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4G, short fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology succeeding 3G. A 4G system, in addition to usual voice and other services of 3G system, provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Even though 4G is a successor technology of 3G, there can be signification issues on 3G network to upgrade to 4G as many of them were not built on forward compatibility. Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2006), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section below.
In the United States, Sprint (previously Clearwire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008, and MetroPCS was the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB wireless modems have been available since the start, while WiMAX smartphones have been available since 2010, and LTE smartphones since 2011. Equipment made for different continents is not always compatible, because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April 2012) not available for the European market.
- 1 Technical understanding
- 2 Background
- 3 IMT-Advanced requirements
- 4 System standards
- 5 Data rate comparison
- 6 Principal technologies in all candidate systems
- 7 History of 4G and pre-4G technologies
- 7.1 Deployment plans
- 7.1.1 Afghanistan
- 7.1.2 Africa
- 7.1.3 Australia
- 7.1.4 Austria
- 7.1.5 Belgium
- 7.1.6 Brazil
- 7.1.7 Canada
- 7.1.8 Fiji
- 7.1.9 France
- 7.1.10 Germany
- 7.1.11 Greenland
- 7.1.12 India
- 7.1.13 Indonesia
- 7.1.14 Ireland
- 7.1.15 Italy
- 7.1.16 Kazakhstan
- 7.1.17 Malta
- 7.1.18 Middle East
- 7.1.19 The Netherlands
- 7.1.20 New Zealand
- 7.1.21 Pakistan
- 7.1.22 Philippines
- 7.1.23 Poland
- 7.1.24 Romania
- 7.1.25 Russian Federation
- 7.1.26 Scandinavia
- 7.1.27 Slovakia
- 7.1.28 Spain
- 7.1.29 South Korea
- 7.1.30 Sri Lanka
- 7.1.31 Switzerland
- 7.1.32 Thailand
- 7.1.33 Turkmenistan
- 7.1.34 United Kingdom
- 7.1.35 United States
- 7.1 Deployment plans
- 8 Beyond 4G research
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Technical understanding[edit]
In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).
Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".
Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,[citation needed] and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. Services are expected in 2013.
As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and other frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.
The term "generation" used to name successive evolutions of radio networks in general is arbitrary. There are several interpretations, and no official definition has been made despite the consensus behind ITU-R's labels. From ITU-R's point of view, 4G is equivalent to IMT-Advanced which has specific performance requirements as explained below. According to operators, a generation of network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. The end user expects the next generation of network to provide better performance and connectivity than the previous generation. Meanwhile, GSM, UMTS and LTE networks coexist; and end-users will only receive the benefit of the new generation architecture when they simultaneously: use an access device compatible with the new infrastructure, are within range of the new infrastructure, and pay the provider for access to that new infrastructure.
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/Hertz/site).
New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 expected to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.
While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP.
In mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 200 kbit/s peak bit rate. In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which is commercially available since 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carrier)[1] or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s is possible, but has not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream.[citation needed]
IMT-Advanced requirements[edit]
This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements:[2]
- Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.
- Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.
- Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.
- Using scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.[3][4]
- Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
- System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.[3]
- Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
- The ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[5] Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:
- LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
- 802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)
Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are still far from being implemented.[2]
The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[6] LTE Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and will not be defined as a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.[7]
Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.[citation needed]
Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions,[citation needed] commonly referred to as '3.9G',[citation needed] which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards,[citation needed] but today can be called 4G according to ITU-R .[citation needed] A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies ;[citation needed] that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm ;[citation needed] and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G,[citation needed] whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards.[citation needed]
System standards[edit]
IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards[edit]
Recently, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[8] for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.
LTE Advanced[edit]
- See also: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) below
LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2013. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.[9] LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the IMT Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s of download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.[10]
LTE Advanced | |
Peak download | 1 Gbit/s |
Peak upload | 500 Mbit/s |
IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced[edit]
The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.[11]
Forerunner versions[edit]
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)[edit]
- See also: LTE Advanced above
The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G-LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do not support any other radio interface.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[12] As of Nov 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by MetroPCS,[13] Verizon Wireless,[14] AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular,[15] Sprint,[16] and T-Mobile US.[17]
T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.[citation needed]
In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012.[18] KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012, and complete the nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June 2012.
In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by EE in October 2012,[19] and by O2 and Vodafone in August 2013.[20]
Peak download | 100 Mbit/s |
Peak upload | 50 Mbit/s |
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)[edit]
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels .[citation needed]
In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea.[21]
Sprint has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.[22]
In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota.
WiMAX | |
Peak download | 128 Mbit/s |
Peak upload | 56 Mbit/s |
TD-LTE for China market[edit]
Just when Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMax are vigorously promoting in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology, and quickly occupied the Chinese market. TD-LTE, one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers one after another turn to TD-LTE.
IBM's data show that 67% of the operators are considering LTE, because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirmed this statement of IBM. While only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX. WiMax can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market, but still could challenge LTE.
TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator - China Mobile. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable.
Discontinued candidate systems[edit]
UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)[edit]
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead.[23] The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.
At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.
iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems[edit]
The iBurst system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.
Data rate comparison[edit]
The following table shows a comparison of the 4G candidate systems as well as other competing technologies.
Common Name |
Family | Primary Use | Radio Tech | Downstream (Mbit/s) |
Upstream (Mbit/s) |
Notes |
HSPA+ | 3GPP | 3G Data | CDMA/FDD MIMO |
21 42 84 672 |
5.8 11.5 22 168 |
HSPA+ is widely deployed. Revision 11 of the 3GPP states that HSPA+ is expected to have a throughput capacity of 672 Mbit/s. |
LTE | 3GPP | General 4G | OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA | 100 Cat3 150 Cat4 300 Cat5 (in 20 MHz FDD) [24] |
50 Cat3/4 75 Cat5 (in 20 MHz FDD)[24] |
LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mb/s to mobile users. |
WiMax rel 1 | 802.16 | WirelessMAN | MIMO-SOFDMA | 37 (10 MHz TDD) | 17 (10 MHz TDD) | With 2x2 MIMO.[25] |
WiMax rel 1.5 | 802.16-2009 | WirelessMAN | MIMO-SOFDMA | 83 (20 MHz TDD) 141 (2x20 MHz FDD) |
46 (20 MHz TDD) 138 (2x20 MHz FDD) |
With 2x2 MIMO.Enhanced with 20 MHz channels in 802.16-2009[25] |
WiMAX rel 2 | 802.16m | WirelessMAN | MIMO-SOFDMA | 2x2 MIMO 110 (20 MHz TDD) 183 (2x20 MHz FDD) 4x4 MIMO 219 (20 MHz TDD) 365 (2x20 MHz FDD) |
2x2 MIMO 70 (20 MHz TDD) 188 (2x20 MHz FDD) 4x4 MIMO 140 (20 MHz TDD) 376 (2x20 MHz FDD) |
Also, low mobility users can aggregate multiple channels to get a download throughput of up to 1 Gbit/s[25] |
Flash-OFDM | Flash-OFDM | Mobile Internet mobility up to 200 mph (350 km/h) |
Flash-OFDM | 5.3 10.6 15.9 |
1.8 3.6 5.4 |
Mobile range 30 km (18 miles) extended range 55 km (34 miles) |
HIPERMAN | HIPERMAN | Mobile Internet | OFDM | 56.9 | ||
Wi-Fi | 802.11 (11n) |
Mobile Internet | OFDM/MIMO | 288.8 (using 4x4 configuration in 20 MHz bandwidth) or 600 (using 4x4 configuration in 40 MHz bandwidth) |
Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310 km & 382 km) |
iBurst | 802.20 | Mobile Internet | HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO | 95 | 36 | Cell Radius: 3–12 km Speed: 250 km/h Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1" |
EDGE Evolution | GSM | Mobile Internet | TDMA/FDD | 1.6 | 0.5 | 3GPP Release 7 |
UMTS/3GSM | General 3G | CDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD/MIMO |
0.384 14.4 |
0.384 5.76 |
HSDPA is widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s. |
UMTS-TDD | UMTS/3GSM | Mobile Internet | CDMA/TDD | 16 | Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA | |
EV-DO Rel. 0 EV-DO Rev.A EV-DO Rev.B |
CDMA2000 | Mobile Internet | CDMA/FDD | 2.45 3.1 4.9xN |
0.15 1.8 1.8xN |
Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz carriers used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received. |
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.
Principal technologies in all candidate systems[edit]
Key features[edit]
The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies:
- Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:[26]
- MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
- Frequency-domain-equalization, for example multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization
- Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or (single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions
- Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side
- Channel-dependent scheduling: To use the time-varying channel
- Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes
- Mobile-IP utilized for mobility
- IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)
As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support circuit switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards[27] lack soft-handover support, also known as cooperative relaying.
Multiplexing and access schemes[edit]
This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (May 2010) |
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA, and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic scheduling.
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the LTE (telecommunication), OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, Single-carrier FDMA is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
The other important advantage of the above-mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently require high complexity equalization at the receiver.
In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.
IPv6 support[edit]
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data transmission.
By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 is essential to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses available, IPv6 removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.
As of June 2009[update], Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.[28]
Advanced antenna systems[edit]
The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.
Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)[edit]
One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.
SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.
History of 4G and pre-4G technologies[edit]
The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).[citation needed] The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[29][page needed] Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony.
- In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT-Advanced—was laid out.
- In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface E-UTRA.
- In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea.[30]
- In April 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea.[31]
- In mid-2006, Sprint announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years[32] ($5.85 billion in real terms[33]). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On 7 May 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".
- In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,[34] and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
- In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.[35]
- In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.[36] Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE.
- In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[37]
- On 15 February 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.[38][39][40]
- In November 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.[41]
- In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
- In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.[42]
- On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G[43]
- In 15 December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage conglomerate in southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country.[44] Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.
- On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states.[45]
- In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).[46]
- On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.[47][48] TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.[49]
- On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime.[50]
- On 4 June 2010, Sprint released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the HTC Evo 4G.[51]
- In July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent.[52]
- On 25 August 2010, Latvia's LMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime 50% of territory.
- On November 4, 2010, the Samsung Galaxy Craft offered by MetroPCS is the first commercially available LTE smartphone[53]
- On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the ITU stated that LTE, WiMax and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".[54]
- On 12 December 2010, VivaCell-MTS launches in Armenia a 4G/LTE commercial test network with a live demo conducted in Yerevan.[55]
- On 28 April 2011, Lithuania's Omnitel opened a LTE "4G" network working in the 5 largest cities.[56]
- In September 2011, all three Saudi telecom companies STC, Mobily and Zain announced that they will offer 4G LTE for USB modem dongles, with further development for phones by 2013.[57]
- In 2011, Argentina's Claro launched a 4G HSPA+ network in the country.
- In 2011, Thailand's Truemove-H launched a 4G HSPA+ network with nation-wide availability.
- On March 17, 2011, the HTC Thunderbolt offered by Verizon in the U.S. was the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.[58][59]
- On 31 January 2012, Thailand's AIS and its subsidiaries DPC under cooperation with CAT Telecom for 1800 MHz frequency band and TOT for 2300 MHz frequency band launched the first field trial LTE in Thailand with authorization from NBTC.[60]
- In February 2012, Ericsson demonstrated mobile-TV over LTE, utilizing the new eMBMS service (enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service).[61]
- On 10 April 2012, Bharti Airtel launched 4G LTE in Kolkata, first in India.[62]
- On 20 May 2012, Azerbaijan's biggest mobile operator Azercell launched 4G LTE.[63]
- On 10 October 2012, Vodacom (Vodafone South Africa) became the first operator in South Africa to launch a commercial LTE service.
- In December 2012, Telcel launches in Mexico the 4G LTE network in 9 major cities
- In Kazakhstan, 4G LTE was launched on December 26, 2012 in the entire territory in the frequency bands 1865-1885/1760 - 1780 MHz for the urban population and in 794-799/835-840 MHz for those sparsely populated
Deployment plans[edit]
Telecom giant Etisalat Afghanistan, the first telecom company to launch 3.75G services in Afghanistan on 19th Feb, 2013 announced the commencement of test of its Long-term Evolution (LTE) 4G mobile network.
Safaricom, a telecommunication company in Kenya, began its setup of a 4G network in October 2010 after the now retired Kenya Tourist Board Chairman, Michael Joseph, regarded their 3G network as a white elephant. Huawei was given the contract and the network is set to go fully commercial by the end of Q1 of 2011 but was yet to establish the network by the end of 2012.
Telstra announced on 15 February 2011, that it intends to upgrade its current Next G network to 4G with Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology in the central business districts of all Australian capital cities and selected regional centers by the end of 2011.[64]
Telstra launched the country's first 4G network (FD-LTE) in September 2011 claiming "2–100 Mbps" speeds and announced an "aggressive" expansion of that network in 2012.[65][66]
Telstra will use a mixture of 10 MHz and 15 MHz bandwidth in the 1800 MHz band.
Optus have established a 4G (FD-LTE) network using 10 MHz (out of 15 MHz available) bandwidth in the 1800 MHz band and added the 2.3 GHz band for 4G TD-LTE after acquiring Vivid Wireless in 2012.[67]
Vodafone Australia have indicated their roll out of 4G FD-LTE will use 20 MHz bandwidth and initially support Cat 3 devices at launch, then quickly move to support Cat 4 devices.
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) will auction 700 MHz "digital dividend" and 2600 MHz spectrum for the provision of 4G FD-LTE services in April 2013. Telstra and Optus are expected to participate in both, while Vodafone has stated it will only participate in the 2600 MHz auction.
On 19 December 2013 Optus claims to set up the world's first TD-LTE Advanced carrier aggregation network. The company achieved a throughput of 520 Mbit/s, by combining four 20 MHz channels of the 2300 MHz spectrum band into 80 MHz.[68][69]
In August 2009 Huawei and T-Mobile introduced Europe's largest trial LTE network. Both companies set up 60 cells in Innsbruck which are since July 2009 in service.[70]
In June 2010 A1 Telekom Austria tested LTE with its partner Huawei in Vienna.[71]
On October 18, 2010, the allocation procedure for 2600 MHz frequency band was completed.[72] The following figure shows the current allocation for this frequency band:[73][74]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | A1 Telekom Austria | T-Mobile Austria | Orange Austria* | Hutchison 3 |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) |
2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz |
2x20 MHz 1x25 MHz |
2x20 MHz - |
2x20 MHz - |
2x20 MHz 1x25 MHz |
- *License holder formerly Orange Austria, now Hutchison Drei Austria GmbH
A1 Telekom Austria started the first commercial (FDD-)LTE service in Austria on 19 October 2010. Iniatially A1 Telekom Austria covered Vienna with 49 eNodeB's and St. Pölten with 3 eNodeB's.[75]
On 28 July 2011, T-Mobile Austria launched commercial LTE service in Vienna, Linz, Graz and Innsbruck.[76]
After A1 Telekom Austria and T-Mobile Austria started their LTE service Austria's smallest operator 3 introduced LTE commercially on the 18th of November 2011.[77]
In March 2012, A1 Telekom Austria integrated Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) and launched the first LTE Smartphone (HTC Velocity 4G) for the Austrian market.[75]
At the end of November 2012, A1 Telekom Austria claims to reach 30% of the Austrian population with its LTE network. At this time, according to a press release, 800 EnodeB's were used.[78]
At the beginning of July 2013, A1 Telekom Austria announced that the company has switched on their 1000th eNodeB.[79]
At the beginning of September, Bregenz, Dornbirn and Lustenau are covered by A1 Telekom Austria LTE.[80]
On 7 October 2013, T-Mobile Austria started LTE service for Smartphones. The company also announced plans for further LTE coverage. Until the end of 2013 parts of the city Bregenz, Klagenfurt, Salzburg and St. Pölten will be covered with LTE.[81]
On October 21, 2013, the multiband spectrum auction was completed. The following figure shows the current allocation for this frequency band:[82]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | A1 Telekom Austria | T-Mobile Austria | Hutchison 3 |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x20 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×35 MHz | FDD | 2x15 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×75 MHz | FDD | 2x35 MHz | 2x20 MHz | 2x20 MHz |
At the end of November 2013, Huchtison 3 and T-Mobile Austria intent to appeal auction results.[83][84]
On 4 December 2013, according to A1 Telekom Austria Klosterneuburg is covered with LTE.[85]
International LTE Roaming: 19. December 2013, A1 Telekom Austria is the first Austrian operator which introduced LTE Roaming. The company signed a roaming agreement with Swisscom following by further countries (planned: Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States) in 2014. If Customers of A1 Telekom Austria want use LTE abroad they need either a LTE package or one of their new A1 Go! contract plans, launched in December 2013.[86]
On 28 January 2014, A1 announced commercial service for LTE 800 MHz on more than 200 sites. Austrians largest mobile operator covers currently 45% of the population with LTE. The company plans to cover more than 50% of the population until the end of 2014.[87][88]
On 28 June 2011, Belgium's largest telecom operator Belgacom announced the roll out of the country's first 4G network.[89] On 3 July 2012 it confirmed the outroll in 5 major cities and announced the commercial launch to take place before the end of 2012.[90]
On 27 April 2012, Brazil's telecoms regulator Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (Anatel) announced that the 6 host cities for the 2013 Confederations Cup to be held there will be the first to have their networks upgraded to 4G.[91]
Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced that they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS network that went live in November 2009.[92] Bell Canada's 4G network now covers 97% of the population as of December 2013.[93]
Vodafone Fiji started category 3 LTE service (1800 MHz - Band 3) at the beginning of December 2013.[94][95]
On 22 November 2012, Orange launched the first 4G business plan in Marseille, Lyon, Lille and Nantes. Then, on 29 November 2012, SFR launched 4G in Lyon, extending to Montpellier. It was the first 4G commercial launch in France.
After the multiband spectrum auction (12.04. - 20.05.2010[96]) the frequency allocation in Germany is as follows:
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Telekom | Vodafone | Telefónica O2 | E-Plus Gruppe |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×25 MHz | FDD | 2x15 MHz | - | - | 2x10 MHz |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) |
2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz |
2x20 MHz 1x5 MHz |
2x20 MHz 1x25 MHz |
2x20 MHz 1x10 MHz |
2x10 MHz 1x10 MHz |
1 December 2010, Vodafone started LTE by using 800 MHz frequency.[97]
5 April 2011, Deutsche Telekom launched LTE service on 800 MHz.[98]
1 June 2011, Deutsche Telekom started LTE service on 1800 MHz in Cologne.[98]
1 July 2011, o2 offers LTE on 800 MHz.[99]
7 February 2013, o2 claimed to do the world's first handovers of voice calls from LTE to UMTS under realistic conditions.[100]
2 July 2013, o2 added LTE service in Hamburg, Duisburg, and Essen.[101]
15 November 2013, Telefónica and Vodafone have announced that they are testing LTE-Advanced in the German cities of Munich and Dresden.[102]
20 February 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced 580 Mbit/s data speed during LTE-A trials in Alzey.[103]
5 March 2014, E-Plus started commercial LTE service with 1800 MHz in Berlin, Nuremberg and Leipzig.[104]
TELE Greenland started LTE service (800 MHz - Band 20) at the beginning of December 2013.[105]
Bharti Airtel launched India's first 4G service, using TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata on April 10, 2012.[106] Fourteen months prior to the official launch in Kolkata, a group consisting of China Mobile, Bharti Airtel and SoftBank Mobile came together, called Global TD-LTE Initiative (GTI) in Barcelona, Spain and they signed the commitment towards TD-LTE standards for the Asian region. It must be noted that Airtel's 4G network does not support mainstream 4G phones[107] such as Apple iPhone 5/5s, Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Samsung Galaxy S4 and others.
- Airtel 4G services are available in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune and Chandigarh region (The Tricity or Chandigarh region consists of a major city Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula).
- RIL is launching 4G services through its subsidiary, Jio Infocomm. RIL 4G services are currently available only in Jamnagar, where it is testing the new TD-LTE technology. RIL 4G rollout is planned to start in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata and expand to cover 700 cities, including 100 high-priority markets.
- Bharti Airtel is launching 4G services in Delhi by Jan 2014[108]
- Airtel launched 4G on mobiles in Bangalore, thus becoming the first in India to offer such a service on 14th Feb, 2014
India uses the TD LTE frequency #40 (2.3 GHz), Apple iPhone 5s supports the TD LTE 40 band.
During APEC meeting on October 1–8, 2013 in Bali, Telkomsel will conduct 4G LTE network trial. Telkomsel 4G LTE network will operate at 1800 MHz frequency. As part of the program it will sell "simPATI LTE Trial Edition" prepaid SIM card.[109]
Since November 2013, PT Internux, with brand Bolt 4G, has commercialized LTE 4G service using TDD-LTE. Initially, Bolt 4G is only available on 2300 MHz covering Jakarta and the surrounding cities.[110]
In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish wired and wireless broadband company, announced that they had received a mobile communications license from the Irish telecoms regulator ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G mobile communications.[111][112] Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.
On November 15, 2012 the Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg) announced the results of its multi-band spectrum auction.[113] This auction awarded spectrum rights of use in the 800 MHz, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Ireland from 2013 to 2030. The winners of spectrum were Three Ireland, Meteor, O2 Ireland and Vodafone. All of the winning bidders in the auction have indicated that they intend to move rapidly to deploy advanced services.[114]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Vodafone Ireland | Telefónica Ireland | Meteor | Hutchison 3 |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×35 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×75 MHz | FDD | 2x25 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x20 MHz |
Eircom launched their 4G network through Meteor and eMobile on 26 September 2013.[115]
On 14 October, Vodafone started their 4G offer (mobile broadband only) in six cities (Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Kilkenny) and 23 towns (Carlow, Tralee, Wexford, Middleton, Carrigaline, Mallow, Killarney, Enniscorthy, Dungarvan, New Ross, Kenmare, Tullow, Kanturk, Bagnelstown, Thomastown, Millstreet, Bunclody, Newmarket, Dunmanway, Lismore, Rosslare Harbour, Rosslare Strand and Killorglin) across the country.[116]
On 9 December, Vodafone switches on 4G for Smartphones and turned 4G service in eight additional towns (Ballincollig, Carrigtohill, Cloyne, Cobh, Enniscorthy, Fermoy, Gorey, Kinsale) on.[117]
On 27 January 2014, Three launched their 4G network in Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, Wexford and Waterford.
Since the first half of December 2012, all of Italy's ISP have been offering or have plans to offer 4G services in some cities:
- TIM: Rome, Milan, Torino, Naples, Ancona, Brindisi, Baldissero Torinese, Bari, Bormio, Catanzaro, Cortina D'Ampezzo, Courmayeur, Canazei, Carano, Casavatore, Cavalese, Como, Crispano, Forlì, Frattamaggiore, Frattaminore, Genoa, Madonna Di Campiglio, Montoggio, Novate Milanese, Noventa Padovana, Orbassano, Padova, Palermo, Perugia, Pisa, Pozzuoli, Prato, Predazzo, San Mauro Torinese, Selva Di Val Gardena, Sesto San Giovanni, Taranto, Trento, Tesero, Treviso, Udine, Vicenza, Villabate.
- Vodafone: Rome, Milan, Torino, Naples, Alassio, Alghero, Barano d'Ischia, Bergamo, Bologna, Cagliari, Capri, Catania, Cervia, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Forte dei Marmi, Gallipoli, Genoa, Giardini di Naxos, Golfo Aranci, Ischia, Ivrea, La Maddalena, Livorno, Milazzo, Modena, Padova, Palermo, Palau, Pietra Ligure, Pietrasanta, Pisa, Porto Cervo - Arzachena, Porto Pollo, Reggio Calabria, Riccione, San Teodoro, Santa Margherita Ligure, Scalea, Serrara Fontana, Sorrento, Taranto, Trento, Venice, Verona, Vieste, Villasimius.
- 3 Italia: Rome, Milan, Acuto.
- Wind: 4G services will be available in the second half of 2013.
By the end of 2012, the national telecommunication operator JSC Kazakhtelecom launched 4G services in both Astana and Almaty. It is expected that by the end of 2013 the service will be available across the whole country.[citation needed]
4G technology was introduced in Malta by Vodafone on the 9th of October 2013.[118]
Middle East[edit]
In mid September 2011, [2] Mobily of Saudi Arabia, announced their 4G LTE networks to be ready after months of testing and evaluations.
In July 2012, Oman's Omantel launched 4G LTE commercially.[119]
In December 2012, UAE's Etisalat announced the commercial launch of 4G LTE services covering over 70% of country's urban areas.[citation needed] As of May, 2013 only few areas have been covered.[citation needed]
In 2012, Alfa and Touch in Lebanon, announced their 4G LTE networks to be ready after months of testing and evaluations. And 4G LTE was officially launched in April 2013.[citation needed]
In February 2013, Oman's Nawras launched 4G LTE commercially.[120][121]
In April 2013, Qtel, (now called Ooredoo) is set to launch its 4G LTE commercially in Qatar.[122]
The Netherlands[edit]
After the multiband spectrum auction in Q4-2012 KPN announced that the deployment of 4G services would start in February 2013 and that nationwide coverage will be available in Q1 2014.[123]
Vodafone has launched the 4G network in August 2013,[124] while T-Mobile announced only a roll-out in Q4 of 2013.[125] Tele2 will launch their network probably in the same time as T-Mobile, because they are using site/antenna-sharing.
As of Q1 2014, KPN will be the first network provider that has deployed a nationwide 4G network in the Netherlands.[126] Expectations are that both KPN and Vodafone will reach nationwide coverage in 2014. T-Mobile and Tele2, being lower-budget providers, will probably never reach a nationwide coverage, as is the case with their existing 2G and 3G networks. Tele2 will stay a MVNO (i.e., Tele2 will buy network capacity) on the T-Mobile network for 2G/3G Services and a MVNO on the KPN network for 2G/3G Business Services (previously Versatel).[127]
Network operator ZUM's plans remain unknown; only a small 2.6 GHz LTE network would be required to meet regulatory requirements.[citation needed]
After the multiband spectrum auction the frequency allocation in the Netherlands is as follows:[128]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | KPN | Vodafone | T-Mobile | Tele2 | ZUM |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2x30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | ||
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2x35 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x15 MHz | ||
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2x70 MHz | FDD | 2x20 MHz | 2x20 MHz | 2x30 MHz | ||
1900 MHz | XXXIII (33) | 1x35 MHz | TDD | 1x5 MHz | 1x5.4 MHz | 1x24.6 MHz | ||
2100 MHz | I (1) | 2x59,4 MHz | FDD | 2x19.8 MHz | 2x19.6 MHz | 2x20 MHz | ||
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) |
2x65 MHz 2x65 MHz |
2×10 MHz 1×30 MHz |
2x10 MHz - |
2x5 MHz 1x25 MHz |
2x20 MHz 1x5 MHz |
2x20 MHz - |
International LTE Roaming: On 16 February KPN announced LTE Roaming agreement with Orange in Frange and Telenor in Norway. Following by operators in the US, the UK, Russia, Japan, Spain, Austria, Switzerland, Poland and Saudi Arabia later this month. Brazil and China are scheduled to be included in March, Germany, Hong Kong, Croatia and Slovenia will be added in April, and Denmark, Canada and Finland will be included in June.[129][130]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, the first 4G network was introduced in parts of Auckland by Vodafone NZ on 28 February 2013. Coverage has since expanded to parts of Palmerston North, Wellington, Wanaka, Queenstown, Christchurch, Taupo, and New Plymouth.[131]
A small village by Lake Brunner on the West Coast with only 250 people, Moana, got 4G broadband in May 2013. This is part of a test of rural broadband services in the 700 MHz range.[132]
Both Vodafone and Telecom NZ's 4G Network operate on 1800 bandwidth.
As of 15 January 2014, Telecom has 4G coverage in Wellington, Christchurch, Auckland, Whitianga and Whangamata.[citation needed]
2degrees has also announced its plans to launch a 4G service in 2014 after securing an overdraft of NZD165million from the Bank of New Zealand in June 2013.[133]
On 27 March 2011, Telenor Pakistan started upgrading its network for 4G operations.[134] In 2013, Telenor announced that it is ready to launch country's first 3G network.[135] On July 7, 2013, the Government of Pakistan announced the auction of 3G/4G operators in Pakistan[136] on 3 October 2013 which due to some current political conditions in the country could not be accomplished yet. Soon, the Government of Pakistan will auction the 3G/4G licenses and Pakistan will get 3G HSPA/4G LTE within the first quarter of 2014 i.e. between January and March.[137]
As part of its massive network upgrade, Globe[138] has launched its 4th Generation Long-Term Evolution (4G LTE) network for mobile and broadband. To date, Globe has completed over 2,700 4G LTE network sites, with the number expected to rise to over 4000 by the end of 2012.
In September, Globe launched its 4G LTE network covering key commercial as well as residential areas in Makati, with more sites following shortly in Manila, Cebu, Davao, and other select regions. As more key activations are completed in the coming months, Globe subscribers will soon enjoy best-in-class mobile and broadband services across the Philippines.[citation needed]
SMART Communications was the first to roll out the fastest 4G LTE in the country (Philippines). Over 900 sites served nationwide with partner establishments.[citation needed]
On 31 August 2011, Plus (Polkomtel) launched 4G commercially in Poland. The download speed was up to 100 Mbit/s, while upload speed was up to 50 Mbit/s. On 25 October 2012, download speed was increased to 150 Mbit/s. It uses 1800 MHz spectrum.[citation needed]
On 31 October 2012, Vodafone has launched 4G tests.[139] Now 4G connectivity is available in several cities: Otopeni, Constanta, Galati, Craiova, Brasov, Bacau, Iasi, Cluj-Napoca, Arad and Timisoara.[140]
Russian Federation[edit]
Several national cell operators have launched LTE networks in 2012.
TeliaSonera started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm and Oslo November 2009 (as seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish cities during 2010. In June 2010, Swedish television companies used 4G to broadcast live television from the Swedish Crown Princess's wedding.[141]
After the multiband spectrum auction[142] the frequency allocation in Slovakia is as follows:
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Orange | Slovak Telekom | Telefónica Slovakia | SWAN |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×20.4 MHz | FDD | 2x4.8 MHz | - | 2x0.6 MHz | 2x15 MHz |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) |
2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz |
2x30 MHz - |
2x40 MHz 1x50 MHz |
- - |
- - |
Since 30 May 2013, 4G is available in Spain thanks to Vodafone 4G. According to the company, services will use 1800Mhz and 2600 MHz spectrum and will offer download speeds of up to 150Mbit/s and upload speeds of 50Mbit/s.[143] On May 9, 2013, Yoigo announced its service, which will use the 1800 MHz band and offer speeds up to 100Mbit/s, and will first be launched in Madrid on July 19.[144] On May 13th, Orange announced it will launch its 4G network on 8 July, simultaneously in six of the country's largest cities: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga and Murcia. A further nine cities — Bilbao, Zaragoza, Alicante, Cordoba, La Coruña, Valladolid and Vigo on the mainland, Palma de Mallorca in the Balearic Islands and Las Palmas in the Canary Islands — will be live by the end of 2013.[145]
South Korea[edit]
On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won, or US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the hope of becoming an international standard.[146]
Sri Lanka[edit]
On December 30, 2012, Dialog Broadband Networks launched Sri Lanka's first fixed TD-LTE service.[147]
On April 2, 2013, Dialog Axiata launched South Asia's first FD-LTE service in Sri Lanka.[148]
On June 2, 2013, Mobitel launched FD-LTE service in Sri Lanka.[149]
In September 2010, Swisscom tested LTE in Grenchen by using the 2.6 GHz frequency (E-UTRA Band 7).[150] In December 2011 after the LTE field experiment in Grenchen has become a success the company used the 1.8 GHz frequency (E-UTRA Band 3) for further testing in Grindelwald, Gstaad, Leukerbad, Montana, Saas-Fee and St. Moritz/Celerina.[151]
After the multiband spectrum auction (06.02. - 22.02.2012[152]) the frequency allocation in Switzerland is as follows:
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Swisscom | Sunrise | Orange |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×35 MHz | FDD | 2x15 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×75 MHz | FDD | 2x30 MHz | 2x20 MHz | 2x25 MHz |
2100 MHz | I (1) | 2×60 MHz | FDD | 2x30 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x20 MHz |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) |
2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz |
2x20 MHz 1x45 MHz |
2x25 MHz - |
2x20 MHz - |
Swisscom announced on 29 November 2012, commercial service of its category 3 LTE network with maximum speed of 100 Mbit/s.[153] The following frequency range is in service for LTE. 800 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz. (E-UTRA Bands 20, 3 und 7) In May 2013 Swisscom upgraded its LTE network from category 3 to category 4. As of the upgrade the maximum speed has become 150 Mbit/s.[154]
Orange started LTE on 28 May 2013. The second largest operator was the first who introduced prepaid LTE in Switerland. The following frequency range is in service for LTE. 800 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz. (E-UTRA Bands 20, 3 und 7) Orange LTE offers up to 100 Mbit/s. The company will upgrade the maximum speed up to 150 Mbit/s at the end of 2013.[155]
International LTE Roaming: Swisscom is the first European operator which offers international LTE Roaming. Since the 21 of June 2013 customers of Swisscom are able to use LTE network of the South Korean operators SK Telecom and KT. According to Swisscom Canada (Rogers) and Hong Kong (SmarTone) are the next countries where customers of the former state-owned company will be able to use LTE roaming.[156]
Sunrise was the last operator in Switerland who introduced LTE. Commercial service is available as of 19 June 2013. The smallest operator in Switzerland offers speed up to 100 Mbit/s. In 2013 Sunrise is using only the 1800 MHz frequency for LTE service. (E-UTRA Band 3) The operator will use other frequency bands (800 MHz and 2600 MHz - E-UTRA Bands 7 and 20) in the future as well.[157] Prepaid customers of Sunrise are able to use LTE with maximum network speed - even MVNO customer.[158]
Since the beginning of July 2013 Swisscom prepaid customers are able to enter the LTE network. Maximum speed depends on the subscribed plan.[154]
On 19 November 2013, Orange and UPC Cablecom announced a new partnership. Over the next two years, UPC Cablecom will connect more than 1,000 4G masts with top bandwidths of between 1 and 10 Gbit/s.[159][160]
At the end of November 2013, Swisscom added new LTE Roaming partners in Asia (Japan: Softbank, Philippines: Globe Telecom, Singapore: M1), Europe (France: Bouygues Telecom) and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia: Mobily).[161][162]
On 19 December 2013, Swisscom added new LTE Roaming partners in Asia (Hong Kong: China Mobile HK and PCCW) and Europe (Austria: A1). At this time Swisscom covers nine countries and twelve foreign LTE networks.[162][163]
On 22 January 2014, Swisscom added new LTE Roaming partner in Russia (MegaFon).[162][164]
On 29 January 2014, Sunrise announced 300 Mbit/s LTE trials by using LTE-A carrier aggregation. Commercial service is planned for Q3 2014.[165]
On 17 Februar 2014, Swisscom added new roaming partners (Canada: Telus, France: SFR, Hong Kong: Huchison 3, Norway: Telenor, USA: AT&T) to their LTE roaming list. The company also mentioned an upcoming Russia operator (MTS) for 3. March 2014.[162]
Thailand National Broadcasting & Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has earmarked 1.8 GHz and 2.3 GHz spectrum for 4G services. The 1.8 GHz will be available for auction around the 4th quarter of 2014 when the license for GSM service on the spectrum will expire. The 2.3 GHz spectrum is currently held by TOT Corp, a state enterprise. Negotiation on refarming part of the band is ongoing.[citation needed]
Truemove-H has launched Thailand's first commercial 4G LTE service on 8 May 2013 using 2100 MHz Band I.[166]
On 18 September 2013, the national telecommunication operator TM Cell launched 4G services in Turkmenistan.[167]
United Kingdom[edit]
In 2009 O2 (a subsidiary of Telefónica Europe) used Slough for testing the 4G network, with Huawei installing LTE technology in six masts across the town to allow testing of HD video conferencing and mobile PlayStation games.[168] On February 29, 2012, UK Broadband launched the first commercial 4G LTE service in the UK in the London Borough of Southwark.[169] In October 2012, MVNO, Abica Limited, announced they were to trial 4G LTE services for high speed M2M applications.
On August 21, 2012, the United Kingdom's regulator Ofcom allowed EE, the owner of the Orange and T-Mobile networks, to use its existing spectrum in the 1,800 MHz band to launch fourth-generation (4G) mobile services.[170] As part of Ofcom's approval of the company's roll-out of 4G it was announced on August 22 that 3 had acquired part of EE's 1,800 MHz spectrum for part of their own 4G network.[171] The 4G service from EE was announced on September 11, 2012 and launched on October 30, initially in 11 cities.[172][173] The network aims to cover 70% of the UK by 2013 and 98% by 2014.[174]
On November 12, 2012 Ofcom published final regulations and a timetable[175] for the 4G mobile spectrum auction. It also launched a new 4G consumer page,[176] providing information on the upcoming auction and the consumer benefits that new services will deliver. Ofcom auctioned off the UK-wide 4G spectrum previously used by the country's analogue television signals in the 800 MHz band as well as in the 2,600 MHz band.[177] On 20 February 2013, the winners of the 4G spectrum auction were announced by Ofcom.[178] The four major networks, EE, O2, Vodafone and 3, were awarded spectrum along with Niche Spectrum Ventures Ltd (a subsidiary of BT Group plc).
On July 9, 2013, Ofcom announced that mobile network operators would be allowed to repurpose their existing 2G and 3G spectrum, specifically in the 900, 1,800 and 2,100 MHz bands, for 4G services.[179]
Both O2 and Vodafone launched their 4G networks on August 29, 2013.[180][181] The 3 network launched their 4G service in December 2013, initially it was only available to a selected few thousand customers in London preceding a nationwide rollout in 2014.[182][183]
International LTE Roaming: AT&T signed LTE roaming agreement with EE on the 17th of December 2013.[184]
United States[edit]
On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced plans for a joint effort with the Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced their intentions to build and roll out an LTE network by the end of 2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their roll out by the end of 2010.
Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently[when?] available in select cities in the United States.[46] It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s. Sprint has also launched an LTE network in early 2012.[185]
Verizon Wireless has announced[when?] that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G network in the United States with LTE, and is supposed to complete a rollout of 175 cities by the end of 2011, two thirds of the US population by mid-2012, and cover[citation needed] the existing 3G network by the end of 2013.[186] AT&T, along with Verizon Wireless, has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM and 3G/HSPA by 2011.[187]
Sprint had deployed WiMAX technology which it has labeled 4G as of October 2008. It was the first US carrier to offer a WiMAX phone.[188]
The U.S. FCC is exploring[when?] the possibility of deployment and operation of a nationwide 4G public safety network which would allow first responders to seamlessly communicate between agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In June 2010 the FCC released a comprehensive white paper which indicates that the 10 MHz of dedicated spectrum currently allocated from the 1700 MHz spectrum for public safety will provide adequate capacity and performance necessary for normal communications as well as serious emergency situations.[189]
International LTE Roaming: AT&T signed LTE roaming agreement with EE on the 17th of December 2013.[184]
Beyond 4G research[edit]
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).[190]
Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
See also[edit]
- Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")
- LTE (telecommunication) (4G LTE)
- LTE Advanced (4G)
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External links[edit]
- 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia
- Nomor Research: White Paper on LTE Advance the new 4G standard
- Brian Woerner (June 20–22, 2001). "Research Directions for Fourth Generation Wireless" (PDF). Proceedings of the 10th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 01). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (118kb)
- Information on 4G mobile services in the UK - Ofcom
Preceded by 3rd Generation (3G) |
Mobile Telephony Generations | Succeeded by 5th Generation (5G) |


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No Place for Lobbyists
Common sense suggests that city commissioners, even those who serve part time, shouldn't be lobbyists in the very industries they regulate. But-here's a surprise-common sense doesn't always prevail in municipal government.
The New York Post recently revealed that two part-time commissioners, Margery Perlmutter of the Landmarks Preservation Commission and Harry Giannoulis of the Taxi and Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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Everything Nurses >> Nurse Talk >> How to tell a cold from the flu
How to tell a cold from the flu
28667 posts back to top |
Posted about 1 year ago The common cold and flu are caused by different viruses but can have some similar symptoms, making them tough to tell apart. In general, the flu is worse and symptoms are more intense. |


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Grant Benton, Earl of Crowle finally has the funds he always pretended to have and what he wants now is a woman. That woman is Lady Irene Knopp, who spends her days helping debutantes plan their weddings. A recent widow, Irene longs for love again, but she's afraid to risk her heart, especially to the notorious Grant Benton.
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text: Free Plants Anyone? Don't let all of your tender plants die in the ground when the year's first frost hits. Many of them are surprisingly easy to start from cuttings, which can be grown inside over winter to produce free new plants to plant outside again next May. George Weigel shows you how in this week's garden tip of the week video. Video by: Christine Baker, The Patriot-News


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Louise Suleman (MSc by Research, supervised by Dr Karen Wright and Dr Andrew Higham)
I am researching the development of fibrosis in Crohn's disease. Circulating cells called 'fibrocytes', traffic to sites of injury and mediate fibrosis or tissue scarring. I am comparing the numbers of fibrocytes in the blood of Crohn's patients and healthy individuals, and assessing differences in fibrocyte differentiation and migratory capacity.
Luan Koay (PhD, supervised by Dr Karen Wright and Dr Rachael Rigby)
Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) is a negative regulator of pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling and, as a consequence, has an anti-inflammatory role in IBD. I am testing the hypothesis that the differential relationship between the cytokine, leptin, and cannabinoid signalling pathways is coordinated by SOCS3 and impacts on epithelial restitution and repair during gut inflammation.
Tara MacPherson (PhD, supervised by Dr Karen Wright and Prof John Westwick)
Cells and tissues grown ex vivo are usually in artificial environments, which will influence the behaviour of proteins involved in normal metabolism and inflammatory responses. I am developing a model of intestinal tissue culture that more closely reflects the physiological setting (5% O2) and then testing this model using established inflammatory protocols.
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text: Continuing the study of the Book of Joshua, Pastor Bob uses the story of how the Promised Land was divided among the tribes of Israel to talk about how Christians should respond now to the reality of our inheritance in Heaven. We should celebrate our inheritance as a gift from God, accelerate the glory of our inheritance, and instigate others to invest in their inheritance. . . . → Read More: Victorious – A Study Through The Book Of Joshua Ch.14


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Black Hawk Down
Black Hawk Down is a 2001 film by Ridley Scott, based on the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden. It depicts the Battle of Mogadishu, which was part of the U.S. military's 1993 campaign to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. The movie stars an ensemble cast. It won awards for Film Editing and Sound at the 74th Academy Awards in 2002.
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My blogs
Gender | Female |
Industry | Arts |
Occupation | handmaker |
Location | Indonesia |
Introduction | I am a self-taught designer-maker who currently creates all of the pieces of my collections in Bandung, Indonesia. I love bright hues and love to be in the middle of a peaceful bright room filled with sunshine. |
Interests | anything that inspires me! |


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Plot & Details
Let's Make It Legal begins at the end--the end of the long marriage between beautiful grandmother Miriam (Claudette Colbert) and her chronic-gambler husband Hugh (Macdonald Carey). Barbara (Barbara Bates), the daughter of the couple, hopes to bring her parents back together, which proves to be a difficult proposition when Miriam's old flame Victor (Zachary Scott), now a millionaire, arrives in town. Hugh tries all sorts of comic strategies to win his ex-wife back, but to no avail. Ultimately, Miriam must choose between the financially solvent Victor and the impishly irresponsible Hugh. This being a comedy, it isn't hard to figure who's going to be headed to the altar at fade-out time. Let's Make It Legal was partly designed to showcase two of Fox's up-and-coming contract players: Robert Wagner and Marilyn Monroe.
- Genre(s): Comedy,Romance
- Run Time: 77min.
- DVD Release Date: 04/20/2004
- Director(s): Richard Sale
- Starring: Claudette Colbert , MacDonald Carey , Zachary Scott , Barbara Bates , Robert Wagner
- Themes: Gambling,Love Triangles,Crumbling Marriages
- Tone: Humorous,Light,Sweet,Talky,Witty
- Keywords: marriage-problems, daughter, love-triangle, marital-problems, millionaire, old-flame
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DescriptionSunny and South facing. If the wind is blowing you can climb there in late June as we did. This wall was originally aid climbed by E.C. Joe. Herb Laeger has really developed it with a number of folks over the last ten years or so. Great rock and no lines. We did four routes and all of them were great except the last one which I think was called Sore Bolters. It was hardly worth doing but we needed a climb in the shade. Getting ThereDrive to Lake Isabella just below Kernville then head to Bodfish. Follow the main road through Bodfish where it will quickly snake up the mountain. At the saddle a dirt road heads off to the left. Take this road 5.3 miles up the mountain. When the road hits the ridge park in the little area to the right. The trail is about 30 feet past this parking spot and drops down to the left. Do not go up on the ridge. Contour below the ridge to the saddle. As the trail begins to drop into the saddle look for a fainter trail to the left. It leads to the main wall. If you start hiking up out of the saddle you have missed the trail to the main wall. 1 Total Routes
The ClassicsMountain Project's determination of some of the classic, most popular, highest rated routes for Bald Eagle Peak:
Featured Route For Bald Eagle Peak
Welcome to Bald Eagle Peak 5.11- 6c 22 VIII+ E3 5c CA : The Needles / Kern River : Bald Eagle Peak
Pitch One: 140 ft. Easy climbing to a bolt 25 feet up and just left of a small arete, then follow the bolts through weakness in roof to the anchors. Pitch Two: Climb right and up off the belay. The second pitch is in your face from the time you leave the belay and it doesn't let up for a long time. Each time you figure out a move and reach the next bolt there is another puzzle to work out. Probably one of the finest face pitches I have climbed in the last thirty years. The bolts will eventu...[more] Browse More Classics in CA
News and Events For Bald Eagle Peak


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A collection of news and information related to Joe Taylor published by this site and its partners.
Top Joe Taylor Articles
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Regional rivalries aren't highest priority for Hampton Roads football teams
Column | Sep 16, 2009Hampton Roads is home to four Division I college football programs hailing from two conferences. Which logic says would create natural, interleague, regional rivalries. Were only scheduling so paint-by-numbers simple. Consider William and Mary and... -
HU's first Hall of Fame class isn't complete enough
Column | Oct 17, 2009Hampton University finally decided to get into the athletic hall of fame business, and frankly, it's surprising that it took this long. Prestigious school, rich athletic tradition, the whole nine yards. Normally, these sorts of honors and announcements... -
Phelps among 110 named to USA Swimming national team
Column | Aug 27, 2009Fells Point's Michael Phelps headlines the roster for the 2009-2010 national team released by USA Swimming. Also among the 110 team members are Ryan Lochte, Rebecca Soni and Aaron Peirsol. Professional soccer: D.C. United announced it will induct...