text:
A smartphone, or smart phone, is a mobile phone with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than basic feature phones.[1][2][3]
Early smartphones typically combined the features of a mobile phone with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a media player, a digital camera, or a GPS navigation unit. Modern smartphones include all of those features plus the features of a touchscreen computer, including web browsing, Wi-Fi, and 3rd-party apps and accessories.
The most popular smartphones today are powered by Google's Android and Apple's iOS mobile operating systems.[4]
Early years[edit]
Devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized in 1973, and were offered for sale beginning in 1993. The term "smartphone" first appeared in 1997, when Ericsson described its GS 88 "Penelope" concept as a Smart Phone.[5][6][7][8][9]
The first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was an IBM prototype developed in 1992 and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.[6][11] In addition to its ability to make and receive cellular phone calls, Simon was also able to send and receive faxes and e-mails through its touch screen display.
In the late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC.[1] These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems.
In 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 which became their best-selling phone of that time. It was a palmtop computer-style phone combined with a PDA from HP. In early prototypes, the two devices were fixed together via a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design. When opened, the display was on the inside top surface and with a physical QWERTY keyboard on the bottom. Email and text-based web browsing was provided by the GEOS V3.0 operating system.
In early 2000, the Ericsson R380 was released by Ericsson Mobile Communications,[12] and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone".[13] It combined the functions of a mobile phone and a personal digital assistant (PDA), supported limited web browsing with a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus.[14]
In early 2001, Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, which combined a PDA with a mobile phone and operated on Verizon. It also supported limited web browsing.[15][16]
Smartphones before Android, iOS, and Blackberry, typically ran on Symbian, which was originally developed by Psion. It was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010.
Mass adoption[edit]
In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT Docomo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country. These phones ran on i-mode, which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit/s.[17] Unlike future generations of wireless services, NTT Docomo's i-mode used cHTML, a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to maximize the slower data speeds available.[18]
The rise of i-mode helped NTT Docomo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001. It was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally. This power would wane in the face of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities.[19]
Outside of Japan smartphones were still a rare feature, although throughout the mid-2000s, devices based on Microsoft's Windows Mobile started to gain high popularity among businessmen and businesswomen in the U.S. The BlackBerry later gained mass adoption in the U.S., which in 2006 popularized the term CrackBerry due to its addictive nature.[20] The company first released its GSM BlackBerry 6210, BlackBerry 6220, & BlackBerry 6230 devices in 2003. Also released was the Blackberry 7730 which featured a color screen.[21] In 2006 and 2007, both operating systems were in a large lead in the North American market, although while BlackBerry was popular among both business people and young people, Windows Mobile was only popular in the former.
These new waves of phones allowed users to email, fax and make traditional calls, making this a must have tool for the executive on the go. As the Blackberry gained traction, its use spread to the novice user who were attracted by the multitude of communication options the phone offered.
In Europe things were different. Windows Mobile was never a large player in the market, and BlackBerry didn't make a notable impact in the market until around 2008. Symbian was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the mid and late 2000s. This was largely led by Nokia, which has always been a popular brand outside of North America. Initially Nokia's Symbian devices were focused on business, the same way as Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards, Nokia started to make entertainment-focused smartphones, which were popularized by the Nseries. The N95, for instance, had breakthrough multimedia features for its time, and marked the start of a broader market of smartphones within younger people, and not just business. In Asia (except Japan), the trend was similar to Europe's.
Another company that make a brakethrough was the Palm. Although originally PDAs, Palms later turned into business-focused smartphones, largely competing with BlackBerry and Windows Mobile in the U.S. market, and was less popular in Europe and Asia.
All leaders of the 2000s later got into a stiff competition that led to major dips in market share.
New players[edit]
In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for smartphones at the time.[22] 2008 saw the release of the first phone to use Android called the HTC Dream.[23][24] Android is an open-source platform founded by Andy Rubin and backed by Google.[25][26] Although Android's adoption was relevantly slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010.
Both of these operating systems led to the drop of the previous leading companies. Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch, in the form of Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones. Palm was bought by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS, and later demised. BlackBerry also made a new system from scratch, BlackBerry 10.
The future[edit]
In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[27] In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[28] In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones were introduced to the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex models.[29]
Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of the cost of producing them. There is a relatively high failure rate when producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle.[30] Samsung fully foldable phones are expected to debut in the 2016-2017 timeframe.[31]
A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. This first smartphones using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the smartphone camera.[32] The cost of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than most new technology.[33]
Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their sole source of power. Instead, they may pull energy from radio, television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[34]
In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (4K) 2560x1440 on 6" screens with up to 490 ppi which is a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used in advanced televisions and computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less on such larger displays.[35]
In 2014, Wi-Fi will continue to become the primary network for smartphones. As these devices do more and more with data and Wi-Fi becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi First smartphones service will start to take off. [36][37][38]
In February 2014, some smartphones are dustproof and waterproof up to one-meter underwater depth such as Samsung Galaxy S5, Sony Xperia Z1S and Sony Xperia Z2.[39]
Mobile operating systems[edit]
Android is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the Open Handset Alliance.[25][26] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream, the first phone to use Android.[23][24] The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web browser. Android supports the execution of native applications and third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the best-selling smartphone platform.
The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November 2009.[40][41] The first Bada-based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500, released in June 2010.[42][43][44] Samsung shipped 4.5 million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011.[45] In 2013, Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen.
In 1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in September 2012.[46] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform transition, changing its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry 10."[47]
Firefox OS[edit]
Firefox OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014 more companies have partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a smart TV with Firefox OS) and Sony.[48]
In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical for smartphones at the time.[22] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second generation iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support. Simultaneously, they introduced the App Store, which allowed any iPhone to install third-party native applications. Featuring over 500 applications at launch,[49] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[50][51]
Palm OS[edit]
In late 2001, Handspring launched their own Springboard GSM phone module with limIn early 2002, Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smartphone with both a touch screen and a full keyboard. The Treo had wireless web browsing, email, calendar, a contact organizer and mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.[52] Handspring was soon acquired by Palm, which released the Treo 600 and continued, though the series eventually took on Windows Mobile. After buying Palm, Inc, in 2011 Hewlett-Packard (HP) finally discontinued its smartphones and tablets production using webOS which is initial developed by Palm, Inc.[53]
Sailfish OS[edit]
The Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[54] Additionally Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others.[55] Sailfish OS is intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla, utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[56][57][58]
Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the platform never gained popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[59][60] and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone".[61] It combined a PDA with a mobile phone.[62] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones, with the platform getting abandoned throughout the following few years.[63]
Windows Mobile[edit]
Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system. Throughout its lifespan, the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats. It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft. Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service's brief lifespan.
Windows Phone[edit]
In February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language", to replace Windows Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. This software platform runs on most Nokia smartphones, it has received some positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its uniqueness and differentiation.[64][65][66]
Application stores[edit]
Store | 2010 (millions U.S.)[67] |
Apple App Store | $1782 |
BlackBerry App World | $165 |
Nokia Ovi Store | $105 |
Google Play | $102 |
Total | $2155 |
The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software, computer programs) focused on a single platform. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear.
Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market in October 2008 and RIM's BlackBerry App World in April 2009.
Smartphone usage[edit]
In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.[68] Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for features phones in early 2013.[69] As of 2013, 65 percent U.S. mobile consumers own smartphones.[70] The European mobile device market as of 2013 is 860 million.[71] In China, smartphones represented more than half of all handset shipments in the second quarter of 2012.[72]
As of November 2011, 27% of all photographs were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.[73] A study conducted in September 2012 concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop.[74] Another study conducted in June 2013 concluded that 56% of American adults now owned a smartphone of some kind. Android and iPhone owners account for half of the cell phone user population. Higher income adults and those under age 35 lead the way when it comes to smartphone ownership. [75]
Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013 (up 38% from 2012's 725 million) while compromising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013 (up from 42% in 2012).[76]
By manufacturer[edit]
In 2013, Samsung set at 31.3 percent Shipment Market Share, a slight increase from 30.3 percent in 2012, while Apple set at 15.3 percent in 2013 and decrease from 18.7 percent in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo set at about 5 percent each and significant better than 2012 figures, while Others set at about 40 percent or same with last year figure. Only Apple loss its market share, although the shipment volume in one year still increase by (small) 12.9 percent, but the rest increase significant in shipment volume by 36 to 92 percent.[77]
By operating system[edit]
As of the end of Q3 2013, Android was the most popular operating system, with a 81.9% market share, followed by iOS with 12.1%, Windows Phone with 3.6% and BlackBerry with 1.8%.[78][79]
Historical sales figures (in millions of units)[edit]
Year | Android (Google) | BlackBerry (RIM) | iOS (Apple) | Linux (other than Android) | Palm/WebOS (Palm/HP) | Symbian (Nokia) | Asha Full Touch (Nokia) | Windows Mobile/Phone (Microsoft) | Bada (Samsung) | Other |
2007[80] | 11.77 | 3.3 | 11.76 | 1.76 | 77.68 | 14.7 | ||||
2008[80] | 23.15 | 11.42 | 11.26 | 2.51 | 72.93 | 16.5 | ||||
2009[81] | 6.8 | 34.35 | 24.89 | 8.13 | 1.19 | 80.88 | 15.03 | |||
2010[82] | 67.22 | 47.45 | 46.6 | 111.58 | 12.38 | |||||
2011[83] | 219.52 | 51.54 | 89.26 | 93.41 | 8.77 | 14.24 | ||||
Obtaining the resources required to create smartphones involves the mining of minerals such as coltan, which are toxic to humans and wildlife.[92] Other raw materials, such as oils, copper, plastics, and solvents, have the potential to contaminate both the soil and groundwater.[92] Smartphones also contain toxic chemicals such as lead, bromine, chlorine, mercury, and cadmium.[93]
The improper recycling of used smartphones damages the environment.[94] Mobile phones can contain dangerous chemicals such as antimony, cadmium, copper, lead, arsenic, nickel and zinc,[92] which can run off into surrounding water bodies or seep into soil contaminating wildlife and drinking water.[95]
Worker conditions[edit]
The capacitors in electronics use minerals mined in pre-industrial societies, which causes concern in Western cultures. e.g., Mines in Africa have been associated with so-called "human rights violations" such as Rwanda.[96] Men, women, and children have been worked at gunpoint to mine for these minerals.[96]
The electronics soldering in smartphones require tin, 30% of which comes from the Indonesian islands of Bangka and Belitung. The tin extraction process has been identified as environmentally destructive and, as of September 2013, children are employed in hazardous conditions to extract tin.[97] Modern Westerners typically disapprove routine employment of people under 16 or so, imagining they have better options.
A University of Southern California study found that the unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common amongst owners of smartphones.[98] A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect sleep cycles.[99]
A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface—and possibly the hardware—of Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS.
Smartphone malware is more easily distributed through application stores that have minimal or no security mechanisms.[100][101] Often malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through 3rd party app stores.[102][103] Malware risk also comes from what's known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.[104]
One out of three robberies involve the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition urging that smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices is underway.[105]
In order to minimize the chances of being a victim of theft of mobile devices, there have been several apps created to help those out that may be in a dangerous situation. There are now apps that may aid in personal security by providing immediate assistance. Although, some personal security apps may be seen as just for women, they were originally developed to decrease the risk of sexual assaults and thefts aimed towards students on school campuses.[citation needed]
Other Terms[edit]
"phablet", a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet describes smartphones with larger screens.[106][107]
"superphone" is also used by some companies to market phones with unusually large screens and other expensive features.[108][109]
See also[edit]
- BlackBerry thumb
- Camera phone and videophone
- Comparison of smartphones
- List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices
- Media Transfer Protocol
- Mobile broadband connectivity
- Mobile Internet device (MID) and personal digital assistant (PDA)
- Mobile operating system
- Mobile phone
- Second screen
- Screen protector
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- ^ 'Mobile phones a pollution risk'2007, New Scientist, 194, 2600, p. 23, Science Reference Center, EBSCOhost, retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Cellphones: a pollution risk environment" 2007, Science news and science jobs from New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19426006.500-cellphones-a-pollution-risk.html. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.
- ^ Wall, Tim. (October 5, 2012) "Cellphones toxic to humans and Earth". http://news.discovery.com/earth/cell-phones-toxic-121005.html. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Coltan: a new blood mineral". (2010, December 10). CBC.ca– Technology and Science. http://www.cbc.ca/new s /technology/story/2010/12/10/coltan-faq.html. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Mobile industry tackles tin problems after Friends of the Earth campaign" (Press release). Friends of the Earth. Friends of the Earth Trust/Limited. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS."
- ^ Colaner, Seth (27 August 2012). "our Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep". Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way.
- ^ Mylonas Alexios; Tsoumas Bill, Dritsas Stelios, Gritzalis Dimitris (2011). 8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy & Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. 49–61.
- ^ "The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived". Android Police. March 6, 2011.
- ^ Perez, Sarah (2009-02-12). "Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser". Readwriteweb.com. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
- ^ "Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer". Appleinsider.com. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ^ Aldax, Mike "Plea Urges Anti-Theft Phone Tech" San Francisco Examiner Friday, June 7, 2013 Page 5:
- ^ "Is the Market Ready for a Phablet?", Forbes, 7 February 2012, retrieved 2012-08-15
- ^ Enter the Phablet: A History of Phone-Tablet Hybrids, pcmag.com, Sasha Segan, February 13, 2012
- ^ What Makes a Smartphone a Superphone? Mashable.com
- ^ Superphone vs smartphone: what's the difference? Techradar.com
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Pioneering Solar
Governor wants regional solution
Pueblo Chieftain (CO)March 07--GOLDEN -- Colorado must work with neighboring states to develop a Western water plan, Gov...
Residents frustrated at lack of nuke dump details
Associated Press/AP OnlineCARLSBAD, N.M. - It's been three weeks since the radiation sensors were triggered and the exhaust d...
Renew homelessness fee or convene task force?
News Tribune (Tacoma, WA)March 07--An effort to extend expiring fees on real estate documents that fund housing for the home...
Surface water issued for some Odessa Subarea farmers
Tri-City Herald (Kennewick, WA)March 07--Moses Lake -- Some Columbia Basin farmers soon will be able to use Columbia River water t...
Court says Marin development plan neglects threatened salmon
San_Francisco_ChMarch 07--A state appeals court says Marin County's latest land-use plan failed to assess the effec...
L.A. City Council takes heat over building exemption in Bel-Air
Los Angeles TimesMarch 06--Homeowner groups from areas spanning the Santa Monica Mountains are accusing the Los Ange...
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Development projects are the building blocks of urban growth. Put enough of the right projects together, and you have sustainable cities. But getting the pieces to stack up takes a feat of coordination and cooperation. Sustainable Development Projects starts with a blueprint for a development triad that balances sound economics, quality design, and the public good. A step-by-step description of the process explains how planners can effectively regulate new projects.
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Most natural disasters hit hard and fast, but droughts are different. They steal in, one cloudless day after another, often catching communities unprepared. Planning and Drought helps planners, public agencies, and local officials see the crisis on the horizon and get ready to meet it, connecting the dots between drought and land-use planning, water management, public health, and the local economy.

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I just checked that and mine just gave the standardmessage of no software update available
Sent from my ADR6425LVW using DroidForums
Dream on!
Sent from my ADR6425LVW using DroidForums
Rezound User - Retired Techie
I received the same message again, tried it on WiFi and vzw, hmm?
Did a reboot, same thing. I have no problem posting here, play games, making calls ext...
I'm sure that error means ICS is coming. Like when the wind bows or a cat runs in front of a car. What else could it possibly be?
Sent from my DROID RAZR using DroidForums
Sent from my DROID RAZR MAXX!
I just hope when it does come out it will fix some of the issues that I'm having.
I got the same message a few days ago in Oregon, rebooted the phone and never saw it again...


text:
Definition of snow cone in English:
snow cone
Line breaks: snow cone (also sno-cone)
North American & West Indian- A paper cup of crushed ice flavoured with fruit syrup.More example sentences
- The razor section of the sno-cone machine belched tiny pieces of ice into the collecting area, and a man scooped up the pieces and placed them in a cup where he sprayed red and orange syrup on top, making the refreshing sno-cone.
- But, sucking at a snow cone outside Amy's school that day, I realised some things don't change: the pleasure still comes in a rush.
- Don't be like some guys who go to the gym and only perform upper body exercises, with complete disregard for their legs; as a result, many of them come out looking like sno-cones, with a big upper body and no legs.


text:
Which IDE is best for writing Java code? Leaving aside NetBeans (a big assumption given that it now has excellent Ruby and JRuby integration), the choice was between Intellij or Eclipse. IntelliJ while commercial, wasn't too expensive and 'just worked' out of the box. Eclipse, if you were willing to install multiple plugins, could be more powerful but more intimidating.
My way around this was to install JBoss IDE. Whether or not you used JBoss , it gave a good set of standard plugins on top of the standard Eclipse to get productive immediately. But it hadn't been updated in 12 months - until a couple of weeks ago when it was relaunched as Red Hat Developer Studio (RHDS). If you're interested in the detail, my notes on getting started with Red Hat Development Studio (RHDS) are here.
So, having waited for 12 months, is it Red Hat Development Studio any good? The answer is 'yes but…' . The good bits are:
- It has excellent Seam , Ajax and JSF integration - a product of the Red Hat Partnership with Exadel.
- It's stable (hasn't crashed on me yet) and is based on the latest Major Eclipse release (3.3 Europa). I found less conflicts when installing plugins compared to the (now 12 months old) JBoss IDE.
- It has a good set of standard plugins - for Spring , JBoss workflow (jBPM), Web Tools - already installed.
and the bad bits
- The size: a 524mb Download is bigger than some of the early Red Hat Distros of Linux.
- What's missing: No Maven integration. No Subversion Integration. Although these can easily be added, their omission seems odd given that both are becoming a defacto Java Development Standard.
- JBoss Rules is missing. Or maybe I'm stupid and can't find it (but I've looked long enough). This is a step backward from the previous version, and especially disappointing given my personal interest in Drools and Rule Engines (blog link).
Credit where credit is due; It's only in Beta. Already it's very good. Here's hoping that it can be great.


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Complete forecast by
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Glazed Popcorn
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8 cups popped popcorn 1/4 cup margarine 3 tablespoons corn syrup 1/2 cup sugar 1 package (3 ounces) gelatin, any flavor
Heat margarine and corn syrup; stir in sugar and gelatin. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat to low; simmer 5 minutes. Pour syrup over popcorn tossing to coat. Spread popcorn on 15x10-inch pan lined with foil. Bake at 300 degrees for 10 minutes. Cool. Remove from pan and break into pieces.
Josie Pritchard Atkinson
Spinach and Cheese Crostini (More recipes)


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Drag the home icon in this panel and drop it onto the "house icon" in the tool bar for the browser
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Black Hills Ammunition
Editor's note: In a few recent incidents, guns, ammo, and other weapons have been stolen from patrol cars. Be sure to read one officer's tip about preventing cruiser theft.
By Robert Salonga Contra Costa Times
WALNUT CREEK, Calif. — Burglars who forced their way into a secured Contra Costa County sheriff's lot ransacked several patrol cars and stole weapons inside, the Sheriff's Office said Tuesday.
Full story: Guns stolen from sheriff's patrol car


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One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing the power to tax is the power to destroy, and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, authority to impose a tax upon the people must be carefully guarded.... It condemns the citizen to servitude. President Calvin Coolidge, 1924 Practices of the unscrupulous money-changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion....Yes, the money-changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of that restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit.
Franklin Roosevelt [1], First Inaugural Address, 1933
As Milton Friedman says in Money Mischief [HBJ, 1992], anything can be money: stones, iron, gold, tobacco, silver, shells, cigarettes, copper, paper, nickel, etc. What makes these things money is not what they are, but what they are used for. They may have value in themselves, like gold ("commodity" money), or they may not ("credit" money, which means banknotes, bank deposits, tokens, markers, etc.); but their value as money is separate from their intrinsic value. What gives money value as such is that it is, or can be, used for exchange, replacing the original human system of trade, which was barter. The value of money is thus the value people attribute to what they want to exchange, no more, no less. As a medium of exchange, all money is in effect "credit" money: credit on an incomplete barter, like an IOU. An IOU can also be anything, as long as it is recognized as a contractual obligation on an incomplete exchange. Commodity money was originally the most natural money, but the value of money is not always the same as its value as a commodity. The intrinsic value of commodity money and its value as money can actually interfere with each other. As a medium of exchange, money also establishes a standard of value (e.g. items A and B may both be worth $5, £5, ¥5, etc.), and as money is held in between exchanges, money becomes a store of value.[2]
What the value of money actually is (i.e. what units of the standard will buy, in general) depends on 1) how much money there is, 2) how much money is held out of circulation, and 3) how many exchanges circulating money is used to cover. This is the "quantity theory of money" and can be expressed in a famous equation by the American astronomer and economist Simon Newcomb: MV = PT. "M" signifies the actual quantity of money; "V" signifies the "velocity," which is the rate at which money circulates or how long money is held out of circulation; "T" is the number of transactions, or exchanges; and "P" is the level of prices. This equation easily illuminates most questions about inflation or deflation, which is how money becomes less or more valuable over time. The evidence for the "quantity theory" is that historically inflation and deflation have occurred independently of economic growth and recession, as can be seen in the data from Friedman and Schwartz given below.[3]
Inflation is where the aggregate level of prices goes up and deflation where the aggregate level of prices goes down. Inflation will occur if V and T remain constant but M goes up, i.e. the supply of money increases without any other changes. Inflation can also occur if V goes up (people spend money more quickly) or T declines (the economy shrinks), as the other variables are constant. Most inflations, however, occur because of independent increases in the money supply. That can happen either with commodity money or credit money. A flood of silver from the New World caused a devastating inflation in 16th and 17th century Spain; and gold strikes in California, Australia, South Africa, and the Yukon produced inflations in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Now inflations are always the result of increases in the supply of credit money: it is easy to print paper, and governments that have begun issuing paper money have always eventually fallen to the temptation of just printing and spending new money.[4] Paper money achieved legitimacy in the first place only because the Bank of England, which was privately owned (founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946),[5] was the first note issuing agency in history that behaved responsibly and restrained its issue of paper money. Consequently, Bank of England notes were "as good as gold." Inflation does not occur because of a "wage-price spiral," an "overheated" economy, excessive economic growth, or through any other natural mechanism of the market. A government debasing the currency would not have fooled anyone a century ago. Now, through deception, a government can try to blame inflation on anything but its own irresponsible actions.
Deflation usually occurs from one of two causes. Either the economy grows and the volume of transactions (T) increases, or the quantity of money (M) decreases. After the Civil War, when the United States issued hundreds of millions of dollars in paper money ("greenbacks") to spend on the war,[6] greenbacks and gold dollars circulated side by side: but gold dollars were worth several greenback dollars.
UNITED STATES PRICE LEVELS: 1929=100% [data from Milton Friedman, Money Mischief, Episodes in Monetary History, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992; and Milton Friedman and Anna. J. Schwartz, Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom, U. of Chicago Press, 1982, pp.122-137]. Divide by 2.162 to convert to 1967 prices.
40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 1865------Withdrawal of Greenbacks started---------86.5 1866 82.6 1867 77.6 1868-------------------------------------76.2---Withdrawal of Greenbacks 1869 72.7 stopped 1870 68.7 1871 69.8 1872 66.3 1873-----banking Panic--------65.5----Gold Standard adopted 1874 64.8 1875 Depression 63.3 Era of Greenback agitation 1876 1873-79 60.4 1877 58.2 1878--------------53.9---Bland-Allison Act, silver dollars & certificates; 1879 52.0 Greenbacks redeemed in gold. 1880 57.4 1881 56.3 1882 58.1 Depression 1882-85 1883 57.4 1884---Panic-------54.4-----hydraulic gold mining ended in California 1885 50.8 1886-----------50.1----gold discovered in South Africa; Haymarket Riot 1887 50.6 1888 51.5 Era of Free Silver agitation 1889 51.8 1890-----------50.8---Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1891 50.3 Depression 1893-94, 95-97 1892---------48.3-------Homestead Strike 1893--Panic---49.5------Sherman Act repealed; 156 railroads go bankrupt 1894-------46.4----18.4% unemployment; Pullman Strike 1895 45.7 1896-----44.4---"Cross of Gold" William Jennings Bryan defeated; end of 1897 44.6 free silver agitation; gold discovered in the Yukon 1898 45.9 1899 47.1 1900----------49.6-------Gold Standard Act, reaffirms Gold Standard 1901 49.3 1902 51.0 1903 51.5 1904 52.3 1905 53.4 1906---------------54.5----1.7% unemployment; Upton Sinclair's The Jungle 1907-----------------56.8----banking Panic 1908-----------------56.7-----Aldrich-Vreeland Act expands money supply 1909 58.7 1910 60.2 1911 59.7 1912 62.3 1913-----------------------62.6-----Federal Reserve Act creates 1914 63.5 Federal Reserve System 1915 65.5 1916 74.0 1917-----World War I Inflation--------------------------91.4 1918 World War I, 1917-1918 105.1 1919 106.7
The government determined to deflate the greenbacks until they could trade at par with gold.[7] There was considerable political opposition to this. Deflation is bad for borrowers, whose debts become worth more over time. They would rather have inflation, which reduces the value of debts over time.[8] This turned farmers, who are commonly in debt and were a significant part of the population in those days, in favor of the Greenback Party, which promoted paper inflation, and the Free Silver movement, which wanted both gold and silver used for money (instead of just gold, as on the Gold Standard).[9] This political opposition prevented too many greenbacks from actually being withdrawn from circulation, but deflation occurred anyway because the economy grew into the money supply. By 1878 greenbacks traded at par with gold dollars, and the Treasury began to redeem them in gold ("resumed specie payments"). The entire period from the Civil War to the late 1890's was a era of deflation, simply because the economy grew so much (see table). Nevertheless, this was not well appreciated at the time. Falling prices mean falling wages; and it was hard for workers to understand that if their wages were being cut, those same wages might nevertheless be worth more. That is what happened, but the fact of falling wages led to terrible labor strife. Employers knew that they had to cut wages, but even they didn't understand quite why, and wouldn't have been believed anyway.
Deflation also occurs because the money supply shrinks. One way that can happen is because of trade. If there are more imports into an economy than exports out of it, then there will be a net outflow of money to pay for the imports. In the Mercantilist 17th century and the protectionist 20th century this has been regarded as bad; but David Hume (in "Of the Balance of Trade," 1752) had already recognized that it really didn't make any difference: the outflow of money would inflate foreign prices and deflate domestic prices, rendering foreign goods less attractive and domestic goods more attractive, both for domestic and foreign markets. Thus, before too long, imports would naturally decrease and exports would naturally increase, until money flowed back in to rebalance prices. As Hume put it in a letter to Montesquieu in 1749: "It does not seem that money, any more than water, can be raised or lowered anywhere much beyond the level it has in places where communication is open, but that it must rise and fall in proportion to the goods and labor contained in each state." A trade deficit is thus a sign of nothing except the export of a certain kind of commodity, money. When money can simply be printed by the government, exporting it is an extraordinarily profitable business.
Another way that deflation can occur is because of banking. A bank receives money on deposit, holds part of it as a cash reserve, and loans out the rest. In effect this increases the supply of money since both the loaned cash and the credited deposit at the bank function as money. The result could be inflationary, but the system tends to be self-balancing because bank loans, especially commercial loans which are used to create or expand businesses, multiply transactions. A loan is also a kind of deposit, as a bank credits itself with the money it has loaned. A bad loan, to an unsuccessful person or business, cannot be paid off and so at some point must be written off as a loss by the bank. Thus the bank's "deposit" is simply lost, and the money supply thereby decreases by that amount. Banking therefore can stimulate the growth of an economy through loans but usually will not produce an inflation, as bad loans balance the transactions created by the good loans. Instead of inflation, sometimes loans and credit get overextended and their abrupt collapse can decrease the money supply to produce a conspicuous deflation.[10] This was particularly severe in 1929. Such credit crises previously had healed themselves in a year or two, as bad loans were written off and the extension of new loans began again, without causing a Depression.[11] Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt, however, both thought that high wages were the key to healing the economy. They promoted high wages all through the Thirties. But, in a deflationary period, that far overvalued labor, which in effect was priced out of the market. People with jobs, especially union jobs, were very well paid in the Thirties, but unemployment peaked at 28.3% in 1933 and was still up at 20% in 1939 -- it had previously never been higher than 18.4% (in 1894). The inflation and price controls of World War II broke the logjam of wages, and unemployment didn't return after the War (to everyone's surprise).
UNITED STATES PRICE LEVELS: 1929=100% [data from Friedman & Schwartz, op. cit.; unemployment figures from Richard K. Vedder & Lowell E. Gallaway, Out of Work, Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America, Holmes & Meier, 1993]. Divide by 2.162 to convert to 1967 prices.
70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110% 115% 120% 125% 130% 135% 1920 121.7 1921---11.7% Unemployment-------------103.7---Recession 1922 98.6 1923----2.4% Unemployment----------100.9 1924----5.0% Unemployment---------99.6 1925 Roaring Twenties 101.6 1926----1.8% Unemployment------------102.1 1927 99.4 1928 100.1 1929----3.2% Unemployment----------100.0 1930----8.0% Unemployment-----95.5 1931---------------84.0----Great Depression Deflation 1932 74.3 1933----73.3-------24.9% Unemployment 1934 78.1 1935 77.1 Great Depression, 1929-1940 1936 80.3 1937 81.0 1938-----------80.6----19.0% Unemployment 1939-----------80.0----17.2% Unemployment 1940-----------80.9----14.6% Unemployment 1941------------------87.3-----9.9% Unemployment 1942---4.7% Unemployment---------98.7----World War II Inflation 1943 111.7 1944 World War II, 1941-1945 120.0 1945 125.3 1946------4.0% Unemployment----------------------------------126.4 1947------3.9% Unemployment-------Post-War Inflation-------------------136.6
Actual prices of individual commodities depend on how much they are wanted (demand) and how much is available (supply). This then is a relationship whose terms cannot be set by suppliers or consumers independently. Suppliers, of course, always want higher prices, as consumers want lower prices. The price that consumers are willing or able to pay for a certain volume of a commodity that coincides with the price that suppliers are willing or able to sell that volume for is the "equilibrium" or "market clearing" price. The free market allows prices to move towards market clearing levels. Price fixing, which never works without an application of force (either government force or gangsterism), produces either surpluses or shortages: surpluses (as in "farm surpluses" and unemployment, a surplus of labor) occur where prices are set too high and there is excess supply; shortages (as with rental housing in Santa Monica and New York City, or with everything in the Soviet Union) occur where prices are set too low and there is deficient supply.
The return of prosperity in the 50's and early 60's meant good economic growth but with a couple of qualifications: There was steady, if low, inflation; and unemployment, although negligible by Depression standards, was not as low as in previous periods of growth. There also occurred three recessions in a ten year period. It now appears that the high tax rates of the time, retained by President Eisenhower for the fiscally responsible purpose of paying down the debt from World War II, may have been responsible for the recessions. But the steady inflation, almost invisible at the time, may also have been a wise corrective to the political power of the labor unions, who otherwise exercised steady pressure to drive up wages. The result, overall, was optimism and growth such as had not been seen since the 20's and, at last, a decisive answer on the part of the democracies to the claims that had been made for economic success by the totalitarian regimes. Unfortunately, this success at the same time nurtured a generation that took economic growth for granted, would still find the claims of totalitarian ideologies attractive, and sometimes would not even be exposed to the new defenses of capitalism that post-war prosperity motivated.
UNITED STATES PRICE LEVELS: 1929=100% [data from Friedman & Schwartz, op. cit.; unemployment figures from Vedder & Gallaway, Op. cit.]. Divide by 2.162 to convert to 1967 prices.
135% 140% 145% 150% 155% 160% 165% 170% 175% 180% 185% 190% 195% 200% 1947--136.6 1948 145.6 1949---------143.7-------Recession 1950 146.5 1951 156.1 1952 158.0 1953----Recession-------------160.4 1954 162.6 1955 166.1 1956 Average Unemployment=5.0% 170.8 1957 176.6 1958-----Recession-------------------------------179.0 1959 183.1 1960 186.4 1961 188.3 1962 Average Unemployment=5.7% 192.2 1963 195.2 1964-----5.2% Unemployment------------------------------------------198.5
President Kennedy came to believe, despite the opposition of crypto-socialist economists like John Kenneth Galbraith, that high tax rates were what had hampered the economy in the 50's. After his death, President Johnson pushed through the tax cuts, and soon the economy took off as never before, pushing unemployment below 4% for the first time in a while. Unfortunately, why the tax cuts worked was open to different interpretations. Rather than unleashing supply-side production according to Say's Law, the effect was largely taken to be the result of a Keynesian demand-side stimulation. Along with this the idea also began to develop, which Keynes had not believed, that inflation itself, by stimulating demand, created prosperity. Since President Johnson also had the War in Vietnam to pay for, it became a convenient thought that inflationary money creation, by which wars had usually been financed, now could be used, not just for that purpose, but to promote civilian prosperity as well. This made it possible, as it was said, to have both "guns and butter."
Such a policy was continued by President Nixon, who famously said, "We are all Keynesians now." However, inflation soon seemed to be getting positively out of control. Since inflation erodes the value of savings and reduces the return on loans (in a period when many usury laws capped interest rates), the damage being done began to outweigh the perceived benefits. Also, vast money creation began to mean that the United States might be unable to redeem dollars in gold for uncooperative countries, like France, that might want to cash in their dollar holdings. Nixon responded with wage and price controls and by "closing the gold window," so that dollars could no longer be redeemed by anyone, even foreign governments, for gold.
200% 205% 210% 215% 220% 225% 230% 235% 240% 245% 250% 255% 260% 265% 1965----203.2-----4.5% Unemployment 1966 209.9 "Guns & Butter" Keynesian Inflation 1967-----3.8%--------216.2 1968-----3.6% Unemployment----225.8--------------Richard Nixon elected: 1969-----3.5% Unemployment---------------236.8 "We are all Keynesians now." 1970-----4.9% Unemployment----------------------------249.7 1971-----August: Wage & Price "Controls" to stop inflation----------263.2
Wage and price controls -- a wartime expedient that now went with wartime levels of inflation -- could not end inflation, only temporarily mask it. That inflation was now thought to be something that could be "cooled off" by simply not allowing people to raise prices shows how far people had gotten out of touch with the ancient wisdom that a debased currency is worth less, even if prices are controlled by law. As it happened, the wage and price controls, although copied by others, like Britain, had little overall effect on inflation. At the same time, detaching the dollar from gold meant that money could be created more freely than ever before, which was the real engine of inflation. The clueless President Ford was persuaded that a farcical campaign of moral exhortation ("Whip Inflation Now," or WIN) was the answer. Even worse, the "Phillips Curve" relation of inflation to employment began to break down: The boom in inflation by 1975 was suddenly attended with elevated levels of unemployment and with poor economic growth. The stagnation of the economy despite massive money creation was dubbed "stagflation." This was the "malaise" -- his own word -- of the years of President Carter. This began to indicate to the perceptive that the demand-side interpretation of the 60's prosperity was a mistake. Since inflation had also raised many people into higher tax brackets, the Kennedy-Johnson tax cuts had also been wiped out in the process in the 70's.
275% 280% 285% 290% 295% 300% 305% 310% 315% 320% 325% 330% 335% 340% 345% 1972-----279.8--------5.6% Unemployment The Collapse of 1973---4.9% Unemployment----298.9 Keynesian Economics 1974----------5.6% Unemployment--------------------321.7 1975----8.5% Unemployment = "Stagflation" = Inflation + Unemployment--------346.5
The theory that inflation was caused by money creation, rather than by an "overheated" economy, and that economic growth is caused by capital investment in the free market, rather than by high taxes and the demand-side effects of government spending, led to the tax cuts promoted by President Reagan, the fiscal conservatism of the Volker-Greenspan Federal Reserve System, and the economic prosperity of the 80's and, evidently, the 90's. This was little more than a vindication of common sense and Classical Economics. However, the political constituency for high taxes and government spending, regardless of their justification, has not disappeared. On the contrary. The massive "social" spending and expansion of the government in the 70's created whole classes of people who were dependents of that spending and who really knew or cared little about the sources of growth or prosperity. Indeed, since they didn't have to engage in economically productive activity, just in politics, they perpetuated the Leftist fantasy that politics alone is responsible for wealth.
This is now the greatest problem in American politics: the promotion of essentially Marxist ideas, which are so discredited by history and science and morality as to be laughable, by an educated intelligentsia, among academia, the press, and the literati, who depend only on the power of their own sophistry. This makes them perfect shills for interest-group politics, where the only real interest is in getting money out of the government. For this to work, taxes and spending must be as high as possible. But then it was discovered, during the Reagan years, that spending could be run up far beyond the tax base without immediate consequences. The deficit spending that had been the animus of conservatives since the New Deal now was sold to conservatives on the principle that the relatively low tax rates did promote prosperity, while the high spending bought off the interest groups. The future, evidently, could take care of itself.
Nevertheless, interest-group politicians, meaning all Democrats and most Republicans (or at least most Republicans in office), retained an instinctive love of taxes. The credulous President Bush was thus duped, with old fashioned fiscally conservative arguments, to break his only meaningful campaign promise of 1988, and his only real link to the Reagan political constituency, by raising taxes. A Democratic Congress then never bothered providing the promised spending reductions. President Clinton, under the deceptive "New Democrat" banner, but still a whole-hearted believer in taxes, spending, and socialist command-economy devices for politically hot areas like "health care" and "child care," slowed the recovery from Bush's 90-91 recession with his own tax increases.
A new Republican Congress in 1995 derailed, somewhat, where that was all headed; but it is now clear that the Republicans have been corrupted both by the same interest group politics and by fear of the self-righteous disdain of the intelligentsia. They have thus cooperated with Clinton in the lie that hemorrhaging "social" spending, whose liabilities are kept off budget, does not count and that a "balanced budget" will soon arrive. They have also joined in the despicable practice of transferring expenses from the government to private business by mandating uneconomic "benefits," like "family leave." The government thus can hand out goodies by law rather than by taxing and spending. This evades the truth that, as Walter Williams says, "businesses are tax collectors, not tax payers," which means that people will be paying for these "benefits" anyway, in higher prices, higher unemployment, lower wages, or in whatever ways that businesses will need to use to finance them. It is only the foreseeable bankruptcies of Social Security and Medicare, hurried by any unforeseen problems with the economy, that will put an end to the continuation of this era of political dishonesty and looting.
"Justly Discredited," Trade, Moneylending, & Capital
Statistics on Inflation, 1946-1997
British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the Ancien Régime
Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency
The "money-changers" in the Temple were, of course, Jews. Franklin Roosevelt is usually not thought of as anti-Semitic; but Paul Johnson, in his A History of the Jews [HarperPerennial, 1987], says of him:
He was both anti-Semitic, in a mild way, and ill informed. When the topic came up at the Casablanca Conference, he spoke of "the understandable complaints which the Germans bore towards the Jews in Germany, namely that while they represented a small part of the population, over 50 per cent of the lawyers, doctors, schoolteachers, college professors in Germany were Jews" (the actual figures were 16.3, 10.9, 2.6 and 0.5 per cent). [p. 504]
Even if it were not disturbing that Roosevelt should have held such views, at the time an actual genocide was being carried out against the Jews in Eastern Europe, it should be suspicious that Roosevelt in our "money-changers" quote is clearly laying the blame for the Depression on financiers and on the profit motive. The "ancient truths" he speaks of turn out to be the principles of mediaeval economics, things like the "just price," the "just wage," and a Guild (i.e. union) monopoly over labor. Such principles, dressed up as "Progressivism," created the Depression under Hoover, prolonged it under Roosevelt, and have haunted American politics ever since with destructive and corrupting devices like the minimum wage, "collective bargaining," and Social Security.
As the value of money is not always the same as its value as a commodity, it can certainly be worth less as money than as a commodity, as is now the case with pre-1964 US silver (or gold) coins, which are worth much more than their face value. Also, see note [9] below.
An artifact of banking is that, as banks credit deposited money to the accounts of depositors, they then lend the deposited money out as loans. Thus, the loans add money to the economy, while meanwhile the depositors may write checks on their accounts, which also circulate as money. Banking therefore multiplies the quantity of money, and we can express this in the equation M = C + D, where "M" is the quantity of money, which is equal to "C," cash, plus "D," deposits. "M" is then differentiated between "demand" deposits, like checking accounts, where the money can be readily withdrawn, and other kinds of deposits, generally savings accounts, where the money, which earns interest, cannot be withdrawn, or cannot be withdrawn beyond a certain amount, without a penalty. "M1" is traditionally the subcategory of "M" for demand deposits. The classical form of this began to be muddled when some checking accounts began to pay interest and varieties of savings accounts, certificates of deposit, money market accounts, and such fourishes began to be introduced. But the basic principle of "cash + deposits" remains the same, as a means of multiplying money, so I will only consider how that works.
One fourish that requires attention is that cash and deposits do not account for all the money in the bank. This is because of reserve holdings, i.e. the money that a bank holds back and does not loan, in order to secure its financial position against bad loans (which must be written off as losses of money), panics, and runs on the bank. The equation H = R + C thus defines the quantity "H" as the sum of "R," reserves, plus "C," the cash that exists to be loaned. While a bank may prudently estimate the amount of reserves that it needs, over time this comes to be defined by law. The "broken banks" of the pre-Civil War era seemed to show that banks could not estimate their reserve requirements very well, or that, some banks being dishonest, all banks should be required to hold a minimum reserve. The National Banks created during the Civil War would then have their reserve requirements set by the Comptroller of the Currency in the Treasury Department. Factoring reserves into the matter, we can then redefine "M" as M = H + D - R.
After the creation of the Federal Reserve System to support the banks in a panic, with the expectation that the System would supply cash in the event of a surge of bad loans and a loss of liquidity, reserve requirements in the 1920's were lowered for National Banks. This did not turn out well, for when the Great Depression hit, and banks ran out of money from bad loans and runs, not only did the Federal Reserve fail to provide liquidity as originally intended, but the both the System and the Treasury Department did not allow the banks to use their own reserves to maintain their integrity. Thus, not only did the Federal Reserve forget what it was supposed to be doing, but the banking authorities forgot what reserves were supposed to be for in the first place. Having failed, all the broken banks could do with their reserves was to pay off the creditors of the banks, at a discount, in their own bankruptcy.
This is an excellent lesson how a government intervention, introduced to "fix" a problem with the market, i.e. in this case with free banking, ends up creating a corresponding problem, whose effects, like the Great Depression, may actually be worse than the original "problem" with the market. Such examples can be multiplied without end, but one notices in American politics the perpetuation of a narrative that government intervention not only is necessary for every evil but that it is the successful remedy for such evils. As Thomas Sowell frequently notes, the lack of success in such matters, or the generation of appalling unintented consequences, is commonly ignored in political discourse (particularly by Democrats), or dismissed on the principle that only the good intention of the action counts.
Given the definitions, we can combine the equations. Thus , , , and . These may be of limited usefulness, but juggling them is a bit of fun.
While we might worry that expanding the money supply through deposits would be inflationary, this process is self-correcting. The loans generate transactions, which themselves compensate for the expansion and prevent deflation, while the bad loans, when liquidated, automatically reduce "M" again. Some Austrian economists (e.g. Murray Rothbard) don't like fractional reserve banking, but the system of fractional reserves and loans is all a salutary process. The danger has come from things like the failure of the Federal Reserve to do what it was designed to do. That failure probably was the result of the System responding to political pressures rather than being accountable to its member banks -- although some people like to think that the System itself is a conspiracy of the member banks.
From recent news, the economies of Argentina and Venezuela were for a while shrinking, one might even say nearly collapsing. According to The Economist of March 1st-7th, 2003, the GDP of Argentina was 10.1% smaller from one year previously, and that of Venezuela was 16.7% smaller. Nevertheless, Argentina was experiencing 39.6% inflation, and Venezuela 33.8% inflation. When the United States entered the Great Depression, however, from 1929 to 1933, with the economy collapsing, there was steady deflation. Prices dropped by 26.7%. This drop was arrested, but prices did not return to 1929 levels until 1942. Recently, Venezuela and Argentina have recovered and are growing again, as discussed elsewhere, but still with heavy inflation.
With the United States government this occurs through a kind of shell game. The Treasury was wisely prohibited from just printing and spending money. It sells bonds to get extra money, i.e. borrows it from the public. However, the Federal Reserve System can buy Treasury bonds, both directly and indirectly. The effect of that is for the Federal Reserve to print the money and then give it to the Treasury. The Federal Reserve then holds the bonds and collects interest on the debt, which it then turns over, with all its earnings, to the Treasury. The Federal Reserve can also buy any bonds or securities on the public market, which is the same as printing money and loaning it to anyone. When the Federal Reserve loans money directly to member banks of the Federal Reserve System, the interest rate it charges is called the "discount rate." The discount rate is the only link between interest rates and inflation, since a higher rate discourages banks from borrowing (newly created) money from the Fed and a lower rate encourages it. Encouraging such borrowing could stimulate both economic growth and inflation, or just inflation, resulting in the common link made by press and politicians between an "overheated" economy and inflation. But a growing economy itself has absolutely nothing to do with inflation. Economic growth without devices for increasing the money supply actually results in deflation, as it did from the end of the Civil War until 1896.
The Federal Reserve System is theoretically "owned" by its member banks; but the true state of affairs is revealed by the fact that its profits are paid to the Treasury and by the fact that it is controlled by political appointees on the Board of Governors.
Congress simply gave the Treasury the power to print money. This was subsequently found to be unconstitutional. Then the decision was reversed. But finally Congress decided that it didn't want the Treasury to have that power. Eventually, in 1913, the Federal Reserve System was created. Its power to issue Federal Reserve Notes led to our present currency.
The Federal Government knew that it was unconstitutional, and politically impossible, to try and "call in" (i.e. confiscate) the gold coinage, as Franklin Roosevelt did in 1933. Roosevelt himself said that he was going to confiscate gold whether the Supreme Court judged it Constitutional or not. The Court, however, complied and found the action Constitutional, even thought it characterized the unilateral voiding of the gold clauses in private contracts and United States securities as "immoral."
That the government is the biggest borrower of all and thus has the greatest interest in inflation is a tribute to the responsibility of American government in the post-Civil War era, as it is an indictment of most government since, which has been perfectly willing to inflate the currency to devalue the national debt -- although this steals money right out of the pockets and hard-earned savings of every American.
The Gold Standard was introduced by Great Britain in 1816 because of the conflict that was always occurring between the relative values of gold and silver, as commodities, and their value as money. A gold strike would make gold relatively less valuable in relation to silver, which meant that a gold unit of value would have to be marked down in terms of a silver unit of value. Between 1670 and 1717, the British gold coin, the Guinea, bounced around between a value of 20 shillings (in silver) and 30 shillings, as gold became relatively more valuable. It was settled at 21 shillings in 1717, which was slightly overvalued (against the advice of Issac Newton, Master of the Mint at the time, who said that it should be no more than 20 shillings and 8 pence). That drew gold into England for the following century, as speculators sold gold there to obtain a greater profit in silver. The Gold Standard ended all those kinds of problems, although it did then limit the rate at which the money supply could grow naturally.
Also, writing off bad loans can put banks into bad financial shape themselves. Before deposit insurance, rumors could start a "run" on a bank, as people would try to withdraw their money. A bank's reserves could never cover all deposits, so a serious run could cause a bank to default and fail. A failed bank takes with it a lot more of the money supply than a few failed loans. In the banking panic of 1907, banks briefly suspended cash payments to stop runs on them. That was illegal, but it was tolerated and succeeded in ending the panic.
The Federal Reserve System, which had been created to support the banks during credit crises (to replace ad hoc devices like the suspension of cash payments in 1907), failed to do so in the early 30's, allowing banks to fail in unprecedented numbers. This was particularly egregious because in the 1920's the Fed had encouraged banks to extend their credit further than ever before. The banks did, with confidence, since they understood that the System had been created to stand behind them if they might be threatened in a credit collapse. But when the collapse came, with all the force of a fall from an unprecedented height, and a banking panic began, the Federal Reserve mostly stood idly by and let the banks fail. By 1933 40% of all the nation's commercial banks had gone bankrupt or been closed by regulators. Nothing like that had ever happened before, in part because the banks had not let it happen. But the ability of the banks to protect themselves, and the public, had been taken from them and given to irresponsible bureaucrats whose only real interest was to protect themselves, not the banks or the public. The result was that the savings of businesses and individuals were wiped out, the currency deflated tremendously, and debts, mortgages, and taxes were suddenly many times more valuable than before. Countless bankruptcies and foreclosures followed. Thus, Franklin Roosevelt's "money-changers" (see quote above) were not the cause of the Depression but in fact its first victims. But it was easy to blame the victims, since most people didn't even know that the Federal Reserve System existed, much less what it was supposed to do.
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A Treasure Hunt's Jewels To Go Up For Auction
Filed under: Jewelry
The rare stone in question was a .59 carat red diamond from Australia's famous Argyle mine and it will be auctioned on September 16, 2009, in New York. Colored Stone Magazine reports that a winning bid at a September 16th auction in the Penthouse of the International Diamond Tower includes four other treasures, rings holding a .54 carat oval blue diamond, another with a 1.01-carat yellow diamond, a pink diamond ring and an enameled ladybug ring. The collection was created for Donald Palmieri of the Gemological Appraisal Association in New York who chose and bought the stones for the author's collection.
As the story goes by the time Palmieri had bought the raw materials for the collection, he had spent close to $1 million but the five-ring collection only has a minimum reserve of $400,000. In May 2006 the collection was appraised at $1,195,500 with the red diamond ring estimated at being worth $1 million.
Why did the jewelry never end up in the hunt? It's a curious tale. Software genius Michael Stadther had self-published the best-selling fantasy novel, "A Treasure Trove: A Fairy Tale About Real Treasure for Parents and Children of All Ages." Clues in the book led to a 18K gold tokens buried at various U.S. national parks which were then redeemed for fine jewelry pieces related to the book. The sequel called for clues hidden all over the world and Stadher wanted even more extravagantly enticing prices, hence the gathering of rare colored diamonds. Palmieri bought the diamonds and designer Aaron Basha began to create the pieces. But something happened on the way to the treasure hunt, Stadther and his publisher fell out and the treasure hunt was canceled.
A recent bankruptcy document on the Tweleve forum shines further light on the situation including the fact that the sequel was a failure, $200,000 was owed to Simon and Schuster and a movie deal with Paramount fell through. Now the rings are up for sale so that some money can be recouped. The rings were available at the JCK Show in Las Vegas earlier this month but did not sell there and so the auction has been scheduled for this fall.


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Hot on the Web for Wednesday, August 21st:
A college student crowd surfs after being called down on 'The Price is Right'. It was posted to YouTube and has more than 200,000 views.
A Georgia Tech Sophomore gives what is being called the best welcome speech ever at freshman convocation. Video of the speech was posted to YouTube and has more than 200,000 views.
Tune into Your Day every weekday morning from 9-10 a.m. on WTOL 11.
Mobile users, click on the "Video" button in the app to watch this story. Download our app here.
Copyright 2013 Toledo News Now. All rights reserved.


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The Paranormal Gallery | Dorset | Corner seat along promenade, Weymouth
Horrid Old Woman
Visible only to a select few, one witness who spotted the old woman on a seat said she reeked of death. The witness's fiancée later sat in the exact spot and died of a heart attack.
For the complete database listings for Dorset click here.


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Last season, it was commonplace for fans to hear the referee announce, "No. 75 is eligible" as the Broncos broke the huddle.
Tackle Chris Clark was often used as an eligible receiver and extra blocking tight end in Denver's jumbo formations in 2011.
While he is sticking with his natural position of tackle so far in training camp, Clark says that experience a year ago helped his game.
"It helped a lot, it really did," Clark said. "I played left tackle all my life. When I played at tight end, I played both left and right. When I'm in there at tackle, I know what the tight end is doing, because I played that also. I know what the tight end is doing and I definitely know what the tackle is doing, so I benefited a lot from that. I'm just glad the coaches have a lot of faith in me that I can get the job done."
Over the past few practices, Clark has seen that experience lining up on the right side of the formation pay off as he has filled in for injured right tackle Orlando Franklin.
Clark has stepped in for Franklin as the first-team right tackle for the last two practices as Franklin has been held out with a concussion.
That means practicing at the pace dictated by the quarterback, which in the case of Peyton Manning and the Broncos, is full speed.
"That's our job," Clark said. "The quarterback leads and we follow. What he says goes. We're on board. We're just making sure we all stick together. No matter what the outcome is, we'll stick together."
Clark made sure to spend time in the playbook, so when his number was called he was ready to jump right in.
"You always have to be ready," he said. "No matter who the quarterback is. When things happen – this is training camp. You always have to be ready. I don't know about other guys, but I go full steam ahead every play. I don't want to let anyone down. I just give it my all, study hall and do what I need to do as a player to make sure I'm fresh."
-Stuart Zaas
Tags: Chris Clark


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Josquin and his Legacy: Franco-Flemish vocal music of the Renaissance
Presented by Exsultemus at Union Church in Waban
October 30, 2009
Music of the Renaissance is often exemplified by the styles of two musical giants—Josquin des Prez at one end and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina at the other—with little attention paid to the composers who comprised the "lost generation" that came between them. Exsultemus pays homage to Josquin des Prez and composers who bridged the gap between the styles of these two masters in a special program of music for low...
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Posted November 19, 2012 on
AP on Fox
Former top-ranked doubles player Gisela Dulko of Argentina has retired from tennis, finishing her career with four singles titles and 17 in doubles.
The 27-year-old Dulko said in a statement on her website that she was retiring because she no longer had ''the same drive'' and is not willing to make ''the sacrifices'' to compete on the WTA Tour.
Dulko rose to No. 1 in the doubles rankings following a win at the WTA Championships in 2010 with partner Flavia Pennetta of Italy. They were selected the WTA doubles team of the year in 2010.
Dulko married Argentine soccer player Fernando Gago last year in Buenos Aires. She finished with total prize money of $4.2 million.
Original Story:
Gisela Dulko retires from tennis at 27
Gisela Dulko Says Goodbye
Adios, Gise! Dulko calls it a career
Dulko Announces Retirement
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text: Drug court expansion critical to juvenilesMay 27, 2013It may come as a surprise to some people who live in this state that West Virginia is among the top 10 states in the nation when it comes to the number of individuals between the ages of 18 and 25...... Majoritarianbut lets all remember not to judge. ANd not to punish the law breakers. And when we arch backwards towards third world status lets just be thankful that we arent judging. Okay, rolling Lights out now. Arent we sooo green. Yeh, in more than one way 1 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse » lupieangelNo this doesn't come as a surprise to me. If you read the crime report in the Journal you will see how drugs have taken over our county. My son who just graduated and my daughter who both attended Martinsburg High has told me over and over again, if they wanted to get drugs it would be the easiest thing. There are so many kids who sell drugs in the school within minutes you could have what you wanted. And I know a lot of people think the kids using drugs are from poor families but that is not true There are many kids who are taking drugs or selling them from upscale homes and communities. These are even some athletes and people you wouldn't suspect. Drugs are a huge problem in this area. Even the elderly are selling drugs. I have read in the crime report people in their 70's buying or selling drugs. That is real sad. That's a great thing for a grandchild to find out that pap or grandma went to jail for selling drugs. 0 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse » jenkensThe current magistrate and circuit courtrooms sit empty a significant period of time during the week. These judges do not have a heavy court case load, as most cases are settled and don't reach the courtroom. These judges are lazy and waste taxpayer dollars by supporting these other type of drug, teen and family courts at our expense. So, a waste of our tax dollars to even have a drug court. Second, the parents should be footing the bill, not the taxpayers. 0 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse » SandpiperLies,*****lies, and statistics. IF juvenile supervision authorities were doing theur jobs well, throgh smarter case management, drug cts wouldn't be necessary. 2 Agrees | 2 Disagrees | Report Abuse » koolaid"Finally, it will soon be against the law for minors to "sext" in West Virginia." Seriously???? There aren't more important problems to deal with??? 3 Agrees | 1 Disagrees | Report Abuse » MajoritarianTom:"It may come as a surprise... that WV is among the top 10 states in the nation when it comes to the number of individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 that are dealing with illicit drug dependence" No it doesnt. And once again, what is the "proper" number that should be dealing with their addictions? There are times when there are more and less. But then I see its a call for Mo Moeny so now I get it. These "courts" are just a furtherance of our nonjudgmentalism that is in fact part of the reason "kids" have these problems. 2 Agrees | 1 Disagrees | Report Abuse » Showing 6 of 6 comments


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U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
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OCR Home > Health Information Privacy > HIPAA Administrative Simplification Statute and Rules > Breach Notification Rule
Understanding HIPAA Privacy
HIPAA Administrative Simplification Statute and Rules
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Section 13402(i) of the HITECH Act requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services ("the Secretary") to prepare and submit to Congress an annual report containing the number and nature of breaches reported to the Secretary, and the actions taken in response to those breaches. Section 13424(2) of the HITECH Act requires the Secretary to make each report available to the public on the HHS website.
The following report was prepared to fulfill these statutory requirements. This report provides an overview of the breach notification requirements, as well as a discussion of the reports the Secretary received that occurred during the reporting period.
Submission Letters for the 2009 - 2010 Report to Congress on the Breach Notification Program
2009 - 2010 Report to Congress on the Breach Notification Program


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This elegant waist belt features a subtle Jimmy Choo engraved bar and an easy to use pop closure. The black lamé glitter is an easy way to add a touch of sparkle for an evening out.
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Madonna is Recording New Music, Quite Possibly with the Help of Avicii 0 Comments It was just a few weeks ago that Madonna confirmed she was working on new music. This weekend she added fuel to the fire by teasing fans with an Instagram photo all but confirming that Avicii will play some part in her next music venture. The 55-year-old performer shared the photo on Friday, revealing her tendency to clean house before leaving for the studio. Read More » Author: Jason Marshall Tags: Avicii, Madonna
Oscar Pistorius Joins the List of Celebrity Murder Suspects 0 Comments 7 Photos Monday, March 2, marked the first day of testimony in the murder trial of Oscar Pistorius, the South African Olympian accused of killing his girlfriend. Pistorius rose to international stardom during the 2012 Summer Olympics by becoming the world's first and only double-amputee runner to compete in the games. Today, the former Olympian is a worldwide #trendingtopic for a very different reason. Read More » Author: Becca Verstraete Tags: Celebrity Killers, Hollywood Murders, Johnny Lewis, Oj Simpson, Oscar Pistorius, Phil Spector, Robert Blake
Zach Efron, Seth Rogen, and Dave Franco Brought Some Testosterone to SXSW 0 Comments 11 Photos With Veronica Mars premiering yesterday Austin, it was only appropriate that the bad boys of comedy move in as well. Zac Efron, Seth Rogen, and Dave Franco made that happen and brought along their new flick Neighbors. Read More » Author: Jason Marshall Tags: Zac Efron
'Veronica Mars' Premieres at SXSW Music and Film Festival 0 Comments 23 Photos It's finally here Marshmallows!!! Veronica Mars held its red carpet premiere at the SXSW Music, Film + Interactive Festival on Saturday and the cast could not seem more excited. Taking selfies on the carpet and sharing face time with the fans outside, Kristen Bell and company really seem to know where and how to spread the love. Read More » Author: Jason Marshall Tags: Veronica Mars
The History Of The 'F-Word' 0 Comments 8 Photos Alright errbody, it's time to get schooled. First of all, as I'm sure you're all aware, the Men's NCAA Basketball tournament, March Madness, is about to begin. Every year, people all over the country anxiously await for the start of March so they can watch college basketball's biggest competition. Months, even years, of planning and strategizing go into creating your bracket, with the hopes of accurately predicting the tournament champion. But, here's the thing... Read More » Author: Becca Verstraete Tags: Amy Poehler, Beyonce, Ellen Page, Geena Davis, Hillary Clinton, John Legend, Keira Knightley, Lena Dunham, Women's History Month
Yup, Lena Dunham Got Naked on 'Saturday Night Live' "If this is feminism, then I"m confused." 0 Comments In what turned out to be one of those lackluster episodes of Saturday Night Live, Lena Dunham tried her damndest to make us laugh and, not surprisingly, made herself the butt of more than a few punch lines. And even though the episode left much to be desired, there were still some must see moments that will for sure keep the internet buzzing for at least the next few hours. Read More » Author: Jason Marshall Tags: Girls, Jon Hamm, Lena Dunham, Liz Minnelli, Mad Men, Saturday Night Live
16 Celebs Who Are 'A-OK' with PDA 0 Comments 16 Photos "Darla, would you think me forward if I asked you for a... big wet one?" Ahhh, you have to love Alfalfa's classic line to Darla from the 1994 movie, The Little Rascals. Did people in the '90s really use the words, "big wet one" when referring to a kiss? Nowadays, it seems like there are a million different words synonymous with a kiss. If you're British, you might call a kiss, "a snog." There's also, a smooch, a peck, and the ever popular, swap of slobbery spit. Whether you're kissing, snogging, making out, or macking on, one thing's for sure... Read More » Author: Becca Verstraete Tags: Alec Baldwin, Austin Butler, Bruce Willis, Celebrities Kissing, Couples, Eddie Cibrian, Gavin Rossdale, Gwen Stefani, Kate Middleton, Kiss, Leann Rimes, Love, Romance, Vanessa Hudgens
Christian Bale's Wife is Pregnant with Their Second Child: Report 0 Comments He may not have taken home the Oscar for Best Actor, but Christian Bale has even better news to be happy about. He's about to be a dad, again! The American Hustle star and his wife are reportedly expecting their second child. Read More » Author: Jason Marshall Tags: American Hustle, Christian Bale, Sandra Blazic
'Glee' Star Harry Shum Jr. and Shelby Rabara are Engaged 0 Comments Harry Shum Jr., aka 'other Asian' or Mike Chang from Glee, is set to dance down the aisle with his longtime girlfriend Shelby Rabara. The pair were reportedly engaged last October, while on vacation in Hawaii. Read More » Author: Jason Marshall Tags: Glee, Harry Shum Jr, Shelby Rabara
Elizabeth Berkley Hasn't Forgotten About 'Showgirls' or Lost Her Sense of Humor 1 Comments Nearly 14 years after the release of the cult classic Showgirls, Elizabeth Berkley hasn't forgotten about the film that made her infamous. And, while on vacation in France, the actress and Dancing with the Stars alum took a second to tip her hat to the fans who have made the movie a success on home video. Read More » Author: Jason Marshall Tags: Basic Instinct, Dancing With The Stars, Elizabeth Berkley, Gina Gershon, Paul Verhoeven, Showgirls