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Schulich School of Music
The Schulich School of Music | |
Location | |
Strathcona Music Building, 555 Sherbrooke Street West Canada, Quebec |
Information | |
Type | Public |
Established | 1904 |
Enrollment | Approximately 875 |
Campus | Urban |
Information | 514-398-4535 |
Website | http://www.mcgill.ca/music |
The Schulich School of Music (also known as Schulich) is one of the constituent faculties of McGill University in Montréal, Canada. The faculty was named after benefactor Seymour Schulich.
- 1 History
- 2 Departments
- 3 Degrees and programs
- 4 Performing ensembles
- 5 Facilities
- 6 Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology
- 7 Student associations
- 8 Notable people
- 9 Schulich Visiting Scholar and Catherine Thornton-Steele Chair
- 10 Schulich Ambassadors
- 11 Awards
- 12 Special events and conferences
- 13 Photo gallery
- 14 Further reading
- 15 References
- 16 External links
Music at McGill – The Beginning
Music teaching began in 1884, although the program was first reserved for women. In 1889, a teaching specialist was engaged at the request of the students by a gift from the university's Chancellor, Donald A. Smith, Lord Strathcona. In 1896, the Royal Victoria College for girls by Lord Strathcona was founded. In September 1899, the Royal Victoria College was opened, and pianist Clara Lichtenstein (1860–1946) arrived on the invitation of Lord Strathcona. In 1902, examinations of the Associate Board of the Royal Schools of Music of London were introduced.
McGill Conservatorium of Music
- 1904 Introduction of the Licentiate diploma (LMus), Bachelor in Music degree (BMus), and Doctor in Music degree (DMus).
- September 21, classes began in the Workman House with 426 students and 23 instructors.
- October 14, official inauguration in the presence of the Governor General, Lord Minot, with a recital by violinist Albert Chamberland and pianist Ellen Ballon.
- 1908 Appointment of Harry Crane Perrin, organist of Canterbury Cathedral, as professor and director.
- 1908 McGill's first university symphonic ensemble is created.
- 1909 Set-up of McGill's own system of music examinations.
- 1911 Charles Henry Mills receives the first DMus degree, for composition.
- 1917 Endowment through a generous gift from Sir William Macdonald permitting the establishment of a faculty of music.
Faculty of Music
- 1920 April 26, establishment of the Faculty of Music. Perrin combined the duties of director of the conservatory and dean of the faculty. Premises, professors and budget were shared.
- 1949 First Music honorary degree to Sir Thomas Beecham.
- Re-organization (1955–1957)
- 1955 Douglas Clarke retires. Marvin Duchow is acting dean of the faculty and director of the conservatory. Three departments were created within the faculty: Theory, Keyboard and Voice, Instrumental. The conservatorium was divided into a senior department, with courses leading to diplomas, and a junior department, its courses confined to basic musical training.
- 1956 The McGill Opera Studio is founded by Luciano and Edith Della Pergola
Faculty of Music and Conservatorium of Music (1957–1978)
- The two institutions shared staff, budget and premises.
- 1964 The Electronic music Studio is established under the direction of István Anhalt.
- 1966 The McGill Conservatorium of Music becomes the McGill Preparatory School of Music.
- 1968 Introduction of the MMA degree in music for composition and musicology.
- 1970 Introduction of the MMA degree in music for theory.
- 1970 The two institutions were separated, but remained under the same direction until 1978.
- 1971 Both institutions moved to the Royal Victoria College, which was renovated and renamed the Strathcona Music Building.
- 1975 Introduction of the MMA degree in performance.
- 1975 The Pollack Concert Hall opened on April 10.
- 1976-7 The Faculty's MMA degrees become the MMus in Composition, the MMus in Performance, the MA in Theory and the MA in Musicology.
- 1978 The Preparatory School becomes the McGill Conservatory of Music.
- 1978 The PhD programs in Musicology, Music Theory, and Music Education are introduced.
- 1979 Introduction of the MMus in Sound Recording.
- 1981 McGill becomes the first university in Canada to offer a BMus degree in jazz performance.
- 1981 The Hellmuth Wolff organ, a French classical model with mechanical action, is inaugurated in Redpath Hall.
- 1989 The McGill Opera Studio is renamed Opera McGill, with Bernard Turgeon as director and Timothy Vernon as conductor.
- 2003 Construction begins on the new facilities for the Faculty of Music.
- 2004 The Faculty of Music celebrates 100 Years of Music at McGill.
New Name - New Century - New Building
- 2005 The New Music Building is opened and the Faculty of Music changes its name to the Schulich School of Music of McGill University.
- 2008 Renovations begin on the practice rooms located in the East Wing.
- 2009 Renovations on the East Wing practice and ensemble rooms are completed.
- 2010 Inaugural season of the McGill International String Quartet Academy
The performance programs at the Schulich School of Music provide students with private lessons and performing opportunities in university ensembles, in addition to studies in the history and theory of music.
The Department of Performance oversees the following areas and area chairs:
Area | Area Chair(s) |
Guitar Performance | Garry Antonio |
Early Music | Hank Knox and John Grew |
Jazz | Jan Jarczyk |
Opera | Patrick Hansen |
Organ and Church Music | John Grew |
Piano | Tom Plaunt |
Strings | Jonathon Crow |
Voice | Valerie Kinslow |
Woodwinds | Abe Kestenberg and Normand Forget |
Brass | Alain Cazes and Sasha Johnson |
Percussion | Aiyun Huang |
Music research[edit]
The Department of Music Research, oversees the following areas and area chair(s).
Area | Area Chair(s) |
Music Composition | Chris Harman |
Music Education | Lisa Lorenzino |
Music History/Musicology | David Brackett |
Music Technology | Philippe Depalle |
Music Theory | Rene Rusch |
Sound Recording | Martha de Francisco |
Degrees and programs[edit]
- Bachelor of Music (BMus)
- Composition
- Music Education [available only as a component of the concurrent BMus/BEd program]
- Music History
- Music Theory
- Performance (Keyboard, Voice, Orchestral)
- Performance Church Music
- Early Music Performance
- Jazz Performance (piano, voice, guitar, bass, sax, trumpet, trombone, drums)
- Faculty Program General
- Licentiate in Music (LMus)
- Artist Diploma
The diploma of Licentiate in Music is a three-year program for instrumentalists and singers who want to focus on their practical skills, and limit their theoretical and historical studies.
The Artist Diploma program is for gifted performers who show promise for a professional career as a performer.
For students who want a broader liberal arts education, a Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Music is also available. The Schulich School of Music believes that students should get a "substantial proportion of their instruction from full-time professorial staff rather than from teaching assistants."[1] The Music Research Department organizes public lectures every year and sponsored conventions for major musical societies. See Special Events and Conferences.
- Master of Arts (MA)
- Music Education
- Music Technology
- Musicology
- Theory Music
- Master of Music (MMus)
- Composition
- Performance
- Sound Recording
- Doctor of Music (DMus)
- Composition
- Performance Studies
- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
- Composition
- Music Education
- Music Technology
- Musicology
- Sound Recording
- Theory
Performing ensembles[edit]
- McGill Symphony Orchestra (MGSO)
- McGill Sinfonietta
- Contemporary Music Ensemble
- McGill Wind Symphony (MWS)
- Beethoven Orchestra
- Baroque Orchestra
- Jazz Orchestra I
- Jazz Orchestra II
- Jazz Orchestra III
- Jazz Combo
- Chamber Jazz Ensemble
- Jazz Vocal Workshop (Jazz Choir)
- Opera McGill
- Schulich School Singers (As of Fall 2010)
- University Chorus
- Cappella Antica
Opera McGill[edit]
Opera McGill was hailed by Opera Canada magazine as "the premiere program in Canada."[2] Since the appointment of Patrick Hansen to Director of Opera Studies, Opera McGill has undergone many changes. In an interview with La Scena Musicale magazine Hansen said: "My focus here, is to figure out the strengths and weakness of the program and how to make it absolutely one of the best in the world."[3] Every year, Opera McGill produces at least three operas on the Pollack Hall stage. During the past four years, the Lisl Wirth Black Box Festival has seen productions of "Albert Herring", "La Rondine", "Dialogues des Carmelites", and "Hänsel und Gretel". For the mainstage, productions of classic opera repertoire have included "Così fan tutte", "The Rape of Lucretia", "The Rake's Progress", and "La bohème". Each year, Opera McGill collaborates with the Early Music Program at Schulich to produce a baroque opera (accompanied by period instruments and in period tunings). The last four years have seen productions of "Alcina", "Thésée", "Agrippina", and "Imeneo".
Orchestral Training Program[edit]
The Orchestral Training Program (OTP) is for students studying an orchestral instrument. The McGill Symphony Orchestra, which is conducted by Alexis Hauser, is the most senior orchestra for the university.
The Schulich School of Music has two main buildings on campus. The Strathcona Music Building and the New Music Building.
The Strathcona Music Building was originally home to the Royal Victoria College, the women's College of McGill University. Presently, the building has two wings referred to as the Center Wing and the East Wing. The Center Wing is home to a concert hall (Pollack Hall), a small recital hall (Clara Lichenstein Recital Hall), a large lecture room, teaching studios, class rooms and ensemble rehearsal spaces. Pollack Hall is the largest performance venue at the Schulich School of Music with over 600 seats. The East Wing is situated in the middle of the Center wing of the Stracona Music Building and the New Music Building. The basement of the East Wing is home to the Music Undergraduate Students' Association office, the students' newspaper office (The Phonograph) and a student cafeteria. The second, third, four and fifth floors which normally house the teaching assistants' offices and the practice rooms for instrumentalists, pianist and vocalists are currently being renovated.
The New Music Building (NMB) was built in 2005 thanks to a $20 million gift from McGill grad Seymour Schulich. The building has 8 floors above ground and two below ground. The bottom floor is known as -2 (minus 2) and is home to the Wirth Opera Studio (name after Manfred and Eliza Wirth), the Music Multimedia Room (MMR) as well as smaller recording studios. The first floor is home to a spacious lobby. On the first and the second floor are entrances to Tanna Schulich Hall, an intimate performance venue which seats 187 people. The third, fourth and fifth floor of the NMB are home to the Marvin Duchow Music Library. The Gertrude Whitley Performance Library and the Music Student Computer Room which was updated during the fall of 2008 can also be found on the fifth floor. The sixth floor is reserved for faculty office spaces. The seventh floor is the home of the Schulich School of Music administration and the 8th floor is home to CIRMMT.
Recitals and concerts are also frequently held at Redpath Hall on McGill University's main campus.
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology[edit]
The Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology is known as CIRMMT, pronounced "kermit". CIRMMT is a multi-disciplinary research centre involving researchers at McGill University, the University of Montreal and the University of Sherbrooke. The centre hosts six state-of-the-art research labs on the eighth floor of the New Music Building. The Centre's research axes are:
- sound modeling, acoustics and signal processing;
- musical gestures, devices and motion capture;
- musical information archiving and retrieval;
- multimodal immersive systems;
- music perception and cognition;
- expanded musical practice.
Student associations[edit]
The Music Undergraduate Students' Association, also known as MUSA, actively represents the undergraduate student body of the Schulich School of Music.[4] Among other activities, the MUSA is responsible for the Musicians' Health Series which presents participatory and informational workshops that are of interest to musicians in training. It is made possible by funding from the Music Undergraduate Students' Association and the Schulich School of Music.
2008-2009 Highlights
Yoga for Musicians
- Excelling in performance through proper alignment and breath. Offered twice weekly during both Fall and Winter Semesters
Alexander Technique
- An introductory workshop to explore the basic principles of the Alexander Technique and its applications to music performance.
- A method of improving the way you live and move. By focusing attention on how the different segments of the body articulate one with the other, the technique bypasses all structural complications, to concentrate on improving how you move and act.
Movement for Musicians
- A workshop to have fun, release tension, discover fluidity and increase your ability to orient yourself in space. Using contemporary dance blended with other body work techniques which focus on letting go of unneeded muscle tension.
Practice Makes Perfect?
- Three of McGill's most active performing faculty: Mark Fewer (violin), Sara Laimon (piano) and Sanford Sylvan (voice) discussed our purpose, misconceptions, responsibilities, and types of practice, in both solo and chamber/collaborative contexts.
Preparing Mentally for a Performance
- An introduction to the application of Sports Psychology for Instrumentalists and Singers.
The Music Graduate Students' Society, also known as MGSS, represents the graduate student body of the Schulich School of Music.
Notable people[edit]
Each year, professional musicians and scholars come to the school to give master classes and guest lectures or to serve as visiting artists, conductors, and faculty.
Among the school's acclaimed faculty are:
Many of its alumni have gone on to distinguished careers. Among them are:
- Yaniv Attar, Assistant Conductor with Alabama Symphony Orchestra
- Jo-Anne Bentley, Canadian Mezzo-Soprano and Professor of Voice at the University of Toronto
- Julie Boulianne, Canadian Mezzo-Soprano with Opéra de Montréal
- Taylor Brook, award-winning composer and musician
- Donna Brown, Canadian Soprano and Professor of Voice at the University of Ottawa
- Edmund Brownless, Canadian Tenor and Voice Teacher at the Hoch Conservatory & Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts
- Benjamin Butterfield, Canadian Tenor
- Carolyn Christie, 2nd Flute with Montreal Symphony Orchestra
- Marianne Croteau, Principal Clarinet with Laval Symphony Orchestra
- Michael Donovan, Canadian Baritone
- Etienne Dupuis, Canadian Baritone
- Megan Evans, Assistant Principal Horn with Edmonton Symphony Orchestra
- Fabrice Fitch, Durham University
- Amanda Forsyth, Principal Cello with National Arts Center Orchestra
- Micah Heilbrunn, Principal Clarinet with Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra
- Joshua Hopkins, Canadian Baritone
- Roma Duncan Kansara, Principal Piccolo with Minnesota Orchestra
- Gillian Keith, Canadian Soprano
- Rhian Kenny, Principal Piccolo, Pittsburgh Symphony
- Jean-Michaël Lavoie, Assistant Conductor with Ensemble intercontemporain
- Suzie LeBlanc, Canadian Soprano and Professor of Voice at Université de Montréal
- Douglas Leopold, openly gay pioneer in Quebec television and radio
- Jens Lindemann, Trumpet Soloist
- Michèle Losier, Canadian Soprano
- Graham Lord, Principal Clarinet with Orchestra London Canada
- Earl MacDonald, Director of Jazz Studies at the University of Connecticut, former musical director and pianist with Maynard Ferguson
- Martin MacDonald, Resident Conductor with Symphony Nova Scotia
- John Mac Master, Canadian Tenor with Metropolitan Opera Company
- Andrei Malashenko, Principal Timpani with Montreal Symphony Orchestra
- Shauna McDonald, Principal Clarinet with Ottawa Symphony Orchestra
- Michael Meraw, Canadian Baritone and Professor of Voice at the New England Conservatory
- Michael McMahon, Pianist and Professor at the Schulich School of Music
- Shannon Mercer, Canadian Soprano
- Geoffrey Moull, Music Director of the Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra, Mentor of the Opera Program at Wilfrid Laurier University
- Michael Murray, Popular & World Music Officer, Ontario Arts Council
- Suzanne Nelson, 2nd Bassoon with Boston Symphony Orchestra
- Joan Patenaude-Yarnell, Voice Professor at Manhattan School of Music and The Curtis Institute of Music
- Pemi Paull, violist with Bradyworks, SMCQ, Kore Ensemble, Ensemble Caprice, Theatre of Early Music
- Remi Pelletier, Violist with Montreal Symphony Orchestra
- Dimitri Pittas, American Tenor with Metropolitan Opera Company
- Annamaria Popescu, Canadian Mezzo-Soprano
- Donald Steven, composer, Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year, Jules Léger Prize for New Chamber Music
- Samuel Tak-Ho Tam, Intern Conductor with Canadian Opera Company
- Daniel Taylor, Canadian Countertenor, Director of the Theatre of Early Music, Adjunct Professor at the Schulich School of Music
- Jeremy Thompson, Dr., Canadian Concert Pianist
- Todd Skitch, Flutist with Memphis Symphony Orchestra
- Jennifer Swartz, Principal Harp with Montreal Symphony Orchestra
- Frédérique Vézina, Canadian Soprano
- Ian Whitman, Principal Bass with Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony
- Gordon Wolfe, Principal Trombone with Toronto Symphony Orchestra
- Ireneus Zuk, Concert Pianist and former Director, School of Music, Queen's University
- Luba Zuk, Pianist and Educator
Schulich Visiting Scholar and Catherine Thornton-Steele Chair[edit]
Dorothy Morton Visiting Artist:
- Menahem Pressler, Piano
Year of Woodwinds:
- Larry Combs, Clarinet (Former Principal Chicago Symphony Orchestra
- Carlo Colombo, Bassoon (Principal Orchestre de Opéra National de Lyon)
- Jeanne Baxtresser, Flute (Former Principal with New York Philharmonic Orchestra)
- Stefan Schilli, Oboe (Principal with Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra)
Brass Year:
- James Thompson, Trumpet (Former Principal Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Phoenix Symphony, State of Mexico Orchestra)
- Jens Lindemann, Trumpet (Professor University of Los Angeles, California)
- Stefan Dohr, Horn (Principal, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra)
- Jörgen Van Rijen, Trombone (Principal, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam)
- Gene Pokorny, Tuba (Principal, Chicago Symphony Orchestra)
- Anton Kuerti, Piano
Schulich Ambassadors[edit]
The Schulich Ambassador Program consists of a select group of student leaders who serve as contacts for prospective students, visitors and friends of the Schulich School of Music. Prospective students may contact the recruitment office and request a tour of the music facilities or to participate in the Student-for-a-Day Program with a Schulich Ambassador.
The Schulich School of Music's Golden Violin Award is the largest privately funded music scholarship in Canada. The prize is $20,000 and is awarded to the top string player who is close to completing studies and has demonstrated the potential for a successful performing career.
The Golden Violin, made of pewter and gold plate, remains on permanent display in McGill's Marvin Duchow Music Library. Its recipients, chosen by the McGill scholarships committee, receive a smaller likeness in the form of a 14-karat gold lapel pin.
Special events and conferences[edit]
- The Schulich School of Music presents approximately 650 concerts a year.[5]
- For 30 years, the McGill/CBC concert series has delivered music to audiences across Canada.[6] It is reported to be the longest university/radio concert series in Canadian history.[citation needed]
- For the last five years, the school has hosted a contemporary music festival called the MusiMarch Festival. This year, American composer John Adams will be among the 200 musicians participating in the festival.[7][8]
- October: The Schulich School of Music is a partner of the Canadian International Organ Competition.
- November: The Schulich School of Music hosts the 69th edition of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra (MSO) Standard Life Competition. Among the other guest teachers, soprano Renata Scotto conducts a master class.
- August: The Schulich School of Music will host the 2009 International Computer Music Conference (ICMC 2009).
- May: The Schulich School of Music hosts an Arnold Schoenberg Exhibit and Symposium to discuss the composer's legacy on form.
- June: The Schulich School of Music hosts the 13th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD).
- October: The Schulich School of Music hosts the sixth annual Future of Music Policy Summit in conjunction with Pop Montreal.
- May: The Schulich School of Music hosts NIME-03, the third International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression.
Photo gallery[edit]
The Strathcona Music Building (foreground) was built in 1901; a new music building (background) was opened in 2005.
Further reading[edit]
McGill's new music lab (The Gazette)
Did you know: Facts about McGill's internationally ranked music program (canadian-universities.net)
Seymour Schulich's golden encore (canadian-universities.net)
McGill University Celebrates 100 Years of Music (La Scena Musicale)
POP MONTREAL: McGill to host sixth annual Future of Music Policy Summit (McGill Tribune)
- ^ http://www.mcgill.ca/music/theory/ Schulich School of Music Quote
- ^ http://www.mcgill.ca/music/performance/opera/ Opera Canada Quote
- ^ Patrick Hansen Fine-Tunes Opera McGill p.52 La Scena Musicale by Nisa Malli. November 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- ^ http://www.mcgillmusa.ca Music Undergraduate Students' Association Website Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~cp/pdf_files/08-09/AnnualCalendar_2008-9_v-sept_26.pdf Concerts p.3 Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/montreal/features/mcgillconcert/includes/CBCMcGillConcertFlyer.Eng.pdf 30th Annual McGill/CBC Concert Series
- ^ http://www.music.mcgill.ca/musimars/ MusiMars Website
- ^ http://www.mcgill.ca/channels/events/item/?item_id=103294 MusiMars Information
External links[edit]
- Schulich School of Music
- Concerts and Publicity
- Music Undergraduate Students' Association (MUSA)
- McGill Music Graduate Students' Society (MGSS)
- McGill International String Quartet and Academy (MISQA)
Coordinates: 45°30′21″N 73°34′24″W / 45.50573°N 73.57345°W


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Controversy surrounds the classification of Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) and the disorders considered its variants.1 Although the classic form of LKS has been well described, clinical and electroencephalographic similarities between LKS and other developmental and acquired cognitive and behavioral disorders associated with an epileptiform electroencephalogram (EEG) raise questions as to the boundaries of LKS. Is it a distinct entity or a subtype of a broader syndrome with a single etiology but multiple clinical phenotypes? The fact that a given child may exhibit features common to several different disorders (e.g., LKS, autism, disintegrative disorder), either simultaneously or at various times over the course of development, adds to the confusion.
Given this uncertainty, attempts have been made to delineate homogeneous subgroups within the developmental language disorders, autistic spectrum disorders, and disintegrative disorders on the basis of the presence or absence of:
Without a clear understanding of etiology or pathophysiology, however, the rationale for these demarcations remains controversial. The central, unresolved issue is whether the epileptiform discharges cause or contribute to language, behavioral, or cognitive regression in these disorders.24
The aim of these pages is to outline the boundaries of LKS and its variants, shedding light on where they diverge and overlap. The initial pages characterize the clinical findings that may distinguish LKS from its putative variants and describe the electroencephalographic features that may distinguish them:
Clinical features of the Landau-Kleffner syndrome
Clinical features of LKS variants
Differential diagnosis
EEG variants: Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep
EEG variants: Centrotemporal (Rolandic) spikes
EEG variants: Occipital spikes or spikes and waves
Other pages highlight areas of debate and summarize the results of treatment and the outcome:
How are epilepsy and epileptiform EEG abnormalities related to language and cognitive disorders in LKS?
What is the etiology of LKS?
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Landau and Kleffner5 were the first to report an acquired aphasia occurring in childhood that was associated with a convulsive disorder.611 Typically, language comprehension in a previously normal child (usually a male) between the ages of 3 and 7 years deteriorates over days to weeks.
Initially, parents often are concerned that their child is becoming deaf. The child is able to hear, however; he or she is alert to environmental sounds and the audiogram or brainstem auditory responses are normal.
The child cannot process meaningful language (verbal auditory agnosia).1215 The language comprehension deficit generally is followed by the insidious loss of speech. Poorly articulated, dysprosodic speech is the rule. Mutism occurs occasionally. (This is believed to occur because expressive language is not yet automatized in the young child and therefore deteriorates without reinforcement.) Older children with this disorder often have greater expressive language deficits (including writing) than receptive deficits.1619
Many children with classic Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) can access language in the visual modality. That is, they can gesture, learn sign language, read, and write.
Except for the language impairment, children with LKS are intellectually normal, as measured (for example) by nonverbal reasoning tests. Sometimes they have behavioral difficulties such as hyperactivity or attention deficit, presumably as a secondary response to their communication impairment. Rarely, psychosis has been described.
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Although classic Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is rare, the disorders considered its clinical variants are relatively common.1,3,20,21 Tuchman21 has proposed a schema that takes into account cognitive, language, social, and behavioral deficits, age of onset, and the EEG and epilepsy status. LKS is contrasted with autistic epileptiform regression and disintegrative epileptiform disorder. Table: Comparison of Landau-Kleffner Syndrome with autistic and disintegrative disorders
Autistic regression is the most common disorder considered a variant of LKS. The clinical picture differs from LKS in several important respects. Unlike children with LKS, children with autistic regression show impairments in social relatedness, both verbal and nonverbal communication skills, and symbolic play. They also demonstrate a restricted, ritualized pattern of interests and activities. Motor, vocal, or visual stereotypies may be observed. Other behavioral disturbances may include distractibility, hyperactivity, tantrums, and difficulty in making the transition from one activity to another. Cognitive impairment is relatively common in children with autistic spectrum disorders who regress.22
Autistic regression tends to occur between 12 and 36 months, generally earlier than LKS. At this age, the normality of prior development is difficult to ascertain.
About one-fourth of autistic children ultimately experience seizures. Epileptiform EEGs are even more common. In Tuchman and Rapins22 cohort of almost 600 children with autistic spectrum disorders, nearly one-third experienced a regression. Of those who regressed, one-third had epilepsy and one-half had epileptiform EEGs. Of those who regressed but did not have epilepsy, one-fifth had epileptiform EEGs. Epileptiform EEGs were thus more common in those who regressed and had epilepsy (60% with epilepsy, 15% without). An epileptiform EEG with or without concurrent epilepsy was more likely to be associated with regression (15% vs. 5%). Thus, almost one-third of this cohort had autistic epileptiform regression (AER).
A number of investigators have reported on individual patients with AER who have responded variably to treatment with antiepileptic drugs.2328 Some patients have been reported to respond to surgical management (multiple subpial transection). (See Treatment)
Disintegrative disorders involve an even broader range of deficits than are seen in the autistic spectrum disorders. By definition, disintegrative disorders begin after age 2 years and before age 10 years in a previously normal child. Some of these children have seizures or epileptiform EEGshence the designation disintegrative epileptiform disorder (DED). Cognitive deterioration tends to be more severe than in the autistic spectrum disorders.
Behavioral disturbances may include:27
Comparing 18 DED children with autistic children (51 with speech loss and 145 without speech loss), Kurita and Michiko29 found that by age 7 years (approximately 4 years after regression), mental retardation was significantly more severe in children with DED than in those with autism. Autistic symptoms among the groups were similar.
Treatment responses in DED are reported on a case-study basis.27,30,31 Although not designated as such, patients with DED often are included in series of patients with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS).3234
A single case study documents significant improvement during valproate treatment in a child with severe learning disabilities and an extremely epileptiform EEG without clinical seizures.35 Another single case study documents a child with a prolonged isolated deficit of prosody in association with an epileptiform EEG.36
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
About 75% of patients with classic Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) experience seizures, which can predate or postdate the onset of aphasia. The rest, by definition, have an epileptiform EEG. Virtually all seizure types have been reported in association with LKS. Generally, the seizures are easily controlled. In rare cases, they may be intractable and require surgery.3739 No specific differences have been reported for the LKS variants.
The abnormalities seen on the EEG in LKS, autistic epileptiform regression (AER), and disintegrative epileptiform disorder (DED) are, for the most part, nonspecific. They include a variety of generalized or focal (approximately 10%) epileptiform discharge patterns.
Probably the most common morphologic pattern in LKS is centrotemporal spikes (apart from the possible Rolandic variant) Centrotemporal spikes also are seen commonly in children with autistic spectrum disorders and AER.22 Electroencephalographic abnormalities generally increase during sleep. Overnight EEG recording definitely picks up more abnormalities than does a routine sleep recording. Prolonged recording (over several nights) may be necessary to document epileptiform discharge, including CSWDS.4042 Amitriptyline activation may increase the likelihood of observing these discharges in some cases.43
In addition to clinically defined variants, a number of electroencephalographic variants exist in the LKS spectrum:
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) may represent yet another level of sensitivity for diagnosis. MEG identified epileptiform activity in 41 (82%) of 50 patients with AER, whereas only 34 (68%) had epileptiform revealed on the EEG.44 Contrasting LKS patients with AER patients, Lewine et al.44 documented primary epileptiform activity during stage III sleep only in the perisylvian region in the LKS patients (bilaterally in 5 of 6) . By contrast, 75% of the AER patients showed independent epileptiform activity in extrasylvian zones in addition to intrasylvian cortex.
MEG has also been used in classic LKS patients to localize the primary epileptogenic region to intrasylvian cortex prior to multiple subpial transection (MST) surgery.45
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) must be distinguished from prolonged ictal aphasia and prolonged postictal aphasia secondary to frequent seizures, each with associated ictal aphasia. For example, one patient who had had a history of transient ictal aphasia developed a prolonged (6-month) postictal transcortical motor aphasia when he began to experience several seizures per night.46 Imaging of cerebral blood flow showed diffusely depressed left hemisphere metabolism during the period of aphasia. Seizure control (with antiepileptic medications) resulted in recovery from the aphasia as well as virtual normalization of regional cerebral blood flow.
Patients with Rolandic status epilepticus and associated oromotor symptoms have been reported.4751 A few patients with documented structural pathology, intractable epilepsy, and severe focal epileptiform activity have shown clear improvement in language that correlated with improved seizure control and decreased epileptiform activity after hemispherectomy.38,39
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
In most patients with Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), epileptiform abnormalities increase during sleep. The pattern of continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) is relatively frequent. For example, in a series of 17 LKS patients reported by da Silva et al.,52 7 patients had CSWS, as did almost half of the patients with LKS or one of its variants in another study.34
Not all patients with CSWS have LKS, however.53 The EEG pattern of CSWS is associated with different clinical phenotypes.34,54,55
When first described, CSWS was called electrical status epilepticus during sleep.56 This term has been supplanted by CSWS because patients with electrical status epilepticus during sleep do not necessarily have epilepsy and because the presence of clinical status epilepticus cannot be demonstrated during sleep. It also is known as continuous spike-wave discharges during sleep (CSWDS).
Some investigators consider CSWS to be a syndrome in its own right, one that lies along the same spectrum as LKS and shares a similar pathophysiology.57,58 Bureau59 has reviewed and mapped the natural history of the CSWS syndrome. The first seizure generally occurs between ages 1 and 10 years, with a peak at 4 to 5 years. In about half the patients, this is a hemiclonic seizure, which frequently is prolonged. Other seizure types also are seen, mostly during sleep. The initial EEG reveals a multifocal spike and slow wave pattern or a diffuse spike and wave pattern. The EEG abnormalities worsen during sleep. In nearly two-thirds of patients, development is normal. The other one-third experience delays, predominantly in language. In nearly one-third, brain abnormalities can be demonstrated on imaging.
During the CSWS period, seizure characteristics change, as atypical absence seizures (including status epilepticus) and atonic seizures begin to predominate and epilepsy becomes severe. Tonic seizures have never been reported. A diffuse spike and wave pattern appears on the awake EEG. CSWS appears during nonrapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep (present for more than 85% of the time) and may continue for months to years. The exact age of onset and duration of CSWS can be difficult to determine clinically, as knowledge of these features depends on the timing of the EEG. The average age for diagnosis is 8 years.
Previously normal children deteriorate (leading to a diagnosis of LKS, autistic epileptiform regression, or disintegrative epileptiform disorder, depending on the clinical features), and previously delayed children regress. In the third phase of CSWS syndrome, epilepsy remits and CSWS disappears. At least half of the patients remain significantly impaired, however. The duration of CSWS on the EEG appears to affect prognosis.
In a comprehensive literature review of 209 patients with CSWS on EEG, Rousselle and Revol53 differentiated three main clinical groups based on neuropsychological profile during the period when CSWS was present. This profile correlated directly with the duration of CSWS and the site of the main epileptogenic focus:
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Centrotemporal spikes probably are the most common specific epileptiform abnormalities found in classic Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) and in children with autistic spectrum disorders with and without regression.22 Although Rolandic epilepsy usually is a benign, age-dependent form of epilepsy, extreme cases have been described.47,49,,51,6063 These patients have had prolonged deficits, including:
Deonna et al.48 have suggested that an oromotor deficit may be the initial symptom in Rolandic epilepsy, preceding the appearance of overt seizures. This pattern parallels the appearance of verbal auditory agnosia in classic LKS prior to the onset of seizures. Deonna speculates that the variations in clinical symptoms between classic LKS and its variants are related to the main site, local extension, and bilaterality of the epileptic foci, rather than to a basic difference in pathophysiology. The patients reported with centrotemporal spikes and classic LKS do not appear to have greater expressive deficits, however. Deonna48 hypothesizes that oromotor difficulties interfere either with simple voluntary oromotor functions or with complex movements including speech production, depending on the location and spread of the epileptic focus around the perisylvian region. Thus, nonlinguistic deficits such as intermittent drooling, oromotor apraxia, or dysfluency, as well as linguistic deficits involving phonologic production, all can occur.
The most severe deficit produced in this context is a complete anterior operculum syndrome. The reported rapidity of onset, duration, progression, and recovery of the deficit varies widely. Such differences could reflect the degree of epileptic activity. As with LKS, the paroxysmal EEG activity (which usually is bilateral) and the clinical deficit sometimes run in parallel, and rapid improvement with antiepileptic medication occurs in some cases.
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Occipital spikes or spikes and waves generally present as an age-dependent, EEG-defined benign focal epilepsy64 manifesting in the younger child as autonomic symptoms followed by brief or prolonged partial motor seizures. Older children have visual symptoms and headache.
Occipital spikes are not always benign, however. Nass et al.65 reported 7 young children (5 from a consecutive series of 42) presenting clinically with autism or autistic regression and possible or definite seizures who had solely or predominantly occipital spikes or spikes and waves on the EEG. These children all exhibited severe language and behavior deficits.
Tenembaum et al.66 reported two teenagers who had carried the diagnosis of benign occipital epilepsy but who deteriorated cognitively and behaviorally when they developed continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) and persistent occipital paroxysms that extended anteriorly.
Beaumanoir67 suggests that the semiology of seizures with occipital spikes or spikes and waves depends on:
Occipital maximal spikes can have fields extending to posterior temporal and parietal regions, both of which are involved in language acquisition and cognitive development. This effect could be most prominent in the young child, who is in the process of acquiring language.
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
The relationship between epilepsy and epileptiform EEG abnormalities and the language and cognitive deficits in classic Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) continues to be debated. Some investigators consider the epileptiform abnormalities an epiphenomenon reflecting underlying brain pathology rather than the direct cause of the language, cognitive, or behavioral disorder.4,68,69 They cite the lack of clear correlation between the status of the epilepsy and EEG abnormalities and the status of the language, cognitive, or behavioral disorder, as well as the lack of consistent response to medication. Although structural lesions are uncommon,70 metabolic abnormalities consistent with primary dysfunctional cortex are described more frequently as technology advances.
Other researchers believe that the language, cognitive, or behavioral disorder is a direct consequence of the epileptiform activity.3,20,7173 In essence, LKS and its variants are a form of epileptic encephalopathy. Studies documenting transient cognitive impairment during epileptiform discharge lend support to this position,24,7478 but electrical status epilepticus can occur without cognitive correlates.79 The anatomic specificity between the particular clinical deficit and the focus of epileptiform abnormalities also supports this position. That is, LKS and its variants each seem to reflect different areas of maximal epileptiform activity:
Consistent with the argument that the epileptiform activity per se has a specific, negative effect on language processing, Seri et al.80 found that left hemisphere spike-triggered auditory evoked responses are associated with a greater reduction in amplitude and increase in latency of responses than are right-triggered auditory evoked responses. Morrells group81 demonstrated that intracarotid amobarbital (Amytal) injection into the hemisphere having the primary epileptiform focus causes the disappearance of discharges over both hemispheres, whereas contralateral Amytal injection suppresses spikes on only the injected side. Patients with significant focal seizure diathesis have shown dramatic improvement of language and cognitive function when hemispherectomy eliminates seizures.38,39
Theoretically, epileptiform activity could disrupt the development of language and cognitive function during a critical period.71 Neurons and axons affected by abnormal electrical discharge may not develop or perform normally.8 Epileptiform activity could interfere with the establishment of normal cortical circuitry.7,11,67,71,8285 Synaptic contacts that should have degenerated by apoptosis could instead be strengthened.2
From a clinical perspective, the time of onset of epileptiform discharges may further obscure the boundaries of LKS and its variants. For example, LKS might start early in the course of language development, making it difficult to distinguish it from a developmental language disorder.86 Verbal auditory agnosia is a well-described developmental language disorder subtype.87 Epileptiform activity is relatively frequent in developmental language disorder cohorts.8891
Controversy also exists as to the extent of the parallel between the presence and severity of the epilepsy and EEG abnormalities and the aphasic disorder (which must be distinguished from ictal aphasia). Many investigators have demonstrated a parallel between the status of the aphasia and the EEG.37 Several have noted that children who received early treatment with anticonvulsants demonstrated a remarkable clinical improvement paralleled by normalization of their EEG.9294 Another report95 told of a patient with an arachnoid cyst whose language and EEG improved after the cyst was shunted.
The status of continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) correlates with aphasia in some cases. Because the disappearance of CSWS may harbinger an improvement in aphasia (although not coinciding with it), some investigators suggest that long-term expectant treatment with anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, or both is worthwhile if the EEG is improved significantly.96 Most long-term prospective case studies generally fail to demonstrate a parallel between the EEG and clinical status, however.97104
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) probably is not a single entity. In most instances, the cause is unknown. The relative rarity of a focal etiology may explain why the outcome of this disorder generally is much poorer than that of other acquired aphasias of childhood (see van Hout105 for a recent review).
Some cases of LKS may be a form of chronic focal encephalitis in the tradition of Rasmussens encephalitis. However, only one of the few pathologic specimens is consistent with encephalitis, and the case itself had atypical features.106
A few patients with documented structural lesions, including tumors and cysts, have been reported.37,73,95,107110 Treatment of these lesions has been associated with temporally related improvement of the aphasia. For example, placement of a peritoneal shunt in a patient with a temporal lobe arachnoid cyst resulted in significant metabolic improvement (as evidenced by SPECT) in all cortical regions, especially the inferior frontal gyrus and the perisylvian area. Residual deficit occurred in the left superior temporal gyrus. The patient showed a pronounced increase in word fluency and some progress in verbal auditory comprehension.95 Tumor and cyst removal also has coincided with improved language function. In one patient with a unilateral intrasylvian pacemaker, all epileptogenic activity stopped after a small transection of a sylvian pacemaker. Her auditory agnosia improved, although her speech did not.45
Increasingly sophisticated electrophysiologic data suggest epileptiform activity of focal origin in some patients. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) documents that the intrasylvian cortex is the pacemaker of the epileptiform discharge in LKS.44,45 In some patients with a unilateral pacemaker, spread to the contralateral hemisphere is rapid.
Metabolic imaging studies (see below) support a focal origin in a number of cases, even when the EEG abnormalities appear generalized. For example, Park et al.111 reported on an 11-year-old boy with partial seizures and cognitive and behavioral regression whose sleep EEG showed continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS). His EEG during wakefulness showed epileptiform discharges over the right parietal region, suggesting that the discharges during sleep were a manifestation of secondary bilateral synchrony. After right-sided intracarotid amobarbital injection, the spike and wave activity was suppressed bilaterally. FDG-PET imaging revealed hypermetabolism in the right superior temporoparietal region.
Generally, the location of metabolic abnormalities and epileptiform abnormalities in LKS and its variants are correlated, and appear predominantly in the temporal lobes:30,95,112115
The metabolic abnormalities in LKS children with CSWS tend to be more extensive than in those without CSWS. Metabolic abnormalities tend to increase in sleep. During metabolic imaging (FDG-PET), patients with CSWS had bitemporal and bifrontal hypometabolism.52
Two patients with CSWS were discussed by Rintahaka et al.117 In the first patient, the awake interictal PET study revealed:
In a repeat PET study performed during sleep in which CSWS was present, the only difference noted (as compared with the awake study) was a marked bilateral increase in temporal cortex metabolism.
In the second child, the awake interictal PET was normal except for mildly increased relative glucose metabolism in the left inferior temporal cortex.117 The sleep PET study with CSWS in this child showed hypermetabolism in both temporal lobes, although the finding was more pronounced and had a wider distribution in the left temporal cortex.
In normal subjects, PET studies performed during awake and sleep states have not revealed such differences. Whether the temporal lobes are involved in the generation of CSWS remains to be confirmed in a larger group of patients.
Maquet et al.30 culled four basic metabolic characteristics of LKS via FDG-PET studies:
Maquet et al.30 hypothesized that the acquired deterioration of cognitive function with CSWS is caused by an alteration of the maturation of one or several associative cortices, primarily involving local interneurons and corticocortical associative neurons. SPECT scanning and steady-state auditory evoked potentials found bitemporal and left frontal pathophysiology in a child with LKS variant responding to corticosteroid treatment.118
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Treatment for both Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) and autistic epileptiform regression (AER), when instituted, has generally consisted of traditional antiepileptic drugs and steroids or ACTH, immunoglobulins,119,120 and calcium channel blockers.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) probably has the greatest efficacy, although detailed prospective outcome studies are lacking.28,94,112 Some have suggested that AER and infantile spasms lie on the same spectrum, given their phenotypic overlap. If this is true, the neuroendocrine underpinnings of infantile spasms121 provide the backdrop for the efficacy of ACTH and, possibly, steroids. Several investigators suggest that early treatment is extremely important.92,94
Surgical treatment has also been tried recently. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides useful presurgical information about the cortical spike dynamics in LKS patients.45 Morrell et al.81 first used multiple subpial transection (MST) in 14 children with aphasia, seizures, and markedly abnormal EEGs. Of the 14 patients, 7 recovered age-appropriate speech, are in regular classes in school, and no longer require speech therapy. Another 4 showed marked improvement and were speaking and understanding verbal instruction, but were still receiving speech therapy. Thus, three-fourths of the patients, none of whom had used language to communicate for at least 2 years, improved significantly after MST.
Sawhney et al.122 reported on the efficacy of MST in 21 patients, 3 of whom had LKS. MST was carried out mainly in the precentral and postcentral regions. The three patients with LKS, who were mute before operation, exhibited substantial recovery of speech.
Gillberg et al.123 also reported positive responses to surgery in two preadolescent autistic boys with tuberous sclerosis. One had a corticectomy in addition to the MST.
Neville et al.124 reported two preschoolers with autistic regression and intractable epilepsy. One improved after left temporal lobectomy and the other after MST.
In the series by Grote et al.,125 11 of 14 children demonstrated significant postoperative improvement on measures of receptive or expressive vocabulary. Results indicate that early diagnosis and treatment optimize outcome and that gains in language function are most likely to be seen years, rather than months, postoperatively. The best predictor of postoperative improvements in language function was the length of time since surgery.125
In one of the patients of Rintahaka et al.,117 continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) disappeared and language function improved after MST surgery.
Nass et al.126 reported 7 patients (derived from a cohort of 36 children who had been referred originally for video EEG monitoring) with refractory epilepsy and AER who responded to MST in varying degrees after medical management had failed. Surgical treatment variously involved MST of the left neocortex in temporal, parietal, and frontal regions, often including regions within the classic perisylvian language areas. One patient also had a left temporal lobectomy. In all 7 patients, seizure control or EEG features (or both) improved after MST. Language, social, and overall behavior improved to a moderate degree, although most improvements were temporary.
In another cohort, 12 of 18 AER patients showed improved behavior or language ability postoperatively, despite the multifocal nature of the epileptiform activity on MEG.44
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
Outcome in Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is generally poor. Fewer than one-third of the original LKS patients ultimately had normal language ability, one-third had mild to moderately impaired language ability, and one-third had severely impaired language ability.127
Dugas et al.40 recently reviewed the literature on the follow-up of 55 LKS patients (at least 14 years of age at the time of follow-up and followed for at least 7 years) with and without continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) and found a similar distribution, with perhaps a slightly smaller percentage of patients experiencing a good outcome.
Another follow-up study conducted on a group of 12 patients (75% of whom had exhibited some language disturbance prior to acquired epileptic aphasia) followed for 2 to 15 years (mean, 8 years) found that only 3 achieved normal language ability, even though the EEG normalized in 9 patients.102
During very long-term follow-up (2030 years), all four patients studied showed marked recovery in language without any intellectual handicap but with some disability in spoken language, auditory verbal perception, and a discrepancy between Wechsler Verbal and Performance IQ scores.13
Clinical or EEG features may affect outcome. Younger patients fare less well than do older patients,128 and those with CSWS may have a poorer outcome. In only 2 (18.2%) of 11 patients with CSWS was language recovery complete after a mean follow-up of 9 years.100 (Of these 11 patients, 7 (63.6%) were mentally retarded.)
"Crowding" (recovery of language at the expense of ordinarily right hemispheremediated functions) may be seen in those with good language outcome.87,127,129 This pattern suggests that reorganization with transfer of language to the right hemisphere underlies recovery. This subgroup with seemingly focal pathology may be distinguishable from other patients with LKS and its variants.
Case studies provide important information about particular linguistic features and linguistic recovery patterns. The features of verbal auditory agnosia have been examined in some detail, particularly in longitudinal studies. For example, a case study describes a 27-year-old woman with chronic auditory agnosia after LKS, which was diagnosed at age 4.5 years. Manually coded (signed) English allowed for good communication. Comprehension and production of spoken language remained severely compromised. Disruptions in auditory processing were observed in tests of pitch and duration, suggesting that her disorder was not specific to language. Linguistic analysis of signed, spoken, and written English indicated that her language system is intact but compromised because of impoverished input during the critical period for acquisition of spoken phonology. Specifically, although her sign language phonology is intact, her spoken language phonology is markedly impaired. Deprivation of auditory input during a period critical for the development of a phonological grammar and auditory-verbal short-term memory may limit lexical and syntactic development.97
Another patient followed from age 6 to 15 years had a fluctuating clinical course with improvement and worsening of aphasia and epilepsy. At the end of the follow-up period, the boy was seizure-free and had moderately disturbed language production and comprehension. The results of linguistic evaluation suggested that the aphasic disturbance was related to a deficiency in phonologic decoding, which leads to phonologic, morphosyntactic, and lexical disturbances. A temporal relationship between the electroclinical picture and the aphasia was observed: persisting improvement in linguistic performance took place only after disappearance of the seizures and the epileptiform abnormalities during sleep.104 In addition, intraoperative evoked potential recording (during MST) documented the ability to distinguish between different consonant-vowel syllables, despite verbal-auditory agnosia.12
Adapted from: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed and revised May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
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51. Shafrir Y, Prensky AL. Acquired epileptiform opercular syndrome: a second case report, review of the literature, and comparison to the Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Epilepsia 1995;36(10):10501057.
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From: Nass R and Gross A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and its variants. In: Devinsky O and Westbrook LE, eds. Epilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001;7992.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed May 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.
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Window Pane Media Cabinet - Holly and Martin
Item Code: HOLLY-63-112-039-4-25
Regular:$309.00Sale:$199.99 (You Save 35%)
Usually ships in 2-3 business days, furniture delivery can typically be expected in 5-7 Days from order date. Ships from Dallas, TX.
Product Description
With a classic look of elegance, this beautiful windowpane media storage cabinet will become a centerpiece for any room. Meticulous detail was taken in the all aspects and the traditional oak finish and double glass-inlaid doors just add that final touch of excellence. Inside, the center shelf is fixed and additional four shelves are fully adjustable to suit your needs. With so much versatility, this cabinet can hold up to 330 CDs or 166 DVDs.EF4701 Features:
- Material: Wood / Veneer
- Holds nearly 330 CDS or 166 DVDs
- Double glass-inlaid doors
- Fixed center shelf and additional 4 adjustable shelves
26.25"(W) x 9.5"(D) x 47.75"(H)
Warranty Information
This product is covered under a 1-year parts only manufacturer's warranty. Additional warranty information included in packaging. Please call us if you have any questions or concerns regarding this product's warranty.


text:
Yellow Taxi
Gothenburg, Swedenhometown
- Easy Listening/Vocalgenre
- Biofull story
This article is about Yellow Taxicabs. For other uses, see Yellow Cab (disambiguation).
There are many Yellow Cab taxicab operators around the world (some with common heritage, some without). The original Yellow Cab Company, based in Chicago, Illinois is one of the largest taxicab companies in the United States.
1 History,
2 'Yellow cab' companies in the United States and in other countries,
3 Movie,
4 See also,
5 References,
6 External links,
In 1908, Albert Rockwell, (founder and General Manager of the New Departure Manufacturing Co. of Bristol, Connecticut) traveled to Europe to evaluate their taxi systems, hoping to develop a similar one in Washington, D.C. 'Wyckoff, Church and Partridge' had a number of orange-yellow colored Rockwell taxicabs operating on Manhattan streets in 1909. By March 1910, the Connecticut Cab Co. (essentially the directors of New Departure Manufacturing Co.) assumed operating control of Wyckoff, Church and Partridge's taxis.
The 'Yellow Taxicab Co.' was incorporated in New York on April 4, 1912. Its fares that year started at 50¢/mile (equivalent to $11.44 in 2011 adjusted for inflation). Among its directors and major stockholders were Albert F. Rockwell and the Connecticut Cab Co. Shortly after incorporation the Yellow Taxicab Co. merged with the Cab and Taxi Co., and with the strength of Connecticut Cab with whom its name was interchangeably used, the young business assumed a large share of the New York market. Its independent corporate life was fairly short, however, as fare wars and restrictions forced a merger with the Mason-Seaman Transportation Co. on March 3, 1914.
The Yellow Cab Company of Chicago (not to be confused the Yellow Taxicab Co.) was founded by John Hertz in 1914. Their specially designed taxicabs were powered by a 4-cylinder Continental engine equipped with a purpose-built taxicab body supplied by the Racine Body Co., of Racine, Wisconsin. According to Yellow Cab Co. tradition, the color (and name) yellow was selected by John Hertz as the result of a survey by the University of Chicago which indicated it was the easiest color to spot.
The Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company was formed in 1920.
'Yellow cab' companies in the United States and in other countries:
The Yellow Cab Company of Baltimore, Maryland, was founded in 1909. (U.S.),
The Yellow Cab Company of Vancouver, British Columbia was founded in 1921. (Canada),
Yellow Cab of Victoria, British Columbia, formerly Empress Taxi. (Canada),
Yellow Checker Cab of Peoria, Illinois, was founded in 1922 and is the largest taxi fleet in downstate Illinois. (U.S.),
The 'Yellow Cab Group' in Australia was founded in 1924. (Australia),
Yellow Cab Co. in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma was founded in 1918. It ultimately became the Yellow Roadway, a major U.S. truck operator (now YRC Worldwide). (U.S.),
Yellow Cab of Edmonton, Alberta was purchased and given the Yellow name in 1945. (Canada),
The Yellow Cab Cooperative of San Francisco, California, was founded on November 8, 1977, succeeding a failed private company. (U.S.),
Yellow Cab of San Diego, California, has been in continuous operation since the 1920s. Yellow Cab of San Diego has since sold all of its vehicles; the company operates now as a radio system only. (U.S.),
Yellow Cab Company of Toronto (U.S.),
Yellow Cab Co of Bay Area (U.S.),
Peter Pan Bus Lines was founded as Yellow Cab Air Line in Springfield, Massachusetts, which was purchased by Peter Carmen Picknelly in 1933. (U.S.),
Louisville Transportation Company of Louisville, Kentucky, operates as Yellow Cab as well as Checker Cab and Cardinal Cab. Yellow Cab of Louisville has been in continuous operation since 1893, when it was founded as Louisville Carriage Company. (U.S.),
NYC Cab (U.S.),
Yellow Cab Of Buffalo Is Part Of Liberty Cab,
NYC Cab in NJ. ,
A movie, The Yellow Cab Man, was made in 1950, starring Red Skelton.
Source: Wikipedia
Text from this biography licensed under creative commons license
Source: Wikipedia
Text from this biography licensed under creative commons license


text:
German firm gets Qatar Rail supply contractQatar Railways Company has awarded a contract to German group Herrenknecht for supply of 15 tunnel boring machines for its upcoming Doha metro project. Qatar is pursuing a large and ambitious vision destined to provide the highest More… |
Qatar Rail opens new office in DohaQatar Railways Company (Qatar Rail), the firm overseeing the construction of the country's integrated railway network, has opened its new office at the buildings permit compound in Doha Municipality. The new office aims to fac More… |
Work starts on Doha Metro stationsQatar Rail has begun work on Doha Metro's 20 stations, out of the planned 25, and preliminary drilling works for the metro tunnels have also started, a senior official said. Qatar Rail has already signed several agreements wor More… |
Doha Metro launch likely in 2019Following the approval of the masterplan and design of the Doha Metro, Qatar Rail has kicked off its ambitious project and aims to launch the country's first metro service in the last quarter of 2019, said a report. Work has already More… |
Doha Metro design gets green lightQatar Rail will start working on its ambitious Doha Metro project following the approval of its masterplan and design by the Emir of Qatar. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani selected the "Vaulted Spaces" design which is More… |
Paladion celebrates Qatar Rail ISO winGlobally acclaimed Information Security Firm, Paladion Networks recently facilitated Qatar Rail in successfully attaining the International Organization for Standardization Certification (ISO 27001), earning the prestigious accreditation after e More… |
Qatar Rail wins ISO for IT managementQatar Railways has won the ISO/IEC 27001:2005 certification for information security management systems. To achieve this certification, a company must show a continuous, structured commitment towards managing sensitive com More… |
New graduates join Qatar RailThe first batch of Qatari fresh graduates joined the Qatar Railways Company, increasing the percentage of Qatari nationals in Qatar Rail to 32 per cent. The intake follows the Qatar Career Fair held recently by the Ministry of Lab More… |
$8bn Doha Metro phase 1 contracts awardedQatar Railways (Qatar Rail), the company overseeing the construction of the much-anticipated integrated railway network, has awarded four 'design & build' contracts worth QR30 billion ($8.23 billion) for phase 1 of the Doha Met More… |
Qatar Rail wins top infrastructure awardThe Qatar Railways Company, which oversees the construction of a major integrated railway network, won the Visionary Project of the Year Award at the sixth Global Infrastructure Leadership Forum in New York. Organised by CG/LA Inf More… |


text:
Berkley native, Marshall Crenshaw headlines Saturday night at the 2013 Fifth Third Bank Michigan State Fair.
Marshall Crenshaw burst on the national scene in 1982 with his self-titled debut album, which was hailed by critics as a pop masterpiece and included the breakout hit "Someday, Someway."
205 N. Michigan AvenueGround FloorChicago, IL 60601Station Operator: (312) 565-5532Newsroom: (312)565-5533


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Live out the coastal holiday of your dreams with a week's excursion to Sri Lanka's famed Beruwela Beach. Bask without a...
Jetwing Beach
If intimacy, fine dining and relaxation are what you're after; then there's no better option than a 10-day getaway to...
Jetwing Blue
Enjoy the best of Sri Lanka's Indian Ocean coastline, basking on the fine gold sands of Negombo's beaches. This resort...
Tangerine Beach
Sri Lanka has quietly become a leading tourist destination as tourists seek to soak up the sunshine that pours down on...
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Browse all Sri Lanka NewsSri Lanka teams up with TUI to launch new tourism promotion campaign
The tour operator TUI will be helping Sri Lanka launch a new tourism promotion next month. The campaign will be designed to encourage more tourists from the Europe, Asia and the Middle East to take Sri Lanka holidays and it will involve new TV advertisements and promotion on local and international travel and tourism websites.
Jetwing Hotels sets sustainability example for other hotels in Sri Lanka
Jetwing Hotels is changing the image of eco-friendly hotels in Sri Lanka with the introduction of solar-power, solar heaters, and the installation of boilers fuelled by biomass and cinnamon wood. Guardian writer, Martin Wright, talks to the Chairman of the hotel group, Hiran Cooray, to find out if it's all too good to be true.
Sri Lanka's Cinnamon Air launches its Sigiriya route
Sri Lanka's Cinnamon Air has announced the addition of daily flights to Sigiriya from Sri Lanka's International Airport (CMB). The addition of these direct flights now offers significant time saving s for those travellers who would like to experience Sri Lanka's Cultural Triangle, which is made up of Sigiriya, the Sacred City of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa.