star in the fight against creationism. When it comes to debates, evolutionists like to trot him out because, unlike sharp-tongued humanists like Richard Dawkins, Dr Miller says that he is a Christian. His suave manner and eloquent words make him "the most superficially convincing protagonist against creationism" that Dr Henry Morris has ever debated.4 Miller's book Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground between God and Evolution was a hit in many circles.
Dr Krauss is a widely published author. His most recent work Atom: An Odyssey from the Big Bang to Life on Earth . . . and Beyond is being converted into a five-segment Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) national TV series.
The two panelists who will defend intelligent design are Dr Stephen C. Meyer, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Whitworth College (Washington), and Dr Jonathan Wells, Senior Fellow at the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture. Wells is the author of Icons of Evolution: Why Much of What We Teach about Evolution Is Wrong.
Expect a media circus
The 11 March panel discussion will take place at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium, 300 West Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio, 8:30-11:00 am.5 The crowd is expected to be quite large, including a number of journalists. Two opposing citizens groups most likely will be there. On one side is Science Excellence for All Ohioans (SEAO), calling for "fair, reasonable, and unbiased standards." This group has proposed a series of changes to mollify the problem areas in Ohio's proposed science standards.6 On the other side is the recently formed group Ohio Citizens for Science (OCS), a parallel organization to Kansas Citizens for Science, which curbed the efforts to change science standards in Kansas.
Opponents of intelligent design have apparently settled on their strategy. Like the scientists who met on 2 March at CWRU, they will repeat the mantra "this isn't a debate about science." They also will resort to scare tactics, warning of "another Kansas" (a reference to the media attacks that Kansas endured in 1999 when its board of education tried to mildly de-emphasize evolution in its science standards). Critics warn that any compromise with intelligent design will convert Ohio into a backwater state, scaring away potential business and qualified scientists.7
This whole debate is a sad testimony about America's departure from its Christian roots. Who would have ever imagined that giving teachers liberty to question evolution-and to offer alternatives-would generate such controversy? While Answers in Genesis believes that teachers should have the freedom and encouragement to critique evolution, we recognize the danger of making it compulsory for teachers to present alternative theories (imagine the potential mockery of the Biblical position).
Christian teachers once had the freedom to speak openly about the true history, geology and biology proclaimed in Genesis. Now they can't even question evolution in school. The battle to get "intelligent design" into Ohio's standards may weaken the evolutionists" strangle-hold on public education, but it's a far cry from giving students the true picture of two worldviews in conflict.
Help keep these daily articles coming. Support AiG.
- You can read about the history of intelligent design and AiG's views on this movement at http://www.answersingenesis.org/get-answers/topic/design-features. Back
- The official announcement of this meeting was posted by the Ohio department of education at http://www.ode.state.oh.us/news/releases/february02/2-20-02.1.asp. Back
- From notes taken by Melanie Elsie, a former reporter and educator who is now the chairman of Eagle Forum of Ohio. Back
- Finding An Evolutionist's God Back
- For detailed directions, see http://www.creationists.org/20020311OSBEmtg.html. Back
- The draft standards and the proposed modifications are listed at http://www.sciohio.org/start.htm. Back
- The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) sent around a notice to its members in Ohio, asking them to attend the 2 March meeting at CWRU and to "circulate it to friends, colleagues, and students." The notice warned that "the forces of anti-evolution are afoot once again in Ohio" and so "the ASCB is trying to prevent those who would demean the value of an Ohio science education, making it more difficult to attract scientists and scientific enterprises from other parts of the world" In his speech on 2 March, Dr Krauss warned that the controversy threatened Ohio's economic survival, pointing out that several corporations reconsidered relocating to Kansas as a result of the controversy there. Back


text:
Kenneth Clarke
The Right Honourable Kenneth Clarke QC MP |
Minister without Portfolio | |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office 4 September 2012 |
Prime Minister | David Cameron |
Preceded by | Baroness Warsi |
Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain Secretary of State for Justice |
In office 12 May 2010 – 4 September 2012 |
Prime Minister | David Cameron |
Preceded by | Jack Straw |
Succeeded by | Chris Grayling |
Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills |
In office 19 January 2009 – 11 May 2010 |
Leader | David Cameron |
Preceded by | Alan Duncan |
Succeeded by | The Lord Mandelson |
Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer | |
In office 2 May 1997 – 11 June 1997 |
Leader | John Major |
Preceded by | Gordon Brown |
Succeeded by | Peter Lilley |
Chancellor of the Exchequer | |
In office 27 May 1993 – 2 May 1997 |
Prime Minister | John Major |
Preceded by | Norman Lamont |
Succeeded by | Gordon Brown |
Home Secretary | |
In office 10 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 |
Prime Minister | John Major |
Preceded by | Kenneth Baker |
Succeeded by | Michael Howard |
Secretary of State for Education and Science | |
In office 2 November 1990 – 10 April 1992 |
Prime Minister | Margaret Thatcher John Major |
Preceded by | John MacGregor |
Succeeded by | John Patten (Education) |
Secretary of State for Health | |
In office 25 July 1988 – 2 November 1990 |
Prime Minister | Margaret Thatcher |
Preceded by | John Moore (Social Services) |
Succeeded by | William Waldegrave |
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster | |
In office 13 July 1987 – 25 July 1988 |
Prime Minister | Margaret Thatcher |
Preceded by | Norman Tebbit |
Succeeded by | Tony Newton |
Paymaster General | |
In office 2 September 1985 – 13 July 1987 |
Prime Minister | Margaret Thatcher |
Preceded by | John Gummer |
Succeeded by | Peter Brooke |
Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office 18 June 1970 |
Preceded by | Antony Gardner |
Majority | 15,811 (29.5%) |
Personal details | |
Born | Kenneth Harry Clarke 2 July 1940 West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England |
Political party | Conservative |
Spouse(s) | Gillian Edwards |
Children | 2 |
Alma mater | Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge |
Kenneth Harry Clarke, QC, MP (born 2 July 1940) is a British Conservative politician, the Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe and a Minister without Portfolio in the UK Government.[1] He was first elected to Parliament in 1970, and appointed as a minister in Edward Heath's Government in 1972. One of Britain's best-known politicians, he has served in the Cabinet as Education Secretary, Health Secretary, Justice Secretary, Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer. Since 1997 he has been the President of the Tory Reform Group. He has contested the Conservative Party leadership three times – in 1997, 2001 and 2005 – being defeated each time. Although opinion polls have shown him to be popular with the general public, his pro-European views conflict with the Conservative Party's Euro-sceptic stance. He is the fifth longest serving cabinet minister in the modern era.[2]
He is co-president of the pro-EU body British Influence. Notably, he is President of the Conservative Europe Group and Vice-President of the European Movement UK.[3]
Early life[edit]
Kenneth Clarke's father (also named Kenneth) worked as a mining electrician and then a watchmaker and jeweller. He was born in West Bridgford, near Nottingham, in 1940 and was educated at Langley Mill Boys' School, Derbyshire, Highbury Primary School, Nottingham,[4] and Nottingham High School (then a direct grant grammar school). He went on to Cambridge University, where he read law at Gonville and Caius College and graduated with a 2:1 honours degree. Clarke originally had Labour sympathies, his grandfather having been a Communist. However while at Cambridge, he joined the Conservative Party, and was chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. Controversially, he invited former British fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley to speak for a second year in succession, leading some Jewish students (including his future successor at the Home Office Michael Howard) to resign from CUCA in protest.[5] Howard then defeated Clarke in one election for the presidency of the Cambridge Union Society, although Clarke was elected President of the Union a year later. He was elected President on 6 March 1963 by a majority of 56 votes. He opposed the admission of women to the Union, being quoted as saying upon his election, "The fact that Oxford has admitted them does not impress me at all. Cambridge should wait a year to see what happens before any decision is taken on admitting them."[6] In an early 1990s documentary, journalist Michael Cockerell played to Clarke some tape recordings of himself speaking at the Cambridge Union as a young man; Clarke displayed amusement at his own stereotypically upper class accent. Clarke was counted one of the Cambridge Mafia, a group of prominent Conservative politicians who were educated at Cambridge in the 1960s. On leaving Cambridge, Clarke was called to the Bar in 1963 by Gray's Inn and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1980.[7]
Member of Parliament[edit]
Clarke sought election to the House of Commons almost immediately after university. He began by fighting the Labour stronghold of Mansfield in the 1964 and 1966 elections. In June 1970, at the age of 29, he gained the East Midlands constituency of Rushcliffe, south of Nottingham, from Labour MP Tony Gardner. Clarke was by 2005 one of the longest serving of all MPs.
Kenneth Clarke was soon appointed a Government whip, and served as such from 1972 to 1974; he helped ensure Edward Heath's government win key votes on entry to the European Economic Community (now the EU) with the assistance of Labour rebels. Even though he opposed the election of Margaret Thatcher as party leader in 1975, he was appointed as her industry spokesman from 1976 to 1979, and then occupied a range of ministerial positions during her premiership.
He is the subject of a portrait in oil commissioned by parliament.[8]
Ministerial positions[edit]
Clarke first served as junior transport minister, then Minister of State for Health (1982–85). He joined the Cabinet as Paymaster-General and Employment Minister (1985–87) (his Secretary of State, Lord Young, was in the Lords), and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister at the DTI (1987–88), with responsibility for the Inner Cities.
Despite being an ardent pro-tobacco advocate, he was appointed Health Secretary in 1988, in which office he introduced the controversial 'internal market' concept in the NHS.[9] Just over two years later he was appointed Education Secretary in the final weeks of Thatcher's government, following Norman Tebbit's unwillingness to return to the Cabinet. He was famously the first Cabinet minister to advise Thatcher to resign after her inadequate first-round performance in the November 1990 leadership contest; she referred to him ironically in her memoirs as a "candid friend": "His manner was robust in the brutalist style he has cultivated: the candid friend".[10] He supported Douglas Hurd in the next round.[citation needed]
Clarke came to work with John Major very closely, and quickly emerged as a central figure in his government. After continuing as Education Secretary (1990–92), where he introduced a number of reforms, he was appointed as Home Secretary in the wake of the Conservatives' unexpected victory at the 1992 general election. In May 1993, seven months after the impact of 'Black Wednesday' had terminally damaged Norman Lamont's credibility as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Major forced Lamont to resign and appointed Clarke in his place.
Chancellor of the Exchequer[edit]
At first, Clarke was seen as the dominant figure in the Cabinet, and at the October 1993 Conference he defended Major from his critics by announcing "Any enemy of John Major is an enemy of mine".
In the party leadership of contest 1995, in which John Major won against John Redwood, Clarke kept faith in Major and commented "I don't think the Conservative Party could win an election in 1,000 years on this ultra right-wing programme".[11]
Clarke enjoyed an increasingly successful record as Chancellor, as the economy recovered from the recession of the early 1990s and a new monetary policy was put into effect after Black Wednesday. He reduced the basic rate of income tax from 25% to 23%, reduced government spending as a percentage of GDP, and reduced the budget deficit from £50.8 billion in 1993 to £15.5 billion in 1997. Clarke's successor, the Labour Chancellor Gordon Brown, continued these policies, which eliminated the deficit in 1998 and allowed Brown to record four years of budget surplus. Interest rates, inflation and unemployment all fell during Clarke's tenure at HM Treasury. Clarke's success was such that Brown felt he had to pledge to keep to Clarke's spending plans and these limits remained in place for the first two years of the Labour government that was elected in 1997.[9]
Differences of opinion within the Cabinet on European policy, on which Clarke was one of the leading pro-Europeans, complicated his tenure as Chancellor. Whereas other ministers such as Malcolm Rifkind wished to imply that British euro membership was unlikely, Clarke fought successfully to maintain the possibility that Britain might join a single currency under a Conservative government, but conceded that such a move could only take place on the basis of a referendum. When the 'Eurosceptic' Party Chairman, Brian Mawhinney, (allegedly) briefed against him, on one occasion, Clarke memorably declared: "Tell your kids to get their scooters off my lawn" – an allusion to Harold Wilson's rebuke of trade union leader Hugh Scanlon in the late 1960s.
After the Conservatives entered Opposition in 1997, Clarke contested the leadership of the party for the first time. In 1997, a vote exclusively among Members of Parliament, he topped the poll in the first and second rounds. In the third and final round he formed an alliance with Eurosceptic John Redwood, who would have become Shadow Chancellor and Clarke's deputy if Clarke had won the contest. However, Thatcher endorsed Clarke's rival William Hague, who proceeded to win the election comfortably. The contest was criticised for not involving the rank-and-file members of the party, where surveys showed Clarke to be more popular. Clarke rejected the offer from Hague of a Shadow Cabinet role, and became a backbencher.
Clarke contested the party leadership for the second time in 2001. Despite opinion polls showing he was the most popular Conservative politician with the public,[9] he lost in a final round among the rank-and-file membership, a new procedure introduced by Hague, to a much less experienced, but strongly Eurosceptic rival, Iain Duncan Smith. This loss, by a margin of 62% to 38%, was attributed to the former Chancellor's pro-European views being increasingly out of step with the members' Euroscepticism.[9] His campaign was managed by Andrew Tyrie.
Clarke opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. After choosing not to fight for the leadership after Duncan Smith departed in 2003, in the interests of party unity, he returned to fight the 2005 election. He again had large popularity among voters, with 40% of the public believing he would be the best leader.[12] However, he was accused by Norman Tebbit of being "lazy" whilst leadership rival Sir Malcolm Rifkind claimed that Clarke's pro-European views could have divided the Conservative Party if Clarke had won.[13] In the event, Clarke was eliminated in the first round of voting among MPs. Eventual winner David Cameron appointed Clarke to head a Democracy task force as part of his extensive 18-month policy review in December 2005, exploring issues such as the reform of the House of Lords and party funding. Clarke is president of the moderate, pro-European ginger group within the Conservative Party, Tory Reform Group.
In 2006, he described Cameron's plans for a British Bill of Rights as "xenophobic and legal nonsense".[14]
Promotion to the shadow cabinet[edit]
Clarke was promoted to Shadow Business Secretary in opposition to the then current Business Secretary, Lord Mandelson. David Cameron described Clarke as the only one able to oppose Mandelson and Brown's economic credibility. Two days later it was revealed that Clarke had warned in a speech a month earlier that President Barack Obama could see David Cameron as a "right-wing nationalist" if the Conservatives maintained eurosceptic policies and that Obama would "start looking at whoever is in Germany or France if we start being isolationist."[15] However, the Financial Times said "Clarke has in effect agreed to disagree with the Tories' official Eurosceptic line".[16]
Lord Chancellor and Justice Secretary[edit]
On 12 May 2010, it was announced that Clarke had been appointed Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor by Prime Minister David Cameron in a coalition government formed from the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties.[17] James Macintrye, Political Editor of Prospect magazine, argued that in this ministerial position he had instigated a process of radical reform.[18]
In June 2010, Clarke signalled an end to short prison sentences after warning it was "virtually impossible" to rehabilitate an inmate in less than 12 months. In his first major speech since taking office, Mr Clarke indicated a major shift in penal policy by saying prison was not effective in many cases. This could result in more offenders being handed community punishments. Mr Clarke, who described the current prison population of 85,000 as "astonishing", faced immediate criticism from some colleagues in a party renowned for its tough stance on law and order. He signalled that fathers who fail to pay child maintenance, disqualified drivers and criminals fighting asylum refusals could be among the first to benefit and should not be in prison.[19]
In December 2010 Clarke, in a move to cut prison numbers, said that a Conservative Party election pledge that anyone caught carrying a knife illegally could expect a jail term will not be implemented. Clarke said he would put sentencing policy in the hands of judges, not newspaper pundits but that those guilty of using a knife illegally would face a "serious" jail term. Asked by BBC political editor Nick Robinson whether people caught carrying knives illegally could expect a lesser punishment, Clarke said ministers would not insist on "absolute tariffs". It means that, as at present, someone caught carrying a knife illegally may not face a custodial sentence, and could even be cautioned instead.[citation needed]
Clarke announced in February 2011 that the government intended to scrutinise the relationship between the European Court of Human Rights and national parliaments. This followed calls from a large number of Conservative backbenchers for the UK to leave the ECHR because they are unhappy with its rulings. MPs subsequently[when?] voted to maintain a ban on voting by prisoners despite an ECHR ruling that it was illegal. Many MPs[citation needed] have also been outraged by the UK Supreme Court's ruling that the ECHR would uphold the right of sex offenders to appeal against having to register with the police for the rest of their lives.[20]
In May 2011, controversy related to Clarke's reported views on rape resurfaced after an interview on the radio station BBC 5 Live, where he discussed a proposal to further reduce the sentences of criminals, including rapists, who pleaded guilty pre-trial.[21]
In 2011 and 2012, Clark faced criticism for his Justice and Security Bill, in particular those aspects of it that allow secret trials when "national security" is at stake.[22][23] The Economist said: "The origins of the proposed legislation lie in civil cases brought by former Guantánamo detainees, the best-known of whom was Binyam Mohamed, alleging that government intelligence and security agencies (MI6 and MI5) were complicit in their rendition and torture."[24][25] Prominent civil liberties and human rights campaigners argued: "The worst excesses of the war on terror have been revealed by open courts and a free media. Yet the justice and security green paper seeks to place government above the law and would undermine such crucial scrutiny."[26]
Minister without portfolio[edit]
Following the 2012 cabinet reshuffle, Clarke was removed from his position as Justice Secretary and made a minister without portfolio. He still attends Cabinet in this capacity. It was also announced that he would become a roving trade envoy, with responsibility for promoting British business and trade abroad.[27]
Expenses scandal[edit]
On 12 May 2009, The Daily Telegraph reported that Clarke had "flipped" his council tax. He had told the Parliamentary authorities that his main home was in his Rushcliffe constituency, enabling him to claim a second homes allowance on his London home and leaving the taxpayer to foot the bill for the council tax due on that property. However, he told Rushcliffe Borough Council in Nottinghamshire that he spent so little time at his constituency address that his wife Gillian should qualify for a 25% council-tax (single person's) discount, saving the former chancellor around £650 per year. Land registry records showed that Clarke did not have a mortgage on his home in Nottinghamshire, where he has lived since 1987. He instead held a mortgage on his London house, which he had most recently charged to the taxpayer at £480 per month.[28]
Corporate and other work[edit]
While a backbencher and shadow cabinet minister, Clarke took a number of non-executive directorships:
- Deputy Chairman and a director of British American Tobacco (BAT) (1998–2007), for which Clarke faced allegations relating to activities of BAT in lobbying the developing world to reject stronger health warnings on cigarette packets and evidence that that corporation had been involved in smuggling and targeting children with advertisements.[29][30]
- Deputy Chairman of Alliance Unichem
- Chairman (non-executive) of Unichem
- Director of Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust
- Member from June 2007 of the Advisory Board of Centaurus Capital, a London based hedge fund management company.[31]
- Clarke is a member of the advisory board of Agcapita Farmland Investment Partnership,[32] a Canadian farmland investment fund.
- Director (non-executive) of Independent News and Media (UK).[33]
- Participant at the annual meeting of the Bilderberg Group in 1993, 1998, 2006–2008 and 2012.[34][35][36][37][38]
Media work[edit]
Also while a backbencher, Clarke engaged in non-political media work.
- Presented several series of jazz programmes on BBC Radio Four, including one on his namesake, bebop drummer Kenny Clarke
- Wrote a monthly column for Financial Mail on Sunday (£10,001–15,000)
- Wrote a weekly commentary or interview for Bloomberg Television (£10,001–15,000)
- Undertook occasional lecturing, on a self-employed basis[39]
Personal life[edit]
Clarke married Gillian Edwards, also a Cambridge graduate, in November 1964.[citation needed] They have two children — a son and a daughter.[9] He is well known for his enjoyment of cigars, jazz and motor racing.[9] He also likes birdwatching and reading political history, and is popularly known for his love of suede Hush Puppies, a brand of shoes, which have been his "trademark" since his early ministerial days.[40]
He also likes watching sport. He is a supporter of Nottingham Forest and is a former President of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. He is president of Radcliffe Olympic F C. He is a keen follower of Formula One motorsport. He was involved with tobacco giant British American Tobacco's Formula One team British American Racing and has attended Grands Prix in support of the BAR team. BAR was sold to Honda in 2005. He was also on the podium of the 2012 British Grand Prix to present the first place trophy to Mark Webber.
He attended the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final and claims (with a little jest) to have been influential in persuading the man known vernacularly as "the Russian linesman" Tofik Bakhramov (who was actually from Azerbaijan), to award a goal to Geoff Hurst when the England striker had seen his shot hit the crossbar of opponents West Germany, leaving doubt as to whether the ball had crossed the line. Clarke's position in the Wembley crowd was right behind the linesman at the time, and he shouted at the official to award a goal.[41]
Clarke is a lover of Real Ale and has been a member of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA).[42]
His wealth is estimated at over £1m.[43]
- ^ Lady Warsi and Kenneth Clarke first casualties of Cameron reshuffle | Politics | guardian.co.uk
- ^ Parkinson, Justin (13 June 2013). "BBC News - Chasing Churchill: Ken Clarke climbs ministerial long-service chart". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "Structure of the European Movement UK".
- ^ Weekend Interview. Daily Mail (London). 28 April 2012, p.6.
- ^ Anthony, Andrew (27 March 2005). "Howard's way". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 24 September 2008.
- ^ "News in Brief" The Times (London). Thursday, 7 March 1963. (55643), col B, p. 5.
- ^ "Kenneth Clarke". Conservative Party.
- ^ Murphy, Joe (13 January 2014). "Exclusive: MPs splash out £250,000 of public money on vanity portraits". Evening Standard. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f "Contender: Kenneth Clarke". BBC News. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
- ^ Thatcher, Margaret (1993). The Downing Street Years. New York: HarperCollins. p. 914. ISBN 0-06-017056-5.
- ^ Macintyre, Donald; Brown, Colin (27 June 1995). "PM assails 'malcontent' Redwood". The Independent (London).
- ^ "Clarke is voter favourite — poll". BBC News. 5 September 2005. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
- ^ "Tories round on candidate Clarke". BBC News. 4 September 2005. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
- ^ "Clarke slams Cameron rights plan". BBC News. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ Winnett, Robert (21 January 2009). "Ken Clarke warns Barack Obama could see David Cameron as right wing nationalist". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- ^ "Interactive graphics – A Conservative Who's Who". Financial Times (London). Retrieved 19 June 2010.
- ^ "Election 2010 – Live coverage – General Election 2010". BBC News. May 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
- ^ Macintyre, James (2010). "Public service innovators". Ethos. Hook, Hants: Serco.
- ^ Whitehead, Tom (30 June 2010). "David Cameron insists short prison sentences to stay". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 14 July 2010.
- ^ Stratton, Allegra (21 February 2011). "Kenneth Clarke offers hope to Tory critics of human rights court". The Guardian (London). p. 8.
- ^ "In full: Ken Clarke interview on rape sentencing". BBC News. 18 May 2011.
- ^ Rozenberg, Joshua (16 November 2011). "The justice and security green paper is an attack on liberty". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "Ken Clarke's justice bill passed despite 'attacks'". BBC News. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "A question of balance". The Economist (London). 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ Cobain, Ian (9 April 2012). "Special report: Rendition ordeal that raises new questions about secret trials". The Guardian (London). p. 1. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ Chakrabarti, Shami; Davis, David; Kennedy, Helena; Macdonald, Ken; Mercer, Nicholas; Rose, Dinah (6 March 2012). "Secrets and scrutiny (Letter)". The Guardian (London). p. 35. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "BBC News - Ken Clarke given trade envoy role". Bbc.co.uk. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ Rayner, Gordon (12 May 2009). "MPs expenses: Ken Clarke's council tax 'flip'". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ British American Tobacco.[dead link]
- ^ Monbiot, George (23 August 2005). "BAT role makes Clarke unfit for office". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 19 January 2009.
- ^ "Hedge fund Centaurus appoints Ken Clarke as adviser". Reuters. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
- ^ "Agcapita Partners LP". Farmland Investment Partnership. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ "Kenneth Clarke MP". TheyWorkForYou.
- ^ "Memorandum submitted by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards — Complaint against Mr Kenneth Clarke". United Kingdom Parliament. 11 July 1997. "Mr Clarke subsequently explained that he and Mr Blair considered that they were attending the conference as representatives of the Government and the Opposition respectively, and stated that "I was quite confident that I was at the time meeting the rules applying to Ministers, and it did not occur to me that the new rules concerning registration could apply to this visit"."
- ^ "Register of Members' Interests". United Kingdom Parliament.
- ^ "His secret's out: how Georgie met Kissinger". London Evening Standard. 15 August 2008. p. 14. "Ken Clarke, Peter Mandelson and former mandarin Lord Kerr were also among the select group of British figures at the gathering of politicians and tycoons."
- ^ Duffy, Jonathan (3 June 2004). "Bilderberg: The ultimate conspiracy theory". BBC News. Retrieved 24 September 2008. "The group, which includes luminaries such as Henry Kissinger and former UK chancellor Kenneth Clarke, does not even have a website."
- ^ "Kenneth Clarke: Full register of members' interests". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 7 May 2010. "5–8 June 2008, to Chantilly, Virginia, USA, to attend Bilderberg Conference. Hotel accommodation paid for by the conference sponsors. (I paid my travel costs.) (Registered 12 June 2008)"
- ^ "Register of Members' Interests".
- ^ Naughton, Philippe (14 May 2010). "Ken Clarke sheds Hush Puppies for new job". The Times (London).
- ^ "Quizballs quiz 55 – questions & answers". Quizballs. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
- ^ Hall, Sarah (6 August 2002). "Campaign to include women in real ale round". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 24 September 2008.
- ^ Owen, Glen (23 May 2010). "The coalition of millionaires: 23 of the 29 member of the new cabinet are worth more than £1m ... and the Lib Dems are just as wealthy as the Tories". The Mail on Sunday (London).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kenneth Clarke. |
- Kenneth Clarke official Conservative Party profile
- Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
- Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005
- Current session contributions in Parliament at Hansard
- Electoral history and profile at The Guardian
- Voting record at Public Whip
- Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
- Profile at Westminster Parliamentary Record
- Profile at BBC News Democracy Live
- Articles authored at Journalisted
- Kenneth Clarke collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Articles
- Profile: Kenneth Clarke BBC News, 15 February 2005
- Smoke and mirrors, George Monbiot, The Guardian, 23 August 2005
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This Forum is for: DMN Features
FROM: DMN Editorial
DATE: Jan. 04, 2013 4:47 pm gmt
SUBJECT: Canada's jobless rate drops to 4-year low
Canada produced a surprising 40,000 new jobs in December, built on the back of a larger-than-expected 30,000 uptick in Ontario.
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