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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council - A competitive automotive regulatory framework for the 21st Century - Commission's position on the CARS 21 High Level Group Final Report - A contribution to the EU's Growth and Jobs Strategy {SEC(2007) 77} {SEC(2007) 78}
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[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |
Brussels, 7.2.2007
COM(2007) 22 final
A Competitive Automotive Regulatory Framework for the 21st Century
Commission's position on the CARS 21 High Level Group Final Report
A contribution to the EU's Growth and Jobs Strategy
A Competitive Automotive Regulatory Framework for the 21st Century
Commission's position on the CARS 21 High Level Group Final Report A contribution to the EU's Growth and Jobs Strategy (Text with EEA relevance)
3.1. Internal market: the type-approval of vehicles 7
3.2. Regulatory simplification and internationalisation 8
3.3. Environmentally sustainable road transport: the integrated approach 9
3.4. Increasing safety on European Roads: a joint effort 12
3.5. Trade and overseas markets: striving for fair global competition 14
3.6. Research and Development: the key to future competitivenss 15
3.7. Taxation and fiscal incentives, intellectual property and competition 17
Annex 1: List of directives to be proposed for self- and virtual testing
Annex 2: List of directives to be proposed for replacement by UN/ECE regulations
This Communication outlines the direction of future automotive policy. In the spirit of better regulation it aims to promote coherent interaction between different policy areas, provide predictability and seek the protection of public interest (e.g. environment and safety) while attempting to reduce the regulatory burden on industry.
It presents the Commission's position on the CARS 21 High Level Group which brought together the main stakeholders (Member States, industry, NGOs and MEPs) in 2005 to examine the main policy areas impacting the European automotive industry and to make recommendations for future public policy and regulatory framework.
At the outset of the CARS 21 Group, industry raised concerns about the high cumulative cost of legislation. The review conducted in CARS 21 concluded that the current type-approval system was effective, should be maintained and that most of the legislation was necessary and useful in the interest of protecting health, safety, consumers and the environment. The CARS 21 Group did, however, identify 38 EC directives which can be replaced with international UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) regulations. It also identified 25 directives and UNECE regulations , for which self- or virtual testing can be introduced . The Commission supports these recommendations, but will ensure that in referring to UN/ECE regulations, the Community will keep its ability to legislate independently from the UN/ECE system, where appropriate.
In the area of the environment, the Communication endorses the further limiting of pollutant emissions in line with the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. Furthermore, it describes the key elements of the future Commission strategy to reduce CO 2 emissions from cars set out in the Communication on results of the review of the current Community strategy. The future strategy is based on an integrated approach to achieving the EU objective of 120 g/km CO2 by 2012 through a combination of EU and Member States action. The Commission will propose legislation, focusing on mandatory reductions of the emissions of CO2 to reach the objective of 130 g/km for the average new car fleet by means of improvements in vehicle motor technology, and a further reduction of 10 g/km of CO2, or equivalent if technically necessary, by other technological improvements and by an increased use of bio-fuels. It will encourage additional efforts by the Member States and the consumer. The strategy is to be seen in the context of the recently adopted Commission Communication on Energy for Europe[1].
The Communication identifies a series of measures to be considered in the area of road safety. A number of vehicle-related actions are proposed with the inclusion of the Electronic Stability Control in new vehicles being the most significant. The Communication stresses the need to adopt a holistic approach to road safety involving vehicle features, infrastructure and road users.
The Communication aligns the main concerns of the automotive sector to trade policy. It proposes to assess the potential of using bi-lateral trade agreements (particularly in the Asian region) to improve market access and reinforces the need enforce intellectual property rights globally.
In the area of research and development, the Communication identifies clean renewable fuels and intelligent vehicles and roads as core research priorities. It adopts a forward-looking approach and outlines the Commission's intention to set up a Joint Technology Initiative on hydrogen and fuel cells as well as to put forward a regulation on vehicles which use hydrogen as a fuel.
This Communication reflects extensive stakeholder consultation and dialogue on automotive issues and the Commission hopes that it will contribute to the policy-making culture and methodology in the future.
Mobility provided by road transport is a prerequisite for the way Europeans live today. Vehicles underpin our lifestyle by facilitating social interaction and the reliable distribution of goods across the continent.
The automotive industry's complex value chain plays a substantial role in the European economy and its importance is largely derived from linkages within domestic and international economic structures.
The vehicle industry operates world-wide and is one of the drivers of globalisation , characterised by the rapid opening of global markets and the ensuing increase and diversity in the movement of capital. The ongoing technological revolution is transforming the automotive industry from a traditional manufacturing-based sector into an increasingly knowledge-based one. Domestically, the vehicle industry is taking important and often difficult steps to optimise its cost-base and production processes raising fears related to restructuring and relocation .
These factors combined with the need to protect the natural environment , safeguard human health and lives and operate in a high oil price environment have created a situation where industry faces new challenges, responsibilities and opportunities which could alter both the industry and its products.
The policy interactions with industry should seek to improve the framework conditions for vehicle production and carefully analyse the cost and competitiveness impacts of future regulatory activity. The Commission believes that public policy should be predictable while correctly reflecting the increasingly complex demands of society and anticipating trends in world markets. In line with the Better Regulation initiative the Commission initiated a comprehensive automotive-related regulatory and policy review by setting up the CARS 21 High Level Group , which brought together all the main stakeholders to advise the Commission on future policy options[2].
This Communication provides the Commission's assessment and public policy response to the report presented by the CARS 21 Group [3]. As such, it outlines to the European Parliament and Council the direction in which the Commission intends to steer future automotive policy.
The proposals and initiatives contained in this Communication aim to:
- further improve the functioning of the internal market
- further simplify automotive legislation and pursue the internationalisation of the automotive regulatory environment
- further promote environmentally sustainable road transport
- further enhance safety on European roads
- contribute to a fair global operating environment for the European automotive industry
- encourage increased research and development into areas of strategic interest
Recent efforts by automotive companies to seek productivity improvements and reduce costs have attracted public attention and raised concerns about the future of automotive manufacturing in European economies with high production costs and little or no demand increase for vehicles. There are fears that automotive production could be transferred to third countries as industry searches for a lower cost base and for markets likely to experience fast future growth. Existing overcapacities in the EU and the increased role of flexible production and automation in improving production efficiency coupled with investments into additional capacity in some Member States lead to risks of reduction in automotive-related employment.
Some of the current restructuring is a reaction to structural problems which have existed in parts of the industry for some time. Despite variations between individual producers, most manufacturers' challenges relate to managing productivity levels, costs and labour market regulations. High fixed costs, structural overcapacity and recent record prices in global commodity markets combined with aggressive price competition among manufacturers, have led many companies to focus on their long term competitiveness by concentrating on improving productivity and optimise cost structures. This, in turn, can lead to the reorganisation of production processes and a tendency towards workforce reduction. The overall impact can be further aggravated by knock-on effects on the automotive supply chain given the integral part of suppliers in vehicle construction.
In the medium term it appears probable that vehicle assembly for the European market will largely be conducted in Europe. Although this industry is becoming increasingly global, the characteristics of demand remain relatively distinctive in different markets and most automotive companies keep a significant proportion of their production in situ . The high level of sunk costs into existing production facilities, the rise of flexible production and the skill level of European workers seem to reinforce this conclusion. However, the challenges posed by more aggressive international competition are likely to grow in the longer term. In terms of production location, fast-growing, low-cost areas close to but outside the EU, are attracting significant attention from European vehicle manufacturers.
In line with the Commission's strategy for growth and jobs[4] this Communication strives to create favourable framework conditions for an innovative and thriving automotive industry and thus minimise the need for restructuring. Where a company nonetheless takes decisions on its organisation and working arrangements, the Commission cannot interfere with such commercial decisions. However, any resulting transition should be carried out in accordance with Community Directives on information and consultation of workers, collective redundancies and European Works Councils[5]. Furthermore, in the longer term perspective, regional policy can play a role in minimising transition costs by fostering necessary structural changes. Instruments such as the European Social Fund, the European Regional Development Fund and the newly-established Globalisation Adjustment Fund can play a role in mitigating the short-term social costs of transition, for example by providing workers with training in order to find new jobs. These funds also play a significant role in creating better structural conditions for economic activity, which in turn provides new job opportunities. Moreover, the Commission should strive for favourable framework conditions that allow companies to anticipate at an early stage competitive challenges and to respond to them in a socially responsible way. In this regard, the Commission will convene a restructuring forum on the automotive industry in order to address challenges and better anticipate and adapt to change[6].
The automotive industry in Europe is currently characterised by strong price competition, high raw material and energy prices, a strong emphasis on cost management and a restructuring of production processes. From a policy perspective, the pressure on employment and focus on cost control imply that the Commission will carefully analyse the employment and competitiveness impacts of future regulatory activity.
3.1. Internal market: the type-approval of vehicles
The internal market policy for motor vehicles currently regulates three categories of vehicles (passenger cars, motorcycles and tractors) on a mandatory basis. It is based on the EC Whole Vehicle Type-Approval system [7] which has proven highly effective. The Commission believes that it should be maintained and its benefits extended to cover more automotive products (e.g. light commercial vehicles, buses and trucks).
The Commission believes that the internal market should function more efficiently once the vehicle has reached the market . In particular, problems with roadworthiness and registration procedures are still a source of concern for citizens and enterprises.
The Commission[8]:
- has adopted a proposal for a new Framework Directive for the approval of motor vehicles[9] to extend the EC Whole Vehicle Type-Approval procedure to all vehicle categories on a mandatory basis and urges the European Parliament and Council to adopt this proposal as soon as possible
- has included, in the new Framework Directive proposal a provision for an authorisation scheme for parts and equipment which are critical for safety and environmental performance
the Commission:
1. will, in 2007, update the Commission's interpretative communication on procedures for the type-approval and registration of vehicles previously registered in another Member State[10]
3.2. Simplification and the internationalisation of the regulatory environment
One of the reasons for setting up CARS 21 was the concern expressed by industry that the cumulative cost of regulation had a negative effect on competitiveness and made vehicles unnecessarily expensive. A dedicated sub-group was set up as part of CARS 21 to scrutinise the regulatory framework[11] and to identify possibilities for withdrawing or simplifying the legislation in force.
After examination, the CARS 21 Group concluded that most of the legislation in force should be maintained as it is needed for the protection of health, safety, consumers and the environment. Nonetheless, in the light of the fact that the Community has acceded to more than 100 international vehicle-related regulations adopted under the auspices of the UN/ECE which are applicable as alternatives to corresponding Community legislation, the CARS 21 Group recommended that 38 directives could be replaced by UN/ECE Regulations without any loss in the level of safety and environmental protection. In addition, the CARS 21 Group also identified one directive which could be repealed[12] and 25 directives and UN/ECE Regulations in which self-testing and virtual testing could be introduced so as to reduce regulatory compliance costs for industry by making administrative procedures less costly and time-consuming.
The Commission supports these recommendations, but is conscious of the need to maintain the possibility for the EU to legislate independently from the UN/ECE system where this is required to meet EU objectives in terms of health, environment or other policy objectives and will seek to implement future movement towards UN/ECE regulations in a manner compatible with this need.
The Commission:
2. will propose replacing 38 EC directives[13] with corresponding UN/ECE regulations as soon as the Framework Directive on type-approval has been adopted (expected in 2007)
3. will, in 2008-2009, propose the introduction of necessary technical provisions for using self testing and virtual testing in 25 EC directives and UN/ECE regulations[14]
4. will issue an annual paper to the European Parliament on the progress being made at the UN/ECE and the comitology process
5. will, in 2008-2009, consider simplifying Directives 71/127/EEC[15], 74/297/EEC[16], 76/115/EEC[17] and 78/932/EEC[18] as well as UN/ECE Regulation No 122[19]
3.3. Environmentally sustainable road transport: the integrated approach
Cars are responsible for 12% of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions and a significant part of pollutant emissions . Consequently the two main environmental policy areas linked to the vehicle industry are the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution[20] and the Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions[21]. EU policies on waste and noise also interact with the automotive sector. Increased energy (cost and supply) and environmental concerns are likely to play an important role in the debate on the shape and functioning of future vehicles.
3.3.1. Pollutant emissions
Since the adoption of the first Euro emission limit standards reductions of approximately 70-90% for NOx and particulate matter emissions have been achieved as measured under type-approval conditions. The Commission intends to continue the tightening of Euro emission limits for light- and heavy duty vehicles in line with the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and will seek to work towards a better reflection of real-life emissions during the emissions' testing process.
The Commission:
- has adopted a proposal for Euro 5 [22] emission limits to reduce pollutant emissions from passenger cars and light-duty vehicles. The adoption of the proposal will lead to a further 80% reduction in particulate emissions from diesel vehicles and a 20% and 25% reduction of NOx emissions from diesel and petrol vehicles respectively
- has contributed, together with the European Parliament and Council, to further NOx emissions reduction ( Euro 6) from passenger cars and light-duty vehicles
- has adopted a proposal for a Directive on the promotion of clean road transport vehicles by public procurement[23] which aims at improving air quality (particularly in cities) and should support the market introduction of clean vehicle
- has adopted the proposal for Community Strategic Guidelines for Cohesion 2007-2013, which promote investment in sustainable transport networks and common public transport services providing distribution networks for alternative vehicle fuels
The Commission:
6. will, in 2007, come forward with a proposal for Euro VI emission limits to achieve further significant pollutant emissions reduction from heavy duty vehicles
7. is working towards the adoption of global technical regulations on heavy duty vehicles' emission test cycles (both steady and transient cycles), off-cycle emissions and on-board diagnostic systems so that real-life emissions conditions are better reflected
8. is examining options to ensure that the emissions testing process for passenger cars also takes better account of real-life emissions
3.3.2. Reducing CO 2 emissions from the road transport sector
The Commission will pursue its integrated approach with a view to reaching the EU objective of 120 g/km CO 2 by 2012 . This can be achieved through a combination of EU and Member States action. The Commission will propose a legislative framework , if possible in 2007 and at latest by mid 2008, to achieve the EU objective of 120 g/km CO2, focusing on mandatory reductions of the emissions of CO2 to reach the objective of 130 g/km for the average new car fleet by means of improvements in vehicle motor technology , and a further reduction of 10 g/km of CO2, or equivalent if technically necessary, by other technological improvements and by an increased use of bio-fuels , specifically:
a) setting minimum efficiency requirements for air-conditioning systems;
b) the compulsory fitting of accurate tyre pressure monitoring systems;
c) setting maximum tyre rolling resistance limits in the EU for tyres fitted on passenger cars and light commercial vehicles;
d) the use of gear shift indicators, taking into account the extent to which such devices are used by consumers in real driving conditions;
e) fuel efficiency progress in light-commercial vehicles (vans) with the objective of reaching 175 g/km CO2 by 2012 and 160 g/km CO2 by 2015;
f) increased use of bio fuels maximizing environmental performance.
The above will be measurable, monitorable, accountable and non double-counting the reductions of CO2.
The Commission agrees that the legislative framework implementing the average new car fleet target will be designed so as to ensure competitively neutral and socially equitable and sustainable reduction targets which are equitable to the diversity of the European automobile manufacturers and avoid any unjustified distortion of competition between automobile manufacturers.
The legislative framework will be compatible with the overall objective of reaching the EU's Kyoto targets and will be based on a thorough impact assessment . Such an impact assessment shall address the benefits and costs of different options as compared to the actual situation of average CO2 emissions, taking into account latest available technology for environmental improvements in car technology.
Beyond the legislative framework, the Commission strategy to reduce CO2 should encourage additional efforts by other means of road transport (heavy duty vehicles, etc.), by the Member States (CO2 related taxation and other fiscal incentives, use of public procurement, traffic management, infrastructure, etc.) and by the consumers (informed choice as a buyer, responsible driving behaviour).
The Commission:
9. presents its future strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars through an integrated approach as described above in parallel to this Communication in its Communication to the European Parliament and Council on the results of the review of the Community strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars[24]
10. will explore the possibility of including the road transport sector in the EU Emission Trading Scheme for the third allocation period starting in 2013
11. will, following the recent adoption of the Biofuels Progress Report[25], as part of the Communication on Energy for Europe which proposed a minimum binding target of 10% biofuels by 2020, bring forward a proposal to revise Directive 2003/30/EC[26] on the use of biofuels or other renewable transport fuels in 2007
12. will assess the options available to develop a policy framework to encourage the use of biofuels offering greater greenhouse gas savings and will continue its support for R&D efforts into 2nd generation biofuels
13. will, in 2007, put forward a proposal for a Regulation on motor vehicles using hydrogen as a fuel to ensure the safe use of this technology
14. will, in the framework of the i2010 Intelligent Car Initiative[27], pursue the research and development of Information and Communications Technologies' (ICT) based technologies and applications, which will contribute to cleaner and more energy efficient mobility, including tools for environmentally friendly driving
15. will put intelligent transport systems, including Galileo, at the heart of its forthcoming action plan on logistics and the green paper on urban transport with a view to optimising transport operations and achieving safe and sustainable mobility for Europe
16. encourages the European Investment Bank to support the Community policy on CO2 reductions by contributing to the financing of economically viable projects in the fields of fuel efficiency and renewable fuels
3.3.3. Other environmental policies
In addition to the above, EU policies concerning the recycling of vehicles, noise and mobile air conditioners bear a relevance to the automotive industry.
The Commission:
- has proposed a phase-out of certain fluorinated greenhouse gases from mobile air conditioning systems (MACs)[28] which has been adopted by the European Parliament and Council
Looking to the future:
The Commission:
17. will, during the next revision of the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive[29] address the issue of non-harmonised implementation of this directive across the Member States (2009)
18. will, in 2007-2009, seek to pursue a holistic approach to tackle noise issues, which would involve all relevant stakeholders and systems (e.g. traffic management, driver behaviour, vehicle and tyre technology, road surfaces)
3.4. Increasing safety on European roads: a joint effort
Noteworthy progress has been made in improving European road safety: during the last 30 years traffic on European roads has tripled while the number of casualties has halved during the same period. The ever greater mobility enjoyed by Europeans still comes at a high price: latest estimates show that about 41,600 people were killed on European roads in 2005[30]. The Commission's stated aim is to achieve a 50% reduction in deaths[31] on European roads by 2010.
The Commission believes an effective road safety strategy should be based on the interaction between improvements in vehicle technology, road infrastructure, driver behaviour and enforcement .
The Commission:
- has adopted Recommendation 2004/345/EC[32] on best practice regarding the monitoring of the application of rules on drink-driving, speeding and seat-belt use
- has acceded to UN/ECE Regulation No 104[33] and amended UN/ECE Regulation No 48[34] to improve the conspicuity of heavy-duty vehicles
- has adopted a Communication on "Bringing eCall to Citizens"[35] with the aim of accelerating the deployment of eCall systems, which have been identified as a priority under the eSafety Initiative
- has adopted a Communication on the Intelligent Car Initiative[36] which aims to foster the deployment of advanced safety technologies in order to contribute to the reduction of road casualties in the EU
- has adopted a proposal for a Directive on Road Infrastructure Safety Management[37]
- has adopted a proposal for a Directive on the retrofitting of mirrors to heavy goods vehicles registered in the Community with the aim of avoiding blind spots in the rear field of vision[38]
- has adopted a proposal for Community Strategic Guidelines for Cohesion 2007-2013 which, among the recommended guidelines for action, include investment in proper traffic management, with particular attention to safety
Taking into account the recommendations of the CARS 21 Group, the Commission has adopted a forward-looking approach to road safety and assessed the possible future initiatives in this field. Consequently,
Between 2007 and 2009, the Commission will assess the opportunity to come forward with proposals to:
19. make the inclusion of Isofix child restraint systems obligatory for all new M1 vehicles
20. make the use of daytime running lights obligatory (a public consultation was launched on this subject on 1 August 2006)
21. make the inclusion of the Electronic Stability Control mandatory starting with heavy-duty vehicles and followed by passenger cars and light-duty vehicles as soon as a test method has been developed
22. make seat-belt reminders mandatory for all new vehicles
23. amend phase II requirements of the Pedestrian Protection Directive in order to improve the provisions of Directive 2003/102/EC[39]
24. improve the cross-border enforcement of fines imposed for the infringement of traffic rules of another EU Member State (a public consultation was launched on this subject on 6 November 2006)
The Commission will also:
25. investigate the costs, benefits and feasibility of introducing Emergency Braking Systems in vehicles (particularly heavy-duty vehicles). The Commission is conducting a study into such systems and has set up a stakeholder working group to assist with the work
26. continue efforts to promote the development, deployment and use of active in-vehicle safety systems and vehicle-infrastructure co-operative systems in the framework of the i2010 Intelligent Car Initiative
27. will adopt in 2006, the 3rd eSafety Communication, which brings to the attention of the European Parliament and Council further measures aiming at full deployment of eCall starting from 2010
28. will encourage and support the conditioning of Community financing in the road sector to projects which follow best practice in road safety
29. calls on the Member States to further improve the enforcement of bans on drunk driving, enforcement of speed limits, enforcement of motor-cycle helmet use and to promote and enforce seat-belt use
3.5. Trade and overseas markets: striving for fair global competition [40]
Most of the global demand increase for the industry's products over the next decade will come from rapidly developing economies (e.g. China, India, Russia etc.) and the international dimension is crucial to the competitiveness of the European automotive industry.
The Commission believes that multilateral negotiations provide an opportunity to improve market access for European industry while there is also a need to pursue bilateral or regional approaches (through Free Trade Agreements or similar arrangements) in trade relations with third countries, as appropriate.
In a global industry conditions relating to foreign direct investment and the establishing of local production in third countries are as important as the more traditional export-import flows. European policy should seek to ensure that European companies' operations overseas are not subjected to unfair discrimination.
The Commission is committed to enhancing and widening regulatory governance on the international level, in particular through the UN/ECE framework (as discussed in section 3.2.)[41], to reduce non-tariff barriers to trade and to further the development of a level regulatory playing field worldwide. The automotive industry has also expressed serious concerns about the enforcement of intellectual property rules (IPR) in some areas of the world.
The Commission has concerns regarding market access to China and operating conditions there. These are significant not only due to China's market potential but also because similar concerns may arise in other large emerging markets.
The Commission:
- has, adopted a policy of encouraging increased international technical harmonisation of motor vehicle regulations in the framework of both the 1958 and the 1998 Agreements of the UN/ECE
- has formally requested the establishment of a WTO Dispute Settlement Panel to resolve outstanding issues related to the treatment of imported vehicle parts by China. The United States and Canada have brought similar complaints
With regard to future policy direction:
The Commission:
30. will, on a case by case basis, assess the potential of negotiating bilateral Free Trade Agreements with third countries (particularly in South East Asia) and open such negotiations, if and when, appropriate
31. will continue monitoring Chinese business and regulatory developments to ensure that improved market access resulting from China's WTO accession is implemented in practice
32. will pursue a formal dialogue with China on issues related to China's regulatory environment to ensure that there is a level playing field and legal certainty for the business community in this market. In this respect, the Commission will continue to follow the development of the draft Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law
33. will continue building closer automotive ties with Russia in the framework of the EU-Russia Common Economic Space
34. will continue its policy of ensuring that IPR are promoted and enforced globally through existing international agreements and will include comprehensive IP provisions in future bi-lateral agreements
3.6. Research and Development: the key to future competitiveness
With approximately € 20 billion (ca. 5% of the sector's turnover) invested into research and product development the automotive industry is the largest industrial R&D investor in Europe in absolute terms .
Technology Platforms play an important role in identifying research needs relevant to industry. The "Vision of road transport in 2020" , the Strategic Research Agenda developed by the European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC) and those developed under other relevant technology platforms[42] have been central to defining the direction of future R&D efforts for the whole automotive value chain at the EU, national and regional levels.
The Commission:
- has, in the 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7), proposed the creation of a dedicated priority theme for "Transport (including aeronautics)", the proposed budget of which (€ 4 180 million in current prices) represents a significant increase in the allocation of Community funds for innovation in the automotive sector
- has, in FP7, under the Information and Communications Technologies theme, proposed continuing research in the area ICT for mobility, environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, building on the research conducted under 5th and 6th Framework Programmes
The Commission believes that it is necessary to focus European research in FP7 on both incremental research (e.g. technologies for clean and energy efficient thermal engines, integrated safety systems ) and on breakthrough technologies (e.g. hydrogen and fuel cells, development of rechargeable hybrids, 2 nd generation biofuels ). Furthermore, the Commission considers that the creation of lead markets in areas relevant to this sector is important (e.g. hydrogen and fuel cells, biofuels etc. could be potential candidates).
From a wider perspective new, safer, more efficient and less polluting automotive technology forms part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) concept. The automotive industry is actively involved in several Technology Platforms[43], which contribute directly or indirectly to competitiveness of the automotive industry and to the development of better transportation systems.
The Commission:
35. will continue to develop R&D co-operation between the EU and industry (primarily through FP7)
36. will aim to reinforce coherent research collaboration between the EU, the Member States and the automotive industry within a system's approach and use different types of instruments for R&D support in the automotive sector including collaborative projects and networks of excellence
37. will focus research programmes on making the road transport system more efficient while enhancing environmental compatibility and safety. Particular focus will be placed on clean renewable fuels as well as intelligent vehicles and roads (e.g. the "intelligent car" project in the framework of the i2010 initiative)
38. will aim to use public-private partnerships as a new instrument of industrial research, technological development and demonstration. It is preparing, jointly with the automotive industry (and other stakeholders), the setting up of a Joint Technology Initiative in the area of hydrogen and fuel cells
39. encourages European financing institutions, such as the European Investment Bank, to continue supporting research in the automotive sector and to focus its activities on projects that lead to improved energy efficiency, emissions reduction and enhanced safety, notably through the new Risk Sharing Finance Facility
3.7. Taxation and fiscal incentives and competition in the aftermarket
3.7.1. Taxation and fiscal incentives
Discussions in the CARS 21 Group indicated that the diverse vehicle-related taxation regimes in the Member States are considered to be among the main barriers to an effectively functioning internal market while the use of fiscal incentives should be co-ordinated across the Member States and should demonstrably contribute to the EU's policy objectives in areas such as the environment and safety. In this context, further to the Commission's proposal, an article that regulates the conditions for the granting of financial incentives was agreed by the European Parliament and the Council in the Euro 5 and 6 Regulation[44].
The Commission:
- has proposed a directive on passenger car related taxes[45], which is now before the European Council and Parliament. The Commission urges the Parliament and Council to adopt the proposed directive as soon as possible
3.7.2. Competition in the aftermarket
With regard to the distribution of vehicles, the Commission will continue its efforts to ensure that Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002 on motor vehicle distribution [46] is applied throughout the Community while in the light of the increasing complexity of vehicles it has become imperative that all vehicle repairers in the Community have access to the appropriate technical repair information . Action on the latter follows a clear mandate from the European Parliament as laid down in Article 4 of Directive 98/69/EC[47].
The Commission:
- has introduced a provision in the Euro 5 proposal[48] whereby vehicle manufacturers are obliged to provide unrestricted, standardised access to vehicle repair and maintenance information to independent repairers through web-sites in a format developed by a technical committee of stakeholders (OASIS format)
The Commission is committed to implementing its better regulation policy and believes that there exists a unique opportunity to develop a distinct policy-making culture with regard to industrial policy . The Commission believes that principles such as the quality of legislation, simplification, impact assessments, stakeholder consultations, lead times and choice of instruments should be at the heart of developing legislative proposals.
The most difficult challenge inherent to such a policy process lies in the relationship between predictability on the one hand and quality and flexibility on the other . Indicating the long-term direction of future regulations will inevitably raise questions relating to the quality and availability of data used to make assumptions about the medium and longer term future. A mechanism for regular revision and review should therefore be put in place.
To ensure that the European Parliament and Council are regularly informed about the UN/ECE process the Commission plans to issue an annual paper to the European Parliament providing an update on the work being conducted at the UN/ECE and the comitology process.
The Commission:
40. will together with all relevant stakeholders, conduct a mid-term review of the actions proposed in this Communication in the course of 2009 to monitor progress made and, if appropriate, adapt the automotive regulatory policy framework on the basis of the results of this review
41. will regularly inform the co-legislators on the status of changes in automotive regulations by issuing an annual working paper on progress made at the UN/ECE
1. List of directives to be proposed for self- and virtual testing
2. List of directives to be proposed for replacement by UN/ECE regulations
Annex 1: List of directives to be proposed for self- and virtual testing
To be proposed for self-testing :
EC Directives :70/222/EEC (rear registration plate)77/389/EEC (towing hooks)78/316/EEC (identification of controls)78/317/EEC (defrost/demist)78/318/EEC (wash/wipe)78/549/EEC (wheel guards)92/21/EEC (masses & dimensions, cars)
97/27/EC (masses and dimensions)92/114/EEC (external projections of cabs)
UN/ECE Regulations :
28 (audible warning)48 (installation of lighting)121 (identification of controls)122 (heating systems)43 (part on installation of safety glass)55 (couplings; only for geometric requirements)
To be proposed for virtual testing :
EC Directives :
77/389/EEC (towing hooks)77/649/EEC (forward vision)78/318/EEC (wash/wipe, for geometric requirements)78/549/EEC (wheel guards)92/114/EC (external projections of cabs;)
UN/ECE Regulations :
46 (for the field of rear vision)21 (for the geometric requirements of interior fittings)26 (exterior projections)48 (installation of lighting)55 (couplings; only with regard to geometric requirements
Annex 2: List of directives to be proposed for replacement by UN/ECE regulations
70/157/EEC (sound levels)70/221/EEC (fuel tanks)70/311/EEC (steering effort)70/387/EEC (door latches & hinges)70/388/EEC (audible warning)71/127/EEC (rear visibility)71/320/EEC (braking)72/245/EEC (radio suppression)74/60/EEC (interior fittings)74/61/EEC (anti-theft and immobiliser)74/297/EEC (protective steering)74/408/EEC (seat strength)74/483/EEC (exterior projections)75/443/EEC (speedometer/reverse gear)76/756/EEC (installation of lighting)76/757/EEC (retro-reflectors)76/758/EEC (lamps)76/759/EEC (direction indicators)76/760/EEC (rear registration plate lamps)76/761/EEC (headlamps)76/762/EEC (front fog lamps)77/538/EEC (rear fog lamps)77/539/EEC (reversing lamps)77/540/EEC (parking lamps)77/541/EEC (seat belts)78/316/EEC (identification of controls)2001/56/EC (heating systems)80/1269/EEC (engine power)89/297/EEC (lateral protection)92/22/EEC (safety glass)92/23/EEC (tyres)94/20/EC (couplings)95/28/EC (flammability)2001/85/EC (buses and coaches)96/79/EC (frontal impact)96/27/EC (side impact)98/91/EC (transport of dangerous goods)2000/40/EC (front underrun protection)
[2] For more details: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/pagesbackground/competitiveness/cars21.htm
[3] The CARS 21 final report can be found on:
[4] See Commission Communication COM(2005) 474: Implementing the Community Lisbon Programme: A policy framework to strengthen EU manufacturing - towards amore integrated approach for industrial policy.
[5] E.g. Directive 2002/14/EC, Directive 98/59/EC and Directive 94/45/EC.
[6] See the Commission's Communication on Restructuring and Employment - COM(2005) 120.
[7] Council Directive 70/156/EEC (OJ L 42, 23.2.1970, p. 1).
[8] It should be noted that actions which have already been proposed or implemented are presented with indents, whereas the actions which the Commission intends to propose in the future are consecutively numbered throughout the Communication.
[10] OJ C 143, 15.5.1996, p. 4.
[11] Details of this review can be found in Annex II of the CARS 21 Final Report.
[12] Council Directive 72/306/EEC (OJ L 190, 20.8.1972, p. 1).
[13] The relevant directives have been listed in Annex 2.
[14] The relevant directives and UN/ECE regulations have been listed in Annex 1.
[15] Council Directive 71/127/EEC (OJ L 68, 22.3.1971, p. 1).
[16] Council Directive 74/297/EEC (OJ L 165, 20.6.1974, p. 16).
[17] Council Directive 76/115/EEC (OJ L 24, 30.1.1976, p. 6).
[18] Council Directive 78/932/EEC (OJ L 325, 20.11.1978, p. 1).
[19] Regulation No 122 of the UN/ECE: Uniform technical prescriptions concerning the approval of vehicles of categories M, N and O with regard to their heating systems, 23 February 2006.
[21] COM(95) 689: A Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars and improve fuel economy. For additional information also see: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/co2/co2_home.htm
[26] Directive 2003/30/EC (OJ L 123, 17.5.2003, p. 42).
[28] Directive 2006/40/EC (OJ L 161, 14.6.2006, p. 12).
[29] Directive 2000/53/EC (OJ L 269, 21.10.2000, p. 34).
[30] Mid term review of the European Road Safety Action Programme - COM(2006) 74.
[31] COM(2001) 370: The mid-term review of the European Commission's 2001 Transport White paper was completed in 2006 - COM(2006) 314.
[32] Commission Recommendation of 6 April 2004 (OJ L 111, 17.4.2004, p. 75).
[33] Regulation No 104 of the UN/ECE: Uniform provisions concerning the approval of retro-reflective markings for heavy and long vehicles and their trailers, 22 January 1998.
[34] Regulation No 48 of the UN/ECE: Installation of lighting and light signalling devices.
[39] Directive 2003/102/EC (OJ L 321, 6.12.2003, p. 15).
[40] The Commission's approach to trade policy has been outlined in a recent Communication "Global Europe: Competing in the World" - COM(2006) 567.
[41] As outlined in section 3.2. the Commission will seek to move to international harmonisation in a manner, which would enable the EU to legislate independently in areas related to safety and the environment should this be necessary in the future.
[42] Examples include the hydrogen and fuel cell platform, the advanced engineering materials and technologies platform, the smart systems integration platform, etc.
[43] For example, NESSI, the platform for software and ARTEMIS, the platform for embedded IT systems.
[46] Commission Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector.
[47] Directive 98/69/EC (OJ L 350, 28.12.1998, p. 1).
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Lucas oil treatment
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Owner-operator Mike Crawford is approaching 3 million safe miles all logged in the same 1994 Freightliner -- wish him luck on the final 37,000...
Overdrive's Most Beautiful contest is back for a second year. Submit yourself or a female truck driver you know! The first-place winner will win a trip to The Great American Trucking Show in August and will be featured in a story in Overdrive. Submissions accepted through March 20.
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www.bajadarkskies.com 18" Starmaster dob (zambuto primary) 30" Starmaster dob (intermountain optics)
Paul Maxson Celestron C14, Mewlon 250, Orion EON120, Flea3, ASI120MM. Those who say it can't be done need to stay out of the way of those doing it. http://www.sunspot51.com
http://www.wonderplanets.de http://firecapture.wonderplanets.de
Quote:Thanks Jim, yup these were with my 18", maybe one day I will use the 30" but that will need some fabulous seeing.Thanks Paul, for the moon shots (and this image scale) I use out-of-focus blur type (cant notice much diff between the blur types to be honest) and a blur radius of 0.80, the suppress artifacts slider bar I set to 0.20 -- this one balances out the noise with fine detail it seems. Under the sharpen area I set the micro contrast slider to around 80-90, sharpness to 50-80, and the sharpness radius to the same as the blur radius. With planets you may need to set the radius to higher, I dunno maybe 1.8-2.2 something like that...hope that helpsMike
C11 Edge HD, C925 XLT TEC 140 (#352) w/ AT65EDQ Skywatcher 100ED w/ WO66SD ZenithStar, ES 80mm Apo Sirius, Atlas EQ-G, "Atlosmandy" Pro AZ/EQ-G, T-Rex Apex,Porta II DBK21AU04, DBK21AU618, DMK21AU618, DMK31AU03, ASI120mm/mc, Hutech 500DH Beaglehaven Observatory (BYO #168)
lon=120.6 lat=31.3
SuZhou China
Paul B. Jones http://www.astrobin.com/users/bunyon/


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Adapting iPhone screen to iPad
Right now the home screen of my iPhone apps start with a table, each row tapped slides the table to the left and shows the detail page. That's fine for the iPhone. But on the iPad, the list should pull to the left half of the screen and the right half show the detail page of the item selected.
Which existing GUI platform has this coding built in? Or do I need to code this myself?
If I wanted to tap a list at left and make its detail page appear at right, what kind of scripting will be required? All I can think of is old-fashioned frames!


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NCF On The Trail
Print without images
Wednesday, February 8, 2012
UNC gets a pair from Hillside
North Carolina picked up two Hillside High School (Durham, N.C.) juniors on Wednesday in running back
Khris Francis
and defensive back
Korrin Wiggins
, multiple sources report.
Francis, a 5-foot-9, 190-pound prospect, was also receiving early interest from North Carolina State, Penn State and Duke among others.Ā He owns a 4.65 40-yard dash, 4.2 20-yard shuttle and 35-inch vertical.
South Carolina, Tennessee, Duke, Georgia Tech and East Carolina were among the other programs recruiting the 6-foot, 190-pound Wiggins.
Francis and Wiggins are the first two Class of 2013 commitments for North Carolina.


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ABRA-CORN-DABRA: Altoona Clown To Return | Events
The circus is coming to town.
For one night only, former Altoona native, Steve "Tiny" Daly, is bringing 8 clowns from around the world to Adventureland Park's Palace Theater for the All-Star Magic Circus.
Magicians from Brazil, Australia, Latin America, Thailand, and all across the USA will be featured in the show.
"The All-Star Magic Circus will be an amazing night of top-notch entertainment only seen in Las Vegas, touring with Ringling Bros.Circus, or on National Television," said Tiny, the 500 pound Iowa native.
Tickets start at $15 for the May 18th show.
In total, 300 magicians and clowns will grace the stage in Altoona May 16th-19th for AbraCORNdabra, Iowa's largest magic convention. More information can be found here.


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Get the Best Priced Dodge D100 Pickup Ignition Control Unit
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Dodge D100 Pickup Replacement Ignition Control Unit Information
Search our online ignition control unit catalog and find the lowest priced discount auto parts on the web. We sell wholesale to the public. We offer high quality new, OEM, aftermarket and remanufactured Dodge D100 Pickup Ignition Control Unit parts. We specialize in a wide-variety of high-quality car parts and accessories for your car, truck or SUV. Call toll free to order or place your order online via our secure checkout system. Our online parts catalog uses real-time inventory, so you can be assured the parts you buy are in stock at the time of ordering. Most orders are shipped the same day. They are available for the following Dodge D100 Pickup years: 1974, 1973, 1972, 74, 73, 72. This part is also sometimes called Dodge D100 Pickup ICU. We stock ignition control unit parts for most Dodge models including Stealth, Dynasty, D150, Ram 50, Ramcharger, Charger, Dart, B100, Raider, Caravan, B250, Challenger, D400, W300 Pickup, W250, D300, W200, D450, D200, W100 Pickup, Aspen, B200, Dakota, Grand Caravan, Magnum, D250, D350, W150, W350, D100, Spirit, B350, B150, Shadow, Coronet, Colt, Daytona, W100, Omni and D200 Pickup.
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Find an Internship or Volunteer in Armona, California ( CA )
If you're looking for internships or volunteer work in Armona, California or even to get a summer job, you've come to the right place! With over 30,000 around the county, chances are that GrooveJob.com has the right job for you and wants to be your only source for finding internships and volunteer positions in Armona, California.
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Global Forest Watch 2.0 [gfw2]
Global Forest Watch 2.0 is a powerful near real-time forest monitoring system that unites satellite technology, data sharing, and human networks around the world to fight deforestation. Email email@example.com ...
Geomatica FreeView [GEOMATICA-02]
(Adapted from Geomatica FreeView web page.) Geomatica FreeView is the new viewing environment for working with a variety of data, including imagery, vectors, and graphical bitmaps. FreeView allows ...
The Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) Data Products and Satellite Imagery [01-global_land_cov_facility-00]
The Global Land Cover Facility makes available to the public a variety of free science data products including satellite imagery of the Earth, classified images of the Earth's land cover, Marsh area ...
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Gateway [CIESIN_SEDAC_Gateway]
The SEDAC Gateway is a web-based search interface for simultaneous searching of local and distributed metadata catalogs. Through the Z39.50 information retrieval protocol, the gateway provides search ...
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Environmental Sustainability Index Electronic Seminar (ESI E-Seminar) [CIESIN_SEDAC_ESI_E-SEMINAR]
The Environmental Sustainability Index e-Seminar (ESI_e-Seminar) is a short online course describing the many facets of environmental sustainability. The course consists of a series of video discussions ...
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Map Client [CIESIN_SEDAC_MAP_CLIENT]
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Map Client is a web-based mapping tool that allows flexible interaction with spatial data from CIESINs SEDAC and other sources. The map client may ...
Environmental Health Supercourse [PITT_EDU_ENV_SUPERCOURSE]
CHILD SERFs
The Global Environmental Health Supercourse site captures and classifies most the environmental health PowerPoint lectures on the web. The lectures include 550 from the Supercourse. In addition, there ...
Forest Watch [Forest_Watch]
The University of New Hampshire designed the Forest Watch Program as a hands-on environmental science activity which involves teachers and students in field, laboratory and satellite data analysis ...
The Environmental Screening Analysis Tool (ESAT) [ESAT]
The Environmental Screening Analysis Tool (ESAT) is a software tool being developed to help transportation planners identify potential impacts of proposed road corridors. Both physical ...
Exploring Earth from Space: Lithograph Set and Instructional Materials [earth_from_space-00]
Shuttle astronauts and the EarthKAM program provide photos of our planet from the unique perspective of Earth orbit. They are an incredible resource that can enhance your student studies of Earth ...
GISDATA Map Studio [USGS-GISDATA]
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The U. S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center provides access to geospatial data through map services, web services, interactive maps, and data delivery. The GISDATA Map Studio ( http://gisdata.usgs.net ...
The National Map Gazetteer Query Web Services [UGSG-Nat-Map_Gaz]
The The National Map Gazetteer Query Web Service returns the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) point from a copy of the USGS_GNIS datasets hosted at the EROS Data Center. View ...
The National Map Greenness Query Web Services [UGSG-Nat-Map_Green]
The The National Map Gazetteer Query Web Service returns the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) point from a copy of the USGS_GNIS datasets hosted at the EROS Data Center. View ...
CIESIN Thematic Guides: A Guide to Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) [CIESIN_SEDAC_TG_LUCC]
The Guide to Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) discusses several important topics in land use and land cover change research such as deforestation, desertification, biodiversity loss, land cover ...
The SIR-C Eduational CD-ROM of Radar Images, Lesson Plans, Presentation Materials, and a Teacher's Guide [01-sir-c-00]
(Summary adapted from DAAC educational materials) The SIR-C Educational CD-ROM (SIR-CED): "Seeing the Earth in a New Way" is an educational CD-ROM that contains worldwide radar ...
Event-Based Science on the Web - Fire! [03-E.B.S.P-Fire-01]
Fire! takes a look at the effect of the 1988 fires of Yellowstone National Park. Students are able to compare Landsat images of before the fires, one year after the fires, and eleven years after ...
Event-Based Science on the Web [01-Event-Based_Sci_Prjt-01]
CHILD SERFs
Event-Based Science is a new way to teach science at the middle school level. Newsworthy events establish the relevance of science topics; authentic tasks create the need-to-know more about those ...
Our Mission to Planet Earth; A Teaching Guide for Grades K-4 [Planet_Earth-00]
Our Mission to Planet Earth is a teacher's guide which includes activities and information related to studying the Earth system. Its primary goal is for children to become familiar with the concept ...
Virtual Nebraska [01-Virtual_Nebraska-01]
Virtual Nebraska emerged out of the Consortium for the Application of Space Data to Education (CASDE) project which began in September 1995 after Senator Bob Kerrey challenged personnel of the Jet ...
A Global View of the Earth [LANDSAT-7_Teachr_Kt]
(Adapted from A Global View of the Earth home page.) A Global View of the Earth builds upon remote sensing information used in The Adventure of Echo the Bat located at the IMAGERS web site. The educational ...
Treesearch [USDA-Treesearch]
Treesearch is an online system for locating and delivering publications by Research and Development scientists in the USDA Forest Service. Publications in the collection include research monographs ...
Understanding Evolution [UC-BK_Evolution]
Understanding Evolution is a website developed for teachers to provide them with resources to learn more about evolution and to teach it effectively in their classrooms. "http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/submission_criteria.shtml" ...
The Tropical Rain Forest Information Center (TRFIC) [01-TRFIC-00]
The Tropical Rain Forest Information Center (TRFIC) provides NASA data, products and information services to the science, resource management, and policy and education communities. It provides Landsat ...
Showing 1 through 23 of 23


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Articles Tagged "turnip"
Guest Editors
Joe Beef's Lamb Shoulder for Two
Appreciate the beauty of the classic lamb, mint partnership. Then grab someone to eat it with.
Read More »What to Cook Now
Rutabagas à la Greque
Here's a rutabaga recipe that actually tastes like rutabagas.
Read More »Down & Dirty
Turnip Greens: They're Tops!
Embrace root-to-stalk cooking to fall in love with a new green, and reduce vegetable waste at the same time!
Read More »Down & Dirty
Parsley Root: The Herb's Dirty Little Secret
Parlsey root is more well-known in Central Europe than it is in the U.S., but not for long -- it deserves an introduction into your kitchen.
Read More »Dinner Tonight
Dinner Tonight: Mint Limeade + Creamy Spring Turnip Soup
We've decided to just call it. Springtime is here!
Read More »Down & Dirty
Down & Dirty: Turnips and Rutabagas
We'll be focusing on more glamorous cold-weather produce in the coming weeks -- citrus, anyone? -- but today it's all about winter's root vegetable workhorses. Turnips and rutabagas are both in the brassica family (along with broccoli and cauliflower, brussels sprouts, cabbage, and more) and are as hardy as root vegetables can be -- although telling them apart can be tricky!
Read More »Reciprocity
Aw Snaps: Great Road Farm
Every week our friends at Real Time Farms feature the top photos of farms, food artisans, and farmers markets shared on their site.
Farmer Steven Tomlinson cradles an armfull of freshly dug turnips on his farm in Skillman, New Jersey. Also an independent artist and designer, Tomlinson describes the photo as, "...trying to cature the human element in food production. It is important for people to know how much work is involved in small scale agriculture. So, when selling a bunch of turnips for $3.50 at the market, that is actually a bargain for fresh local food. Food needs to be valued more evenly." Click here to see more, and then add a photo of your own - you might be featured here next week!
Read More »
Winner's Q&A
Winner of Your Best Radishes and Turnips
Congratulations to Kukla whose Crunchy Celery, Radishes and Turnips Salad-Slaw in Blue Cheese Sauce won this week's contest for Your Best Radishes and Turnips!
Read More »Community Picks
Community Picks -- Radishes and Turnips
See the Radish and Turnip recipes chosen as Community Picks!
Read More »


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David Oyedepo
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (April 2010) |
David Oyedepo | |
Born | David Olaniyi Oyedepo September 27, 1954 Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria |
Nationality | Nigeria |
Occupation | Pastor, Author, Educationist, Minister |
Religion | Pentecostal Christianity |
Spouse(s) | Faith Abiola Oyedepo |
Children | David Oyedepo Jnr, Issac Oyedepo, Love Oyedepo, Joyce Oyedepo |
Website | |
David Oyedepo Ministries Online |
David O. Oyedepo is reputed to be the richest pastor in Nigeria,[1] affectionately called "Papa" by members of his church congregation (born September 27, 1954) is a Nigerian Christian author, preacher and the founder and presiding bishop of Living Faith Church World Wide, also known as Winners Chapel, and its affiliated international churches known as Winners Chapel International, with headquarters in Ogun State, Nigeria. He is also the senior pastor of Faith Tabernacle, a 50,000 seat church auditorium reputed to be the largest church auditorium in the world by the Guinness Book of Records.[2] The Winners Chapel network of churches is present in over 300 cities, in all states of Nigeria, as well as in over 63 cities in 32 African nations, Dubai, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.[3][4] Oyedepo has been seen as one of pioneers of the Christian charismatic movement in Africa and has been referred to as one of the most powerful preachers in Nigeria.[5] He was named in 2011 by Forbes magazine as being the richest pastor in Nigeria, worth around $150 million.[6]
Early life and history[edit]
On September 27, 1954 David Olaniyi Oyedepo was born in Osogbo but is a native Omu Aran, Kwara into a religiously mixed family: his father,Ibrahim,was a Muslim healer and his mother, Dorcas, was a member of the Eternal Order of the Cherubim and Seraphim Movement (C&S), a branch of the Aladura movement in Nigeria. He was raised by his grandmother in Osogbo, who inculcated into him the virtues of Christian life via the early morning prayers which she attended with him. She also taught him the importance of tithing. David was "born again" in 1969 through the influence of his teacher, one Ms. Betty Lasher, who took special interest in him during his high school days. He studied architecture at Kwara State Polytechnic and worked briefly with the Federal Ministry of Housing in Ilorin before resigning to concentrate on missionary work. Oyedepo also gained a Ph.D in Human Development from Honolulu University, Hawaii, United States of America.[7]
Bishop David received a mandate from God through an 18 hour long vision in May 1981 to liberate the world from all oppression of the devil through the preaching of the word of faith.[8] This is the inaugural vision that led to the founding of the Living Faith Church World Wide (LFCWW), first called Liberation Faith Hour Ministries, in 1981. Two years after, on 17 September 1983, Pastor Enoch Adeboye, General Overseer of the Redeemed Christian Church of God, ordained David and his wife, Florence Abiola Akano (now known as Faith Abiola Oyedepo) to become pastors also officially commissioned the newly started church of Oyedepo. Five years after, Oyedepo was ordained a Bishop.
Living Faith Church (AKA Winners Chapel) started in Kaduna, but moved to Lagos, the former capital of Nigeria in September 1989 to start a new branch of His Church, after receiving an instruction from God to reach out to the population in Lagos.[9] This Church in Lagos grew to become the International headquarters of Living Faith Church,with a constantly increasing flow of crowds spilling over to adjacent roads, and on decks of uncompleted buildings nearby,compelling people to stand for hours to listen to His teachings.This led to the building of the renowned Faith Tabernacle, as instructed by God.
Oyedepo is the wealthiest preacher in Nigeria with a net worth of over USD $150 million. The church he pastors, owns four private jets and they own buildings all around the world, including London and the United States. Oyedepo is an acclaimed author and publisher who has written over 70 titles apart from periodicals. He is also Chairman/Publisher of Dominion Publishing House (DPH), a publishing arm of his ministry. DPH has over 4 million prints in circulation to date. Through him, Covenant University, Landmark University, Faith Academy (Nigeria)|Faith Academy and Kingdom Heritage Schools have been established to equip the youth for impact. The construction of a third university named Crown University is already underway, located in Calabar, Cross Rivers state, Nigeria.[10]
Place of worship[edit]
In 1998,Oyedepo set forth to build a new building to accommodate the increasing number of worshippers. This resulted in his Church's acquisition of the initial 530-acre (2.1 km2) facility, known as Canaanland, which serves as the headquarters of His Church.It is the home of the 50,000-seat capacity auditorium, the 'Faith Tabernacle', which is reputed to be the largest Church auditorium in the world.[11] This was a feat also recorded by the Guinness Book of Records.[12][13][14]
The speed of the construction of Faith Tabernacle was breath-taking, considering the size of the building. Construction of this gigantic project was completed within 12 months, which experts claim could only have been a miracle, because such a project should normally take a minimum of three years to complete. Reports also claimed that this building was built debt free.[15][16][17] This 50,000-seat edifice was dedicated on September 18, 1999 under the administration of former President Olusegun Obasanjo.[18]
Canaanland is in Ota, Ogun state and is the 5,000-acre (20 km2) estate and campus, that houses The 50,000 church building, the church secretariat, the church's youth chapel, a primary school called Kingdom heritage model school, a full boarding mission secondary school called Faith Academy, with over 1,500 students and the its University facilities which accommodates over 7,000 students, fully resident in ultra-modern hostel facilities, with fully equipped faculty buildings and numerous staff housing facilities.Canaanland campus also has for profit establishments operated by the church such as a bakery, a bottled water processing plant, a petrol station, various restaurants and shopping stores, several residential houses that provide for the over 2,000 church employees, and guest houses.Four banks are also present on this Estate, three of which are branches of external commercial banks and one which is a community and micro-finance Bank and operated by the Church.[19][20]
Christian ministry[edit]
The teachings of Oyedepo has put him in the category of what is commonly called the Word of Faith Movement.[21] He has referred to principal exponents of the Faith Movement such as Kenneth Copeland, Gloria Copeland,the late Kenneth Hagin, T.L Osborn, Smith WigglesWorth as well as renowned Nigerian preachers Enoch Adeboye and the late Benson Idahosa as mentors.[22][23]
The teachings of Oyedepo are grouped under a range of topics called '12 pillars of Destiny', which include: Faith, The Word, Prosperity, the Holy Spirit, Praise, Consecration, the Supernatural, Wisdom, Prayer, Success, Vision and Healing.[24] The Overall focus of His teachings centre around Faith in God's, Prosperity and Miracles.He teaches that faith in the word of God is the key to a life of God's blessings and security from the works of the devil.His teachings on prosperity are aimed at empowering people to live free from poverty, particularly the African continent. He describes his own teaching on prosperity as "covenant software for programming yourself into victories and triumphs."[25] His Church (Winners Chapel) also operates a Bible training programme known as Word of Faith Bible Institute for members and non-members alike to develop knowledge of Christian principles and to develop leaders and future pastors.This institute is run in major branches of the Church.[26]
Oyedepo who operates like the "Chief Executive Officer" of a conglomerate,is the President of David Oyedepo Ministries International (DOMI).[27] DOMI is the umbrella organisation comprising Living Faith Church World Wide (a global network of churches), World Mission Agency (WMA); the global missionary arm of the church's operations, Dominion Publishing House; the publishing arm of the church, Covenant University, and the Social Development Missions projects (made up of hospitals, maternity homes, schools, etc.
Oyedepo is also a strong critic of corruption in Africa as a whole and poor leadership in government.[28]
Criticisms and controversy[edit]
Oyedepo has received much criticism from many in the Christian community as focusing on prosperity. This is largely based on the biblical passage "Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God." (Matthew 19:23-24, Mark 10:24-25, Luke 18:24-25).
In December 2011, a video surfaced online of a sermon (believed to have occurred in 2009) during which Oyedepo physically assaulted a young lady. The video shows a member of the congregation, bowed before him alongside other so-called "witches" and "sinners", state she was "a witch for Jesus". Oyedepo struck the young woman in the face, in full view of the church and accompanied by shouts of approval. He then proclaimed that she was "free to go to hell fire". Oyedepo justified the assault by citing the Bible, wherein "witches" are condemned to death.[29][30]
Educational endeavours[edit]
Oyedepo's socio-economic endeavours include founding over 100 educational institutions based on Christian principles for primary, secondary and tertiary stages of formal Education to empower the young generation,develop the human capacity and improve the educational system in Nigeria and Africa. This has led to the establishment of kingdom heritage model schools in different cities in Nigeria for primary education, Faith Academy; a missionary full boarding secondary school was opened to students on October 25, 1999 and Covenant University.Covenant University was opened to students on October 21, 2002 and was adjudged to be the best private university in Nigeria as of 2005. On March 21, 2011, Landmark University, Omuaran Kwara State (another educational institution founded by the Ministry) officially opened the doors to her pioneer students.
Landmark University by her founder (Dr. Oyedepo) was said to be built with over USD $100 million at one of his speaking engagement in 2011' This university will be a top quality university that will be able to compete with universities such as Harvard. '[31]
Book publishing[edit]
Oyedepo's church also operates its own publishing house,called Dominion Publishing House(DPH), commissioned on December 5, 1992 which has published over 60 Christian, inspirational and motivational books, mini books, magazines and other resources.[32][33] Some of His Best Selling books include:
- Pillars of Destiny
- Exploits in Ministry
- Walking in Dominion
- Possessing your possession
- Exploits of Faith
- Anointing for exploits
- Walking in the Newness of life
- Maximise destiny
- Commanding the supernatural
- Winning invisible battles
- Success Strategies
- Success systems
- Towards Excellency in life and Ministry
- Excellency of Wisdom
- Breaking Financial Hardship
- The Release of Power
- Excellency of Wisdom
- Born to Win
- The Miracle Meal
- The Healing Balm
- The Blood Triumph
- Keys to Divine Health
- Fulfilling Your Days
- Breaking the Curses of Life
- All You Need to Have All Your Needs Met
- Emergence Of The Glorious Church
- Manifestation of the Spirits of God
- The Unlimited Power of Faith
- Ruling your world
- The idea of a university
Family life[edit]
In 1982 he married Florence Abiola Akano (now known as Faith). They have four children together (David Jr, Isaac, Love and Joys). David Jr and Isaac Oyedepo were ordained as Pastors in May 2007 by Kenneth Copeland.[34] David Jr pastors the London Branch of the Church with His wife, Kemi while Isaac Oyedepo is the present Resident Pastor of Winners' Chapel International, South Africa.
David Oyedepo Day of Service- (DODOS) Launched[edit]
The DODOS is an initiative setup by the Covenant University Alumni Association with the aim to promote the contribution and value adding lifestyle of Bishop David O. Oyedepo. Started on the 27th of Sept. 2012, which also is the Bishop's birthday, people around the world who connect with this initiative are expected to show an act of contribution to individuals, organizations or the society at large.[35]
- ^ http://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/06/07/the-five-richest-pastors-in-nigeria/
- ^ http://odili.net/news/source/2008/feb/4/14.html%7Ctitle=Faith Tabernacle makes Guinness Book of Records|accessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ http://davidoyedepoministries.org/church-network%7Caccessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ http://winners-chapel.org.uk/aboutus.php%7Caccessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/adv.asp?blurb=110%7Ctitle=50 Most Powerful Pastors|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ The Five Richest Pastors In Nigeria. Forbes
- ^ http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/columnists/inspiration/inspiration-feb-14-2008.htm%7Caccessdate=2009-10-08
- ^ http://www.davidoyedepoministries.org/about-us%7Caccessdate=2009-11-12
- ^ http://www.davidoyedepoministries.org/the-journey-so-far/%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ Nsehe, Mfonobong (2011-06-07). "The Five Richest Pastors In Nigeria". blogs.forbes.com (Forbes). Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "Church of the 50,000 faithful". BBC News. 1999-11-30. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ http://www.inprofiledaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=880:bishop-oyedepo-arrives-today-as-empowerment-summit-2009-kicks-off&catid=1:headlines&Itemid=56%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ http://odili.net/news/source/2008/feb/4/14.html%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=4&id=1243401456%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/200604210188.html%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ http://www.kingdomprecepts.org/news/article.php?id=3921%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ http://ofmonline.ning.com/forum/topics/2040680:Topic:6313?commentId=2040680:Comment:35105%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ http://odili.net/news/source/2008/feb/4/14.html%7Caccessdate=2009-08-17
- ^ http://odili.net/news/source/2008/feb/1/423.html%7Caccessdate=2009-08-17
- ^ http://www.cenbank.org/Supervision/fi.asp?name=Covenant%20University%20Microfinance%20Bank%20Limited&institutetype=MicroFinance%20Bank%7Caccessdate=2009-08-17
- ^ http://www.believersstandunited.com/word_of_faith_movement.html%7Caccessdate=2009-10-12
- ^ Kuponu, S 2005. "Processes of Deliverance Ritual among Nigerian Pentecostals: The Case of the Living Faith Church", paper presented at the Postgraduate Colloquium, Department of History of Religions, University of Bayreuth/Germany, 24 November.
- ^ Kuponu, S 2006. "Success and Empowerment in Living Faith Church Worldwide, Nigeria", paper presented at the Postgraduate Colloquium, Department of History of Religions, University of Bayreuth/Germany,2 February.
- ^ http://davidoyedepoministries.org/pillars-of-faith/%7Caccessdate=2009-10-12
- ^ Oyedepo, D 1997. Understanding Financial Prosperity, Lagos: Dominion Publishing House
- ^ http://www.davidoyedepoministries.org/the-word-of-faith-bible-institute/%7Caccessdate=2010-02-03
- ^ http://repository.up.ac.za/upspace/bitstream/2263/4089/1/Ukah_Piety(2007)a.pdf%7Caccessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ http://www.modernghana.com/news/250632/1/christians-must-champion-fight-against-corruption-.html%7Caccessdate=2009-10-27
- ^ "Oyedepo slaps a young lady".
- ^ "Oyedepo brags about physically assaulting a young woman".
- ^ http://www.davidoyedepoministries.org/education
- ^ http://www.dominionbooksonline.com/about-us.php%7Caccessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ http://davidoyedepoministries.org/dominion-publishing-house/%7Caccessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ http://www.winnerschapelny.org/meetpastor.php%7Caccessdate=2010-02-02
- ^ http://www.davidoyedepodayofservice.com
External links[edit]
- Official Website
- Winners Chapel London
- Winners Chapel New York
- Covenant University
- Dominion Publishing House
- Landmark University
- David Oyedepo Day of Service


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Old Fall River Road will be closed in 2014 due to flood damage
Damages on Old Fall River Road are extensive and the road will remain closed to vehicles through 2014. It is unknown at this time whether hikers and bicyclists will be allowed on the road. More »
Impacts from September 2013 Flood
Due to recent flooding, there are still some closures in the park that could affect your visit. More »
Follow Up to Incident on Mount Ida in Rocky Mountain National Park
Contact: Kyle Patterson, 970-586-1363 This morning, Sunday, August 9, a seven member litter team, consisting of park staff assisted by Rocky Mountain Rescue, and two park medics, began hiking toward the group who had spent last night below the summit of Mount Ida. The litter team reached the injured man at 9:20 a.m. The group is setting up a low angle technical rescue to bring the patient 200 feet up toward the summit of Mount Ida to a possible helicopter landing zone. A medical helicopter from St. Anthony's Hospital is on standby. If it is unsafe to land a helicopter due to location and/or weather conditions, then the patient will be carried out on the litter to the trailhead. The 32 year old injured man was with a hiking group of eleven people based out of Denver. Their intent was not to summit Mount Ida, but to descend in to the Gorge Lakes area, which is a steep descent. The accident occurred during the descent. The man is an Indian National living in Lakewood. His name will be released after family members are reached. At 1:30 p.m. yesterday, August 8, 2009, the Grand County Sheriff's office received a 911 call and passed the information on to Rocky Mountain National Park dispatch. A 32 year old male had a 20 foot tumbling, sliding fall near the summit of Mount Ida. He suffered a broken leg and cuts and bruises. Two rangers reached the patient at 5:25 p.m. He was located a few hundred feet below the ridgeline of Mount Ida in loose rock and scree. A litter team of 7 park rangers headed to the area but were turned back because of nightfall. Five rangers stayed with the injured man overnight in addition to a member of the hiking group the injured man was with. Mount Ida (12,880 ft.) is located 4.5 miles from the Milner Pass Trailhead off of Trail Ridge Road. The elevation gain from the trailhead is 2,130 feet. |
Did You Know?
Temperature causes tree line. Trees need an average growing temperature of about 50 degrees.


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1. Spend some time with the little people in your life
Studies show that being with their families is what children like best. Hang out with your kids, grandchildren, nieces, or nephews to cheer yourself up and bring them happiness too.
2. Take a chance
You've been dying to ask your boss for a raise and a promotion that you know you deserve, but fear of rejection prevents you from summoning up the courage. Sound familiar? According to Working Mother magazine, if being afraid of disappointment keeps you from taking chances, you're actually making yourself less happy by holding back. Next time, go for it. If you get what you wanted, you'll be thrilled-and if you don't, you'll probably find it stings less than you expected and you'll discover how resilient you truly are.
PLUS: Happiness Secrets for Tough Times
3. Mix it up
You're a creature of habit, and you're at your best when you get into the groove of a routine. Or so you think. Consistency, it turns out, doesn't always make you happier, particularly when it comes to activities you enjoy. Rather than getting into a rut, try out a few new running routes or mix up that tried-and-true Sunday morning brunch routine.
4. Buy some happiness
As many of us suspected, that old adage about money and happiness just isn't true. It's not simply having money that matters, it's how you choose to spend it. If you enjoy baking, buying yourself that fancy mixer you've always wanted will certainly cheer you up (as long as you can afford it). But spending your money on other people, research suggests, might make you even happier.
PLUS: The Power of 1: Inspiring Others to Make a Difference
5. Doodle
This one may sound far-fetched, but making those little stars, flowers, and faces in the margins of your notepad actually makes you happier. The next time you're stuck in a boring meeting, channel your inner
6. Take a quick getaway
It's not surprising that vacations make us happy. What's news, however, is that the length of the vacation doesn't necessarily matter. According to a recent article in the Journal of Happiness Studies, the pleasure we derive from getting away from it all isn't measurably different whether we take off for a week or a weekend.
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text:
If only love had found us first.
I'm discovering that I'm better off alone.
I wish you'd come online, there is so much I wish to say. I don't hate you; I could never. But that kinda hurt.
I feel sick, still.
Never. Drinking. Again. D=
people who brag about how great their country is annoying me.
(via mycrookedheart)
Well I don't like mine.
I'm not scared of spiders and I'm not scared of gays. But I would scream if I saw one in my bath. :')
was a mess, tbh. Too many emotions. Went from happy and hyper to suicidal and well, scaringly angry. Meh.
Loves my Libby though ^^ <3
You're in a car with a beautiful boy, and he won't tell you that he loves you, but he loves you. And you feel like you've done something terrible, like robbed a liquor store, or swallowed pills, or shoveled yourself a grave in the dirt, and you're tired. You're in a car with a beautiful boy, and you're trying not to tell him that you love him, and you're trying to choke down the feeling, and you're trembling, but he reaches over and he touches you, like a prayer for which no words exist, and you feel your heart taking root in your body, like you've discovered something you didn't even have a name for.
Richard Siken (via jayalzacee) (via poignant) (via quote-book)
There's nothing scarier than getting what you want, cause that's when you really have something to lose.
(via eletheowl)
I think we all miss somebody we shouldn't be missing for reasons we shouldn't be missing them for. For all the wrong reasons, and nothing more.
(via eletheowl)
I should be getting ready.
I promised Matty I would be ready soon =////


text:
jdMorgan - 4:55 pm on Nov 13, 2008 (gmt 0)
Perhaps they *are* following the money, but the disconnection of individual spammers isn't quite big news, and legal cases take time to prepare, and thus aren't "news" yet. Also, this is the second colo that has been disconnected recently. Others can now see that hosting spammers is getting to be dangerous: It's very expensive to run a datacenter if you have no internet connectivity. So, availability of hosts will go down and prices will go up. It is at least a little progress in the right direction. BTW, this graph shows the effect more clearly, as it is a weekly view: [spamcop.net...] Jim
> This is useless because they didn't follow the money.
> Without taking away their profit, they will just find other providers.


text:
Despite the medical profession's ethical guidelines against it, an anesthesiologist has joined the team that will carry out executions in Missouri.
The doctor's presence on the team was revealed recently in a federal court case brought by several death row inmates concerning the qualifications and training of Missouri's execution team members.
With all the pieces of its execution team apparently in place, the state is now ready after a hiatus of 2½ years to once again execute condemned prisoners whenever the Missouri Supreme Court issues the order.
The Missouri Department of Corrections will not reveal the doctor's name or specific role on the team.
The doctor's identity also will not be provided to the attorneys representing the death row inmates in the federal case, although they will be given information about licensure and qualifications.
Citing the ongoing litigation, attorneys for the death row inmates said they could not comment.
Department of Corrections officials also declined to comment, except to say that the team's doctor and two nurses "will perform the duties assigned to them in the DOC's lethal injection protocol."
Those duties include preparing the chemicals, inserting intravenous lines, monitoring the prisoner and supervising the injection of chemicals by corrections employees.
All of those actions violate the American Medical Association's policy against physician participation in executions. The American Society of Anesthesiologists has adopted the AMA's stance.
"It is a fundamental and unwavering principle that anesthesiologists, consistent with their ethical mandates, cannot use their art and skill to participate in an execution," the society stated in a brief it filed last year in the U.S. Supreme Court.
The AMA first adopted its ethical stance in 1980. Its current policy states:
"A physician, as a member of a profession dedicated to preserving life when there is hope of doing so, should not be a participant in a legally authorized execution."
But neither professional group has an official policy on capital punishment in general. The AMA policy states: "An individual's opinion on capital punishment is the personal moral decision of the individual."
And neither group has the power to discipline a doctor who does not comply with the ethics policy.
Physician participation in executions long has been controversial, with some arguing that the best way to ensure that inmates are put to death humanely is to have a highly-trained professional involved.
"The good news is that if the anesthesiologist is qualified … such involvement should heighten the likelihood that lethal injections will be carried out humanely," said death penalty expert Deborah Denno, a professor at the Fordham University School of Law. "On the other hand, the anesthesiologist who has volunteered in Missouri is violating the ethical prohibitions of his or her profession, and attorneys should be entitled to investigate why such a physician would be willing to do that."
The issue drew attention to Missouri in 2006 when the surgeon who previously oversaw the state's executions testified in another court case that he was dyslexic and sometimes transposed numbers.
Identified in court as John Doe I, the doctor also admitted using only half the prescribed dose of anesthesia during the state's last execution in October 2005 without notifying corrections officials.
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