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Project for Transportation ReformSustainable Streets, Highways-to-Boulevards, Walkable Thoroughfares, More!»»» Earth Day
Two-Stepping with the Feds on Earth Day
Submitted by Ben Schulman on Fri, 04/22/2011 - 5:09pmAs noted on the CNU Facebook page earlier this week, the one-step-forwards-one-step-back dance with the Feds continues. Last Friday, one foot was put forward when news emerged that HUD's Sustainable Communities Initiative would retain $100 million in the final CR for FY2011. Included in the budget... read more »
The Rise of YIMBY Environmentalism: a Personal Journey for Earth Day
Submitted by Kaid Benfield on Mon, 04/19/2010 - 7:23amRecently, I attended the annual conference of the American Planning Association, where I was invited to speak.
... read more »

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Dr. JOSEPH H OYER MD is a male Otolaryngologist, has 35 years of experience and practices in Otolaryngology, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Otology, Plastic Surgery within the Head & Neck, Pediatrics, and Plastic Surgery Within the Head and Neck.
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Associates In Otolaryngology
48 Elm St
Worcester, MA 01609
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A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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The overall average patient rating of Dr. JOSEPH OYER is Good.
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Dr. JOSEPH OYER, MD is board certified in Otolaryngology.
He has special expertise in 3 Areas, including Disorders of ear, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck, Pediatric Otolaryngology, and Rhinology.
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Dr. OYER graduated from Michigan State University , East Lansing. He has 2 awards.
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Dr. OYER has 27 hospital affiliations:
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- U Mass Memorial Med Ctr - Memorial Campus
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Dr. OYER accepts these health insurances in at least one office:
- Harvard Pilgrim Health Care - 2 plans
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- Tufts Health Plans - 9 plans
- United Healthcare - 2 plans
- Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts - 2 plans
- Great-West Healthcare - 2 plans
- Unicare - 2 plans
- Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois - 2 plans
- Boston Medical Center Health Net Plan - 2 plans
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Dr. JOSEPH OYER practices Otolaryngology, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Otology, Plastic Surgery within the Head & Neck, Pediatrics, and Plastic Surgery Within the Head and Neck near Worcester, MA.
Additional practice locations include: Southborough, MA.
See Worcester Otolaryngologists, Worcester Pediatric Specialists, Worcester Pediatricians, and Worcester Surgeons.


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Le Pera Silhouette Deluxe Solo Seat
Le Pera Silhouette Deluxe Solo Seat
• The Silhouette's low, sleek trendsetting style has taken the motorcycle enthusiasts worldwide• Its flowing edges and perfectly contoured shape melts into the lines of any bike• Maximum comfort is achieved by using a one-piece molded foam foundationDesign: | Silhouette Deluxe | Manufacturer Part Number: | LN-801 |
Product Color: | Black | Sold in Units: | Each |
If your motorcycle is not listed below, please click the 'Select A Motorcycle' button above so we can find the right part.
- Dyna Low Rider Convertible FXDS : 1996–2000
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lightningc17 Posted :
Really looks great and is pretty comfortable as well!!
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2014 Harley Catalog, Page 127 2013 Harley Catalog, Page 133 2012 Harley Catalog, Page 137Important Product Notes
Seats, once mounted, cannot be returned. Returned seats must be in like-new condition with no evidence of wear or mount marks. Be careful to check fitment before mounting your new seat. When checking fitment of seat, place a cloth under seat, do not bolt down seat. Carefully set seat on bike and check fitment. Returned seats showing any signs of wear or mount marks cannot be accepted. Please be careful when checking fitment.Le Pera Silhouette Deluxe Solo Seat?
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Baseball earns weekend series split with Alice Lloyd
- Alice Lloyd 9, Asbury 4 (Game 1)
- Asbury 7, Alice Lloyd 6 (Game 2)
- Alice Lloyd 3, Asbury 1 (Game 3)
- Asbury 5, Alice Lloyd 4 (Game 4)
- Season Stats to Date
Pippa Passes, Ky. - Asbury earned a 2-2 games split at Alice Lloyd College over the weekend to move to 2-6 in conference play, 11-16 overall. Freshman Slade Halvaksz was the standout for the games going 9-for-14 with five runs scored, five RBI, and five stolen bases. Halvaksz currently leads the KIAC with 16 stolen bases on the year.
Freshmen McKenzie Carter and Josh Thigpen earned wins for the Eagles with Greg Bowling getting no help from the offense in the third game (3-1 Alice Lloyd) after pitching six innings allowing only one earned run while striking out five ALC batters.
The team returns home for all this week with seven games on the schedule. The week begins on Tuesday against Miami University-Middletown in a doubleheader set to begin at 2:30 p.m. The team will then turn right around and face Campbellsville University on Wednesday at 4:30 p.m. The weekend features conference foe Berea College in doubleheaders on both Friday and Saturday. Friday's games begin at 2:00 p.m. while Saturday's first pitch is scheduled for 12:00 p.m.


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Wishing all of you a Happy and Healthy New Year! Thank you for all your support over the past year. We look forward to serving you and continue in providing quality care and services to our residents.
Elk Haven recently received a Deficiency-Free Survey from the Department of Health -
Nursing homes are inspected annually for compliance with State and Federal regulations and the survey process is extremely thorough.
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- Embrace your inner Grecian goddess with Ancient Greek Sandals' silver Media design. Perfect for adding a touch of mythological magic to your wardrobe, wear this handmade pair with all your favourite holiday essentials for an inspired finish.
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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
This guy is an absolute freak of nature! He is just as pro in the game as he is at this music stuff, too. I was waiting for him to explain how he got the name! That story is pretty classic. It's pretty awesome seeing your songs on here every month or so but an interview? That's just epic. It was sad to see us disband but I certainly hope I catch ya again in game! Triffling gnome.
Draenon! I've been wanting to tell that story, because that was you who started calling me that, wasn't it? My in-game name was Tsultrim (I changed it recently, realm transfer), and I think people just couldn't pronounce it with the silent 't' or something, so you just started calling me Voltron. Is that about right? Or did it have something to do with my switching mounts...? Now I can't remember clearly, maybe you remember it better. I do remember that I added the 'e' after the 'l' because I wanted to move away from potential copyright infringement, lol. And then the 'Mr' got added because when I went to make a Youtube profile, someone already had 'Voletron.' YT's suggestion was MrVoletron. :)


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Suchada Anusuriya was named the Baden Player of the Year for the NWAACC.
photo by Rich Dworkis.
BC GOLFERS' RECEIVE WELL-EARNED RECOGNITION May 28, 2013
The Bellevue men's and women's golf teams enjoyed a share of award-winners from the 2012-13 season. On the women's side, the All Academic Sports Team nomination went to sophomore Corey Rois for her 4.00 cumulative GPA, and freshman Suchada Anusuriya was selected to the NWAACC Women's Golf All-Stars First Team. Colten Kleis was named to the NWAACC Men's Golf All-Stars, and teammates Eric Frank and Ryan Maul were selected for the All Academic Sports Team for Spring Quarter. Anusuriya was also named the Baden Player of the Year for being the top golfer in the entire NWAACC.
Home | Prospective Athletes | Facilities | Administration | Staff Directory Bellevue Community College Athletics 3000 Landerholm Circle S.E., Mailstop G100, Bellevue, WA 98007-6484 (425) 564-2351 Please contact us with your questions


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AbstractThe leprosy pathogen Mycobacterium leprae attacks Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, causing them to demyelinate. Recent work by Tapinos et al. shows that a direct mechanism of demyelination induced by M. leprae depends on the binding of the bacterium to the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 on Schwann cells and the resulting activation of the Ras–Raf–MEK–ERK pathway. These findings have relevance for the potential treatment of leprosy and they highlight parallels between the dedifferentiation signal in leprosy and that in nerve injury and cancer.
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Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Neuron, Volume 73, Issue 4, 729-742, 23 February 2012
Add/View Comments (0)A Central Role for the ERK-Signaling Pathway in Controlling Schwann Cell Plasticity and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration In Vivo
Ilaria Napoli1, 3, Luke A. Noon1, 3, Sara Ribeiro1, Ajay P. Kerai1, Simona Parrinello1, Laura H. Rosenberg1, Melissa J. Collins1, Marie C. Harrisingh1, Ian J. White1, Ashwin Woodhoo2 and Alison C. Lloyd1, ,
1 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
3 These authors contributed equally to this work
► We describe an inducible and reversible in vivo model of nerve demyelination ► Raf/ERK signaling drives Schwann cell dedifferentiation and demyelination in vivo ► The duration of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling determines the period of demyelination ► The Schwann cells induce an inflammatory response in the absence of injury
- Following damage to peripheral nerves, a remarkable process of clearance and regeneration takes place. Axons downstream of the injury degenerate, while the nerve is remodeled to direct axonal regrowth. Schwann cells are important for this regenerative process. "Sensing" damaged axons, they dedifferentiate to a progenitor-like state, in which they aid nerve regeneration. Here, we demonstrate that activation of an inducible Raf-kinase transgene in myelinated Schwann cells is sufficient to control this plasticity by inducing severe demyelination in the absence of axonal damage, with the period of demyelination/ataxia determined by the duration of Raf activation. Remarkably, activation of Raf-kinase also induces much of the inflammatory response important for nerve repair, including breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier and the influx of inflammatory cells. This reversible in vivo model identifies a central role for ERK signaling in Schwann cells in orchestrating nerve repair and is a powerful system for studying peripheral neuropathies and cancer.


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Newest Review: ... the story by Poppa, another old steam train who once won the race, and the Starlight Express, who is best described as a train in the... more
Great Entertainment!
Starlight Express
Member Name: pjs21
Starlight Express
Date: 07/09/00, updated on 07/09/00 (80 review reads)
Advantages: Nothing taxing - pure entertainment
Disadvantages: I can't believe I can't think of one!
I saw Starlight a few years ago. I paid £2.50 to get in at the last minute and stand at the back of the auditorium. (Not sure whether that still goes on or not!)
I had no idea what to expect, and not being a great fan of Webber, prepared for the worst to happen.
How wrong I was. It seems that when he needs to keep an idea very simple, he can make it work. The songs are incredibly corny, but as the whole show is aimed at kids, it works fine.
It does rely heavily on effects. The staging is superb, as are the costumes. Even if you don't like the story or the songs, this show is worth seeing for the energy that comes off the stage. I have enough trouble standing in rollerskates let alone dancing in them. The performers deserve every piece of applause they receive when the show finishes.
It's not a show I'd choose for a romantic night out - but If I had to take my 6 year old nephew to see something, this would be the one. Infact, he's seen it three times already. I would say that the ideal age is probably 5 - 12 year olds. It was written for his child, so that's exactly who he's aimed it at. This is one for all the family.
I would almost suggest not to sit in the middle of the stalls, because from what I could see, those who were missed out on so much of the action that happened around them. The further back, the better on this one.
More reviews in the field of Theatre / Musical National
- The King of the West End
- Starlight express - a must !!
- Do you hear the people sing?
- Lives up to the hype
- An amazing Experience!
- Going to the theatre in Norwich
- A wonderful production of the Gruffalo's Child
- Alan Davies - so much taller than Jonathan Creek!
- sexy,sassy, scantily clad songs!!
- Mamma Mia!!!


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Blog post showing how Matlab can be used to compute the fractal dimension from an image.
Date | Contributor | Description | Rating |
18 Dec 2013 | Alceu Costa |
Suppose you have an image from a fractal object (e.g. a Sierpinski triangle). This blog post explain how you can use Matlab to estimate the object's fractal dimension based only on the image. |
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Recent news reports said the Pentagon is considering cutting hazardous duty pay for military personnel deployed to some 18 locations and five waterways.
That's the good news and the bad news.
Members of the armed forces receive $7.50 a day — up to $225 a month — when they are deployed to duty in specific places considered more dangerous than others. Hostile fire pay is something entirely different and troops cannot draw both benefits in the same month.
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Nerves Frayed at Forest
Forest Laboratories (FRX) is entering this quarterly earnings season with a dilemma common to its brand-name peers -- what to do about the threat of generic competition.
The difference is that the impact could be quite uncommon if Forest loses a patent fight for the antidepressant Lexapro, which accounted for $1.87 billion, or 63% of its corporate revenue, for the fiscal year ended March 31.
New York-based Forest is being challenged by Israel's Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (TEVA), which wants to break Lexapro's U.S. patent. A trial was held in March, and a judge's decision is expected this summer, perhaps even this month.
There's plenty of nervousness because Lexapro's impact on Forest is far greater than what, for example, the cholesterol drug Lipitor provides to Pfizer (PFE) or the antipsychotic Zyprexa contributes to Eli Lilly (LLY).
Shares of those two companies were rattled when generic-drug companies tried to overturn their U.S. patents, but Big Pharma investors rejoiced when Lilly won a court fight in April 2005 and Pfizer prevailed last December. "We believe the overhang of the [Lexapro] decision will continue to cap the share price," says Robert Uhl of Friedman Billings & Ramsey in a recent research report. Like a majority of analysts, he is neutral on Forest. He doesn't own shares, but his firm says it seeks to do business with companies covered in research reports.Going to Court
Forest's stock has bounced around from the mid-$30s to the high-$50s, but the net effect over the last 12 months has been basically no change in the shares. The stock closed at $38.56 Wednesday. The quarter that ended June 30 won't reveal anything about the Lexapro litigation when the results are presented next week, but analysts will certainly ask Forest officials about another event that could affect the drug's sales. Pfizer's antidepressant Zoloft lost U.S. patent protection on June 30, and analysts want to assess the impact of generic versions, especially if managed-care companies persuade their customers to use cheaper products.Select the service that is right for you!
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text: Marco ClipsBy Jason Chen PO Edit112L iPhone Magician Wishes You a Merry Xmas With His Shirt Marco the Virtual Magician, who you may recognize from his iPhone stunts back in July , has a little Christmas greeting for you courtesy of his photonic textile shirt. Good job Marco! [YouTube] » 12/25/07 7:00pm 12/25/07 7:00pm


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Best enchilada sauce ever!
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2433189 on Oct 30, 2013
Purchased at iHerb
I don't normally write reviews, but I was shocked to see this product had 1 star! This sauce tastes homemade and is so easy and convenient...plus gluten-free!!! We live on this at our home. We are not vegetarians :)
注意: iHerb对此评论中含有的医疗性声称不负任何责任。 免责声明
Vegetarians/Vegans beware!!
Posted by 5178637037423812339 on Sep 25, 2013
Purchased at iHerb
I just got two jars of this in the mail today (I live overseas where Mexican food products are rare and expensive....) And I was so shocked to read "cooked chicken and chicken juices" on the ingredients list! It was totally my fault for not reading the ingredients carefully, but I was fooled by "all natural" and the fact that I got it from iherb. Maybe iherb sells animal products?? I didn't realize this. Anyway, I will give them to my fellow carnivore expats, so still, I am so, so bummed and disappointed because these two jars were for a Mexican-themed gluten-free vegan party. Definitely cannot use these. I'm sad!!! ><
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Well there will be a team in Chicago. Maybe we could make a CF trip to Chicago to catch a game sometime.
Bringing up an old thread but was flipping through the channels and caught this on MTV 2. Wow finally something worth watching from MTV. :smile: I heard a familiar voice doing commentary and recognized it as former espn nfl analyst Sean Salisbury wow he sure has fallen, but I wouldn't mind having that gig.
I want to be a coach.
did anyone notice the guys in the stands watching practice and drinking beer
[ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZcSEE7TuGU&feature=youtube_gdata_player]YouTube - LFL - Seattle Vs. San Diego Game Highlights[/ame]
Great action
I wonder if any of their running plays is known as a booby trap.
Hopefully this never gets serious enough competitively for teams to go to a power running game. No one wants to see 300 pound women in lingerie
the way they tangle each other up, im surprised they dont have any clothing malfunctions.
Great baubles of Zeus...that is glorious.
Can I include tickets for that under my ISU donation?
Good thing they don't feel exploited!
It was a great channel to stumble upon saturday night after drinking. lets just say the wife didnt like it near as much as I did.


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Here are suggestions for appetizers, salads, entrées, and desserts that not only take advantage of top-quality food through the year but reflect the moods and atmosphere of the seasons. Savor the freshness of spring with Spicy Tofu and Crunchy Pickled New Vegetables; celebrate the arrival of summer with Strawberry Buttermilk Cake; take advantage of the fall's abundance and try the recipes for Wild Mushroom and Pork Pie or Pear Tiramisu; warm up with a Winter Vegetable Tagine.
Ross tells you not only how to cook delicious meals but also how to find fresh produce, explaining that the healthy way to buy food is to find in-season produce in outlets such as local farmers' or growers' markets.
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Joystiq | 54 Comments |
Dead Space 2 'Origins' trailer examines Clarke's universe (Isaac, not Arthur)
Feb 9th 2011 9:04AM (Joystiq)I get an error "Wrong viewing privileges, this video is private"
Deus Ex: Human Revolution trailer details Adam Jensen's past
Feb 3rd 2011 3:48PM (Joystiq)I am really excited for this game. It looks to have a great story, good graphics, and a good plot line to carry up. If the controls are up to par, this will probably be a day 1 purchase.
Rage's 'new vision' showcased in latest trailer
Jan 27th 2011 3:31PM (Joystiq)For the love of God, can we PLEASE stop having ads that take up half the damn screen? Its absolutely ridiculous.
Retailers: 3DS games priced at $40-50 in US; £33-40 in UK; €50-60 in Europe
Jan 19th 2011 3:38PM (Joystiq)$250 for the device and $40-$50 for the games. Wow, that is getting pretty spendy for a handheld device. I think it might be a cool little device, but I just can't see myself spending that kind of money unless its an actual console.
Hopefully prices will drop to something I consider more reasonable.
Hopefully prices will drop to something I consider more reasonable.
Joyswag: The Lord of the Rings: War in the North-themed JRR Tolkien birthday toast kit
Jan 4th 2011 9:14AM (Joystiq)Professor (Dr.) Amrit Tiwana. One of my professors in college that helped me get where I am today. (Yes, I just made a serious post on Joystiq!)
12 Days of Joyswag: Xbox 360 S plus 'Games for the Holidays,' A World of Keflings, Raskulls, and ilomilo
Dec 27th 2010 9:54AM (Joystiq)I received a nice handgun, and some marvel/star wars collectibles I wanted.
12 Days of Joyswag: Halo: Reach hair clippers, briefcase, book ... oh, and game
Dec 22nd 2010 10:00AM (Joystiq)I would say favorite halo memory was playing the first halo on PC, and trudging through some of the ship levels that have the flood. Or air ship jacking a covenant when jumping out of another airship.
Square Enix decides to release Dissidia 012 in Japan March 3
Dec 20th 2010 9:30AM (Joystiq)Is it just me, or is $73 for a UMD version of the game obscenely overpriced? Are all PSP games in Japan priced that high??
12 Days of Joyswag: StarCraft 2 Collector's Edition, t-shirt, Razer Abyssus mouse and Vespula mousepad
Dec 20th 2010 9:29AM (Joystiq)It will probably be at least Holiday 11, if not mid year 12. Which leaves the final one for around holiday 14. I think were more likely to see H2EP3 before we see the next starcraft installments.
12 Days of Joyswag: A Fallout: New Vegas neon sign (yeah, f'real)
Dec 17th 2010 9:23AM (Joystiq)I would hang this on the wall, next to the framed Mojave Wasteland poster, Capital Wasteland poster, and Vault Boy poster. This would sort of complete my Fallout shrine (since I can't afford the BoS statue).
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Informality Revisited
The author develops a view of the informal sector in developing countries primarily as an unregulated micro-entrepreneurial sector and not as a disadvantaged residual of segmented labor markets. Drawing on recent work from Latin America, he offers alternative explanations for many of the characteristics of the informal sector customarily regarded as evidence of its inferiority.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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Bibliographic Info
Article provided by Elsevier in its journal World Development.
Volume (Year): 32 (2004)
Issue (Month): 7 (July)
Pages: 1159-1178
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Web page: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/worlddev
Related research
Keywords:Other versions of this item:
- Maloney, William, 2003. "Informality revisited," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2965, The World Bank.
- C72 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory - - - Noncooperative Games
- D82 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design
- L14 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation
References listed on IDEASPlease report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Jaime Saavedra & Alberto Chong, 1999. "Structural reform, institutions and earnings: Evidence from the formal and informal sectors in urban Peru," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(4), pages 95-116.
- Greif, Avner, 1998. "Historical and Comparative Institutional Analysis," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(2), pages 80-84, May.
- Maloney, William F, 1999. "Does Informality Imply Segmentation in Urban Labor Markets? Evidence from Sectoral Transitions in Mexico," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 13(2), pages 275-302, May.
- Greif, Avner, 1993. "Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: the Maghribi Traders' Coalition," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(3), pages 525-48, June.
- Edward L. Glaeser & David Laibson & Bruce Sacerdote, 2000.
"The Economic Approach to Social Capital,"
NBER Working Papers
7728, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Edward L. Glaeser & David Laibson & Bruce Sacerdote, 2001. "The Economic Approach to Social Capital," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1916, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Bell, Linda A, 1997. "The Impact of Minimum Wages in Mexico and Colombia," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 15(3), pages S102-35, July.
- Evans, David S & Jovanovic, Boyan, 1989. "An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 97(4), pages 808-27, August.
- Norbert Fiess & Marco fugazza & William Maloney, 2002.
"Exchange Rate Appreciations, Labor Market Rigidities, and Informality,"
Working Papers
2005_15, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
- Fugazza, Marco & Fiess, Norbert M. & Maloney, William, 2002. "Exchange rate appreciations, labor market rigidities, and informality," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2771, The World Bank.
- Gottschalk, Peter & Maloney, Tim, 1985. "Involuntary Terminations, Unemployment, and Job Matching: A Test of Job Search Theory," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 3(2), pages 109-23, April.
- Alberto Alesina & Eliana La Ferrara, 1999.
"Participation in Heterogeneous Communities,"
NBER Working Papers
7155, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Alberto Alesina & Eliana La Ferrara, 2000. "Participation In Heterogeneous Communities," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 115(3), pages 847-904, August.
- Alberto Alesina & Eliana La Ferrara, . "Participation in Heterogeneous Communities," Working Papers 151, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University.
- Evans, David S & Leighton, Linda S, 1989. "Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(3), pages 519-35, June.
- Blanchflower, David G & Oswald, Andrew J, 1998.
"What Makes an Entrepreneur?,"
Journal of Labor Economics,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 16(1), pages 26-60, January.
- Blanchflower, D.G. & Oswald, A., 1991. "What Makes an Entrepreneur?," Economics Series Working Papers 99125, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
- La Ferrara, Eliana & Alesina, Alberto, 2000. "Participation in Heterogeneous Communities," Scholarly Articles 4551796, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- Loayza, Norman V., 1994. "Labor regulations and the informal economy," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1335, The World Bank.
- Chandra, Vandana & Khan, M Ali, 1993. "Foreign Investment in the Presence of an Informal Sector," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 60(237), pages 79-103, February.
- Krebs, Tom & Maloney, William F., 1999. "Quitting and labor turnover : microeconomic evidence and macroeconomic consequences," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2068, The World Bank.
- David Turnham & Deniz Eröcal, 1990. "Unemployment in Developing Countries: New Light on an Old Problem," OECD Development Centre Working Papers 22, OECD Publishing.
- Hemmer, Hans-R. & Mannel, C., 1989. "On the economic analysis of the urban informal sector," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 17(10), pages 1543-1552, October.
- Jovanovic, Boyan, 1982. "Selection and the Evolution of Industry," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(3), pages 649-70, May.
- Bela Balassa, 1964. "The Purchasing-Power Parity Doctrine: A Reappraisal," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 72, pages 584.
- Marcouiller, Douglas & Ruiz de Castilla, Veronica & Woodruff, Christopher, 1997.
"Formal Measures of the Informal-Sector Wage Gap in Mexico, El Salvador, and Peru,"
Economic Development and Cultural Change,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 45(2), pages 367-92, January.
- Douglas Marcouiller, S.J. & Veronica Ruiz de Castilla & Christopher Woodruff, 1995. "Formal Measures of the Informal Sector Wage Gap in Mexico, El Salvador, and Peru," Boston College Working Papers in Economics 294., Boston College Department of Economics.
- Peattie, Lisa, 1987. "An idea in good currency and how it grew: The informal sector," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 15(7), pages 851-860, July.
- Canagarajah, Sudharshan & Sethuraman, S.V., 2001. "Social protection and the informal sector in developing countries : challenges and opportunities," Social Protection Discussion Papers 24080, The World Bank.
- Packard, Truman G., 2002. "Pooling, savings, and prevention - mitigating the risk of old age poverty in Chile," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2849, The World Bank.
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text:
Turning warmer to finish the work week. Mild into Friday with a chance of patchy drizzle and light snow showers Friday, especially morning to midday. The weekend looks dry with cooler weather Saturday and warmer conditions Sunday.
Get ready for a familiar holiday sound.
The Salvation Army is gearing up for its annual Christmas campaign in Wausau, using the famous red kettles to collect donations for its programs.
The kettles will be out next month, but you can sign up to ring bells right now.
Organizers said it's an opportunity to help those in our area who are struggling.
"Without Christmas, without the bell ringing, we would not have a lot of programs, we wouldn't be able to assist those in need," said Lt. Jacob Tripp.
Organizers said this year, they're looking to raise about $160,000.
The money provides meals, housing and other services.
To sign up, you can go to the Salvation Army office in Wausau or sign up online at http://www.sawausau.org.
You can also contact Colleen Hilber by phone at 715-845-4272.


text:
That's not a Baseball Fight. This is a Baseball Fight.
New SportsNewser rule: Any time there's an epic brawl, we're posting a video. So, without further ado, the Washington National's Nyjer Morgan.
For our money, the best part is Nationals third base coach Pat Listach, co-rookie of the year in 1992, crashes in from the side and tackles the Florida Marlins pitcher.
(More videos here if/when Major League Baseball blocks this one.)
But Morgan has done stuff like this before (and he's flying up Sportsgrid's power player index).
Here, he responds after spiking his glove on the ground in the outfield.
And then two random kids mock Nyjer for a lack of effort.
- Here's a Sure Sign of Spring: MLB Network Announces Spring Training Schedule
- Thomas Roberts: If NFL Can Overlook Alleged Murderers, Why Not 'Nice, Clean-Cut Gay Guy'
- CBS Lands NFL Thursday Night Games for 2014 Season
- What Happens When 112 Million People Change the Channel Around the Same Time?


text:
Morales not a lock to return when healthy
Backup catcher must prove he can throw out baserunners
MINNEAPOLIS -- Catcher Jose Morales has been in Fort Myers, Fla., as he continues to rehab from right wrist surgery that he had in January, but Twins manager Ron Gardenhire said that Morales won't automatically return as the club's backup catcher once he's healthy.
For Morales to replace Drew Butera in the backup role, Gardenhire said that Morales will have to show that he can make strong throws from behind the plate on his Minor League rehab stint. "Morales, if he can't throw, he is not going to be able to be our backup catcher," Gardenhire said. "You have to be able to come up and throw somebody out. That's the bottom line. He had a bad wrist. His arm was hurting in Spring Training and we can't go through that." Gardenhire has been pleased with what he's seen from Butera early on in terms of calling a game and handling the running game from behind the plate. While Gardenhire knows that Morales can call a game and is more of a hitter than Butera, he wants to make sure that there aren't any concerns about the running game with Morales. "The day Joe doesn't play, they can't run all over us. We won't have that," Gardenhire said. "We're looking for a catch-and-throw guy for our backup catcher. He can hit. We know that. But he's still got to be able to do the other part -- catch and throw. He calls a good game. But he's got to be able to throw somebody out."Thome gets first Target Field start
MINNEAPOLIS -- Jim Thome made his first appearance in the Twins' starting lineup at Target Field on Thursday, as he was slotted in as the designated hitter.
Jason Kubel shifted over to left field and Delmon Young was on the bench as the Twins faced veteran knuckleballer Tim Wakefield. Manager Ron Gardenhire said that none of his players really have strong numbers against Wakefield, including Young, who has been swinging well and is batting .346 on the season, so he felt this would be a good time to insert Thome into the lineup. "Thome's got a few homers off of him, and that ball is going to be floating in there," Gardenhire said. "If [Wakefield] makes a mistake, then Thome can put it in the seats. [I figured I would] give Delmon a chance not to get screwed up with this guy like the other guys can. I just think it's a fun day when Thome is facing a knuckleballer like that. We'll see what happens. If he floats one in the wrong place, it can be Babe Ruth all over."Neshek to have middle finger examined
MINNEAPOLIS -- Pat Neshek has an issue with the flexor tendon in the middle finger on his right hand and will have it examined by doctors on Thursday.
Neshek said he's been dealing with some soreness in the finger below the knuckle over his past few outings. The right-hander noticed it while the club was in Anaheim last week, but that hasn't stopped him from pitching. The pain, however, wasn't going away and the finger felt worse following Neshek's two scoreless innings in Wednesday's 6-3 loss to the Red Sox. Neshek said it was hard to bend his finger after the outing, and so the plan was to have the team doctors look at it. "Today, it's the same as when I got out of the game," Neshek said. "It's stiff, tough to bend it. If it's getting a little bit worse each time, I don't want to see what's worse after this." Neshek wasn't going to be available for Thursday's contest after throwing 36 pitches. Twins manager Ron Gardenhire was asked if he's concerned about the injury. "Not until I can't use him, then there is concern," Gardenhire said. "Today, there is no concern, because I can't really use him anyway."Worth noting
MINNEAPOLIS -- Left-hander Brian Duensing has a case of the stomach flu. Twins manager Ron Gardenhire said that it would be a game-time decision whether or not Duensing would be available to pitch out of the bullpen. ... Left-hander Ron Mahay was in the clubhouse on Thursday morning after having his contract purchased on Wednesday. He was available to pitch if needed, and did. He threw a perfect inning in the ninth, striking out two batters in the Twins' 8-0 victory. ... Joe Mauer entered Thursday's game vs. the Red Sox with an eight-game hitting streak, and he is batting .400 during that stretch, with seven RBIs, a home run and a .500 on-base percentage.
Kelly Thesier is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Grand New World Hotel is located in central Xian City, a few minutes' walk from the Ancient City Wall and Islamic Mosque. It offers an indoor pool and a café. Rooms at New World Grand Hotel are fitted with air-conditioning and a satellite TV. A minibar and attached toilet with bathtub and shower facilities are included. Guests can enjoy a relaxing massage or exercise at the fitness centre. Evenings can be spent around the table tennis table or karaoke rooms. There is also a business centre and tour desk. A daily buffet or a la carte breakfast awaits guests every morning at Grand New World's café. In-room dining is available with room service. Grand New World Hotel is 45 km from Xianyang Airport. Xi'an Railway Station is just 4 km away.
These are general hotel policies for Grand New World Hotel. As they may vary per room type; please also check the room description.


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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Universal service in e-communications: report on the outcome of the public consultation and the third periodic review of the scope in accordance with Article 15 of Directive 2002/22/EC
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Universal service in e-communications: report on the outcome of the public consultation and the third periodic review of the scope in accordance with Article 15 of Directive 2002/22/EC
(Text with EEA relevance)
In its second periodic review of the scope of universal service in electronic communications in September 2008[1] the Commission undertook to consult interested parties on several long-term policy issues. Prior to adoption of the Telecom Package in 2009 the Commission confirmed to the European Parliament that it would carry out a wide-ranging consultation on the subject.
This document reports on the outcome of the consultation on universal service principles in e-communications, which took place between March and May 2010. It also covers the third periodic review of the scope of universal service under Article 15 of the Universal Service Directive 2002/22/EC[2] ('the USD'). Finally, it sets out some reflections on the measures to be taken by the Member States when implementing the USD. It is accompanied by a short Staff Working Document[3] summarising the responses to the public consultation.
The EU rules on universal service in electronic communications emerged in the context of full liberalisation in the 1990s. The rationale of universal service obligation ('USO') is to act as a social safety net where market forces alone do not deliver affordable access to basic services for consumers, particularly those living in remote areas or having low incomes or disabilities. In order to achieve the three objectives of the safety-net concept, namely availability, affordability and accessibility, one or more specifically designated undertakings can be obliged to deliver such basic services.
Member States must accordingly ensure that all end-users have access at a fixed location to voice and data communications, including 'functional internet access', while minimising market distortions. The USD is neutral as to the technology by which the services can be provided.
Where the cost of USO represents an unfair burden on the designated provider(s), the latter must be compensated for the net cost incurred. Such compensation can be financed from public funds and/or from a fund to which market players in the e-communications sector contribute. Currently, 22 Member States provide for sectoral funding only[4], two foresee both public and sectoral funding, and three have opted for public funding only.
Several Member States have exercised their discretion not to designate any USO provider, or have relaxed obligations concerning service elements that are already catered for by the market (e.g. public payphones and directories).
While the 2002 USD limited 'functional internet access' to narrowband data rates[5], the 2009 Telecom Package gave Member States the flexibility to define, where necessary, the data rates at national level, which may include broadband speeds[6]. To date, Finland, Spain and Malta have adopted legislation to include broadband in national USO.
On 5 July 2011, the European Parliament adopted a resolution[7] underlining the importance of USO as a safety net for social inclusion.
The aim of the consultation was to examine whether, in today's converged and competitive e-communications environment, there is a need to revise the overall EU approach and principles for universal service. A key question was whether USO should become a pro-active tool in the context of broadband and therefore have a role in meeting the objective of 'broadband for all', or whether this should be left to other EU and national policy measures, while retaining USO as a safety net. Other important issues raised in the consultation were the concept of universal service, its financing, and the Member States' flexibility in implementation.
A wide range of views were expressed in the consultation, with no consensus emerging as to the future role of USO in furthering Europe's broadband objectives. However, many stakeholders, particularly governments and national regulatory authorities (NRAs), support the existing principles and favour maintaining the key features of the USO regime. The accompanying Staff Working Document provides a summary of the responses[8].
The EU regulatory framework and its open access policy have fostered competitive markets, thereby increasing consumer choice and reducing prices, and placing some EU countries among the world leaders in broadband. Within the EU, the highest broadband take-up is found in Member States with infrastructure competition, combined with effective ex ante regulation to promote service competition where infrastructure competition is not possible.
The Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE)[9] sets out the socio-economic benefits of broadband, including its importance for social participation and employment. The DAE target for 'basic broadband' is that such networks should cover 100 % of EU citizens by 2013. For 'fast' and 'ultra-fast' internet, the aim is to ensure that by 2020 there is 30 Mbps coverage for all EU citizens and that 50 % or more of EU households have subscriptions above 100 Mbps. Achieving these targets requires substantial investment from private and public players alike. To facilitate this process, the Commission adopted a 'Broadband Package' in September 2010 comprising: i) the Broadband Communication[10], laying out a framework for action and outlining proposals to Member States for achieving the targets; ii) the NGA Recommendation[11], setting out regulatory guidance to promote legal certainty, and hence encourage private investment; and iii) a proposal for a multiannual Radio Spectrum Policy Programme[12], to improve coordination and management of spectrum in the EU, thereby facilitating the growth of wireless broadband.
In addition, various policy tools are available to (co-)finance infrastructure development, including public funding (e.g. loans, grants to public-private partnerships). The Broadband Guidelines[13] clarify how public funding can be granted for broadband development in line with EU State aid rules, to achieve coverage also in the areas where there is no commercial interest. The Structural Fund programmes for 2007-13 also earmark almost € 2.3 billion for ICT infrastructure, mainly broadband networks. Moreover, the Commission has proposed in the Financial Perspectives 2014-2020 a Connecting Europe Facility[14] with a budget of € 9.2 billion to encourage pro-competitive investment, grants and credit enhancement for broadband projects and digital service infrastructures.
To foster demand, the DAE envisages a range of measures, including promotion of e-health and e-government services, facilitating licensing schemes for online rights management and the online accessibility of audiovisual content[15], and initiatives to ensure digital literacy, skills and inclusion. The Commission considers that fostering demand for broadband services will in turn trigger the deployment of broadband networks, thus stimulating a virtuous cycle.
Unlike telephony in the old EU-15 more than a decade ago, the broadband market in the EU-27 is not yet a mature market but rather one characterised by innovation and dynamic evolution. Technological, competitive and regulatory developments, e.g. the decreasing costs of wireless technologies and the digital dividend, are likely to expand broadband coverage considerably.
While fixed broadband networks are, on average, available to 95.1% of the EU population, this figure is only 82.8 % in rural areas across the EU and 60 % or less in rural areas of Bulgaria, Slovakia, Poland, Romania and Cyprus (see section 4.1). The cost of rolling out or upgrading broadband infrastructure in underserved areas is significant. A study commissioned by the Commission[16] estimates the total EU-wide net cost of ensuring the availability (coverage) and affordability (subsidised social tariffs) of a 2 Mbps broadband connection[17] through USO to be approximately € 13.6 bn over a five-year period.
According to the study, this total sum translates into some € 2.7 bn annually, which represents approximately 0.69 % of the turnover of the EU telecoms sector as a whole[18]. This percentage varies significantly among Member States, being higher in countries with a sparse population, difficult terrain or less developed infrastructure. The highest cost ratio would be in Romania (4.6 %) and the lowest in Luxembourg (0.08 %). In absolute terms, the EU average cost per household would be approximately € 14.40 per year, ranging up to € 30 in Romania. This compares with current annual costs per household of between €0.05 and € 4.19 in the seven Member States that have established USO funds[19].
The 2009 Telecom Package recognises the increased diversity in the EU-27 by giving Member States the flexibility to determine the data rates for USO in the light of national conditions, and to finance the associated net costs from public funds and/or from a fund to be financed by the sector.
However, it is clear that if USO were to be extended to broadband EU-wide, the need for sectoral funding and "cross-subsidisation" between groups of consumers of a given country would increase significantly, with the burden on industry and the impact on consumer prices being greatest in Member States with currently low broadband coverage and income levels. Moreover, to prematurely mandate broadband at EU or national level risks distorting markets and holding up private investment in broadband. While telecoms companies can be expected to invest in profitable new networks, a fundamental question arises whether extensive USO, placing a heavy burden on the sector alone in the interests of social inclusion, would be appropriate and sustainable, while other private and public entities and society as a whole draw benefit from ubiquitous broadband.
The USD calls on the Commission to review the scope of universal service every three years in the light of social, economic and technological developments, taking particular account of mobility and data rates. Annex V to the USD establishes certain considerations to be taken into account by the Commission in deciding whether certain services should be included in the scope, namely:
1. Are specific services available to and used by a majority of consumers and does the lack of availability or non-use by a minority of consumers result in social exclusion?
2. Does the availability and use of specific services convey a general net benefit to all consumers such that public intervention is warranted in circumstances where the specific services are not provided to the public under normal commercial circumstances?
Moreover, recital 25 USD indicates that to be included in the scope the relevant services should already be available to a substantial majority of the population. The previous reviews in 2005/06 and 2008[20] concluded that these criteria were not met with regard either to mobility or to broadband, and thus the scope was not changed.
Fixed (DSL) broadband networks were, on average, available to around 95 % of the EU population at the end of 2010[21].
Figure 1. Fixed broadband network coverage in the EU as % of the population, 2010
Source: IDATE, 2010
There were approximately 133 million fixed and 36 million mobile broadband subscriber lines in the EU at the beginning of 2011, which shows that mobile is now contributing strongly to growing broadband take-up.
70 % of EU households now have internet access and 61 % have a wired or wireless broadband connection[22]. However, broadband usage rates vary considerably between Member States. Broadband take-up ranges from 23 % of households in Romania and 26 % in Bulgaria to 80 % in the Netherlands and Denmark and 83 % in Sweden.
Figure 2. Broadband penetration at home, % of EU households, 2010[23]
Consequently, at household level, the threshold of broadband usage by a (simple) majority of consumers in the EU has been reached, but this is not yet a 'substantial majority of the population', as described in recital 25 USD. More importantly, given the significant national disparities in take-up and the fact that take-up levels in 5 Member States are below 50 %, the costs of EU-wide USO for broadband would fall disproportionately on telecom providers and ultimately consumers in those Member States. Indeed, survey data[24], including households aged 75 and above, indicate 12 Member States below 50 %. The costs of ensuring universal broadband coverage would be particularly high in countries with a sparse population, difficult terrain and/or less developed infrastructure. As indicated above, the average cost per household in Romania is likely to be more than twice the EU average. Therefore, including broadband access within the scope of universal service at EU level, at this stage, would not meet the second criterion in the USD, namely conveying a general net benefit to all European consumers.
Mobile networks cover over 95 % of the EU population on the basis of national mobile licences[25]. Overall mobile subscriber penetration reached 124.2 % in October 2010.
Figure 3. Mobile subscribers and penetration rate at EU level, 2004- 2010
Source: Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2011 — electronic communications market indicators
89 % of EU households have mobile and 71 % fixed telephone subscriptions, so that 98 % of all EU households now have telephone access.
Figure 4. Telephone access at home, % of EU households, 1999-2011
Source: E-communications household surveys, July 2011
As to affordability, the average monthly price of a low usage basket of (pre and post-paid) mobile services in the EU amounted to € 9.07 in 2010, down approximately 30 % from 2006[26].
Since the last review, growing take-up and declining prices of mobile services can be observed. This confirms the analysis in earlier reviews that the competitive provision of mobile communications has resulted in consumers having widespread affordable access to these services so that there is no risk of social exclusion. The criteria for including mobility within the scope of universal service at EU level are therefore not met. This does not exclude wireless technology being used to provide connection at a fixed location under USO.
The Commission will continue to monitor the special needs of persons with disabilities, including in particular issues related to mobile telephone services[27], and report its findings in the next review.
Given the large sums needed to ensure broadband coverage through USO and the potential impact on industry and consumers, Member States need to carefully analyse whether national conditions warrant the extension of USO to broadband, taking into account the risk of social exclusion as well as possible distortion of competition and undue burden on the sector.
In view of the risk of divergent approaches to implementing the USD and the potential financial implications for industry, the Commission considers that further guidance is needed to ensure that implementation is in accordance with consistently applied principles while taking into account the different stages of development of the markets in the Member States. Such guidance will help to tackle the risk of social exclusion while at the same time avoiding a disproportionate burden on the sector.
This responds to the requests for clarification from stakeholders in the consultation and the call from the European Parliament for the Commission to ' provide guidelines on how best to implement and enforce the revised USD, avoiding market distortions and, at the same time, allowing Member States to adopt the provisions that best suit their national circumstances '[28].
The Commission is of the view that consistent implementation of USO calls for a coherent approach to the criteria for defining 'functional internet access' at broadband speeds, designation mechanisms, financing, and measures for end-users with disabilities. The Commission intends to engage in further discussions with Member States, European Parliament and other stakeholders on these matters.
- Scope of USO relating to 'functional internet access' at broadband speeds [29].
When Member States consider whether to define the network connection permitting 'functional internet access' at broadband speeds at national level, a set of coherent criteria, reflecting the criteria for changing the scope of universal service at EU level[30], could help to ensure consistency and minimise market distortion, while meeting the objective of preventing social exclusion.
For instance, Member States could be called on to make a prior assessment of the impact of such a decision, which could include assessing overall national broadband take-up in terms of the percentage of national households with broadband and the percentage of households with a broadband speed equal to or above the minimum speed envisaged.
Reflecting the notion in recital 25 USD that the services covered should be available to a 'substantial majority of the population', certain thresholds could be applied to determine whether the required critical mass of broadband take-up is achieved. The Commission believes that, at this stage, Member States could be asked to consider including broadband connections in USO where the data rate in question is used at national level (i) by at least half of all households and (ii) by at least 80 % of all households with a broadband connection[31].
Member States could also be advised, when making their decision, to identify their specific social and economic objectives and desired outcomes. This could include an assessment of:
- the expected market availability of broadband without public intervention;
- the social and economic disadvantages incurred by those without access to a broadband connection, including disabled end-users;
- the cost of public intervention via USO and comparison of this cost against the use of other approaches;
- the benefits of public intervention and its effects on competition, market distortions and broader policy objectives.
Thus, intervention would only occur where overall benefits outweigh overall costs.
- Common approaches to designation
Finding the most appropriate mechanism for designating universal service providers can help minimise market distortions and enhance efficiency. Territorial coverage requirements set at the outset of a designation process can unduly restrict the number of eligible undertakings. Likewise, a designation mechanism that allows Member States to consider all technical options for the provision of universal service is likely to produce the most cost-effective outcome.
An unduly long or indefinite designation period may also a priori exclude other operators from being designated[32]. For instance, transparency and non-discrimination can be promoted through limited time periods for USO designations (as e.g. in Greece and Poland). A thorough evaluation of potential options (including all available technologies) and their impacts will help identify the most efficient means of providing universal service, which may lead to more frequent designation of alternative operators (as e.g. in Estonia), or the designation of more than one undertaking (as e.g. in the Czech Republic and France). To avoid discrimination, a designation could be designed in such a way that it does not last longer than is necessary to recover the relevant investment costs and does not exceed a maximum duration (for example 10 years).
- Consistent approaches to calculating the net cost of universal service provision
In order to ensure cost efficiency and a level playing field for operators across the EU, the approach followed by national authorities to calculate the net costs of universal service provision is of key importance. Efficiency could be enhanced by setting out the methodological approach for calculating the net cost of USO in advance of any designation process, and by consulting publicly on it. Carrying out a specific net cost calculation for each designated undertaking would also ensure transparency and accuracy. The Court of Justice has identified specific elements that should be taken into account when evaluating the intangible benefits arising from USO. They should be established in line with calculations used for business valuations, and include e.g.: ubiquity, life cycle effect, marketing/sales/advertising benefits, brand image, loyalty and recognition/corporate reputation, benefits from provision of other services on a commercial basis, access to subscriber data, and information and technical and commercial benefits arising from the increased extent of the network. It is also important to clarify the principles to be applied by national authorities when assessing whether USO constitute an unfair burden[33] on the provider. In this regard, NRAs should examine all relevant characteristics particular to each designated undertaking, such as technical and economic characteristics of the equipment it uses for the provision of universal service, its economic and financial situation, and its market share[34].
- Financing
Any sectoral financing mechanism for universal service must be transparent, objective, proportionate and non-discriminatory, and seek to minimise distortion to competition and user demand.[35]
Using general taxation to finance USO can be seen as less distortive than sectoral funding, since it reflects more accurately the general nature of the ensuing social and economic benefits and the ability of consumers to pay. Finland, Sweden and the Czech Republic provide for these costs to be covered from public funding alone, while Malta and Portugal allow for a mix of public and sectoral financing.
Given the potentially higher costs of USO extended to broadband connections, Member States may consider, as is currently the case in certain countries, an appropriate mix of public and sector-specific funding to finance the provision of universal service. [36]
They could also set limits on contributions from telecom operators to a sectoral compensation fund.
Such limits may take two forms. First, as stated by Article 13(3) USD, Member States may choose not to require contributions from undertakings whose national turnover is less than a set limit ( de minimis threshold). A number of Member States make use of this provision. A common de minimis threshold could be applied by reference to the revenues of the operators concerned. This could be set as a fixed monetary amount (e.g. €5 million) or a percentage of the national turnover of the sector as a whole.
Secondly, in order to respect the principle of proportionality explicitly referred to in Article 13(3) USD and Article 6 (1) of Directive 2002/77/EC, a number of Member States have considered it appropriate to set a ceiling on the individual contributions of operators. A maximum common limit may be set on operators' individual contributions, with the balance of the net cost financed from public funds. This limit may be expressed as a percentage of the operators' national annual turnover from the provision of electronic communication networks and services. The percentage could be within a range (e.g. from 0.40 to 0.65% of annual turnover) to reflect the anticipated costs of USO provision, including broadband, by an efficient operator, but cannot exceed the actual net costs of USO provision in a given country. A number of Member States already provide in their national legislation for a maximum ceiling on individual contributions, set by reference to either gross or net revenues.
- Measures for end-users with disabilities
In view of the strengthened provisions in the revised USD relating to disabled end-users, Member States could also be encouraged to take due account of the needs of such users in designing their national USO, in accordance with the principle of ensuring equivalence of access.
The Commission currently does not see a need to change the basic concept and principles of universal service as an instrument for preventing social exclusion. At this stage, it would not be appropriate to include mobility or mandate broadband at a specific data rate at EU level.
The 2009 Telecom Package gives Member States the flexibility, in line with the principle of subsidiarity, to define the appropriate data rate for network connections delivering 'functional internet access' in the light of national conditions. Basic broadband access can therefore be part of USO at national level in justified cases, particularly where market forces and other policy tools and financing instruments have not led to universal broadband coverage. To minimise market distortions, Member States should take full account of public intervention tools other than USO to ensure broadband availability. Member States thus have the possibility, but no obligation, to include access to broadband connections within the scope of national USO.
However, there is a risk that divergent national approaches to implementation in the broadband environment could distort markets and put an unreasonable burden on the sector.
The Commission considers that it would be advisable to follow a common approach in applying the relevant provisions of the USD in the broadband context. This will make USO arrangements more efficient and boost regulatory predictability for the sector, so that investment and competition in the Digital Single Market will work to the benefit of innovation, consumer choice and affordability. The Commission will engage in discussions with the Member States, European Parliament and other stakeholders in the light of this Communication.
The Commission will also, based on a review of the various options, make proposals in the first quarter of 2012 to ensure that public sector websites and websites providing basic services to citizens are fully accessible for disabled users by 2015.
The importance of broadband access for European citizens is expected to continue to grow. While its inclusion now within USO at EU level would be premature, the Commission will continue to monitor broadband market developments, including in their social context. It will take these developments into account when it next reviews the scope of universal service.
[2] OJ L 108, 24.4.2002, p. 51.
[4] In Latvia, the establishment of a sectoral fund has been postponed to 1 June 2013 and in the meantime the compensation is provided by public funding.
[5] Recital 8 USD.
[6] Recital 5 of the Citizens' Rights Directive (CRD), OJ L 337, 18.12.2009, p. 11.
[7] Resolution (P7_TA(2011)0306): http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2011-0306&language=EN.
[8] Contributions are published at: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/library/public_consult.
[11] OJ L 251, 25.9.2010, p. 35.
[13] OJ C 235, 30.9.2009, p. 7. Under this instrument, almost ¬ 3.5 billion of aid has been authorized for pro-competitive broadband projects up to the end of October 2011010) 472.
[14] OJ L 251, 25.9.2010, p. 35.
[16] OJ C 235, 30.9.2009, p. 7. Under this instrument, almost € 3.5 billion of aid has been authorized for pro-competitive broadband projects up to the end of October 2011.
[18] See also the Audiovisual Green Paper: COM(2011) 427.
[19] Impact of EU Policy options for revision of the universal service provision , Van Dijk Management Consultants et al., October 2010: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/library/ext_studies/index_en.htm.
[20] Based on a mix of wired and wireless technologies.
[21] The study estimate is based on an annual telecommunications turnover of €394 bn. In relation to actual EU-27 turnover in 2009 (€ 332 bn), documented in the Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2011, the annual net costs would amount to approximately 0.81 % of the revenues of the telecom sector in 2009.
[22] Total USO costs in these Member States range between € 0.5 million and € 70 million.
[23] COM(2005) 203; COM(2006) 163; see also footnote 1.
[24] Due to its extended reach, the footprint of DSL can be used as a reasonable proxy to monitor the availability of fixed broadband coverage. However, other fixed technologies can also provide broadband connectivity.
[25] These figures for broadband household penetration, based on the Eurostat ICT household survey, include households with at least one member aged 16-74 (http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/scoreboard/library/index_en.htm).
[26] 2010 data for UK not available; 2009 figure for UK was 69.5%.
[27] Special Eurobarometer 362: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/scoreboard/docs/pillar/studies/eb_ecomm/final_reports/reporteb751sp362infsoecommunications_en_final.pdf.
[29] Report on Telecoms Price Developments from 1998 to 2010 , Teligen, Strategy Analytics Ltd, December 2010.
[30] www.eaccessibility-monitoring.eu; ongoing EC pilot project Reach112 on accessible alternatives to traditional voice telephony (www.reach112.eu).
[31] See footnote 7.
[32] See the interpretative document (COCOM10-31) presented by Commission services to the Communications Committee.
[33] Article 15, Annex V and recital 25 USD.
[34] According to the study (footnote 16), on average more than 80 % of EU fixed broadband subscribers have broadband speeds above 2 Mbps today.
[35] C-154/09 Commission v Portugal .
[36] In accordance with Article 12 USD.
[37] C-222/08 Commission v Belgium , C-389/08 Base NV and others v Ministerraad .
[38] See Article 13(3) USD and Article 6 (1) of Directive 2002/77/EC.
[39] In any event, funding of USO shall be in line with the rules governing State aid.
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URL: http://www.entrepreneur.com/answer/221735
First of all, there are no guarantees for staying on the fist page in Google, especially with high traffic searches like astrology. That said, there are a number of things you can do to improve your search rankings organically (i.e., via your website, not through paid advertising).Great content, which is updated regularly, is one thing that helps. This includes strong meta data that is posted behind the scenes in your HTML (good title and description meta data, and keywords). Quality inbound links to your website, which can be generated through your own blog as well as outside portals and getting your information up on other astrology or spirituality/wellness portals will also help.
You should also consider online event or speaking listings from organizations you are a part of, online PR, etc. Other ways to generate traffic include online leader-board or tile ads in networking or trade association groups you belong to, as well as major daily newspaper websites, and other well-visited health, wellness or spirituality sites.
Best of luck in your endeavors!
As president of Pomona, N.Y.-based marketing-advantage and founder of WomenCentric, Pattie Simone empowers ambitious women, companies and entrepreneurs worldwide, sharing smart new media, client engagement, entrepreneurial and communications expertise as a techpreneur, consultant, speaker and video blogger.


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What is LF Contents:
Handling Loss: Divorce Brings Grief ... and Changes |
Handling Loss and Grief
Living Free Every Day Today's Scripture Thoughts for Today Recovering from divorce involves working through a grieving process, much like when a spouse has died. It also involves making choices. You might not have had a choice in getting a divorce, but you do have a choice in your response. Will you hold on to bitterness and anger or will you forgive? Will you give up and give into despair or will you trust Jesus to help you rebuild your life? Will you walk in fear or will you place your faith in God to guide you and help you? Consider this


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Bosworth Hoops: IS8 Playoffs Spring 2011 - Real Scout vs. Raising Champions He's featured in the second paragraph! They compared him to the Tasmanian Devil!
KCCO Follow me on Twitter: @datBASS3 Follow Iowa State Drumline on Twitter: @ISUDrumline or on FB
"Tasmanian Devil." I'll take that, along with the crowd-igniting ability the article mentions. Thanks for finding and posting the article!
"Of course the people don't want war ... the people can always be brought to do the bidding of the leaders. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to greater danger." -- Herman Goering at the Nuremberg trials
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The Mobile City and The New Institute in collaboration with CMoDA are very happy to invite you to the mini-symposium "Made By Us: Using Smart Technologies to Repurpose Industrial Heritage", which is part of the full-day event "The Dao of Being Smart", organized by CMoDA
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Public Space & The Public Good
Public Space & The Public Good (Publieke Ruimte Publieke Zaak in Dutch) is the title of a new research project that The Mobile City will be part of. The project is initiated by Bart Lammers, Arnold Reijndorp and Simon Franke and it investigates the relation
Collegedag Publieke Zaak Publieke Ruimte (in Dutch) Den Haag: April 16.
This post is an announcement for a conference that is part of the research program Public Space & The Public Good, in which The Mobile City participates. The conference (and the announcement below) are in Dutch. We will have more on this program on our
On 6 March 2013 Michiel de Lange gave a talk about Play & the City in Den Bosch at architecture center BAI. More info here >>.
Eindhoven Hackable World City: speculating on future investments for the city
A while ago we were invited by Amsterdam based architecture and planning firm One Architecture to collaborate on a research project about the possible future of urban planning and policy in the Netherlands. The project was commissioned by Deltametropool Network for Metropolitan Development. One of the outcomes
CONFERENCE Media City: spectacular/ordinary/contested 15-17 May 2013 Helsinki
I hadn't seen this one earlier, looks good. This adds another event to an already busy spring 2013: * MediaCities, 3-5 May 2013, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; * New Media & Self-Organisation in Urban and Neighbourhood Governance Delft 16-17 May 2013 * HYBRID
On 12 December 2012 Michiel de Lange was one of the participants in the public radio show Hoe?Zo!, about play, games and culture (in Dutch).
One Architecture asked Martijn de Waal and Michiel de Lange to assist in a workshop organized by Deltametropool about the future of metropolitan Netherlands on 27 − 28 November 2012.
On 28 November 2012 Play the City interviewed Michiel de Lange about smart cities, play, and ownership, as part of their Majority Report initiative.
Mid-October 2012 TU Delft's Polis/Atlantis Magazine interviewed Michiel de Lange for the 23.2 fall edition about digital media and the future of urban design (pdf).
On 3 October 2012 The European Metropolitan network Institute interviewed Michiel de Lange about digital technologies and the city.
CALL: LLGA|Cities Pilot the Future program/21 Global Cities Call for Solutions
Help solve urban pressing issues with this call: Barcelona / San Francisco , 19 November 2012: Today, twenty-one global cities and Citymart.com announce the LLGA|Cities Pilot the Future program to discover and implement the most promising solutions that meet pressing social and urban challenges. Over the coming 18 months, the initiative will evaluate around
CFP New Media & Self-Organisation in Urban and Neighbourhood Governance Delft 16-17 May 2013
Since we are one of the keynote speaker's at this event, we wholeheartedly recommend this call for papers! http://www.otb.tudelft.nl/en/study/seminars-and-conferences/websites-internationale-congressen/international-conference-using-ict-social-media-and-mobile-technologies/ International Conference Using ICT, Social Media and Mobile Technologies to Foster Self-Organisation in Urban and Neighbourhood Governance Date and venue May 16-17, 2013 Library at
CONFERENCE: Communication and the City: Voices, Spaces, Media Conference, 14-15 June 2013, Leeds University UK
Spring 2013 is going to be a busy period for media city conferences..: An international conference organized by the Urban Communication Foundation and the Institute of Communications Studies in association with the ECREA Media and the City Temporary Working Group. Where: Institute of Communications Studies, University


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Loretta Fox of South Haven died on her 93rd birthday, Thursday, Oct. 10, 2013, at Heritage House of Kimball with her family at her side. She was 93.
Funeral services will be held at 1 p.m. Monday, Oct. 14, at St. John's Lutheran Church in Kimball with Rev. Dave Milz officiating. Burial will follow at Kimball Cemetery. Friends may call from 3-7 p.m. Sunday at Dingmann Funeral Care Chapel in Kimball, and one hour prior to the service Monday at the church. A prayer service will be held at 6:30 p.m. Sunday at the funeral home.
Loretta Stella Marcella Fox was born Oct. 10, 1920, in Rockville Township to Adam and Mary (Dinkfelt) Kuseske. She attended Brown Country School until her eighth-grade graduation. She married George Fox May 16, 1940, at St. John's Lutheran Church in Kimball, and their marriage was blessed with five children. Together they farmed in Maine Prairie Township until 1981. They shared 67 years of marriage, until George died January 24, 2008. Loretta was a homemaker, a loving mother and she helped out at Beaches Resort. She was a member of St. John's Lutheran Church since the age of 2; she was involved in the Ladies Aid and served as church secretary. Loretta enjoyed bowling, traveling, and playing cards. She did ceramics, crocheting,
embroidering, and knitting. She made lots of afghans, baby blankets, and dollies for family members. In her younger years, she enjoyed her flower gardens and vegetable garden. She froze and canned lots of vegetables, especially pickles and homemade tomato soup; she always had plenty to give to others. She was a sweetheart, she always helped if able, and she loved to tease. Loretta loved to bake and she shared recipes with family and friends. Her doughnuts were loved by everybody and she made them for all occasions.
Loretta is preceded in death by her husband George; grandson Gary Kunkel; brothers Raymond, William, Edward and Ervin Kuseske; and sisters Millie Dinkfelt, Martha Meyer and Helen Bruns.
She is survived by her children and their spouses Janice (and Ronald) Kunkel of Luxemburg, DeLayne (and Ronald) Erpelding of Willmar, Delvin (and Paulette) Fox of South Haven, LaNaye (and Lester)Schauer of Glencoe, and DelRay Fox of St. Cloud; brother and his spouse Elmer (and Frances) Kuseske of Buffalo; sister-in-law Velma Kuseske; 12 grandchildren, and 29 great-grandchildren.
Pallbearers will be Kurt Kunkel, RaMona Thorpe, Andrea Holtz, Kraig Kunkel, Jolene Nelson and Ashley Thorpe.
Jeremy Schauer will be an honorary pallbearer. Lynn Hoff will provide the music for the service. Arrangements are entrusted with Dingmann Funeral Care Burial & Cremation Service of Kimball.


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If this plan is so great ,how is it no one from Washintgon is jumping to get on it with us
What do you mean "jumping to get on it"? Are you asking why representatives don't drop their current insurance and select something new on the exchange when the latter is up and running? Or are you talking about electing the public option, which is part of H.R. 3200? There are many, many plans that will be available on the exchange, so I'm not sure which plan you're talking about.
All government insurance programs, whether federal or state, will continue as before, as will corporate-provided healthcare plans. Individual policies that existed before the exchange was created will also be grandfathered. No one will be forced out of these policies, although under certain conditions individuals can elect to leave them.
Absolutely no one will by forced to elect the public option. It will be entirely voluntary.