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El Modena High School
El Modena High School | |
Location | |
3920 Spring St. Orange, CA 92869 United States |
Information | |
Type | Public |
Established | Opened September 1966, Graduated first class June 1968 |
Principal | Mr. Saxton |
Enrollment | 2177[1] |
Mascot | Vanguard |
Information | (714) 997-0705 |
Website | El Modena High School |
El Modena High School, also known as called El Mo (or "ElMo"), is a traditional 4 year public high school located in the El Modena neighborhood in the eastern portion of the city of Orange in Orange County, California.
The school celebrated its 40th anniversary during the 2006-7 school year. El Modena High is part of the Orange Unified School District and competes in the Century League.
The Gay-Straight Alliance[edit]
In 1999, when the Gay-Straight Alliance Club applied to be a recognized student club, the board of the Orange Unified School District denied the application. The board demanded that the club change its name and agree to limitations on speech of the club members. Students sued the district in federal court based on the Equal Access Act (Colín v. Orange Unified School District, No. SA CV 99-1461).
In February 2000, the judge for the case issued a preliminary injunction ordering the district to allow the club to meet while the lawsuit was pending. In September 2000, the board settled the lawsuit out of court by agreeing to adopt new rules governing student clubs. The Gay-Straight Alliance gained the same rights as any other campus club, was allowed to keep their name, and had no restrictions on their speech.[2][3]
In March 2000, school district punished the new club president by having her falsely arrested and removed from the school.[4] She was later declared factually innocent in legal proceedings.[citation needed]
Faculty Convicted of Registrable Sex Offenses[edit]
From 2003 to 2009, several illegal sexual assaults were committed involving some of the faculty and students at El Modena High School. Four faculty members, including a principal, were convicted for offenses under California Penal Code Section 290, or offenses that require inclusion on the California "Megan's Law" Sex Offender Registry, as well as the federal Adam Walsh Act. Three of the cases resulted in guilty pleas, while one case resulted in a guilty verdict by a jury trial (which has subsequently been overturned).
- Band director Jason Cawelti was arrested on Dec. 5, 2003, and pleaded guilty to various sexual conduct violations with a person younger than age 18 in June 2004.[5]
- Principal Brent Bailey was arrested in February 2007, and pleaded guilty for lewd sexual conduct in a public park in June 2007.[6]
- Another band director, Carlie Rose Attebury, was charged with sex with an underage male student on multiple occasions in February, 2008. She was convicted of four counts on November 24, 2010 by jury trial.[5][7][8][9] However, on August 2, 2012, Attebury's conviction was overturned by an appellate court, which ruled that testimony given which may have swayed jurors should have been inadmissible. Attebury is currently waiting on word on whether she will be retried, but for now, she remains registered on California Megan's Law sex offender website. If she is not retried, she may petition the court for removal from the registry.[10]
- Janitor Luis Mejia was arrested on June 2, 2009, for a sexual assault on a mentally handicapped student. In March 2010 Mejia pleaded guilty to six felony counts of sexual assault and one misdemeanor count of child annoyance.[11][12]
A vanguard, used as the school's mascot, is a soldier in the foremost division or the front part of an army. Vanguards are the troops assembled in the front line when going into battle, which is why the school newspaper is titled the The Frontline".[13]
- Wrestling: CIF champions in 2002, 2003, and 2014.
- Softball: CIF champions in 2008
Marching Band[edit]
The El Modena Vanguard Marching Band and Colorguard is a state-recognized performing ensemble, competing in the Western Band Association circuit. They placed 5th in state in the A division in 2009 and 3rd in the AA division in 2010, 6th in the AA division in 2011, and 5th in the AA division in 2012.
Yearbook program[edit]
Yearbook- El Modena boasts a national award-winning yearbook titled Escena, which means "scene" in Latin. The yearbook is annually sent to a national competition and has received a Gold Standard award for its book in the year 2007.[citation needed] In 2011, El Modena's yearbook staff received 12 individual and group awards before the publication of their book even began.[citation needed]
Notable alumni[edit]
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability or notability policies. (April 2010) |
- Wyatt Knight (1973) - Actor
- Jimmy Hodson (1979)- Actor/TV Show Host/Announcer
- Milo Ventimiglia (1995) - Actor
- Mikey Day (1998) - Actor/Comedian
- Robby Gordon - Professional racer; Nascar, Championship Off-Road Racing, Indycar
- Ronnie Creager - Pro Skateboarder
- Freddie Freeman (2007) - MLB First Baseman for Atlanta Braves
- Michael Levitt - Emmy Award-nominated television producer
- ^ El Modena High School - Orange, California - CA - school overview
- ^ http://www.lambdalegal.org/cgi-bin/iowa/cases/record?record=121
- ^ http://www.lambdalegal.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/press.html?record=696
- ^ "'I Didn't Do It':Teen's suit says she wasn't principal-biter" Daniel C. Tsang, OC Weekly, April 26, 2001
- ^ a b Denisse Salazar and Eugene W. Fields (2008-10-29). "Music teacher arrested after allegation of lewd acts with boy". The Orange County Register.
- ^ Courtney Bacalso (2007-05-31). "Ex-principal pleads guilty to lewd act". The Orange County Register.
- ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_16710535?nclick_check=1
- ^ Larry Welborn (2010-11-09). "Teacher sex misconduct trial gets under way". The Orange County Register.
- ^ California Superior Court, County of Orange (2010-11-19). "Trial of Carlie Rose Attebury (Case 08CF3103)". California Superior Court, County of Orange.
- ^ Greg Hardesty (2012-08-03). "Band teacher's sex conviction overturned". The Orange County Register.
- ^ "Janitor charged in special-ed molestation Tuesday". KTLA. 2009-06-03.
- ^ "OC janitor gets 6 years for student sex assault". The San Diego Union Tribune. 2010-03-12.
- ^ Web Page: El Modena Frontline Online
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 33°47′23″N 117°48′44″W / 33.789634°N 117.812115°W


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The Collected Stories of Amy Hempel
Book Summary
A complete collection of short works offers insight into the progression of the writer's work throughout a thirty-year period and features, among other tales, the complete texts of At the Gates of the Animal Kingdom, Tumble Home, and The Dog of the Marriage. 15,000 first printing.
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French and American husband and wife team, François and Emmi Micallef opened Pavé in 2000. Born and raised in the South of France, François' direct relationships in France allows Pavé to import quality European materials at highly competitive pricing. From Dalle de Bourgogne and French Limestone to Wide-Plank French Oak Flooring and Reclaimed Roof Tiles, Pavé furnishes homes across the country with the finest materials for the European appointed home. As an artist, Emmi Micallef designs the flooring and wall collections for Pavé Tile. Using hand made European terra cotta tile as their canvas, François and his crew glaze and kiln fire her designs in their Massachusetts facility.
Wide Plank Oak Floors have been their next endeavor. Concerned about quality control, price point and ETA, they now produce their own French-Inspired Wide Plank Oak Flooring Collection called Provence Ancienne at their Massachusetts location. François bringing the French techniques to Pavé, they age and work with the natural tannins of the wood changing it's composition to achieve authenticity. Creating European inspired old world Flooring has been François and Emmi's passion since the beginning of Pavé - never forgoing quality that ensures flooring lasting for generations.
In August 2010, Pavé Tile relocated to a newly renovated 15,000 square foot warehouse in Florence, MA. In addition, they have a 2500 square foot humidity controlled receiving warehouse for their Provence Ancienne Wide Plank Oak Flooring. Manufacturing and finishing European products stateside allows Pavé to have quality control, better ETA and price points. Direct relationships in France for Dalle de Bourgogne, French Limestone, French Reclaimed Terra Cotta Tiles and Reclaimed Roof Tiles proves essential for sourcing quality European materials at competitive prices. Call Pavé at 800.238.6437 for further questions, samples and quotes.


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Bob Feldman is not one to follow a predictable path. After an early career in the agency world - highlighted by eight years as CEO and president of GCI Group - he shifted to DreamWorks Animation as the company's first corporate communications head.
He now helms Feldman & Partners, a corporate consultancy he founded in March 2007. Its goal, broadly speaking, is to help organizations get more out of their communications function. Clients include CA, Amgen, The Home Depot, and ...
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US Air Force Performs Tik Tok What does the Air Force do when they have some spare time on the base? They sing and dance to Tik Tok by Kesha of course! 6/2/2010 12:00:00 AM 38,422
Cat Suckles Air Damn that air must taste good...lol This cat cant get enough of it. 5/21/2010 12:00:00 AM 35,586
Air Battle Collect the coins and blast your way to the goal. Watch out for the enemys. 10/24/2008 12:00:00 AM 20,094
Air Defence 3 Try to blow the plane out of the sky to defend your base! 10/14/2005 12:00:00 AM 376,843
Air Hockey Your traditional Air Hockey Game ported over to flash for your enjoyment. 1/1/2005 12:00:00 AM 135,229
Ghetto Delta Airlines Delta be flyin all ova dis bitch. At Delta we luvs us some flyin and it be showin like a muthafucka. 9/8/2009 12:00:00 AM 39,328


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Geoff Edgers, an arts reporter for the Boston Globe, is risking his life -- or at least, the well-being of some vital muscles and ligaments -- to entertain America with a new show debuting Tuesday at 9 on the Travel Channel. Edgers, who wrote about arts for The News & Observer from 1996 to 2002, is the star of "Edge of America," a travelogue that combines the healthy spirit of American adventure with Edgers' love of quirky, off-beat people and places.
It premieres with back-to-back new episodes on Tuesday, January 22, at 9 p.m. Here's our review.
You may also recognize Edgers from his documentary about his quest to reunite The Kinks rock band called "Do It Again," which played at the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival in Durham in 2010.
I talked to Edgers via telephone recently, while he was in the middle of filming an upcoming "Edge of America" episode, for which he climbed a 125-foot wall of ice in Ouray, Colorado. Edgers conducted the interview while following his crew up a steep hill in freezing temps.
Q: So what's the path from Boston arts reporter to Travel Channel daredevil?
EDGERS: I made the Kinks movie and a friend of mine who happens to be a Travel Channel executive liked it and he showed a short clip to some of his colleagues at Travel. They asked me to explore ideas with the production company, and we settled on the idea for this show. We filmed one pilot, which is the Oklahoma episode, in April, and they liked that so they said they'd buy six more. And they liked another one and they bought seven more, so suddenly we became a TV show. It's really just sort of about being in the right place at the right time, having that crazy Kinks movie and our having a good, creative meeting of the minds, you know? It's a very unlikely thing. I mean, it's not often that someone who's 42 years old ends up with a TV show kinda out of nowhere. Usually it's people who've been desperately trying to do this for years.


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Swag Pants - Cool Linen - Pirate Pants
Swag Pants: The Adventures of Capt'n Skully & Crew, Volume 1 (click on cartoon)
Legend of the pirate pants
With push from friend Johnny Depp, Austin songwriter and chef turned hobby into a business
Friday, January 04, 2008
Ruth Ellsworth is best known for helping create a classic Stevie Ray Vaughan song. But she's also a culinary expert — and lately, she's making clothes for Johnny Depp.
One day, she'll write a song in her head while shopping for produce. The next day she might be found working up soup and recipes in the kitchen of the Eastside Cafe. Nighttime usually finds her painting or messing with fabrics and looking at old sewing patterns for fashion ideas.
Songs, soups and sewing have long been passions for Ruth Ellsworth, 53. The straight-shooting Oak Hill resident is best known as the co-writer of Stevie Ray Vaughan's signature tune "Crossfire," but she has also written five cookbooks and is planning a new clothing business based on pants she made for famed actor Johnny Depp, who is a close friend of Ellsworth and her husband, songwriter Bill Carter.
"I've never known anyone less content with doing nothing," Eastside Cafe owner Elaine Martin said. "Ruth is always doing something with her hands."
True to her calling as an expressive, independent Austin artist, she usually does it her own way.
"There are things that I've learned in the music business that I've been able to apply (to fashion)," Ellsworth said. "We used to watch the industry try to change Stevie (Ray Vaughan). You know, 'You need to play more rock and less blues, and your solos are too long,' that kind of stuff. But Stevie wasn't malleable. He wasn't going to change his style for anybody."
Before her songwriting career took off in the 1980s, Ellsworth helped pay the bills by doing alterations for musician associates. Her seamstress gift has come to the forefront since she made a few pairs of baggy, three-quarter-length trousers of Irish linen for Depp while he was on the set of the latest "Pirates of the Caribbean" movie. . The actor started giving the "pirate pants" to people in his inner circle, including Rolling Stone guitarist Keith Richards.
Carter said he ran into Richards' manager recently, and she jokingly gave him grief about the pants.
"She said 'the only thing Keith ever wears is those blasted pirate pants,' " Carter said.
As word spread, folks were clamoring for more of the clam diggers than Ellsworth's modest Singer sewing machine could handle, and she decided to start the clothing and accessory line, called SWAG, which stands for "sea wear and gear." Production on the pants, which will retail for $165 a pair online (Web site is pending) and at select boutiques, will take place at a union shop in Los Angeles. "I'm not going to make some 9-year-old Chinese girl go blind just to increase the profit margin," Ellsworth said.
The clothing enterprise began accidentally when Depp, who has been tight with the couple since 1993, gave Ellsworth $1,000 to buy fabric from International Silks and Woolens, a shop in Los Angeles owned by the father of Depp's business manager. She spent it all on Irish linen and designed the one-size-fits-all pants with big pockets that Depp and Carter, who've trained together for several years, could wear at the beach. Depp owns a small island in the Bahamas, as well as homes in Los Angeles and southern France.
A guitar player who was in bands before stardom struck with TV's "21 Jump Street" in 1987, Depp met the couple at Antone's when he was in town filming "What's Eating Gilbert Grape?" After the movie shoot, Depp moved in with them for a few months to avoid the glare of Hollywood.
"Whenever Johnny tried to leave, his 1950 Mercury would break down, so he ended up staying longer than expected," said Carter, who subsequently formed the short-lived experimental blues-rock band P with Depp and Gibby Haynes of the Butthole Surfers. Depp, Ellsworth and Carter later collaborated on the song "Sands Theme" for the soundtrack of the movie "Once Upon a Time In Mexico," but mainly they just hang out together.
Ellsworth and Carter, who have no children but do have a couple of rambunctious dogs, have watched their friend's popularity surge ridiculously since the first "Pirates" movie five years ago. "Johnny can't go anywhere in public anymore — he'll be mobbed," Carter said.
Ellsworth said one of the main reasons they've remained such such good friends is because the she and her husband don't treat Depp any different than anyone else. "He's just a great friend with an amazing job," said Ellsworth, who, with her husband, is godparent to Depp's two children with French singer and actress Vanessa Paradis.
Ellsworth and Carter met in 1976 at Inner Sanctum Records, where Carter, who had just moved down from Washington state, was playing an in-store set with local songwriter Jubal Clark. A native of Bethany, Okla., Ellsworth had moved here to study English literature at the University of Texas, but her true goal was to become part of Austin's singer-songwriter scene.
She'd been cooking and sewing long before that. She learned to sew from a family friend who lived to be 99. "Gertie was a master of needlework," Ellsworth says of the woman who raised her mother.
A natural inclination as a hostess fueled Ellsworth's desire to be a great cook. She started throwing dinner parties for her friends in high school.
She didn't cook for a living until the early 1980s, when she was waiting tables at the Dorsett 221 truckstop in Buda one day and the cook didn't show up. "I loved working in the kitchen," she said. "You can listen to your own music and wear what you want to wear, plus you didn't have to kiss anyone's ass."
Ellsworth and Carter, who married in 1984, were working at Xalepeno Charlie's on South First Street two years later— Ellsworth in the kitchen and Carter busing tables — when the Fabulous Thunderbirds recorded their song "Why Get Up" on the double-platinum album "Tuff Enuff." Good fortune hit even before the record took off when the Carters were contacted by representatives of General Mills, who made a deal to pay the couple $25,000 to put a hold on the tune, while they decided if it was right for an upcoming cereal commercial.
"We were living in a dump in Manchaca and we were more than a month behind on the rent," Carter said, setting up one of the greatest "mailbox money" stories ever. "I kept telling the landlord that we had money coming in any day now, but he was losing his patience. One day the check for $25,000 arrives and we're just besides ourselves. So we get back inside and right then the phone rings. It's the landlord and he's screaming 'I want you outta there today!' and I said, 'No problem, man.' Ruth and I went and rented a big house in Tarrytown."
The song was never used for the commercial, but Ellsworth and Carter were finally making a living a songwriters.
Ellsworth retired from cooking, but the break was shortlived when Elaine Martin, who used to work with Ellsworth at Moveable Feast catering, bought Carla's on Manor Road in 1988 and renamed it the Eastside Cafe. She needed a soup chef, Ellsworth's specialty. "I missed the camaraderie of the kitchen, plus you get a lot of ideas for songs when you're cooking," said Ellsworth. "Nothing frees the mind like a cutting board."
Or guiding fabric under the throbbing tattoo of a sewing machine needle. Keeping busy has always been easy for this former Girl Scout, whose badges of merit now come from all sorts of creations of her own design. Gertie taught her to pay close attention to detail, that anything worth doing was worth doing right. "Gertie was so meticulous in her garden; everything had to be perfect," Ellsworth said. "But then as she got older, she couldn't work on it as much and the garden grew out a bit. But it was still quite lovely. Gertie said, 'if I had only known that the wild garden was more beautiful. …'"
It's a philosophy Ellsworth says guides her creative pursuits. "I don't try to impose my will on what I'm working on," she said. "A simple word may inspire a song, just as something from the garden leads to a recipe or a piece of fabric inspires a clothing design. I let it speak to me and as I work I see what unfolds."
firstname.lastname@example.com; 445-3652
–Reprinted with permission from Austin American-Statesman and Michael Corcoran.


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Find kid-friendly ways to celebrate March 17!
Send your favorite college kid some midterm treats!
Need ideas for what to do this weekend? We have it covered.
Get Up and Go! Make the most of hectic mornings with these tips for a smooth start! Brought to you by Philips Sonicare.
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Our tax money as it stands,
Oft ends up in private hands.
These economically challenging times haven't ended the golden deals every level of government offers business.
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Some aspects of American agriculture are quite odd. For example, to meet a farmer these days, you don't need to venture out to the hinterland. Thousands of our farmers are city slickers.
And they're really slick, for many of them neither plant nor harvest wheat, cotton, peanuts, or any crops at all. While relaxing in their often-luxurious urban nests, they till the government's ridiculous "direct payments" system, harvesting millions of dollars each year from taxpayers.
Here's a big news alert: House Republicans oppose Obamacare.
That's why they've shut the government down.
No, doing so won't actually stop Obamacare. To a great extent, the program is on autopilot. The Republicans shut down the government, but the exchanges are open for business.
The latest, infuriating entry in the military's ham-handed handling of sexual assault involves a Catch-22 worthy of Joseph Heller.
Follow the "logic":
(1) The military acknowledges that most incidents of sexual assault are never reported to authorities. (If you wonder why, see the put-the-alleged-victim-on-trial proceedings just concluded involving the U.S. Naval Academy.)
Everyone pretty much agrees that what's going on in Washington right now ranks up there with the dumbest, most destructive episodes in our history.
We are a great and powerful country, on the cusp of achieving that "Shining City upon a Hill" status that Puritan leader John Winthrop talked about nearly 400 years ago.
I mean it. We have the ability to have it all: peace, prosperity, health, happiness.
For the third time in less than 20 years, congressional Republicans are bringing the nation's government to a halt in an attempt to reverse the outcome of national elections. The first instance was Republicans' shutdown of the government in 1995-96 (which, actually, was two shutdowns in rapid succession). The second was their impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998. Today, we're slogging through the third - yet another shutdown.
As our National Zoo closes while the congressional zoo remains open and (infuriatingly!) pays itself, House Republicans are making a series of arguments about Why It's Not Our Fault:
It's the Democrats! If they want to end the government shutdown or avoid a debt-limit crisis, all they have to do is make a concession or two. How can President Barack Obama be willing to negotiate with tyrants in Russia and Iran, but not with the House majority?
Why another shutdown? Our government has three parties these days: Democrats, Republicans and the new radical Republicans.
That "radical Republican" label has some history. The old radical Republicans were the Grand Old Party's progressive wing. They were opposed during the Civil War and through Reconstruction by the party's liberals and conservatives.
As the government shutdown dragged on, gloom mounted. James Clapper, the director of national intelligence, warned that foreign intelligence services might swoop in and recruit furloughed CIA workers. That seemed a little paranoid, but then we're talking about spies.
When Barack Obama was seeking the presidency in 2008, he pledged to change the way Washington works. Well, it has changed all right, but he has not been the architect.
As emphatically confirmed in this week's government shutdown, that deed has been accomplished by the House Republicans, more specifically by their tea party element and by pliable House Speaker John Boehner, who so conspicuously has declined to push back against it.


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Wives of Muhammad |
Part of a series on |
Islam |
Islam portal |
'Ā'ishah bint Abī Bakr (b. 613/614 C.E.[1][2] – d. 678 C.E.[3]) (Arabic: عائشة transliteration: 'Ā'ishah, [ʕaːʔiʃa], also transcribed as A'ishah, Aisyah, Ayesha, A'isha, Aishat, Aishah, or Aisha) was one of Muḥammad's wives.[4] In Islamic writings, her name is thus often prefixed by the title "Mother of the Believers" (Arabic: أمّ المؤمنين umm al-mu'minīn), per the description of Muhammad's wives in the Qur'an.[5][6][7]
Traditional sources state that Aisha was married to Muhammad at the age of six, but she stayed in her parents' home until the age of nine, when the marriage was consummated with Muhammad, then 53, in Medina;[8][9][10] with the exception of al-Tabari who records that she was ten years old.[11]
According to Sunni views, Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and after his death. She was an active figure in numerous events and an important witness to many more. Aisha contributed to the growth, development, and understanding of Islam. Being a role model to a significant amount of others added to her attributions as a consultant regarding Muhammad's prayer and practices, soon introducing herself into a world of politics.[12]
After Muhammad, Aisha was readily involved in continuing his message. She was present through the reigns of at least the first four caliphs. Her father, Abu Bakr, became the first caliph to succeed Muhammad. The second caliph 'Umar succeeded Abū Bakr. During the time of the third caliph's reign Aisha rebelled. She did not fully approve of 'Uthman ibn 'Affan's practices on many occasions. During the fourth caliph's reign she wanted to avenge Uthman's death, which she attempted to do in the Battle of the Camel. She participated in the battle by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel. She ended up losing the battle, but her involvement and determination left a lasting impression.[7]
Early life[edit]
Aisha was born in late 613 or early 614 C.E.[1][2] She was the daughter of Umm Rumman and Abu Bakr of Mecca, two of the Prophet's most trusted companions.[13] Aisha was the third and youngest wife of Muhammad.[14] One of Muhammad's first encounters with Aisha was by her house. Muhammad found her "crying bitterly" because her parents had disciplined her. The Prophet was affected by her tears and, in an effort to stop her from crying, Muhammad asked her mother to "be gentle with the child for his sake."[15]
Marriage to Muhammad[edit]
The idea to match Aisha with Muhammad was suggested by Khawlah bint Hakim.[16][17] After this, the previous agreement regarding the marriage of Aisha with Jubayr ibn Mut'im was put aside by common consent. Abu Bakr was uncertain at first "as to the propriety or even legality of marrying his daughter to the Prophet."[18] British historian William Montgomery Watt suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr;[19] the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture.[20]
Age at marriage[edit]
According to traditional sources, Aisha was six or seven years old when she was married to Muhammad and nine when the marriage was consummated.[8][9][10][11][19][19][21] However, al-Ṭabarī records that she was ten.[11] Maulana Muhammad Ali, an Ahmadiyya leader, challenged the notion that Aisha was as young as the traditional sources claim; arguing that according to the compiler of the Hadith collection Mishkat al-Masabih, Imam Wali-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al-Khatib, Aisha would be nineteen years old around the time of her marriage. [22] The sources do not offer much more information about Aisha's childhood years.[23][24]
The issue of Aisha's age at the time she was married to Muhammad has been of interest since the earliest days of Islam, and references to her age by early historians are frequent.[11] American historian Denise Spellberg states that "these specific references to the bride's age reinforce Aisha's pre-menarcheal status and, implicitly, her virginity."[11] Early Muslims regarded Aisha's youth as demonstrating her virginity and therefore her suitability as a bride of Muhammad. This issue of her virginity was of great importance to those who supported Aisha's position in the debate of the succession to Muhammad. These supporters considered that as Muhammad's only virgin wife, Aisha was divinely intended for him, and therefore the most credible regarding the debate.[25]
Personal life[edit]
Relationship with Muhammad[edit]
In many Muslim traditions, Aisha is described as Muhammad's most beloved or favored wife after his first wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, who died before the migration to Medina took place.[12][26][26][27][28] There are several hadiths, or stories or sayings of Muhammad, that support this belief. One relates that when a companion asked Muhammad, "who is the person you love most in the world?" he responded, "Aisha."[29] Others relate that Muhammad built Aisha's apartment so that her door opened directly into the mosque,[29][30] and that she was the only woman with whom Muhammad received revelations.[26][30] They bathed in the same water and he prayed while she lay stretched out in front of him.[31]
There are also various traditions that reveal the mutual affection between Muhammad and Aisha. He would often just sit and watch her and her friends play with dolls, and on occasion he would even join them.[30][32][33] Additionally, they were close enough that each was able to discern the mood of the other, as many stories relate.[30][32] It is also important to note that there exists evidence that Muhammad did not view himself as entirely superior to Aisha, at least not enough to prevent Aisha from speaking her mind, even at the risk of angering Muhammad. On one such instance, Muhammad's "announcement of a revelation permitting him to enter into marriages disallowed to other men drew from her [Aisha] the retort, 'It seems to me your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire!'"[12] Furthermore, Muhammad and Aisha had a strong intellectual relationship.[29] Muhammad valued her keen memory and intelligence and so instructed his companions to draw some of their religious practices from her.[29]
Accusation of adultery[edit]
The story of accusation of adultery levied against Aisha can be traced to Sūrat al-Nūr (chapter 24) of the Quran. As the story goes, Aisha left her howdah in order to search for a missing necklace. Her slaves mounted the howdah and prepared it for travel without noticing any difference in weight without Aisha's presence. Hence the caravan accidentally departed without her. She remained at the camp until the next morning, when Safwan bin al-Mu'attal, a nomad and member of Muhammad's army, found her and brought her back to Muhammad at the army's next camp. Rumours that Aisha and Safwan had committed adultery were spread, particularly by Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, Hassan ibn Thabit, Mistah ibn Uthatha and Hammanah bint Jahsh (sister of another of Muhammad's wives). Usama ibn Zayd, son of Zayd ibn Harithah, defended Aisha's reputation, but Ali recommended that he divorce her. Muhammad came to speak directly with Aisha about the rumors. He was still sitting in her house when he announced that he had received a revelation from God confirming Aisha's innocence. Surah 24 details the Islamic laws and punishment regarding adultery and slander. Aisha's accusers were subjected to punishments of 80 lashes.[34]
Story of the honey[edit]
After the daily Asr prayer, Muhammad would visit each of his wives' apartments to inquire about their well-being. Muhammad was just in the amount of time he spent with them and attention he gave to them.[35] Once Muhammad's fifth wife, Zaynab bint Jahsh, received some honey from a relative which the Prophet took a particular liking to. As a result, every time Zaynab offered some of this honey to him he would spend a longer time in her apartment. This did not sit well with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar. So Hafsa and I agreed secretly that, if he come to either of us, she would say to him: It seems you have eaten maghafir (a kind of bad-smelling resin), for I smell in you the smell of maghafir. We did so and he replied No, but I was drinking honey in the house of Zaynab, the daughter of Jahsh, and I shall never take it again. I have taken an oath as to that, and you should not tell anybody about it."[36] Soon after this event, Muhammad reported that he had received a revelation in which he was told that he could eat anything permitted by God. Some Sunni commentators on the Qur'an sometimes give this story as the "occasion of revelation" for Surah 66, which opens with the following verses: "Prophet, why do you prohibit that which God has made lawful for you, in seeking to please your wives? God is forgiving and merciful. God has given you absolution from such oaths."[37] Word spread to the small Muslim community that Muhammad's wives were speaking sharply to him and conspiring against him. Muhammad, saddened and upset, separated from his wives for a month. 'Umar, Hafsa's father, scolded his daughter and also spoke to Muhammad of the matter. By the end of this time, his wives were humbled; they agreed to "speak correct and courteous words"[38] and to focus on the Afterlife.[39]
Death of Muhammad[edit]
Aisha remained Muhammad's favorite wife throughout his life. When he became ill and suspected that he was probably going to die, he began to ask his wives whose apartment he was to stay in next. They eventually figured out that he was trying to determine when he was due with Aisha, and they then allowed him to retire there. He remained in Aisha's apartment until his death, and his last breath was taken as he lay in the arms of Aisha, his most beloved wife.[12][30][32][33][40]
Political career[edit]
After Muhammad's death, which ended Aisha and Muhammad's 9 year-long marriage, Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina. Much of her time was spent learning and acquiring knowledge of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of Muhammad. Aisha was one of three wives (the other two being Hafsah and Umm Salamah) who memorized the Qur'an. Like Hafsah, Aisha had her own script of the Qur'an written after Muhammad's death.[41] During Aisha's life many prominent customs of Islam, such as veiling and seclusion of women, began. Aisha's importance to revitalizing the Arab tradition and leadership among the Arab women highlights her magnitude within Islam.[42] Aisha became involved in the politics of early Islam and the first three caliphate reigns: Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and 'Uthman. During a time in Islam when women were not expected, or wanted, to contribute outside of the household, Aisha delivered public speeches, became directly involved in war and even battles, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.[12]
Role during caliphate[edit]
Role during first and second caliphates[edit]
After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr was appointed as the first caliph. This matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to the Shia who believe that Ali had been appointed by Muhammad to lead while Sunni maintain that the public elected Abu Bakr[43] Abu Bakr had two advantages in achieving his new role: his long personal friendship with Muhammad and his role as father-in-law. As caliph, Abu Bakr was the first to set guidelines for the new position of authority.[11]
Aisha garnered more special privilege in the Islamic community for being known as both a wife of Muhammad and the daughter of the first caliph. Being the daughter of Abu Bakr tied Aisha to honorable titles earned from her father's strong dedication to Islam. For example, she was given the title of al-siddiqa bint al-siddiq, meaning 'the truthful woman, daughter of the truthful man',[11] a reference to Abu Bakr's support of the Isra and Mi'raj.[citation needed]
In 634 Abu Bakr fell sick and was unable to recover. Prior to his death, he appointed 'Umar, one of his chief advisers, as the second caliph[11] Throughout 'Umar's time in power Aisha continued to play the role of a consultant in political matters.[11]
Role during the third caliphate[edit]
After 'Umar died, 'Uthmān was chosen to be the third caliph. He wanted to promote the interests of the Umayyads. Aisha had little involvement with 'Uthmān for the first couple years, but eventually she found a way into the politics of his reign. She eventually grew to despise 'Uthmān, and many are unsure of what specifically triggered her eventual opposition towards him. A prominent opposition that arose towards him was when 'Uthmān mistreated 'Ammar ibn Yasir (companion of the prophet) by beating him. Aisha became enraged and spoke out publicly, saying, "How soon indeed you have forgotten the practice (sunnah) of your prophet and these, his hairs, a shirt, and sandal have not yet perished!" (108).[7]
As time continued issues of antipathy towards 'Uthmān continued to arise. Another instance of opposition arose when the people came to Aisha, after Uthmān ignored the rightful punishment for Walid idn Uqbah (Uthmān's brother). Aisha and Uthmān argued with each other, Uthmān eventually made a comment on why Aisha had come and how she was "ordered to stay at home"(111).[7] Arising from this comment, was the question of whether Aisha, and for that matter women, still had the ability to be involved in public affairs. The Muslim community became split: "some sided with Uthmān, but others demanded to know who indeed had better right than Aisha in such matters"(111).[7]
The caliphate took a turn for the worse when Egypt was governed by Abdullah ibn Saad. Abbott reports that Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfah of Egypt, an opponent of 'Uthmān, forged letters in the Mothers of the Believers' names to the conspirators against 'Uthmān. The people cut off 'Uthmān's water and food supply. When Aisha realized the behavior of the crowd, Abbot notes, Aisha could not believe the crowd "would offer such indignities to a widow of Mohammad"(122).[7] This refers to when Safīyah (one of Muhammad's wives) tried to help 'Uthmān and was taken by the crowd. Malik al-Ashtar then approached her about killing Uthmān and the letter, and she claimed she would never want to "command the shedding of the blood of the Muslims and the killing of their Imām" (122); she also claimed she did not write the letters.[7] The city continued to oppose 'Uthmān, but as for Aisha, her journey to Mecca was approaching. With the journey to Mecca approaching at this time, she wanted to rid herself of the situation. 'Uthmān heard of her not wanting to hurt him, and he asked her to stay because of her influence on the people, but this did not persuade Aisha, and she continued on her journey.[7]
First Fitna[edit]
Abu Bakr's reign was short, and in 634 AD he was succeeded by Umar, as caliph. Umar reigned for ten years, and was then followed by Uthman Ibn Affan in 644 AD. Both of these men had been among Muhammad's earliest followers, were linked to him by clanship and marriage, and had taken prominent parts in various military campaigns. Aisha, in the meantime, lived in Medina and made several pilgrimages to Mecca.
in 655 AD, Uthman was murdered provoking the First Fitna.[44] The rebels then asked Ali to be the new caliph. Many reports absolve Ali of complicity in the murder.[45][46] Ali is reported to have refused the caliphate. He agreed to rule only after his followers persisted.
When Ali could not execute those merely accused of Uthman's murder, Aisha delivered a fiery speech and the first to respond to Aisha was Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman and prominent members of the Banu Umayya. With the funds from the "Yemeni Treasury" Aisha set out on a campaign against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali.[citation needed]
Aisha alongside an army with Zubair ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah confronted Ali's army demanding the prosecution of Uthman's killers which they were mingled in his army outside the city of Basra. When her forces captured Basra she ordered the execution of 600 Muslims and 40 others were executed in the Grand Mosque of Basra among them was Hakim ibn Jabala.[47][48][49] Aisha's forces are also known to have tortured and imprisoned Othman ibn Hanif the governor of Basra appointed by Ali.[50]
Professor Leila Ahmed claims that it was during this engagement that Muslims fought Muslims for the first time.[51] Battle ensued and Aisha's forces were defeated. Aisha was directing her forces from a howdah on the back of a camel; this 656 AD battle is therefore called the Battle of the Camel during which 10,000 Muslims were killed.[52]
After 110 days of conflict the Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib met Aisha with reconciliation. He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state she was also awarded a pension by Ali.[53]
Although she retired to Medina her forsaken efforts against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali did not end the First Fitna.[54]
Contributions to Islam and influence[edit]
After 25 years of a monogamous relationship with his first wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad participated in nine years of polygyny, marrying at least nine further wives. Muhammad's subsequent marriages were depicted purely as political matches rather than unions of sexual indulgence. In particular, Muhammad's unions with Aisha and Hafsah associated him with two of the most significant leaders of the early Muslim community, Aisha's and Hafsah's fathers, Abu Bakr and 'Umar ibn al-Khattāb, respectively.[55]
Aisha's marriage has given her significance among many within Islamic culture, becoming known as the most learned woman of her time. Being Muhammad's favorite wife, Aisha occupied an important position in his life.[42] When Muhammad married Aisha in her youth, she was accessible "...to the values needed to lead and influence the sisterhood of Muslim women."[56] After the death of Muhammad, Aisha was discovered to be a renowned source of hadiths, due to her qualities of intelligence and memory.[42] Aisha conveyed ideas expressing the Prophet's practice (sunnah). She expressed herself as a role model to women, which can also be seen within some traditions attributed to her. The traditions regarding Aisha habitually opposed ideas unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change.[57]
Muhammad became a significantly powerful figure of the rapidly expanding Islamic community in 627 C.E. Due to this expansion, segregation of his wives was permitted to enforce their sacrosanct status. Veiling, which was seen as its most distinctive emblem, was not specifically enjoined upon Muslim women anywhere within the Quran. During the time of Muhammad's leadership, women of the ummah were not documented or observed as wearing hijab. Other than Muhammad's wives, women were not required to veil.[55]
After the death of Muhammad, Muslim women believed it was Muslim men, not Islam, that suppressed the rights of women. It was for that reason that Muslim feminists are advocating to return Islam to the society Muhammad had originally envisioned for his followers. Muhammad designated Muslim women as spiritual guides of Medinan society; they prayed and fought alongside Muslim men, and acted not only as religious leaders but political leaders, such as Aisha herself in the Battle of the Camel. United prayer gatherings of both men and women occurred near Muhammad's house, as they were blessed as a "single undivided community" (136).[55]
Aisha played a key role in the emergence of Islam, and played an active position in social reform of the Islamic culture. Not only was she supportive of Muhammad, but she contributed scholarly intellect to the development of Islam.[56] She was given the title al-Siddiqah, meaning 'the one who affirms the truth'. Aisha was known for her "...expertise in the Qur'an, shares of inheritance, lawful and unlawful matters, poetry, Arabic literature, Arab history, genealogy, and general medicine."[56] Her intellectual contributions regarding the verbal texts of Islam were in time transcribed into written form, becoming the official history of Islam.[12] After the death of Muhammad, Aisha was regarded as the most reliable source in the teachings of hadith.[56] As she was Muhammad's favorite wife and a close companion, soon after his death the Islamic community began consulting Aisha on Muhammad's practices, and she was often used to settle disputes on demeanor and various points of law. Aisha's authentication of Muhammad's ways of prayer and his recitation of the Qur'an allowed for development of knowledge of his sunnah of praying and reading verses of the Qur'an.[12] 'Urwah, Aisha's nephew, explained Aisha's strengths in knowledge of Islamic law. Aisha was also often solicited for advice regarding information on inheritance, requiring much needed knowledge of the Qur'an. She exemplified the ability to clearly and influentially speak out.[citation needed]
During Aisha's entire life she was a strong advocate for the education of Islamic women, especially in law and the teachings of Islam. She was known for establishing the first madrasah for women in her home.[56] Attending Aisha's classes were various family relatives and orphaned children. Men also attended Aisha's classes, with a simple curtain separating the male and female students.[56]
Political influence[edit]
As mentioned before, Aisha became an influential figure in early Islam after Muhammad's death. However, Aisha also had a strong political influence. Though Muhammad had ordered his wives to stay in the home, Aisha, after Muhammad's death, took a public and predominant role in politics. Some say that Aisha's political influence helped promote her father, Abu Bakr, the caliphate after Muhammad's death.[58]
After the defeat at the Battle of the Camel, Aisha retreated to Medina and became a teacher.[58] Upon her arrival in Medina, Aisha retired from her public role in politics. Her discontinuation of public politics, however, did not stop her political influence completely. Privately, Aisha continued influencing those intertwined in the Islamic political sphere. Amongst the Islamic community, she was known as an intelligent woman who debated law with male companions.[59] Aisha was also considered to be the embodiment of proper rituals while partaking in the pilgrimage to Mecca, a journey she made with several groups of women. For the last two years of her life, Aisha spent much of her time telling the stories of Muhammad, hoping to correct false passages that had become influential in formulating Islamic law. Due to this, Aisha's political influence continues to impact those in Islam.[58]
Aisha died of disease at her home in Medina on 17 Ramadan 58 AH (16 July 678). She was 64 years old.[3] Muhammad's companion Abu Hurairah led her funeral prayer after the tahajjud (night) prayer, and she was buried at Jannat al-Baqi'.[60]
Sunni view of Aisha[edit]
Sunnis believe she was Muhammad's favorite wife. They consider her (among other wives) to be Umm al-Mu'minin and among the members of the Ahl al-Bayt, or Muhammad's family.
Shi'ah view of Aisha[edit]
The Shi'ah view of Aisha is a negative one. They accuse her of defying Ali ibn Abi-Taleb at the time of his caliphate for her actions during the Battle of the Camel when she was fighting the men who were responsible for the killing of the previous caliph Uthman who were among the army of Ali in Basra.[61]
See also[edit]
- Muhammad's wives
- First Muslim Dynasty
- List of persons related to Qur'anic verses
- Sunni view of the Sahaba
- The Jewel of Medina
- ^ a b Abbott, Nabia (1942). Aishah The Beloved of Muhammad. University of Chicago Press. p. 1.
- ^ a b Muhammad ibn Saad, Tabaqat vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina, p. 55. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. "Aisha was born at the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood," i.e., the year 613-614 C.E.
- ^ a b "'A'isha was eighteen years of age at the time when the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) died and she remained a widow for forty-eight years till she died at the age of sixty-seven. She saw the rules of four caliphs in her lifetime. She died in Ramadan 58 AH during the caliphate of Mu'awiya…" (Source: Sunan Nasa'i: English translation with Arabic text, compiled by Imam Abu Abd-ur-Rahman Ahmad Nasa'i, rendered into English by Muhammad Iqbal Siddiqui [Lahore: Kazi Publications; first edition, 1994], Volume 1, p. 108)
- ^ Spellberg, p. 3.
- ^ 33:6
- ^ History of the Islamic Peoples: With a Review of Events, by Carl Brockelmann, Moshe Perlmann, Joel Carmichael; G. P. Putnams Sons, 1947
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nabia Abbott, Aishah: the Beloved of Muhammad (University of Chicago Press, 1942) ISBN 978-0-405-05318-4
- ^ a b Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet, Harper San Francisco, 1992, p. 157.
- ^ a b Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:58:234, 5:58:236, 7:62:64, 7:62:65, 7:62:88, Sahih Muslim, 8:3309, 8:3310, 8:3311, 41:4915, Sunan Abu Dawood, 41:4917
- ^ a b Tabari, Volume 9, Page 131; Tabari, Volume 7, Page 7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i D. A. Spellberg, Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 40
- ^ a b c d e f g Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University Press,1992,51
- ^ Esposito, John L. "A'ishah In the Islamic World: Past and Present". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
- ^ Esposito, John. L. "A'ishah In The Islamic World: Past and Present". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Retrieved Nov 12, 2012.
- ^ Abbott, Nabia (1942). Aishah The Beloved of Muhammad. University Chicago Press. p. 2.
- ^ Ahmed, Lelia (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press.
- ^ Abbott, Nabia (1942). The Beloved of Muhammad. University Chicago Press. p. 1.
- ^ Abott, Nabia (1942). Aisha The Beloved of Muhammad. University of Chicago Press. p. 3.
- ^ a b c Watt, "Aisha", Encyclopedia of Islam Online
- ^ Amira Sonbol, Rise of Islam: 6th to 9th century, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures
- ^ Barlas (2002), p. 125-126
- ^ Muhammad the Prophet, 2011, p. 150.[1]
- ^ Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press 1961, page 102.
- ^ Abbott, Nabia (1942). Aishah The Beloved of Muhammad. University of Chicago Press. p. 7.
- ^ Spellberg, p. 34–40.
- ^ a b c Roded, Ruth. Women in Islamic Biographical Collections. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 1994, 36, 32
- ^ Joseph, Suad. "Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Volume 5." Boston: Brill, 2003-2007, 227
- ^ McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. "Encyclopedia of the Quran: Volume 1, A-D." Leiden: Brill, 2001-2006, 55
- ^ a b c d Mernissi, Fatima. The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Women's Rights in Islam. New York: Perseus Books Publishing, L.L.C., 1991,65
- ^ a b c d e Abbott, Nabia. Aishah, the Beloved of Mohammad. London: Saqi Books, 1998, 25
- ^ Shaikh, Sa'diyya (2003). Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 33. ISBN 9780028656038.
- ^ a b c Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. New York: Inner Traditions International,1983,133-134
- ^ a b Haykal, Muhammad Husayn. The Life of Muhammad. North American Trust Publications, 1976, 183-184
- ^ The story is told multiple times in the early traditions, nearly all of the versions being ultimately derived from Aisha's own account. Typical examples can be found in Bukhari 5:59:462, Muslim 37:6673 and Ibn Ishaq (Guillaume) pp. 494-499.
- ^ Great Women of Islam
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari [2], 6:60:434.
- ^ Noble Quran
- ^ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat, vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Medina, pp. 132-133. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
- ^ Bukhari 3:43:648.
- ^ Guillaume, A. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, 679, 682
- ^ "Aishah bint Abu Bakr". Jannah.org. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ a b c Elsadda, Hoda "Discourses on Women's Biographies and Cultural Identity: Twentieth-Century Representations of the Life of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr". Feminist Studies 27.1 (2001): 37-64
- ^ Aghaie, The Origins of the Sunnite-Shi'ite Divide and the Emergence of the Ta'ziyeh Tradition, The MIT Press, TDR: The Drama Review, Volume 49, Number 4 (T 1888), Winter 2005, pp. 42-47 (Article).
- ^ See:
- Lapidus (2002), p.47
- Holt (1977a), p.70-72
- Tabatabaei (1979), p.50-57
- The complete history. vol.2,P.19
- ^ Holt (1977), pp. 67 - 68
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 107 and 111
- ^ "Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib - Ayesha's Occupation of Basra". Alim.org. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ Dr. Mohammad Ishaque in Journal of Pakistan Historical Society, Vol 3, Part 1
- ^ Ali Asghar Rizwi, Restatement of Islam History, chapter 62, "The Battle of Basra"
- ^ "Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib - Ayesha's Occupation of Basra". Alim.org. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ Goodwin, Jan. Price of Honour: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World. UK: Little, Brown Book Group, 1994
- ^ Sir John Glubb, The Great Arab Conquests, p. 320
- ^ William Muir, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources. Chapter XXXV: "Battle of the Camel". London: 1891. p. 261.
- ^ "Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-Year History of War, Profit, and ... - Edwin Black - Google Books". Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ a b c Aslan, Reza (2005). No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. New York: Random House. pp. 58–136. ISBN 978-0-385-73975-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Anwar, Jawed (April 4, 2005). "History Shows the Importance of Women in Muslim Life". Muslims Weekly. Pacific News Service. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
- ^ Geissinger, Aisha (January 2011). "'A'isha bint Abi Bakr and her Contributions to the Formation of the Islamic Tradition". Religion Compass 5 (1): 37-49. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00260.x
- ^ a b c Spellberg, D.A. (1996). Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha bint Abi Bakr. Columbia University Press. pp. 3. ISBN 0-231-07999-0, ISBN 978-0-231-07999-0.
- ^ Geissinge, Aisha (01). "'A'isha bint Abi Bakr and her Contributions to the Formation of the Islamic Tradition". Religion Compas 10 (11): 42.
- ^ al-Bidayah wa-al-Nihayah by Ibn Kathir, book 4, chapter 7, page 97.
- ^ "Objections to the Shia criticisms leveled at Ayesha". Shiapen.com. 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
Further reading[edit]
- Afshar, Haleh, Democracy and Islam, Hansard Society, 2006.
- Barlas, Asma, Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an, pp. 125–6, University of Texas Press, 2002, ISBN 0-292-70904-8.
- Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
- Rodinson, Maxime, Muhammad, 1980 Random House reprint of English translation
- Spellberg, D.A., Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, 1994
- Aisha bint Abi Bakr, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, 2000
- Rizvi, Syed Saeed Akhtar, The Life of Muhammad The Prophet, Darul Tabligh North America, 1971.
- Askri, Mortaza, 'Role of Ayesha in the History of Islam' (Translation), Ansarian publication, Iran
- Chavel, Geneviève. Aïcha : La bien-aimée du prophète. Editions SW Télémaque. 11 October 2007. ISBN 978-2753300552
External links[edit]
- Biography of Aisha at the Wayback Machine (archived February 1, 2008)


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Munger, Tolles & Olson name partner Ronald Olson's first trial was far removed from the high stakes and boldface names with which he would become synonymous. He represented the wife of a firm client in a suit against her interior decorator. "The drapes weren't right," says Olson, summing up the 40-year-old case (he can't remember who won). "We had a very modest practice," he says of the then 10-lawyer Munger, Tolles, Hills & Rickershauser. "Big litigation wasn't a part of it."
In the ensuing years, nothing would be farther from the truth. Olson went on to represent movie studios in industry-redefining antitrust litigation and legislative initiatives, a consortium of oil companies in connection with the Exxon Valdez spill, and the Republic of the Philippines in efforts to retrieve assets from former president Ferdinand Marcos. Along the way, Olson, now 72, became a trusted adviser to a host of corporate power brokers. His client roster has included Google Inc. founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, Hollywood agent Michael Ovitz, Paramount Pictures Corporation chief Brad Grey, and entertainment industry mogul Barry Diller. "You build relationships with integrity and put some energy into them and a lot of good things happen," Olson says.
One of Olson's most significant client relationships, spanning corporate transactions, litigation, and government investigations, has been with Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway Inc., where Olson currently is a board member. (Munger cofounder Charles Munger is Buffett's longtime business partner.)
In Hollywood everyone has a big-break story, and Olson is no different. In 1975 he was hired by television writers to challenge the "family viewing hour," a Federal Communications Commission rule that restricted the type of content that could air on television before 9 p.m. "They decided to take a risk on me, and we brought a First Amendment case," Olson says. The challenge succeeded, and the win became a calling card for Olson and for his firm, which today has some 200 lawyers at offices in Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Today, the Iowa-born Olson sits on five corporate boards, but it's his presence on the boards of such local institutions as Southern California Public Radio that best illustrates his commitment to his adopted home. "I consider myself lucky to have ended up in a place where there isn't any hesitation about embracing new ideas and people," Olson says. "I see it as my duty to engage in service to benefit Los Angeles because I'm a professional with special skills sets, and I'm someone who has benefited from this community."
What book has influenced you the most?
The various writings and teachings of Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett. Their fundamental values and philosophy regarding life and business have influenced me as a lawyer and a person.
What is your greatest personal accomplishment?
I have been married for 49 years. The family that Jane and I have built is without question my biggest personal accomplishment.
What is your biggest professional accomplishment?
Helping build our firm's special culture, which is focused on excellence, fairness, community, and client commitment, [as well as] diversity of persons and thought.
What would you have done differently or what is your biggest regret?
There are things I would do differently, but nothing I fundamentally regret.
Portrait photography by Michael J.N. Bowles.
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Justin Bieber! Natalie Portman! Justin Timberlake! When these stars hit the town, they bring their biggest fans – mom
Credit: Christopher Polk/Getty
Updated: Monday Apr 25, 2011 | 11:00 AM EDT By: Nisha Gopalan
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The Black Swan star celebrated her Critics' Choice win on Jan. 14 with look-alike mom – and proud grandma-to-be – Shelley Hershlag in Los Angeles.


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501 W. César E. Chávez Blvd. • San Antonio, Texas 78207-4415 •
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Hidden Bristol & Cafe Bass present to you BunOne's Birthday Bash, bringing you a variety of different styles of music to keep you bouncing all night long!
With FREE entry ALL NIGHT it's a must attend for those who love their house & Hip Hop.
Acts confirmed so far:
Simon Kaye (Dirty Superstars/Guru Project)
The man behind the hit record Infinity 2008 will be gracing the decks at this event, having just returned from Abu Dhabi from his residency out there, and we're lucky enough to have him down to play before he shoots off to LA for residencies out there too!
BunOne (Hidden Bristol/Cafe Bass
Having taken the Bristol scene by storm recently, with set's in some of Bristol's best clubs for some very big nights, he'll be bringing the house vibes that he rocked Boardmasters with, bringing you the festival vibes to your doorstep.
Ruckus Collective LIVE!
The Ruckus Collective are a live hip hop & funk band from Bristol, with some absolutely banging tracks, working on their new album at the moment which is set to drop around October time which is definitely one to look out for! Find out more about Ruckus on their facebook profile and soundcloud below!
Sly Logic (Bristol Love)
Running the illustrious Friday nights at Dojo's, DJ Sly Logic will be bringing you a variation of vibes, ranging from Hip hop - house, producing some brilliant tracks at the moment, head on over to his soundcloud to hear his selections!
This is an open event and anybody can come along, so bring your best dancing shoes and get ready to boogie!
Set Times to be released soon...


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Brian Auger
Brian Auger
Brian Auger was raised in London, where he took up the keyboards as a child and began to hear jazz by way of the American Armed Forces Network and an older brother's record collection. By his teens, he was playing piano in clubs, and by 1962 he had formed the Brian Auger Trio with bass player Rick Laird and drummer Phil Knorra. In 1964, he won first place in the categories of "New Star" and "Jazz Piano" in a reader's poll in the Melody Maker music paper, but the same year he abandoned jazz for a more R&B-oriented approach and expanded his group to include John McLaughlin (guitar) and Glen Hughes (baritone saxophone) as the Brian Auger Trinity. This group split up at the end of 1964, and Auger moved over to Hammond B-3 organ, teaming with bass player Rick Brown and drummer Mickey Waller. After a few singles, he recorded his first LP on a session organized to spotlight blues singer Sonny Boy Williamson that featured his group, saxophonists Joe Harriott and Alan Skidmore, and guitarist Jimmy Page; it was Don't Send Me No Flowers, released in 1968.
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What can you do with a Physics Education, in addition to becoming a Professor? Cynthia Dion-Schwarz, Institute for Defense Analyses - Physics professors have often maintained that an education in physics will prepare you for just about anything. Certainly the numerical and computer skills of physics students are widely known. The broad "numeracy" of physicists regularly leads to positions throughout the financial world, and the computer skills are a basis for employment in essentially all areas. However, these are features of all technical educations. What a physics curriculum provides as well, through the understanding of classical physics and quantum mechanics, is the basis for quickly understanding the essential features of both the world around us, and the devices we use to negotiate that world. In addition, the physics culture values this ability for quick recognition, comprehension, quantification and explanation of the essential features of a situation. This talk will feature examples of how physics arguments have influenced a number of major government programs by providing decision makers with a simple and clear yet technically sound understanding of the issues. The talk will include examples of current in problems in Defense that are subject to active research and debate. Many of these debates continue because the topics have eluded the recognition and explanation of essential features. We will conclude with a description and comparison of the work and 'quality of life' issues in the academic and defense industry.
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posted: | 2/7/2009 |
language: | English |
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Blossom, Bloomin Blossom.
by Digi Treats 2
iPhone & iPod Case
Protect your iPhone with a one-piece, impact resistant, flexible plastic hard case featuring an extremely slim profile. Simply snap the case onto your iPhone for solid protection and direct access to all device features.
Beautiful blossom, on a sunny day. Photography.
- 34Promote


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- The definition of a prologue is something that comes before an introduction to a book or play, or may be an action or situation that leads to something else.
- An introduction before a book begins is an example of a prologue.
- Riots caused by dissatisfaction with the government may be a prologue to a revolution.
prologue definition by Webster's New World
- an introduction to a poem, play, etc.; esp., introductory lines spoken by a member of the cast before a dramatic performance
- the actor speaking such lines
- a preliminary act or course of action foreshadowing greater events
Origin: Middle English prologe ; from Middle French ; from Classical Latin prologus ; from Classical Greek prologos ; from pro-, before plush logos, discourse: see pro- and amp; logic
Also sp. prolog
prologue definition by American Heritage Dictionary
also pro·log
noun- An introduction or preface, especially a poem recited to introduce a play.
- An introduction or introductory chapter, as to a novel.
- An introductory act, event, or period.
Origin: Middle English prolog, from Old French prologue, from Latin prologus, from Greek prologos : pro-, before; see pro-2 + logos, speech; see leg- in Indo-European roots.


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In 2011, Infrastructure Journal, a leading sectoral publication, awarded IFC the "Multilateral Agency of the Year" prize, the second time IFC received this recognition from infrastructure professionals this year.
"It was an honor to receive this well-earned recognition from Infrastructure Journal on behalf of the Infrastructure and Natural Resources team," said David Donaldson, Senior Manager for Infrastructure in Africa Region.
In 2010, IFC helped increase access to basic infrastructure services, a key development indicator, by investing in over 100 projects and advising governments on investments in the energy, transport, water, and information and telecommunications sectors. IFC delivered several project financings and was mandated lead arranger or global coordinator for several ground-breaking projects such as the Enerjisa transaction in Turkey, as well as the Dakar Diamniadio Toll Road in Senegal.
The awards ceremony was held on March 31, 2011 at the Natural History Museum in London, and attended by over 500 influential figures from infrastructure markets.
"The award confirms our peers in the infrastructure sector's respect for our focus on reducing poverty while increasing access to infrastructure," Donaldson added.
IJ's award also recognized IFC's noteworthy achievements in ramping up renewable energy and energy efficiency business from 23 percent of power sector investments in 2008 to 72 percent in 2010. In addition, IFC has worked to increase the participation of private enterprise in the water sector, one of the most sensitive sectors.
In January 2011, Project Finance Magazine awarded IFC the Multilateral Agency of the Year award for our work in the infrastructure sector in 2010. The award recognized IFC's leadership in infrastructure investments and advisory services.
Contributed by Zibu Sibanda, Infrastructure and Natural Resources/Communications Practice Group


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The glasses were excellent value for money compared to other companies, the original order was out of stock and I was quickly informed of the alternatives, the glasses were delivered very quickly and I was kept informed of the delivery times etc throughout. would reccomend to anybody
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Papyrus is a 2D C++ scenegraph (canvas) library that utilizes the cairo library to perform drawing operations. Similar canvas libraries are the Gnome Canvas, Diacanvas, and the QT Canvas. Numerous canvas primitives are available, including arcs, rectangles, polylines, and line markers. An optional companion library, Papyrusmm, provides a set of Gtkmm widgets which includes viewports (a canvas display widget similar to Gtk::DrawingArea) and other UI widgets related to drawing interfaces.
The QtLua library aims to make Qt 4 applications scriptable using the Lua scripting language. It is an alternative to the QtScript module. QtLua does not generate or use generated binding code for Qt. Instead it provides useful C++ wrapper classes to make C++ and Lua objects accessible from both Lua and C++. It takes advantage of the Qt meta object system to expose QObject members to Lua scripts and comes with user manual and examples.
An application that provides secure email, encrypted email, secure chat and collaboration, and HIPAA compliance.


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Unique flex end hose creates automatic back pressure making it the easiest flute to blow. Perfect for the goose hunter unfamiliar with flute style calls. Reproduces the loud tones of the greater canadas. "Reed relocation" system allows you to take the call apart and reassemble with perfect returning every time. Shaved reed speck. #811 Canada Goose Flute features: Perfect for the goose hunter unfamiliar with flute-styled calls. Reproduces the loud tones of the great Canada goose. Unique flex-end hose creates automatic back pressure making it the easiest flute to blow. Patented Reed System allows you to take the call apart and reassemble with perfect retuning every time. #826 Super loud requiring little air. Tulip shaped reed shaved from 14/1,000" to 6/1,000" thick. Camouflaged in Advantage Wetlands. Shaved reed snow. #828 Tremendous volume with little air required. Missle-shaped reed shaved from 14/1,000" to 9/1,000" thick. Easily reproduces multiple sounds of snow geese to sound like a whole flock.
Please Note: This description may represent a general group of products. Please read the item's title and specifications for more specific information about this particular item.
Type : Goose CallSpecies : GeeseMaterial : Acrylic
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Follow Zap2it:
March 2009
Previously on "90210"... some stuff happened like eleventy billion years ago. It was, in fact, only 7 weeks ago but in TV Land that feels like forever. Anyway, Silver is love-crazy, Adrianna got Navid, I Moan lives in a hotel and has a new bad love interest and Ethan is torn between two lovers whiny teenage girls.
After some breakout, breakthrough, and just plain broken performances last night, it's time to belly up to the bar and see which celebs will be ejected from "Dancing with the Stars." It's two, two, two cuts in one!
It's a new day for the "NCIS" gang when Trent Kort returns, filled with the promise of self-reformation. Oh, who are we kidding... this is freakin' Trent Kort we're talking about here. This time, it's all about the benjamins!
"The Biggest Loser: Couples" has me nearly apoplectic with rage and bile, as someone comes back to the ranch, someone leaves, and someone (cough RON! cough) needs to disappear from my TV screen before I do some serious damage to my electronics.
Last week, "Reaper" finally reintroduced Sam's father to the fold. Fans cheered, as they had waited a long time to achieve some payoff to last year's season-ending cliffhanger. And their patience was rewarded with...practical jokes. Not exactly the epic return most of us expected. While the unexpected can be a good, even great thing, I imagine many fans felt the same as me about Mr. Oliver's return: disappointed.
OK, here we are with Part Two of our exclusive interview with Young Benjamin Linus himself, Sterling Beaumon. If you missed the first part, be sure to check it out. In today's installment, Sterling shares some pretty provocative thoughts on the futures of Ben Linus and the Island. They tie in nicely with the discussions "Lost" fans have been conducting here on the blog over the past week.
Join us here at 8 pm/7 pm central for a live recap of the "American Idol" iTunes performances. Word on the street is murky about the parameters of the theme, but I took a swing at it here and picked songs I'd like to see for each contestant. Keep hitting refresh to follow along and feel free to comment below!
Cloris Leachman, 82, the former Miss Chicago and "Dancing With the Stars" grande dame has taken a natural approach to her new ad for PETA encouraging a vegetarian lifestyle.
ABC's "Life on Mars" has its series finale on Wednesday -- which is a good deal earlier than its creators had hoped. Fans of the show can at least take comfort in the fact that executive producers Josh Appelbaum, Scott Rosenberg and Andre Nemec have had an ending in mind all along.
MoreJust in time for the last day of Mustache March, Ashton Kutcher is expressing his admiration for Tom Selleck's.
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Counter a roundhouse kick by stepping into the kick and grabbing the attacker's neck and over-hook the leg in a street fight. Learn to counter a roundhouse kick with combat jujitsu techniques in thisfree video on jujitsu techniques. Expert: Dan Theodore Bio: Dan Theodore has more than 22 years of martial arts training and over 11 years of mixed martial arts and grappling experience. Filmmaker: Nil...
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Quoting jendawn1:Full house
Definitely ER
Are you afraid of the dark, Friends, Boy Meets World, Home Improvement.
Quoting jconney80:Good theme song Quoting mrswillie:Facts of Life
Quoting mrswillie:Facts of Life
Facts of Life
lol...I forgot it until you said something...
You take the good
You take the bad
You take them both
And there you have
The facts of life...
Join us in Family Vacations & Getaways!
Quoting jconney80:Oh yeah I used to watch it! Quoting mrswillie:Party of Five
Quoting mrswillie:Party of Five
Party of Five
I really liked it, then they took it off air. I haven't even seen reruns played


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The College of Arts and Humanities held a powerful conversation with professor, scholar and author, Cathy Davidson. She explored how the modern digital age will globally shape the future of innovation and learning.
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Chris Bandi can now tell the world what he's known for weeks and months. The 2008 graduate earned a "golden ticket" during American Idol auditions in June, but was eliminated on the second day of what's known as "Hollywood Week" on the popular singing reality show.
Because of the sheer number of contestants on the show, viewers in St. Louis and around the country would have to have been watching extremely close to know that the Chesterfield native-turned University of Mississippi Senior made it that far. Bandi was not featured in this week's programs but he was able to confirm on his Facebook page that his time on the show came to an end in episodes which were shot in mid-December.
Patch spoke by phone with Bandi from Nashville, where he's currently working on a five song album with a team who has worked with the likes of Keith Urban and Jake Owen.
"Everyone on the show is going to wish they had more time in the spotlight," Bandi said. "I still have proof." Now two months after that experience, he said he still thinks of it as a crazy and nerve-wracking trip that earned him the first 3 Yes vote of the judge's panel out of St. Louis this season thanks to his version of Walking In Memphis. In Hollywood, his cut at Ray LaMontagne's Jolene wasn't enough to stay in the competition.
Bandi's mother, Susan, an executive at Enterprise Holdings, joined him on the trip to California. She said despite the drama viewers saw on television this week, (sick, fainiting contestants, in-fighting) the environment at the Hollywood audition "was fun, very well coreographed and very well organized." While she was obviously proud of her son, who she said hasn't had any formal training, she was also impressed with the talent and excitement on display with the other contestants.
For mother and son, who is in his final semester at Ole Miss as a Marketing major, the experience was validation that there could be something to a possible career in music, outside the protective shell of friends and family. It also gave Chris a reality check when it comes to the life and hard work of a musician.
His time in the American Idol spotlight may have been brief, but it he's moving forward, undeterred. He's looking forward to shopping his album to record labels. "I can make something out of my musical career," Bandi said.


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Buy your favourite cutaways and archive images online now. Thousands of unique aviation photographs available
Delivered to the Russian Air Force on July 10, 1940, this Rata served on the Eastern Front during World War II and it was shot down by Finnish fire. In July, 1991, its wreckage was discovered in Karelia, Russia, and was rebuilt at the same factory where it was originally manufactured. A number of the workers who restored the plane had worked on the original I-16 production line as children. This craft is one of only a few flying I-16s in existence.
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Photo Credit: The Flying Heritage Collection


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Tiina Mall meets Lidia Patkowski, an owner of a southwest Polish food cart.
Three weeks ago, I was walking along Southwest 10th Avenue going to my favorite Thai food cart, I Like Thai, where they serve some of the best Thai iced-tea—and that's coming from someone who has been to Thailand numerous times.
As I waited for my food, I started to look a bit farther down the street and saw a woman with a genuinely-friendly and kind face. Her smile was so warm it seemed to pull me towards her. She was sitting in front of one of the food stalls wearing an apron.
Curiously, I read her cart's sign out loud: Traditional Polish Cuisine- Euro Dish. The woman smiled and called out to me in a thick Polish accent, "Best Polish sausage in Portland."
But, I had already ordered Thai that day.
Today, I finally returned to Lidia's cart to find out a bit more about her story, her love for food and people, and to taste the food she makes. I asked her if she would share more of her story with me.
Lidia's story
Five years ago, Lidia Patkowski was also walking along Southwest 10th Avenue and Southwest Alder when she came upon a group of Portland's famous food carts. As she looked around she couldn't find a Polish food cart.
Lidia pauses in her story to look at me with something between an indignant and mischievous glint in her eye. Then, she animatedly raises her hands and says, "I saw a couple food carts. . . no Polish food . . . and I thought, 'Why not?!' So I got the idea to open one."
I ask her how long ago that was, and Lidia – complete with her trademark smiling – leaning with a sparkle in her eye, embarks on another short story.
She opened just a few months after she got the idea to start a food cart. Lidia has been cooking wholesome traditional Polish recipes for Portland for the past five years.
Lidia bought a trailer on concession: "I like my trailer," she says. "It's good, and I can cook. I love to cook!"
She looks around and takes in the street atmosphere, and tells me that another joy-of-cooking for her food cart is the friends she makes. She smiles at me: "Especially, I like the friends who like my food," she winks.
To help me remember how many years she's been open, she explains to me that her favorite number is five.
"Five is a good number, no? Five is my favorite number."
She tells me that when she was a girl her maiden name started with a B and that made her number five in her class roll call. She liked being number five.
"See? Now you'll remember." And on the 6th of December this year, "See, six comes after five" is her fifth year food cart anniversary.
A customer stops by.
I step aside to make room for the customer to order from Lidia. Another customer cues up as well. While I wait to continue my conversation with Lidia, I look at the food photos around her trailer window, and I catch up with my notes.
The customer waiting to order asks what I'm doing. I explain I'm writing a food review and a short feature about Lidia and her business. He nods and says that is really good. He looks very serious as he recommends the dumplings: "They're amazing!" The customer in front of him leaves. He orders a pork schnitzel sandwich and… of course… dumplings.
The customers leave. Lidia and I continue our conversation.
She asks me if I like to cook.
I answer, "Yes, I love to cook, but I don't know much about restaurant cooking styles."
She lifts her hands, palms up, and shakes her head telling me that is ok. She explains that everyone just needs a specialty.
"Homemade food is my specialty," Lidia notes. She points to the name Euro Dish. "That's the name, but the important part is "Traditional Polish Cuisine," she says pointing above the name on her cart.
Her voice emphasises the word traditional. She shares with me that all her recipes are Polish family recipes.
"I learned to cook from my Mama and my older sister," Lidia shares.
She says people don't want to make the traditional dishes because it takes a lot of time, "but I enjoy it."
We pause our conversation again as another customer orders.
I can smell the food. My mouth is watering. I'm going to need to try this.
"With mustard?" She asks the man. He nods. As she hands him his food, she exclaims "Mmmm… Fresh Schnitzel!" She encourages the customer in his first bite. He seems more than satisfied.
Lidia prepares a sampler plate for me.
As another customer orders, I try Lidia's cooking for the first time.
"Oh my goodness!" I inhale. "This is SO, SO, SO DELICIOUS!!!"
I try each dish she has given me, and I am at a loss for words. All I can do is nod and say "good" or "delicious." She smiles as she prepares the other customer's dish – Schnitzel sandwich for the gorgeous and petite lady in the black dress.
Even though it's not the homemade Indian food I grew up with, Lidia's cooking gives me the same comfort and warmth deep in my belly as my mouth is also flooded with flavor.
I want to keep eating, but I also want to hear more stories from Lidia. So before I leave to finish my food, I ask her to tell me one more story.
"Please, tell me one of your memories of learning how to cook," I request as I smile at her already fond of her in a way similar to how I enjoy my Auntie's company.
Lidia made her first cheesecake when she was about 17. She was so excited. It looked perfect and it smelled delicious. All she had left to do was let it set and then take it out of the pan and put it on the glass dessert platter.
Her older sister's husband came into the kitchen. He wanted to help her. "Here, here let me help you," he said.
Before she had time to explain that he had to wait to transfer the cake from the pan to the platter, he had excitedly already taken hold of it. . . and the beautiful cheesecake went splat all over the floor! Lidia cried.
Her brother-in-law and her family told her not to worry, and that she would be able to make many, many more cheesecakes.
Since that event she has, and has done so with artful hands.
I order cheesecake to take back for my roommate. Before I leave, I thank Lidia for her time and our lovely conversation. As I walk away, a friend meets up with me. I can't stop talking about Lidia and her food.
Thank you Lidia for your amazing contribution to Portland's 200 and something food carts. I am very glad that out of so many choices, I found yours.
Dziekuje! (Lidia taught me how to say "thank you" in Polish).
–Tiina Mall is "Arts & Culture" editor of Muse and a senior Communication Studies major at Multnomah University.


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Sun-Sniper Gold on Black Camera Strap
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The Sun-Sniper-Strap, made by SUN-SNIPER GmbH and distributed exclusively by Sunbounce, is the new generation of quick, pliant and ultra convenient camera straps for professional photographers.
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This feature spares the photographer's back and reduces the load on the suspension point of the camera - the tripod socket. This positive effect is particularly noticeable with long lenses.


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You Think Your Car Sucks? (Video)
article written by: Fork Party Staff
We have all had that car. It was embarrassing to drive around. It had been in a few fender benders and had a bizarre smell emanating from the inside. Well, never be embarrassed about your car again, because this person has got ya beat. What happened to this car? It looks like it was used to help save people from a terminator attack!