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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on market reviews under the EU Regulatory Framework (2nd Report) Consolidating the internal market for electronic communications {SEC(2007) 962}
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[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |
Brussels, 11.7.2007
COM(2007) 401 final
on market reviews under the EU Regulatory Framework (2 nd report) Consolidating the internal market for electronic communications {SEC(2007) 962}
on market reviews under the EU Regulatory Framework (2nd report) Consolidating the internal market for electronic communications (Text with EEA relevance)
1. Introduction 3
2. Overview of the Article 7 procedure 3
3. Internal market for e-communications 4
4. Experience from the notifications 5
4.1. Market definition and market analysis 5
4.2. Remedies 6
4.2.1. Fixed access markets 6
4.2.2. Asymmetries in fixed and mobile termination 7
4.2.3. Broadband markets 8
5. Trends in the competitve situation in markets analysed 9
5.1. Retail calls and leased lines markets 9
5.2. Transit markets and trunk segment of leased lines 10
5.3. Mobile access and call origination 10
5.4. Broadcasting transmission markets 11
6. Horizontal issues 11
6.1. Streamlining of procedures 11
6.2. Belated adoption of final measures and implementation of remedies 12
6.3. Application of Article 5 of the Framework Directive 13
7. Conclusions 13
The realisation of an open and competitive internal market for electronic communications within a single European Information Space still remains a challenge for Europe. While the regulatory framework has led to significant benefits for citizens and enterprises alike through reduction of prices, increased choices and the creation of a level-playing field across the EU, there are still obstacles to the full exploitation of the potential of the internal market.[1]
This Communication gives an insight into the experience gained from the market review process and highlights some major trends and issues. It complements the i2010 Annual report[2] and the 12th Implementation Report[3]. Further, it contributes to the review of the regulatory framework that the Commission will propose to the Council and the European Parliament in the second half of 2007. It demonstrates that the consultation mechanism under Article 7 of the Framework Directive[4] has contributed significantly to the coherent implementation of the regulatory framework, in particular with regard to market definition and market analysis. At the same time, it illustrates that in certain areas, such as the imposition of remedies, there is still scope for rendering regulation more effective and for increasing the consistency of remedies across the EU in order to work towards an internal market for electronic communications.
The key objectives of the regulatory framework that entered into force in 2003 are the promotion of competition, investment and innovation within the internal market for electronic communications in the interest of consumers and competitiveness. The consultation mechanism built in the framework plays a vital role in achieving these goals. Regulatory decisions are adopted by the national regulatory authorities (NRAs) but the review mechanism at EU level safeguards internal market objectives. This role of the Commission under Article 7 of the Framework Directive is decisive in helping to (i) ensure consistent regulation across the EU; (ii) to limit regulation to markets which will not become competitive without regulatory intervention; and (iii) to bring more transparency in the regulatory process.
Pursuant to Article 7 of the Framework Directive draft regulatory measures of NRAs concerning the market review process are to be notified to the Commission and the NRAs of other Member States. The Commission may request an NRA to withdraw a draft regulatory measure if it is found not to be compatible with Community law, in particular as concerns market definition and/or SMP analysis. Such a request for withdrawal has been issued by the Commission in five cases. In addition, NRAs have decided to take back their notifications in 28 cases. The Commission and the other NRAs may also make comments on the imposition of remedies that shall be taken utmost account of by the notifying NRA. Thus far, more than 600 draft regulatory measures were notified to the Commission, which means that the first round of market reviews for the 18 markets referred to in the Commission Recommendation 2003/311/EC[5] is almost complete.
A more detailed overview of the procedure can be found in Annex I to this Communication.
Whilst many operators are present in several countries[6], most markets in the electronic communications sector are national. Operators which strive to offer similar services across Europe, in particular for multinational corporate clients, and to simplify the sales and marketing process, depend on reasonably similar wholesale inputs across Member States[7]. The notifications received so far show that the remedies imposed are not always as effective as they could be and that regulation is not always consistent across the EU, even in cases where market circumstances are similar. Market players wishing to operate in several Member States sometimes face a variety of regulatory environments. In order to enable the European electronic communications industry to exploit the full potential of the internal market, further steps should be taken to ensure effective regulation in all Member States and to remove unfounded divergences in regulation across Member States. Without consistent ex ante regulation, operators, in particular those who are present in several Member States, face difficulties in introducing their offerings on a European basis.
A lack of regulatory certainty could have detrimental effects on the development of the electronic communications sector in the EU[8]. During the public consultation on the review of the EU regulatory framework[9] it was suggested that the Commission could play a stronger role in the coherent application of remedies.[10]
The regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services is based on regulation of markets, not regulation of technologies. These markets are defined and analysed in accordance with competition law principles. Where a given market is susceptible to ex ante regulation and an NRA finds one or more undertakings to have significant market power or "SMP" (equivalent to "dominance" under competition law) on that market, it must impose appropriate regulation. Conversely, regulation must not be imposed, or existing regulation must be withdrawn on markets where no undertaking is found to have SMP.
This chapter presents developments in market definition and analysis and highlights certain inefficiencies and divergences in the application of remedies that continue to exist and risk undermining the internal market. It is complemented by the Commission staff working document annexed to this Communication which provides a detailed overview.
Market definition and market analysis
The first Communication on market reviews[11] underlined that the involvement of the Commission allowed to achieve a high degree of consistency regarding market definition and market analysis. The experience from the notifications received thereafter shows that this continues to be the case.
Under the regulatory framework for electronic communications, markets have to be defined according to competition law, taking utmost account of the principle of technology neutrality. Since the first Communication on market reviews, the Article 7 procedure in combination with the Recommendation on relevant markets ensured that NRAs define markets in a consistent way, including those that comprise new technologies such as high bandwidth broadband services based on VDSL technology. The Commission found that a mere upgrade of an existing service delivered via a new technology does not in itself constitute a new market.[12] The Commission also gave guidance on the inclusion of leased lines using alternative interfaces, such as Ethernet, in the wholesale leased lines markets[13].
Regarding SMP, NRAs must assess, in line with EU competition law principles and taking the utmost account of the SMP guidelines[14], whether an undertaking enjoys a dominant position on the relevant market. Very high market shares (above 50%) are in themselves, save in exceptional circumstances, evidence of the existence of a dominant position, whereas market shares over 40 % would normally raise SMP concerns. According to the case law, the inclusion of captive sales in the relevant market may depend on whether the traffic generated by a subsidiary of an undertaking would be made available in the merchant market in case of an increase or decrease of market prices. Other factors relevant for the SMP analysis include market dynamics, control of infrastructure that cannot be duplicated easily, barriers to entry and potential competition.
When an undertaking enjoys significant market power on a given market, the relevant NRA has to impose regulatory obligations which are appropriate to remedy the identified competition problem.
Regarding the choice of remedies, the Commission observes less consistency across the EU than has been achieved in market definition and SMP analysis. Differences in remedies were not always justified by diverging market conditions or other notified specificities. In addition, not always the most efficient remedy was chosen. The following sections highlight the main areas of concern.
Retail fixed access markets
In the markets for retail "access" (i.e. connection to a fixed telephony network enabling calls and related services) certain NRAs did not impose cost accounting and accounting separation obligations or failed to set the appropriate details thereof.[15] The absence of such obligations in the retail access markets make it difficult to impose effective price regulation for various related wholesale products (such as wholesale line rental and local loop unbundling) and to monitor compliance with non-discrimination obligations. It also makes the ex post enforcement of competition rules difficult, for example in cases of anticompetitive pricing.
Furthermore the imposition and implementation of wholesale line rental obligations varies significantly across Member. The divergences are not always justified on the basis of diverging market conditions.[16] Finally, the Commission points out that a lack of effective competition in the retail access markets must preferably be addressed through effective wholesale regulation (e.g wholesale line rental or local loop unbundling). When assessing the need for retail regulation, in particular in a second round market analysis, NRAs should first analyse and try to enhance the impact of existing wholesale remedies[17].
Remedies imposed in the retail access markets vary substantially across Member States. Such differences are not always justified by diverging market circumstances.
Fixed and mobile termination markets
In principle each operator enjoys a monopoly position for terminating calls on its network. Although the measures adopted so far have significantly brought down the level of termination rates throughout the European Union, regulation continues to be applied unevenly. In particular, the following issues remain of concern.
Although some form of cost orientation is foreseen in most Member States, a large spread in average mobile termination rates still exists across Member States. Divergences may be partly justified by differing costs, but are also caused by the different price setting methodologies that NRAs apply and the different timeframes foreseen for reducing mobile termination rates to the costs of an efficient operator. High termination rates thus continue to translate into high, albeit diminishing, prices for consumers in a number of Member States.
Additionally, a number of NRAs authorised high termination rates for smaller operators that have not benefited from economies of scale immediately after their market entry. This, however, may constitute a disincentive to gain market share at retail level, as the enlargement of the customer base would lead to lower regulated termination rates. Therefore termination rates should, as a principle, be symmetric, whereas asymmetry requires an adequate justification. The Commission recognizes that, in certain exceptional cases, asymmetry might be justified by objective cost differences which are beyond the control of the operators concerned, e.g. unalterable differences in key network elements. If asymmetries in termination rates are not based on objective cost differences, they must be phased out within a reasonable time frame.
In the fixed and mobile termination markets, the Commission emphasized the need to move, in principle, towards symmetric termination rates based on costs of an efficient operator and encouraged NRAs to lower rates accordingly, in particular for mobile termination. As the diverging approaches across Member States have a negative effect of on the internal market, the Commission invited NRAs to work closely with the European Regulators Group (ERG) to arrive at a coherent EU-wide approach on cost calculation and on enhancing symmetry.
Wholesale broadband markets (bitstream access and local loop unbundling)
Efficient regulation of the markets for wholesale broadband access ("bitstream access") and for unbundled access is a key factor for the competitive development of retail broadband markets and for the development of triple play services provided over broadband infrastructure. Bitstream access enables new entrants to provide retail broadband access services to end users. It is therefore an important step for new entrants towards investment in a more comprehensive roll out of their own network, leading towards local loop unbundling. After a certain time, competitors tend to rely on a combination of both forms of access, investing in their own infrastructure up to the incumbent's local loop where economically possible, i.e. normally in more densely populated regions, whereas they depend on bitstream access in rural areas.
Sometimes the belated[18] application of remedies in the wholesale broadband access markets impaired the effectiveness of regulation. In several cases, the points in the network at which bitstream access had to be granted were either not specified or insufficient to enable the development of competition[19]. Price regulation was not always effective[20] and based on different price setting methods across the EU. Ineffective price regulation in some Member States distorts the internal market and gives rise to distortions of competition, mainly through margin squeezes. Not all Member States obliged the incumbent to make available "naked DSL" which enables alternative operators to provide broadband to end customers without the obligation to rent a telephone line from the incumbent[21].
Due to the high costs of the duplication of the "last mile" of PSTN networks, the former monopolists still enjoy a very strong position in the market for wholesale unbundled access. Therefore the market was found to be non-competitive by all NRAs that have notified this market thus far.
In some Member States, parts of the local loop are currently upgraded with fibre optic infrastructure between the main distribution frames and the street cabinets. The Commission points out that this should not undermine the competitors' ability to gain access to an SMP operators' network at an appropriate level in order to be able to continue to compete efficiently. In view of these developments the markets for bitstream access and local loop unbundling should in the future not be analysed in isolation so as to ensure a coherent approach.
One of the main objectives of the Article 7 mechanism is to limit regulation to those markets which, due to inter alia their structural characteristics, offer no perspective of becoming effectively competitive without regulatory intervention. This chapter deals with certain markets where developments of competition have been observed. These developments will be taken into account in the review of the Recommendation on relevant markets. The development of all markets mentioned in the Recommendation on relevant markets is described in detail in Annex III to this Communication.
Retail calls and leased lines markets
Across the EU, the retail calls markets show a noticeable trend towards competition. In several Member States, the markets for international calls in particular have been found competitive already in the first round of market analyses.[22] Even in those markets which have not been found competitive so far, competitive conditions are improving, i.e. prices are falling and new entrants are gaining market share. Increased competitive pressure from neighbouring markets, such as mobile, constrains the incumbent's behaviour. Wholesale regulation (carrier-selection and carrier-pre-selection, sometimes in combination with wholesale line rental) reduces barriers to entry. Additionally, the spread of broadband internet connections in combination with the emergence of Voice over Broadband (VoB) is expected further to enhance competition in the calls markets in the coming years.
Appropriate regulation at wholesale level should make retail regulation redundant once alternative operators have entered the market and are competing with the incumbent to deliver better services and lower prices to consumers. NRAs should therefore focus on enforcing effective wholesale regulation. They are invited to monitor the effects of wholesale regulation carefully and, if necessary, to adjust the remedies in the wholesale markets accordingly, with a view to ensuring competition at retail level. NRAs are also invited to cooperate closely with national competition authorities to ensure that competition in the retail calls markets is not distorted through anticompetitive behaviour.
Technological developments as well as the consistent and efficient enforcement of appropriate wholesale regulation has enhanced competition in the retail calls and leased lines markets.
Markets for wholesale transit and trunk segments of leased lines
Nine NRAs found the wholesale market for trunk segments of leased lines to be effectively competitive.[23] In some Member States, the core network infrastructure of the incumbent operators has been duplicated and alternative operators started offering trunk leased lines to third parties in competition with the incumbent. Networks of alternative operators may not always cover the entire territory of a Member State, but in many Member States there is potential to expand coverage. This may affect the countervailing buying power of alternative operators vis-à-vis incumbents.
Four NRAs found the transit markets to be competitive. Nevertheless, even in some of the non-competitive transit markets, tendencies towards competition emerged as the market share of SMP operators, while still significant, eroded because alternative operators duplicated infrastructure not only for self-supply, but also in order to offer transit services to third parties. The core network infrastructure has been duplicated and leased lines, which serve as input to provide transit services are generally available.
It is reasonable to expect that the duplication of backbone infrastructure in transit and trunk segments will continue in the future although alternative operators in a number of Member States may still depend on the incumbent's lines for some less busy routes.
Wholesale mobile access and call origination
In the first round of market analyses, five NRAs found the wholesale market for mobile access and call origination services not to be effectively competitive and hence proposed regulation.[24] In other Member States the market was found to be competitive. In a number of Member States, mobile access and call origination is being provided on a commercial basis. Once service providers have entered the market, either through regulated or commercially agreed access arrangements with a mobile network operator, the host operator may have an economic interest to continue the supply relationship.[25]
While the market for wholesale mobile access and call origination services has been found effectively competitive in most Member States it remains to be assessed whether the development of competition e.g. through the existence of MVNO agreements, is already sufficient in the wholesale access and call origination market.
Wholesale broadcasting transmission markets
All NRAs, with the exception of Cyprus, have so far regulated at least a part of the wholesale market for broadcasting transmission services. Regulation varies substantially across Member States and so do the underlying market conditions. In most Member States, terrestrial platforms are predominant, whereas in other Member States cable is the main platform. The timing of digital switchover varies across the EU and national legislation conferring "must carry" status on certain broadcasters also diverges substantially.
The broadcasting transmission market is characterised by technological progress. The spread of digital terrestrial television will enable consumers to receive a larger number of programmes. Development of internet TV and digital terrestrial TV might prospectively lower the switching costs between infrastructures. The increased number of transmission infrastructures should reduce the dependency of broadcasters on one particular transmission platform further and increase their countervailing buyer power.
In its first Communication on Market Reviews under the EU Regulatory Framework, the Commission encouraged NRAs in particular to obtain the views of market players and NCAs prior to the European consultation and noted that a separate notification of different stages of the market review unnecessarily prolongs the regulatory process . In addition to these concerns, which remain of relevance and were re-inforced during the last year, the Commission highlights the following horizontal issues.
Streamlining of procedures
In order to ensure efficient decision making within the rigid timescales provided for under Article 7 of the Framework Directive, the Commission has adopted a Procedural Recommendation[26]. Although this Recommendation contains clear but flexible procedures for the cooperation between the Commission and NRAs, experience shows that additional implementing measures could be useful to increase legal certainty, to minimise the administrative burden for NRAs, operators and the Commission and to simplify the process further.
The Commission will lay down proposals for streamlining the procedures in a revised procedural Recommendation, later this year.
Belated adoption of final measures and implementation of remedies
As electronic communications markets often evolve quickly, regulatory intervention can tackle market failures efficiently only if regulatory measures are implemented in an expedient manner.
In certain Member States, NRAs adopted final measures with significant delays after the completion of the market review process. These delays should be avoided in order to guarantee a timely reaction to market failures identified through the market review process.
Additionally, delays continue to occur in certain Member States because remedies are notified separately from the underlying market definition and analysis. As a consequence, market failures are not tackled in a timely fashion, which reduces the effectiveness of regulation and thus creates risks for the competitiveness of the sector.
NRAs are urged to conduct and notify all stages of a market review at the same time (market definition, market analysis and the intended regulatory obligations).
Finally, in some cases a significant period has elapsed without re-notification of a draft measure that had to be withdrawn. The draft measure in question should be amended and submitted to national consultation as soon as possible after the Commission requires the NRA to withdraw the measure so as to ensure that competition problems are addressed as quickly as possible.
Some NRAs have imposed generic measures and have left the details of remedies for commercial negotiations between market players, e.g. by imposing a general cost orientation obligation without specifying price ceilings or detailed cost accounting obligations. If negotiations between market players failed, the NRA would intervene in a dispute settlement in order to impose specific prices on the basis of the cost orientation obligation. While in principle the undertakings should themselves negotiate in good faith their access and interconnection agreements[27], the competitive problems identified in the context of the regulatory procedures should be tackled as soon and as effectively as possible. The implicit threat of further regulatory intervention, either in the context of a dispute settlement or ex officio, if commercial negotiations fail to remedy the competition problem identified, seems insufficient as it might not provide transparency and legal certainty for market players and could cause unnecessary delays.
Remedies should be defined in a sufficiently clear and detailed fashion in the final measures and should be suitable to tackle the identified competitive failures efficiently.
Application of Article 5 of the Access Directive
Member States have used Article 5(1) of the Access Directive in several cases[28]. It allows Member States to impose regulatory measures on non-SMP operators to the extent it is necessary to ensure end-to-end connectivity. The Commission has pointed out that Article 5 must not be used to circumvent the market analysis process and should be used only in cases where end-to end connectivity needs to be guaranteed.
NRAs should use their powers under Article 5 of the Access Directive only in clearly defined circumstances in order to avoid overregulation and insecurity in the markets.
Almost all NRAs have finalised the first round of market reviews of the 18 markets included in the Recommendation, with the exception of the NRAs in Bulgaria and Romania that joined the EU only on 1 January 2007. The EU consultation mechanism established under Article 7 of the Framework Directive has been instrumental for the promotion of competition, investment and innovation as well as for the consolidation of the internal market for electronic communications. It has ensured a consistent approach, in particular regarding market definition and SMP analysis across Europe, brought sound economic analysis to the market review process and resulted in increased transparency. Overall, this form of cooperation between the Commission and NRAs led to better regulation based on competition principles and contributed to the development of a common European regulatory culture. The Commission's comments on the proposed remedies gave guidance towards a consistent regulatory approach across Europe, whilst taking into account specific national circumstances. The Commission focussed on ensuring that remedies are appropriate, i.e. based on the nature of the problem identified, proportionate and justified in the light of the objectives laid down in the Framework Directive.
However further steps need to be taken to enhance the effectiveness of regulation and to achieve greater consistency in the selection and application of remedies.
Although the regulatory approaches for market definition and market power analysis have converged to a large extent , remedies are not always appropriate to resolve the identified competition problems and sometimes differ markedly amongst Member States in spite of similar market situations.
The Commission will strive to further streamline procedures and to minimise the administrative burden for market players and NRAs, in line with the Commission's strategy for better regulation [29].. It will make corresponding proposals in the context of the review of the regulatory framework. In addition, the Commission invites Member States to contribute to the streamlining of the market review process at the national level . In particular, NRAs should avoid (i) delays between the notification of draft measures and the adoption of final measures, and (ii) notifying market analysis and intended remedies in different steps.
The Commission is currently reviewing the regulatory framework for e-communications and its proposal will be put forward to the Council and the Parliament in the second half of 2007. The revised regulatory framework however is not expected to enter into force before 2009-2010. In the short term the Commission is reviewing the Recommendation on relevant markets and the Article 7 procedural Recommendation and the new versions of the texts will be adopted in the second half of 2007.
[1] A single market for citizens, COM(2007) 60 final of 21.2.2007
[2] i2010 - Annual Information Society Report 2007, COM(2007) 146 final of 30.3.2007.
[3] European Electronic Communications Regulation and Markets 2006 (12th Report), COM(2007) 155 of 29.3.2007.
[4] Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (the "Framework Directive"), OJ L 108, 24.4.2002, p. 33.
[5] Commission Recommendation 2003/311/EC of 11 February 2003 on relevant product and service markets within the electronic communications sector susceptible to ex ante regulation in accordance with Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a common regulatory framework for electronic communication networks and services ("Recommendation on relevant markets"), OJ L 114, 8.5.2003, p. 45.
[6] In the fixed telephony and broadband markets, many operators are active in various Member States and even across the EU. Also in mobile markets, several undertakings operate in various Member States, with one operator being active in more than half of the EU25. In the satellite broadcasting markets, operators already offer cross-border services. See the study entitled "Preparing the Next Steps in Regulation of Electronic Communications - A contribution to the review of the electronic communications regulatory framework" of July 2006 (the "Hogan & Hartson and Analysys Study").
[7] See the Hogan & Hartson and Analysys Study.
[8] The electronic communications sector accounts for around 44,5% of the whole ICT sector which is valued at 649 billion in 2006 according to the Commission's 12th Implementation Report.
[9] See, in particular, the Communication on the Review of the EU Regulatory framework for electronic communications, COM(2006) 334 final of 28.6.2006.
[10] See the study by London Economics, in association with PricewaterhouseCoopers, entitled "An assessment of the regulatory framework for electronic communications: growth and investment in the EU e-Communications sector" of July 2006 (the "LE PWC Study").
[11] See the Communication on Market reviews under the EU Regulatory Framework, COM(2006) 28 final of 7.2.2006.
[12] The Commission sent a letter of formal notice to Germany because of amendments in the German Telecoms Act which would effectively exempt fast internet access networks (VDSL) from competition, see the press release IP/07/237 of 26.2.2007.
[13] Leased lines with alternative interfaces (including Ethernet) must be included in the markets for wholesale leased lines if an assessment according to the principles of competition law indicates that wholesale leased lines with alternative interfaces are substitutable for wholesale leased lines with traditional interfaces, in particular if their functionality and price levels are equivalent.
[14] Commission Guidelines on market analysis and the assessment of significant market power under the Community regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (the "SMP Guidelines"), OJ C 165 11.7.2002, p. 6.
[15] The Commission pointed to the lack of cost orientation and the missing accounting separation in Germany and the missing information of the cost accounting methodology in Slovakia.
[16] For example, the Commission commented on wholesale line rental in Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom and asked Poland to specify its wholesale line rental obligation.
[17] In particular, the Commission commented on the need to take into account wholesale remedies in the case of Hungary, France, Slovenia and Spain and the enforcement of these remedies in France.
[18] For example, the German NRA notified final remedies more than one year after the notification of the market analysis.
[19] This was the case in Luxemburg, the Czech Republic and Poland.
[20] In particular Czech Republic, Germany and Finland.
[21] The Commission commented on that matter following notifications from Germany and Luxemburg.
[22] This was (partly) the case in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK.
[23] This was the case in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, the Netherlands, Sweden and Slovenia.
[24] In Cyprus and Slovenia, a single operator was found to have SMP. In Ireland, Spain and Malta collective dominance was found to exist. In Ireland, the final measure has been withdrawn by the Irish regulator following national court procedures.
[25] In case the host operator would cease supplies, the service provider may switch to another wholesale supplier. Alternatively, if the service provider exits the retail market, the host operator may not be able to capture a sufficient part of the service provider's retail customers to outbalance its lost wholesale income.
[26] Commission Recommendation of 2003/561/EC EC of 23 July 2003 on notifications, time limits and consultations provided for in Article 7 of the Framework Directive ("the Procedural Recommendation"), OJ L 190, 30.7.2003, p. 13.
[27] See Recitals 5 and 6 and Article 4 of the Directive 2002/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities 8the "Access Directive"), OJ L 108, 24.4.2002, p.7.
[28] In the case NL/2003/17, the Dutch Ministry for economic affairs notified a decree that contained a general obligation to ensure end-to-end connectivity for all publicly available telephone services in the Netherlands. In case UK/2003/19, the British NRA notified an obligation for the only provider of access control services for digital TV (Sky Subscriber Services Limited) to provide access to these services on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. The Polish NRA imposed a non-discrimination and transparency obligation on the incumbent, in particular in order to prevent it from interfering with the quality of IP transmission between its customers and other electronic communications operators (see case PL/2006/0382). In case UK/2006/0454, the British NRA proposed to impose an access related obligation on BT, according to which BT is required to purchase wholesale narrowband call termination services from any operator of a public electronic communications network.
[29] See in particular the Commission Communication, Better Regulation for Growth and Jobs in the European Union, COM(2005) 97 final of 16.3.2005.
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Photos: MAVEA H20 Infusions at San Francisco Cocktail Week 2012
Water in cocktails? Yes please! On September 19th, guests at the MAVEA H20 Infusions event at 15 Romolo—for San Francisco Cocktail Week—sipped inspired cocktails that used H20 infusions for added flavor and less sugar.
15 Romolo's mixologists reinvented cocktails like the Pimm's Cup by infusing MAVEA filtered water with cucumber, mint, ginger and lemon instead of added sodas or syrups. Guests took home their own MAVEA water filter pitchers in a rainbow of colors to try the infusions at home.
For more information, visit MAVEA's Facebook page here!
Try these featured cocktails at home using MAVEA filtered water!
MAVEA Pimm's Cup
1oz London dry gin
1oz Pimm's
4oz carbonated cucumber-mint-ginger-lemon water
1 dash angostura bitters
Combine ingredients in a 12oz pub glass, add ice, garnish with mint leaf and cucumber slice and serve.
Amuse Rendez-Vous d'Amour
1.5oz Amontillado Sherry
0.5oz fresh lemon juice
0.75oz medjool date water
1oz Champagne
Combine sherry, lemon and date water, shake and fine strain into small, chilled cordial or sherry glass. top with champagne, garnish with a raisin (optional) and serve.
Photos: Marc Janks for Ashleigh Reddy Photography
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subset: commoncrawl


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I keep buying more |
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Nice average jock. The material is not as comfortable in the pouch as other jocks. Maybe this is more practical for "breathing" if you do a lot of sports? But overall a pretty good jock, fit like I wanted. |


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50 Best Songs of 2012
Teen, 'Better'
Courtesy of The Windish Agency
Teen aren't teens, actually – they're four Brooklyn twentysomethings. But on "Better," they're adolescent in the best sense, with keyboards swirling over a muscular thump that gives the classicist girl group a low-fi makeover. And the chorus is pure youthful bravado: "I'll do it better than anybody else." Not much neo-girl pop does.
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IH2 Property Florida, L.P. filed as a Foreign Limited Partnership in the State of Florida on Wednesday, March 06, 2013 and is approximately one year old, according to public records filed with Florida Department of State. The filing is currently active as of the last data refresh which occured on Sunday, September 01, 2013. A corporate filing is called a foreign filing when an existing corporate entity files in a state other than the state they originally filed in. This does not necessarily mean that they are from outside the United States.
IH2 Property Florida, L.P. also lists another corporation as a key member of the company. IH2 Property Gp LLC serves as .
Key roles for IH2 Property Florida, L.P. |
IH2 Property Gp LLC
Active |
Filing Type: | Foreign Limited Partnership |
Status: | Active |
State: | Florida |
State ID: | B13000000065 |
Date Filed: | Wednesday, March 06, 2013 |
Registered Agent | Corporation Service Company |
Comprehensive Insight Plus Report |
Learn More |
The D&B Comprehensive Insight Plus Report for IH2 Property Florida, L.P. combines D&B's proprietary statistical scoring with business, payment and financial information all in one report. | |
US Company Profile Report |
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The D&B U.S. Company Profile contains basic information such as address and telephone number, executive names and titles, line of business and SIC codes, D-U-N-S Numbers, organization status, and year and location of incorporation for IH2 Property Florida, L.P.. |


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ST. LOUIS — Order a bowl of turkey chili at a St. Louis-area Panera Bread cafe and it'll cost you a penny. Or $5. Or $100. In other words, whatever you decide.
Pay what you want for new menu item at St. Louis Panera cafes
Wednesday, March 27, 2013 | 12:18 p.m. CDT;
updated 5:55 p.m. CDT, Wednesday, March 27, 2013
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green economics: 1/25 of 107
next »
Fracking is the death spasm of a defunct economic order
Paul Mobbs
5th March 2014
Political support for fracking is not just about energy, writes Paul Mobbs. It reflects the greater ecological and resource crisis at the root of our current economic woes - and only postpones the essential shift to a new kind of economy. more...Planners' pension funds set to win from fracking permissions
Jan Goodey, Will Cottrell & Ed Jones
24th February 2014
Two Councils at the front line of fracking protests - Greater Manchester and West Sussex - have pension funds investing in the major fracking operators - while decisions on planning applications to frack are pending. more...What if ... economics became a science?
David Boyle and Andrew Simms
3rd February 2014
Economics claims to be a science - yet it fails to engage with the world's only real economic actors - people, not theorems. It's time to rethink economics, write David Boyle and Andrew Simms, and ask the revolutionary question: 'What if ... ?' more...Climate change is about survival - not economics
Tom Burke
11 December 2013
Climate change is an existential threat to humans and our civilisation. A rapid transition to a renewable energy system must take place if we are to survive, argues Tom Burke - never mind the economics. more...True-cost accounting in food and farming
Patrick Holden
29th November 2013
Unsustainable farming systems that damage the environment and public health thrive at the expense of sustainable producers. Patrick Holden makes the case for "true cost accounting" ... more...The revolution is already happening
Michael Townsend
28th November 2013
We do not have to be constrained by our current dysfunctional system of capitalism, argues Michael Townsend. People are already finding and implementing more attractive alternatives. A quiet revolution is under way ... more...Where next for the Greens?
Bibi van der Zee
28th May, 2012
After some of the biggest breakthroughs in their history, the Green Party now faces a leadership election so what happens now? Are the Greens ready to take the next big leap forward, asks Bibi van der Zee more...TAKE ACTION: tell George Osborne to promote economic recovery through green growth
Rebecca Campbell
16th March, 2012
Ahead of next week's budget, the RSPB is calling on you to remind the Chancellor not to forsake the environment on the road to economic recovery more...Getting a good deal from the Green Deal
Hannah Kyrke-Smith
25th January, 2012
The Green Deal and Energy Company Obligation (ECO) have the potential to reduce emissions from the UK's ageing housing stock, create warmer homes and new jobs, says Hannah Kyrke-Smith. But will there be enough uptake? more...Is Chris Huhne's 'Green Deal' just a marketing strategy?
Sam Arie
25th november,2011
The 2011 Energy Act provides for a 'Green Deal' in which households will be encouraged to borrow money on easy terms to finance energy saving home improvements. But will it work? more...'Underhand tactics and smear campaign' alleged over controversial Tesco store
Robin Whitlock
19th May, 2011
Following the clashes in Bristol outside a newly opened Tesco store, Robin Whitlock investigates how a long-running campaign against the supermarket giant was tarnished by images of violence and destruction more...Subvertising: billboard ads for the public interest
Christine Ottery
10th May, 2011
As public spaces become blighted by the £18 billion global outdoors advertising industry, community groups are fighting back to reclaim both ad-free areas or use billboards in a socially beneficial way more...
green economics: 1/25 of 107
next »
Asia Pulp and Paper: why activists are wrong over destructive logging allegations
Aida Greenbury
January 31st, 2011
The paper giant has been accused by Greenpeace of destructive logging and green-washing. But campaigners are mistaken, says APP boss Aida Greenbury - the company is supporting REDD projects and putting sustainability at the centre of operations more...UK economic recovery 'poses threat to environment'
James Meikle
1st December, 2010
Any emergence from recession may erode shift towards more sustainable lifestyles, warns EU reportmore...
Ecologist guide to ethical investments
Eifion Rees and Matilda Lee
5th November, 2010
All you need to know to start putting your money where your mouth is more...How a new generation of eco-filmmakers are challenging broadcasting convention
Laura Sevier
26th October, 2010
From the Age of Stupid to the End of the Line, and next year's Just Do It, independent filmmakers are innovating with radical film subjects and creating whole new funding streams, reports Laura Sevier more...Authors call for a greener, smaller banking sector
Dearbhla Crosse
October 19th, 2010
In an exclusive Ecologist interview, David Boyle and Andrew Simms of the New Economics Foundation advocate a more sustainable banking sector for Britain more...Ecologist guide to ethical investments
Eifion Rees and Matilda Lee
5th November, 2010
All you need to know to start putting your money where your mouth is more...RBS should become the UK's Green Investment Bank, say NGOs
26th July, 2010
Campaign groups say turning the publicly-owned RBS into the Green Investment Bank would save money and also provide a model of sustainability for the rest of the banking sector more...I love Glastonbury, but there's absolutely nothing green about it
Tom Hodgkinson
30th July, 2010
Tom partied in the fields of Somerset last weekend like the best of them, but the commercial and environmental impact of Glastonbury left a sour taste in his mouth more...Green Party victory start of 'historic new political force'
7th May, 2010
Newly elected MP Caroline Lucas said her party was now ready to 'take its rightful place in Parliament' after her landmark victory in yesterday's general election more...RAN's greenwash of the week: Earth Day sponsorship
Rainforest Action Network
23rd April, 2010
Who greenwashed Earth Day? Well, quite a lot of people actually, who bagged some incredible titles for their companies... more...RAN's greenwash of the week: COP15
Rainforest Action Network
14th April, 2010
Everyone was disappointed by Copenhagen, but sometimes it takes a man in a 350.org tie to choke on a nut to remind us just how frustrating COP15 was... more...Let's stop people scamming billions from the carbon market
Fionnuala Walravens
8th April, 2010
It was a loophole that most of us thought had been sewn up. But new research shows that companies are continuing to cash in on the 'super' greenhouse gas HFC-23 more...I've picked 5 good firms; 5 bad. Who will do best?
Dan Box
2nd April, 2010
Dan launches a highly unscientific experiment to track the financial fortunes of five green companies, and five less-than-green... more...ECOLOGIST COOKIES
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40 Year-old Porsche nears million mile mark
Checkered Flag Porsche fans will appreciate this story of a man and his beloved car that he has owned for the last forty years. Guy Newmark has driven his 1964 Porsche 356 over 982,000 miles.
The secret to his Porsche longevity? Regular maintenance, he says.
If you are unable…


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Headline News Toon Boom Announces Animate 3 & Animate Pro 3
Toon Boom Animation announces a reorganization of its product line with Animate 3, ideal for for frame-by-frame animation, and Animate Pro 3, ideal for cut-out rigging animation.
Toon Boom Animation announces a reorganization of its product line with Animate 3, ideal for for frame-by-frame animation, and Animate Pro 3, ideal for cut-out rigging animation.
Practical effects company 32TEN Studios expands its capabilities with the installation of a ventilated paint booth, 10 x 15-foot green screen, and a PROJECT HD 3000 3D printing system.
IncrediBuild, an all-in-one solution, allows faster development time and reduction in build time for all game consoles.
Pixar Animation announces the release of RenderMan Pro Server 18, setting a new standard in rendering technology.
Cinesite VFX Supervisor Matt Johnson tells a tale of two "digital" cities in recreating key environments for Marc Forster's new zombie film.
Cinedigm is now using Aspera's high-speed fasp technology for digital content deliveries to all of its partner distribution platforms.
VFX production supervisor John "DJ" DesJardin discusses the secrets behind Zack Snyder's blockbuster reboot.
Japan's Polygon Pictures announces the establishment of J Cube Inc. (J³), a new computer graphics R&D service and consulting agency established to take the group to the next level of technological innovation.
SIGGRAPH announces Real-Time Live!, a fast-paced, 90-minute show of cutting-edge, aesthetically stimulating real-time work at the 2013 Computer Animation Festival.
The Pixar senior scientist and lighting expert discusses the studio's new physically-based lighting system, Global Illumination.
The Toronto ACM SIGGRAPH Professional Chapter announces its website launch and debut screening of the SIGGRAPH 2012 Computer Animation Festival Electronic Theater Program.
ZYNC announces their public availability, allowing access to computing resources and software licenses with simple pay-as-you-go hourly pricing.
PipelineFX's new Burst License Program allows education customers to double current license capacity two a year for no additional cost.
Leading 3D/visual effects/technology/production services company is set to open a new office in Beijing.
Adobe releases an update to Creative Cloud which includes new desktop applications and sophisticated cross-device collaboration and publishing capabilities.
SIGGRAPH 2013 releases the final lineup of 15 Production Sessions to be featured at this year's conference.
The just-concluded COLLIDER Digital Production Conference wraps up its inaugural three-day run in midtown Manhattan this week, including the VFX Town Hall event held on Monday, June 10.
Focused caustics, procedural textures and toon shading are just a few of the new features coming to KeyShot 4.1.
Computer graphics and visual effects software developer The Foundry announces that MARI will be coming to the Mac later this year.
Biggest expansion to reporting and performance capabilities yet; detailed cost tracking for VFX studios working across multiple shows and clients.


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Carbon dioxide
Oxygen-separation membranes could aid in CO2 reduction
May 20, 2012
Ceramic membranes may reduce carbon dioxide emissions from gas and coal-fired powerplants.
Also labeled: Climate change, Emissions, Environment, Mechanical engineering, Carbon capture, Carbon sequestration, Global
Hybrid copper-gold nanoparticles convert CO2
April 10, 2012
May reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Powering the Chinese dragon
March 26, 2012
China Light and Power's Peter Littlewood talks with MIT researchers and students about the country's strengths and the United States's opportunity to embrace them.
Greenhouse gas can find a home underground
March 19, 2012
New MIT analysis shows there's enough room to safely store at least a century's worth of U.S. fossil fuel emissions.
Growing population will increase global climate challenges
March 5, 2012
MIT report shows China and developing nations will come to dominate emissions that promote climate change
Carbon capture? Go for the source
December 6, 2011
New analysis shows pulling CO2 from the air would not be cost-effective in the foreseeable future.
Timeline of a mass extinction
November 18, 2011
New evidence points to rapid collapse of Earth's species 252 million years ago.
Blooming ocean fronts
November 3, 2011
Study finds fronts are hot spots for phytoplankton blooms.
Paving the way to greenhouse gas reductions
August 28, 2011
New MIT report on concrete roadways shows opportunities for significant carbon-footprint cuts.
Report: Natural gas can play major role in greenhouse gas reduction
June 9, 2011
The cleanest of fossil fuels, it is far more abundant than previously thought and can have significant impact at little cost, MIT study finds.
Also labeled: Alternative energy, Carbon sequestration, Energy, Environment, MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI), Natural gas
It's not easy flying green
May 10, 2011
A new analysis emphasizes the large variability in greenhouse gas emissions from alternative fuels.
Also labeled: Aeronautical and astronautical engineering, Aviation, Biofuels, Going green, Greenhouse gases
Putting carbon dioxide to good use
September 21, 2010
MIT biological engineers have found a way to convert carbon-dioxide emissions to useful building materials, using genetically altered yeast.
Financial impacts of 'cap and trade'
August 3, 2010
Analysis shows that, contrary to some claims, proposed legislation to limit carbon emissions would not disadvantage those with lower incomes.
Charting a course toward cleaner cars
March 31, 2010
MIT team recommends strategy for reducing automotive fuel use, emissions
Also labeled: Automobiles, Energy, MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI), Transportation, Mechanical engineering
Carbon-capturing enzyme: MIT chemists learn from nature
January 19, 2010
Notes from the Lab
March 29, 2000


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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The TrackMania phenomenon arrives on Wii ! TrackMania is the most exciting car-racing game! Drive at incredible speed on over 200 spectacular tracks packed with giant jumps, loops, turbo boosts and other crazy features! Play up to 4 players on the same Wii and 6 on the Internet with the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection! Features:. More than 200 spectacular tracks! . Race against players from all around the world! . Format: WII. Genre: RACING (VG). Rating: E. Age: 897749002972. UPC: 897749002972. Manufacturer No: 297


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Trombone Shorty - Encore
Artist: Trombone Shorty
Producer: Trombone Shorty
Album: For True
Avg Rating: 3.0 ( 4 total votes )
Considering Troy "Trombone Shorty" Anderson hasn't been featured in the Booth previously, it's kind of impossible for him to come back for an Encore. But why let things like logic and the definitions of words stand in the way of your enjoying a dope record? Originally released in late July, this single finds the singer/trombonist seeking reconciliation with his girl after a painful break-up. Blaming the "rumors and lies spread by their "so-called friends," the singer begs the woman in question: "Baby give me one more chance to fix all the hurt I've caused in our romance." Even if she's not moved by his soulful pleas, Shorty's lush, bluesy instrumental backdrop should help win her over; featuring veteran axe-slinger Warren Haynes' blazing guitar riffs as well as Anderson's renowned brass stylings, the artist's boardwork has a jam-band feel sure to set vintage soul-lovers' toes a-tapping. Need an "Encore" of this cut? Go for it—we in the Booth don't charge for repeat spins. And be sure to cop Trombone Shorty's latest full-length, For True, when it hits record stores and online retailers September 13.
Listen to More: Trombone Shorty , Downloads, Alternative Written by richard
Verve Forecast/Universal
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"Do To Me (Star Slinger Remix)" (2011)
Total DJ Booth Features:
2 Songs
Member Reviews and Ratings
- Future ft. Pharrell, Pusha T & Casino - Move That Dope
- Nyzzy Nyce - Nothing Nyce
- Big K.R.I.T. ft. A$AP Ferg - Lac Lac
- Devin Miles - Where the DJs At?
- Lupe Fiasco x Ab-Soul - Thorns & Horns
- Pharrell - G I R L
- Rick Ross - Mastermind
- 25 Most Popular Hip-Hop & R&B Songs of February 2014
- ScHoolboy Q - Oxymoron
- The Best Hip Hop Songs & Albums of 2013!


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zoom Adidas Adizero Thin Cushion Ankle Socks - SS13
Adidas Adizero Thin Cushion Ankle Socks - SS13
Adidas Adizero Thin Cushion Ankle Socks - SS13
- 100% Cotton
Add Adidas Adizero Thin Cushion Ankle Socks - SS13 to your basket now
White / Grey / Yellow | Small |
Add to Basket
In stock, ready for despatch now
White / Grey / Yellow | Extra Large | |||
White / Grey / Yellow | Large | |||
White / Grey / Yellow | Medium |
You'll be ready for your daily run in these cushioned running socks. The Adizero Thin Cushioned Ankle Socks from Adidas have details you'll appreciate, like mesh ventilation and reflective details on the cuff.
Top Features of the Adidas Adizero Thin Cushion Ankle Socks - SS13
- One pair per pack
- Ribbed cuffs
- Mesh ventilation inserts keep feet cool and dry; Thin cushioning for high-stress areas and shock absorption
- Anatomically shaped ankle guard for great movement
- Reflective tipping on cuffs
- 70% polypropylene / 27% nylon / 2% elastane / 1% others plain knit
Product Data
Mens: | Yes |
Ladies: | Yes |
About the Adidas brand
Adidas is one of the best known brand-names in the world of sports and leisure products. The British Cycling team achieved many honours at the 2008 Olympics in the Adidas Olympic Skinsuits. The high quality 3 stripe branded jerseys, shorts and socks are made all over the world for road and off-road cyclists. 365 days a year of cycling comfort are assured with the Adidas cycling range of Climaproof, Climawarm and Climacool garments.
Delivery Information
The delivery options available for shipping this product along with the contents of your basket to USA are:
Standard Delivery: Estimated Delivery within 8 working days – $13.78
Spend $78.18 more to qualify for free delivery - Priority International Delivery: Estimated delivery within 6 working days - $20.67
- Tracked Courier Delivery: Estimated delivery within 4 working days - $34.50
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Goods are shipped from the UK. Does not include delivery charges, local taxes or import duties, if applicable.
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We will happily refund or exchange any item purchased on Wiggle if returned to us within 365 days, excluding Wiggle gift vouchers and personalized products except when faulty.
Returned goods must be unused and supplied with their original packaging, unless the goods are faulty.
Wiggle will pay the return postage costs for any faulty items.
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- Item details & Care
- Shipping & Returns
- Antique-inspired, this beautiful Vintage Rose cluster ring will create a sparkling finish to any ensemble. Its decadent size and intricate design makes it the perfect statement cocktail ring, but it will just as easily work alongside a laid-back look to add just the right touch of glitz.
- Metal plated, crystal cluster embellished ring. Anton Heunis ring is one size only.
Brass and gold plate and crystal. -
view full delivery details
Express delivery $34.65 (2-3 working days)
All duties and customs are included at checkout
Returns ( view full returns details )
Seeking Style Advice?
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text: Now let's say that after thinking about it, a promotion or a shift in your responsibilities might make you feel less quitty. Management consultant and the best-selling author of Go Put Your Strengths to Work Marcus Buckingham told O, The Oprah Magazine: "One of the most insidious myths people suffer under in the workplace is this idea that we should all be team players and do what the team asks of us. It's a moral myth, but it misunderstands our moral duty. Our real moral duty is to offer our greatest strength to the team—to give it the opportunity to use us where we're at our strongest." Follow his advice and list 10 things you could do over the next month to gain more opportunities to do the work you actually like. (Get the whole story and more great advice for pinpointing your own strengths.) |


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by DANNYBOY92
by Ashley
by SouthLondonGuy
by Alex
by Daniel Ashcroft
by TrekAmerica Admin
Passing the big, the bold and the downright brash, this route carves a breathtaking trail. Get trek-happy in a heap of national parks, party hard in city after city, cross state lines and the Canadian border. Oh, and expect a few oddball experiences thrown in for good measure.
by Sarah Goodearl 25/09/2013
I was so excited to see all the places on the itinerary, for me getting to see some of North America's main destinations with a bit of Canada was too ... more »
by DMScout 06/12/2012
Amazing Trek, this BIG Trek has the best places to visit all collected in just one single trip. For me, this was Trek number 5 already, but it was one... more »
Pacific Coast


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Date: 4 years ago
Runtime: 0:21
Views: 1,053,351
one of the hottest sticks on the field, so fucking hot
awesome cock, i'll golf with him anytime and take care of anything that pops up
Maybe dude is unaware that he's hot. I want to suck him off so badly.
You just got to love completely random strangers showing their hard cocks on xtube!
I've seen this video before. I love this guy. Wish there was more of him.
Wow, not only did he seem really cute but that was one of the most bautiful dicks I've ever seen, hands down. Lucky ladies!
"what the fuck was that you've got in your hands? What was that?!"
I'm gonna tell you was that, a fucking delicious cock.
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text:
I don't think it is time to worry about Cal's NCAA chances just yet, but there is basically no margin for error for the Bears in their next 3 games.
We had the opportunity to go inside the Pac-12 Networks' with their production team and watch the UCLA-Cal game from the lens of the lens.
These alumni have embraced a humanitarian mission to spread American football to underprivileged international communities and do service to benefit them.
The California Golden Bears swept the Washington schools with wins over the Cougars and the Huskies. Tyrone Wallace, Ricky Kreklow and Richard Solomon were critical in getting the sweep.
Late drama in Pittsburgh kept the Orange undefeated, while it wasn't a great night for several teams on the bubble -- and for a pair that might just be slipping toward it.
Justin Cobbs scores all of his 22 points in the 2nd half and overtime in Cal's too-close-for-comfort win in Pullman.
Basketball is happening again! On a channel more people have!
Stanford and Cal squared off on Wednesday night, and for one person's first experience of The Big Game, it made him feel young and old simultaneously.
Some things never die. "Cal getting right back in this" may be one of them by March.
James Farris, Kevin Newman, and Bobby Dalbec were all named by Baseball America as players among the top prospects in their class.
I think he hit a big shot or something. Want to watch it?
Cal upset No. 1 Arizona thanks to a last-second jumper from Justin Cobbs
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Lawmaker: Missouri a "pathologically cheap" state
After all the fussing, fighting and stalling that went on in Missouri's recently completed legislative session, I was surprised to hear Jeremy LaFaver, the lobbyist for Partnership for Children, say that he thought things went pretty well.
Upon further explanation, though, it became clear that LaFaver's optimism is more a result of diminished expectations than actual gains for children, especially those in low-income families.
Consider some of the "victories" LaFaver listed at a luncheon for the advocacy group's supporters:
1) Though Missouri has one of the nation's lowest per-capital subsidies for child care assistance, the legislature kept funding steady this year at $188 million.
2) Funding for elementary and secondary education also remained steady. The state is paying $200 million less than what its own funding formula calls for, but at least the money wasn't cut.
3) Two radical proposals that would hurt the poor — a greatly increased sales tax and a tight cap on any tax increases — didn't get far with lawmakers.
See the pattern? Years of diminished budgets and strong-arming by lawmakers who basically disdain all government spending have left the groups which care about improving people's lives grateful to settle for crumbs.
Mike Talboy, a Democratic legislator from Kansas City and the leader of the House democratic caucus, put it well.
"We live in a pathologically cheap state," he said. "It is small victories that we say are victories, instead of setting up a legitimate structure for kids to succeed."


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Bruins announce preseason schedule |
06.21.10 at 12:58 pm ET |
The Bruins will travel to Belfast, Northern Ireland and play their Giants Select team as part of a presason that will build up to their October 9 season opener in Prague vs. the Coyotes. Here's is the full schedule, courtesy of the Bruins (all times EST unless indicated otherwise):
September 14 (Shelton, CT):Â Bruins Rookies vs. Islanders Rookies, The Rinks at Shelton, 5:00 p.m.
September 15 (Shelton, CT): Bruins Rookies vs. Islanders Rookies, The Rinks at Shelton, 4:00 p.m.
September 17:Â Bruins Full Training Camp opens (practice times/location TBD)
September 22:Â Bruins at Montreal Canadiens, Bell Centre, 7:30 p.m.
September 23:Â Bruins vs. Florida Panthers, Blue Cross Arena, 7:00 p.m.
September 25:Â Bruins vs. Florida Panthers, TD Garden, 7:00 p.m.
September 28:Â Bruins at Washington Capitals, Verizon Center, 7:00 p.m.
September 29:Â Bruins vs. Washington Capitals, TD Garden, 7:00 p.m.
October 2 (Belfast, Northern Ireland):Â Bruins vs. Belfast Giants Select, Odyssey Arena, 7:00 p.m. local/ 2:00Â p.m. ET
October 5 (Liberec, Czech Republic):Â Bruins vs. HC Liberec, Tipsport Arena, 7:00 p.m. local/ 1:00 p.m. ET
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- Kevan Miller Justifying Promotion, Extension with Bruins
- What the Boston Bruins Must Do to Avoid Season Sweep vs. New York...
- How Bruins' Unique Strengths Have Led to Krug's Breakout Season


text:
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Consider giving $10, $20, or more so this site can continue to provide in-depth analysis of NYT puzzles. Thank you!
Donate any amount and get full access to XWord Info for a year.
See the dictionary definition.
1 result for SCALING from older pre-Shortz puzzles.
Date | Grid | Clue | Author | Editor |
Sunday, October 4, 1992 | 90D | Fish preparation | Randolph Ross | Maleska |


text:
Make the most of your vacation with a shore and land excursion that appeals to your interests. Knowledgeable, professional guides lead all excursions and offer special insights into the culture, history, wildlife, and geology of each destination. Discover first-hand how islanders went about the business of growing, harvesting and refining sugar in 18th century Barbados. Take an invigorating mush across a snow-covered glacier aboard an Alaskan dogsled. Or stroll through the maze of tiny streets in Mykonos, the birthplace of Apollo.
For something truly different, try this fully narrated evening cruise into the notorious Bermuda Triangle. You will learn the history of the "Triangle," and enjoy Illuminated glass bottom views of various marine life and a shipwreck at night, in safe, dry, comfort. A complimentary Rum Swizzle is included, and a full cash bar is available.
56.00 Adult (USD)
56.00 Child (USD)
0.00 Infant (USD)
A tropical oasis just a short walk from your ship. Your tour guide will greet you at the pier and provide you with a wristband that will allow you access to Snorkel Park as well as a lounge chair and shared umbrella, use of a full set of snorkel gear and a one hour rental of a kayak or pedal boat for two. Equipment availability is dependent on prevailing weather conditions. Food and drink are not included in this package. A full service beach side bar and restaurant is on site for your convenience and at additional cost. Additional activities are available at an extra cost and are not part of the tour package.
55.00 Adult (USD)
32.00 Child (USD)
0.00 Infant (USD)
Enjoy an evening of full entertainment for you and your family. Upon arrival, you will taste the local Bermudian drink, the Rum Swizzle (nonalcoholic fruit punch is also available). You will learn about the gombey dancers, dance with the MC and the Snorkel Park dancers. Heat things up with the fire limbo show and try your limbo skills with a contest that will give you the chance to win a prize! After the show is over, guests 18 and older will be welcome to stay for at Snorkel Park's night club to dance the night away until 3am.
47.00 Adult (USD)
19.00 Child (USD)
0.00 Infant (USD)
Important: Please remember you have up to 4 days prior to your sail date to purchase your regular shore excursions online. If you are within the 4 days, you will then need to purchase your shore excursions onboard; land excursions would need to be purchased directly through your Tour Director on the land portion of the Alaska Cruisetour. For example, if you are sailing on October 18, you can make Shore & Land Excursion purchases online until October 13.
For additional Shore Excursions information, please visit our frequently asked questions.


text:
Package: wnpp; Maintainer for wnpp is email@example.com;
Reported by: email@example.com
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2013 07:39:44 UTC
Severity: normal
Fixed in version 0.12.1-3+rm
Done: Debian FTP Masters <email@example.com>
Reply or subscribe to this bug.
View this report as an mbox folder, status mbox, maintainer mbox
Message #5 received at firstname.lastname@example.com (full text, mbox):
[Message part 1 (text/plain, inline)]
[signature.asc (application/pgp-signature, attachment)]
Message #10 received at email@example.com (full text, mbox):
Send a report that this bug log contains spam.
Debian Bug tracking system
Copyright (C) 1999 Darren O. Benham,
1997,2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
1994-97 Ian Jackson.


text:
dc.contributor.author | Jackson, Richard | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2009-04-15T13:29:57Z | |
dc.date.available | 2009-04-15T13:29:57Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2008 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Jackson , R 2008 ' State terror, terrorism research and knowledge politics ' . | en |
dc.identifier.other | PURE: 99825 | |
dc.identifier.other | dspace: 2160/1949 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/2160/1949 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=g906444577~db=all | en |
dc.description | Jackson, Richard, 'State terror, terrorism research and knowledge politics', 2008 Another version of this paper has been published as: Richard Jackson, 2008. 'The ghosts of state terror: knowledge, politics and terrorism studies', Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1(3): 377-392 | en |
dc.description.abstract | Employing a discourse analytic approach, this paper examines the silence on state terrorism within the broader terrorism studies literature. An analysis of this literature reveals that state terrorism is noticeable mainly for its absence as a subject of systematic academic study. Following the textual analysis, the main finding – the silence on state terrorism within terrorism studies – is subjected to both a first and second order critique. A first order or immanent critique uses a discourse"s internal contradictions, mistakes and misconceptions to criticise it on its own terms. In this case, the absence of state terrorism is criticized for its illogical actor-based definition of terrorism, its politically biased research focus, and its failure to acknowledge the empirical evidence of the extent and nature of state terrorism. A second order critique entails reflecting on the broader political and ethical consequences of the representations enabled by the discourse. It is argued that the absence of state terrorism from academic discourse functions to promote particular kinds of state hegemonic projects, construct a legitimizing public discourse for foreign and domestic policy, and deflect attention from the terroristic practices of states. The exposure and destabilisation of this dominant narrative also opens up critical space for the articulation of alternative and potentially emancipatory forms of knowledge and practice. | en |
dc.language.iso | eng | |
dc.title | State terror, terrorism research and knowledge politics | en |
dc.type | Text | en |
dc.type.publicationtype | Working paper | en |
dc.contributor.institution | Aberystwyth University | en |
dc.contributor.institution | Department of International Politics | en |


text:
Smart power: New Secretary of State hails nation of "Kyrzakhstan"
posted at 10:21 am on February 25, 2013 by Ed Morrissey
Just remember, this was the best choice in the pantheon of Democratic thinkers in foreign policy after Susan Rice flamed out over Benghazi. In what appears to be a prepared speech, new Secretary of State and long-time chair/ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee praised the efforts of democracy activists in a Central Asian country that, er, doesn't exist:
In an embarrassing slip of the tongue, Mr Kerry last week praised US diplomats working to secure "democratic institutions" in the Central Asian country, which does not exist.
The newly minted diplomat was referring to Kyrgyzstan, a poor, landlocked nation of 5.5 million, which he appeared to confuse with its resource-rich neighbour to the north, Kazakhstan.
The Telegraph in London points out just why this is so embarrassing:
Mr Kerry's flub was all the more awkward, because Kyrgyzstan is a key ally in the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan and a major recipient of US aid, which totalled $41 million (£27 million) in 2011.
Recently in the Green Room:
- Sunday reflection: Matthew 4:1-11
- Rand Paul wins CPAC straw poll
- Real question: Does Obama's budget fund overseas abortions to protect endangered animals?
- Photo of the day: Crimea now belongs to Russia, at least on Russian propaganda TV
- Vatican: Pope Francis wasn't talking about same-sex relationships; Update: "Civil unions" explained
Note from Hot Air management: This section is for comments from Hot Air's community of registered readers. Please don't assume that Hot Air management agrees with or otherwise endorses any particular comment just because we let it stand. A reminder: Anyone who fails to comply with our terms of use may lose their posting privilege.


text:
Is my 5 year old ready for kindergarten?
how do you know if your 5 year old is ready for kindergarten, should they already know their alphabet and numbers? What if they don't know the fundamentals, should I wait to enroll when he is six?
In Topics:
Kindergarten readiness
> 60 days ago
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text:
Caledonia is a micro-scale, architecturally versatile, operationally efficient LED luminaire that uniquely offers a multitude of aesthetic and functional options within a singular, anodized aluminum profile.
E-Lumen Architectural is Metalumen's Newsletter delivering new lighting technology information, educational opportunities and valued information for the specifier and agent community.
Metalumen's on-line service where Agents can create and customize specification documents to meet their client's needs.
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text:
Jane_Doe - 4:20 pm on Mar 10, 2006 (gmt 0)
Thanks suggarrae. I'm sure your advice is worth a lot more than two cents. :) I guess my instincts tell me the same thing, too, which is why I posed the question. I think too many directory submissions of any kind may not be so wise. I'm just kind of a numbers game type of person, so sometimes it is hard to resist.
Just my two cents... ;-) But, somehow, I just don't feel comfortable submitting articles to every beater articles site.


text:
Reading Guides
A Thousand Cuts Simon Lelic Paperback $15.00 add to cart Read more... |
When introverted history teacher Samuel Szajkowski opens fire in a school assembly, killing four people before shooting himself, the police assume that they have an easy caseafter all, there are plenty of eyewitnesses and the perpetrator was found dead at the scene. But Lucia May, a young female detective in an otherwise all-male police force, is convinced there is more to this tragedy than first appears. A Thousand Cuts, a gripping and taut debut novel from Simon Lelic, follows Lucias journey to understand Szajkowski and the events that drove him to commit such a shocking crime.
With her boss pressuring her to close the case, Lucia begins to explore Szajkowskis past. Interviewing those who knew him, she begins to piece together the steps toward his mental breakdown and develops a nuancedeven compassionateview of the teacher. Rather than a crackpot shooter, Szajkowski was a good man worn down by merciless bullying; from the sneering condescension of fellow faculty to the graphic and grotesque attacks by his students, Szajkowski endured petty cruelties daily. Lelics portrait of Szajkowskis psychological suffering is skillfully drawn and disturbing in its authenticity, keen in its understanding of the desperate loneliness of being isolated and abused by ones community. But Lucia is no stranger to intimidation, either; she struggles against the rampant sexism and harassment in her department, and even fights off a vicious attack by a colleague in an empty parking lot. Lucia is a determined, resilient heroine, one who is intellectually astute and emotionally complex, with a finely tuned moral sense that allows her to sympathize with Szajkowski without condoning his actions.
Blending a traditional narrative with multiple first-person perspectives, Lelic alternates between the details of Lucias investigation and interviews with eyewitnesses. Together, these strands present a multifaceted portrayal of cruelty, cowardice and guilt. The novel is riveting and profound, and it dissects a horrifying crime with lucidity and precision. Lelic challenges conventional responses to tragedy and, in Lucia, offers a heroine who finds her strength in discovering the vulnerability of another. A Thousand Cuts begins with a crime and ends with a question as Lelic examines the slow destruction of a mans emotional well-being and asks whether his community, in pushing him toward violence, is responsible for his crime.
- As the only woman in her department, Lucia May suffers a great deal of harassment and belittling. Is this treatment typical for women in male-dominated professions? Do men in female-dominated professions suffer from the same pressures? Why?
- Why was the onus always on the weak when it was the strong who had the liberty to act? Why were the weak obliged to be so brave when the strong had license to behave like such cowards? (p.189). What does Lelic mean? How is this demonstrated in the novel?
- Have you ever been the subject of bullying, as a child or as an adult? How did you respond? Have you ever bullied anyone else?
- What parallels exist between Szajkowski, Elliot and Lucia? How do their reactions to their situations differ?
- Do you feel any sympathy for Szajkowski? Why?
- Whether victims or perpetrators, many of the characters face situations in which they could have taken action against bullying, peer pressure or harassment. Identify three characters and explain how they could have handled their situations differently.
- What was your response to the books narrative structure? Which of the character interviews did you find most engrossing?
- Do you agree that because of their tolerance for bullying, the school community is partly responsible for Szajkowskis actions? For Elliots actions? Is there a difference between the two?
- What was the most challenging aspect of this book for you? What do you believe is the books purpose? Was it successful?
- If this book was a film, who would you cast in the lead roles? How would you adapt the novels structure?
- Discuss your response to the closing scene of the book. Did it confirm or conflict with your expectations?


text:
Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
WOW! downranked because I'm not into the lore of the game. I didn't flame anyone by any means, nor was my post negative in anyway. I just stated that this particular aspect of the game isn't for me.
Nothingshocking, I have read quests before, and tried to follow along, but like I said, it's just not for me. I get your point of view though.


text:
This page contains Cheats for C12: Final Resistance organized by sections for Playstation. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
C12: Final Resistance Playstation Cheats
- Developer: Not Set
- Publisher: Not Set
- Genre: Not Set
- Release Date: Not Set
- ESRB: Not Set
Level 1: Destroy tank at end You will face an alien tank at the end of the first level. The easiest way of destroying it is to just charge straight at it. Fire like crazy while targeting it. If you run out of ammunition, take out your blade and kill a nearby Borg. Once it explodes, kill the remaining Borgs to win. Level 1: Collapsed gantry When The...
From: DEANOStuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an C12: Final Resistance expert then please try to help others with their questions.
In the mission six i dont find the alien key board where is it?...
Posted on: 10-03-2009
View All Latest Videos


text:
- Description
Conceived by designer Pascal Mourgue, Ellipse reminds traditional benches, in parks or public gardens. A classic revisited with elegance and modernity! Can be completed by the coffee table in the same range for a practical and harmonious space!
In detail:- Type : Bench
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text:
Join the Winyah Rivers Foundation! Click here for a printable membership application (PDF).
Please note that our online donation option is currently under construction as we move from Google Wallet to a new online provider. You can always call (843) 349-4007 if you wish to call in your membership.
Businesses, your contribution supports your community's most valuable asset...WATER. Please partner with us and support our education and advocacy programs designed to protect our local rivers. Business members receive recognition through our quarterly "Riverspeak" newsletter, on our website and at our events. In addition to your financial contribution, we invite business employees to participate in our community-based events, including river cleanups, festivals, education events. An educated and engaged community is a community that recognizes the value of resources our local rivers provides for our families and our future.
Want to learn more about how your business can support the Waccamaw RIVERKEEPER® Program? Click here or send an e-mail.
Individuals and families are invited to become members and support our grassroots efforts to protect our local rivers. All members receive our quarterly newsletter "Riverspeak". Members at the Guardian through Champion levels earn rewards (tee shirt, cap, poster, other monogrammed items) to show your support.
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Not interested in Membership and its benefits at this time? Just want to be a Friend to Winyah Rivers Foundation? Any and all donations are gladly accepted.
The Waccamaw RIVERKEEPER® Joy Pinson Award for Exceptional Service to the Waccamaw River for 2012 was awarded to Dale Stevens.
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An original member of the Waccamaw RIVERKEEPER® Program of Winyah Rivers Foundation, Dale has provided exceptional service to the Waccamaw River not only in 2012 but for over a decade now. Dale is an active participant in the RIVERKEEPER® litter cleanups and hosts his own river sweep at the Chris Anderson Landing on the Waccamaw River at Highway 9 each May.
Dale's knowledge of the river has proven invaluable as he has helped with many projects including the Waccamaw River Blue Trail and the RIVERKEEPER® paddle outings, follow-up on alleged discharges to the river and regularly attending volunteer meetings at which issues and concerns are raised and discussed. Dale's contributions have been enormous, not only in 2012 but throughout the tenure of our program.
Dale's commitment to the Waccamaw River is much appreciated by Winyah Rivers Foundation's Board of Directors, the Riverkeeper and our many supporters. Given Dale's involvement over the past decade, this award is long overdue.
It is an honor to recognize Dale Stevens of Loris, SC as the 2012 Volunteer of the Year.
Congratulations and thank you to Dale Stevens for his support of Winyah Rivers Foundation and the Waccamaw RIVERKEEPER® Program.
2010 - Hal Vivian
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2001 - Joy Pinson
Congratulations to all our Volunteers of the Year and to all of our wonderful volunteers!
Waccamaw RIVERKEEPER® | Center for Marine and Wetland Studies | Coastal Carolina University
P.O. Box 261954 | Conway, SC 29528-6054 | (843) 349-4007 | email@example.com
Winyah Rivers Foundation is a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.


text:
Free advice from travelers for a great Cleveland vacation.
The Cleveland Plus Destination Planning Guide provides you with all the information needed to plan your next group tour or event in Cleveland Plus. Inside you'll find detailed floor plans for meeting spaces, hotel specifications, a directory of convention suppliers and a host of options for things to do.
Fill in the form below to request your free copy, or click here to view the online version.
© 2014 Positively Cleveland


text:
Hey guys,
I'm wondering if anyone has any experience this with a bike-shop in the San Diego area?
I called Bicycle Warehouse, and they will professionally package for and find a carrier.
I want to ship my bike from SD to Pittsburgh in the safest way possible. I drove it cross country, but I'm flying back.
Results 1 to 6 of 6
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MCM Cat 57, Page 616
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text:
In reality, journalism is — and will continue — experiencing a significant shift in the way it is delivered to its viewers. Online content has become a go-to source for many news seekers, as well as a forum for interactivity between the news outlet and its audience. My second news organization is experiencing just that.
Recently, the Nevada Sagebrush editors (myself included) held a meeting with various executives from similar outlets of information to help choose our next editor-in-chief. As we weighed the pros and cons of each candidate, I realized an applicant who presented herself as an outsider was our chance to appoint a significant change in the way we handle ourselves as a news organization.
However, we chose the route bearing tread marks. We chose someone who has served his hours in our office, experiencing the flustering threat of deadlines and understanding the way things work in our office. Basically, we fear change.
The interesting part was the candidate who outright said that news organizations are afraid of change was the victor and the actual change we failed to embrace lay in the hands of the other candidate. We did not have the guts to leap off the edge and hope that our readers would understand that we are trying to instill new ideas that will benefit them in the long run.
This trepidation we feel in our news organization affects our daily lives. We hate to look around a corner when we are not sure what is on the other side, but we fail to realize that we could be missing an opportunity that could lead to something extraordinary. When I took my current photo editor position at said news organization, I was massively under qualified. My application vaguely said I own a camera and I have used it before and I wouldn't mind helping with photos. I wound up taking on a major responsibility. Though I have found the job overwhelming and frustrating, it has opened doors to new opportunities I wouldn't have thought possible otherwise. The view from under the hoop as the best high school player in the country soared for a 360-dunk and being on the court for the net cutting signifying Nevada's WAC championship were just the beginning of rewards to be reaped from leaping without looking.
Of course, I am afraid to fail. Who isn't? That is the best reason imaginable for not attempting something you are not sure will pan out in the end. The question you have to personally debate is whether or not you have the courage to risk walking into the realm of the unknown. It is very possible that a new opportunity is a trap, specifically designed for you to fail and leave yourself pondering why you thought taking a chance on something new was a good idea — but I doubt it. You have to be willing to come up short and suffer the agonizing defeat of personal failure because without it you will never have the chance to prosper. The failure and hurt are what make success so great.
Garrett Valenzuela is a reporter at the Sparks Tribune. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Poor treatment of many elderly people in their own homes is breaching their human rights, says a study of England's home care services. The Equality and Human Rights Commission report into council-operated home care said there is evidence of a "systematic failure" in the way care is given. Home care services are used…
By Gary Younge, The Guardian
Read MoreBy Joshua Holland, Moyers & Company
Read MoreBy Zoe Williams, The Guardian
Read MoreRaw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
Copyright © 2004-2013 Raw Story Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
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HEERA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (HCET).near Nedumangad is located in the lush, scenic environment, on the outskirts of Trivandrum city with a blend of city and village comforts.HCET provides the best learning environment with the state-of-the-art facilities in its sprawling 30 acre, Wi-Fi enabled campus. Heera College of Engineering and Technology is promoted by the Heera Educational & Charitable Trust, a sister concern of M/s. Heera Construction Company Pvt.Ltd., popularly known as "HEERA". The College is headed by the Principal, Dr.K.Satheesh Kumar, former Professor & HOD of Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT), Ernakulam.
To be an internationally recognized & innovative centre of excellence in engineering, technology, research & development, thereby making us a preferential-choice for ambitious and talented prospective students.
© 2013-2014 HECT. All rights reserved.