text:
Browse our mobile site for the best experience on your device.
Augusta's #1 For Blazin' Hip-Hop and R&B
Listen to POWER 107 Live
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Rory Gallagher
Rory Gallagher
Notes from San Francisco
Original Release Date: May 17, 2011
Track Listing
1. Rue the Day
2. Persuasion
3. B Girl
4. Mississippi Sheiks
5. Wheels Within Wheels
6. Overnight Bag
7. Cruise On Out
8. Brute Force & Ignorance
9. Fuel to the Fire
10. Wheels Within Wheels [Alt. Version] [Alternate Take][Version]
11. Cut a Dash [*]
12. Out on the Tiles [*]
13. Follow Me [Live]
14. Shinkicker [Live]
15. Off the Handle [Live]
16. Bought and Sold [Live]
17. I'm Leavin' [Live]
18. Tattoo'd Lady [Live]
19. Do You Read Me [Live]
20. Country Mile [Live]
21. Calling Card [Live]
22. Shadow Play [Live]
23. Bullfrog Blues [Live]
24. Sea Cruise [Live]
Lou Martin: Keyboards
Peter Frampton: Quotation Author
Rory Gallagher: Guitar, Harmonica, Vocals
Rod De'Ath: Percussion, Drums
Elliot Mazer: Producer, Mixing
Gerry McAvoy: Bass
Ted McKenna: Drums
Joe O'Donnell: Violin (Electric)
Smiggy: Assistant Engineer
Robin Sylvester: Assistant Engineer
Dick Beetham: Mastering
Mark Jessett: Design, Concept
Donald Gallagher: Executive Producer
Richard Whittaker: Digital Transfers
Daniel Gallagher: Producer, Design, Concept
Martin Dubka: Mixing
Willy Denahan: Assistant Engineer
Sandra Russel: Assistant Engineer
Sandor Balatoni: Photography
Martin Fiero: Saxophone
Brigitte Lehmann: Photography
Bill Edwards: Engineer
Andy McIntyre: A&R


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P78-1 or Solwind was a United States satellite launched aboard an Atlas F rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on February 24, 1979. The satellite operated until it was destroyed in orbit to test the ASM-135 ASAT anti-satellite missile.
Construction and payload[edit]
The Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) platform included a solar-oriented sail and a rotating wheel section. Ball Aerospace was the primary contractor for design and construction, and provided the attitude control and determination computer programs.[1] The P78-1 carried a gamma-ray spectrometer, a white-light coronagraph, an extreme-ultraviolet imager, an X-ray spectrometer, a high-latitude particle spectrometer, an aerosol monitor, and an X-ray monitor. The X-ray monitor, designated NRL-608 or XMON, was a collaboration between the Naval Research Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. The white-light coronagraph and the ultraviolet imager were combined in a single package, designated NRL-401 or SOLWIND, which was built by the Naval Research Laboratory. The coronagraph was the flight spare of the white-light coronagraph on the OSO-7 satellite. The ultraviolet imager used a CCD imager, one of the first instances of a CCD in space.
In 1985, the satellite batteries were degrading. This caused more and more frequent "under-voltage cutoffs", a condition where the satellite detected low main bus voltage and automatically shut down all non-vital systems. In addition, the last of the three tape recorders failed in the spring of 1985, which resulted in the data collection to be only during contact of the spacecraft with the ground. The normal contact with the ground lasted only about 15 minutes, which was a serious degradation. Special arrangements could be made to string several contacts together. As a result of these failures, an ever-increasing amount of time and network resources were spent reconfiguring the satellite for normal operation. Data collection from the few remaining payloads was severely limited. Because of the additional burden on the Air Force Satellite Control Network (e.g., extra support and antenna time at the tracking stations), discussions were already underway to terminate the mission.[citation needed]
This led to the satellite being chosen as a test target for the ASM-135 ASAT anti-satellite missile. It was extended for several weeks solely to support the test. During this final phase, it was often allowed to remain in the under-voltage condition for several days at a time.[citation needed]
On September 13, 1985, the satellite was destroyed in orbit by the ASM-135 ASAT launched from an US Air Force F-15 Eagle fighter aircraft.
The test outraged some scientists because although five of P78-1's instruments had failed at the time of the test, two instruments remained in operation, and the satellite was what one solar physicist called "the backbone of coronal research through the last seven years".[2]
See also[edit]
- ^ Space Test Program P78-1 at Ball Aerospace[dead link]
- ^ Science News, Sept 28, 1985: ASAT target was working research satellite by Jonathan Eberhart
External links[edit]
- NASA page about the satellite
- List of research papers based on P78-1 observations
- Air Force Link, Milestones Thursday, January 01, 1970 - Sunday, December 31, 1989
- Encyclopedia Astronautica Solwind Page

subset: commoncrawl


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Kevin Kellam of The Pro Wrestling Examiner passed along a review at this link.
Critic reviews have not been kind thus far. The average critic review of the film over at RottenTomatoes.com is 29%, while audience reviews at 69%.
Reporter's Link:
100% DIRECT LINK (PHOTOS): 5 Classic Stephanie McMahon **CLEAVAGE** PixXx!!! Holy BOOBS!!


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+32 2 513 8940
Open Hours:
Antique Market: Sa 9a-5p, Su 9a-1p
This location is home to many upscale antiques stores, along with Emporio Armani, the world-renowned pastry boutique Wittamer, and much more. The square is distinguished by a statue of Minerva, given to the city as a gift in 1751. Here you'll also find Our Lady Church and the Sablon Church. On Saturday from 9a-6p and on Sunday from 9a-2p an antique market is in full swing. Just across the square you'll find Place du Petit Sablon, a quaint garden filled with statues.
Explore the Brussels, Belgium Travel Guide
Popular Attractions


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Loading... Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45by Barbara W. Tuchman
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Sign up for LibraryThing to find out whether you'll like this book. No current Talk conversations about this book. One of my favourite Tuchman books. I have a prejudice against "Vinegar Joe", caused by an early read of "Defeat into Victory", by William Slim, who rose to being the commander of the British XIV Army on the Burma Front. Stilwell's operatic style, and the real failure to obtain any useful result from goading the Nationalist Chinese Army seem to bear this out. The Indian army had its considerable success in defending India arising from a long relationship and interweaving of British culture into the Indian Army. Stilwell got very little mileage out of his missionary from the top down methods. Tuchman does come to see this, and how little the efforts of American foreign relations were having on the unfolding of Chinese history in the first half of the twentieth century. The Chinese were not galvanized into action, and didn't share America's goals for them anyway. Immovable force meets immovable object as Chaing Kai-shek and General George Stilwell struggle over American policy to develop a sustainable Chinese Nationalist army. Baraba Tuchman has explained in her lucid prose style a vitally important piece of modern history which led directly to the way modern China has developed and maintained its relationships with the west. In her introduction she apologises to the Chinese people for the way their leadership appears, pointing out this was a particularly low point. Nobody really comes out well except George Sitwell, an irascible, upright person who obviously had the best interests of China at heart but was unable to carry with him either the American administration nor the wily Chiang. This is another great book by Tuchman, author of the famed 'Guns of August'. Although lengthy, it gives wonderfully deep yet easy reading coverage of the history of the US and Chinese involvement in the China--Burma-India theater during WWII. In style and concept it is very similar to Bright Shining Lie by Sheehan about JP Vann in Vietnam. With reference to Vietnam, I was staggered by the similarities between US involvement with Chaing KS and Diem 20 years later and would love this to have been discussed in this book. The writing style is engaging and often very humorous owing to the cantankerous nature of the main protagonist. I particularly enjoyed Stillwell's constant references to CKS as 'the Peanut'. Good as it is, it does not touch on the ensuing civil war and the Kuomintang exile to Formosa - Mao is barely mentioned at all. I wish I had read this before trying to understand US involvement in Korea, the debacle of McCarthyism and the ultimate disaster of Vietnam - all of which can be seen as a continuum from US involvement with the Peanut. This long, very fair history is still the definitive work on General Joseph Stilwell and his World War II service in China. For quite a time in the late 1970s and early 1980s, I took Barbara Tuchman (well, her books) with me on successive vacations. While I enjoyed each of them, Stilwell was the toughest for me to plow through, probably because I knew the least about the topic going in. One thing I've liked about her books is the sometimes unusual view she takes... For example, the American Revolution from the Dutch point of view. Unfortunately, she passed away before I ran out of vacations. Alas. As all her books are, Stilwell is a well organized, well thought out and written, interesting book with insights that were unknown to me. no reviews | add a review
References to this work on external resources. Wikipedia in English (11)Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0802138527, Paperback)Barbara W. Tuchman won the Pulitzer Prize for Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 in 1972. She uses the life of Joseph Stilwell, the military attache to China in 1935-39 and commander of United States forces and allied chief of staff to Chiang Kai-shek in 1942-44, to explore the history of China from the revolution of 1911 to the turmoil of World War II, when China's Nationalist government faced attack from Japanese invaders and Communist insurgents. Her story is an account of both American relations with China and the experiences of one of our men on the ground. In the cantankerous but level-headed "Vinegar Joe," Tuchman found a subject who allowed her to perform, in the words of The National Review, "one of the historian's most envied magic acts: conjoining a fine biography of a man with a fascinating epic story." (retrieved from Amazon Mon, 30 Sep 2013 13:28:18 -0400) No library descriptions found. |
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Anatomy of a Jetliner
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/anatomy-jetliner.htmlExplore the 12 major systems that enable a Boeing 737 to taxi, fly, and land.
Giant Squid
video.pbs.org/video/2247683791The team travels to New Zealand to examine one of the biggest yet most mysterious animals on Earth -- the giant squid. Delving into its three hearts, razor sharp beak, tooth-covered tentacles and bizarre reproductive system, the team explores the anatomy of a deep-sea alien that's never been observed in the wild.
Big Sky, Big Money, an investigation with Marketplace
video.pbs.org/video/2283839426FRONTLINE reveals the anatomy of campaign finances on steroids, taking us to the newest battleground in the Supreme Court's Citizens United ruling: the state of Montana. Airing October 30, "Big Sky, Big Money" explores the increasingly dysfunctional campaign finance system caught between the conflicting needs to protect political speech and prevent corrupting influence.


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Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited Announces Filing Of Annual Report On Form 20-F
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited (NYSE: RDY) today announced that its Annual Report on Form 20-F, containing its annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended 31 March, 2012 was filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on July 17, 2012.
The Annual Report on Form 20-F is also available on Dr. Reddy's website, www.drreddys.com and can be accessed by selecting 'SEC filings' under the 'Investors' Section. ADS holders may also obtain a hard copy of the Annual Report on Form 20-F at no cost, by sending a written request to the Company's registered office or by sending an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.
This press release includes forward-looking statements, as defined in the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially. Such factors include, but are not limited to, changes in local and global economic conditions, our ability to successfully implement our strategy, the market acceptance of and demand for our products, our growth and expansion, technological change and our exposure to market risks. By their nature, these expectations and projections are only estimates and could be materially different from actual results in the future.
About Dr. Reddy's Established in 1984, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (NYSE: RDY) is an emerging global pharmaceutical company. We fulfill our purpose of providing affordable and innovative medicines through three core businesses: Pharmaceutical Services and Active Ingredients, Global Generics and Proprietary Products. Our products are marketed globally, with a focus on India, US, UK, Germany and Russia. www.drreddys.comSelect the service that is right for you!
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Playstation 3
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Captain Morgane And The Golden Turtle question for Playstation 3 and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
- Developer: Wizarbox
- Publisher: Reef Entertainment
- Genre: Adventure General
- Release Date: Mar 30, 2012
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SKU: 438889 Weight: 0.31
In stock
List Price:$9.74 Your Price:$4.43 You Save: $5.31 (55%) International customers, please view our shipping page for information on additional shipping fees. CLICK HERE
COLORBOK-Quincrafts You Design It: Weaving Loom Set. This weaving loom set makes two pot holders and contains one plastic loom; one weaving hook; seventy-five loops in assorted colors; and easy-to-follow instructions. Recommended for children ages 6 and up. WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD-small parts. Not for children under 3 years. Imported.


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Akira Omoto
Commissioner, Atomic Energy Commission of Japan and Professor,
University of Tokyo
Before assuming his current positions as Commissioner at the Atomic Energy Commission of Japan and Professor at the University of Tokyo, Akira Omoto was until 2009 director of the Division of Nuclear Power at the IAEA. Prior to serving at the IAEA, Mr Omoto was until 2003 a General Manager of the Department of Nuclear Engineering of the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).
By education, he is a nuclear engineer. He graduated from the Department of Nuclear Engineering of the University of Tokyo and received his doctoral degree from the same university.


text:
"Great Service, price and experience. THANKS KEVIN!"
Clear desk pad organizer converts your desktop into a convenient board with highly visible phone numbers, notes, reference materials, photos and reminders. The see-through desk pad helps protect your desk surface against scratches, marks and stains while allowing the natural beauty to show through. Two 7/8" circular, two-sided, removable adhesive pads are included to hold the desk pad in place. Desk pad also includes two consecutive one-year calendars. Desk pad is made of extra-heavy gauge vinyl.


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Each week, the Chambers award-winning email newsletter, L.A. Business This Week, serves up a snapshot of the Chambers activities, covering the names and faces at the Chamber and the Chambers work in the community. Subscribe today to keep up-to-the-minute on whats seen and heard at the L.A. Area Chamber.
Sept. 6, 2012
Chamber applauds schools for performance improvements
Aug. 30, 2012
Chamber member companies participate in Hiring Our Heroes
Aug. 28, 2012
Attend LAX Public Hearing on Aug. 28
Aug. 16, 2012
Home For Good announces $105 million in funding
Aug. 9, 2012
Chamber supports state bill to increase imports and exports
Aug. 2, 2012
Legislators and business leaders tour L.A. development projects
July 26, 2012
Chamber partners to form new coalition to Fix LAX Now
July 19, 2012
Chamber provides high school graduates with Cash for College
July 12, 2012
Chamber opposes Interim Control Ordinance for Chinatown
July 5, 2012
Chamber participates in trade event in Chile
June 28, 2012
Chamber applauds Congress on historic transportation legislation
June 21, 2012
Chamber-supported Hollywood Community Plan approved
June 14, 2012
Chamber and SBA celebrate small businesses
June 7, 2012
Chamber Celebrates Passage of Proposition 28
May 31, 2012
Join the Chamber in voting YES on Proposition 28 on June 5


text:
London 2012 archive
Sports Fitness
Laura Trott and Jason Kenny talk cycle tech, training, 'second skin' Adistar apparel and more
2 April 2013The last time Pocket-lint saw Team GB's cycling team it was to talk about "hot pants" in the run up to the London 2012 Olympic Games. The leg-warming over-trousers - officially known as Adidas Adipower, to give them their full but ultimately less appealing...
BT Tower centre of record breaking 320-gigapixel panoramic photo
20 February 2013BT has commissioned a 360-degree panoramic photograph of London and in the process has set a new record, resulting in the largest panoramic photo ever taken. The BT Tower was at the centre of the feat, performed by experts from 360Cities, and the gigantic...
Daley Thompson's Decathlon game resurrected for iOS and Android smartphones and tablets
22 October 2012Daley Thompson's Decathlon, the classic 8-bit sporting simulator game, has been re-released on the Android and iOS platforms. If you're of a certain age, chances are you spent many a school holiday, weekend, half hour before dinner, bashing the keys...
London Olympics coverage drove BBC iPlayer requests to top 196 million
27 September 2012The BBC iPlayer enjoyed a record month in August, thanks largely to the London 2012 Olympic Games. Over 196 million requests were made during August alone, with the highest number coming in the first week of that month, accumulating 51 million requests...
Sky makes 3D channel free to HD subscribers for another week
15 August 2012Sky HD subscribers can have access to the Sky 3D channel for a further week with no additional subscription charge. The broadcasting giant had already opened up its 3D channel during the London 2012 Olympics, but the additional week will see highlights...
Team GB on Twitter: Who to follow and what they're Tweeting about
13 August 2012The London 2012 Olympics are in full swing and Team GB is getting stuck in trying to win as many medals as possible. The opening ceremony really pushed the idea that this year was a digital games - an Olympics fuelled by smartphones and the internet -...
London 2012 Olympic gold medal pictures and hands-on
13 August 2012There were just 302 gold medals up for grabs at the London 2012 Olympic Games, each one lovingly machined by the Royal Mint, to a design by decorative artist David Watkins. With the Games over, athletes who missed out will have to wait a few more years...
Blur Hyde Park gig to be released on iTunes today, less than 24 hours after the show
13 August 2012While the closing ceremony was under way on the other side of London, Blur played one of their greatest gigs in Hyde Park last night (12 August), as the headline act of the Best of British concert to mark the end of the 2012 Olympic Games. The bill also...
Sports Fitness
London 2012 Olympic Games Google Doodles
12 August 2012To celebrate the London 2012 Olympic Games, Google is creating a new Google Doodle for its search home page to highlight a different sport everyday. The doodles started on Friday 27 July across all Google sites to celebrate the opening ceremony and since...
Sports Fitness
Adidas looks to future digital Olympic Games with the Twitter training shoe concept
10 August 2012To celebrate its role as official sportswear sponsor of the London 2012 Olympic Games, Adidas has been running its "miadidas Customisers" campaign, commissioning artists to customise training shoes, with one of two made every day being given to an athlete,...
Beats headphones sales soar during the Olympics proving guerilla marketing works
10 August 2012Dr Dre has shown that it's not just the Brits who are winning at this summer's London 2012 Olympic Games. According to John Lewis, sales for the hip-hop mogul's headphones have increased by 116 per cent. Following an alleged guerrilla campaign that...
The tech that helped Team GB win gold
7 August 2012Great Britain has had an incredible run of success at the London Olympics. Legends have been made almost instantly. Be it Mo Farah's incredible 10,000 metre win, Ben Ainsley's stunning sailing or Victoria Pendleton's efforts in the velodrome, our...
Samsung Galaxy S III London 2012 limited edition pictures and hands-on
7 August 2012Samsung and Carphone Warehouse recently announced a limited edition of the Samsung Galaxy S III to celebrate the London 2012 Olympic Games. We managed to get our hands on the exclusive designs, so you can examine them in the flesh. Okay, so what you're...
BMW Mini MINI radio-controlled car to ferry javelins, discuses, hammers and shots at London 2012
3 August 2012BMW is to use a new Mini MINI at the London 2012 Olympic Games in the athletic stadium this week to help ferry javelins, discuses, hammers and shots back from the field to the throwing area. It's a move to save valuable time during competition. If you're...
Wi-Fi police at Olympic Games? LOCOG says no
3 August 2012News that both LOCOG and Ofcom have been patrolling the London 2012 Olympic Games in order to stop people setting up Wi-Fi hotspots shot around Twitter and beyond, after the director of new media for @ryanseacrest at @rsp tweeted a picture of someone...
London 2012 Olympics athletes banned from wearing Beats by brand police
3 August 2012Athletes competing at the London 2012 Olympic Games have been banned from wearing headphones made by anyone other than official partner Panasonic. This includes members of Team GB, who have been spotted during the live broadcasts sporting British-themed...
How to shoot the Olympics: a photographer's guide
2 August 2012We can't think of a much better opportunity to take your latest piece of photographic kit for a spin than the London 2012 Olympics. Packed full of all different photographic situations, it is an amateur photographer's dream. Some will have compact...
Sports Fitness
Team GB cycling 'hot pants' hope to power World Records, and Gold
2 August 2012After Mark Cavendish failed to place on the podium at the men's Olympic road race, the UK let out a sigh of disappointment. But there are plenty of other cycling events that Team GB will undertake, away from the road on the velodrome track. And Adidas,...
Olympic concierge service on your phone with LoYakk app
1 August 2012For all it has to offer, London can be a daunting place, particularly when you don't know your way around. With thousands of tourists descending on the capital for the London 2012 Games, LoYakk is providing a personal Olympic concierge service to help...
Lego-built London 2012 Olympic Park pictures and eyes-on
1 August 2012There aren't many people in the world who can say their official job title is "freelance Lego artist". But that's exactly how Warren Elsmore introduced himself to Pocket-lint when we went to look at his all-Lego model of the London 2012 Olympic Park....
Super Hi-Vision eyes-on: London 2012 Olympics in 8k
31 July 2012The Olympics have long been a test platform for new technology. Be it clever swimsuits or innovative sets of trainers, whatever you see at the Olympics is usually at the cutting edge. It doesn't have to be just sports however, TV networks often use...
APP OF THE DAY: BBC Olympics review (Android/iPhone)
30 July 2012The London 2012 Olympic Games are in full swing and there are plenty of ways to keep up with the action. The BBC has quite literally pulled out all the stops to make sure that you can enjoy the sports and with a presence on just about every platform;...
Home Cinema
Humax working on Freesat box update fix in time for Olympic Opening ceremony
30 July 2012Humax says it is in the final stages of testing an update that should ensure all 24 of BBC's live Olympic coverage channels can be recorded with the company's Freesat boxes. Customers had complained that the Humax Foxsat-HDR Freesat box had failed...
Samsung Galaxy S III London 2012 limited edition handset available now at Carphone Warehouse
27 July 2012Carphone Warehouse is selling a limited-edition Samsung Galaxy S III in celebration of the London 2012 Olympic Games. The handset is available in the pebble-blue colour with the Union Jack emblazoned on the back cover, or in white with Team GB's iconic...


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Release Date: 2007-01-08 Last Update: 2007-01-17 Views: 7,583
From remote
Cross Site Scripting, Manipulation of data, Exposure of sensitive information
Solution Status:
CVE Reference(s):
ajann has reported two vulnerabilities in Digitizing Quote And Ordering System, which can be exploited by malicious users to conduct SQL injection attacks and by malicious people to conduct cross-site scripting attacks.
1) Input passed to the "ordernum" parameter in search.asp is not properly sanitised before being used in SQL queries. This can be exploited to manipulate SQL queries by injecting arbitrary SQL code.
Successful exploitation allows retrieval of all usernames and passwords, but requires valid user credentials.
2) Input passed to the "ordernum" parameter in search.asp is not properly sanitised before being returned to the user. This can be exploited to execute arbitrary HTML and script code in a user's browser session in context of an affected site.
Successful exploitation requires that the target user is logged in.
Edit the source code to ensure that input is properly sanitised.
Provided and/or discovered by:
Original Advisory:
Deep Links:
Links available to Secunia VIM customers
Please provide information about patches, mitigating factors, new versions, exploits, faulty patches, links, and other relevant data by posting comments to this Advisory. You can also send this information to firstname.lastname@example.com
Subject: Digitizing Quote And Ordering System SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting
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Audi Presents the 2013 Audi S6
Did you know that the Audi A6 has a cousin? The all-new Audi S6 is an exciting sedan that builds upon the already-excellent package of the A6, adding new performance systems, a newly-developed engine, and first class technology.
The S6 houses a new 4.0 liter twin-turbo V8 TFSI engine that cranks out 420 horsepower with an accompanying impressive 406 pound-feet of torque. The S6 can accelerate from 0-62 mph in 4.8 seconds, and tops out at an electronically-governed 155 mph.
Three new systems - cylinder-on-demand, active engine mounts, and active noise control - give the S6 sportier performance than the previous model's 5.2 liter V10 engine, and allows it to reduce fuel consumption by as much as 25 percent. When the engine deactivates four cylinders under part load, active engine mounts counteract vibration while the active noise control (ANC) system quiets loud noise from the interior cabin. Meanwhile, four microphones in the headliner monitor noise levels in the cabin and actively cancel unwanted sounds via the main speakers and subwoofer. The activation and deactivation of the cylinder is nearly undetectable, yet delivers great efficiency benefits while still allowing the driver to have the full power of the twin-turbo V8.
The inside of the S6 is all about sporty elegance. The power-adjustable sport seats are wrapped in leather with diamond stitching. The leather sport steering wheel has colored stitching, and the shift paddles are aluminum. An S6-specific instrument cluster is featured on the main console. Available technologies include LED headlamps, climate controlled multi-contour seats with massage function, Audi parking system, and Audi MMI Navigation with MMI touch.
Are you ready to experience an unmatched driving experience? The Audi S6 is now available! Contact us today at Audi North Atlanta to schedule your test drive.


text:
Diesel-fuel smoke is one of the visual obscurants used by the armed forces to conceal personnel and equipment. Diesel-fuel smoke is formed by injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust manifold of a tactical vehicle where the fuel is vaporized and expelled with the vehicle's exhaust. Upon dilution and cooling to the ambient temperature, the fuel condenses into a dense white smoke. Because military personnel might be exposed to this aerosol in routine training situations and in actual combat, its effects on their performance and health are of interest.
Diesel fuel is a mixture of aliphatic, olefinic, and aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum. The composition of the fuel purchased by the U.S. Army to generate smoke is controlled only by specifications on boiling point, cetane
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Diesel-Fuel Smoke
Military Applications
Diesel-fuel smoke is one of the visual obscurants used by the armed forces to conceal personnel and equipment. Diesel-fuel smoke is formed by injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust manifold of a tactical vehicle where the fuel is vaporized and expelled with the vehicle's exhaust. Upon dilution and cooling to the ambient temperature, the fuel condenses into a dense white smoke. Because military personnel might be exposed to this aerosol in routine training situations and in actual combat, its effects on their performance and health are of interest.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Diesel fuel is a mixture of aliphatic, olefinic, and aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum. The composition of the fuel purchased by the U.S. Army to generate smoke is controlled only by specifications on boiling point, cetane
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number (a measurement of ignition quality), viscosity, and flash point. Additives might also be present in small quantities to improve combustibility (alkyl nitrates), reduce corrosion of storage vessels (surfactant), or reduce gum formation (antioxidants such as aromatic amides or phenols).
Diesel fuels are categorized as the middle distillates from crude oil and are more dense than gasoline. As defined in the U.S. Chemical Substances Inventory under the Toxic Substances Control Act, diesel fuels consist of hydrocarbons with carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 to C20 and boils in the range of 163 to 357°C (IARC 1989). That definition encompasses both diesel fuels No. 1 (DF1) and No. 2 (DF2). DF1 is essentially kerosene and consists of hydrocarbons with numbers predominantly in the range of C9 to C16 and boiling in the range of 150 to 300°C. DF1 contains little benzene (e.g., less than 0.02%) or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Millner et al. 1991). DF2 is essentially equivalent to fuel oil No. 2 used for automobiles and boils between 160 and 360°C (IARC 1989). DF2 is more viscous than DF1 and spans a carbon number range of C11 to C20 (IARC 1989). DF2 also contains a greater variety of compounds and includes olefins and mixed aromatic olefin-type compounds, such as styrenes. More information on the composition of diesel fuels can be found in IARC (1989) and Millner et al. (1992).
The characteristics of DF2 (Jenkins et al. 1983a) are the following:
Saturated hydrocarbons
Substituted benzenes
2-Ring aromatics
3-Ring aromatics
Polar aromatics
Refractive index
Density at 25°C (grams per milliliter)
Viscosity at 25°C (centistokes)
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Flash point (°C minimum) Distillation range
10% Point, °C
50% Point, °C
90% Point, °C
Diesel-fuel smoke—technically, a fog—is a condensation aerosol, consisting of a suspension of 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer (µm) fuel droplets in air. The droplets are individually translucent but opaque en mass. Particles in this range are respirable. The generation of the condensation aerosol is for the purpose of obscuring the soldiers from view; if conditions were such that a major portion of the fuel remained in the vapor form, the system would not achieve its purpose. However, a fraction of the fuel (components with low boiling points) might remain in the vapor form. Combusted fuel might also contribute to the total mass of the smoke, but Callahan et al. (1983) found that vehicle exhaust contributed only 1% to 2% of the total hydrocarbon concentration of the smoke. All measurements of and recommendations for diesel-fuel-smoke concentrations are reported as milligrams of total particulates per cubic meter.
Although no toxicokinetic studies have been conducted with diesel-fuel smoke, some evidence of the deposition and clearance pattern of the smoke is available from studies of Dalbey et al. (1982, 1987) and Lock et al. (1984). In these studies (described in detail in the Toxicity Summary below), the lung was the primary target organ, with several indicators of an inflammatory response. The material appears to deposit and accumulate in the lung, remaining there long enough to induce an inflammatory response. Within a 2-week period, neutrophil levels are back to control levels,
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suggesting that most of the particles are cleared. However, the macrophage levels are still elevated after that time period, indicating that some inhaled particles might still be in the lung. Dalbey et al. (1982, 1987) and Dalbey and Lock (1982) made use of dodecachlorobiphenyl as a dosimetric tracer for aerosols of diesel-fuel (Jenkins et al. 1983b). The fraction of inhaled diesel-fuel aerosol retained by the rats at the end of exposure was 4% to 8%. The largest internal amounts of the tracer were found in the lungs. Animals exposed to CT products at 8,000 milligrams per cubic meter multiplied by hour (mg•hr/m3) had between 2 and 4 mg of the aerosol particles in their lungs, and animals exposed to CT products at 12,000 mg•hr/m3 had between 3 and 6 mg of particles in their lungs. Tracer found in the upper respiratory tract accounted for less than 1.5% of the total internal dose, and that found in the digestive system accounted for approximately 30% of the total internal dose.
Effects in Humans
Although extensive data are available on the health effects of combusted diesel-fuel exhaust, little information is available on the health effects of uncombusted diesel-fuel smoke in humans. Volunteers who were exposed to concentrations of 170 and 330 mg/m3 for 10 min reported no irritant effects (Dautrebande and Capps 1950). No other studies involving inhalation exposure of humans have been reported.
Repeated exposure to diesel fuel was reported to cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals (Il'in et al. 1969), but inadequate personal hygiene was indicated as a contributing factor. The literature regarding gastritis from ingested diesel fuel and pneumonia from aspiration of diesel fuel has been reviewed (Liss-Suter et al. 1978).
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Effects in Animals
Dermal and Ocular Exposures
Repeated application of commercial diesel fuel to the shaved skin of rabbits at 4 and 8 milliliters per kilogram (mL/kg) of body weight produced 0 and 67% mortality, respectively (Beck et al. 1982). Toxic signs included weight loss, anorexia, and severe dermal irritation. Necropsy revealed congested kidneys and livers.
Eye and Skin Irritation
Commercial diesel fuel did not induce eye irritation in rabbits during a 30-sec application or skin sensitization in guinea pigs (Beck et al. 1982). The fuel was, however, extremely irritating to the skin when applied for 24 hr.
Carcinogenic Effects
DF2 was positive when tested as a tumor promoter in the SENCAR mouse-skin tumorigenesis bioassay but was negative as a complete carcinogen in the same assay (Slaga et al. 1983).
Although no chronic in vivo bioassays have been conducted with diesel fuel per se, mouse skin-painting studies have found some middle distillate fractions of crude oil to be tumorigenic when applied to the skin (clipped free of fur) twice weekly for a lifetime (Blackburn et al. 1984, Lewis et al. 1984). However, Ingram and Grasso (1991) noted that the distillate fractions acted as irritants and, under the conditions of the chronic applications, caused overt skin damage, giving rise to epidermal hyperplasia, which might have enhanced the development of the tumors.
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Inhalation Exposures
Two major sets of animal studies on the toxicity of inhaled diesel-fuel smokes have been produced; one was conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground (Callahan et al. 1983, 1986) and one at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Dalbey and Lock 1982; Dalbey et al. 1982, 1987; Lock et al. 1984). These studies cover both one-time and repeated exposures for up to 13 weeks. For one-time exposures, the product of exposure concentration and time is provided.
One-Time Exposures
Lethality. In a single-exposure study (Callahan et al. 1983), rats (Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344), mice (B6C3F1), and guinea pigs (Hartley) were exposed to high concentrations of DF1 or DF2 smoke and exhaust for 15, 60, 120, or 300 min under static airflow conditions. The goal was to expose the animals to 10,000 to 12,000 mg/m3 of smoke, as the theoretical average smoke concentration predicted for exposure of military personnel standing within 10 m downwind from the tank, operating at maximal smoke-generating efficiency under strong inversion and low-wind-speed atmospheric conditions.
Generation and dissemination of the diesel-fuel smokes were accomplished by accelerating the 750-hp Chrysler engine of the tanks up to 1,700 revolutions per minute (rpm) for approximately 5 min. When the engine manifold temperature reached 1,180°F, the fuel was expelled into the manifold through an orifice and the generated smoke was drawn through a stainless steel tube into a wind tunnel. After a generation period of 5 min, the smoke was shunted into a 20,000-liter cylindrical exposure chamber. Caged animals were placed in the chamber before the introduction of the smoke. For exposures exceeding 60 min, the generation procedure was repeated every 60 min because the hydrocarbon concentrations
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in the air of the exposure chamber decreased by 65% in 60 min.
The average concentration of the DF2 smoke for the 15- and 60-min exposures was 35,000 mg/m3 . The average concentration for the DF1 smoke was 15,000 mg/m3 for exposures from 15 to 300 min. Because dissemination of smoke generated from the M60A1 tank also involves normal exhaust emission from internal engine combustion, the concentration of the exhaust component was monitored. The hydrocarbon concentration from the exhaust of the engine was only 1% to 2% of the total smoke plus exhaust hydrocarbon concentration. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the smoke particles was 0.23 µm or less (measured by cascade impaction at concentrations of 15,000 to 18,000 mg/m3).
Gases were also monitored in the exposure chambers and were reported as not exceeding the following values: NO2, 40 parts per million (ppm); SO2, 20 ppm; CO, 130 ppm; and CO2, 11,000 ppm. Oxygen never dropped below 18.9%.
Animals could not be observed during the exposures because of the density of the smoke. At the end of the 15-min exposures to DF2 smoke and exhaust, all animals but the mice appeared lethargic. The 1-hr exposures resulted in lacrimation, oral and nasal frothiness, nasal hemorrhage, and tremors in the guinea pigs. Sprague-Dawley rats manifested cyanosis, and mice showed piloerection. One of 10 F344 rats and 4 of 10 guinea pigs died from the 60-min exposure. Mortality of animals exposed to DF1 smoke increased with increasing length of exposure; after 300 min of exposure, all but 4 mice (out of 10 mice per strain) died.
Dalbey and Lock (1982) conducted experiments to establish the maximum tolerated concentration for a given exposure duration in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The generation of the aerosol, which was designed to model the vehicle exhaust system used by the military to produce smoke from diesel fuel, consisted of a 1-in. O.D. stainless steel tube about 1 m long, with a Vycor heater fitted into one end. The heater was maintained at 600°C. The distal end of the generator was heated to 350°C by
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heating tape. Nitrogen entered the tube near the Vycor heater and exited at the opposite end. Diesel fuel was metered onto the tip of the Vycor heater, where it was flash evaporated and carried by the hot nitrogen out of the generator into the cool supply air entering the exposure chamber. Aerosol concentration in the chamber was monitored continuously by infrared backscatter probes at the top and bottom of the chamber. Particle size was determined by cascade impaction at random intervals during the study. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the particles ranged from 0.43 to 0.75 µm with a geometric standard deviation of 1.4 to 1.5. Air flow through the chamber was maintained at 425 L/m, and aerosol distribution within the chamber was uniform.
Exposures were for 2, 4, or 6 hr at concentrations ranging from 670 to 16,000 mg/m3. Exposure groups consisted of five males and five females. Mortality was observed for 2 weeks after the exposures. Mortality was the same in both sexes, and the data were combined. Mortality was found to be highly correlated with C·T, the CT product explaining 83% of the variation in mortality. A probit analysis was used to relate mortality to the log of the CT product so that the CT product that induces 1% mortality could be estimated. That estimate was 12,200 mg·hr/m3, and the 97.5% lower confidence bound of that value was calculated to be 8,200 mg·hr/m3.
Pulmonary Effects. The histopathology studies conducted by Callahan et al. (1983, 1986) indicated that the major lesions in the exposed animals were in the respiratory tract. Lesions were found in the nasal turbinates and lungs, and included congestion in the nasal turbinate, bronchopneumonia, bronchitis, peribronchiolitis, peribronchiolar lymphocytosis, pulmonary histiocytosis, and pulmonary congestion with edema and hemorrhage.
Dalbey and Lock (1982) found upon necropsy of the rats in their experiments that the only significant gross abnormality was edema in the lungs and occasionally in the trachea.
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Repeated 15- or 60-Minute Exposures
Callahan et al. (1986) exposed B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats to an average of 2,300 mg/m3 of M60A1 tank-generated exhaust and DF2 smoke for 15 or 60 min daily (5 days per week) for up to 13 weeks. Analysis of gas concentrations indicated an average of 4.4 ppm for NO2, 7.5 ppm for SO2, and 16 ppm for CO. CO2 did not exceed 1,000 ppm, and O2 did not go below 20%. The exposures were performed under static airflow conditions as described for the acute toxicity studies (Callahan et al. 1983). Toxicological, physiological, hematological, blood chemical, behavioral, reproductive, mutagenic, teratogenic, and pathological effects were evaluated.
The only clinical sign of toxicity observed in the exposed rodents was hypoactivity following the 32 or more consecutive daily exposures. After the daily exposure ended, hypoactivity diminished within 24 hr. Carboxyhemoglobin levels in the exposed rodents did not exceed 11%.
No gross pathological change was observed in exposed animals, but the incidence of mild-to-moderate pulmonary congestion increased as compared with controls. Exposed rats also had increased incidences of inflammatory and vascular lesions in nasal turbinates and tracheas. The respiratory-tract changes were of low severity and were not related to the duration of exposure. Therefore, the investigators did not consider the findings likely to be exposure-related.
Repeated 4-Hour Exposures
Lock et al. (1984) conducted a 13-week study to determine if there were cumulative toxic effects from repeated exposures to low concentrations of diesel-fuel smoke. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 4 hr, twice a week for 13 weeks (26 exposures). The exposure pattern was meant to mimic what humans might experience in the field. Animals were observed either
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5 days after the last exposure or after a recovery period of 2 months. Actual exposure concentrations of the smoke were 170, 870, and 1,600 mg/m3, as measured by infrared backscatter probes and averaged over the entire 4-hr exposure period.
Observations made during the study included body weight, food consumption, breathing frequency, and startle reflex. After the last exposure, measurements and observations were made of the number of alveolar cells removed by lavage, clinical chemistry, pulmonary function, organ weights, and histopathology. An analysis of variance was conducted, and statistical significance was based on a significance level of 0.05.
Body Weight. No deaths occurred during this study, nor were there any overt clinical signs of toxicity. Sham-exposed animals had an initial weight loss during the exposure and then returned to normal weight. The exposed animals also had an initial weight loss upon exposure, but continued to lose weight until the beginning of the fourth week of exposure. After the fourth week, the animals started to gain weight. The males exposed to the lowest concentration gained weight more rapidly than those in the two higher concentrations; females gained little weight throughout the exposure period.
During the 2-month recovery period, females in all exposed groups grew more rapidly than males, so the end weights of the females were not different from those of the sham-exposed animals. On the other hand, males gained weight slowly, so only the lowest exposure group had body weights equal to those of the sham-exposed animals. Food consumption in rats of both sexes exposed to the lowest exposure concentration did not differ significantly from that in the sham-exposed group. In the two highest exposure groups, food consumption was less than that in the sham controls. Thus, in terms of weight loss, the aerosol concentrations used were above the no-observed-effect level.
Neurological Effects. A startle-reflex assay was used to test the time to reaction and the force of response to a sharp auditory
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stimulus. Rats were placed in a wire box within a larger sound-insulated box. A constant white noise at 85 decibels (dB) within the larger box helped eliminate outside noises. After an acclimation period of 10 min, rats received five 10-msec pulses of noise at 13,000 Hz and 110 dB separated by 25 sec. Their responses, or startle reflexes, were monitored by a Gould load cell under the wire box.
The number of responses made by exposed versus sham-exposed animals was not significantly different in any case. Reaction time (time from start of acoustic stimulus to start of response) was slightly longer in males examined 5 days after 13 weeks of exposure at the highest test concentration (1,600 mg/m3). Female rats exposed at the middle test concentration (870 mg/m3) also had increased reaction times. In both instances, the authors suggested that those differences, although statistically significant, were of doubtful biological importance because the changes were so small (less than 2 msec). The maximum amplitude of the response was statistically significantly higher in the sham-exposed controls than in other groups of males; recovery was complete 1 month after exposure. A similar effect was not observed in females. Statistically significant increases in peak time (time from acoustic stimulus to peak response) occurred in males, particularly in the group exposed at the highest concentration, for which every value measured at every time point through 2 months of recovery was higher than that in the sham-exposed controls. Males exposed at the two lowest concentrations also showed some statistically significant increases in peak time through 1 month of recovery. The differences varied up to 5 msec in females and 3 msec in males; the authors interpreted those values as a significant decrement in performance. In females, the increases in peak time were observed only in the two highest exposure groups, and the differences were no longer seen after 2 months of recovery.
The increases in time to peak response in these assays, in the absence of changes in reaction time and in the force exerted, represent a lengthening of the duration of the response. These changes are difficult to interpret. Most of the changes were approximately
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Rat, DF2
60 min/d, 5 d/wk, 13 wk
Subchronic study: No observed adverse effects on testes weight or histopathology of reproductive organs
Callahan et al. 1986
Abbreviations: hr, hour(s); d, day(s); wk, week(s); min, minute(s); FP, focal pneumonitis; GD, gestation day; ♂ male;, male; ♀ female;, female; DF2, diesel-fuel grade 2; DF1, diesel-fuel grade 1; NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effects level.
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and Lock (1982) and Callahan et al. (1983) indicated that the major target-organ system for diesel smoke via inhalation exposure is the respiratory tract. They found mortality from the smoke to be dependent on the product of exposure concentration and time (CT). Dalbey et al. (1982, 1987) found that the frequency of exposure also influences the toxicity of diesel-fuel smoke. Once-a-week exposures for 6 hr were much less toxic than 2-hr exposures, three times a week, to the same concentration of smoke. The study of Lock et al. (1984) was designed to determine if repeated exposures to low concentrations of diesel-fuel smoke would cause cumulative toxicity. Rats were exposed for 4 hr, twice a week, for 13 weeks, and observations were made 5 days and 2 months after the end of the exposures. The results indicated little toxicity at exposure concentrations of up to 1,600 mg/m3, except for weight losses at all exposure concentrations, minimal pulmonary-function changes at the highest exposure concentration, and small reversible changes in time to peak startle response.
Several tests for potential mutagenic activity of diesel fuels were negative (Conaway et al. 1982; Callahan et al. 1986). DF2 tested positive as a tumor promoter, but not as a complete carcinogen, in a mouse skin bioassay (Slaga et al. 1983). No long-term in vivo cancer bioassays have been done for diesel fuel per se. The appearance of tumors in mice exposed to some crude-oil-distillate fractions might be the result of the skin damage produced by repeated applications of the liquids to their shaved skin. Finally, IARC (1989) has concluded that there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of diesel fuels in humans, but limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of diesel fuel No. 4 (DF4) (also called marine diesel fuel), but not DF1 or DF2, in experimental animals.
Diesel exhaust (combusted diesel fuel) might account for 1% to 2% of diesel-fuel smoke if the smoke is generated by a diesel-powered vehicle. IARC has designated diesel exhaust as a 2B carcinogen
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(i.e., a possible human carcinogen with inadequate evidence in humans and adequate evidence in animals). However, the charge of the subcommittee was to review the toxicity of diesel-fuel smokes per se. The risk assessments for the diesel-fuel smoke were based on the concentration of particles of condensed fuel in the smoke, which, under obscuring conditions, are present at extremely high concentrations compared with soot from the diesel engines that are running the tanks.
Exposure limits have not been recommended for diesel-fuel smoke or its components. The ACGIH TLV-TWA value for diesel fuel of 350 mg/m3 refers to total hydrocarbons as vapor, not as an aerosol of the total fuel (ACGIH 1995).
On the basis of the toxicity information described above, the subcommittee has developed exposure guidance levels for military personnel exposed during an emergency release or during regular training exercises and for communities nearby training facilities to protect them from emergency or repeated releases of diesel-fuel smoke.
Inhalation studies indicate that the respiratory tract is the primary target organ system following exposure to diesel-fuel smoke and that mortality from a one-time exposure is dependent on C•T. Repeated-exposure studies indicate that pulmonary toxicity also depends on the frequency of exposure. One 6-hr exposure per week at the same concentration (4,000 mg/m3) of smoke was less toxic to the lung than three 2-hr exposures a week (Dalbey et al. 1982, 1987). That finding indicates that for a given CT product, toxicity increases with the frequency of exposure. Therefore,
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the subcommittee recommends that training exercises without masking be conducted no more frequently than twice a week.
Military Exposures
Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)1
For the EEGLs, the subcommittee considered the acute toxicity studies of Dalbey and Lock (1982) and Callahan et al. (1983). Dalbey and Lock (1982) used a probit analysis to estimate the CT product that induced 1% mortality. The 97.5% lower confidence bound of this value was 8,200 mg•hr/m3. Considering the severity of the end point (death), the subcommittee divided that value by an uncertainty factor of 10 to predict a nonpermanent health impairment and by another uncertainty factor of 10 to account for interspecies sensitivity to arrive at an EEGL of 80 mg•hr/m3. That CT product results in a 15-min EEGL of 320 mg/m3, rounded to 300 mg/m3, a 1-hr EEGL of 80 mg/m3, and a 6-hr EEGL of 15 mg/m3. Support for the assumption that permanent health effects would not occur from exposure at these concentrations comes from the repeated exposure studies of Dalbey et al. (1987), in which rats exposed once a week for 9 weeks to a weekly CT product of 8,000 mg•hr/m3 exhibited only equivocal pulmonary inflammation, which remained equivocal after a 2-week recovery period. In addition, human volunteers exposed to diesel-fuel smoke at 330 mg/m3 for 10 min reported no irritant effects.
Permissible Exposure Guidance Level (PEGL)2
The most relevant toxicity study for recommending PEGLs
Guidance for a rare, emergency situation resulting in an exposure of military personnel.
Guidance for repeated exposure of military personnel during training exercises.
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involved repeated exposures of rats twice a week for 13 weeks (Lock et al. 1984). Exposure of rats for 4 hr, twice a week, to diesel-fuel smoke at concentrations as high as 1,600 mg/m3 caused no lesions in the respiratory tract. The exposures did cause weight losses and reduced weight gains that resulted in weight deficits of greater than 10% for males, as compared with sham-exposed rats at the two highest exposure concentrations and with females even at the lowest exposure concentration. At the lowest exposure concentration, the weight deficit did not increase beyond 10% until after 10 weeks of exposure. Two months after the exposure, male body weights only returned to those of sham-exposed controls. Female weights in all exposure groups returned to control concentrations. If one considers the lower exposure concentration of 170 mg/m3 for 4 hr, twice a week for at least 10 weeks, to be a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL, i.e., 1,360 mg•hr/m3 per week), then the PEGL would be calculated as one-tenth that value (140 mg•hr/m3 per week) to account for species differences.
The subcommittee also considered the studies of Dalbey et al. (1982, 1987). In those studies, rats exposed to 4,000 mg/m3 of smoke for 2 hr, once a week for 9 weeks had equivocal signs of focal pneumonitis, and the equivocal lesion had not recovered 2 weeks later (Table 2-1). That regimen amounted to a weekly exposure of 8,000 mg•hr/m3 and is considered a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL). Dividing by 100 to convert from the LOAEL to an expected NOAEL and to account for species differences, the PEGL is 80 mg•hr/m3 within 1 week, with no more than two exposures per week.
The subcommittee chose 80 mg•hr/m3 per week as the PEGL because it was the lower value of the two alternatives. The subcommittee assumed that an exposure event occurred over an extended period, such as 8 hr. Thus, the PEGL for a single exposure in 1 week would equal 10 mg/m3 for an 8-hr exposure, and the PEGL for two exposures in 1 week would equal 5 mg/m3 for each of two 8-hr exposures. The subcommittee recommends those PEGLs as ceiling values; in other words, those PEGLs apply even if the exposure events are less than 8 hr in a given day. The CT
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product for the PEGLs is the same as the CT product for the EEGLs; however, the maximum exposure concentration and rate of exposure are less for the PEGLs than for the EEGLs. The subcommittee also recommends that protective equipment be worn if exposures to diesel-fuel smoke during training appears to produce chronic dermatitis in any individuals.
Public Exposures
Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)3
The SPEGL should accommodate the wide range of sensitivity possible in the general population compared with military personnel; therefore, a value equal to one tenth the EEGL is recommended (NRC 1986). It should be emphasized that the EEGL and SPEGL values are for emergency situations only. The SPEGL is 8 mg•hr/m3 for a maximum of 6 hr for an emergency exposure.
Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)4
This value is equal to the PEGL divided by 10 to protect sensitive members of the public (NRC 1986). Thus, the subcommittee chose 8 mg•hr/m3 per week as the PPEGL, with no more than two exposures per week. As for the PEGL, the subcommittee assumed that an exposure event occurs over an extended period, such as 8 hr. Thus, the PPEGL for a single exposure in 1 week would equal 1 mg/m3 for an 8-hr exposure, and the PPEGL for two exposures in 1 week would equal 0.5 mg/m3 for each of two 8-hr
Guidance for a rare, emergency situation potentially resulting in an exposure of the public to a military-training smoke.
Guidance for repeated exposures of public communities near military-training facilities.
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exposures. The PPEGLs represent ceiling values; in other words, those PPEGLs apply even if the exposure events are less than 8 hr in a given day. The CT product for the PPEGLs is the same as the CT product for the SPEGLs; however, the maximum exposure concentration and rate of exposure are less for the PPEGLs than for the SPEGLs.
Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
The exposure guidance levels for diesel-fuel smoke for military personnel are summarized in Table 2-3. The exposure guidance levels for diesel-fuel smoke to protect the public in the vicinity of training facilities are summarized in Table 2-4.
TABLE 2-3 EEGLs and PEGLs for Diesel-Fuel Smoke for Military Personnel
Exposure Guideline
Exposure Duration
Guidance Level (mg/m3)
15 min
1 hr
6 hr
8 hr/d, 1 d/wk
8 hr/d, 2 d/wk
TABLE 2-4 SPEGLs and PPEGLs for Diesel-Fuel Smoke at the Boundaries of Military Training Facilities
Exposure Guideline
Exposure Duration
Guidance Level (mg/m3)
15 min
1 hr
6 hr
8 hr/d, 1 d/wk
8 hr/d, 2 d/wk
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Recommendations for diesel-fuel smoke were based on studies conducted in laboratory animals over relatively short durations, all less than 3 months. It is not known if the modest adverse effects noted at the end of these exposures would have increased in severity had the exposures continued for longer durations. Some military personnel are exposed to smoke during training exercises over several years. Toxicity studies conducted over exposure durations longer than 10 weeks, perhaps up to 1 or 2 years, would provide the information necessary to evaluate human health risks due to years of exposure to diesel-fuel smoke during training exercises.
Army personnel who work with this smoke, trainers in particular, represent a rich source of potential information on the health effects of the smoke. The subcommittee recommends that the U.S. Army conduct a prospective study with appropriate controls in which pulmonary-function tests (spirometry and diffusing capacity at a minimum) and routine chemistry tests (panel 20 plus Mg and thyroid tests as a minimum) are conducted on personnel who are exposed repeatedly to the smoke.
Additional studies are recommended to explore fully the potential for reproductive and developmental effects of exposure to diesel-fuel smokes. To evaluate male and female reproductive toxicity, a two-generation study, including a detailed evaluation of reproductive effects, is recommended. Developmental effects have been evaluated only in Sprague-Dawley rats; conclusions would be more robust if similar findings were observed in a second species of mammal.
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1995. 1995-1996 Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Blackburn, G.R., R.A. Deitch, C.A. Schreiner, M.A. Mehlman, and
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C.R. Mackerer. 1984. Estimation of the dermal carcinogenic activity of petroleum fractions using a modified Ames assay. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1:67-80.
Beck, L.S., D.I. Hepler, and K.L. Hansen. 1982. The acute toxicology of selected petroleum hydrocarbons. Pp. 1-12 in Proceedings of the Symposium: The Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons , N.H. MacFarland, C.E. Holdsworth, J.A. MacGregor, R.W. Call, and M.L. Kane, eds. Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute.
Callahan, J.F., C.L. Crouse, G.E. Affleck, R.L. Farrand, R.W. Dorsey, M.S. Ghumman, R.J. Pellerin, D.H. Heitkamp, C. Lilly, J.J. Feeney and J.T. Weimer. 1983. The Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Diesel Fuels (DF2 and DF1) Used in Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke Systems (VEESS). Tech. Rep. ARCSL-TR-82064. Chemical Systems Laboratory, U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, Md.
Callahan, J.F., C.L. Crouse, G.E. Affleck, E.G. Cummings, R.L. Farrand, R.W. Dorsey, M.S. Ghumman, R.D. Armstrong, W.C. Starke, R.J. Pellerin, D.C. Burnett, D.H. Heitkamp, C. Lilly, J.J. Feeney, M. Rausa, E.H. Kandel, J.D. Bergmann, and J.T. Weimer. 1986. The Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of DF2 (Diesel Fuel) Used in Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke Systems (VEESS). Tech. Rep. CRDCTR-85009. Chemical Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground , Edgewood, Md.
Conaway, C.C., C.A. Schreiner, and S.T. Cragg. 1982. Mutagenicity evaluation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Pp. 128-138 in Proceedings of the Symposium: The Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, N.H. MacFarland, C.E. Holdsworth, J.A. MacGregor, R.W. Call, and M.L. Kane, eds. Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute.
Dalbey, W., and S. Lock. 1982. Chemical Characterization and Toxicological Evaluation of Airborne Mixtures. Inhalation Toxicology of Diesel Fuel Obscurant Aerosol in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Final Report, Phase 1, Acute Exposures. ORNL/TM-8867. AD-A132 650. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Dalbey, W., S. Lock, and R. Schmoyer. 1982. Chemical Characterization and Toxicological Evaluation of Airborne Mixtures. Inhalation Toxicology of Diesel Fuel Obscurant Aerosol in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Final Report, Phase 2, Repeated Exposures. ORNL/TM-9169.
OCR for page 26
AD-A142 540. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Dalbey W., M. Henry, R. Holmberg, J. Moneyhun, R. Schmoyer, and S. Lock. 1987. Role of exposure parameters in toxicity of aerosolized diesel fuel in the rat. J. Appl. Toxicol. 7:265-275.
Dautrebande, L., and R. Capps. 1950. Studies on aerosols. IX. Enhancement of irritating effects of various substances on the eye, nose, and throat by particulate matter and liquid aerosols in connection with pollution of the atmosphere. Arch. Int. Pharmacodynam. Ther. 82:505-528.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1989. Diesel fuels. Pp. 219-237 in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Major Petroleum Fuels, Vol. 45. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Il'in, B.I., L.I. Kogan, and N.V. Buzulutskii. 1969. Suppurative diseases in persons working with fuels and lubricants [in Russian]. Voen. Med. Zh. 9:69.
Ingram, A.J., and P. Grasso. 1991. Evidence for and possible mechanisms of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Mutat. Res. 248:333-340.
Jenkins, R.A., R.W. Holmberg, J.S. Wike, J.H. Moneyhan, and R.S. Brazell. 1983a. Chemical Characterizations and Toxicologic Evaluation of Airborne Mixtures. ORNL/TM-9196. AD-A142 718. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Jenkins, R.A., D.L. Manning, M.P. Maskatinec, J.H. Moneyhun, and W. Dalbey. 1983b. Chemical Characterization and Toxicologic Evaluation of Airborne Mixtures. Diesel Fuel Smoke Particulate Dosimetry in Sprague-Dawley Rats. ORNL/TM-9195. AD-A142 914. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Lewis, S.C., R.W. King, S.T. Cragg, and D.W. Hillman. 1984. Skin carcinogenic potential of petroleum hydrocarbons: Crude oil, distillate fractions and chemical class subfractions. Pp. 139-150 in Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology: Applied Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Vol. 6, N.H. MacFarland, C.E. Holdsworth, J.A. MacGregor, R.W. Call, and M.L. Kane, eds. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Scientific Publishers.
Liss-Suter, D., R. Mason, and P.N. Craig. 1978. A Literature Review—Problem Definition Studies on Selected Toxic Chemicals: Occupational Health and Safety Aspects of Diesel Fuel and White Smoke
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Generated From It, Vol. 1. DAMD17-77-C-7020. AD-A056 018. Science Information Services Department, Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Rockville, Md.
Lock, S., W. Dalbey, R. Schmoyer, and R. Griesemer. 1984. Chemical Characterization and Toxicological Evaluation of Airborne Mixtures. Inhalation Toxicology of Diesel Fuel Obscurant Aerosol in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Final Report, Phase 3, Subchronic Exposures. ORNL/TM-9403. AD-A150 100. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Criteria and Methods for Preparing Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL), Short-term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL), and Continuous Exposure Guidance Level (CEGL) Documents. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Slaga, T.J., L.L. Triplett, and R.J.M. Fry. 1983. Chemical Characterization and Toxicological Evaluation of Airborne Mixtures. Tumorigenicity Studies of Diesel Fuel-2, Red Smoke Dye, and Violet Smoke Dyes in the SENCAR Mouse Skin Tumorigenesis Bioassay System. ORNL/TM-9752. AD-A159 728. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Starke, W.C., R.J. Pellerin, D.C. Burnett, J.H. Manthei, and D.H. Heitkamp. 1987. Teratogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Effects of Grade 2 Diesel Fuel on Reproduction in a Single Generation of Rats. Tech. Rep. CRDEC-TR-87083. Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, Md.


text:
The Markets
Dirk Bikkembergs Sells His Brand
The Belgian designer has sold his label to Zeis Excelsa SpA, his footwear licensee. He remains involved as creative director.
— Jul 12, 2011
Betty Ford, Former First Lady and Feminist, 93
A staunch advocate for women's rights and equal rights, Ford spoke publicly in favor of abortion and federally-funded daycare.
— Jul 9, 2011
Jennifer Hudson Joins Key to the Cure
Saks Fifth Avenue has tapped the singer to be an ambassador for this year's initiative.
— Jul 8, 2011
Robert Clergerie Names Roland Mouret
Designer to become shoemaker's creative director.
— Jul 7, 2011
Fashion Houses Favoring Unknown Designers
The industry continues to shift away from star talents in favor of appointing under-the-radar types.
— Jul 7, 2011
Victoria Beckham Launches Dress Line
With the spring 2012 launch of Victoria by Victoria Beckham, the designer expects to capture a whole new fan base.
— Jun 30, 2011
Isaac Mizrahi Line Bows on Aisle New York
The designer mingled with nearly 100 brides and brides-to-be at the launch of his dress and accessories collection for the online retailer.
— Jun 30, 2011


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CareerBuilder and EMSI Release Top Jobs for 2013
CHICAGO, Dec. 6, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Is finding a job on your list of New Year's resolutions? CareerBuilder and Economic Modeling Specialists (EMSI) have released the best bachelor degree jobs for 2013 based on occupations with the most jobs added since 2010. The study uses EMSI's rich labor market database, which pulls from over 90 national and state employment resources and includes detailed information on employees and self-employed workers.
"Where the U.S. will produce the most jobs in 2013 is likely to follow growth patterns of the last few years," said Matt Ferguson, CEO of CareerBuilder. "It's no surprise that technology and engineering occupations comprise six of the top ten positions on our list, but workers should also see more opportunities in production-related fields, marketing, healthcare and financial services. The competition for educated, specialized labor has intensified as market demands increase in both the manufacturing and services sectors."
Occupations requiring bachelor degrees that have produced the most jobs post-recession include the following. For more detailed information about each position, visit our blog post.
1) Software Developers (Applications and Systems Software)
- 70,872 jobs added since 2010, 7% growth
2) Accountants and Auditors
- 37,123 jobs added since 2010, 3% growth
3) Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
- 31,335 jobs added since 2010, 10% growth
4) Computer Systems Analysts
- 26,937 jobs added since 2010, 5% growth
5) Human Resources, Training and Labor Relations Specialists
- 22,773 jobs added since 2010, 5% growth
6) Network and Computer Systems Administrators
- 18,626 jobs added since 2010, 5% growth
7) Sales Representatives (Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific)
- 17,405 jobs added since 2010, 4% growth
8) Information Security Analysts, Web Developers and Computer Network Architects
- 15,715 jobs added since 2010, 5% growth
9) Mechanical Engineers
- 13,847 jobs added since 2010, 6% growth
10) Industrial Engineers
- 12,269 jobs added since 2010, 6% growth
11) Computer Programmers
- 11,540 jobs added since 2010, 3% growth
12) Financial Analysts
- 10,016 jobs added since 2010, 4% growth
13) Public Relations Specialists
- 8,541 jobs added since 2010, 4% growth
14) Logisticians
- 8,522 jobs added since 2010, 8% growth
15) Database Administrators
- 7,468 jobs added since 2010, 7% growth
16) Meeting, Convention and Event Planners
- 7,072 jobs added since 2010, 10% growth
17) Cost Estimators
- 6,781 jobs added since 2010, 3% growth
18) Personal Financial Advisors
- 5,212 jobs added since 2010, 3% growth
*EMSI data is collected from more than 90 federal and state sources, such as the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. Census Bureau, and state labor departments. EMSI removes suppressions often found in publically available data and includes proprietors, creating a complete picture of the workforce.
About EMSI
Economic Modeling Specialists Intl. (EMSI) is a CareerBuilder company that provides industry-leading employment data and economic analysis via web tools and custom reports. EMSI has produced more than 1,200 comprehensive impact analyses for colleges and universities in the US and internationally, and our web tools — Analyst and Career Coach — are used by thousands of professionals in higher education, workforce and economic development, and the private sector.
About CareerBuilder®
CareerBuilder is the global leader in human capital solutions, helping companies target and attract their most important asset - their people. Its online career site, CareerBuilder.com®, is the largest in the United States with more than 24 million unique visitors, 1 million jobs and 49 million resumes. CareerBuilder works with the world's top employers, providing resources for everything from employment branding and talent intelligence to recruitment support. More than 10,000 websites, including 140 newspapers and broadband portals such as MSN and AOL, feature CareerBuilder's proprietary job search technology on their career sites. Owned by Gannett Co., Inc. (NYSE: GCI), Tribune Company and The McClatchy Company (NYSE: MNI), CareerBuilder and its subsidiaries operate in the United States, Europe, South America, Canada and Asia. For more information, visit www.careerbuilder.com.
Media Contact
Jennifer Grasz
SOURCE CareerBuilder
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text: PERSONALITY The game of avoidance is played so well perfected it so, it's very hard to tell when and if it's on, one does not know. There is nothing and no one able to show what comes from - lays deep within the soul. Because there is a refusal to believe it becomes impossible - one can not conceive what it is that becomes a part of the personality that will take a relationship, lead it to finality and never see, perceive what was laid down. It must be only one way - a set of ground rules by which one must comply or it's over the relationship must die a very slow death from the awareness there will never be a closeness. What does the broken heart do?, inside, bury the thoughts of you so the soul can keep on living knowing you will never be giving in an inch let alone a foot or two. B.J."A" 2 April 26th 2009


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Jenny Frost has given birth to twin girls.
The former Atomic Kitten singer and her husband Vicente 'Vinnie' Juan Spiteri welcomed daughters Blake and Nico into the world on Sunday (20.01.13) and the pair are smitten with the tiny tots.
Jenny - who already has a five-year-old son, Casper, from a previous relationship - tweeted a picture of the girls' feet and wrote: ''Good morning,Our girls are here.....Blake & Nico arrived on Sunday night.They are perfect....tiny but perfect!! (sic)''
Jenny - who announced her pregnancy last August - recently spoke about how Spanish Vinnie loved her pregnancy curves.
Jenny - who lives in Ibiza with Vinnie - said: ''It's Vinnie's first time as a dad and he can't wait, but he's more excited right now about my new lumps and bumps.
''He calls me 'jamona'. Apparently, it's meant to be a compliment and means sexy, curvy woman.
''But the first time he said it I asked him: 'Did you just call me a pig or a big piece of ham?' as the words are quite similar in Spanish.
''Let's just say he's very happy with my extra pounds!''
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- Kerry Katona's boring celebration


text:
Technology Management Solutions Named To MSPmentor 100 Small Business Edition
New List Honors Top Managed Service Providers (MSPs) With 10 or Fewer Employees
Pasadena (I-Newswire) March 14, 2013 - Technology Management Solutions (TMS) A premier information technology (IT) support service partner focused on enabling the success of small and medium business in southern California. - Was recognized by MSPmentor a Nine Lives Media online publication as one of the top 100 MSPs (Managed Service Providers) globally with 10 or less employees. TMS was ranked # 35 in the world
TMS was founded in 2006 and incorporated in 2007 and has grown into one of the top IT support companies in southern California as a leading provider of computer network support services and technology solutions for small & medium business.
MSPmentor, produced by Nine Lives Media, is the ultimate guide to managed services and the leading global destination for managed service providers. Nine Lives Media is a division of Penton Media. MSPmentor covers the news, the gossip and the speculation - responsibly. We focus on the entire MSP community, we cut through the hype, we ignore vendor spin (or provide our own spin), and we deliver in-depth analysis of the evolving MSP industry. More than telling you about MSP platforms, our editorial content shows you how to evolve from a solutions provider to a managed service provider. Tom Hill Co-Founder and VP of Sales and Marketing at TMS said "I am very excited to expand our company into the area that I call home. With our new office in Rancho Cucamonga it allows us to respond quicker to our clients' needs in the area. We have found great success with our other locations in Pasadena and Palmdale and are expecting even better success in the IE".
"Congratulations to Technology Management Solutions on this honor," said Amy Katz, president of Nine Lives Media, a division of Penton Media. "The MSPmentor 100 Small Business Edition identifies a new generation of MSPs that keep small business IT systems and cloud services running worldwide."
MSPs on this year's global 501 list, including many small business MSPs, lifted their combined annual recurring revenues 24.5 percent to $2.54 billion. Together, those MSPs now manage more than 5.6 million PCs and servers, and nearly 400,000 smartphones and tablets, according to Joe Panettieri, editorial director, Nine Lives Media.
MSPmentor, produced by Nine Lives Media, is the ultimate guide to managed services. MSPmentor features the industry's top-ranked blog, research, Channel Expert Hour Webcasts and FastChat videos. It is the number one online media destination for managed service providers in the world.
TMS Co-Founder Tom Hills Says " TMS is ecstatic about being recognized on this list along with other well recognized companies. We owe the honor to our team at TMS and especially our clients. Without are clients we are nothing and we appreciate and thank each and every one of them for trusting TMS with their businesses technology support."
About Technology Management Solutions
Technology Management Solutions, LLC (TMS) - A premier information technology (IT) support service More.. partner based in Pasadena California focused on enabling the success of small and medium business in southern California. TMS is partnered with the following companies VMware, Microsoft, Cisco, HP, Dell, Trendmicro, MacAfeeLess..
Contact Information
Technology Management Solutions
Tom Hill
1443 E. Washington
Phone : 626-737-2970
IT Support Services Los Angeles IT Support Services Pasadena IT Support Services Rancho Cucamonga Best IT Support companyPublished in:
TechnologyPublished On:
March 14, 2013Print Release:
Print ReleaseIf you have questions regarding information in this press release contact the company listed above. I-Newswire.com is a press release service and not the author of this press release.The information that is on or available through this site is for informational purposes only and speaks only as of the particular date or dates of that information. As some companies and PR Agencies submit their press releases once per week,month or quarter, make sure to check the official company website for accurate release dates as our site displays the I-Newswire.com press release distribution date only.We do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information on or available through this site, and we are not responsible for or omissions in that information or for actions taken in reliance on that information.
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text:
Champaign Health Center - Champaign, IL
302 E Stoughton
Administrado por: Planned Parenthood of Illinois
Get Directions From:
Hours of Operation
Mon | Tues | Wed | Thurs | Fri | Sat | Sun | |
Open | 9:00am | 9:00am | 8:00am | 11:00am | 8:00am | -- | -- |
Close | 5:00pm | 5:00pm | 5:00pm | 7:00pm | 3:00pm | -- | -- |
Health Center Services and Information
Our health center is closed for the following holidays:
- New Year's Day
- Martin Luther King Day
- Presidents Day
- Memorial Day
- Independence Day
- Labor Day
- Thanksgiving Day
- Day after Thanksgiving
- Christmas Day
Specialty Services
Pills by Mail is available at this health center - a service that delivers birth control pills to your home each month. Patients with a current prescription for some of the birth control pills that we offer at our health center can order Pills by Mail.
Payment Information
We accept the following forms of payment:
- cash
- major credit/debit cards
- money orders
Payment is expected at time of service.
Please click here to see the forms of insurance accepted at PPIL.
Donations are welcome at the time of your visit to help support our mission and continue the important work we do.
All information presented, including pricing and/or insurance information, is subject to change at any time. This information is presented for informational purposes only and is not intended to and does not constitute medical or legal advice. For further information, please refer to our Terms of Use.
©2014 Planned Parenthood of Illinois
Pruebas, tratamiento y vacunas para enfermedades de transmisión sexual in Champaign, IL
Champaign Health Center offers the following services related to the testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs):
- STD testing, diagnosis and treatment, including:
- bacterial vaginosis (BV)
- chlamydia
- genital warts
- gonorrhea
- herpes
- HIV (testing and diagnosis only)
- syphilis
- trichomoniasis (trich)
- Other STD testing, diagnosis and treatment services are also available. Please ask our staff for more information.
- STD prevention, including:
- condoms
- female condoms
- dental dams
- HPV vaccine (Gardasil)
- hepatitis B vaccine
- STD/safer sex education
STD testing and treatment services are available:
- during all business hours by appointment
Here's what you need to know about STD testing and treatment at this health center:
Rapid HIV testing can be done with a blood sample taken from a finger stick. The results are available in 10-40 minutes.
Children and adolescents younger than age 19 may qualify for the Vaccine for Children (VFC) program, which provides free vaccines. Other fees may apply.
Individuals ages 19 - 26 who have no health insurance and meet financial criteria may qualify for the Merck Vaccine Patient Assistance Program to receive the HPV vaccine (Gardasil) at no charge. Other fees may apply.
Some vaccines are given in a series over the course of several months, which would require you to return to the health center to get the full benefit.
Prices and Payment Information
Please contact this health center for STD services pricing information.
Payment is expected at time of service unless other arrangements have been previously made.
Donations are welcome at the time of your visit to help support our mission and continue the important work we do.
All information presented, including pricing and/or insurance information, is subject to change at any time. This information is presented for informational purposes only and is not intended to and does not constitute medical or legal advice. For further information, please refer to our Terms of Use.
©2014 Planned Parenthood of Illinois
Servicios Incluyen
Planes De Seguro Médico Que Aceptamos
- Aetna
- Alliance Health
- Allied Benefits System PHCS
- Allied Benefits Systems Beechstreet
- AMA and Associates
- Ameriben Beechstreet
- BCBS of Illinois HMO
- Blue Cross Blue Shield
- Cigna
- Consociate Dansig
- County Care Medicaid MCO
- Coventry
- Health Alliance
- Health Alliance
- Health Net
- Healthlink
- Humana
- LLH (Land of Lincoln Co-op)
- Meridian Medicaid MCO
- Molina
- Optima
- State of Illinois Medicaid
- UMR United Medical Resources
- United
Los planes de seguro médico en la lista tienen a Planned Parenthood como proveedor en la red. Comunícate directamente con tu compañía de seguro para confirmar si cubren los servicios que te interesan y si tienes que pagar algo de tu propio bolsillo.
Si no tienes seguro médico, visita PlannedParenthoodAsegurate.org para averiguar cómo puedes obtener una cobertura a bajo precio y qué debes tener en cuenta cuando eliges un plan de seguro médico.


text:
Making advocacy for the legalization of marijuana into an issue of crisis economics rather than an issue of personal autonomy is a terrible idea. Yes, proponents of the former argument say, it's true that it's harmless, etc., etc., but the real reason to make it legal is that it is a hugely popular commodity that could be exorbitantly taxed, providing a substantial new revenue stream for Federal and state governments, which, presumably, could be turned around and spit out in the form of more "stimulus." Do we extrapolate from such arguments that all sin should be both legal and taxable? If someday we legalized sex work, would we charge a consumption tax? Would madams have to make monthly remittances of sales tax to their state IRS?
Legalizing drugs is no way to end the recession. It may be a better way to deal with it, man, but let's not overdo our enthusiasms.
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Up in Smoke
26 comments:
- la Rana said...
So, uh: "Making advocacy for the legalization of marijuana into an issue of crisis economics rather than an issue of personal autonomy is a terrible idea"...for reasons other than the successful legalization of Marijuana.
Legalizing drugs may be no way to end the recession, but I'll take legalizing drugs, thanks. Get yer ideals outa my dime bag, yo. - 10:48 AM
- Anonymous said...
Sin taxable? Why not, moral actions are taxable, although taxation is legalized theft.
- Mr.Fundamental said...
what la Rana said, yo.
sell yer Autonomy Potions somewhere else. I live here in reality. - 10:52 AM
- dhex said...
it is truly sad that the first thought many people seem to have is "but we can make the government more money! wheeeee!" especially coming from lib-ish, not in our name types. (not quite sure where they think the funds for those deeds which were not in their name came from, but whatevs)
on the other hand, anything that kicks a hole in the side of the war on some drugs is a good thing. - 11:28 AM
- Anonymous said...
real flaw with the economic argument = keeping the drugs illegal is a pretty good revenue stream as it is.
- Cüneyt said...
I think it's more of the enthusiasm of calling the government out on its ignorance, or the desire to find a win-win. Of course, the government isn't merely interested in taxation. It, like all of us, wants power, and that's why the Drug War is still waged. There are hidden incentives to explain its apparently irrational stance.
In any case, I'm with the pragmatic pot smokers again. I acknowledge IOZ's point, and I'd certainly like the state to recognize (what I think to be) our rights as existing in and of themselves. But frankly, if you're expecting others to do the right thing and for the right reasons, you can go along and expect it. I don't go in for moralistic governance, and nobody in this world is going to support my interests for my reasons unless they share them, and even then. Liberty is a concept descended from tribal pacts. There's always a quid pro quo. Need I go on? Of course not. - 11:38 AM
- Anonymous said...
I'm glad to see that La Rana is quite impartial to the means as long as he gets to relax on Tuesday nights and you can too!! Personally, I won the DARE bear in 5th grade so I don't give a shit either way. But if the only goal is said Tuesdays gov't intrusion-free this seems to be quite the incorrect tact politically. Where are you going to find the middle of the road Dems and your Orrin Hatches who need to hold the line a bit on the stimulus talk to get reelected when their opponent gets to run "Stalin's Reefer Madness" in 30 second bits all over their districts. We've got a recession b/c we spent a bunch of money on shit that doesn't have value b/c we tricked ourselves into believing that it did just to feel good about our shitty lives and some other people with MBAs made some stuff up out of thin air and it all came crashing down...so our solution is there's an industry right under our noses and if we just get that money we can all be rich again?? Doesn't add up.
Like I said, I don't know about the glorious effects of getting high, but until you show me the engineer who gets stoned and invents the flying car that runs on solar power and cruises on wind propulsion I'll go on believing that when they wake up all they have is a fucking empty pipe and maybe, if you're lucky, some neat jazz.
- mds said...
Do we extrapolate from such arguments that all sin should be both legal and taxable?
If someday we legalized sex work, would we charge a consumption tax?
Actually, I'm slightly surprised that Monty Python's Tax on "Thingy" sketch hasn't been brought up yet.
Meanwhile, Connecticut branches of the LUV Boutique have posted billboards urging us to stop by and assemble our own stimulus packages. So, you know, hooray for the free market. - 12:58 PM
- Crackpot Realist said...
How DARE you have an ideology, IOZ. Your convictions invalidate our apathy! Accept the lesser evil of The Pwog! You WILL be assimilated!
- Leonard said...
If you do something right for the wrong reason, that's still better than doing something wrong. Or continuing something wrong. Using professed intention as the measure of morality in politics is just plain stupid. Everyone is well intended, and yet here we are.
And yes, it is better than sin be legal and taxed, than illegal and not taxed. Whores in Nevada have their taxes withheld if they are employees, just like you do. - 1:35 PM
- la Rana said...
COT, I'm pretty sure you just attacked a nonexistent proposal, then offered the criticism that all I can hope to achieve is precisely what I want.
Touche. - 2:20 PM
- TGGP said...
Alcohol prohibition was ended to raise tax revenue. Drugs are less popular though (people seriously drank huge amounts in the past relative to now).
- Anonymous said...
You're just mad that no one's talking about legalizing your precious cocaine.
- Anonymous said...
aw come on, let's all lighten up here. The argument just an attempt to piggyback on to the issue du jour.
If this were 2003, it would be all, like, legalizing pot would totally destroy Terrorism and Saddam Hussein etc. etc. - 3:32 PM
- wavydavy said...
What mds said.
And it may or may not have anything concrete to aid to stimulus packages, but who cares? If that gets the legalization argument out in the open, and eventually to actual passage, good.
As someone once said, crisis is an opportunity to make changes. - 3:37 PM
- Anonymous said...
There are impurities in cocaine. You should smoke crack.
- fledermaus said...
Please, they sold the wall street bailout and the Iraq War to Congress on the grounds that it would make money for the US. Clearly the way to get shit passed is tell the gullible congress critters that it will make money for everyone.
- Anonymous said...
One would think that merely decriminalizing the shit would save incarceration and judicial process money out the wazoo. Or did someone already mention that?
- Cüneyt said...
Definitely true, Anon, but bringing that up reminds the local law enforcement that they might lose their tanks and SWAT teams. Aw.
- Montag said...
there'll be time for personal autonomy when we've disassembled the state and torn down all coercive institutions.
i want my weed now.
fuck it, let's go bowling. - 8:31 PM
- Anonymous said...
so can we put you down as in the "Nay to legalization" camp then ?
- Brian said...
Yep, Cuynet. My sleepy but sometimes violent San Franciso exurb owns, to paraprhrase Jefferson Airplane, "its very own tank." Along with a full scale mobile home converted into a "mobile command center." :)
- Aaron said...
I have always wondered whether Seagrams wasn't the elephant in the room of the legalization debate. Is pot vs. alcohol a zero sum game? Has someone done studies? Frankly, our drug policy doesn't make sense without a bit of plutocrat hardball going behind the scenes. Totally a priori argument, obviously.
- Dunc said...
Is pot vs. alcohol a zero sum game?
Not in my house. And since when did policy have to make sense? - 11:53 AM
- Aaron said...
Okay sure, but it's all about marginal returns. Would you pound three more Budweisers each night in your garage if you weren't busy getting baked at the same time?
- Dunc said...
No, probably not. But then I've been at both long enough to have reached a comfortable level moderation... I drink and I smoke, but I don't generally get drunk or particularly heavily stoned. (Although Saturday nights can be a different matter, especially if there's a fine bottle of cask-strength single malt whisky to hand.)
I'd rather drink my own piss than drink Budweiser (or at least, what you Americans call Budweiser, which bears no resemblance to the real thing). I'm British, I'm Scottish, and a I brew almost all my own beer. I typically have 10 to 15 gallons (that's UK gallons) on hand at any one time... (Not to mention my collection of fine cognacs and single malt whiskies, and my 48-bottle wine rack) And I don't have a garage.
I'll grant that I'm possibly not representative of the population at large. ;) - 5:24 AM