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Ulrich Kutschera is a German biologist and Darwin scholar who has reached the conclusion that Darwin's 1859 treatise conveys a "philosophical imperative". By this is meant the strict separation of "scientific fact and theories from religious dogmas". Kutschera rejects the claims of some that "evolutionary theory and Bible-based myths are compatible". From an ID perspective, Kutschera's essay warrants a critical analysis because there are points of agreement and major areas of disagreement.
Sailing along with Darwin - Ulrich Kutschera is third from the right (Credit: N. Spencer, source here).
Let us start with the central claim that Darwin "strictly" separated scientific facts and theorising from religion. It is fair to say this was his stated approach - but did he achieve it? Darwin presented himself as working in the Baconian tradition, but how did he implement induction? In his writings, he makes frequent references to the religious concept of creation. Characteristic of his reasoning is that a Creator could not be responsible for the world portrayed in On the Origin of Species. Repeatedly, theological reasons are provided to support Darwin's conclusion. ID authors have drawn attention to this style of argument: notably Nelson (1998) and Hunter (2001).
Once it is acknowledged that theological arguments can be used in scientific discourse to reject design and advance evolution, then it follows that responses to these arguments which affirm design are also, in principle, legitimate within science. This is not, of course, what Kutschera and his colleagues want. Significantly, Darwin advocates never interact with ID authors about these matters.
Continuing with the core theme of Kutschera's paper, Darwin's metaphysical stance is described as philosophical naturalism. This means that only natural causes are admitted within science (although exceptions are permitted for archaeological science and forensic science where evidences of intelligent design are always of great interest). ID advocates have generally agreed with Kutschera regarding Darwin's philosophical naturalism, but not with the way he has reached this conclusion.
Kutschera presents the young Darwin as someone accepting the 'natural theology' of William Paley, but who gradually lost his Bible-based beliefs. This interpretation of events can only be followed if Darwin's autobiographical writings are regarded as authoritative. However, this leads to an approach to Darwin studies that is short on critical appraisal. This is significant because numerous statements made by Darwin appear to some of us as either inconsistent or incoherent. An example would be Darwin's explanation of his use of the word "Creator" in the last paragraph of the Origin - discussed below.
Without going into detail, an alternative interpretation of Darwin's spiritual pilgrimage is as follows. Darwin learned his naturalistic philosophy from his father and grandfather. It was reinforced during his time at Edinburgh University. However, he was forced to question these beliefs at Cambridge, where he was deeply influenced by Christians (notably John Stevens Henslow and Adam Sedgwick) and then on the Beagle (Robert FitzRoy). However, it was Charles Lyell, through his writings on geology, who had a more profound ideological impact and Darwin emerged from his travels fully signed up as an advocate of philosophical naturalism.
Another area where Darwin enthusiasts promote their own reading of history is the furor theologicus, highlighted in the title of Kutschera's article. The fury of theologians is supposed to have been poured on poor Darwin's head, making him insert the 'unscientific' word "Creator" in the last paragraph of the Origin. Darwin's 1863 letter to Hooker is quoted to reveal an author who had "long regretted" truckling to public opinion. What Kutschera does not discuss is why Darwin retained the offending words in every subsequent edition of his book. Also, Kutschera does not interact with Van Wyhe's (2007) paper on why Darwin did not publish the Origin before 1859. He shows (convincingly) that Darwin was not in the least troubled by being out of step with theologians or the public. His concern was to gain acceptance of his theory among his peers.
"[N]o unambiguous evidence has been found that Darwin was particularly concerned about a hostile reception. In fact, all of the evidence that does exist points to other forms of expected objections, gaps in the theory or its evidence for example. None of Darwin's written considerations of difficulties suggests an unwillingness or even a reluctance to go public." (Van Wyhe, 2007, p.184-5)
Darwin's ideas received far more criticism from fellow scientists than from theologians. What Kutschera totally fails to acknowledge is this scientific opposition to Darwinism. The furor theologicus is mentioned several times but never documented. The result is a distortion of history.
Kutschera views Darwinism through a filter of positivist philosophy. There is no recognition that Darwin adopted a theoretical framework of uniformitarianism and naturalism with which he interpreted the data. He claimed to be an inductive thinker, but demonstrated deduction. Nevertheless, Kutschera writes:
"[T]he attempt to depict evolution, labelled as "Darwinism", as though it were a political or religious ideology, [. . .] is a misrepresentation of the way scientists work and think. Evolutionary biology is a non-dogmatic system of modifiable theories that is based exclusively on empirical facts and data."
The real problem in this paper is not that it presents an air-brushed Darwin, but that it appears in a journal designed to be read by teachers and students. What is the message getting through to schools and colleges? Instead of help in developing a critical analysis of the issues, young people are fed with propaganda. These students ought to be assessing the cultural and philosophical underpinnings of Darwinism. They ought to be evaluating the effectiveness of the theory to explain empirical facts and data. Instead, it looks as though anyone seeking to apply critical thinking skills to Darwinism will be regarded as guilty of subverting science!
Darwin's Philosophical Imperative and the Furor Theologicus
U. Kutschera
Evolution: Education and Outreach, (December 2009) 2(4), 688-694 | DOI 10.1007/s12052-009-0166-8
Abstract: In 1859 Charles Darwin submitted a manuscript entitled "An Abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties through Natural Selection" to John Murray III, who published the text under the title On the Origin of Species. On many pages of this book, Darwin contrasts his naturalistic theory that explains the transmutation and diversification of animals and plants with the Bible-based belief that all species were independently created. On the last page of the first edition, published in November 1859, where Darwin speculated on the origin of the earliest forms of life from which all other species have descended, no reference to "the Creator" is made. In order to conciliate angry clerics and hence to tame the erupted furor theologicus, Darwin included the phrase "by the Creator" in the second edition of 1860 and in all subsequent versions of his book (sixth ed. 1872). However, in a letter of 1863, Darwin distanced himself from this Bible-based statement and wrote that by creation he means "appeared by some wholly unknown process." In 1871, Darwin proposed a naturalistic origin-of-life-concept but did not dare to mention his "warm little pond hypothesis" in the sixth definitive edition of the Origin (1872). I conclude that the British naturalist strictly separated scientific facts and theories from religious dogmas (Darwin's "philosophical imperative") and would not endorse current claims by the Catholic Church and other Christian associations that evolutionary theory and Bible-based myths are compatible.
See also:
Van Wyhe, J., 2007, Mind The Gap: Did Darwin Avoid Publishing His Theory For Many Years? Notes & Records of the Royal Society, 61, 177-205 | doi:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171
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Evolution has become a favorite topic of the news media recently, but for some reason, they never seem to get the story straight. The staff at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture started this Blog to set the record straight and make sure you knew "the rest of the story".
A blogger from New England offers his intelligent reasoning.
We are a group of individuals, coming from diverse backgrounds and not speaking for any organization, who have found common ground around teleological concepts, including intelligent design. We think these concepts have real potential to generate insights about our reality that are being drowned out by political advocacy from both sides. We hope this blog will provide a small voice that helps rectify this situation.
Website dedicated to comparing scenes from the "Inherit the Wind" movie with factual information from actual Scopes Trial. View 37 clips from the movie and decide for yourself if this movie is more fact or fiction.
Don Cicchetti blogs on: Culture, Music, Faith, Intelligent Design, Guitar, Audio
Australian biologist Stephen E. Jones maintains one of the best origins "quote" databases around. He is meticulous about accuracy and working from original sources.
Most guys going through midlife crisis buy a convertible. Austrialian Stephen E. Jones went back to college to get a biology degree and is now a proponent of ID and common ancestry.
Complete zipped downloadable pdf copy of David Stove's devastating, and yet hard-to-find, critique of neo-Darwinism entitled "Darwinian Fairytales"
Intelligent Design The Future is a multiple contributor weblog whose participants include the nation's leading design scientists and theorists: biochemist Michael Behe, mathematician William Dembski, astronomer Guillermo Gonzalez, philosophers of science Stephen Meyer, and Jay Richards, philosopher of biology Paul Nelson, molecular biologist Jonathan Wells, and science writer Jonathan Witt. Posts will focus primarily on the intellectual issues at stake in the debate over intelligent design, rather than its implications for education or public policy.
A Philosopher's Journey: Political and cultural reflections of John Mark N. Reynolds. Dr. Reynolds is Director of the Torrey Honors Institute at
Biola University.


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Technology Scholar (UTS) Program
The purpose of the TTU/HHMI Undergraduate Technology Scholars Program is to encourage undergraduate students interested in technology to begin participation in research early in their academic careers, and to provide those students with a long-term, realistic research experience in applied technology and bioinformatics. UTSs can work with faculty mentors on research projects with a substantial bioinformatics component, or with the TTU/HHMI Technology Team where they will use Microsoft® Windows SharePoint Services 3.0, a single-sourcing platform, to create and maintain CISER databases and publish upfront content in Webpages. Scholars work with coordinators in a team environment to research and implement state-of-the-art technology for creating user-end efficient tools for data storage, website management, and collaboration on and off campus.
Program Description
TTU/HHMI Undergraduate Technology Scholars interview five potential mentors from a list of faculty mentors in various departments at TTU, TTUHSC, TIEHH and USDA-ARS laboratory. Students must not contact potential mentors until they know the status of their application and have been informed of the mentor selection process. Scholars must attend a group orientation and training session prior to beginning their laboratory work. Scholars are paid hourly (currently $8.50 per hour) and can work a maximum average of 35 hours a week during the summer and 20 hours a week during the regular semesters. The program does not provide room and board during the summer or academic year. It does not pay tuition and fees. The award does not qualify a student for in-state tuition.
Eligibility To be eligible for this program, students must be: 1) full-time undergraduate students in good academic standing; 2) interested in research with a technology focus; 3) either an American citizen or permanent resident, or, in the case of foreign nationals, hold a visa allowing her/him to work in this country; 4) committed to a long-term research experience, and be able and willing to maintain a serious and ongoing commitment to their research project during the academic year and summer. Other employment, high course loads, or substantial involvement in other activities or organizations are not compatible with the kind of effort that is expected of the undergraduate research students in this program. Students interested in short-term and less committed undergraduate research efforts should pursue one of the many programs that provide those opportunities.
The Scholar application The process is open year round, and applicants are interviewed when Scholar positions become available. If selected and pending satisfactory progress, Scholars may be renewed for each subsequent year, until graduation.


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NCAA Football News
Assistant Coaches Play Huge Role in the Rise of Pac-12 Football
It takes a village to build a winning football program in Pac-12 country. To that end, head coaches have assembled standout support staffs, and the university athletic departments are working to keep talented assistants in the fold.
Stanford head coach David Shaw half-jokingly said after the Cardinal's Pac-12 Championship Game win over Arizona State on Dec. 7 that head coaches and quarterbacks get too much credit and too much blame.
Plenty of credit is given to the conference's head coaches for a season of unprecedented success. But top-level assistants have been integral to the Pac-12's current renaissance. That the Pac-12 is flush with outstanding assistants during the conference's strongest era is no coincidence.
Take Arizona State, which promoted offensive coordinator Mike Norvell to deputy head coach on Wednesday, with a pay raise that The Arizona Republic reports approaches $700,000. Per 2013 salaries culled at USA Today, Norvell's new contract makes him the conference's second-highest-paid assistant.
Norvell's offense put up 41 points per game, up from a plenty impressive 38.4 points per game in 2012. The Sun Devils' high-tempo, spread offense helped pave the way for a Pac-12 South division title and appearance in the conference's title game.
At just 32 years old and driving one of the nation's most high-octane offenses, Norvell has a bright future ahead of him. According to a CoachingSearch.com report, Norvell interviewed for the vacancy at Arkansas State earlier this week.
Jonesboro, Ark., is the cradle of coaches lately. Hugh Freeze (Ole Miss), Gus Malzahn (Auburn) and, last week, Bryan Harsin (Boise State) all parlayed single-season success with the Red Wolves into more prominent gigs.
Add in that Norvell is a branch on the same coaching tree that produced Malzahn, and Arkansas State seemed like the logical next step for the promising coach.
In staying with Arizona State, Norvell sends a message that he has more to achieve with the Sun Devils after their excellent 2013. Likewise, the university's athletic brass is showing its commitment to the program's long-term success, which university president Michael Crow expressed via TheSunDevils.com.
Rewarding the skills of a master teacher like Mike Norvell is a demonstration of that commitment. Coach Norvell's performance as offensive coordinator has been nationally recognized, and this promotion reflects the remarkable track record he has established in the last two years at ASU.
Norvell's deal isn't exactly in the same ballpark as that of another former assistant of Todd Graham—Clemson offensive coordinator Chad Morris, who made $1.3 million in 2013—but it's certainly substantial.
One benchmark for Arizona State to clear is beating Stanford, which accounted for two of its three losses. The Cardinal's Derek Mason has coordinated a top-30 defense each of the last three seasons at Stanford, and top-10 defenses in 2012 and 2013. Mason's success built buzz that he qualifies as a head coaching candidate in his own right.
Of the formulas for Stanford's continued success in the last half-decade, Shaw has routinely touted the athletic department's commitment to keeping staff compensated—and that goes beyond just salaries, as Stanford provides the staff with the opportunity to live on campus.
Hefty paychecks and perks don't immediately translate to victories in any facet of football, and that's clearly true for assistants. Among the highest paid entering 2013 were Brent Pease, who was just released as offensive coordinator at Florida and landed at Washington. Manny Diaz was also in the top 20 before his ouster from Texas in the season's first month.
The Pac-12 has its own examples, like former Washington defensive coordinator Nick Holt. His $650,000 annual salary was among the conference's highest, up until his release after the Huskies gave up 35.9 points per game in 2011.
Of course, there are more examples of well-compensated assistants thriving. Holt's replacement, Justin Wilcox, was the Pac-12's highest-paid assistant in 2013. He more than proved his value in two seasons coordinating the Huskies defense, transforming it into one of the nation's most aggressive units.
Like Mason and Norvell, Wilcox is an intriguing candidate for a head coaching position in the not-too-distant future. His immediate future remains in limbo with former colleague Steve Sarkisian now at USC and Chris Petersen, with whom Wilcox coached at Boise State, now at Washington.
The program that lands Wilcox will get an outstanding defensive mind. In a conference known for its offensive prowess such as the Pac-12, elite defense comes at a high premium.
Losing standout assistants is an inevitability of college football. In an industry as fickle as coaching, it behooves an assistant to pursue other opportunities when they knock. Stanford's seen it happen with former offensive coordinators Greg Roman and Pep Hamilton, both of whom are flourishing at the pro level, as well as with former head coach Jim Harbaugh.
Sustaining success through turnover separates truly great programs. Still, it doesn't hurt to keep a great staff together as long as possible when building a great program. So long as the Pac-12's winning programs hold theirs together, the league's current prosperity promises to continue.
Quotes obtained firsthand unless otherwise noted.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
USC Football: Tosh Lupoi Under Investigation for NCAA Violations at Washington
Current Washington defensive line coach and recruiting guru Tosh Lupoi is under investigation for NCAA recruiting violations, according to Gary Klein of the Los Angeles Times.
Klein reports that Lupoi allegedly paid for private tutoring and online classes for Washington defensive line recruit Andrew Basham:
Mike Davis, a throwing coach who helped Basham win a state shotput title, told The Times that Tosh Lupoi, Washington's defensive line coach, gave him $3,000 to cover private tutoring for Basham through a test preparation company. Davis said he also received $1,500 from Lupoi to reimburse Basham's father for online classes Andrew could use to raise his grade-point average.
Basham ultimately signed with UW but never joined the program due to academic ineligibility. The report also said that USC is confident new head coach Steve Sarkisian was unaware of the incident.
Due to the ongoing investigation, Sarkisian has hit a snag in finalizing his coaching staff. Two weeks ago when he was hired, it was thought that Lupoi was a lock for the now-vacant defensive line coaching position with USC. Even then, there were rumors that USC's Compliance Department had blocked the hire. Klein's report illuminates why that was the case.
Lupoi had been publicly weighing his options of staying in Washington or leaving for USC. One report even suggested that he has been steering UW commits to USC, something he allegedly did when he left Cal for Washington two years ago.
With USC still under NCAA sanctions, the athletic department will want to stay as far away as possible from any more scandals. According to Klein's report, Lupoi is no longer in consideration for the job:
A USC person with knowledge of the process said Lupoi's chance of being hired by USC was now "less than zero." The person was not authorized to speak publicly about the situation and requested anonymity.
If that ends up being the case, USC finds itself between a rock and a hard place while Sarkisian tries to assemble his staff. The chances that fan favorite Ed Orgeron returns to Troy are slim to none, and Lupoi was the front-runner for the job.
Lupoi denied the allegations via text message to the LA Times.
So far, no new candidates have been publicly named as USC targets for the defensive line coaching job.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
1-on-1 with 4-Star QB Cinjun Erskine: Latest Recruiting Buzz for 2015 Prospect
Quarterback Cinjun Erskine garnered interest from college programs following his first season as a starter at Barnegat High School (N.J.) in 2012. The 4-star prospect picked up offers from Miami and Massachusetts in May but remains in search of more FBS scholarship consideration.
The 6'2", 205-pound passer enjoyed an excellent junior year. He completed 55 percent of his attempts for 1,119 yards and 15 touchdowns, per MaxPreps.
Erskine added 652 yards and six scores on the ground. He led Barnegat to its first New Jersey southern sectional championship game in school history.
The combination of arm strength and rushing ability (clocked at 4.68 seconds in 40-yard dash) elevates his stature as an intriguing recruit. Erskine is rated the nation's No. 10 junior dual-threat quarterback in 247Sports' composite rankings.
Erskine is also considered one of the top javelin throwers in the Northeast, drawing interest from Rhode Island and Stanford for his skills in the event.
He recently spoke with Bleacher Report about programs that have entered his recruitment process and the possibility of playing another position at the next level.
Bleacher Report: Describe the high school football journey that brought you to this point as a legitimate college football recruit.
Cinjun Erskine: I transferred into Barnegat from Holy Spirit (Absecon, N.J.) after my freshman season. I broke my thumb on the very first throw of my high school career while playing junior varsity. It ended up being a touchdown pass, so that's good. I took over as the starting quarterback midway through my sophomore season and I've tried to work on improving since then.
BR: You received scholarship offers from Massachusetts and Miami after just a half-season as starter. Are you surprised several more offers haven't followed?
CE: Personally, I thought as soon as I got one offer that more offers would start coming through. I was expecting them to come quickly after that, but I've been patient during the process.
BR: Some teams view you as a quarterback, while others seem to prefer you at a different position. What did you hear from the programs that offered you?
CE: Massachusetts wants me to play quarterback. Miami offered me as an "athlete."
BR: Are you open to playing a position other than quarterback?
CE: I would have no problem with playing somewhere else on the field. I just want to play on offense. If that means I line up in the backfield or as a receiver, that's fine with me. I'll do whatever a team asks me to do.
BR: How much contact have you had with Miami recently?
CE: I haven't been able to talk to them much. I know it was tough with Coach (Al) Golden dealing with the recruiting sanctions. My communication isn't strong right now with the Hurricanes, but I'm not too concerned about it. I'd like to visit the school.
BR: What other programs have become a part of your recruitment process?
CE: Penn State visited my school recently and spoke with my coach (Rob Davis). I've received letters from a bunch of teams that I'm interested in, including Pittsburgh, Notre Dame, Ohio State and Iowa. I visited Pen State and Pitt last month.
BR: How was the Penn State visit (Nov. 16)?
CE: There is nothing better than Happy Valley. I really enjoyed my time there. I spoke a lot with (linebackers coach) Ron Vanderlinden, who is no longer a member of the staff. He called me to let me know that he wasn't going to be with Penn State moving forward. That was kind of unexpected but it's definitely a school I'm interested in.
BR: What stuck out to you most about your visit to Pittsburgh (Nov. 9)?
CE: I saw them beat Notre Dame, which was just a really great game to see. Pittsburgh is a program on the rise. I like the city too. Their quarterbacks coach (Brooks Bollinger) is awesome.
BR Are there any programs you haven't heard a lot from that interest you?
CE: I really like how they run the offense at South Carolina. Obviously, you have to respect that they play in the SEC too. To be honest, I'm pretty surprised that I haven't really had much contact with Rutgers. I'm also an Urban Meyer groupie, so Ohio State stands out.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
Auburn Video: How Tigers Can Stop Jameis Winston in BCS Title Showdown
The BCS National Championship Game should be nothing short of spectacular. Florida State has Heisman winning quarterback Jameis Winston at the helm, while Auburn will do everything possible to make sure he is contained.
How will the Tigers defense go about shutting down the best player in college football right now? Who is the X-factor for Auburn?
B/R experts Adam Kramer, Barrett Sallee and Michael Felder break down what Auburn must do to come away as national champions.
Highlights courtesy of XOS Digital.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
Heart of Dallas Bowl Betting Odds: UNLV vs. North Texas Analysis and Prediction
Two teams will be entering rarefied air on New Year's Day in the Cotton Bowl stadium. It will be the sixth bowl game for the North Texas Mean Green, its first since 2004, and they opened as favorites against the UNLV Runnin' Rebels.
UNLV plays in just its fourth bowl game in the school's history and first since winning the Las Vegas Bowl in 2000. Neither team has ever played in a New Year's Day bowl.
Heart of Dallas Bowl point spread: Mean Green opened as 6.5-point favorites; the total was 56. (Line updates and matchup report)
Odds Shark computer prediction: 38.4-25.7 Mean Green
Why North Texas will cover the spread
The Mean Green (8-4) played an unusually tough schedule this year and answered the bell. North Texas faced six bowl teams and beat three of them. Running Back Brandin Byrd, who rushed for 1,023 yards and 11 touchdowns this year, will have a monster day on the ground against UNLV's 110th ranked run defense.
The Rebels gave up 221.8 rushing yards per game, and Byrd finished the season hot, with more than 200 yards in two of his final three games.
North Texas will rely on its run game and its stout defense that finished ninth with only 18.1 points allowed per game. A win would extend the Heart of Dallas Bowl betting history of favorites getting the job done.
Why UNLV will cover the spread
After a dismal start to the year, the Rebels (7-5) got on a roll to finish with more wins than the previous three years combined. They are led by senior quarterback Caleb Herring, who threw for 2,522 yards and 22 touchdowns, with another five touchdowns on the ground.
His main target, Devante Davis, finished the year with the fourth most touchdown catches in the country with 14. Davis is a big red-zone target that is especially dangerous on fade routes in the back of the end zone.
UNLV struggled against the run but played much better down the stretch. And they face a North Texas team that has struggled to a 1-3 ATS mark recently in bowl action.
Smart Pick
This game is a matchup of two very evenly matched teams. In that case, it's always good to have 6.5 points in your pocket. Taking UNLV +6.5 is the smart play, with this game looking like a prime candidate for a nail-biter.
UNLV's passing attack, complemented by the school's all-time leading rusher Tim Cornett, will move the ball on North Texas' tough defense.
The Mean Green will have success running the ball, but UNLV's 33rd ranked pass defense will limit them through the air. Look for the Rebels to possibly win outright but at least keep it close and cover the 6.5.
- Favored team has won both prior games (formerly TicketCity Bowl)
- North Texas is 1-3 ATS in bowls (first since 2004)
- First UNLV bowl since winning Las Vegas Bowl in 2000
Note: All spread and odds data powered by Odds Shark—follow on Twitter for injury updates and line move updates.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
Texas Longhorns vs. Oregon Ducks Betting Odds: Alamo Bowl Pick, Analysis
Two programs that are accustomed to vying for shots at the national title will meet up in the Alamodome. The Texas Longhorns are playing in their second straight Alamo Bowl, after defeating Oregon State 31-27 last year.
The Oregon Ducks are one of the biggest favorites of the bowl season, giving up 13.5 points on the opening Alamo Bowl odds menu.
Alamo Bowl point spread: Ducks opened as 13.5-point favorites; the total was 69.5. (Line updates and matchup report)
Odds Shark computer prediction: 52.2-34.1 Ducks
Why Oregon can cover the Alamo Bowl spread
Making a case for the Ducks isn't hard. Oregon (10-2) is one of the most talented teams in the nation, with an offense capable of hanging 70 in any game. The Ducks finished second in the country in scoring and yardage, with 49.6 points and 573 yards per game.
Led by early-season Heisman favorite quarterback Marcus Mariota, Oregon was ranked No. 2 in the nation and on the verge of playing in the national championship.
But after losing to Stanford, motivation evaporated, and the team finished 2-2 straight up and 0-4 against the spread in its final four games. The recent Alamo Bowl betting odds history shows favorites covering at a nice 4-1 ATS clip.
Why Texas can cover the Alamo Bowl spread
Unlike Oregon, the Longhorns (8-4) are more than happy to be playing in the Alamo Bowl this year. The Longhorns have been historically good in bowls, going 12-1 in their last 13. After a terrible start to the season, a win over then No. 12 Oklahoma sparked a six-game win streak that saved the Longhorns' season and brought them within a game of a Big 12 title.
Look for the Longhorns' two-headed running attack of Johnathan Gray and Malcolm Brown to run rampant on Oregon's 66th-ranked run defense in order to keep the ball out of the hands of the Ducks' high-octane offense.
It will be a major upset if Texas can extend its 12-1 SU run in bowl games with a win, but covering a big number will be easier.
Smart pick
Despite the lack of motivation, Oregon is a far superior team to the Longhorns. Not only that, but the Ducks match up extremely well schematically with Texas. Oregon's option attack is one of the most dynamic rushing offenses in all of college football, and the Longhorns have proved to be susceptible to potent ground attacks.
In their final game, they surrendered 221 rushing yards to Baylor, and earlier in the year, BYU's option attack gouged Texas for 550 yards on the ground. Oregon could break records on the ground on the way to a rout and should cover the 13.5 points.
- Favorites are 4-1 ATS past five Alamo Bowls
- Texas 12-1 SU past 13 bowl games
- UNDER is 6-2 past eight Oregon bowl games
Note: All spread and odds data powered by Odds Shark; follow us on Twitter for injury updates and line move updates.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
Florida State vs. Auburn: Analyzing How & Why Auburn Run Game Has Been so Potent
Auburn's bread and butter has been using its multifaceted rushing attack to force defenses into mistakes. The Tigers win the numbers game at the line of scrimmage, they stress edge defenders with wide pressure and they block extremely well.
However, the reason Auburn continues to explode for big numbers on the ground is tied to one of the more underrated pieces of the system, quarterback Nick Marshall.
The nation knows about Tre Mason, the explosive running back. People watch the offensive linemen open up gaping holes and get to the second level to maul linebackers. Jay Prosch, Cameron Artis-Payne and Corey Grant all get props for their contributions.
But it is Nick Marshall who makes it all go.
The talk surrounding Nick Marshall is his limited skills as a passer. He's capable of hitting the short passes that are a major part of the offense, but he's struggled pushing the ball down the field. Averaging just 17.7 attempts per game, and only 11.5 attempts over the last six games, Marshall is a lot more akin to Keenan Reynolds of Navy than some of his other SEC sling-the-ball-around counterparts.
Unfortunately, for Marshall, that does not fit with the traditional view of the quarterback position, at least not for most people. A dearth of passing numbers indicates a lack of effective play and often an inability to read the defense, to many on the national level.
Yet, for Marshall and players of his ilk, everything they do is reads. Auburn's base systems of operation utilize the zone read, the inverted veer and mix in the jet sweep to create multiple options for success. Marshall does not have the luxury of walking up to the line and just handing it off. He does not have the luxury of eyeballing a receiver and deciding, pre-snap, where he's going to go down the field.
Instead, Marshall is tasked with deciding, after the snap, which of his two or three options is going to get the football. He has to read the defensive end off the snap for the jet sweep. Then he must watch interior defenders to decide whether to give or keep based upon how they position themselves.
That is a lot of reads that happen in rapid succession and, more importantly, happen in tight quarters with little margin for mistakes.
Auburn's Marshall does this as well or better than anyone in the nation. Marshall is the how and the why, as to why the Tigers have been so remarkably potent as an offense.
The offense is rooted in the run game, but it is no less complex than multifaceted passing attacks. Especially, when Gus Malzahn throws in the packaged play elements to expand the scope of the offense. With the added element of the pass, Marshall is working the give, the keep and the quick screen to the edge; again, three decisions made in an instant.
Auburn's bread and butter is forcing mistakes, and the mechanics behind that revolve around winning the numbers game and putting multiple stressors on the defense. The scheme makes perfect sense, but the reason it works like a machine is because it is conducted by a ball player with a great understanding of the reads.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
Sugar Bowl Betting Odds: Oklahoma vs. Alabama Analysis and Prediction
An improbable matchup for the Sugar Bowl just may turn out to be the best showdown of the college postseason, as the Oklahoma Sooners face two-time defending BCS champion Alabama Crimson Tide.
The Tide were laying -15.5 in early Sugar Bowl betting. The Sooners won and covered their last three games, including two as a road underdog, but Bama has won and covered its last four bowls
Sugar Bowl Point spread: Crimson Tide opened as 16-point favorites; the total was 51. (Line updates and matchup report)
Odds Shark computer prediction: 39.2-23.6 Crimson Tide
Why Alabama can cover the spread
Alabama, which is on a 14-6 ATS run when laying points away from Tuscaloosa, might come in disappointed in this one, as it would much rather be playing in the BCS title game, but that doesn't mean it will ignore this game. Its defense ranked fifth in the nation, allowing 274.7 yards per game and recorded three shutouts this season.
Seven of Alabama's 12 foes could only muster single-digit scoring, while its scoring defense ranked second in the nation in allowing 11.3 points per game. Recent history shows Alabama covering bowl game spreads and covering as double-digit chalk.
With Nick Saban staying put, it's also one less distraction.
Why Oklahoma can cover the spread
Resilience might be the best way to describe how this team can stay in the game. After all, there isn't too many who believed the Sooners (10-2) would recover mentally after getting blown out by Baylor last month.
But impressive road wins over Kansas State and Oklahoma State pushed the Sooners into their first BCS bowl since 2010. The Sooners have a stellar defensive unit that ranked 13th in the nation in allowing just 336.3 yards per game.
Oklahoma held half its opponents to 20 points or less this season. The Sooners can also surprise you on special teams.
Smart Pick
Bama won easily in most of its games, but it opened the season failing to cover three of its first five and then closed the season losing two of its last three at the window. It's not safe to play against the Tide either.
While the UNDER looks enticing based on the Sugar Bowl betting history, the OVER is the smart play as the oddsmakers believe the betting public will focus too heavily on the strengths of these defensive units.
These two teams also like to score points in droves and knowing the way to the winner's circle is by exploiting weaknesses, we'll see both open up offensively and find their way over the posted number.
- UNDER is 7-3 past 10 Sugar Bowls
- Alabama covered spread in five straight post-season games
- Sooners defeated Bama in 2002-2003, only recent meetings
- UNDER is 7-2-1 past 10 Sooner games as underdog
- Alabama is 5-1 ATS when favored by two TDs or more
Note: All spread and odds data powered by Odds Shark - follow us on Twitter for injury updates and line move updates.
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What Really Happened to Jadeveon Clowney in 2013?
This time last year, South Carolina defensive end Jadeveon Clowney had just polished off a stellar regular season and was preparing for the Outback Bowl against Michigan.
It was in that game that Clowney changed.
His helmet-jarring hit on Wolverine running back Vincent Smith elevated him from college football star to college football superhero.
"Last year's bowl game - someone told me there wasn't a single person in China who had heard of Jadeveon Clowney," head coach Steve Spurrier said in quotes released by South Carolina. "Now they all know who he is after that hit. That hit was shown for eight months."
Eight months seemed more like eight years, though.
Clowney—who finished sixth in voting for the 2012 Heisman Trophy—entered the 2013 season with the weight of the college football world on his shoulders. Widely regarded as the first true defensive player to have a legitimate shot at college football's most prestigious individual award in August, he was now also expected to re-create "the hit" on virtually every snap.
That wasn't realistic, and the world found out why in a hurry.
Clowney was slowed by a virus in the opener on the first Thursday night of the season against North Carolina, only managed three tackles with no sacks or tackles for loss, and generally looked out of shape against the Tar Heels.
It was viewed as the exception to the rule at the time, but we found out as the season went on that Clowney's struggles were the norm.
He had sacks in the next two games—a loss to Georgia and a win over Vanderbilt—but hardly made the impact many expected. Teams game-planned around Clowney, which relegated him to more of a spectator.
"You don't see many players that have been double teamed, and triple teamed, and run away from and all that as much as he has this year," defensive line coach Deke Adams said in quotes released by South Carolina. "I think he's done a great job with it. I think he's handled himself well."
He again dealt with a virus in a win at Central Florida in which he only had two tackles, and then came the Kentucky game on October 5—when perception of Clowney changed drastically.
He reportedly told his coaches that he couldn't play shortly before kickoff against the Wildcats, despite being cleared by the medical staff. That wouldn't have been such a big deal had Spurrier not thrown him under the bus in the postgame press conference.
The cat was out of the bag at that point, but cooler head prevailed in the subsequent days, as Spurrier and Clowney both chalked up the incident as a miscommunication.
"It was a miscommunication between me and the coaches and the trainer," Clowney said in quotes released by South Carolina. "I should have handled it different."
But should he have really handled it differently?
Clowney was in a unique spot this season.
He has been considered a sure-fire top-five pick since his freshman season, and he had to balance personal and team priorities on Saturdays in a season in which, had it not been for the NFL's rule mandating players be three years out of high school to enter the draft, he should have been playing on Sundays.
B/R's own Michael Felder ranked Clowney as the fourth-best 4-3 defensive end in the CFB 250 series, which ranks the top 250 players in college football in 2013. Not bad, but certainly not where we expected him to be in Auguest. Clowney's "struggles" this season were a product of circumstances more than anything else.
He entered the season with incredibly unrealistic expectations and a spotlight on him unlike any college defensive end in recent memory. Instead of seeing "the hit" on repeat, we got to see the down-by-down punishment defensive ends take on a weekly basis. That punishment resulted in the rib injury that kept him out of the Kentucky game and aggravated a foot injury that he has dealt with since high school.
It was a down year by Clowney standards, but the standards he set for himself and others set for him were unrealistic.
He was banged up, overanalyzed by fans, intensely criticized by pundits and stuck out like a sore thumb on game tape to offensive coordinators.
It was a perfect storm for Clowney, and he weathered it the best he could.
Now it's on to bowl prep for he and the Gamecocks, which will serve as the final chapter of the Clowney era in Columbia.
"We're trying to finish the season off strong and win this game against Wisconsin," he said in quotes released by South Carolina. "My three years went by so fast. I'm just looking to moving forward in life. I've gotten a lot (out of my time at South Carolina), but there's still more I can learn here."
He learned during his junior season that the spotlight can be blinding, which is valuable to him in his future endeavors and to other college football superheroes who will follow in his footsteps.
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Miami vs. Louisville Betting Odds: Russell Athletic Bowl Analysis and Prediction
The Miami Hurricanes travel up the road to Orlando for their first bowl since 2010 on the heels of a solid 9-3 season. The Louisville Cardinals, armed with superstar pivot Teddy Bridgewater, will be waiting, and they opened as three-point chalk on the Russell Athletic Bowl betting menu.
Cane backers have profited just once in the team's past five bowl games, but this game has been dominated by the ACC with nine wins in 10 games in the past decade.
Point spread: Cardinals opened as three-point favorites; the total was 56.5. (Line updates and matchup report)
Odds Shark computer prediction: 36.3-34.5 Cardinals
Why Louisville can cover the Russell Athletic Bowl spread
The Cardinals (11-1) were one slip-up against UCF away from a perfect season and a BCS Bowl game. Instead they find themselves playing a fading Miami team in what will feel like a road game for the Cardinals.
Luckily for Louisville, the home-field advantage won't make up for the giant gap in talent when it comes to the two offenses. Bridgewater, who threw for 3,523 yards and 28 touchdowns and is the consensus top pick for next year's NFL draft, finished the season fifth in passing efficiency with a rating of 169.7.
DeVante Parker and Damian Copeland should have their way with a Miami secondary that ranks 71st with 233 passing yards allowed per game.
Why Miami can cover the Russell Athletic Bowl spread
The Russell Athletic Bowl, formerly the Champ Sports Bowl, has been dominated by the ACC in the past. Teams from the ACC are 9-1 in the past decade, and have won the last three. Miami's star running back Duke Johnson went down and missed the last four games of the season, but sophomore Dallas Crawford filled in and ran for 12 touchdowns.
Senior signal-caller Stephen Morris has had his best year under center, and is fresh off a three touchdown performance against Pittsburgh. The Hurricanes are battle tested, surviving the deepest conference in the country, while Louisville coasted through the AAC.
Combine that with the Russell Athletic Bowl betting history that shows ACC schools dominate here, and there is plenty of justification for backing the underdog Hurricanes.
Smart Pick
Louisville is flat out better than Miami everywhere. Despite the lack of competition, it's still difficult not to be impressed with the Cardinals' resume. They can throw the ball as well as anyone in the country, and are possibly even better on the defensive side of the ball.
Louisville finished second in the nation, only allowing 257.9 yards per game. Miami's offense started strong, but after Duke Johnson went down, the offense was stale.
The Hurricanes finished the season 1-6 against the spread in their last seven. Louisville wins and covers the three points easily. If that happens, it probably means the trend toward Louisville bowl OVERs (6-1 past seven) will continue.
- UNDER is 7-1 past 8 Russell Athletic Bowls
- ACC schools 9-1 SU past 10 Russell Athletic Bowls
- Miami is 1-4 ATS in bowl games since 2007
- OVER is 6-1 past seven Louisville bowl games
Note: All spread and odds data powered by Odds Shark - follow us on Twitter for injury updates and line move updates.
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Texas Has a Coaching Search Committee: Is This Really Steve Patterson's Hire?
It's difficult to upstage a Jon Gruden rumor, but the Texas Longhorns managed to do it—to itself, mind you—in the same day.
The university announced Wednesday, per The Dallas Morning News, that an eight-member search committee would aid new athletic director Steve Patterson in the search for a new football coach to succeed Mack Brown.
According to Mike Finger of the San Antonio Express-News, this is practically the same committee used earlier this fall to help search for the new AD, a job that ultimately went to Patterson.
Texas will also use the search firm of Korn/Ferry International to help as well, per The Dallas Morning News.
The announcement is an intriguing development given the comments by university president Bill Powers during Sunday's press conference for Brown's resignation. From Chris Hummer of the Daily Texan:
Powers insisted that it would be Patterson, not he or Texas' board of regents, making the hiring decision.
'Athletics is not my field,' Powers said. 'We will talk together and consult and we'll sit down and go through the process. But Steve Patterson will hire the next head coach.'
There are two active members of the board of regents on the committee, as well as a former member. No matter who is hired, he will be presented as "Patterson's guy." But how much of Texas' next hire is on Patterson and how much is on the search committee? Or, how much of it is on boosters making their voices heard behind the scenes?
Chip Brown of Orangebloods.com appeared on the Jason McIntyre Show Wednesday and reported that there was internal pressure to remove Mack Brown. Otherwise, the money well was going to start drying up. Here's Chip Brown's quote, courtesy of the Dallas Morning News:
"I'm told that on Saturday morning (the day after the football banquet) the group leading the change told (UT President Bill) Powers, 'You need to get this taken care of.' Basically he was told a lot of money would come out of the university if it didn't. … Mack, once he learned that, he was like, 'I'm not going to be in the middle of this. I will step away.'"
However the decision-making is truly divided up, there is an abundance of power and ego behind this coaching hire—and the latter is a far more dangerous factor.
Dan Wetzel of Yahoo! Sports wrote Sunday, regarding the Texas hire, that "Division and debates, partisanship and perceived power, are about the only thing that can mess this up."
That's not to say Texas will screw this up, but some initial reaction to the selection committee was, in a word, pessimistic.
If Texas had the utmost confidence in Patterson, a committee to help hire a coach wouldn't be needed. Or, it's possible that this is a move by Patterson to try to appease the powers that be in the early stages of his tenure.
However, Texas believes it has time and options. If there's one way a selection committee could be beneficial (or less destructive), it's if it has time on its side. There appears to be no rush by Patterson or Texas in finding Brown's replacement.
Exploring options for the most important hire of Patterson's young career at Texas is understandable. At the same time, this may be a case where it's best not to overthink things. With all the resources Texas has at its disposal, Patterson could probably plug quite a few coaches into the vacancy and have success.
Texas is far from the only school where everyone, from boosters to regents to administrators, has an opinion on what's best for the football program. The difference is everything the Longhorns do is going to be magnified. That includes the week of disjointed reports leading up to Brown's resignation.
For all the talk about what a great job Texas is—and it is—it's also fair to question what coach would really want all the excess baggage that goes with it.
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Orange Bowl Betting Odds: Clemson Tigers vs. Ohio State Buckeyes Prediction
Left out in the cold after losing in the Big Ten Championship, the Ohio State Buckeyes settled for an Orange Bowl appearance and are laying a field goal to the Clemson Tigers in early wagering.
The Tigers were 1-2 as an underdog this year but are on a 5-3 run in that role dating back to 2011. The Orange Bowl has been kind to dogs in the past decade.
Point spread: The Buckeyes were three-point favorites on the opening Orange Bowl odds menu; the total was 68. (Line updates and matchup report)
Odds Shark computer prediction: 42.9-37.5 Buckeyes
Why Clemson can cover the Orange Bowl spread
For Dabo Swinney, there is plenty of reason to believe he will be coaching for a huge win in this game. For starters, there's the redemption intangible from two years ago, when he and the Tigers were drubbed by West Virginia in this same bowl, 70-33.
Second, this is a chance for Swinney to send his stock through the roof for the college coaching openings popping up everywhere. With the 11th-ranked scoring offense in the nation, the Tigers have a good chance to hang with Ohio State's fourth-ranked scoring offense.
Quarterback Tajh Boyd will also be looking to raise his own stock in this game by making his Tigers the eighth underdog to cover the Orange Bowl spread in 11 tries.
Why Ohio State can cover the Orange Bowl spread
Clemson (10-2) is a very good football team, and a solid win and cover might quiet those who say Ohio State (12-1) coasted through a cupcake schedule. The Buckeyes, who failed to cover their last four games this season, are out to avenge the conference championship loss to the Michigan State Spartans.
The Buckeyes, who have stayed under in six of their last eight bowl games, are 7-3 against the line in bowl games going back to former coach Jim Tressel's first season in 2001.
Ohio State coach Urban Meyer checks in at a 6-1 ATS run in bowl games from his days with Utah and Florida.
Smart Orange Bowl Pick
As good as the Buckeyes are, Clemson's receivers are extremely dangerous and will put Ohio State's secondary to the test in this game. We've seen five teams torch Ohio State's defense for 300 or more yards passing this season, as the Buckeyes' pass defense ranked 11th in the Big Ten, allowing 259.5 yards per game through the air.
Boyd will be aiming for his favorite target, Sammy Watkins, and has a stellar receiving corps he can bank on when turning the offensive game plan vertical.
The smart play is on the Tigers, who have a good shot at winning this game outright. The Orange Bowl betting history has seen a steady diet of "dog and under" lately with underdogs covering seven of 10 spreads and six of seven going UNDER the total.
- UNDER is 6-2 past 8 Ohio State bowl games
- UNDER is 8-3 past 11 games when Clemson is an underdog
- Underdogs are 7-3 ATS past 10 Orange Bowls
- UNDER is 6-1 past seven Orange Bowls
Note: All spread and odds data powered by Odds Shark—follow on Twitter for injury updates and line move updates.
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Houston vs. Vanderbilt Betting Odds: Compass Bowl Prediction and Analysis
The Vanderbilt Commodores lay three points to the Houston Cougars in this year's edition of the Compass Bowl, as Vandy makes its third straight bowl appearance under coach James Franklin.
Vandy arrives at Legion Field in Birmingham on an 8-2 against-the-spread run when playing away from home. They face a Houston team that has been turning major profits at the betting window.
Point spread: The Commodores opened as 1.5-point Compass Bowl favorites; the total was 53.5 in mid-December. (Line updates and matchup report)
Odds Shark computer prediction: 37.7-29.1 Cougars
Why Houston can cover the Compass Bowl spread
The Cougars (8-4) won their first five games of the season with an explosive offense that averaged 39.8 points in those games. In winning seven of its first eight games, Houston averaged 41.1 points per game.
Houston, which has covered 12 of 14 dating back to 2012, is making its eighth trip to the postseason over the past 11 seasons. The Cougars, who are 9-11-1 all-time in bowls, return to the postseason after last year's 30-14 win against then-No. 22 Penn State in the 2012 TicketCity Bowl.
The Cougars covered their last five as an underdog and have cashed out in seven straight games away from home.
Why Vanderbilt can cover the Compass Bowl spread
Vanderbilt, which won seven of its last nine games to close out the campaign, will depend on its defense to slow down Houston's offense. The Commodores will be without the services of quarterback Austyn Carta-Samuels, who had surgery to repair a torn ACL in his left knee.
The Commodores (8-4) aren't used to losing football games as they're 15-4 in their last 19 games dating back to last season.
This is a team that has knocked off Georgia, Florida and Tennessee for the first time in the same season. Coach Franklin is rumored to be in the mix for the Texas head coaching job, according to odds posted this week at Odds Shark, so it remains to be seen whether that emerges as a distraction.
Smart Pick
This total is mysteriously low for a rather high-scoring Houston team, which is an indicator the oddsmakers think this one will play low, and we do too. The Compass Bowl betting odds history is littered with recent UNDER bets, as six of the past seven Compass Bowls have played UNDER the total.
This is the second-lowest total of the season involving the Cougars. With Vandy playing an SEC-savvy game, and having to step up its effort on defense, the Cougars will have to match intensity in what will be a grind-it-out game.
Look for a tight game and this one to stay low and UNDER the posted number.
- Six of past seven Compass Bowls played UNDER total
- Vandy won seven of nine SU to end the season
- Houston is 12-2 ATS past 14 games overall dating to 2012
Note: All spread and odds data powered by Odds Shark—follow on Twitter for injury updates and line move updates.
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For Coaches Like Mack Brown and Bobby Bowden, It's Hard to Know When to Say When
In the clearing stands a boxer
And a fighter by his trade
And he carries the reminders
Of ev'ry glove that layed him down
Or cut him till he cried out
In his anger and his shame
"I am leaving, I am leaving"
But the fighter still remains
Simon & Garfunkel - "The Boxer"
Like legendary prizefighters, college football coaches have the impossible task of deciding when enough is enough. Often, because their gauges have long been broken, the choice is eventually made for them regardless of the creative terminology used in a press release.
Their styles don't change with time, but their movements decelerate just enough. To the average viewer, there is no difference. But the experienced watcher sees the small (but dramatic) slowdown.
The profile still has the same impressive shape it has always had, but the muscles no longer pop—like a teddy bear that has endured the wrath of the washing machine one too many times.
And yet, through all the transformations, missed jabs and gasps for air, the confidence never falters. The end of the cycle is difficult to watch, but the willpower is never questioned. This is what got them there, although at some point the confidence begins to work against them. In the end, only one undefeated opponent remains.
After 16 successful years, Mack Brown's time at Texas is up, at least on the sidelines. The head coach has "resigned," although that word will garner mixed response given the circumstances.
For him, it wasn't a matter of physical slowdown or some sort of mental lapse. Despite being an integral part of the cash cow—or perhaps cash steer is more appropriate—he simply wasn't getting it done.
When announcing that the Alamo Bowl would be his last game, Brown discussed the decision with the utmost class, saying all the right things about this incoming change. This is nothing new, and it's also why this decision was such a difficult one to make.
Courtesy of TexasSports.com:
"I love The University of Texas, all of its supporters, the great fans and everyone that played and coached here. I can't thank (former athletics director) DeLoss Dodds enough for bringing our family here, and (UT president) Bill Powers and the administration for supporting us at a place where I have made lifelong friendships. It is the best coaching job and the premier football program in America. I sincerely want it to get back to the top and that's why I am stepping down after the bowl game. I hope with some new energy, we can get this thing rolling again."
The idea of "new energy" is real. For proof of this, look at what Jimbo Fisher has done in Tallahassee. Fisher, of course, took over for coaching legend Bobby Bowden, a change that was expected and yet difficult to execute. It's also somewhat similar to what Texas is going through right now.
After going 38-28 in his last five seasons, Bowden—like Brown—"resigned." This resignation has since been clarified by the former head coach, although the title of his departure was only that. Even at the time, it was abundantly clear he was being told to go.
"I don't hold a grudge very long,'' Bowden said on his departure from the school courtesy of the Tampa Bay Times. "I'm still a little mystified at the way it happened. I called their bluff, and they weren't bluffing. Remind me never to call someone's bluff again.''
The school was put into a difficult situation, and the result—while ugly at the time—has paid off. Florida State will play in the national championship game next month, and Jimbo Fisher has his team set up to thrive for years if he stays.
That was the end of an era and a beginning of another, one that is finally being realized. Texas is hoping that the name it tags to lead its team will have a similar effect in the shortest amount of time.
Like the schools they coached, Bowden and Brown were also put in difficult situations, ones we cannot even begin to understand. After years—well, decades—of overwhelming football success, they didn't believe change was necessary. Of course they didn't, nor should they.
It's this confidence and attitude that helped guide them to the football zenith, a place few coaches have ever reached. The same attitude has helped turned Florida State and Texas into the enormous financial athletic powers they are today. This wasn't the result of just two people, but it doesn't happen without them.
Was each operating under their own unique sense of entitlement? I certainly hope so. Wouldn't you?
From the outside perspective, it's easy to holler, "give it up!" to those who have hung around too long and call for their heads.
But from the coach's perspective—the one who is being forced out and the others who will see all ends of this cycle—such wave-the-flag options don't exist. There's far too much pride on the line to seemingly walk away from the perceived mess they helped create. And in their mind, things can always be fixed.
There's something to be said about this confidence, which can also be an enormous determent at a certain point. They believed they could still coach at an incredibly high level. It's the only thing they have ever known. Others couldn't wait any longer.
The polite tap on the shoulder came at a time when both weren't ready to give it up. In reality, however, there is no perfect time. In a dream scenario, each coach would be carried off the field one final time after an undefeated season, walking off into the sunset a winner. Retiring on top.
The cycle simply doesn't work that way. Eventually, their enormous successes started to work against them, becoming their own worst enemies at the very end.
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College Football Bowl Picks 2013: Forecasting Intriguing Non-BCS Matchups
If you only focus on the BCS during bowl season, you're doing yourself a disservice.
Each and every year, many of the lesser bowls prove more entertaining than their BCS counterparts. These games give fans a chance to see two teams that normally don't play each other. It's also a chance to see some of college football's biggest stars put on a show before heading for greener pastures.
The 2013-14 bowl slate is no different. From top to bottom, the schedule is loaded with plenty of mouth-watering matchups. Among those 30 bowls, these three stand out.
They feature very good football teams and plenty of intriguing storylines to watch as the action unfolds.
Alamo Bowl
Oregon Ducks vs. Texas Longhorns
The sentimental pick would be Texas. Mack Brown deserves to end his Longhorns career with a win. But against a tough Oregon Ducks team, that's a big ask.
You wonder, though, if this game will have the right combination of motivation from Texas and disappointment/apathy from Oregon to make the upset happen.
Ultimately, Texas' defensive deficiencies are too large to overlook. The Longhorns finished 67th in total defense and 80th against the run.
The Oregon offense will take control early and build a nice lead, and the Ducks will coast until the final whistle.
Prediction: Oregon 47, Texas 24
Cotton Bowl
Oklahoma State Cowboys vs. Missouri Tigers
The Cotton Bowl could go either way. It is shaping up to be one of the more evenly matched non-BCS bowls.
The performance against Baylor makes you think twice about doubting the Cowboys. They dominated on both sides of the ball and looked like one of the best teams in the country.
But Missouri has weapons in Henry Josey, Russell Hansbrough, L'Damian Washington and Dorial Green-Beckham. That's the kind of explosiveness Oklahoma State lacks, and it will prove pivotal in this game.
James Franklin hasn't missed a beat since returning from injury, meaning Mizzou has the kind of QB who can counter Clint Chelf.
Mike Gundy isn't taking that Missouri offense lightly, per Dave Matter of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch:
They have very athletic players that run to the ball and make plays. They've always had a couple linemen, safeties and linebackers that end up playing in the NFL, and offensively they have great speed. They're tall and rangy at the wideout position. The quarterbacks are playing good. Running backs make plays. So it's very similar to what we've seen in the past from when we've competed against Missouri.
The Tigers should prevail, as they get the slight offensive edge.
Prediction: Missouri 34, Oklahoma State 28
Capital One Bowl
Wisconsin Badgers vs. South Carolina Gamecocks
The Wisconsin Badgers aren't just playing for themselves in this game. To a certain extent, they're representing the Big Ten as a whole. Should they lose, that's another stick with which critics will bash the conference next year and beyond.
On paper, the Badgers have a great defense, but the numbers may have been inflated by playing in what was admittedly a bad conference. The season-ending loss to Penn State could be an outlier, or it could be a sign of larger issues with Wisconsin.
This game will likely come down to whether the Gamecocks can stop the Badgers' one-two punch of Melvin Gordon and James White. Both guys eclipsed 1,300 yards and combined to have 25 touchdowns.
If they get going, South Carolina won't stand a chance. Wisconsin will set the tone with time-consuming drives, and Jared Abbrederis will get more space and one-on-one matchups in the secondary.
Prediction: Wisconsin 24, South Carolina 20
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BCS Bowl Games 2013-14: Updated Predictions for Each Marquee Showdown
The BCS bowl games are quickly approaching, with two of the biggest contests of the 2013 college football season slated for kickoff on New Year's Day.
Due to the downtime between the end of the regular season and the start of the bowl schedule, there has been plenty of time to make conjectures about these impending matchups.
Below are updated predictions for all five BCS bowls, along with a closer look at the opening two games and the national title clash between the No. 1 Florida State Seminoles and second-ranked Auburn Tigers.
Note: Team statistics are courtesy of NCAA.com.
Rose Bowl: No. 4 Michigan State vs. No. 5 Stanford
Defense is going to be a huge theme in this one. Both units are exceptional and rank in the top three in rush defense, but each offense is driven by a physical running game.
Stanford senior Tyler Gaffney has been the Cardinal's workhorse all season long, while Jeremy Langford has been the staple in Sparty's backfield that has helped drive the team's success.
Spartans head coach Mark Dantonio emphasized that the Rose Bowl is a chance for Michigan State to back up its Big Ten title victory over Ohio State and prove it belongs on the national stage, per CBS Detroit's Ashley Dunkak:
It's an opportunity to do our thing there. So we're just excited about it. I think our players are. Again, it will be a great challenge versus Stanford, and they're a proven football team. But we'll bring our guys out and see what happens...When you look at Stanford, they're a football team that's going to get it done fundamentally. I think they play with a tough mindset.
Despite some disappointing losses to Utah and USC this season, linebacker Shayne Skov explains how Stanford didn't let those defeats dampen the pursuit of its ultimate goal, as documented by Kevin Gemmell of ESPN.com:
The key thing is we've maintained that same hunger. No one on this team takes anything for granted. We have that same desire. Instead of becoming complacent, we've become hungrier. The standard has become higher and higher. When we were on the outside looking in (after the USC loss), guys were genuinely hurt. We were disappointed in ourselves. To see how important it is for us to be dominant and to win the Pac-12 ... it's not something we're just happy about. It's an expectation. And we're upset when we don't reach those goals.
There is no question the Cardinal are formidable foes and the perfect measuring stick for a Spartans program that plays a very similar brand of football.
Thus, it should come down to the quarterback play between sophomores Kevin Hogan (Stanford) and Connor Cook, who threw for a career-best 304 yards in the Big Ten Championship win.
Co-offensive coordinator Dave Warner believes Cook needs to play within his physical faculties to get the job done in Pasadena, per the Lansing State Journal's Chris Solari:
Since Hogan is in the midst of his second season gaining starting experience and is more of a threat to make plays with his legs, though, he should give the Cardinal enough of an edge to pull out a tight contest.
Prediction: Stanford 20, Michigan State 17
Fiesta Bowl: No. 6 Baylor vs. No. 15 UCF
While the Bears may be getting a lot of attention for the turnaround head coach Art Briles has sparked, courtesy of an amazing offense, it's possible that UCF QB Blake Bortles will be discounted.
Look no further than the respect ESPN.com expert Todd McShay has for Bortles. In McShay's first 2014 NFL mock draft, Bortles is the No. 3 overall pick.
This will be a big test for Bortles with regard to the level of competition, which wasn't as formidable as what his counterpart in Bryce Petty faced in the Big 12. Petty threw 30 touchdowns to just two interceptions, while Bortles did not put up as gaudy of numbers with 22 and seven in those respective categories.
Although the Knights are 13th in the nation in rush defense, they have given up 17 touchdowns, which is bad news ahead of facing the likes of Lache Seastrunk, Glasco Martin and Shock Linwood. Even Petty has run for 11 touchdowns in 2013.
There is just a little bit too much firepower on Baylor's offense for UCF to overcome. Bortles' arm should keep the Knights in it, but this should be a showcase for the Bears' superiority more than the pro future of their adversary's signal-caller.
Prediction: Baylor 42, UCF 31
BCS National Championship: No. 1 Florida State vs. No. 2 Auburn
Now onto the main event. It will be fascinating to see whether the Tigers can continue the stunning turnaround from last year's 3-9 campaign—or if they'll come crashing to earth against what has been one of the more dominant teams in recent memory.
The Seminoles are led by Heisman Trophy winner Jameis Winston under center, and the freshman phenom was well-deserving of the accolade.
Head coach Jimbo Fisher was asked what made Winston (3,820 passing yards, 38 TDs, 10 INTs) so special as a first-year starter, and his response was documented by CBSSports.com's Bruce Feldman:
Between slick ball-carrier Tre Mason, who had a whopping 304 yards in the SEC title game, and swift signal-caller Nick Marshall, Auburn has the most terrifying running game Florida State has faced all season.
Opponents have scored only five rushing TDs on FSU all year, which will have to change drastically for the Tigers to have any chance in this one.
Winston has a superior supporting cast of receivers in 6'5" sophomore Kelvin Benjamin, along with seniors Kenny Shaw and Rashad Greene. Plus, his backfield is stocked with talent in Devonta Freeman, James Wilder Jr. and Karlos Williams.
Florida State's weapons are going to be too much for Auburn's suspect pass defense to contend with. Shortening the game is the Tigers' only chance at victory, but Marshall isn't a good enough passer to keep the Seminoles honest enough.
That will allow the top-ranked team in the country to hoist the Coaches' Trophy as national champions on Jan. 6.
Prediction: Florida State 31, Auburn 24
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
B/R CFB 250: Top 20 Outside Linebackers in College Football
Editor's note: This is the seventh installment in Bleacher Report's CFB 250 for the 2013 season. This signature series runs through December, with National College Football Lead Writer Michael Felder ranking the best players at every position. You can read more about the series in this introductory article. See the CFB 250 page for more rankings.
Outside linebackers, depending on the scheme, operate in a unique space. They run the gamut from primary tacklers in some schemes to big-time pass-rushers in others. Meanwhile, other coaches like to use smaller outside linebackers all over the field instead of putting true nickel packages in the game.
With that vast array of responsibilities in mind, we took everything into account as a means of evaluating these talented players. We evaluated pass rush, run defense, coverage and tackling skills in rating these outside linebackers. If there were any ties, the edge went to the player we would rather have.
Keep in mind, these outside linebackers are being rated on their performance in college, not NFL potential. But to see where these players may go in the NFL draft (whether they are eligible in 2014 or later), check out Bleacher Report draft expert Matt Miller's projections at the end of each player's slide.
College Football Bowl Predictions 2013: Underdogs Primed to Deliver Upsets
What surprises are in store this bowl season?
This time of year is always littered with upsets. You've got teams that have been underrated all year getting their first chance in a high-profile game against tough competition. There are also the BCS conference teams that sleepwalk through four quarters and find themselves in vulnerable situations.
Largely because of these two factors, you'll see plenty of surprises over the next month.
Looking ahead to the bowl schedule, these three teams look likely to overcome the odds and spring the upset.
Boise State Broncos
Oregon State is only opening as the slight favorite in the Hawaii Bowl, so this is one of those games that could go either way.
Some might be dismissing Boise State following Chris Petersen's departure. There's no question how much success Petersen brought the Broncos, but you can speculate how much his absence will actually hurt the team in this game.
It wouldn't be the first time that an interim head coach led his school to a win after the previous head coach moved on. Bill Stewart even parlayed his 2008 Fiesta Bowl win into a full-time gig at West Virginia.
Bob Gregory is getting the call for the Hawaii Bowl, and his players will be eager to prove that Petersen wasn't the only reason the Broncos have risen to national prominence.
Boise State will be up for this much more than Oregon State will. Coincidentally, the Beavers have lost their last five games, so that doesn't bode well for their chances.
Clemson Tigers
Ohio State could still be reeling from that loss to Michigan State in the Big Ten Championship. The Orange Bowl doesn't offer much of a consolation prize to the Buckeyes when they were so close to the national championship.
On the other side, Clemson will be be ready to send Tajh Boyd out right and cap a disappointing 2013 with a statement win.
The OSU defense is a major concern. It failed to get a stop on that fourth quarter drive that put the game out of reach, and in general, Jeremy Langford was met with little resistance. And that was after Michigan racked up 603 yards the previous week.
Suffice it to say, Ohio State can be in trouble against good offenses.
With Boyd and Sammy Watkins, the Tigers have more than enough firepower to expose the Buckeyes.
Auburn Tigers
Destiny is a trope too often used to describe why a team is doing so well.
Then a team like Auburn comes along that makes you believe that some teams do in fact have the college football gods on their side. This season alone, the Tigers have the "Prayer at Jordan Hare," only to be surpassed by the "Kick Six" in the Iron Bowl, not to mention the way that Oregon, Ohio State, Stanford and Baylor have all lost to open the door for the Tigers.
Of course, luck only gets you so far. The Tigers are a strong team from top to bottom, and the combination of Nick Marshall and Tre Mason has been near unstoppable on the ground, carving up opposing defenses with ease.
Florida State hasn't seen a team like this all season. Of course, neither has Auburn, regarding Jameis Winston and the balanced Seminoles attack. Gus Malzahn was amazed at FSU's speed, per Joel A. Erickson of AL.com:
When you turn on the film on both sides of the ball, the thing that jumped out to me is speed, super fast. They've done a great job recruiting. They've got a whole lot of good players. It's not a coincidence they're the No. 1 team in the country and undefeated. Nobody has even come close to them.
Winston and Co. can't play defense, though. Simply put, the Seminoles won't have an answer for the Tigers' ground game. Malzahn has figured out a way to make a run-based offense successful in college football.
Plus, how could you bet against Auburn when nearly everything has gone right for them this season?
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com
USC Football: 4 Biggest Changes Steve Sarkisian Will Make Next Spring
As Southern Cal ushers in the Steve Sarkisian era, there is rampant speculation as to what exactly that means to a program as steeped in tradition as the Cardinal and Gold.
While the nature of Sarkisians changes remain somewhat murky, there is no doubt that Sark' will be instituting his program and that means USC will be looking different by the time spring rolls around.
But what does all of that mean exactly?
Will there be wholesale changes to the offense? What about the defense? Will it look completely different when USC opens camp for the 2014 season?
This slideshow entertains the possibilities of those changes. While much of what will be revealed won't be apparent until sometime later, there are certain assumptions that can be made.
Will USC undergo a complete makeover under Sark'? Here are a few things that Trojans fans can look for in looking ahead to next season.
Bowl Games 2013: Most Exciting Matchups of First Week
With the first week of bowl games almost here, it's finally that time where football can be watched nearly every night of the week. That's the dream, right?
But with so many games going on, trying to watch every single bowl can be difficult. So, picking and choosing the ones that are the most interesting for different reasons usually seems like the best approach.
With a full slate of bowls starting on Dec. 21, here is a list of the games and the most exciting matchups in the first week of action.
Famous Idaho Potato Bowl
Buffalo vs. San Diego State
Dec. 21, 5:30 p.m. ET
In the program's 15-year history, Buffalo had made just one bowl game, which makes this year's bowl extra special. For San Diego State, an 0-3 start to the season left it thinking that just finishing with a winning season was impossible after dropping its season opener against FCS Eastern Illinois, 40-19.
Clearly, the biggest reason to watch this game is to catch Buffalo linebacker Khalil Mack in a college game one last time before he's taken in the 2014 NFL draft. The projected first-round talent finished the regular season with 94 tackles, 19 tackles for loss and 10.5 sacks.
As Mid-Amercian Conference assistant commissioner Ken Mather reported, Mack was named a first-team All-American by CBS Sports:
As for offensive weapons on both sides, Buffalo's Branden Oliver has rushed for 1,421 yards and 15 touchdowns while San Diego State quarterback Quinn Kaehler has completed 60.1 percent of his passes for 2,796 yards with 17 touchdowns and nine interceptions.
Buffalo is seeking its first-ever bowl win. SDSU has lost its last two bowls and is looking to get back on track in December. A game between two teams desperate to close their seasons on a high note could be decided by how well Mack can get to Kaehler behind the line of scrimmage.
Poinsettia Bowl
Northern Illinois vs. Utah State
Dec. 26, 9:30 p.m. ET
This game might be running a little late on the East Coast, but the chance to watch Northern Illinois' offense is worth the loss of sleep. One player behind center in particular could have one more spectacular game to close out his college career.
Senior Jordan Lynch was a Heisman Trophy finalist this year for a reason. The senior signal-caller finished the season with 2,676 passing yards and 23 touchdowns with seven interceptions, as some analysts like Bucky Brooks of NFL.com view him as a potential NFL player.
On the ground, Lynch totaled 1,881 yards and 22 touchdowns, including eight games with more than 100 yards rushing and two games with more than 300 yards rushing to close out the regular season. But after being shut down offensively by Bowling Green, NIU will have to face another stingy defense.
Utah State doesn't score in bunches, being held to 20 points or less in four games this season, but its defense is one of the best in the country, holding opponents to just 17.3 points per game to rank seventh in the country.
In order for Utah State to pull off the huge upset, it will need another great defensive showing against one of the best players in the country. Lynch will be looking to finish his senior season in memorable fashion, but Utah State has some memories of its own to make.
Russell Athletic Bowl
Louisville vs. Miami (Fla.)
Dec. 28, 6:45 p.m. ET
Speaking of potential NFL prospects, this game features a player who could ultimately be the No. 1 pick in the 2014 NFL draft—if he decides to forgo his senior season. Brett McMurphy of ESPN.com reported that this game will be a little more special because Louisville's quarterback will not announce his decision until after the bowl:
Teddy Bridgewater has been one of the best quarterbacks in the country over the last two years and didn't drop off at all this season. While he was overshadowed by others at the end of the season, Bridgewater finished among the top five in the NCAA in completion percentage and passing efficiency.
The junior signal-caller also amassed over 3,500 passing yards, 28 touchdowns and just four interceptions. Over the last two seasons, he has 45 touchdowns to 12 interceptions.
On the other side will be Miami's Stephen Morris, who appears to have found a good connection with receiver Stacy Coley. The two hooked up for 154 yards and three touchdowns to close out the season after injuries decimated a Hurricanes team that had aspirations of an ACC title.
Both teams were ranked among the Top 10 earlier in the season and will be in the same conference next season. With Miami essentially playing a home game in Orlando, Fla., the Hurricanes could potentially pull off the upset. But with Duke Johnson out with an injured ankle and Miami owning a pass defense that ranked 12th in the ACC, expect Bridgewater to pick apart this defense.
Read more College Football news on BleacherReport.com


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Did you know that...
Abbott & Costello raised a record 3 million in just 3 days on behalf of the
war bond effort.
Lou Cristillo became Lou Costello after the actress Dolores Costello! It was Ms
Costello who advised Lou to hone his craft and then let Hollywood ask for him.
One of Lou's first films in Hollywood, long before teaming with Bud, was in a
Laurel &
Hardy film "Battle of the Century!" Lou can be seen as a spectator in
the boxing sequence.
One of Bud Abbott's first partners was his wife, Betty (Jenny Mae Pratt). In
fact, Betty for a time worked with Lou, before Bud and Lou became a team.
Abbott & Costello were the first non-baseball playing celebrities ever to be
inducted into the world-famous Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957.
Abbott & Costello were the first contractual stars with a major film studio
to contractually receive 10% profit participation on their films.
Abbott & Costello were one of the early pioneers of episodic television.
Their 2 season run of "The Abbott & Costello Show" (1951-1952)
generated a whole new gathering of fans.
Bud and Lou actually willed many of their routines (including the ever popular
"Who's On First") to their sons, Bud, Jr. and Lou, Jr. in hopes that
the boys would one day continue the legacy of Abbott & Costello. Lou, Jr. tragically
drowned in 1942, just days before his 1st birthday.
Abbott & Costello were one of the few teams to popularize a variety of
different mediums in show business... in the 22 years of their partnership they
went from burlesque to radio to films to performing on live stage.
According to director, Charles Barton, Bud and Lou were actually the first to
have a 3 camera set-up. 1 on Bud, 1 on Bud and Lou and another on Lou to capture
his double takes and responses.
Bud and Lou literally supported a local Valley bakery while shooting
"Africa Screams" in 1949. The bakery owner used to boast that Abbott
and Costello loved his pies so much that they would come in every morning en
route to the studio to buy his entire morning selection of cream pies! Little
did he know that his pies were being used for pie throws between takes!
Lou NEVER had a drivers license, and whenever he was stopped for a traffic
violation (he as known to "kiss the car in front of him") he would get
the officer laughing so hard that the cop would forget to write him a ticket!
Bud Jr. loved telling the story of how his dad never had a drivers license and
never drove a car, yet owned a very impressive fleet of cars. However, while
filming "Time Of Their Lives" in 1946, there was a scene where Bud's
character was supposed to drive up this driveway and park in front of the
mansion. Bud, Jr. stated that his dad actually took driving lessons in order to
feel comfortable behind the wheel and make the scene believable for the camera.
Bud Abbott was considered one of the industry's most illustrious fashion
statements? Press and media alike always boasted about his handsome looks and
elegant attire. Bud was also known for his large selection and collection of
Lou NEVER lit his cigars when posing for photos?
During the War, the Japanese used to show the "Drill Routine" from
"Buck Privates" to show how stupid the American Army was!
Bud and Lou were one of the first from their era to actually start what today is
called "the wrap party" following the shooting of a film.
Abbott & Costello's first film appearance together was not "One Night
in the Tropics." Actually the team can be spotted attending the films
premiere of "The Boys from Syracuse," captured in a Universal Pictures
newsreel on July 11, 1940, in Syracuse, New York.*
Bud Abbott, an avid gun collector, owned one of Adolph Hitler's shotguns and Tom
Mix's pearl-handled six-shooters in his collection of firearms.*
Lou Costello was ten years younger than his partner, Bud.*
Bud wore a front-piece toupee in most of The Boys' earlier films, and Lou
blackened his
scalp to make his hair appear fuller. Lou's wife would color his head with a
toothbrush and then there would be black marks all over his pillow.*
Lou Costello was the godfather of Bud Abbott, Jr.*
For their individual home-theater collections, both Bud and Lou kept 16mm prints
of every motion picture and television show they made- even kinescopes of live
"Colgate Comedy Hour" appearances.*
Lou Costello's famous high-pitched squeal "I'm a b-a-a-a-d Boy!" came
from one of his grade-school teachers, Mrs. Bessie Whitehead, who made him write
the phrase on the blackboard one hundred times. Little did she suspect that
years later he would turn the phrase into what Liberty magazine called "a
veritable laugh-cry of the nation that would be easily identified by millions of
radio listeners as Lou's signature."*
Bud Abbott owned a trick gold-colored telephone that blasted water out of the
mouthpiece at the person holding the receiver. "He'd have our butler ring
the phone, and when the guest was called to the phone Dad would push the
button," says Bud Abbott, Jr. John Wayne hounded Bud Abbott for the prank
prop and finally swapped prints of his westerns "Hondo,"
"Stagecoach," and "Red River" for the gadget.*
Lou Costello was the first to recognize entertainer Dean Martin's potential in
motion pictures. According to comedian Buddy Hackett, Martin's manager, Lou
Perry, got too demanding when Costello set up a contract for Martin at Warner
Brothers - and the deal was canceled. Later, Martin teamed with Jerry Lewis as a
comedy duo and worked with Bud and Lou on NBC-TV's "The Colgate Comedy
Hour." (Incidentally, reports surfaced that Costello paid $500 for Martin
to have a nose job. Martin, however, denies the story.)*
Although married in a Christian ceremony thirty-two years earlier, Bud and Betty
Abbott remarried on March 13, 1950, in a jewish ceremony in Springfield, Ohio.*
A rumor, published in the book "Hollywood Trivia, has it that "Abbott
& Costello once took out a $100,000 insurance policy with Lloyd's of London
that stipulated payment if any of their audience should die of laughter."
In reality, however, no record of such policy exists in the files, a
spokesperson for the famous agency said in 1989.*
Lou's last film, "The Thirty Foot Bride of Candy Rock," wasn't
released until nearly two years after completion.*
* Taken from "The Official Abbott & Costello
Scrapbook." co. 1990 by Stephen Cox and John Lofflin.


text:
Language component (2.0 credits) 1.0
credit 1.0
credit Oral French component (1.0 credit) 1.0
credit from Additional French courses (1.0 credit) 1.0
credit Note: A Diplôme de français pratique should be awarded when the following criteria are met:Certificat de français pratique
Admission Requirements
A student may not pursue both the Certificat de français pratique and a French module.
Progression and Graduation Requirements
Module: 4.0 courses
1. normally a post-degree program;
2. normally requiring the equivalent of one calendar year or more to complete; and
3. normally consisting of a minimum of 5.0 degree-credit courses.
Also of interest:


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