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This chapter reviews trends in DOE's coal program since the late 1970s and outlines the current program structure and recent budgets. DOE's current strategic planning also is summarized.
Trends in federal funding for coal-related R&D since DOE's inception are illustrated in Figure 2-1. The 1973 oil embargo and subsequent energy supply uncertainties of the 1970s led to a greater federal role in energy technology development, with increased effort directed at more secure energy supplies, as through greater reliance on plentiful domestic coal. Efforts were focused especially on developing more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable coal technologies. The 1980 Energy Security Act established the Synthetic Fuels Corporation to develop the domestic nonconventional energy resources, such as liquid fuels from coal and oil shale. This increased federal interest was reflected in the rapid growth of DOE's Office of Fossil Energy (FE) coal R&D budget in the late 1970s, as Figure 2-1 shows.
The intense interest in and funding of federal energy R&D during the 1970s was replaced by the Reagan administration with an emphasis on decontrolling energy markets, relying more on the free market and the private sector. There were significant reductions in federally sponsored fossil energy R&D, cancellations of synthetic fuels demonstration plants, and the eventual phase-out of the Synthetic Fuels Corporation. The marked drop in coal R&D funding from FY 1981 to FY 1982 was largely attributable to very significant reductions in funding for coal liquefaction and surface coal gasification activities (see Appendix C). A
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Overview of U.S. Department of Energy Programs and Planning
This chapter reviews trends in DOE's coal program since the late 1970s and outlines the current program structure and recent budgets. DOE's current strategic planning also is summarized.
Trends in federal funding for coal-related R&D since DOE's inception are illustrated in Figure 2-1. The 1973 oil embargo and subsequent energy supply uncertainties of the 1970s led to a greater federal role in energy technology development, with increased effort directed at more secure energy supplies, as through greater reliance on plentiful domestic coal. Efforts were focused especially on developing more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable coal technologies. The 1980 Energy Security Act established the Synthetic Fuels Corporation to develop the domestic nonconventional energy resources, such as liquid fuels from coal and oil shale. This increased federal interest was reflected in the rapid growth of DOE's Office of Fossil Energy (FE) coal R&D budget in the late 1970s, as Figure 2-1 shows.
The intense interest in and funding of federal energy R&D during the 1970s was replaced by the Reagan administration with an emphasis on decontrolling energy markets, relying more on the free market and the private sector. There were significant reductions in federally sponsored fossil energy R&D, cancellations of synthetic fuels demonstration plants, and the eventual phase-out of the Synthetic Fuels Corporation. The marked drop in coal R&D funding from FY 1981 to FY 1982 was largely attributable to very significant reductions in funding for coal liquefaction and surface coal gasification activities (see Appendix C). A
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FIGURE 2-1 History of funding for coal R&D under DOE's Office of Fossil Energy R&D budget. Sources: DOE budget archives; DOE (1994a). Data shown in Figure 2-1 for FY 1976 through FY 1994 represent congressional appropriations for coal-related FE R&D in current dollars. The values shown do not include any adjustments, such as supplementals, rescissions, reprogrammings, etc., that took place after enactment of the appropriations bills. The FY 1995 number shown is the congressional budget request in current dollars. Budget data for FY 1976 through FY 1994 by specific program area are given in Appendix C.
sharp decline in the world petroleum price in 1986 substantially decreased the economic attractiveness of coal-derived petroleum substitutes and the perceived need for R&D in this direction.
However, sustained interest in coal-based power generation technologies led to congressional funding of DOE's CCT program, starting in FY 1986. This program has constituted a major effort outside the traditional coal R&D projects undertaken by DOE and its predecessor organizations, and CCT funding is therefore not included in Figure 2-1. The CCT program has emphasized the need for demonstration and commercial deployment of environmentally responsive, economically competitive technologies and is based on cost sharing between the private sector and DOE, with the former contributing at least 50 percent of total demonstration cost.
During the Bush administration, the National Energy Strategy report was published, providing an overall administration strategy for energy policy (DOE, 1991). A fundamental tenet of this strategy was to continue reliance on market forces wherever possible by removing any barriers to efficient market operation. Emphasis was placed on improving energy efficiency and increasing production
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of domestic oil and natural gas. Coal was recognized as an important domestic source of energy, with emphasis on the development of economically viable technologies achieving specified levels of environmental performance relating to acid rain precursors and greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, in the area of electric power generation, advanced systems characterized by high-efficiency, very low pollutant emissions, and competitive economics became the focus of DOE's coal program. Another recognized need was for R&D to reduce the costs, investment risks, and environmental impacts of producing liquid fuels from coal.
An important initiative of the Clinton administration has been the Climate Change Action Plan. This plan lays out the goals of returning U.S. greenhouse gas emissions to their 1990 levels by the year 2000 and positioning the United States to compete better in the global market (Clinton and Gore, 1993). A main thrust of this initiative is to reduce energy demand throughout the U.S. economy by actions that align market forces with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the Clinton administration has promoted increased use of natural gas (which emits less CO2 per unit of energy than coal or oil), improved energy efficiency, and renewable energy technologies that release no net CO2 to the environment. As discussed below, decreased coal R&D funding has accompanied these new emphases.
DOE's coal-related activities currently fall under two main budget categories: FE R&D and the CCT program. The first category also includes R&D programs in petroleum and natural gas, which are not considered in the present report, except when directly relevant to the coal program (e.g., cross-cutting R&D in advanced turbines and fuel cells). The CCT program was initiated in 1986 and is scheduled to run through 2004, with the specific goal of demonstrating the commercial potential of advanced power generation technologies. The CCT program is thus more transient than FE R&D, which has been in existence since the inception of DOE and forms the continuing basis of DOE's coal program.
Fossil Energy Research and Development
Annual funding for FE R&D for FY 1992 through the FY 1995 budget request has remained relatively constant, at something over $400 million. However, the oil and natural gas program budgets have increased at the expense of the coal program (Figure 2-2).1 Fossil fuel prices have declined during the past several years, especially for gas and oil. The low current and projected price of
The fuel cell activity was transferred from the coal program to the natural gas program in FY 1994. However, for comparison purposes, fuel cell funding has been included in the natural gas budget rather than the coal budget illustrated in Figure 2-2.
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FIGURE 2-2 Recent budget trends for DOE's FE R&D programs. Sources: DOE, 1993a, 1994a.
natural gas has resulted in an emphasis on technologies for gas utilization, with the potential to use coal-derived gas. Recent years have seen the completion of R&D on power plant emissions controls to prevent acid deposition, and the initiation of new activities to achieve lower emissions of conventional air pollutants and higher power cycle efficiencies. These activities reflect a change in emphasis within the coal portion of the FE R&D program, with a decline in proof-of-concept activities and an increase in funding for demonstration programs. The current program addresses both R&D and technology demonstration.
Table 2-1 shows trends in expenditures for the three main budget categories of the FE R&D coal program: Advanced Clean Fuels, Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems, and Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR&TD). A major change in the FY 1994 budget was the shifting of the fuel cell program from the coal component of the FE R&D budget to the gas component. The total FE R&D coal program budget has declined by about 25 percent (almost 30 percent in real terms) since FY 1992, not including the transfer of the fuel cell activity. DOE's FY 1995 request would bring the FE coal R&D program budget (in constant dollars) to just over half what it was three years ago. However, the budget request is not necessarily a good indication of the final budget, since Congress historically has added funds that DOE did not request.
Both the Advanced Clean Fuels and Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems2 components of the coal program experienced funding reductions of about
Excluding the fuel cell activity.
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TABLE 2-1 Fossil Energy Coal R&D Program Budget (millions of current dollars appropriated)
Program Element
FY 1995 (request)
Advanced Clean Fuels
Coal Preparation
Direct Liquefaction
Indirect Liquefaction
Advanced Research and Environmental Technology
Systems for Coproducts
Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems
Advanced Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plant
Indirect-Fired Cycle
High-Efficiency IGCCa
High-Efficiency PFBCb
Advanced Research and Environmental Technology
Fuel Cellsc
Advanced Research and Technology Development
Coal Utilization Science
Materials and Components
Technology Crosscut
University/National Laboratory Coal Research
a Integrated gasification combined-cycle.
b Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion.
c The fuel cell activity was transferred from the coal program to the natural gas program in FY 1994.
Fuel cell budgets are $51.8 million for FY 1994 and $67.8 million for FY 1995 (request).
d Excluding fuel cells.
Sources: DOE (1993a, 1994a).
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30 percent (in current dollars) between FY 1992 and FY 1994. A significant part of the decrease in the second program area reflects completion of the magnetohydrodynamics program. High-efficiency IGCC is the only area in the Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems program that has seen funding increases each year from FY 1992 through FY 1994.
CCT Program
In the CCT program the most promising of the advanced coal-based technologies are being moved into the marketplace through demonstration. The demonstrations are at a scale large enough to generate the data needed to judge the commercial potential of the systems developed. Congress originally funded the CCT program with almost $400 million, to be spread over FY 1986 through FY 1988. In March 1987, in response to the Joint Canadian and U.S. Special Envoy recommendations concerning acid rain, President Reagan expanded the CCT program's funding by $2.35 billion. Congress established that this funding would be offered in five solicitations for cost-shared projects (CCT-Round I through CCT-Round V), in which industry would provide at least 50 percent of the cost of design, construction, and operation of the demonstration project. A unique feature of the CCT program is that each project must commit to repaying the government's share of the project's funding from the proceeds of successful commercialization of the technology.
Table 2-2 shows currently authorized CCT funding, by solicitation round and fiscal year. The CCT program has been authorized and appropriated $2.75 billion altogether, representing 45 active demonstration projects and a total public and private investment of $6.9 billion. The FY 1995 budget request seeks to have previously authorized funding for the CCT program extended to cover solicitation rounds IV and V.
Section 1332 of EPACT calls for solicitations for CCT projects in developing countries or countries with economies in transition from a nonmarket to a
TABLE 2-2 Authorized Funding for the CCT Program (millions of current dollars)
Solicitation Round
Source: DOE (1994c).
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market economy. The FY 1995 budget request seeks funding for international ''showcase" demonstration projects in Eastern Europe and China. However, it remains unclear whether this will receive congressional approval.
The Department of Energy Strategic Plan
DOE's overall strategic plan (DOE, 1994b) defines the department's mission as follows:
The Department of Energy, in partnership with our customers, is entrusted to contribute to the welfare of the Nation by providing the technical information and the scientific and educational foundation for the technology, policy, and institutional leadership necessary to achieve efficiency in energy use, diversity in energy sources, a more productive and competitive economy, improved environmental quality, and a secure national defense.
The DOE plan provides a vision, goals, strategies, and success indicators for each of the department's five business areas. Under "Industrial Competitiveness," DOE's laboratory system, R&D capabilities, and core competencies in such areas as energy and environmental technologies are considered valuable resources the private sector can tap through collaborative programs. DOE work under "Energy Resources" is based on the assumption that fossil fuels will remain critical components of energy supply in every nation for the foreseeable future. In the United States, coal, natural gas, and oil will continue to provide most of the energy for electricity generation and the building, industrial, and transportation sectors. A major focus in this area is using fossil fuels more efficiently and cleanly. The business area "Science and Technology" faces the challenge resulting from the continuing industry shift away from basic research. Given constraints in federal spending, DOE must balance its long-term fundamental research against R&D that will help industry compete effectively in the near-term. Specific goals include providing the science and technology core competencies that will enable DOE's other businesses to succeed in their missions and adding value to the U.S. economy through the application of new and improved technologies. "National Security" is concerned primarily with transformation of the nuclear weapons complex, activities that are not within the scope of this report. Similarly, "Environmental Quality" addresses mainly nuclear issues, namely, the decontamination and decommissioning of weapons complex facilities and nuclear power plants.
The current DOE strategic plan generally expands on EPACT goals. EPACT will continue to provide guidance to the department in achieving its energy objectives, although, as DOE's plan notes, fulfilling EPACT's detailed requirements "will be difficult in this era of fiscal constraint."
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Clean Coal Technologies Research, Development, and Demonstration Program Plan
DOE's Office of Fossil Energy is currently developing a "Coal Strategic Plan." As noted in Chapter 1, this document was not available during the conduct of this study. In the meantime, an important source of information on DOE's strategic planning for coal is its Clean Coal Technologies Research, Development, and Demonstration (RD&D) Program Plan (DOE, 1993b). This planning document should be distinguished from the similarly named but programmatically distinct Clean Coal Technology program, that is, the program usually referred to as the CCT program. Activities described in the Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan include, but are not limited to, the CCT program. For example, development of PFBC systems will involve subsystem and component testing, environmental and economic performance studies, and pilot plant tests, all funded under the FE R&D program; firstand second-generation PFBC demonstrations will be conducted under the CCT program.
The RD&D Program Plan focuses on near-term planning; it does not address requirements for coal utilization beyond 2010. (Thus, the planning horizon corresponds to the near-term period and first five years of the mid-term period defined by the committee.) This plan proposes activities that span the full cycle of technology development, from basic research through demonstration and commercialization. Private industry has an important role to play in all stages, with the degree of industry cost sharing expected to increase as a technology moves toward commercialization. In the CCT program the most promising advanced coal technologies are being moved into the market through demonstration at a scale that permits their commercial potential to be assessed; as noted earlier, industry partners must contribute at least 50 percent of the demonstration costs.
Activities described in the RD&D Program Plan are aimed at enabling the use of plentiful U.S. domestic coal resources while meeting environmental requirements. Specifically, the following two program goals are defined:
enabling the use of coal as a secure, low-cost domestic energy source to support economic competitiveness and employment growth and
contributing to the environmental acceptability of coal utilization.
Three main program areas are defined: advanced power systems, advanced fuel systems, and cross-cutting technology programs. In the broadest terms these three program areas correspond to the three main budget categories of the FE coal R&D program. However, the advanced power systems and advanced fuel systems areas in the RD&D Program Plan also include CCT activities, and the detailed organization and funding of advanced research and cross-cutting technology programs is complex (see Chapter 9).
The advanced power systems program described in the RD&D Program Plan supports the development of several coal combustion and coal gasification op-
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tions, which are expected to become commercial at different times. The aim is to enable future coal-fired plants to produce lower-cost electricity with reduced environmental impacts, higher efficiency, and higher reliability levels and to accelerate commercialization of such technologies. This program's strategic objectives are shown in Table 2-3. More specific objectives for individual technologies are presented in the RD&D Program Plan (DOE, 1993b).
The advanced fuel systems program described in the RD&D Program Plan supports technologies to produce clean gaseous and liquid fuels and chemicals from coal, emphasizing liquid transportation fuels. There is no work on production of synthetic natural gas (SNG), except for some activities under coal gasification. DOE's strategic objective for the advanced fuel systems program is to demonstrate by 2010 "advanced concepts for production of coal-based transportation fuels, chemicals and other products" that can compete with petroleum products, when petroleum prices are $25/bbl or greater in 1991 dollars (DOE, 1993b), equivalent to $26/bbl in 1992 dollars.
Different bases may be used for estimating production costs for liquid transportation fuels from coal. The electric utility industry with its relatively predictable selling prices for electricity and stable production costs can attract capital at a lower prime rate than, for example, the oil industry where future product and feedstock prices are much less certain. Major investments are frequently split between a component with relatively assured, but lower, return and a higher return component that will incur a larger risk. In the utility industry a substantially larger component of low-risk borrowed money is more common than in the petroleum industry, where 100 percent equity financing has been more commonly practiced. Hence, the term "utility financing" is frequently used to de-
TABLE 2-3 Strategic Objectives of DOE's Advanced Power Systems Program
Efficiencya (%)
Cost of energy
10 to 20 percent lower than currently available pulverized coal technology
a Based on fuel higher heating value (see Glossary). A DOE presentation to the committee also noted CO2 reduction objectives of 24, 32, 42, and 47 percent for each of the four periods, respectively, based on energy efficiency improvements (Feibus, 1993). All these values are calculated assuming a base plant efficiency of 32 percent.
b Current federal New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) apply to emissions of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulates from coal-based steam generators.
Source: DOE (1993b).
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scribe highly leveraged investments, whereas "petroleum financing" describes the smaller component of borrowed money generally employed in that industry. Utility financing has been used throughout the present report for consistency with DOE's approach (see Glossary for further details), although the committee notes that there is no general consensus on the most appropriate financing basis for estimating equivalent crude costs.
A number of technologies are relevant to both advanced power and advanced fuel systems. Four corresponding "cross-cutting" technology programs are described in the RD&D Program Plan: coal preparation, alternative fuels utilization, flue gas cleanup, and waste management (DOE, 1993b). Progress in these areas can improve the efficiency, environmental performance, or life-cycle costs of many of the advanced power and fuel systems under development. Specific objectives are defined for each of the cross-cutting technology programs.
DOE's planning objectives for advanced power and fuels systems are evaluated later by the committee in the context of its own strategic planning framework (see Chapter 10). The study's conclusions and recommendations on DOE program goals and priorities stem from that evaluation.
Federal funding for coal R&D has fluctuated substantially over the past two decades, particularly in response to the energy supply uncertainties of the 1970s. The DOE coal R&D budget increased rapidly in the late 1970s, reaching a peak of over $1 billion per year in FY 1981 (current dollars), but declined sharply in the early 1980s, especially funding for coal liquefaction R&D. The FY 1994 FE coal R&D budget was less than $200 million per year (current dollars), representing a decrease of approximately 50 percent in real terms over the past 10 years. Over the past three years, the oil and natural gas components of the FE R&D program have grown at the expense of the coal component. The increase in natural gas funding is largely in response to the availability and environmental acceptability of low-cost natural gas, although the possibility of using coal-derived gas is recognized.
Since 1986, the CCT program, which is budgeted separately from the coal R&D program, has been appropriated $2.75 billion in federal funding for the demonstration of advanced coal technologies, with emphasis on clean, efficient power generation systems. The CCT program represents a marked departure from traditional DOE FE R&D programs in that industry partners must contribute at least 50 percent of the demonstration cost. In addition, there is a strong emphasis on technology commercialization.
DOE's strategic planning for coal focuses on the need to exploit coal as a secure, low-cost domestic energy resource and to increase the environmental acceptability of coal use. DOE has defined corresponding quantitative goals for the advanced power and fuel systems programs. Partnership with industry is
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envisaged as a key component in the future development of coal-based technologies.
Clinton, W.J., and A. Gore, Jr. 1993. The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House.
DOE. 1991. National Energy Strategy. First Edition 1991/1992. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, D.C.: DOE.
DOE. 1993a. FY 1994 Congressional Budget Request. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/CE-0012, Volume 4. Washington, D.C.: DOE.
DOE. 1993b. Clean Coal Technologies: Research, Development, and Demonstration Program Plan. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/FE-0284. Washington, D.C.: DOE.
DOE. 1994a. FY 1995 Congressional Budget Request. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/CR-0023, Volume 4. Washington, D.C.: DOE.
DOE. 1994b. Strategic Plan: Fueling a Competitive Economy. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/S0108. Washington, D.C.: DOE.
DOE. 1994c. Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program: Program Update 1993. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/FE-0299P. Washington, D.C.: DOE.
Feibus, H. 1993. Overview of U.S. Department of Energy Coal Program. Presentation to the Committee on Strategic Assessment of DOE's Coal Program at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., November 22.


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Researchers use MRI to predict recovery after spinal cord injury
...Since the severity of spinal cord compression is a predictor of outcome after SCI, this study suggests that MRI may predict which patients would benefit the most from decompressive surgery," Dr. Fehlings said. He added that MRI should be performed on all patients with acute SCI whenever feasible as it prov...'Personality-gene' makes songbirds curious
...ity. "The personality trait can be an important predictor of how individuals will respond to predictable and unpredictable changes in their environment and how well they cope with these changes", explains Bart Kempenaers. "If we want to understand the ecological and evolutionary importance of variation in p...Sleep quantity affects morning testosterone levels in older men
...eep measured by polysomnography was an independent predictor of the subjects?morning total and free testosterone levels. "The results of the study raise the possibility that older men who obtain less actual sleep during the night have lower blood testosterone levels in the morning," said Penev. "Although t...PET imaging shows young smokers quick benefit of quitting
...ary endothelial dysfunction is both "a significant predictor of cardiovascular events"—and reversible—its early detection is important, said Tamaki. PET—a diagnostic imaging test that measures metabolic activity and generates images of organ or tissue function?will continue to provide insight into coronary ris...Gene signature assesses breast cancer outcomes
...und that the 70-gene signature was a more accurate predictor of disease outcomes than assessment with the Adjuvant Online! software. Moreover, statistical analysis indicated that most of the prognostic information provided by traditional risk classifiers was included in the gene classifier. The authors write...Newly identified biomarker detects and regulates spread of brain tumors
...ly the tumor is likely to grow and spread and is a predictor of patient outcome. Low-grade tumors are slow growing and show little abnormality, whereas high-grade tumors are highly abnormal and grow and spread quickly, making treatment more difficult. Patients with highly malignant astrocytomas typically have ......thing as follows: Like symmetry (another reliable predictor of attractiveness), prototypicality signals health and fitness ?unusually protuberant eyes might be a clue to disease, for example ?and so is a kind of shorthand for the value of a potential mate. But whereas that explanation makes intuitive sense...A new view on Lyme disease: Rodents hold the key to annual risk
...rally lower than mice, their numbers were the best predictor of total nymph density in the subsequent year, lik...erall, the results found that acorns were the best predictor of Lyme disease risk--stemming from their crucial role in supporting white-footed mice, chipmunks, a...AIDS vaccine research offers new insights on survival
... become infected with HIV may provide an important predictor of vaccine efficacy." Study coauthors include BIDMC investigators Yue Sun, M.D., Darci Gorgone, M.A., Adam Buzby, A.B., Jorn Schmitz, M.D., and Brianne Barker, A.B.; John Mascola, M.D., Ling Xu, M.D., Zhi-yong Yang, M.D., Bimal Chakrabarti, M.D., S...'Signature' of chromosome instability predicts cancer outcomes
...y itself. This 25-gene signature was a significant predictor of clinical outcomes in a variety of cancers (breast, lung, medulloblastoma, glioma, mesothelioma and lymphoma). It could also differentiate between primary tumors and tumor metastases, and, in grade 1 and grade 2 breast cancer, distinguished the mor...Viral genetic differences are possible key to HIV dementia
... neurotoxic variant of HIV, could we use that as a predictor of HIV dementia?" He says that such knowledge could also help care providers make "guided therapeutic decisions ?for example, the detection of particular viral genotypes may lead physicians to select for antiretroviral regimens that cross the blood-...Alaska seal pup diet may hold key to decline of population
...Instead, the starting weight has been the critical predictor of whether the seal would add body mass and body fat, Polasek explained. Seals weighing less than 26 kilos (about 12 pounds) showed little progress in gaining weight and even lost blubber, regardless of which diet they were on. On the other hand, th...AIDS-related cognitive impairment exists in two separate forms
...ost and easy to administer, appears to be a better predictor of relapse and disease-free survival than the Glea...ted a gene expression score that provided a better predictor of relapse than the Gleason score. "This gene expression score appears to give us additional prognos...Markers of gene, protein, or micro-RNA activity predict outcome in prostate and colorectal cancers
...ost and easy to administer, appears to be a better predictor of relapse and disease-free survival than the Glea...ted a gene expression score that provided a better predictor of relapse than the Gleason score. "This gene expression score appears to give us additional prognos...Sweet 'water taste' paradoxically predicts sweet taste inhibitors
...phenomenon. We can now use sweet water taste as a predictor for potential sweet inhibitors." Sweet inhibitors are used by the food industry to counteract the undesirable high sweetness that results from replacing fats with sweet carbohydrates in reduced-fat products such as snack foods and salad dressings. ...Gene expression profile helps predict chemotherapy response in ovarian cancer patients
... important role for microarray gene profiling as a predictor of clinical outcome in ovarian cancer, and could e...o gene profiles [CRP and OCPP] are a more powerful predictor of a patient's prognosis than either profile separately," says Cannistra. "This represents the first...MicroRNA gene that regulates lifespan found by Yale scientists
...r studying the genetics of aging, and an excellent predictor of genes that also control mammalian aging. To test their functions, they made mutants in both of these genes. Animals with a loss-of-function mutation in lin-4 had a lifespan that was significantly shorter than normal, suggesting that lin-4 prevent...Past illegal blood donation in China linked to hepatitis C virus infection
...ling blood or plasma was the strongest independent predictor for HCV-positive findings. Receiving a blood transfusion was also independently associated with HCV; villagers who received blood transfusion had about 8 times the risk of HCV infection than those who had no history of blood transfusion. Among the 5...Weapon performance determines mating success in the collared lizard
... weapon performance (i.e., bite force) is a better predictor of fitness than body size and weapon size. The st...udy finds that bite-force performance was a strong predictor of reproductive success. However, no size measure was correlated with any estimate of mating success......n primary tumors is a very consistent and powerful predictor of a short interval to disease recurrence, metastasis, and death after therapy in cancer patients diagnosed with ten distinct types of cancer. This work indicates that the presence of the conserved BMI-1-associated gene expression pathway that exist...


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How-To Geek Forums / Windows 8
How to install win 8 on a preselected partition
(9 posts)If you install Win8 in Virtual Box, you can do that directly from the .iso file. The Virtual Box installation is the ultimate anyhow because you can run your current system and Win8 seemlessly together. Here is how
I tried Vbox and couldn't get anywhere with that 3 times following advice from Howtogeek and also from Fred Langa.
I got as far as the Install part and it indicated that it could not find the driver.
I am not a computer geek my knowledge is somewhat limited on this stuff but i like to do what i can and try stuff.
Thanks for the comebacks on my inquiry, i really do appreciate it.
Xhi is right. Maybe something is wrong with your ISO. Get the 64bit from here - there are problems with the 32bit in Virtual Box. http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/iso
Topic Closed
This topic has been closed to new replies. Please create a new topic instead.


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A collection of news and information related to Harold Bloom published by this site and its partners.
Top Harold Bloom Articles
Displaying items 12-20
Book review: 'The Notebook' by Jose Saramago
PASSINGS: Barbara L. Packer
Been caught borrowing
Story | Feb 18, 2010 | 4:33 PMIs Helene Hegemann a guilty teen caught copying someone else's work, or a vanguard remixer of a new generation, bringing sampling to fiction? The 17-year-old's novel "Axolotl Roadkill" has reached bestseller lists in Germany despite having been found to... -
Theater review: 'Love's Labour's Lost' at the Broad Stage
Story | Nov 22, 2009 | 4:32 PMThis scenically alluring touring production from England of âLoveâs Labourâs Lost,â which opened Friday at the Broad Stage in Santa Monica, put me in mind of an Elizabethan greeting card â or at least one of those gift shop facsimiles...... -
John Updike, Pulitzer-winning Author, Dies
Story | Jan 28, 2009NEW YORK -- John Updike, the two-time Pulitzer Prize winner for fiction whose novels and short stories exposed an undercurrent of ambivalence and disappointment in small-town, middle-class America, died Tuesday. He was 76. Updike's death from lung cancer... -
John Updike dies at 76; Pulitzer-winning author
Richard Poirier dies at 83; literary critic helped found Library of America
Salinger, Pynchon & Co.: When writers are recluses
Story | Sep 2, 2007They wait like pilgrims, queuing silently, bearing volumes for inscription and awaiting a chance to touch the hem of his garment. They're not Franciscans approaching Assisi but earnest readers rushing bookstores and cultural temples for word -- wisdom,... -
Hitting a nerve
Story | Oct 28, 2002Consumerism and the counterculture collide hard on Telegraph Avenue, where political posters fill the space between chain stores. Three kids in hooded sweatshirts crouch on the sidewalk: "Can you spare some change ... for pot?" Away from the clamor,...


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Type | Feature Film |
MPAA Rating | None |
Runtime | 1hr 19mins. |
Genres | Drama, Comedy, Foreign |
Status | Released |
US Release Date | 12/19/2003 |
A representative for singer Seal has dismissed reports suggesting he has rekindled his love with estranged wife Heidi Klum following her split from her bodyguard boyfriend.
Heidi Klum appears to have found love again following her split from her bodyguard boyfriend after she was linked to the son of filmmaker Julian Schnabel.
The things they say:
Carlton casts a spell on Joyce.
Fascinating fact:
Attention span-testing promos from the likes of Michael Jackson, R. Kelly & MC Hammer
Which is the worst of Panem's deadly beasts?
Lou Reed's widow Laurie Anderson and Bono have penned tribute essays about the late rocker for the new issue of Rolling Stone magazine.
Who should play the intrepid blogger and her hungry boyfriend?
5 Reasons She Does Diva Like No Other
Name | Credit | Credited as |
Michel Serrault | Actor | Julien |
Claire Bouanich | Actor | Elsa |
Nade Dieu | Actor | Isabelle |
Jacques Bouanich | Actor | Sebastien's Father |
Catherine Cyler | Actor | Sebastien's Mother |
Helene Hily | Actor | Marguerite |
Jerry Lucas | Actor | Sebastian |
Pierre Poirot | Actor | Police Commissioner |
Philippe Muyl | Director | n/a |
Patrick Godeau | Producer | n/a |
Philippe Muyl | Producer | n/a |
Francoise Galfre | Executive Producer | n/a |
Philippe Muyl | Screenplay | n/a |
Nicolas Herdt | Director of Photography | n/a |
Mireille Leroy | Editor | n/a |
Nicolas Errèra | Music | n/a |
Nikos Meletopoulos | Production Designer | n/a |
Preview of "The Butterfly Effect." In The Butterfly Effect, a young man struggling with sublimated childhood memories finds a way to travel back into the past and change history. Every change he makes, however, has unexpected consequences. Directed by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber, it stars
The sequel to the The Butterfly Effect follows Nick as he tries to alter the fate of his girlfriend and his best friends after a deadly car crash. The DVD, in stores October 10, features a filmmaker commentary and a behind-the-scenes featurette.
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Domestic Surveillance Topics
Democracy Now! stories, posts and pages that relate to Domestic Surveillance
In his most extended interview in months, Julian Assange speaks to Democracy Now! from inside the Ecuadorean embassy in London, where he has been holed up for nearly six months. Assange vowed WikiLeaks would persevere despite attacks against it. On Tuesday, the European Commission announced that the credit card company Visa did not break the European Union's antitrust rules by blocking donations to WikiLeaks. "Since the blockade was...Nov 29, 2012 | Story
A federal appeals court has ruled the government can continue to keep secret its efforts to pursue the private information of Internet users without a warrant as part of its probe into the WikiLeaks. The case involved three people connected to the whistleblowing website whose Twitter records were sought by the government, including computer security researcher Jacob Appelbaum and Icelandic parliamentarian Birgitta Jónsdóttir. The ACLU and the...Feb 05, 2013 | Story
ACLU Blasts Supreme Court Rejection of Challenge to Warrantless Spying Without Proof of Surveillance
In what's being described as a Kafkaesque decision, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled a group of human rights organizations and journalists cannot challenge the government's warrantless domestic surveillance program because they can't prove they are targets of it. The American Civil Liberties Union and a coalition of human rights groups and journalists filed the lawsuit in 2008 hours after President Bush signed amendments to the...Feb 27, 2013 | Story -
Guardian columnist Glenn Greenwald and Trevor Timm of the Electronic Frontier Foundation join us to discuss domestic surveillance drones and the secrecy surrounding military drones around the world. "I think the importation of the war on terror and its tactics, generally, to the U.S. is probably the most significant development in the world of civil liberties," says Greenwald. Timm is also the co-manager of the @Drones Twitter account....Mar 05, 2013 | Story
The American Civil Liberties Union has obtained documents revealing that the FBI and IRS may be reading emails and other electronic communications of U.S. citizens without obtaining a warrant. This comes just as reports have emerged that the Obama administration is considering approving an overhaul of government surveillance of the Internet. The New York Times reported the new rules would make it easier to wiretap users of web services such as...May 10, 2013 | Story
NSA Whistleblowers: "All U.S. Citizens" Targeted by Surveillance Program, Not Just Verizon Customers
A leaked court order has revealed the Obama administration is conducting a massive domestic surveillance program by collecting telephone records of millions of Verizon customers. The Guardian newspaper published a classified order issued by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court directing Verizon's Business Network Services to give the National Security Agency electronic data, including all calling records on an "ongoing, daily...Jun 06, 2013 | Story -
The National Security Agency has obtained access to the central servers of nine major Internet companies — including Google, Microsoft, Apple, Yahoo! and Facebook. The Guardian and The Washington Post revealed the top-secret program, codenamed PRISM, after they obtained several slides from a 41-page training presentation for senior intelligence analysts. It explains how PRISM allows them to access emails, documents, audio and video chats,...Jun 07, 2013 | Story
Former CIA employee Edward Snowden has come forward as the whistleblower behind the explosive revelations about the National Security Agency and the U.S. surveillance state. Three weeks ago the 29-year-old left his job inside the NSA's office in Hawaii where he worked for the private intelligence firm Booz Allen Hamilton. Today he is in Hong Kong — not sure if he will ever see his home again. In a video interview with The Guardian...Jun 10, 2013 | Story
Speaking from Hong Kong where he broke the story of Edward Snowden outing himself as the NSA whistleblower, Guardian columnist Glenn Greenwald joins us to discuss Snowden's actions and the multiple disclosures he's revealed about government surveillance. "There is this massive surveillance apparatus being gradually constructed in the United States that already has extremely invasive capabilities to monitor and store the communications...Jun 10, 2013 | Story
As Director of National Intelligence James Clapper warns the recent leaks could "render great damage to our intelligence capabilities," we speak to William Binney, a former top official at the National Security Agency, and Glenn Greenwald, the Guardian journalist who has broken the NSA spying stories. Binney spent almost 40 years at the agency but resigned after Sept. 11 over concerns about growing domestic surveillance. He spent time...Jun 10, 2013 | Story
Show for Mar 07, 2014
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FBI Probing Senate Panel for Seizing Classified CIA Docs on Torture
"Deporter-in-Chief" Obama Faces Pressure to Issue New Reprieve for Undocumented Immigrants
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Women's Chorus
We are an all-female vocal ensemble at Middlebury College.
The Women's Chorus is on temporary hiatus due to family leave from the Chorus for Professor Buettner. We hope to resume the ensemble by fall '14. Please email Professor Buettner with any questions!
(Professor Buettner's daughter Greta was born last fall, is happy and healthy but requires a bit of her parents' time for child care during the afternoon and evening rehearsal periods.)
Jeffrey Buettner
Director of Choral Activities
Associate Professor of Music
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: work802.443.5938
Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday and Thursday, 1:30-2:30 or by appointment
Download Contact Information


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Wooden Cutting Boards
15 Products
It's easy to ensure safe sanitation in your commercial kitchen with a restaurant cutting board! Choose from plastic, wood, resin, rubber, and even eco-conscious bamboo boards to handle your food prep tasks. Chop veggies, slice poultry, and dice fruit on these high quality boards. Many of our cutting boards are even designed to help prevent wear on knives. Try color coded cutting boards to establish an HAACP plan in your busy kitchen. Some of our attractive wooden and resin boards can even double as serving platters. Best of all, you can create your own custom cutting board right here at the WEBstaurantStore.com! Be sure to view other great kitchen supplies like mixing bowls and corianders.
Other Kitchen Supplies
- Adapter Plates
- Asian Cooking Supplies
- Bain Marie Pots
- Coffee Decanters
- Cone Wire Baskets
- Cooling Paddles
- Copper Mixing Bowls
- Fryer Oil Filtration Accessories
- Glass Mixing Bowls
- Oval Plastic Food Baskets
- Round Plastic Diner Platters
- Salt & Pepper Refillers
- Square Plastic Food Baskets
- Stainless Steel Heavy Weight Mixing Bowls
- Stainless Steel Standard Weight Mixing Bowls
- Steam Table Spillage / Water Pans