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OCR for page 87
Decisionmaking in the Health Care
Financing Administration
Although the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) has been pro-
viding coverage and payment for medical services and technologies through the
Medicare program for more than 25 years, the basis for coverage remains a
mystery to many beneficiaries and health care providers. Because so much dis-
cretion is left to Medicare's claims-paying agents, coverage varies widely, de-
pending on local medical practices in a given area of the country. This chapter
describes how the current, decentralized system of coverage has developed, dis-
cusses how it has created problems of equity, and details some of the changes
that will improve the basis for coverage decisionmaking and promote more uni-
formity in covering Medicare benefits.
When Medicare was enacted in 1965, the U.S. Congress intended that it
protect elderly individuals from the catastrophic costs of expensive hospitaliza-
tions and post-acute care. The benefits package reflects that purpose: Medicare
provides coverage for a broad range of benefits related to hospital care, physi-
cians' services, home health care, skilled nursing care, medical equipment, and
laboratory services. Medicare limits coverage for certain items such as immuno-
suppressive drugs (for a fixed period of time following a covered transplant).
The law specifically excludes coverage for certain items, including self-adminis-
tered drugs, many preventive services, and eyeglasses as well as hearing aids. In
general, one can conclude from the following statement that the law is intention-
ally vague and provides the Medicare program broad authority to cover medical
. . .
items and services:
OCR for page 87
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this title, no payment may be made .
for any items or services which are not reasonable and necessary for the diagno-
sis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed
body member (Section 1862(a) (11(A) of the Social Security Act).
Medicare has operated for more than 25 years without any regulations that
spell out its interpretation of how to implement this statutory language and with
little explanation to the public of the process used by HCFA to cover items and
services under the program. The program has provided no complete list of the
items and services that it covers. For example, most inpatient medical or surgical
treatments and procedures are not explicitly listed as covered services. Instead,
most decisions on coverage are made by contractors, such as Blue Cross and
Blue Shield plans, which pay more than 600 million claims per year on behalf of
Medicare. For years, the Medicare program was structured to permit these con-
tractors to be responsive to local medical practice patterns in making their deci-
sions on coverage. Only about 10 to 20 national coverage decisions regarding
new treatments and procedures are made each year, ranging from significant
medical breakthroughs, such as liver transplants, to more modest changes in
diagnostic technology, such as new uses of ultrasonography. Generally, an item
is referred for a national coverage decision if it has the potential for rapid diffu-
sion, is significantly expensive, or there is a wide variation in coverage among
Although the Medicare program has changed dramatically over the years,
becoming more centralized in its decisionmaking, the overall approach to cover-
ing services has remained the same. Additions to coverage have been incremen-
tal, with a focus on the categories of services specified in the law and without
regard to broader issues, for example, equity across sites of service. Numerous
technologies and services have been added as covered items, whereas few chang-
es or deletions have been made among those items and procedures that are al-
ready covered. Although previously decentralized decisionmaking meant, at
times, greater speed in coverage and the flexibility to recognize emerging tech-
nologies, demands are increasing for more consistency and equity in Medicare
coverage policy.
Medicare coverage has been tied to the specific categories of benefits ("pi-
geonholes") set up in the law. Because coverage questions are considered nar-
rowly in the context of these coverage categories Medicare has extended cov-
erage to items never considered by Congress to be part of the Medicare benefits
package. One example is that, despite the narrow coverage for drugs, some years
ago Medicare began covering drugs used in infusion pumps because they were
categorized as part of the covered durable medical equipment and were essential
for making the equipment useful (Section 60-14; Coverages Issues Manual).
OCR for page 87
DECISIONMAKING IN THE HEA f TH CARE FINANCING ADMINISTRATION 89
Medicare also covers parenteral and enteral food nutrients, not otherwise allowed
in the program, as a part of the prosthetic device benefit. This is because the
technology is considered a replacement for essential parts of the gastrointestinal
system, and the food nutrients are covered because they are critical to the suc-
cessful use of the technology (Section 65-10; Coverage Issues Manual). This
peculiar way of approaching coverage results in apparent inequities; for example,
food nutrients are not billable to Medicare-other than for the use indicated
above-even if the requirement for them stems from a medical need.
The flexibility and discretion permitted Medicare contractors in paying
claims has sometimes resulted in widely varying coverage across the country.
This has been especially noticeable as suppliers, manufacturers, and clinical lab-
oratories have expanded from local to national markets. Oncologists have point-
ed to problems with inconsistent coverage of chemotherapy drugs used for indi-
cations other than their approved labeling (unlabeled uses). Patients with cancer
who receive treatment at a regional cancer center may learn, when they return
home to a different area with a different carrier, that their coverage does not
continue. The General Accounting Office has pointed out that inconsistency in
covering these drugs for"unindicated" uses has driven some oncologists to admit
some cancer patients to hospitals, incurring higher-than-necessary total costs for
treatment because different payment rules apply (General Accounting Office,
1992) (Section 13553 of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1993 [P.L. 103-66]
will require uniform covverage of unlabeled anticancer drugs, effective January
1, 1994~.
The current process for setting national Medicare coverage policy is consid-
ered to be a major obstacle in ensuring access for beneficiaries to important
technologies and procedures in a timely way. There are no final regulations
setting out the rules and criteria for national decisionmaking, although proposed
regulations were issued in 1989 (Federal Register, 1989~. Concerns exist about
the length of time that it takes for national Medicare coverage decisions to be
made, possible duplication with Food and Drug Administration review of devices
or drugs, and general discomfort that decisions are made "in the dark" (National
Advisory Council on Health Care Technology Assessment, 1988~. The proposal
to include cost-effectiveness as a criterion for Medicare coverage raised concerns
on the part of providers, physicians, manufacturers, and beneficiaries that Medi-
care would use this yardstick as a way to unduly restrict coverage of new items
and services (McCarthy et al., 1989~. Although all groups would agree that
improvements in the national coverage approach are needed, reaching a consen-
sus on how that should be done is still a long way from being achieved.
The Medicare program traditionally has used its contractor structure to mon-
itor the utilization of procedures and technologies. A combination of resource
constraints on contractors and a lack of clear coverage policies has led many
physicians and others to complain about the paperwork burden and "hassle fac-
tor" that they believe characterize the Medicare program. One of the worst-case
OCR for page 87
scenarios is when two reviewing authorities send different signals. For example,
a peer review organization approved an admission for laparoscopic cholecystec-
tomy as medically necessary, whereas the carrier denied the physician's claim for
that admission on the basis that the procedure was still investigational. Although
it may be impossible to completely eliminate these problems in clinical areas
when there are legitimate differences of medical judgment about the value of
certain procedures, the lack of clarity about what Medicare covers contributes to
the adversarial and frustrating relationships between contractors and providers.
Unlike private insurers, the Medicare program must often issue national cov-
erage policies through formal rulemaking to give the public an opportunity to
comment before coverage policies are finalized. This is especially true where
coverage is limited or withdrawn for a particular technology. Although the pro-
cess ensures broad input and participation in decisions affecting beneficiaries and
providers, the regulatory apparatus creates some problems when making cover-
age decisions. For policies requiring input on the terms of coverage (e.g., heart
transplants), many coverage decisions can be implemented quickly, but formal
rulemaking has meant delaying coverage of a significant new procedure up to
one year, the typical time required to complete the rulemaking process. Technol-
ogy assessments appear to take too long to complete in many cases more than
one year. This is at least partly because decisionmakers are aware that coverage
decisions are virtually irreversible, and formal rulemaking makes it very difficult
to modify or withdraw coverage for a technology or procedure. For example, it
took three years to withdraw coverage for extracranial-intracranial bypass sur-
gery for the treatment or prevention of stroke, even though only 10 comments on
the proposed change were received and there was broad agreement among clini-
cians that coverage should be withdrawn. In considering any changes in the
current coverage process, the Medicare program must find ways to balance the
need for public input in decisionmaking with better flexibility to modify or
change coverage decisions over time.
Although dissatisfaction with the current coverage process has highlighted
the need to modify the current Medicare coverage system, the driving force for
greater uniformity and clarity in Medicare coverage of technologies and proce-
dures is from changes in Medicare payment methodologies. Increasingly, the
payment approaches historically based on an individual provider's costs or charg-
es are being replaced by national fee schedules or payment methods. The first
such major change was to a prospective payment system (PPS) for inpatient
hospital services. PPS sets a payment rate on the basis of a patient's diagnosis.
Because the payment groupings are set nationally, hospitals, physicians, and man-
ufacturers have demanded centralized decisionmaking on assigning technologies
and procedures to specific groupings. They have increased pressure further for
quicker response times and clear-cut criteria for coverage.
OCR for page 87
PPS has also influenced how particular technologies disseminate into clini-
cal practice. For example, prior to 1991, expenses related to capital plant and
equipment were still reimbursed on a retrospective cost basis (Federal Register,
19913. Thus, even under a method that provided incentives to reduce costs in
other areas, hospitals were given incentives to continue to acquire many expen-
sive items of equipment, indeed, to substitute capital for labor when possible.
For some technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, the
lack of an add-on payment in the inpatient PPS payment helped to encourage the
proliferation of freestanding outpatient MRI facilities. In those settings, MRI is
eligible for the more generous charge-based payments.
The Medicare physician fee schedule, or resource-based relative value scale,
is similarly forcing greater uniformity in coverage rules for physicians' services.
Now that Medicare pays for physicians' services on a similar basis around the
country, there is increased demand for more uniformity and greater clarity and
predictability in the services that are covered. In constructing the fee schedule,
HCFA had to arrive at a common agreement about the amount and nature of
physician work associated with each of the 7,000 procedure codes used by physi-
cians. In many cases, packages of services or "bundles" were established when
several services are commonly provided in relation to a procedure. In that way,
Medicare explicitly recognized and accepted practice patterns and made cover-
age and payment for those services more uniform.
Numerous individual examples indicate how payment policy affects the use
and diffusion of technologies under the Medicare program. When Medicare
began paying for erythropoietin for patients with end-stage renal disease, the
payment was based on the optimal dose of 3,600 units of the drug. Facilities had
an incentive to keep the dose as low as possible and to retain the difference in
payment between the optimal dose and the actual dose administered. When the
payment was changed to $11 per 1,000 units, the average dose rose from 2,724
units in December 1990 to an average in September 1992 of 3,899 units (data
from the Medicare Decision Support System, Bureau of Data Management and
Strategy [BDMS], HCFA, 1991 bills paid). For echocardiography, a combina-
tion of non-specific coverage guidelines, the available payment under the Medi-
care program, and inexpensive equipment has contributed to a rapid growth in
spending, from $40.8 million in 1988 to $405.3 million in 1991 (data from the
Medicare Decision Support System, BDMS, HCFA, 1991 National Claims His-
tory Data System). No evidence suggests that better clinical outcomes are asso-
ciated with the explosion in use of this particular technology.
HCFA is taking a number of steps to make the Medicare coverage of items
and services more understandable, more responsive to changes in technology,
and more uniform. One important change is to involve the medical directors of
claims-paying contractors such as Blue Cross and Blue Shield and Travelers', as
OCR for page 87
well as the HCFA physicians who provide advice on national coverage decisions,
in the identification of coverage questions and in the technology assessments
used as a basis for making decisions. To that end HCFA has merged these two
previously created advisory groups into a HCFA Technology Advisory Commit-
tee (TAC). For example, in the spring of 1993 the TAC conducted an assessment
of a new ventricular assist device approved by the Food and Drug Administration
for use in patients suffering from postcardiotomy ventricular dysfunction. Rather
than requesting an assessment by the Public Health Service, HCFA developed a
rational policy to cover the device for its labeled indication based on the TAC
assessment. It was issued in October 1993. This process is akin to the one used
by Blue Cross and Blue Shield's Technology Evaluation and Coverage Program,
which makes recommendations on coverage for selected technologies for local
Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans (see chapter 7~.
HCFA is also considering contracting out some aspects of technology as-
sessments, including literature reviews or analyses of the quality of medical evi-
dence supporting the use of a medical practice or technology. These efforts
should increase both the timeliness and the quantity of assessments produced for
the Medicare program.
HCFA has organized special CMD review groups to consider certain issues
when there has been a widespread lack of uniformity. These include carrier
policies on uses of approved drugs for purposes other than those listed on the
label and items of medical equipment (e.g., wheelchairs). In addition, each carri-
er is setting up a local physician advisory group to help identify problems in
coverage and payment and to promote more openness and uniformity in carrier
decisionmaking. Beginning in October 1993, HCFA reduced the number of
carriers from 34 to 4 regional carriers to process claims for durable medical
equipment, prosthetics and orthotics, and supplies. This initiative is designed to
reduce fraud and abuse, as well as promote uniform coverage of these items.
In the proposed regulation of January 1989, HCFA discussed some major
changes in its approach to covering items and services under Medicare. It pro-
posed that cost-effectiveness be included as a coverage criterion along with the
longstanding criteria of safety, effectiveness, and appropriateness. Cost-effec-
tiveness was to be used as an additional consideration in reviewing expensive
new technologies that add little or nothing to the efficacy or effectiveness of
existing alternatives. If Medicare proceeds to include cost-effectiveness as a
coverage criterion in final regulations, the rules will need to clarify that the use of
cost-effectiveness as a consideration is intended to encourage development of
better outcomes data in support of coverage and to explain how it will not be used
to limit access under Medicare to important but expensive new technologies.
In the same regulation, HCFA also suggested the greater use of coverage
limited by time or provider, similar to the approach now taken by Medicare in
covering heart and liver transplants. As already noted, the regulatory apparatus
makes it difficult to change the terms of Medicare coverage once initial decisions
OCR for page 87
have been made, even in the face of better data on outcomes or the usefulness of
a technology. Industry groups have urged that Medieare consider interim eover-
age for important new technologies, with a revision of coverage once the teehnol-
ogy has diffused and more is known about its usefulness. For example, HCFA
should not withhold coverage of a health e are technology when there is evidence
of effectiveness in a limited set of circumstances simply because its effectiveness
in a broader set of circumstances is still unknown. HCFA is considering greater
use of time- or provider-limited coverage similar to the approach now taken by
Medicare in covering heart and liver transplants. That is, Medieare would cover
a technology but set certain restrictions, such as limiting the site of service or
requiring specific data to be submitted to HCFA by the provider of the service.
Because data submission would be a condition of coverage, this approach would
also ensure that data, uniformly collected and reported, could be evaluated at an
early stage.
The Medicare program is working with the Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research (AHCPR) to look at the applicability of AHCPR-supported prac-
tice guidelines in Medicare coverage. Few coverage questions have arisen in the
practice guidelines issued so far on pain management, pressure sores, and urinary
incontinence (Acute Pain Management Guideline Panel, 1992; Panel for the Pre-
dietion and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in Adults, 1992; Urinary Incontinence
Guideline Panel, 1992~. Most of the physicians' services and institutional care
described in the guidelines are already covered under the Medieare program. A
few items, such as self-administered pain management drugs, are excluded under
the statute. HCFA expects the next two practice guidelines-on cataract surgery
and benign prostatie hypertrophy to raise many more coverage questions. Over
time, HCFA expects practice guidelines, whether developed through AHCPR or
other organizations using similarly rigorous methods, to play an increasingly
important role in defining coverage parameters and medical review criteria and
in raising questions about the appropriateness of existing coverage.
HCFA is also moving ahead on its own to use Medicare patient data and
medical society practice guidelines to assess patterns of e are for hospitals. Early
in 1993, four peer review organizations (PROs) began a pilot test that focuses on
several cardiovascular procedures, such as treatment of myocardial infarction,
bypass surgery, and angioplasty (Jencks and Wilensky, 19921. These PROs are
developing approaches for profiling hospitals for mortality, complications, read-
missions, and other outcomes. They are working with hospitals, physicians, and
others to understand and interpret data on practice guidelines and to develop
plans for addressing problem areas for hospitals whose performance are below
benchmarks. This change in the approach used by PROs moves away from a
quality-of-eare review that relies on penalties to bring about changes. Instead,
PROs expect to use information and feedback on practice patterns to help stimu-
late more lasting changes in the ways that institutions and practitioners assess
their own quality of care. Although the principal purpose of this change is to
OCR for page 87
improve patterns of care for hospitals and physicians, longer-term data on pat-
terns of care and outcomes may lead to improvements in Medicare coverage
criteria. For example, Medicare could limit coverage of certain diagnostic tests
routinely administered if it appears that they add little or no value to improved
diagnosis or treatment of coronary artery disease.
Coverage policy, designed to ensure access for beneficiaries to appropriate
medical technologies and services, falls short to the extent that current payment
rules dictate the site of service for a given technology or create incentives to use
an expensive technology when a more cost-effective alternative exists. As HCFA
begins to develop alternatives for a PPS for outpatient hospital services, it will be
looking at ways to recognize appropriate differences in costs by site, without
having payment levels dictate the site of service. HCFA is considering questions
about how to classify services for payment, the extent to which diagnostic tests
and other items should be included in a payment bundle, and the impact of such a
system on other sites of service. HCFA also plans to consider more systematical-
ly, in any future changes in the reimbursement system, the effect of Medicare
payment incentives on the use of technologies.
The landscape has changed dramatically for the Medicare program since its
inception in 1965. The program originated as a highly decentralized operation,
with coverage and payment for services determined largely by local patterns and
conventions. Now, the Medicare program has moved to national payment ap-
proaches, like PPS and the resource-based relative value scale. The rules for
covering items and services, however, remain an artifact of the earlier era. Cov-
erage still varies widely from area to area, and the coverage decisionmaking
process appears slow and mysterious. In addition, different payment amounts for
technologies, depending on the site of service, can inappropriately influence
where services are available and how often they are provided.
The Medicare program has begun to make changes that will result in more
uniform coverage, the ability to modify coverage on the basis of experience with
an item or procedure, and more timely and outcome-based analyses of technolo-
gies. Beneficiaries, providers, and physicians deserve to know what is or is not
covered under Medicare and to have the same rules apply across the country.
Medicare coverage should also be capable of changing as data become available
on outcomes related to the use of technologies and services. The rules for cover-
age should be explicit, and the process should be an open one. Medicare must
face these issues squarely. Not only are they significant for Medicare, they are
critically important in considering health care reform for the broader population.
OCR for page 87
Acute Pain Management Guideline Panel. 1992. Acute Pain Management: Operative or
Medical Procedures and Trauma. Clinical Practice Guideline. AHCPR Publication
No. 92-0032. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public
Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services.
Coverage Issues Manual. Section 60-14. HCFA Publication 6, internal document.
Coverage Issues Manual. Section 65-10. HCFA Publication 6, internal document.
Federal Register. 1989. Criteria and procedures for making medical services coverage
decisions that relate to health care technology. 54 FR 4302 (January 30, 1989~.
Federal Register. 1991. Prospective payment system for inpatient hospital capital-related
costs. 56 FR 43358 (August 30, 1991~.
General Accounting Office. 1992. Medicare Reimbursement Policies Can Influence the
Setting and Cost of Chemotherapy. Publication No. GAO/PEMD-92-28. Washing-
ton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Jencks, S. F., and Wilensky, G. R. 1992. The health care quality improvement initiative.
Journal of the American Medical Association 268(71:900-903.
McCarthy, C. M., Samuel, F. E., Sammons, J. H., and Rother, J. March 30, 1989. Letter
to Louis W. Sullivan, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser-
vices, Washington, D.C.
National Advisory Council on Health Care Technology Assessment. 1988. The Medicare
Coverage Process. Internal document.
Panel for the Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in Adults. 1992. Pressure
Ulcers in Adults: Prediction and Prevention. Clinical Practice Guideline, Number
3. AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care
Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Social Security Act, as amended. 1965. Section 1862(a)~1~(A).
Urinary Incontinence Guideline Panel. 1992. Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Clinical
Practice Guideline. AHCPR Publication No. 92-0038. Rockville, Md.: Agency for
Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health
and FIuman Services.


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Commercial use is allowed
This image is available under 'Rights Managed' licensing and is available for immediate download.
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Keywords: art print, art prints, clipart, clip art, image, images, picture, pictures, posters, photo, photos, poster, photograph, photographs, stock photo, stock photos, stock photography, web graphics , africa, african, african lion, animal, big cat, cat, fauna, feline, krys bailey, leo, lion, lion sitting, lion with mane, male, male lion, mammal, mane, maned lion, panthera, panthera leo, sitting lion, wild, wild cat, wild life, wildlife
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we had the time of our lives exploring the island's beauty; everything from sea rafting up the Napali Coast to Ziplining and everything in between.
This is the early evening view from the vacation home we rented during our stay in Poi-Pu Beach. I can't wait to return someday.
Not so sure about that red-eye return flight, though..... haha!
Now it's time for a vacation from our vacation :)


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Published: May 12, 2010
Creates a new mapping from a managed property into the full text index.
New-FASTSearchMetadataFullTextIndexMapping -FullTextIndex <FullTextIndex> -Level <Int32> -ManagedProperty <ManagedProperty>
Parameter | Required | Type | Description |
FullTextIndex |
Required |
Microsoft.SharePoint.Search.Extended.Administration.Schema.FullTextIndex |
The full text index to add the mapping to. |
Level |
Required |
System.Int32 |
The importance level of this managed property. Allowed values are 1 through 7. |
ManagedProperty |
Required |
Microsoft.SharePoint.Search.Extended.Administration.Schema.ManagedProperty |
The managed property being mapped to the full text index. |
Detailed Description
This cmdlet adds the content of a managed property to a full text index by mapping the managed property into the full text index. The mapping is only applicable to new content; existing content must be re-fed to appear in this full text index.
The managed properties are ordered by a concept called importance level. If the number of matching documents for a query term is greater than the StopWordThreshold for the rank profile in use, the Microsoft FAST Search Server 2010 for SharePoint system retries the query, limiting the managed properties searched to those from a higher importance level.
Importance level 1 (the first level that will be used in a query) includes managed properties from all levels 1 and up. Importance level 2 includes levels 2 and up. The maximum level is 7.
This process is called drilling. See Set-FASTSearchMetadataRankProfile for more information about StopWordThreshold.
Input Types
Return Types
$title = Get-FASTSearchMetadataManagedProperty -name title $fulltextindex = Get-FASTSearchMetadataFullTextIndex -Name thirdfulltextindex New-FASTSearchMetadataFullTextIndexMapping -ManagedProperty $title -FullTextIndex $fulltextindex -Level 3
This example maps the managed property called "title" into the full text index named "thirdfulltextindex" at level 3.
After this mapping is made, the content must be re-fed to populate the full text index.
Change History
Date | Description | Reason |
May 12, 2010 |
Initial publication |


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Sale Price:
3-Piece Set includes: Reversible Quilt, fitted sheet, skirt
Show your support for Mother Earth and her trees with the inspiring and nature-friendlyTrend Lab Baby Dr. Seuss The Lorax 3 pc. Crib Bedding Set. The all-cotton set – which comes with a quilt, fitted sheet, and a box pleat skirt – presents a lovely mix of Earth-inspired patterns that are printed on eco-friendly unbleached cotton using natural AZO-free dyes.
About Trend Lab
Formed in 2001 in Minnesota, Trend Lab is a privately held company proudly owned by women. Rapid growth in the past five years has put Trend Lab products on the shelves of major retailers, and the company continues to develop thoroughly tested, high-quality baby and children's bedding, decor, and other items. Trend Lab continues to inspire and provide its customers with stylish products for little ones. From bedding to cribs and everything in between, Trend Lab is the right choice for your children.
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Home > Research Legal Advice > Personal Injury > Can I sue my employer for causing previously controlled migraines & anxi...
My workplace has caused me to suffer from stress, anxiety, migraines, and back pain. I used to suffer from anxiety and migraines but had not for a year before beginning to work here. The back pain is completely new. Management made it extremely difficult to cut my hours so I took a leave. Company canceled my benefits w/o notice, I don't know if this was legal because of the time frame of events. Leave was approved 6/3 for the period of 5/27-6/9 and insurance retroactively terminated 5/31. Management and HR have given me the runaround with wanting to work less, aggravating the conditions. HR does not call me back and gives conflicting and confusing information. What options, if any, do I have to sue?
There are two parts to your question. First, workers' compensation deals with the physical problems. Generally speaking, workers' compensation in NC does not cover mental problems unless you these mental problems are the result of work related injury. That is, workers' compensation can cover depression and anxiety if you suffer from a significant work place injury and the depression is a caused by the pain, finical stress, etc. you have as a result of the injury. It sounds like you have what is referred to as a "mental-mental" claim and recovery is very difficult. Second, the cancellation of benefits would be an employment law question. The question does not provide enough detail to determine if the company violated labor laws. You need to contact an employment lawyer to have those questions answered.
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middle school
Morning Roundup: March 19, 2013
By Bryan Le
Dating in middle school linked to drug use, FedEx pays up for delivering smuggled cigarettes, and drunk Beth Ditto arrested, yelling "Obama!" MORE
Just Say No to Sharing Drug Stories With Your Kids
New research suggests using your own past drug stories as a warning is not effective. MORE


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Jimmy Choooo replied on Permalink
Obama already said today that nothing is shelves. It's only shelves in the minds of the media. His example was that the media presumes nothing will get done after the midterm. What happen? everything was done within two weeks before the end of the year. Marketplace is jumping into the same short school bus.
Health reform took 40 years. nothing was done until this last year.
Like Obama said, this is the first step. He the GOP can't play ball on the easy stuff, they won't play ball on the bigger cuts to come.


text:
Lessons From The Barnyard, Part IV
Author's infos
Gender: Male Age: Secret Location: N/A
Posted: 2012-12-05
Bobby stepped into the shower first with her new husband right behind her. Junior cuddled up next to her from the rear and put his arms around her shoulders, hugging her in the most loving manner. They had been married less than a day and he had declared his love for her so many times in so many ways. He absolutely adored his young wife and now more than ever, he was going to make sure nothing ever happened to her because, after all, she was carrying his child.
They got married that morning at his home so their baby would have Junior's last name. They were both very young but had known each other their entire lives and the fact they finally got married was not a surprise to anyone but to get married so young and under these circumstances, was a shock to their parents but especially Rich Olson, the father of the bride. Although he attended the nuptials, he refused to give the couple his blessing.
They let the warm clean water run down their naked bodies as they stood there in their individual trance. His arms were around her shoulders and his crotch was wedged up above her rear end. They swayed to the unheard music of the water as it beaded off their smooth skin, each of them lost in their own thoughts of love and completeness.
He absent mindedly started caressing the skin on her arms and touched her right on her bare breast. She pushed her head back into his chest and lower her arm to allow her bareness to be rubbed as a soft sigh of contentment escaped her lips. The sensation of the touch brought him back from his thoughts and with a smile on his face he purposely began to fondle the sensitive, soft skin of her small precious breasts. She cooed as she relished his soothing touch and closed her eyes to the feeling of being loved.
She backed into the ever increasing stiffness of his manhood as he pressed forward with his hips and he rubbed it against her from side to side. The mutual thrill became apparent as she reached around behind her to stroke the rod sticking into her back. He sighed through his heavy exhale and he let his hand fall down to her tummy. From there, it was but a small distance before his fingers sought out her pubic area and everything that it had to offer.
Bobby moaned a little as Junior's middle finger opened up her hair covered slit and began slowly moving up and down along its length. He would place it inside of her opening and then move it up to flick upon her clitoris. Every time he managed to rub it just the right way, she would squirm and spasm and stroke his manhood more vigorously. He bent his knees and scooted up behind her to place his rod between her legs as she continued to slide her hand up and down its shaft. Soon she was pressing its length in between her lips and his head was rubbing up against her clitoris. She could take it no longer. She turned around, raised her leg and stuck her crotch right on his stabbing erection.
He lifted her by her butt with both of his hands and swung her legs around his waist. She grabbed his cock and placed it at her opening and lowered herself down until she felt it start to impale her. She got a funny look on her face but kept lowering herself down until his huge member was buried all the way inside of her. She groaned out loud as he raised her bent knees higher than before but her crotch was still in contact with his cock. Soon she was riding high on his hard pole as he slid it deep within her vagina and drew it all of the way out. Her eyes were closed and her mouth was open as he repeated his thrust over and over.
Junior was loosing control rapidly and so was Bobby. They were slamming their crotches into each other as hard as they possibly could and they were loving every plunge into her abyss. They were building up to one grand finale and they were each seeking their own nirvana. Then they both froze at the same time as they tightened up every muscle in their bodies. Their breaths were held as they forced themselves to string the inevitable out as long as they possibly could. They waited and waited until the first one burse wide open and then the combination of releases flooded over them as they slammed out all of their emotions into a gigantic fit of copulation that rattled every wall in the house.
She was screaming, he was grunting as they continued to grind themselves into a blur of movement. They staggered to the wall of the shower and it was their only salvation from falling onto the floor and possibly hurting one another. She was whimpering as she finally dislodged herself from his withering member and her knees buckled when she had to stand. He lowered her to the watery floor and slid down beside her. They both sat there under the showering water gasping for air; any air that they could possibly glean from the steam filled room. Slowly they regained their composure as the water cascaded down and off of their naked bodies. Junior opened his eyes to look at his young wife. Bobby was breathing through her open mouth but glanced over at him. She smiled and so did he.
Through heavy breaths he muttered softly, "Wow that was…it was…"
"Unbelievable," she answered his thought through her own heavy breathing.
"Yeah. Unbelievable," he repeated.
As Junior walked into the kitchen to join his lovely bride who was sitting at the bar lost in her own thoughts, he came up from behind and gave her the warmest hug. Bobby had arrived first down stairs from their shower two hours ago and had put on one of his tee shirts and a pair of panties to cover herself. She acknowledged his presence by gently stroking his arm with her touch but she seemed lost to the world as she sat there on the bar stool, staring out into space.
"What's wrong Sweetheart?" he asked as his hugs intensified.
"Why does Daddy have to treat us so mean?" she asked without changing her line of sight or expression. "He has always loved me no matter how mad I made him and I always felt safe with him. He always said, "You will always be my little Princess," but now, I don't know. Maybe he doesn't love me any more."
"Oh no Baby. He still loves you. It's all my fault. I should have told him personally or something. I handled it all wrong," he tried to take the blame.
"Well, maybe we did but still, why does he have to almost shun us like he has? I don't know if…" she let her words fall away.
"Oh Bobby, lets not think about it now. It will take him some time but I'm sure he'll come around. Just wait until he's holding his new grandson on his lap," he said with a smile. He had expected her to come back with a comment about it being a girl but she didn't. She just sat there at the bar, looking out into space not changing her expression at all.
He stood behind her with his arms wrapped around her shoulders, hugging her tenderly but wondering how he would get her out of this mood. He was thinking hard when she interrupted him with a request. "Junior, could we go up into bed and you could just hold me. I want to feel your arms around me, holding me safe. We don't have to do anything; just hold me and tell me that you love me. Please?"
"Oh Baby of course, anything that you want, anything," he said allowing her to stand up. Taking her by the hand, he led his troubled bride up the stairs and into their bed. He cuddled her into his arms and held her that way until she finally went to sleep. His mind would not shut off however as her troubling questions kept swirling around in his head. His poor young beautiful wife was lost in her thoughts and he didn't know how to comfort her.
The next morning, Junior and Bobby went to church together and were introduced to the entire congregation as Mr. and Mrs. Junior McKinney by the pastor. They were in shock at the disclosure and were mortified when everyone came up to congratulate them. Most of the men came up and shock their hands sincerely wished them all the best but the women came up and smiled but took a quick glance at her tummy to judge if they had to get married so young.
When Junior pulled out of the church parking lot, Bobby burst into tears and wouldn't stop crying no matter what Junior told her. "God," she cried out, "My Daddy shuns me and now everybody thinks that I'm a whore! Oh Junior, what did we do? How did it turn out so badly?"
He didn't know what to say. Everything had not turn out so badly in his view. Yes they got pregnant. Yes they are young but what about their love for each other? What about their unborn child? What about their vows to love and cherish each other? What about all of the happiness that they felt for each other, a least they used to? What is happening to their lives together? "My God, yesterday I was the happiest guy in the world. Today I don't know what I'm doing. What happened?" he asked himself.
He drove home in silence and the mood between them continued to deteriorate. It continued for the next day and the next week. The week turned into two and then into three. They stopped being intimate with each other and Bobby slid off into a deep depression. She refused to get out of bed and rarely went to school anymore and Junior's worry started to dominate his actions.
One day after he got back from school, his mother was in the kitchen and he confided in her about Bobby's mood. She told him that it was just morning sickness and it should wear off soon. He didn't expound on his feelings and let it go at that. But when she Bobby woke his up one Friday night with a terrible pain in her abdomen, he began to seriously worry about his bride. He got up and removed the covers and what he saw put the fear of God in him.
She was lying in a pool of blood all doubled over, writhing in pain. He immediately called his mother for help and then called 911. The paramedics arrived and took her to the hospital with Junior and the McKinney's right behind. Carl called Rich to tell him that his daughter was in trouble and to meet them all there.
As they drove to the hospital, Richard Olson grew more and more worried about his daughter that he had shunned the last month or so since the disclosure of their pregnancy. Mrs. Olson grew madder and madder. She knew what worry and being upset can do a woman's system, especially during a pregnancy and she was sure she knew what had happened.
The ambulance arrived and they rushed her into emergency. They were in there a long time not letting anyone know what had happened to the young girl. When the attending doctor made his appearance, he told the waiting family that indeed, she had lost the baby but that she was doing fine. When she was ready, Junior could go in to see her but at her request, she would see everyone else at home the next day.
Mrs. Olson glared at her husband and whispered to him, "I want to see you out front and I mean right now you Ass Hole."
Mrs. Olson never cussed and this outburst told Mr. Olson just how mad she was at him. Junior went in to see his bride and when he got in there, she was lying there looking pale as a sheet that covered her. He walked up next to the bed and touched her hand gently.
Bobby looked over into his eyes and he could see that she had been crying. He caressed her little hand and told her, "It's okay Bobby. I'm right here. I'm not going anywhere."
The tears were falling down her cheeks as she tried to look up into his face. "I'm sorry Junior. I tied to be a good wife to you but I guess I'm still a little girl that needs her Daddy. I couldn't accept the fact that I did something against my Daddy's wishes so I worried about it so much that I miscarried our baby; our tiny little defenseless baby. Oh Junior I'm so sorry," she burst out into woeful sobs.
Placing his cheek down on her tear stained face he started to cry along with her. "It's okay my love. It's not your fault. It's no one's fault. Things just happened that's all. It wasn't supposed to be right now. We'll try again to have a baby. We'll wait for a while and we'll try again."
She didn't say a word but cried her eyes out at her disappointment and his braveness over the circumstances. She secretly wondered if he would say this if he knew what she was thinking. Now that they had no obligations to a baby, maybe they should have their marriage annulled.
While they were crying in Bobby's room, Mr. and Mrs. Olson were standing outside in front of the hospital next to the main entrance around the corner of the building. Mrs. Olson walked up to her husband of nineteen years and slapped him across the face as hard as she could, sending him reeling.
"You stubborn, arrogant, blind piece of shit," she hissed at him through her clenched teeth. "Your own flesh and blood; your daughter. Didn't you see what you stubbornness was doing to that child? No, you were too busy being self righteous to notice weren't you." She kept swinging at him as she spilled out her venomous attach. "Well now that you've killed your grandbaby maybe you can see the damage that you've caused." She paused and looked deep into his eyes as she said, "Richard Olson, for the first time in twenty plus years, I don't think I know you and I sure as hell don't like you. Think about that as you wonder where to sleep because you're sure as hell not sleeping in my bed." She turned and walked away leaving him standing all alone speechless.
Junior looked on as his bride continued to cry silent tears. He tried to reassure her but his efforts went in vain. Suddenly she muttered very softly, "We can have our wedding annulled if you want to."
It hit him like a ton of bricks. The blood drained from his face and he felt faint. What had she just said? She didn't want to be married to him any longer? She wants our marriage to be annulled? The only thing that he could think of to say was, "If that's what you want."
The tears only intensified when she heard his last statement. She turned her face to the wall and looked away. He did want to end their marriage, he didn't really love her. Bobby's entire world came crashing down on her and she felt so alone.
Junior thought for a moment and then realized if he didn't say anything, his wife, his marriage and his entire life could come to an end. "Bobby…NO…no Bobby! NO I don't want to have our marriage annulled! I don't want to lose you. Please I've just lost our child and I don't want to lose my wife too. We lost our child not our love for each other. Oh Bobby, can't you see, I never want to lose you. I love you. I love you more than life itself. I would die if I couldn't love you. As bad as I wanted this baby, I want you more. Oh Bobby, never think that I don't want you. Oh Baby…" he started to sob.
She reached up to him and drew him down to her chest where they both sobbed their eyes out. They knew that no matter what, they would always have each other. They cuddled and cried for the longest time. When Bobby could produce no more tears, she started to shiver and asked her husband to get another blanket for her. As he turned the corner in the hallway and headed for the nurses station, Rich Olson made his way into his daughter's room.
Bobby was resting with her eyes closed when he sat down in the chair next to the bed. She opened them and looked stunned at his appearance but she saw in his eyes the softness that she remembered from her Daddy. He smiled and gently told her to close her eyes and rest. Junior had just walked back carrying the blanket when he heard Mr. Olson talking to his daughter so he stopped to listen. Mr. Olson started to tear up when he confessed, "Baby, your Daddy is an old fool. I messed everything up for you, for you and for Junior. God why couldn't I see what I was doing to you and to everyone. I'm so sorry, Baby, I'm so, so sorry," he said with a tear running down his cheek.
He paused a moment to think and then he continued. "You know we lost your brother before you came along and that loss was almost more than I could handle. And to think that I would put anyone else, especially my own daughter, through the same thing, well I…," he let his thoughts drift into nothingness.
"I couldn't be happier than to have my friend's son as my son in law you know." He thought for another moment and finally said, "How can you ever forgive me Bobby? I'm such an old fool. How can I forgive myself? Oh Baby, I'm so sorry," he said bursting into tears.
Junior walked in and rested his hand on Mr. Olson's back as he mouthed to Junior, "I'm sorry."
Junior just looked down at his father in law, smiled a feeble little smile and through his own tears mouthed, "I know."
The nurse came in and suggested that they all leave and let poor Bobby get some rest. They both agreed to be back in the morning when her Doctor, Dr. Mack would be in to see her and hopefully discharge her to her own home and her own bed to resume her convalescence. They walked out and both men knew that they had just turned the corner on their relationship.
The next morning, Dr. Mack, Bobby's life long doctor had a nice long talk with his young patient. After a thorough exam, declared that she was fit to go home. The treating physician had preformed a D & C on her the night before and cautioned both Junior and Bobby against any sexual relations for at least two weeks. He would see her in that period of time and he told her to take it easy and get her rest.
They gleefully drove home back to the McKinney's and she went up to bed. Everyone had gathered at the farmhouse and Mrs. McKinney was serving them all a cup of coffee when Mr. Olson announced, "Carl, if you don't mind, I would like to fix up that old apartment over at the place for the kids and maybe they would live over there, if you don't mind."
Carl smiled to himself and glanced over at his wife. He thought to himself, "What has happened to Rich?" But he smiled and said, "Well, if you can handle all of the noise coming from their bedroom every night then I don't see why not."
"Oh Carl," chastised his wife.
"Well it did get the old juices flowing," he said, much to the disgust of Mrs. Olson and Mrs. McKinney.
Rich just laughed and said, "Well it settled then." But Mrs. Olson suggested that they should ask if it was alright with the kids before they started making any plans.
"Yeah, I guess I should ask if they want to," he said glancing at his wife and smiling a bit.
She smiled a knowing look back, telling him that she forgave him from the night before and that he was once again the man of the house. He knew that he was and realized just how close he came to losing more than a grandchild.
The days went by and Junior helped his father in law get their new apartment ready after he got home from school and they were making a lot of progress on more than one front. It was Thursday evening when he walked into their bedroom, stripped out of his sweaty clothes and headed for the shower. He hadn't seen his wife but knew that she must be downstairs helping his mother with dinner. As he stepped into the shower and placed his head under the splashing water, he thought he heard a sound but ignored it for the moment.
Suddenly, the door to the shower eased open and in stepped his naked bride as she gave him a big hug around his stomach. "Hi there," he said to her with a lustful look in his eyes. "It hasn't been two weeks yet. Aren't you afraid that you'll get me all hot and bothered? What would you tell Dr. Mack if I forced you to have sex with me?"
"I'd tell him that you were a brute of a husband and I just couldn't fight you off," she said faking distress.
He hugged her back and told her that he liked to be close to her and that he could hardly wait for another week to go by. She told him that they didn't have to wait and he asked, "Where do you get your information? The Doctor said "No sexual relations for at least two weeks"."
"He implied that you weren't supposed to put it in me for two weeks," she looked coyly up into his eyes with a devilish smile on her face. "He didn't say anything about you not putting it anywhere else."
She gave him a knowing smile and slipped down to the floor right in front of him. He got the idea and his manhood started to grow. She began to lick him on his balls as he instantly began to moan. "Oh my God, Bobby. Oh God yes, I love the way you do that," he groaned.
Hearing this from her husband's mouth drove her to explore even more. As she licked around the entire head of his penis, she started to probe her finger between his legs and found the most sensitive area right directly in his junction. Feeling this stimulus sent him into a frenzy as he spread his legs out wider and pulled her hair into his growing member. Her mouth opened up to his intrusion as she accepted it further and further into her mouth.
She was sucking his cock with all of her passion as she explored his anal area with her finger. He groaned rather loudly but she didn't miss a beat. She had dreamed of this moment for over a week and she wasn't about to let anything interfere with her enjoyment of pleasuring her husband.
He began to pump his hips into her sucking mouth as she continued to probe up between his legs and his desire started to surface. He tilted his head backward and hissed out his breath. "Oh God Bobby. I'm ready to cum already. I'm just about ready. Oh God, here it comes! Get ready! OH MY GOD HERE IT COMES!"
He began to shot his essences deep down her throat as she plunged her finger up his butt. His reaction was epic, it was glorious, it was completely over the top. He slammed his hips into her willing mouth as he shot jet after jet of his hot sperm into her oral cavity. She swallowed every last drop as she edged out her finger. He fell down on his knees and collapsed into her arms.
"Oh God Bobby. That was wonderful. Thank you my love, thank you so much," he kept repeating.
They waited there a moment and then she stood up and said to her spent husband, "We had better get dressed and down to the table. I was supposed to come up and get you. I guess that I got side tracked or something." With a twinkle in her eye, she stepped out of the shower and dried off. Junior was in no shape to do anything but sit there panting for air. "You'd better get dressed and come down for dinner now," she told him as she closed the door behind herself.
Post Script
Junior graduated later that year and went to work full time for his father on the farm. Bobby finished high school early and went part time to the local community college and finally got her associates degree in accounting and helped out with the books of the farm. After a couple of years, they had their first child, a boy they named Carl M. McKinney III or Trip for short. A couple of years later, they had another boy named Richard O. McKinney or Richie, followed a year later by a daughter they named for Bobby's grandmother, Mary Katherine McKinney or Katy.
Mr. Olson suffered a stroke three years after the kids moved into the apartment and had to be put into a nursing home. He lived long enough to hold his first grandbaby but passed on before Trip was a year old. Mrs. Olson sold the house to the kids and moved into town where she lived the rest of her life.
Carl and Ester McKinney continued to farm until just a few years ago when they retired, bought a motor home and traveled the country leaving Junior in charge of the farming.
Ol' Elmer finally got put out to pasture and died a couple of years later but not before turning over his duties to the bull that the cow gave birth to nine mouths after the kids first got married. I wonder if the bull will educate Trip and Richie the same way that Ol' Elmer educated Junior? Just maybe he will.
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derek in CA
This tool is worth its weight in gold if you own a newer KTM with closed cartridge forks.. If you are even slightly mechanically savy you can easily change out fork springs and adjust fork levels yourself and save hundreds of $ compared to a shop.. Seriously as an avid rider with no formal training I could change out your fork springs and fluid in 30 min from start to finish and this tool is a must to do that. Watch some of the videos from Slavens Racing about suspension setup and stuff. Seriously if you can change your own bike oil you can do this and this tool is required.. Spend $40 and save yourself hundreds... its really not as intimidating as it seems.
Read All ReviewsMike in PA
This a great tool to easlly adjust the power valve. Nice and small and carry in my backpack
Read All ReviewsJOEY in MT
i ordered this thinking it would fit somewhere under the seat yeah i guess there is room for it but how do you mount it? and it's really bulky to carry a whopping one plug I have seen better two plug carriers that are not as big!
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It adds some bling...not much on additional functionality that I can tell...but who doesn't like some bling.
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Teesside Positive Action (TPA)
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HCP Home
Houston Center for Photography
1441 West Alabama
Houston, TX 77006
About HCP
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32nd Annual Juried Membership Exhibition
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Collaborations IX: Aging
On View: May 4 - June 23, 2012
Opening Reception: Friday, May 4, 2012
Artist talks: Saturday, May 5 at 2pm
is an educational program that celebrates photography and encourages collaboration and teamwork amongst Houston-area high school students as they create an exhibition from beginning to end.
In its ninth year,
includes 22 students from fourteen Houston-area high schools. These teenagers met every other week in the evenings at HCP to learn from HCP staff and guests, to discuss exhibition planning, to critique photographic work, and to participate in lectures and discussions with artists and photographers from the Houston community.
During the meetings that led to this exhibition, students discussed the nature of aging and decided to explore it as the theme for this year's program. The result is an eclectic collection of images that reflect the diversity of the group and their points of view on the passing of time. From images that document time and decay, to images that incite memories and nostalgia,
Collaborations IX: Aging
is an exhibition that challenges the mind. Contemporary culture often portrays the youth, beauty and freedom of teenage years as the ultimate achievement, yet these teenagers look at aging with grace and passion.
- Juliana Forero, HCP Assistant Director for Education
Collaborations IX
participants are:
Constance Atton (Kingwood Park High School)
Dylan Beckman (Episcopal High School)
Leslie Campos (Episcopal High School)
Emilee Cooney (Cy Fair High School)
Magaly DeLeon (KIPP Houston High School)
Gabrielle Dunn (Klein Oak High School)
Margeaux Epner (St. John's School)
Caroline George (Awty International Schools)
Anna Harding (Awty International Schools)
Crysta Hernandez (Cypress Ridge High School)
Carol Hernandez (John H. Reagan High School)
Katherine Hernandez (KIPP Houston High School)
Barbara Jaimes (KIPP Houston High School)
Ian Mellor-Crummey (St. John's School)
Brandon Merz (Episcopal High School)
Isabelle Metz (St. John's School)
Mary Martha Meyer-Hill (Lamar High School)
Christina Morgan (Carnegie Vanguard High School)
Judie Mozie (Saint Agnes Academy)
Zenzele Ojore (Clearbrook High School)
Silvia Pera (Carnegie Vanguard High School)
Tessa Slavinsky (Home School)
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Tuesday, March 11, 2014 | 7:50 a.m.
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Posted: 12:00 a.m. Thursday, April 11, 2013
Contributing Writer
OXFORD — A long-time community eyesore will soon disappear.
The former Oxford Dairy Queen, at 5228 Hester Road with fronting on College Corner Pike, will become property of the city as soon as paperwork is completed. The city will then tear down the building and remove the asphalt, leaving only a vacant lot where grass will be planted.
"It's an eyesore," City Manager Doug Elliott said. "We began the process of asking that it be torn down but we are doing this rather than go to court."
Oxford City Council approved a resolution at last week's meeting to authorize Elliott to enter into an agreement accepting the property as a donation to the city in order to tear down the old building which once was the Oxford Dairy Queen.
Elliott said Tuesday there are some issues of wording to clean up in the agreement and then he will sign it so that demolition can take place soon.
One of those items was the date for closing. The original agreement, signed by the representative of MyDears, Inc., calls for closing to take place no later than March 31, which had already passed by the time council members voted on the resolution.
Elliott said the property is valued at a total of $37,650, according to the Butler County Auditor's office but said the lot is so irregular little can be done with it according to Oxford codes.
"It's pretty much not buildable," Elliott said.
The lot is triangle shaped and small so the 35-foot setback requirement limits anything built on the lot to a small triangle in the center.
"The donation would remedy the ongoing nuisance issues related to the property and it would settle the Butler County Common Pleas Court case … and the subsequent counter claim filed by the property owner," the staff report accompanying the council resolution said.
The owner is responsible for back taxes owed on the property, according to the donation agreement, and there are provisions for the proceeds if the city should ever decide to sell the property.
Elliott said he does not expect the property to ever sell, due to the restrictions on possible construction there, but the agreement does define the allocation of proceeds from such a sale.
"If (the city) sells the property, the proceeds shall be used to reimburse (the city) for the cost of demolition of the building, removal of asphalt and restoration of land in an amount not to exceed $10,000 and the remainder of the proceeds shall be donated to a charitable organization of (the city's) choosing serving the city of Oxford community, such as, but not limited to the Oxford Community Foundation or an affiliated charity," the agreement reads in Article V.
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Thursday, April 19, 2012
A Few Things
I now have an Instagram account. I also have a facebook page and a twitter. My username for all of them is of course, bakingperfection so please go check these out and follow me, you'll be glad you did! I also just want to say thanks to everyone who follows my blog, I really appreciate it!! Also, I still have some bakingperfecton stickers left, so if you want one contact me soon at: email@example.com. Delicious food posts coming very soon!
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Lemon Curd · GF (about 2 cups)
While researching the history of various old timey recipes for my book, I kept coming across these 19th century American recipes for "lemon cheese." The name sounds a little icky, but the recipe is straight up lemon curd, which I'd always thought of as some quintessentially British thing. American recipes for "lemon cheese" actually predate the first known use of the phrase "lemon curd" (1895) by at least two decades.
I'm not saying we invented it, only that after a hundred and forty odd years I think we should qualify for the culinary equivalent of a common law marriage.
You can make lemon curd with a lot of different ingredients and ratios, but I like doing it the 19th century way, using nothing but lemon juice, egg yolks and sugar. With that many yolks, you don't need cornstarch for thickening or butter for richness. The curd winds up intensely yellow, with a clean lemon flavor.
If you'd rather have a curd free from flecks of zest, whisk the zest into the yolks and sugar so you can strain it out at the end.
Lemon Curd, about 2 cups
8 ounces lemon juice
8 ounces egg yolk (from about 7-10 eggs)
8 ounces sugar
pinch of kosher salt
1 1/2 Tablespoons lemon zest
Bring the lemon juice to a simmer in a medium (non reactive) pot.
Meanwhile, whisk together the yolks, sugar, and salt. When the lemon juice begins to bubble, being whisking some into the yolk, about 2 ounces at a time. Once the yolks are lemony and warm, pour them into the pot and cook on medium low heat, stirring constantly with a heat resistant spatula, until the curd has a thick, pudding-like consistency (about 185°).
Strain into the bowl of a stand mixer, discarding any bits that remain. Add the lemon zest and, with the paddle attachment, stir on low until the curd has cooled to room temperature.
Pour into jars and refrigerate up to one week.
Reunite the yolks with their whites by pairing the curd with angel food cake, or serve in tart shells with fresh fruit. Alternately, go for a Total Eclipse of the Tart: sprinkle each tart with a Tablespoon of sugar, then brûlée.
You can also make a Cheater's Lemon Mousse by folding 12 ounces of whipped cream into the chilled curd.
Any questions?
Dec 14, 2011 · 10:50 AM
@Olivia, oh! Just realized the recipe doesn't give the yield! Sorry, dear! This recipe makes about 2 cups and it will keep in the fridge for about two weeks. You can blend the curd with equal parts cream to make an amazing ice cream with the leftovers! Of just make a half batch for a few scones. Enjoy!
May 04, 2012 · 9:50 AM
@Krysten, I'm at home right now, but I'll go to work and check my notebook for the specific ration. I do think it's 1:1, though….
May 30, 2012 · 4:48 AM
Hello Stella! Lemon curd made into ice cream really is delicious! It gives a really different flavor and a nice tang to the creaminess. I mixed the curd into the custard before folding in the whipped cream to make parfait.
Thank you very much for the inspiration and advice!
I've posted a photo on Facebook to show you how it worked out.
May 30, 2012 · 3:26 PM
@Krysten, oh that's awesome, thanks for sharing! I'm heading over to FB now to check it out!
May 30, 2012 · 3:51 PM
Stella, have to tell you that I made the lemon curd and it was just lovely. So far, I've used it as a filling in a cupcake and even better – stirred it into some plain Balkan yogourt. Was delish!! Thank you
· Valeriee · theywantcake.blogspot.com/
May 31, 2012 · 10:16 AM
@Valeriee, oooh, that sounds fabulous. Throw some granola on there and call it breakfast!
Jun 22, 2012 · 11:52 PM
Hi Molly! All of the measurements are by weight. I haven't experimented with low-sugar variations, but you'd probably be okay to reduce it slightly. You need a decent amount of sugar to insulate the yolks during cooking, but a subtle decrease is probably fine. Organic cane sugar may add a subtle molasses flavor because it's not as highly refined, but otherwise it should work out. Hope that info helps!
Aug 09, 2012 · 1:41 PM
Hi Kate! Absolutely, though you may want to adjust the salt a little as some citrus have a sharper acidity and seem to need less. Just be sure the juice has no sugar added (if you're not squeezing your own). Happy baking!
Dec 08, 2012 · 9:23 PM
I made a batch tonight and the consistency was nice and creamy but it had a metallic aftertaste. I thought it was just me being overly taste sensitive but I asked my husband and he agreed. I heated the lemon juice in a nonstick anodized pot and continued to use this pot to thicken the mixture. Then I transferred the mixture into a stainless steel bowl (I tasted the curd before transferring to the bowl and it already had a metallic aftertaste).
So did the lemon juice react with the metal pot? What kind of pot do you use?
If I try making another batch again, should I use the double boiler method and use a glass bowl instead?
I'm hoping that once the lemon curd tartlets are assembled with whipped cream on top, the metallic aftertaste won't be noticeable.
Dec 09, 2012 · 6:35 PM
Hi luckylove! My first thought is that there might be some scratches in your pot, which would let the juice react to the pot. But while googling I saw that a pot can, somehow or another, become un-anodized. So there could be some kinda serious weirdness at work. The last thing that I can think of is if you used store bought lemon juice rather than fresh squeezed, it can sometimes have a harsh flavor too.
I always use stainless steel; if you have stainless, go for your double boiler method for the next batch. You might also try a small pinch of baking soda which can neutralize some of that metallic acidity.
Dec 18, 2012 · 10:56 PM
Hi rc13! Butter first and foremost tames the flavor of the lemon. Some people say it makes it more mellow, but I feel like it really just dulls the flavor, which is why I leave it out. Butterless, it has a much brighter flavor. You can absolutely add a little bit in, a tablespoon at a time, until it reaches the taste you like. Since butter is quite solid when it's cold, it also helps to thicken the curd a bit once it's refrigerated.
I wouldn't use it in macarons, though, unless you plan to fill them and eat them right away. Thanks to all that lemon juice it has a high moisture content which will dissolve the macaron shells if they're left inside for very long.
Mar 07, 2013 · 2:41 PM
Hi Stella! What should I do if I want strawberry flavor? Also, have you eaten and/or made Japanese cotton cheesecake? If so, can you do a show and tell!? This is what happens when I'm going through your blog: inspiration and of course lots of questions in my mind! Thank you, thank you…
Mar 07, 2013 · 5:54 PM
Hi Marilyn! Oh, I will definitely have to tackle cotton cheesecake for a blog post, thanks so much for asking! I've never tried making strawberry curd, but I presume you could juice some strawberries and proceed more or less the same way. I'll give it a shot this spring, but if you get to it first, let me know how it goes.
May 31, 2013 · 9:28 AM
stella, you are a sweets magician! this looks soooo good!! i've never seen such lemony colored lemon curd. i love it! thank you for posting! i love how you suggest different ways to use it up (mousse, tarts, and ice cream), because I live by myself and wouldn't be able to finish 2 cups straight up on my own. thank you!
· megan · whyisfoodsogood.blogspot.com
May 31, 2013 · 10:27 AM
I LOVE lemon curd and never get tired of it. I've been using up my macaron egg yolks with Rose Levy Beranbaum's lemon curd recipe. Now I must try yours! BTW – I freeze what I'm not going to use – it holds very well for months in the freezer.
· Bonnie · bakecookeatmove.blogspot.com
May 31, 2013 · 1:50 PM
Great to know that Americans have some culinary inventiveness too. This looks delicious and refreshing!
· Tiffany · bakingattiffanys.com
May 31, 2013 · 7:40 PM
I've made several lemon curds, but none look as marvelous as this one! I can't wait to try the next time I need a little lemon curd!
· Tracy {Pale Yellow} · paleyellow.net
Jun 01, 2013 · 12:00 PM
@megan, I hope you enjoy it! You can easily cut the recipe in half so you don't wind up with so much.
@Bonnie, thanks for the tip on freezing. I've never had an occasion to freeze mine, so I'm glad to hear it turns out okay!!
@Tiffany, haha, we've come up with a thing or two.
@Tracy, even if this recipe isn't "pale yellow"?
Jun 02, 2013 · 11:21 AM
So… as you're doing research, I'm assuming you know about the Google Books time-limited search thing? It turns up the first instance of "Lemon Curd" (albeit for a totally different creature, which sounds a bit like egg white and lemon ricotta, so I don't think it should count for these purposes) in 1844, in "The Lady's Own Cookery Book" by Lady Charlotte Campbell Bury. Anyway, it's often useful for hunting down early references to things and for hunting down exactly what was referred to by [insert mystery term in recipe]. If you go to Google Books and enter your search term, after you search a list of narrowing-down options appears in a horizontal bar below the search bar and you can make it look only earlier than your earliest reference, etc., although you still have to check that they dated the book correctly. Hope this is useful! (although you're probably already using it!)
Jun 02, 2013 · 12:23 PM
HI KC! Yes, I love Google books, but thanks for sharing— it may be useful for people who aren't familiar. The biggest danger with a book search is that often (though not always) the publishing date can be misrepresented.
For example, a book may have been published in 1972 by "The Whatever Ladies Society of Some City, founded 1814" so Google will list the book as published in 1814. So for first timers, it's extremely important in these searches to manually scroll through the first several pages of the book to establish an authentic date of publication before drawing any conclusions. Although our homegirl Lady Charlotte is absolutely above reproach.
Jun 02, 2013 · 10:14 PM
When will your book be coming out? Or did it come out already and I've been out of the Brave Tart loop?! Either way, I can't wait to get a copy
· siobhan · ohthatgirlsiobhan.wordpress.com
Jun 03, 2013 · 4:20 AM
Hi Stella,
The lemon curd looks amazing. I am looking forward to your book release. Do you have a date yet?
Jun 03, 2013 · 9:49 AM
@siobhan, you're not out of the loop at all— I'm still writing it.
@Karen, it's slated for fall 2014, approximately one million years from now it seems like.
Jun 03, 2013 · 4:21 PM
Fall 2014 is waaay too far away. Hmph, is all I can say to that. (but thank you for writing – and we'll wait, just perhaps not patiently!)
And will there be footnotes/endnotes citing the sources on this stuff so we can go look things up if additionally curious and/or want to disprove Uncle Hugh's theory about cupcake origins? 'Cause that would be just plain awesome.(disclaimer: I do not actually have an Uncle Hugh, with or without opinions on cupcakes. But I have been at parties where there was "but [insert contested baked good] definitely started in [speaker's home town]!" "no, it started in [this speaker's home town]!", and it would be fun to be able to pull a book off the shelf, get down to whatever proofs there are in the case, hand off health and safety records that mention moon pies, etc. to the combatants and see what they can muster as evidence, rather than going solely by local oral tradition)
Jun 04, 2013 · 9:16 AM
Hi Stella,
My standard dessert when entertaining is yoghurt mixed with lemon curd (I use the very accurate and scientific method 'until it tastes nice' , crumbled pieces of meringue and chopped dark chocolate. I'll definitely try your recipe – never dared to make lemon curd myself before. Cheers!
Jun 05, 2013 · 9:14 AM
Hi KC! Thanks for waiting (not so patiently) with me. I definitely plan on including a "resources" section so you can go digging through history with me, if you like. I'm really committed to only basing my claims on original/primary sources, rather than repeating things said in food dictionaries/histories/etc. It will definitely run contrary to whatever Uncle Hugh's been told!
@Hulagirl, I love the idea of crumbled meringue with lemon curd and yogurt, that sounds incredible! I hope you get a chance to make some lemon curd sometime, cos I think that's the only way a dessert so good could get even better.
@Hilda, hurray!!! I'm so glad to hear that you made some, especially with great eggs. The color is unreal! Thanks for reporting back, I'm sure others will be glad to read a review from someone else.
Jun 06, 2013 · 8:40 AM
Both my husband and I can taste an icky flavor in lemon curd no matter who or how it was made – even store bought. I have never tried any lemon curd that didn't have the icky flavor. I have concluded that some people can taste it and some can't.
· Sarah · citrusspicebakery.blogspot.com
Jun 06, 2013 · 9:08 AM
Hi Sarah! There is a lot going on in both commercial curds and homemade versions that you may find to be icky. I rarely enjoy lemon curd unless— I find most have a metallic flavor, or a soapiness from excess butterfat.
Some people (and most commercial versions) use pre-squeezed lemon juice, which is often pasteurized, which gives it a disappointing flavor and metallic aftertaste. And even if fresh juice is used, it has to be made and cooked with non-reactive materials- which some people don't realize. There's also a possibility you don't like the butter flavor in most curds, it's culinary nails on a chalkboard to me. Or you may not like the lingering taste of cornstarch, something most recipes use too.
All that said, you may still totally hate my version (it may ultimately be the flavor of cooked lemon that disagrees with you), but there's also enough different happening here that it might be worth a shot. At least you could find out if it's a cooked lemon flavor you don't like, or something else.
Jun 07, 2013 · 2:16 PM
I will try yours and let you know! I've never tried a homemade version that didn't use cornstarch and butter. I've used Rose Levy's, Cook's Illustrated's, "joyofbaking.com" and cooking light. I can't taste the flavor when it's still hot – it's not until it cools, and then I can even smell it.
· Sarah · citrusspicebakery.blogspot.com
Jun 07, 2013 · 7:36 PM
Hey Sarah, oh man, I'm curious to find out if it's the cooked-lemon itself or those add ins that are throwing you off. The aroma-thing makes me think it's either the volatile oil in the lemons, or a reaction between the lemon and the pan (which makes a funky smell), so make sure to grab a stainless steel pot!
Jun 14, 2013 · 6:03 PM
It's cooling in my kitchonaid now… I was sure to use my plastic whisk in a glass bowl to whisk the yolks and sugar, and I used my all-clad saucepan and a silicone spatula to stir… let you know in a few hours if it got the tase!
· Sarah · citrusspicebakery.blogspot.com
Jun 14, 2013 · 6:29 PM
On a side note, since lemon curd tastes and smells fine to me while it's still warm, my favorite application is to add rosemary to the juice while it heats and serve it as a lemon rosemary sauce with roast chicken.
· Sarah · citrusspicebakery.blogspot.com
Jun 14, 2013 · 6:31 PM
WHEEEE I just found your site and I am so excited that I did! (amidst this huge 'interwebz' LoL) …with raspberries coming up (soon…I live in Canada, haha) this will be awesome with fresh raspberries and some whipped cream drool Thanks for the awesome site, I can't wait to look through the other posts
Jun 14, 2013 · 7:44 PM
It's all chilled – no weird smell, no nasty taste! It is absolutely delicious! You are a genius!
· Sarah · citrusspicebakery.blogspot.com
Jun 14, 2013 · 8:50 PM
i have figured out what causes the bad smell and taste – the presence of egg whites with lemon. I realized this when I got the same flavor and smell when I made royal icing with some lemon juice in it. I went back and looked at the recipes I'd tried in the past, and they use whole eggs.
· Sarah · citrusspicebakery.blogspot.com
Jun 18, 2013 · 9:14 AM
Sarah, I have loved your play by play comments on the lemon curd. I was seriously waiting with baited breath to hear the final verdict. I am practically bouncing up and down that not only have you figured out the part of lemon curd you don't like (the egg whites! who knew?!), but that my recipe suits your tastes too. I'm so happy you decided to give it a shot, despite your bad experiences with lemon curd in the past. xo!
Hi Heather, thanks for stopping by! I've got this curd on the menu right now (as a mousse, lightened with whipped cream), but with blueberries. Raspberries would be so pretty, if we had them right now! Hope you make a batch sometime.
Jun 21, 2013 · 5:54 PM
I made the curd into lemon blueberry cupcakes, which I posted on your facebook page. I also just finished a cake where I swapped out the lemon for lime, for a friend's son's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle cake!
· Sarah · citrusspicebakery.com
Jun 23, 2013 · 10:12 PM
This is a terrific post! Thank you for sharing. Have you ever tried to do this with fresh squeezed oranges or key limes?
I bet a key lime version would make a stellar filling for my no-fail macarons!
· Christopher W · christophercooks.blogspot.com
Jun 26, 2013 · 12:16 AM
@Sarah, a TMNT birthday cake? Radical, dude.
@Christopher, It tastes a little odd with orange juice (the oranges just don't have enough pucker), but limes make a fabulous version! I'm not wild about curd as a macaron filling, unless they're made ala minute, since the curd has a high enough moisture content that it will begin to dissolve the shells if stored together.
Jul 01, 2013 · 8:07 PM
Hi Stella,
I love this recipe…yummy tangy!! other than the moouse what can I use the curd with? I made a batch of lemon/orange and you're absolutely right (surprise!) not a good filling for mac's…too runny and squishes out the sides. Plus, I'm still working out the hollow mac situation…3 batches in and still flat and hollow. Try number 4, coming up!!
Jul 02, 2013 · 7:32 AM
Aw, hey kreative1. Yeah, lemon curd and macarons aren't the best of friends. Over time, it will also totally dissolve them, the moisture/acidity levels are so high. You can add an equal weight of cream and then churn it up like ice cream, or use it as a filling for tarts or cake. I like it served as a "sauce" with Angel Food Cake and fresh fruit too.
Jul 07, 2013 · 1:30 PM
Hi PJ! You know, I don't have a recipe that I'm in love with, but (speaking of the book and thanks for asking!), it's one I hope to include. I've got about two months left to go, it's really starting to feel like crunch time.
Aug 02, 2013 · 9:39 AM
Love this idea! I've never thought of making curd without at least butter (definitely could skip corn starch). It sounds so fresh! Definitely need to try this as I love to make curd.
· Laura (Blogging Over Thyme) · www.bloggingoverthyme.com
Aug 03, 2013 · 12:01 PM
Hey Laura! If you give it a shot you'll have to let me know what you think. It definitely has a very bright, clean flavor. I think you'll like it!
Aug 03, 2013 · 7:50 PM
Whooo, that is tart! I used freshly squeezed juice but still wound up with a slightly metallic aftertaste, so I guess it was my pan. I plan to use it for a filling in a cake, so I am thinking of mellowing it out with the cheater's mousse suggestion. Thanks for the recipe!
Aug 07, 2013 · 1:11 PM
Hey Asha! Thanks for your comment, I updated the recipe to include a bit about using a non-reactive pot; the acidity of the lemon will definitely disagree with aluminum and some other types of metal. The type of metal used in the mesh strainer can make a difference too. Hope the "mellowed" version suits you!
Aug 08, 2013 · 6:49 PM
Hi, Stella. Thanks for responding on facebook about the ice cream ratio. Here is the picture I took of my lime curd ice cream. The only difference was I couldn't use the zest because the limes aren't even close to organic.
Aug 09, 2013 · 10:44 AM
Hi Danna! Thanks so much for sharing the link, it looks like it turned out fabulous even without the ice cream machine. I'm afraid I don't have any good ideas for using up egg whites without some mega whipping action, though. Good luck!
Oct 27, 2013 · 11:26 PM
Hi Stella…My lemon tree is full of lemons and I am wondering if you have ever tried freezing lemon curd? Plan to mix some up with cream and make popsicles….last year I froze lemon juice in ice trays….Lots of BIG lemons to deal with…glad your book is nearly finished…did you find an Italian Cream Cake Recipe to share???
Oct 28, 2013 · 10:45 PM
Hi pj! Wow, I'm so jealous of your lemon tree. It sounds pretty magical to me, but I'm a Kentucky girl and have never even seen a lemon tree in person. Freezing lemon curd depends on the recipe. You won't have any trouble freezing mine, I don't think, because it doesn't have any cornstarch or thickening agents which might break down with freezing.
I've finished writing the book, but am not sure when it will officially be done, we still have to do editing and photography, which is mysterious to me. But there will be an Italian cream cake recipe!
Oct 29, 2013 · 11:49 AM
Oh wow, what a great coincidence! Well, dash me an email if you ever decide to make the trek. I'm not at 310 anymore, but I'll certainly be baking something somewhere! Haha.
Oct 29, 2013 · 1:30 PM
Hi stella, just wanted to say i made your lemon curd a little while ago and it is the most amazing curd i have ever tasted. Never really liked curd before as i always felt it left an awful after taste but yours is so tart and creamy its lovely. Thanks for a fantastic recipe love courtney x x x
Oct 30, 2013 · 12:26 PM
Have you ever tried making the lemon curd in a Vita Mix? I just did a recipe with butter and it worked very nicely with no scorched pans to wash…I am going to try your recipe and see how it comes out…I am banking on temperature….I just let the Vita Mix run till it gets things hot enough…
Oct 30, 2013 · 1:15 PM
I just made the lemon curd in the Vita Mix and it worked GREAT…I made sure the temperature got to 185 and as it cools it is getting thicker….The color is a little lighter than the photo you have and it could be the air incorporated but it has the same great taste and no scorched pan…Now I am trying to figure out which has less calories…a stick of butter in the old recipe or 14 egg yolks…One thing about this recipe…it does not leave the butter coating as an after taste…Which I think I really like…
Oct 30, 2013 · 5:08 PM
Hi Courtney! I just saw your other comment, so I'm at least glad the curd turned out nicely for you. Especially knowing you're in the UK, which seems to have a reputation for lots and lots of curd. Thanks for the kind words!
Oct 30, 2013 · 5:10 PM
Hi PJ! I've never used a Vita Mix, but I'm so glad you had success, and thank you so much for leaving notes on how you accomplished it! I'm sure for those with a Vita Mix that will be very helpful info. Lemon curd is pretty darn rich, but really, you don't ever eat much of it at once. Just a smear here or there, right?
Nov 05, 2013 · 10:10 AM
Hi diaint! I'm so glad you liked the curd, and thanks so much for leaving some info on the rhubarb version, that is great to know!! It also sounds suuuper tasty.
Nov 09, 2013 · 2:12 PM
Hi Stella! I just discovered your blog, and I can't wait to discover what other little goodies you have hidden away on here. I ADORE lemon curd, and I am eager to try your recipe, especially because I will have lots of egg yolks handy soon — I will be making 17 gingerbread houses for my sons' elementary school to decorate! Yes, I am an unintentional masochist, but I also spent over a decade as a professional baker myself, so I'm very sure you understand. My question to you (finally!) is: have you ever canned lemon curd? I would love to make a big batch of it, then dole it out into pretty little jelly jars to give as gifts, but I have never done much canning myself. I can't imagine that the extra heat from canning would do any harm, especially if done immediately after cooking the curd. Any thoughts? Oh, and my favorite method is to spread a little lemon curd onto pancakes! Nom nom nom! (And can I just say that I think it is AWESOME that this whole thread about lemon curd, of all things, is so long? I love it!)
Nov 11, 2013 · 12:27 AM
Hi Jen! I am not much of a canning expert, but I will check with a dear friend of mine who is writing a book on canning. My first instinct is that it will not work, since canning requires such a precise balance of ingredients and this is relatively random, but I will find out for sure and let you know.
Good look with all those gingerbread houses, I have been there done that, haha. Happy baking!
Nov 11, 2013 · 2:03 PM
Just initiated my new Kitchenaid mixer with lemon curd…it is whirring away now!….working up courage to use all those egg whites this afternoon in macaroons….they were the original point, but I got sidetracked…have tested oven…read all your many excellent blogs and about to plunge ahead. Love your blog, of course! Looking forward (as a fellow English major) to your cookbook!
Nov 11, 2013 · 5:08 PM
Hi Jane! Ooh, this time of year nothing brightens things up like a bit of lemon curd. Good choice! Hope you enjoy making the macarons, don't sweat it and simply enjoy the process. If they happen to crack, they'll still be just as delicious!
Dec 27, 2013 · 9:44 PM
I made this lemon curd with a combination of Meyer lemons and regular lemons. I liked how bright and zippy it was, but my brother thought it was too sour. I want to experiment with blood oranges next. Would they be strong enough to make this curd recipe? Do you recommend a certain variety of blood orange?
Dec 30, 2013 · 1:08 PM
Hi Tricia! Sorry for puckering your brother's face, haha. I have not enjoyed this recipe with 100% orange juice, it's not tart enough to overpower the richness of the yolks so it winds up tasting really strange to me. But I think you could try a half-and-half blend of lemon and orange to tame the tartness. I like moro oranges, but use what you've got. More than anything it depends on what your store carries and which ones have a tight skin and good fragrance.
Jan 17, 2014 · 2:12 PM
Hi Daphne! I wish it could be canned, but my understanding is that it won't work for this particular recipe. To be safe, the lemon curd has to be formulated a specific way for canning, and unfortunately I don't know enough about that particular area of expertise to reformulate it accordingly.


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Hubris: "For all the other stuff, just toss down your medikit and climbing gear…"
And all this time I thought it meant "Grab a Fish".
@Plods with Beer ( did I mention beer? )
"Diem" is "day". So you should have been thinking "Fish day", dude.
No, Hubris, you remove the graphic from your board by sliding it repeatedly along the coping at the top of the ramp.
See "Bones Brigade: An Autobiography" -
He needs a new brain (with more common sense cells).
Paraphrased quotes from 'Roxanne' :
Steve Martin- "You know what Carpe Diem is?"
Other actor- "Fish? Fish bait?" -
And the day said "Not today!"
Hmmm…Carpe Diem, fish today or fish of the day?
No. No. No new motto. Be that Ant! Tackle that rubber tree! …. In other words, tie a stick on your leg where you broke the leg and try again until you get it right.
How else am I to live vicariousy through a comic skateboarder with no sense. - Refresh Comments.
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