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Breadbox concert
WILLIMANTIC- The next 2013 Breadbox Concert will feature folk/rock duo Aztec Two Step performing on Saturday, April 13, at 7:30 p.m. at St. Paul's Episcopal Church, 220 Valley Street, Willimantic....Scholarship available
COVENTRY- The Coventry Scholarship Foundation, Dollars for Scholars, an affiliate of Scholarship America, announces that scholarship applications are now available online at the coventry.dollarsforsch...Library Snapshot Day
SO. WINDHAM- The Guilford Smith Memorial Library will feature Library Snapshot Day on Tuesday, April 16....Dollars for Scholars
WINDHAM- Dollars for Scholars scholarship applications are available at Windham and Windham Tech High School Guidance offices and are due April 26....Come for breakfast
NO. GROSVENORDALE- The American Legion Post 67, Route 200 in No....Beautification month
THOMPSON- Thompson's 11th annual Beautification and Clean-Up Month is April. All month long, residents are encouraged to take a walk, and fill a bag!...Pancake breakfast
CANTERBURY- The Finnish American Heritage Society will hold a pancake breakfast on Sunday, April 14 from 8 to 11 a.m. at the Finnish Hall, Route 169 in Canterbury....Fishing program
CANTERBURY- The Department of Energy and Environmental Protection's (DEEP), Connecticut Aquatic Resources Education (CARE) program, is coming to Canterbury. The classroom portion of the program wi...Preschool screening day
GRISWOLD- Children in the town of Griswold who will be 3 years old before Sept....Kindergarten registration
GRISWOLD- It is time to register your child for the 2013 – 2014 school year. Your child must be five years old on or before Jan....Ham and bean dinner
GRISWOLD- A ham and bean dinner will be served at the Bethel Community United Methodist Church, 1 Rixtown Road, Griswold, on Saturday, April 13, from 4:30 to 7 p.m....Music at the library
SALEM- On Saturday, April 13 at 2:30 p.m., the janus trio will play at the Salem Free Public Library, 264 Hartford Road (Route 85). The program is free....Food safety class
COLCHESTER- Whether preparing food for their own family or a community gathering, people who are great cooks at home don't necessarily know how to safely prepare and store foods....Bluegrass concert
COLCHESTER- A Bluegrass music concert featuring two great bands, Grass Routes and Eight Mile River Band, will be held on Saturday, April 13, at St....Teddy bear sleep-over
SO. WINDHAM- The Guilford Smith Memorial Library will host a teddy bear sleepover and breakfast on Friday April 12 to Saturday, April 13. Join in on Friday, April 12 at 5 p.m....Summer theater classes
WILLIMANTIC- EASTCONN's Capitol Theater Arts Academy (CTAA) is now accepting student registrations for three different summer programs, which include a five-week Summer Musical Theater Program for you...Spring fling
WILLIMANTIC- The Windham Area Interfaith Ministry (WAIM) is holding its annual Spring Fling at the Franco American Club, 116 Club Road, North Windham on Saturday, May 18....Poetry celebration
WILLIMANTIC — Quinebaug Valley Community College will hold its 6th annual Julius Sokenu Poetry Prize Celebration at 6:30 p.m. on Thursday, April 11, at the Capitol Theater in downtown Willimantic....Pasta dinner
STORRS- The Storrs Regional FFA Alumni & Boosters is holding its 5th annual pasta dinner fundrasier on April 6 at 5 p.m....March for a cause
WILLIMANTIC- Eastern Connecticut State University's Women's Center is coordinating a one-mile march to address issues of gender violence at 11 a.m....Comedy on stage
WILLIMANTIC- The Windham Theatre Guild welcomes in Spring with an award-winning comedy, "Educating Rita" by Willy Russell, opening Friday, April 5 at the Burton Leavitt Theater. The play has t...Bottle drive
STORRS- E.O. Smith Safe Graduation will hold a bottle drive April 6 from 9 a.m. to noon at E.O. Smith High School 1235 Storrs Road Storrs in front of the school....Book sale
MANSFIELD- The Friends of the Mansfield Library will hold its spring book sale on Saturday, April 6 from 9 a.m.-4 p.m. and Sunday, April 7, from 9 a.m.-3 p.m....Vernal pool study
POMFRET- The Connecticut State Museum of Natural History, part of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at UConn, will hold a vernal pool activity on Saturday, April 13, 10 a.m to. noon....Outdoor vacation fun
POMFRET CENTER- April Vacation Camp will be offered Monday April 15 through Friday April 19, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the CT Audubon Center in Pomfret Center....


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It's almost 40 years since Don played the Troubadour in Los Angeles… and far too long since the Magic Band have played in the US. AtRead More
Gary Lucas brings his Captain Beefheart Symposium to Mexico City on Sunday 1 December 2013 It takes place in the big public park at the CasaRead More
Gary Lucas will present a live show at Southbank Centre, London on Thursday 14 November at 7.45pm encompassing his collaborations with Jeff Buckley, Lou Reed and Captain Beefheart.Read More
A new Magic Band website announces a new Magic Band tour. The new site provides us with a suitably Magic web presence; my favourite bit beingRead More
The Magic Band have been added to the line-up of the All Tomorrow's Parties 'End Of An Era Part 2′ festival curated by ATP and Loop.Read More
The World of Captain Beefheart is a special concert featuring Gary Lucas with the 60 piece Metropole Orchestra performing symphonic Beefheart. Date: Sunday 17th February 2013 Venue:Read More
Updated: 26 Jan 2013 Woo hoo! Yes, prepare to be booglarized again … the guys are back in the UK for another tour. So far theRead More
The Knitting Factory in Brooklyn hosts a Beefheart night on Monday 29 October. Featuring Gary Lucas and Philip Johnson's Fast N Bulbous and also Beefheart tributeRead More
An interview with John French has just turned up on the LA Beat website. It seems to have been done earlier on this year but it'sRead More
We've had an email from Magic Band guitarist Eric Klerks with details about up-coming live dates, mostly Europe but also one at ATP New York. September:Read More
The Magic Band will be back in the UK in March (for a mini tour), in Japan in April and New Jersey in September, playing atRead More
John French has kindly sent along his account of the Magic Band's recent UK tour. The Magic Band's "mini-tour" went well. We stayed in Basingstoke, EnglandRead More
The Magic Band played at The Scala in London on Wednesday night and blew its stacks, as has come to be the norm at their amazingRead More
In addition to the Beefheart Symposia scheduled in Sweden and Copenhagen later this month, Gary Lucas brings his celebration of all things Beefheart to Liverpool, UKRead More
The Magic Band are booked to play the famous Thekla in Bristol on 4 December. Update: This is in fact a replacement show due to theRead More
The Radar Station is sad to hear of the passing of Gary Jaye in Roxboro, North Carolina. Our thoughts are with his family and friends GaryRead More
Gary Lucas brings his celebration of Don's life to Montreal, Canada as part of the Pop Montreal International Music Festival. It starts at midnight on 24Read More
Some great news just in from Sundazed Records (thanks to Andy Bean for passing it on): *LIVE RECORDING OF THE LEGENDARY AND INNOVATIVE MAGIC BAND'S 2005Read More
John French has just confirmed these dates for a Magic Band tour at the end of the year: Wednesday 30 November – The Scala, London FridayRead More
If you don't get the chance to visit the exhibition – INK – of Victor Hayden (aka The Mascara Snake) artworks at the East Austin ArtRead More

subset: commoncrawl


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Put Him In Coach Pop!
By Robby Lim
With Tony Parker and Tim Duncan currently out of the lineup due to injuries, Spurs fans have seen changes with the Spurs' starting line up and overall player rotation. In the Raptors and Mavericks games, we saw George Hill start at point guard spot, Keith Bogans start over Matt Bonner and Antonio McDyess and DeJuan Blair get more playing time.
Basically the Spurs need all the help they can get. Knowing this, shouldn't this be a good time to bring in another player into the rotation? Namely Malik Hairston.
Now we all know Pop likes to play the veterans much more than younger players and the chances of Hairston getting minutes are small especially playing behind guys like Finley, and Bogans. But he can provide an added "punch" to this team. He brings hustle and defense to the team. We've seen this from him in past games for the Spurs last year, in the 2009 NBA Vegas Summer League and in the 2009 preseason.
In his first three preseason games, Hairston showed his offensive productivity averaging 6.3 points, 3.7 rebounds and 2.3 assists in just 16 minutes of playing time. Last year in 15 games he played for the Spurs, he averaged 3.3 points and 1.9 rebounds while shooting 49% from the field while playing 10 minutes per ball game.
"Malik's doing a fine job," Popovich said. "He's obviously concentrating on playing good defense; doing good work in that area. That's an emphasis for everybody, all the young kids. You need to get that part of the program down first, and he's definitely doing that."
It's important to note that during this preseason, the Spurs thought of not filling the final spot. But Hairston did make the cut and Coach Popovich played him in crucial late game situations. That speaks volumes. It shows Pop has confidence in him.
In addition, Roger Mason is currently struggling and contributing little to the team. In seven regular season games, Mason is only shooting 28.3% from the field and is woeful beyond the arc at 22.2%. Why not give Hairston a shot to perform and prove himself. Sit Mason and give this young fella some time on the floor. Let's take it a step more. Why not rest Michael Finley and play Hairston. Finley is a liability on defense and when his shot isn't falling, he pretty much is not going to contribute anything to the Spurs.
Adding him into the mix can be a good thing. He has proven he can step up in regular season games when he had an impressive game last year against the Denver Nuggets when he scored 12 points, grabbed 5 boards and added 1 block and a steal on 6-of-8 shooting in 20 minutes of action.
Defensively, Hairston has length to disrupt an opposing team's offensive flow and can play on-ball defense. He's deceptively quick for his size and has excellent timing and strength. Plus, with the Spurs defense not clicking at times (see the Raptors game) a guy like Hairston would come in handy. I'm not saying he is our defensive stopper but give him the minutes and he might develop into one.
In other words given the minutes, this guy can contribute. Hairston has all the tools to be a solid contributor on the offensive side and the defensive side of the court.
What do you guys think? Should Pop give Hairston some time on the court? Who would you bench for Hairston? Please leave us your comments and thoughts.
What do you guys think? Should Pop give Hairston some time on the court? Who would you bench for Hairston? Please leave us your comments and thoughts.


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JFK Website (0)
Digital Archives (1)
Title: 1963: Q
This folder consists of correspondence between the office of President John F. Kennedy's secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, and individuals and organizations both known and unknown to the President. Materials are mainly expressions of and responses to public opinion. Of note are two issues of Practical Politics dated 1912 and 1913.
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Christchurch People has all the Letting Agencies in Christchurch listed, many with reviews and star ratings; select one of the local Letting Agencies from the list below for the widest range of lettings available in Christchurch - be sure to return to Christchurch People and leave a review.
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Welcome to Martin & Co Bournemouth Martin & Co Bournemouth can be found in the heart of the town and is one of Martin & Co's non-franchised Letting Agents. With an extensive 25 years of experience in the Lettings market we are on hand to...
182 Old Christchurch Road


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Comic-Con 2011 news and predictions leading up to the big show.
These dicks in charge prove there's more than one meaning to the phrase The Peter Principle.
Calling HR
ABC is bringing sexy back with a sexy, sassy trailer for the sexy Charlie's Angels reboot, complete with sex.
Sex Me Up!Former Off the Map star lands a new gig as baby Harrison's nanny, but don't ask what happened to the old one.
Blood Is In The AirV, No Ordinary Family, Law & Order, The Event and Outsourced all feel the sharp axe of cancellation.
We got to talk to Gene Simmons about his appearance on Castle, and what the future may hold for his television work.
KISS-ing CastleDoes the Game of Thrones star has a clouded future in Westeros?
Enter At Your Own Risk!The superhero drama's Powell matriarch follows Michael Chiklis' lead in joining a new CBS pilot.
Titus Welliver to smoke out the undead in The CW's new zombie pilot Awakening.
The former LOST and Terriers stars will belt their frustrations in the latest TV hit-maker.
Something wicked this way comes from a pair of Battlestar Galactica alum.
Frak Me


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Cleaning 10-12
My husband is coming home from a trip today so I need to have things at least slightly picked up. LOL!
I have laundry, clean rooms, clean kitchen, clean livingroom, dishes, vaccuum, dust, organizing to do, think I might even wash windows/window sils.
Good morning, we slept in day, ds has no school, it is staff development today. I want to get out for a bit today since the weather is so much cooler, it poured, thundered and lightning last night again, it was great! Today I need to change bedding and wash, go through the magazines, sweep kitchen and family room, wipe down bathrooms, sweep up the patio after it drys up. I'm sure there is more I'll add it later.


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- Home /
- Discover Worcester /
- Academic departments /
- Institute of Health and Society /
- Meet our experts /
- Dr Brian Nyatanga
Dr Brian Nyatanga
Senior Lecturer, Applied Professional Studies
Institute of Health & Society
Teaching & Research
Specialist Teaching Areas
Palliative and End of Life Care
Research Methods - (undergraduate to postgraduate levels)
Advanced Communication Skills using actors
NHS leadership qualities framework
Specialist Research Areas
Death anxiety and burnout among palliative care nurses
Psycho-social aspects of death and dying
Cultural competence
Congress Presentation
Nyatanga, B. (2011) Relationship between caring, death anxiety and burnout among palliative care nurses. 12th EAPC Congress. Lisbon
Research Interests
Death anxiety and burnout among palliative care nurses (undertaking at present)
Professional Interests
Palliative End of Life Care, death anxiety, psychology of death and dying, research methods
Professional Bodies
2012: Nyatanga, B. Is there room at the Inn: palliative care for homeless people. BJCN. Vol 17(10), October 2012
2012: Nyatanga, B. Are GPs ready to talk about death and dying? BJCN. Vol 17(9). September 2012
2012: Nyatanga, B. Communicating with dying patients: a time to listen more than talk. BJCN. Vol. 17(8) August 2012
2012: Nyatanga, B. In search of alternative ways of dying. Editorial. IJPN Vol. 18(7). July 2012
2012: Nyatanga, B. Inside the mind of a relative at the end of life. BJCN. 17(7). 28th June 2012
2012: Nyatanga, B. Making a difference through QELCA: engaging community nurses in caring. BJCN Vol. 17, Iss. 6, 31 May 2012, pp 285
2012: Nyatanga, B. From bowel habits to sexuality: the taboos of caring in palliative care. BJCN Vol. 17, Iss. 5, 04 May
2012, pp 210 - 21
2012: Nyatanga, B. Caring about Culture (Editorial). BJCN. 17(4) March 2012.
2012: Nyatanga, B. Looking after everyone else except yourself: the double edged sword of caring. BJCN 17(2): 109 February 2012
2012: Idigbe, I.E., Nyatanga, B. Nicol, J. Touching Lives: Making a difference through match making in an HIV clinic. IJPN 18(2): 56-60. February 2012
2012: Nyatanga, B. Enabling patients to die at home: hidden tensions and barriers. Comment. BJCN 17(1) January 2012
2011: Nyatanga, B. Death and Dying. In Birchenall and Adams, N. (eds). The Nursing Companion. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan
2011: Nyatanga, B. In pursuit of cultural competence: service accessibility and acceptability. International Journal of palliative Nursing. 17(5) p212- 215
2011: Nyatanga, B. Reaching out: doing good in the name of palliative care. IJPN (editorial) 17(6)
2010: Nyatanga, B. Survivorship: Living with and beyond cancer. IJPN, editorial. 16(2)
2010: Nyatanga, B. Talking openly about death. IJPN, editorial. 16(6) Nyatanga, L.,
2009: Nyatanga, B. Are your shoe laces shortening? Editorial. IJPN 15(2)
2009: Nyatanga, B. A passage to Switzerland. Editorial IJPN 15(7)
2009: Nyatanga, B. When last offices are more than a white sheet. Comment. British Journal of Nursing 18(17)
2008: Why is it so difficult to die? 2nd edition
2008; Intuition in clinical decision-making: a psychological penumbra IJPN 14(10) 492-496 2008: Costello, J. Nyatanga, B. Mula, C. Hull, J. The benefits and drawbacks of syringe drivers in palliative care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing 14(3) 139-144
2008: Nyatanga, B. de Vocht, H.M. Intuition in clinical decision making; A psychological penumbra. IJPN 14(10) 492- 496 2008: Nyatanga, B. Cultural competence; a noble idea in a changing world. Editorial. International journal of palliative nursing. 14(7)
2007: Health Professionals opposition to euthanasia and assisted suicide: a personal view. IJPN 13(7) 351-355
2006: Towards a definition of death anxiety. IJPN 12 (9) 410-413
2005: Is fear of death itself a rational preoccupation? IJPN 11(12) 643- 645
External Responsibilities
External examiner for Dundee University - masters degree in Palliative care


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8 of the Biggest Olympic Scandals
The Olympics aren't older than dirt, but they are pretty old, having started in ancient Greece in the 8th century BC. Almost as old? Controversy at the Olympic Games. For an international happening with the name "Games" in the title, you might be surprised at just how many scandals occur during the events. Unless, of course, you actually watch the Olympic Games every two years. Then you already know the scandals are almost as ubiquitous as the medals. Here are 8 of the biggest Olympic scandals since the early 20th century.
Runner loses medal after ... not running
1. Runner loses medal after . . . not running
The 1904 Summer Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, were notable initially because they were supposed to take place in Chicago and because tensions in the Russo-Japanese War kept some top competitors from traveling to the United States. But the booby prize news items of the Games went to Fred Lorz, who quit running the marathon nine miles into it and caught a ride with his manager, until which time the car broke down 11 miles later. So Lorz walked the rest of the race to the Olympic stadium and crossed the finish line a winner. Unfortunately for him, too many eyewitnesses saw he didn't run the race, forcing him to 'fess up, although he claimed it was a practical joke.
Guns and alcohol don't mix
2. Guns and alcohol don't mix, especially at the Olympics
Swedish pentathlete Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall and his teammates were the proud recipients of bronze medals at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, but their pride was short-lived. Liljenwall got hit with dirty drug test results and he copped to drinking two beers before the pistol shooting portion of the event. As a result, eventually the Swedish team had to give back their medals.
Related: 10 baby names for future Olympians
Sisters who might have been brothers
3. The sisters who just might have been brothers
Not all women athletes are lightweight and dainty (see: Coach Beiste from Glee), but some might just not be women at all. Irina and Tamara Press of Russia were awarded five gold and one silver medal in track and field between the 1960 games in Rome and the 1964 games in Tokyo. There was buzz that their large, manly figures were strong indications they were, in fact, men. When they were actually accused of playing for the wrong team - literally - they retired from sports.
Pay no attention to the heaters on the sled
4. Pay no attention to the heaters on the sled
Ortun Enderlein was an East German luger who won the gold medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. She didn't fare so well four years later at the Games in Grenoble, France; she was disqualified along with her teammates after it was discovered they were using illegally heated runners to help guide the luge on the ice track. She was forced to give up her gold medal and silver medals to a West German athlete.
Is Utah really that bad?
5. Is Utah really that bad?
Surely Utah is just a good a location for the Olympics as any other state or country. But it appears as if the International Olympic Committee really needed some convincing to step foot in Salt Lake City. Some of the voting members took large cash bribes in return for naming Utah's capital as the host for the 2002 Winter Olympics, which resulted in the dismissal of 12 members of the committee. Utah still won out in the end, but really just because it was too late at the time of the discovery to switch venues.
Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan and the Clubbing Seen 'Round the World
6. Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan and the Clubbing Seen 'Round the World
U.S. figure skater Nancy Kerrigan had her eye on the gold prize in 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics. But seven weeks before she got there, she was attacked with a police baton to her right knee by an associate of her main rival, Tonya Harding. Kerrigan's injury forced her to withdraw from the U.S. Figure Skating Championships, although even her competitors didn't argue that she earned a spot on the Olympic team. She went on to win a silver medal in Norway, while Harding - who had asked her ex-husband to arrange for the attack on Kerrigan - came in a paltry eighth after mumbling about and then stumbling because of a broken skate lace.
Related: 8 ideas for hosting an Olympics party your friends will never forget
U-S-A! U-S-A! U-S-…No Way!
7. U-S-A! U-S-A! U-S-…No Way!
The gold medal was within reach of the USA men's basketball team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. As in, they were thisclose to winning against the Soviet Union. There were just three seconds left on the clock with the USA leading by a point when the Soviet assistant coach called a timeout. Chaos ensued - the Soviets tried to run a play for the win, but missed and Team USA started celebrating. That is, until it was announced the game clock wasn't properly reset so the Soviets go another do-over, at which time they scored and won. Team USA refused to collect their silver medals, which still live in a vault in Switzerland.
Fancy lighting does not make for effective fencing
8. Fancy lighting does not make for effective fencing
The British pentathlon team thought something was up at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, when Boris Onischenko, a member of the Soviet Union's pentathlon team, appeared to be scoring by not actually scoring. That is, the light that went off whenever his épée made contact with his opponent was going off even when he wasn't making any contact. As it turns out, upon closer examination of Onischenkio's sword, it was revealed had illegally modified it to trigger the light at will. He went on to win the bout handily using a non-trick sword, but he was later disqualified from the competition anyway.
- By Meredith Carroll
Follow Meredith on Babble
For 2 more of the biggest scandals in Olympic history visit Babble!
The 12 most patriotic sports in America
11 bizarre, discontinued Olympic sports you never knew about
Top 8 Olympic events to watch with your kids
20 things you need to know to be a good sports parent
7 healthy eating tips from Olympian Summer Sanders
Babble | Babble.com
Stay connected. Follow Babble on Facebook and Twitter.


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All Pakistan Muslim League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
All Pakistan Muslim League آل پاکستان مسلم لیگ |
Leader | Pervez Musharraf |
President | Pervez Musharraf |
Slogan | سب سے پہلے پاکستان |
Founded | 14 August 2010 Birmingham, United Kingdom |
Headquarters | Karachi, Pakistan |
Website | |
Official website | |
Party flag | |
Politics of Pakistan Political parties Elections |
All Pakistan Muslim League {Urdu: آل پاکستان مسلم لیگ) is a political party founded by Pervez Musharraf in 2010. It was announced in Birmingham, United Kingdom but is based in Karachi, Pakistan. The party was registered at the Election Commission under the name of Barrister Saif Ali Khan and Major General (R) Rashid Qureshi in all provinces of the country.
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan |
Constitution |
It was named after the historical political party of Muslims in India called All India Muslim League, which has been credited with gaining independence for Pakistan from British India.
APML has chapters in Switzerland, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, United States, Australia, Italy, Cuba, Japan and Canada.
External links[edit]
This article about a Pakistani political party or organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


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Katie Noonan
Katie Noonan
Emperor's Box
Original Release Date: 2010
Track Listing
1. Radar
2. Half in Water
3. Page One
4. Emperor's Box
5. Sweet One
6. Time
7. I Had a Drink Today
8. After the Rain
9. Never Know Your Luck
10. Golden
11. Space Between
12. Cotton Wool
13. Little Boys
Nick DiDia: Producer, Engineer, Mixing
Ross Fraser: Photography
James Greening: Trombone
Leon Zervos: Mastering
Andrew Cameron: Music Business Affairs
Sia: Vocals, Guest Appearance
Helena Rathbone: Violin
Alice Evans: Violin
Mark Ingwerson: Strings, Violin
Melissa Barnard: Strings, Cello
Declan Kelly: Percussion, Composer, Drums, Vocals (Background), Logs, Producer, Foot Stomping
Katie Noonan: Percussion, Piano, Autoharp, Composer, Keyboards, Vocals, Vocals (Background), Xylophone, Producer, Shaker, String Arrangements, Wurlitzer, Loop, Foot Stomping
Ilya Isakovich: Violin
Tom Tapley: Assistant Engineer
Matthew Ottignon: Sax (Tenor)
Maxime Bibeau: Bass
Joe Wolhmuth: Engineer
Richard Belkner: Demo Engineer
Steve Newcomb: Strings, Arranger, Composer, Horn
Phil Stack: Guitar (Bass), Guest Appearance
Josh Pyke: Composer, Vocals (Background), Guest Appearance
Stu Hunter: Bass, Composer, Keyboards, Organ (Hammond), Programming, Xylophone, Noise, Producer, Korg Synthesizer, Loops, Prophet Synthesizer, Loop, Foot Stomping, Demo Engineer
Julian Thompson: Cello
Satu V�nsk�: Violin
Josh Telford: Second Engineer
Sally Piper: A&R, Administration
Jordan Power: Second Engineer
Ganesh Singaram: Assistant
Nikki Divall: Viola
Stephen King: Strings, Viola
Spencer Hoad: Engineer
Jason Isaac: French Horn
Steven Morrison: Assistant Engineer
Heath Rowley: Assistant
Kishor Krishnamurthy: Assistant
Cameron Deyell: Guitar (Acoustic), Composer, Guitar (Electric), Ukulele, Producer, Foot Stomping, Toy Piano
Madeleine Boud: Strings, Violin
Nick Bowd: Sax (Alto), Sax (Baritone)


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This was the hardest Marathon I ever did. I was on pace for the first half, but the second half I dropped way down. The hills and the crowns of the roads wore my legs out. But I finished! The medal is one of the better ones, of course some people said I need to do it again. That way I would have two medals and could tell people it was the McDonald's Marathon. See with the two Arches. ;-)
Race day is race day and in St. Louis on October 21st, it can be snowing or it can be 80. In 2001 that meant 67 degrees at the start. Can race directors control the weather? The course is a wonderful piece of eye candy. The Anheuser-Busch Brewery, views of the Arch, St. Louis University, the Central West End, Forest Park, Washington University, Clayton and University City. The spectators were more plentiful and boisterous as compared to years past. They were encouraging, festive and cheerful to boot! Donut stands (free) helped keep them that way. As for the run, St. Louis is far from flat. Be ready for a few hills, especially St. Louis University hill at mile 24 ... theoretically, the race ends at the top; it is pretty much downhill the last 2+ miles. A PR course? Maybe if you are in great shape. I have done the marathon 6 times from 1983 to 2001 and this year was definitely the most enjoyable. Kudos to the Director and race staff!
No one who really tries wants to be criticized but that seemed to be the case in St. Louis. It was a very small run by number of entrants. There were TONS of relay teams which created a little confusion as well as frustration for full marathoners at each relay point when the fresh ones zoomed past you. Also, none of the streets along the route were closed. Consequently you also had cars zooming by sometimes. It also forces runners to use the uneven shoulder of the road. There were so few port-a-pots at the beginning that I was 6 minutes after the start. Thankfully they were using chips. The water stops were well run and there were plenty of them. What fans there were were great. Race officials did a good job of looking up numbers of passing runners and calling out their names. The hills were way under-rated. There are not steep hills but many long inclines with little recovery downhill. Overall organization was good but very few people in St. Louis even knew it was being run.
I ran this Marathon in 2001. The weather was hot. The course was fairly hilly particularly the last half. The post race was excellent. The pre race packet pickup and expo were not great. They were located in a museum not easily accessible by public transportation and not near the race start or finish. The aid stations were good and there was enough fluids for a hot day. The spectators were enthusiastic but limited in number.
The city was great and I enjoyed the sights. The marathon was well organized and well run. The fans were motivated and at the right points, there were great crowds (when I needed it most). I've run in both Pittsburgh and Cincinnati Flying Pig marathons and no matter what anyone says you had better take your hill training seriously. Hills are about a half-mile or longer, repeatedly. It literally has hills throughout and finishes the last half of mile to 26 on an uphill of course that is after the half-mile down hill which was of course after the quarter mile up hill to 25 which was after....you get it. However, when you sprint to the finish on the flat .2 it is glorious. The greater the challenge the greater the feeling of victory. Hey, I'm a marathoner!!!
I moved to STL last year, and decided to give the hometown race a try this year. Perfect size field for me; there were 1313 finishers this year. The organization of this event is first rate. The aid stations are plentiful and well-stocked with everything from band-aids to orange slices. One even had bagels! Note to organizers: Having an aid station every mile from 18 on is something I wish ALL marathons did! Keep it up! People were present all along the course cheering on the runners enthusiastically, and the volunteers worked hard and were just great. The course takes you past or through some of the highlights of this great city, like the Anheuser-Busch Brewery, Busch Stadium, Forest Park, etc. Very good course with a couple of long gradual uphills. I only complained really about the one near mile 24! One of the best post-race feeds I've had, and a very nice medal and colorfully fun long sleeved shirt rounded out this wonderful event. Run this one! Think I'm gushing over my success and the organizers are reaping the benefits of it? Here's some perspective:I made a few mistakes early that led to my worst ever marathon time! I still enjoyed the race thoroughly, and I'm glad to have such a quality marathon in my 'backyard'!
I decided to run St. Louis because I didn't want to put up with the crowds in Chicago. The course, support, and overall organization of the race was top-notch. I expected some 'hic-cups' in the event but I didn't see one. I hope to return in 2001 as well.
This was an excellent marathon. No waiting at porta-johns along the course. Water stations were adequate. There were more hills than I expected so if you're training for this, be sure to be ready for some hills. This was a smaller, more intimate marathon ( if a marathon can be intimate) than the only other one I've done, the 'Flying Pig' but I think it was just as well run. I plan to run it again in 2001.
This is my third time running this event. I've run it twice for 'fun' and this time to qualify for Boston, so I can say it really meets everyone's needs. If you want to chat while you run you will find lots of great company, but if you want to race the clock you can do that too: you won't be bumping into people, the organization is outstanding, and the spectator support is very good. The old course was definitely easier (fewer hills), but things must change. I've also run NY and SF: NY does have more music and bands on the route (but what a traffic jam); SF is beautiful (but seriously hilly). St. Louis pulls it all together.
This was my first trip to St. Louis and I wasn't disappointed. The course was challenging without being overly difficult. The loop course allowed me to see many beautiful parts of the city. St. Louis is a big city with a small-town charm. The volunteers, spectators and members of the St. Louis Track Club went out of their way to be friendly and gracious hosts! I would definitely run this marathon again!
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32800 Electric Blvd, Avon Lake, OH 44012
Bleser Park is the most frequently visited park in Avon Lake. With approximately 23 acres, it is the focal point for…More many activities; it has two baseball fields, two lighted basketball courts, a concession stand, an ice pond, two picnic pavilions, picnic tables, grills, a 12,000-square-foot playground, a municipal pool, restrooms, shuffleboard, four lighted tennis courts and two sand volleyball courts. The park is located on Electric Boulevard just west of Route 83. This park is also the location for the City of Avon Lake's annual Light Up the Park special event the first Saturday in December every year. Pavilions are available for private party rentals.
32649 Electric Blvd, Avon Lake, OH 44012
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Alex C. Ezeh, Gloria Chepngeno, Abdhalah Ziraba Kasiira, and Zewdu Woubalem
Urban growth in sub-Saharan Africa continues to be fueled by rural-urban migration, especially of youths and young adults under 30 years of age. For many African countries, this trend dates back to the early 1960s with the attainment of independence in some of the countries. Drawn largely by the expanding urban economies and social amenities in the 1960s and 1970s, which offered opportunities for cash or wage employment and trade, city-ward migration soon became associated with social and economic mobility (Anderson, 2001; Barber and Milne, 1988; Bigsten, 1996; Johnnie, 1988; Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1997). Residence in cities quickly became a status symbol for at least the rural residents in many parts of Africa, and this, among other reasons, has continued to propel this pattern of migration and rapid urbanization in the region.
Africa's rapid urbanization has occurred amidst stagnating economies and poor governance, which have created massive and abject poverty in overcrowded slum settlements across major cities in the region. Recent studies have highlighted huge inequities in social indicators and in health and reproductive health outcomes between the urban poor and other subgroups, including residents of rural areas, with the urban poor recording the worst outcomes (African Population and Health Research Center, 2002; Dodoo, Zulu, and Ezeh, forthcoming; Gulis, Mulumba, Juma, and Kakosova, 2003; Magadi, Zulu, and Brockerhoff, 2003; Zulu, Dodoo, and Ezeh, 2003). Despite the poor outcomes observed among the urban poor in sub-Saharan Africa, cities continue to attract a large influx of migrants from rural areas,
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OCR for page 189
The Situation of Older People in
Poor Urban Settings:
The Case of Nairobi, Kenya
Alex C. Ezeh, Gloria Chepngeno,
Abdhalah Ziraba Kasiira, and Zewdu Woubalem
Urban growth in sub-Saharan Africa continues to be fueled by rural-
urban migration, especially of youths and young adults under 30 years of
age. For many African countries, this trend dates back to the early 1960s
with the attainment of independence in some of the countries. Drawn largely
by the expanding urban economies and social amenities in the 1960s and
1970s, which offered opportunities for cash or wage employment and trade,
city-ward migration soon became associated with social and economic mo-
bility (Anderson, 2001; Barber and Milne, 1988; Bigsten, 1996; Johnnie,
1988; Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1997). Residence
in cities quickly became a status symbol for at least the rural residents in
many parts of Africa, and this, among other reasons, has continued to pro-
pel this pattern of migration and rapid urbanization in the region.
Africa's rapid urbanization has occurred amidst stagnating economies
and poor governance, which have created massive and abject poverty in
overcrowded slum settlements across major cities in the region. Recent stud-
ies have highlighted huge inequities in social indicators and in health and
reproductive health outcomes between the urban poor and other subgroups,
including residents of rural areas, with the urban poor recording the worst
outcomes (African Population and Health Research Center, 2002; Dodoo,
Zulu, and Ezeh, forthcoming; Gulis, Mulumba, Juma, and Kakosova, 2003;
Magadi, Zulu, and Brockerhoff, 2003; Zulu, Dodoo, and Ezeh, 2003). De-
spite the poor outcomes observed among the urban poor in sub-Saharan
Africa, cities continue to attract a large influx of migrants from rural areas,
OCR for page 189
causing urban growth to remain high across sub-Saharan Africa (Govern-
ment of Kenya, 2000; Oucho, 1998).
Migration to urban areas has generally been thought of as a temporary
phenomenon, with migrants maintaining strong ties with their rural origins
(Grant, 1995; Gugler, 1991; Trager, 1998). The assumption has also been
that they will return to their rural homes upon retirement. However, the
presence and the growing numbers of older people in urban areas call for a
better understanding of the context of aging in sub-Saharan Africa as well
as the situation of older people living in urban areas in the region. These
urban areas are characterized by worsening economic and social condi-
tions, especially in the sprawling, informal settlements of cities across sub-
Saharan Africa.
Even though sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest proportion of people
age 60 and older, at about 5 percent compared with 10 percent globally, the
region has one of the highest rates of growth for this age group, with pro-
jections reaching as high as 12 percent of the region's total population by
2050 (Population Reference Bureau, 2005; World Health Organization,
2002). Recent comparative analysis of Demographic and Health Survey
data conducted in the early to mid-1990s in 20 sub-Saharan African coun-
tries noted that, on average, people 60 years and over accounted for about
6 percent of the population, with the average for Southern African coun-
tries reaching 7 percent (Ayad and Otto, 1997). In Kenya, various estimates
put the proportion age 60 and over at about 4 percent (Thumbi, 2005). The
1999 Kenyan census puts the proportion 60 and over at 4.7 percent, signifi-
cantly lower compared with the 6.1 percent recorded in the 1989 census
(Republic of Kenya, 2001). These differences may result from age
misreporting in censuses and surveys, especially for older ages, since inter-
viewers generally rely on physical features to estimate age.
Little research has focused on older people in sub-Saharan Africa. The
limited work that has been done has focused mostly on rural areas, and
attention to older people living in urban areas is almost nonexistent. This
paper aims to reduce this dearth of knowledge by exploring the living ar-
rangements, economic activities, and health status of older people living in
two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.
The Study Setting
Nairobi typifies the current urban population boom and its associated
health and poverty problems, characteristic of many sub-Saharan African
cities. During the colonial era, restrictive settlement policies on migration to
the city maintained the growth within certain limits, with a population of
120,000 in 1948 (Muwonge, 1980). With the elimination of the "pass"
OCR for page 189
system, in which migrants were required to obtain a permit to reside in
Nairobi, and the relaxation of other migration rules following Kenya's in-
dependence in 1963, Nairobi's growth entered its second phase; its popula-
tion reached 350,000 in 1962 and 500,000 in 1971, with an estimated one-
third living in unauthorized housing (Muwonge, 1980). The 1999 Kenyan
Population Census enumerated the population of Nairobi at 2.3 million
(Republic of Kenya, 2001). With economic declines since the 1980s, 60 to
70 percent of the Nairobi population is currently estimated to be living in
informal settlements that occupy only 5 percent of the residential land area
of the city (Matrix Development Consultants, 1993; UN-Habitat, 2003).
This study covers 2 of the more than 40 informal settlements in Nairobi:
Viwandani and Korogocho. Although the two communities are similar in
many respects, they also have some key differences. Viwandani, which is
located very close to the city's industrial area, is home to many low-income
industrial workers, as reflected in the relatively high proportion of men of
working age (15-49). In line with its strategic location near the major source
of employment in the city (the industrial area), Viwandani attracts some-
what more educated residents than Korogocho. However, this means that
the population is also more transient, with residents on average having lived
there only six years, whereas Korogocho residents have spent an average of
11.5 years in the community. Also, while Viwandani has more than 53
percent of the total population of the two settlements, it has less than a
quarter of the population age 60 and over.
The two communities also share a number of features characteristic of
informal settlements in Nairobi. Most households live in one-room houses
that serve multiple purposes, including sleeping, sitting, and cooking and
eating. Over 95 percent of the households cook in the same room they use
for sleeping. Over 90 percent of the households do not have any organized
mechanism for garbage disposal, while fewer than 5 percent have their own
toilets. Similar patterns are observed for water supply: over 90 percent of
households depend on poor-quality water distributed by vendors or kiosks
for which they pay three or more times the tariff charged by the Nairobi
City Council to pipe water to middle or upper income households (African
Population and Health Research Center, 2002; Matrix Development Con-
sultants, 1993; UNICEF, 2002). The social, economic, and environmental
conditions prevailing in informal settlements provide a challenge to the well-
being of older people living in this setting, given their increased vulnerabil-
ity due to declining physical and health status and reduced economic pro-
ductivity. It is against this background that this paper seeks to explore the
living conditions of the elderly in the informal settlements in Nairobi.
OCR for page 189
Data and Methods
The quantitative data are drawn from the Nairobi Urban Health and
Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) that the African Population
and Health Research Centre set up in 2002. The NUHDSS covers a popula-
tion of about 60,000 living in about 23,000 households in the two informal
settlements. The NUHDSS involves visits to all the households once every
four months to continuously update information on pregnancies and preg-
nancy outcomes, migration, episodes of morbidity, health-seeking behav-
ior, mortality and causes of death, livelihood activities, vaccination cover-
age, marital status, and school attendance. Data on 791 persons age 60 and
older present at the end of the three waves of observation in 2003 are used
in this analysis.
Qualitative data are also used to examine the meanings attached to
being old by older people themselves and other residents of the communi-
ties under study and also to provide a snapshot of older people through the
use of case studies. The qualitative research involved focus group discus-
sions and in-depth interviews with older persons, as well as focus group
discussions with other members of the two communities. The focus group
data were collected to provide an overview of the communities' attitudes
and opinions toward older people and aging. They addressed a number of
issues relating to community perceptions and definitions of an older person,
roles older people play in the community and how these might vary be-
tween men and women, support networks available, and general problems
older people encounter in urban informal settlements. The focus group par-
ticipants were randomly selected and stratified according to age. In the in-
depth interviews, different categories of older people (those living alone,
those living only with children under age 15, those with physical disabilities
or chronic conditions, those who recently lost an adult child, etc.) were
purposively selected for interview. The interviews focused on obtaining case
histories of their lives and experiences, support networks, and reasons why
they continue to reside where they do. Although these qualitative data are
rich and deserve fuller exploration beyond the scope of this paper, we have
made only limited use of them, generally to underscore the results emerging
from the quantitative data and to highlight the lives of specific older people
in the form of case studies.
Who Are Regarded as Older People in Poor Urban Communities?
Although old age is defined differently by various cultures and societ-
ies, age 60 is widely used as the cutoff age to define older people. Chrono-
logical age, physical features, and social attributes are widely used as char-
acteristics that define old age. The concept of defining old age by
OCR for page 189
chronological age in sub-Saharan Africa has severely been criticized (Bledsoe
and Fatoumatta, 2002; HelpAge International, 2002; Kimuna and
Adamchak, 1999; United Nations, 1991). Social definitions that see old age
as both a process and a stage have been recommended instead, as this comes
much closer to local perceptions and notions regarding old age. The quali-
tative study explored the meanings attached to being old among the study
population. Analysis of the data shows clearly that being an older person is
perceived both as a process and a stage that a person enters after attaining a
certain age or reproductive and other life experiences.
Most of the discussants define an older person according to their physi-
cal characteristics, their marital or childbearing experiences, their dress, or
the sort of lifestyle they lead. In 15 of the 24 focus group discussions, physi-
cal attributes, such as having grey hair and wrinkles, using a walking stick,
or having a stooped back, were mentioned in defining an older person.
Reproductive experience, especially having grandchildren, and personal
character, especially manner of dressing, were also said to define an older
person. The degree of contribution to community-wide programs or the
ability to command respect in the community are other common descrip-
tions of older people, often made without much regard to chronological
age. These nonphysical notions of who an older person is were mentioned
in about two-thirds of the focus group discussions. For some discussants,
being an older person is equated with importance in men, the onset of meno-
pause for women, and loss of interest in sex for both sexes. Declining physi-
cal strength and health status and increased physical and financial depen-
dence and vulnerability were also mentioned as characterizing older people.
Apart from physical features and reproductive experiences, the roles
that older people play in their community, especially in arbitrating disputes
and providing guidance and local leadership, are also seen as their defining
characteristics. Older people were said to play an important role in the
community, for example in settling disputes both at the domestic or family
level and at the community level. In about 21 of the 24 focus groups, older
people were said to be nonpartisan when settling disputes because of their
wealth of experience and knowledge, hence their ability to give valuable
advice on various issues. They were also said to play a major role in security
matters in the community and to participate and provide leadership in com-
munity development initiatives, such as the construction of schools, bridges,
and toilets, the provision of water, and ensuring that the community is
clean. During calamities or disasters such as fires, older people are said to
play a lead role in mobilizing the community. The excerpts below provide
examples of the views on older people mentioned above.
You may identify an old person by looking at his age and especially for men
you may also see their grey hair. Women normally wear head scarves so you
OCR for page 189
may not see the hair. He may also use a walking stick, have impaired vision and
may occasionally need assistance from another person (women ages 15-24,
Res6: It means being unable to do things for themselves. There is no work you
can do. Even in employment you cannot work. It is like being a child. It is like
Res9: An older person is someone who is sickly, has no one to help them. They
wake up and stare through the window and pray to God and leave everything
to God. I am old and I have nothing. I have nobody to help me. I am sick and
I have nobody to give me water or to do anything for me. I am old.
Res6: Like me, the way I was last year is not the same this year. I am now
incapacitated. I feel I cannot walk. I have aches in the limbs and the back. I feel
my whole body paining now.
Res1: It is when your body is incapacitated. It does not concern money but
when you can no longer work or do things for yourself then you are old (women
age 60 and older, Korogocho).
Res6: An older person cannot walk and his life is almost over. You will shake
while walking. Others have no food and this food we are given by our children
while others go without food. That is one of the problems the older people face
because you are old and you cannot fend for yourself. When you are sick there
is nobody to give you health care. Perhaps you have children but they are poor
and they wander around because you never gave them proper upbringing due
to your poverty status (men age 60 and older, Viwandani).
Res3: They are involved in the administration of the community. Most of them
act as chairmen in the community leadership. They attend to community prob-
lems like fire outbreaks, shortage of water and village cleanliness, and so on
(men ages 25-49, Viwandani).
Those who use chronological age in defining older people often men-
tioned ages ranging from 35 to 65 and over as the cutoff. Specific ages were
given in 13 of the 24 focus groups. Each age group appears to consider
anyone in the age groups above theirs as an old person. Discussants in the
age group 15-24 were more likely to report age 35 or 40 as the cutoff age.
Those ages 25-49 were more likely to mention age 50 or 55 as the cutoff,
while most discussants ages 50-59 gave the cutoff as 65. It is interesting
that, except for those age 60 and older who feel incapacitated, people do
not regard themselves as older. It is unclear the extent to which the negative
images often used in describing older people in the slum communities con-
tribute to this view.
The defining characteristics ascribed to older people as noted above
OCR for page 189
suggest that being an older person is not only a function of having attained
a certain age, but also reflects certain physical attributes, reproductive ex-
periences, and roles performed in the community. This gives a different
perspective on who is an older person as seen through the eyes of members
of these communities. The different meanings attached to being an older
person call for caution in conducting studies that look at older people in
such settings. The discussion below, however, focuses on persons age 60
and above in line with the international definition of older persons.
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants
Table 6-1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of older people
resident in the two informal settlements. There is a variation in the sex
distribution across and within each slum community. There are generally
more men than women in the overall population, and this is also reflected
in the population age 60 and over. It may reflect historical migration pat-
terns in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, which are largely dominated by
male migration. As noted earlier, Viwandani tends to attract more men: 58
percent of the total male population in the two communities resides in
Viwandani (statistics not shown in table). A slightly larger proportion (57
percent) of the total population of the two slum communities also resides in
Viwandani. However, only 23 percent of the population age 60 and over
resides here. This can be attributed to the fact that Viwandani attracts a
more youthful population, who work in the adjoining industries. The im-
balance in the older population between Viwandani and Korogocho is also
reflected in the gender distribution. Whereas only 56 percent of the total
older population is male, this proportion rises to 74 percent in Viwandani,
whereas the proportion in Korogocho is the same as that of older women.
Almost one-third of the total population consists of people from the
Kikuyu ethnic group, and the proportion rises to more than one half (54
percent) among the population age 60 and older. Across the sexes, more
than two-thirds of older women in the two slum communities are Kikuyu
compared with only 43 percent of the older men. The overrepresentation of
Kikuyu older women in the two slum communities may reflect a combina-
tion of factors, including the fact that Nairobi is almost surrounded by
Central Province, which is largely dominated by the Kikuyu ethnic group. It
may also be the case that older women from other ethnic groups may be
more likely to return to their rural origins in old age or less likely to have
migrated to Nairobi in the past. With growing poverty, it is also possible
that poor women from Kikuyu-dominated districts surrounding Nairobi
may decide to move to Nairobi to beg or carry out petty business and there-
OCR for page 189
TABLE 6-1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Overall Population
and Older People Age 60 and Above, Nairobi Demographic Surveillance
System, 2003
Total Population Population 60+
Women Men Total Women Men Total
Ethnic Group
Kamba 20.2 27.2 24.2 8.9 15.4 12.5
Kikuyu 33.6 29.1 31.1 67.4 43.3 54.0
Luhya 13.9 13.2 13.5 2.9 10.9 7.3
Luo 18.3 16.1 17.1 2.6 8.6 5.9
Other 13.9 14.3 14.1 18.3 21.8 20.2
No education 9.8 5.1 7.1 69.1 38.2 51.9
Primary 67.7 59.8 63.1 30.0 55.6 44.3
Secondary+ 22.4 35.1 29.8 0.9 6.3 3.9
Marital Status
Currently married 51.4 57.7 55.2 20.1 76.5 50.8
Formerly married 13.4 4.4 8.1 75.5 21.5 46.1
Never married 35.2 37.9 36.8 4.5 2.0 3.1
Residing with Spouse
Yes 96.7 65.6 77.6 70.2 52.8 56.0
No 3.3 34.4 22.4 29.9 47.2 44.1
Number of Cases 23,021 30,525 53,546 350 441 791
Percent 43.0 57.0 44.2 55.8
SOURCE: African Population and Health Research Center (2002-2003).
fore more likely to reside in the slums. The large disparity between older
men and women from the Kikuyu ethnic group is not reflected in the overall
ethnic distribution of the total population in the two slum communities.
Kikuyu women account for only 34 percent of the total female population,
similar to Kikuyu men, who account for 29 percent of the total male popu-
lation. Across other ethnic groups, older men are more predominant than
women in both slum communities.
Slightly more than half of the older population have no education, and
less than 5 percent have attained secondary or higher education. The dis-
parity between the sexes in terms of level of education is very wide: more
than two-thirds of the older women have no formal education compared
with only 38 percent of the older men. Older men are almost eight times
more likely than older women to have secondary or higher education.
OCR for page 189
Korogocho Population 60+ Viwandani Population 60+
Women Men Total Women Men Total
6.3 7.6 6.9 25.0 32.9 30.8
67.9 45.7 56.8 64.6 38.0 44.9
3.0 10.9 6.9 2.1 11.0 8.7
3.0 10.9 6.9 0.0 3.7 2.7
19.9 25.0 22.4 8.3 14.6 13.0
69.6 42.3 55.9 66.0 28.8 38.6
29.7 51.7 40.8 31.9 64.4 55.9
0.7 6.0 3.4 2.1 6.8 5.6
18.6 71.2 44.8 29.6 90.2 73.1
77.9 26.7 52.4 59.1 8.0 22.4
3.5 2.1 2.8 11.4 1.8 4.5
77.8 64.2 67.1 38.5 29.3 30.4
22.2 35.8 33.0 61.5 70.7 69.6
302 304 606 48 137 185
49.8 50.2 25.9 74.1
Among older women, about one in five is currently married compared
with 77 percent of older men. An overwhelming majority of the women (76
percent) are formerly married, the majority of these being widowed, and 5
percent have never been married. For the older men, only 21 percent are
formerly married, reflecting the higher propensity of widowed and divorced
men to remarry, often to much younger women. Widowed or divorced older
women, in contrast, rarely remarry and may end up living alone or with
their children or other adult relatives.
Among the currently married, older women are more likely to reside
with their spouse than are men, and this is true of residents of Korogocho
more often than Viwandani. While almost two-thirds of the currently mar-
ried older men in Korogocho live with their wives, only 29 percent of those
living in Viwandani do so. Also, while more than three-quarters of cur-
rently married older women in Korogocho live with their spouses, fewer
OCR for page 189
than 40 percent of their counterparts in Viwandani do so. These patterns of
gender and slum location differentials in coresidence also exist in the gen-
eral population, with 96 to 98 percent of currently married women in the
two communities coresiding with their husbands compared with only 71
and 61 percent (not shown) of the currently married men in Viwandani and
Korogocho, respectively. One plausible explanation for these gender differ-
entials may be differences in reasons for rural-urban migration between
men and women: married men may migrate to the city in search of jobs,
leaving their families behind, while the women may migrate to join their
husbands in the city.
The sociodemographic profile of older people living in urban informal
settlements as described above may have implications for their well-being.
For example, older women who are largely uneducated and unmarried may
face more severe forms of poverty, isolation, and vulnerability than men,
and they may be more likely to be excluded from formal employment in the
past and social support systems in the present, such as the country's con-
tributory pension scheme. We use the case study of an in-depth interview
with an 82-year-old woman to highlight the vulnerability women face in
the urban informal settlements (Box 6-1).
Living Arrangements
The living arrangements of older people greatly affect their social, eco-
nomic, and health status and overall well-being. Older people who live alone
may lack the necessary social capital and networks to survive in urban in-
formal settlements. Table 6-2 shows the living arrangements of the study
group. Overall, 47 and 38 percent of older men and women, respectively,
live alone in one-person dwelling units in the two slum communities. In
both Korogocho and Viwandani, 7 and 10 percent of the older women,
respectively, live only with children under age 15 compared with about 1
percent of the men in each of the slum communities. This finding supports
earlier reports suggesting that older women, who may be more vulnerable
economically and socially, are often more likely to shoulder the burden of
caring for orphaned grandchildren or relatives (Ntozi and Zirimenya, 1999).
Among older people who reported being currently married, older men are
about 2.5 times more likely than older women to live with only a spouse or
with a spouse and children under age 15. The greater proportion of older
men living with a spouse may reflect the higher likelihood of widowed or
divorced men remarrying, often to much younger women, compared with
widowed or divorced women. Overall, close to one-half of older women
live with at least one other adult (other than the spouse) who is age 15 or
older compared with only a third of the men.
Across the two slum communities, there are substantial variations in
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Case Study 1: Female Living Alone, Viwandani
She is 82 years old and has been living alone for the past year after
her two adopted children were admitted to a boarding school, which also
serves as a rehabilitation center. She ran away from her matrimonial
home 20 years ago to escape physical abuse from the husband who had
married two other wives after she could not bear children. She settled in
this community and did various casual jobs until she decided to become
self-employed as a hawker of secondhand clothes in the streets of
Nairobi. She stopped the business after hawkers were banned from op-
erating in the streets, and she has not been employed since. She was
also finding it difficult to continue hawking after she was hit by a vehicle
and her leg was seriously injured. She owns the house she currently
occupies but the house has burned down a couple of times.
About 10 years ago she decided to adopt a set of twins from a woman
who had planned to abandon the children after delivery. Her adopted
children got into bad company and became delinquent, refusing to go to
school. To salvage the situation, she took the children to a rehabilitation
center, where all their expenses and upkeep are taken care of by a reli-
gious group running the center. The children do not come home to visit
her even during holidays, but she does visit them once in a long while.
She relies on well-wishers, including neighbors and relief organiza-
tions, to provide her with food and water. A religious organization also
provides her with free health care. She is able to do household chores
with little difficulty. One disadvantage of living alone, according to her, is
that there is no one to assist her at times of difficulty. Living alone, how-
ever, also has its advantages because she is catering only to her own
needs. According to her, "If you feel hungry, you feel the hunger alone. If
you cook food, you cook your own which you know it is enough for two
days or one only."
living arrangements. More than half of older people in Viwandani (54 per-
cent) live alone compared with only 40 percent in Korogocho. In Viwandani,
60 percent of older men live alone in one-person dwelling units, compared
with only 36 percent of the women in the same community. While 12 per-
cent of the older men in Korogocho live with only a spouse, less than 4
percent of those in Viwandani reported living with only their spouse. Com-
pared with estimates for Nairobi from the 1999 census in which only 16.8
percent of the older people live alone, those in the two informal settlements
(43 percent) are 2.5 times more likely to live alone. This suggests that older
OCR for page 189
hold. She has been married twice and came to live in Nairobi from the
rural areas after separating from her first husband in 1989. Her only sur-
viving child lives in the same community with his family. She worked as a
domestic servant after moving to Nairobi and stopped only after she de-
veloped difficulty walking due to pain in her legs. The pain has limited her
movements, including performing daily activities such as bathing and
using the toilet, which she does with great difficulty and requires assis-
tance during days when the pain is most severe. She cannot afford to
follow up on treatment for her legs and the little money she gets goes
toward buying food for her household.
For her livelihood, she sells water on behalf of someone and is paid
in kind. She also doubles up as an herbalist selling traditional medicine
meant to treat eye infections. The grandchildren also contribute to the
household income, especially during school vacation, when they do
manual labor, including working as domestic servants. Her household
also relies on handouts from well-wishers in the community. The inter-
viewer found her contemplating her next move because of a notice is-
sued to her and her neighbors to vacate their dwelling units, which were
to be demolished due to being too close to electricity main grid lines.
Her wish is to start up a business selling vegetables outside her
doorstep and joining a welfare group that would advance her credit to
expand on the business. She longs for the day when her grandchildren
have finished school and will be able to take care of her.
One of the biggest challenges to the economic well-being of older people
in the urban informal settlements is the informality of their economic activi-
ties. A majority of the residents work in the informal sector, and even those
who have formal employment often lack job security despite working in
high-risk jobs. The case in Box 6-3 highlights the complex linkages between
economic activity, health status, and aging among the urban poor.
Health Status
Table 6-4 shows 30 percent of older women and 18 percent of the men
reported being sick during a two-week period preceding a visit to their
households between January and April 2003. A look at the main illnesses
reported by these older people show few differences by gender and slum
location. Overall, musculoskeletal illnesses account for 57 percent of the
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TABLE 6-3 Working Status, Reasons for Not Working, and Other Economic Indicators, Nairobi Demographic
Surveillance System, 2003 (in percentage)
Total Population 60+ Korogocho Population 60+ Viwandani Population 60+
Women Men Women Men Women Men
Percentage Currently Working 51.5 62.1 52.3 63.1 46.9 59.9
Type of Work:
Petty trading 72.7 50.2 71.9 57.0 78.3 34.2
Formal employment 20.8 22.9 21.3 16.1 17.4 39.0
Informal employment 6.6 26.9 6.9 26.9 4.4 26.8
Reason for Not Working:
Too old/retired 62.7 54.5 62.5 52.7 64.3 63.6
Sick/ill 19.1 15.2 18.8 16.4 21.4 9.1
Other reasons 18.2 30.3 18.8 30.9 13.3 27.3
Household Receives Remittances 30.1 15.2 29.7 17.8 32.4 9.4
Receives Social Security (e.g., NSSF) 2.2 10.2 2.3 4.3 2 23.4
Number of Cases 356 442 306 305 50 137
SOURCE: African Population and Health Research Center (2002-2003).
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Case Study #4: Man with a Disability (Blindness), Viwandani
The subject is a 61-year-old man living with his wife and two school-
age children. He moved to Nairobi during the preindependence period
and has lived in this particular slum community for close to 25 years. He
was employed as a plant operator in one of the neighboring industries.
His eyesight started deteriorating after an industrial accident at work that
exposed his eyes to dangerous chemicals. His employment was termi-
nated on health grounds when it became apparent that he was almost
totally blind. He has been unemployed for about 10 years. He made sev-
eral attempts to save his eyesight, including undergoing about five eye
operations. The hospital expenses of these surgeries cost him all his
savings and put him in debt.
After exhausting his savings and losing his job at the factory, he was
resigned to fate. He has undergone rehabilitation and training on the use
of the white cane and is now able to move around his neighborhood
unaided and is even able to walk to the main road and take public trans-
port. He is also able to perform most household chores, such as washing
clothes, lighting the stove, cooking, and washing utensils. He likes to be
independent and does not want to stay idle, so he prefers to do most of
the household chores, even though his wife and children are always ea-
ger to assist.
He owns the structure that his household currently occupies in addi-
tion to two others in the community that have been rented out. Most of his
income comes from the rental structures. His wife also runs a business
selling vegetables in the market. He prefers life in the city, which he be-
lieves is better than in the rural areas, since his parents left a piece of
land too small to farm, and the brothers he left behind have already taken
it over and refused to share it with him.
illnesses reported by the women in both slum communities but for only 35
to 47 percent of the illnesses reported by men. Men are more likely to
report respiratory illnesses, with one in four in Viwandani reporting this
compared with only 15 percent of the women in Korogocho and Viwandani.
Equal proportions of men and women in Korogocho reported gastrointesti-
nal illnesses, reflecting the common environmental conditions affecting
health in this particular slum community. In contrast to Korogocho, no
woman in Viwandani reported gastrointestinal illness, although 10 percent
of the men in the community reported it.
Between 10 and 18 percent of the men and women reported illnesses
associated with the central nervous system. Although there are indications
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TABLE 6-4 Health Status and Treatment-Seeking Behavior Among Older People, Nairobi Demographic Surveillance
System, 2003 (in percentage)
Total Population 60+ Korogocho Population 60+ Viwandani Population 60+
Health Status and Care Seeking Women Men Women Men Women Men
Sick (past two weeks) 29.6 18.1 28.8 19.6 34.7 14.6
Type of Illness:
Musculoskeletal 57.1 43.8 56.8 46.7 58.8 35.0
Respiratory 15.2 22.5 14.8 21.7 17.7 25.0
Gastrointestinal 5.7 7.5 6.8 6.7 0.0 10.0
Central nervous 13.3 16.3 12.5 18.3 17.7 10.0
Other 8.6 10.0 9.1 6.7 5.9 20.0
Sought Care for Illness 44.8 47.5 42.0 45.0 58.8 55.0
Number of Cases 356 442 306 305 50 137
SOURCE: African Population and Health Research Center (2002-2003).
OCR for page 189
that depression and dementia are less common in Africa, there might be
gross underreporting given the fact that the occurrence of neurovascular
disorders, dementia, and depression increases with age. Again, since the
reports are generally obtained from the household respondent, who may
not necessarily be the older person, such proxy reports on such illnesses as
depression may be poor (Alverado-Esquivel et al., 2004; Heun and Hein,
2005; Prince, Acosta, Chiu, Scazufca, and Varghese, 2003). Although older
women are more than 1.5 times as likely as older men to be sick, they are
not any more likely to have sought care during an illness episode. In gen-
eral, treatment seeking is quite low among older people, with less than one-
half of the sick receiving treatment.
A major health challenge faced by older people is the increasing preva-
lence of noncommunicable diseases often requiring constant long-term care.
These illnesses have the potential of affecting every aspect of their lives,
including their families, as some spend all household resources on medica-
tion, often at the expense of other basic needs. The case in Box 6-4, a
diabetic octogenarian, highlights the situation of older people in dealing
with chronic illnesses.
Interaction of Living Arrangements, Health, and Economic Status
Table 6-5 looks at the health and working status of older people in the
two slum communities by their living arrangements. In Korogocho where
the sample is large enough, older women and men living alone are more
likely to report being sick than those who live with a spouse or children (or
both) or those living with other adults. While 37 percent of older women
living alone reported being sick, only 23 percent of those living with other
adults reported an illness. Similar patterns are also observed for men, with
those living alone being more than two times as likely to report an illness as
those living with at least one other adult.
Data on treatment-seeking behavior by living arrangement suggests that
older women and men living alone may have less access to treatment when
ill compared with those living with at least one other adult. Among older
women and those in Korogocho, those who live with at least one other
adult (other than the spouse) reported higher levels of seeking treatment
during an illness episode compared with those who live alone. The number
of cases is too small to explore treatment-seeking behavior in other forms of
living arrangements. From the qualitative data, lack of transport fare and
absence of health personnel at the health facilities were often cited as major
hindrances to seeking health care in hospitals. This may partly explain why
older people living alone are less likely to seek care even though they are
In addition, the table shows that in both slum communities and for
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Case Study #5: Man Living Alone, Korogocho
The subject is almost 90 years old and has been living alone for the
past 5 years. His three children moved out of Nairobi to different parts of
the country, and his wife moved in with their son to help look after her
son's children. The wife visits him in the city frequently. He pays some-
one to come twice a week to do household chores for him, such as clean-
ing and cooking. He used to run businesses that were able to sustain him
and his entire family. He had even employed a number of people to help
him manage the businesses, including all his children. However, after he
was diagnosed to be diabetic, a lot of funds were diverted to treating his
ailment, forcing all his businesses to collapse. This also contributed to his
children leaving the community to earn a living elsewhere. He owns the
structure that he now occupies, including six other dwelling units (rent-
able rooms) that are rented out; some of these units were unoccupied
during the time of the interview.
He is currently under medication and has to buy all the drugs him-
self, sometimes assisted by his children. His ailment has depleted his
resources and assets and he is on a special diet according to doctor's
advice. He says "I may want medication but it is expensive at these pri-
vate clinics, so I wonder what to do. This is what finishes our money.
Medicine is expensive. The amount you pay for government hospital
wards and the health services is as much as you pay to private clinics for
one or two pills. Especially for us diabetics, one tablet costs twenty shil-
lings. To get a packet of ten tablets is two hundred shillings. Yet you must
buy the medicine, you have no choice." The diabetic condition has af-
fected his eyesight and he has undergone an operation to remove cata-
ract from his eyes.
His view is that without money one cannot access health care. He
prefers to seek treatment in government-run facilities as opposed to pri-
vate clinics or hospitals. He argued that health facilities should have spe-
cial services for older people to treat particular ailments and also special
diets if they are admitted as inpatients. Older people should also be cared
for by the government by providing them with food, shelter, or a monthly
allowance. He considers an older person to be someone with disability
who requires constant care. On special services for older people, he said
"I think old people should be separated from the rest. They should have
their own hospital. It should be based on a certain cutoff age. If the old
have their own ward in a hospital, it would be good because they will be
fed as old people. As it is now, when patients are being fed on bones,
even the old people are given the bones to eat."
When asked what his greatest wish was, he says he wished to be
reunited with his children and that the children would come back to live
with him. He acknowledges that this is not possible because the children
have settled down wherever they are, and there will be nothing to keep
them going should they decide to move back.
OCR for page 189
TABLE 6-5 Health and Economic Status by Living Arrangement, Nairobi
Demographic Surveillance System, 2003
Lives with Lives with
Lives Spouse/ at Least 1
Alone (N) Children (N) Other Adult (N)
Those Who Reported Sick
Women 37.1 (116) 25.0 (40) 23.3 (150)
Men 27.8 (126) 16.1 (62) 12.7 (118)
Women 41.2 (17) — (2/5) 33.3 (24)
Men 13.4 (82) 0.0 0 19.1 (47)
Sought Treatment by Gender:
Women 40.0 (50) — (6/12) 48.8 (43)
Men 47.8 (46) — (4/10) 50.0 (24)
Sought Treatment by Slum:
Korogocho 41.0 (78) 40.0 (20) 48.0 (50)
Viwandani — (10/18) — (2/2) — (9/17)
Currently Working:
Women 73.2 (97) 63.2 (19) 55.0 (140)
Men 80.6 (98) 90.9 (22) 73.4 (128)
Women 78.6 (11/14) — (1/3) 55.0 (20)
Men 94.0 (50) — (3/3) 80.0 (40)
both men and women, older people who live alone are more likely to con-
tinue working to support themselves than those who live with at least one
other adult. This is further evidence that older people who live alone may
face greater vulnerability than those who live with other adults. Compared
with their female counterparts, older men are more likely to be currently
working irrespective of their living arrangement.
Differences do exist between the two slum communities, Viwandani
and Korogocho, both in terms of the share of older people living in the
particular slum and also in the sociodemographic characteristics of the older
population. Older people are more likely to reside in the Korogocho com-
munity, although Viwandani has a larger share of the total population of
the two communities. This may result from the fact that Viwandani tends
to attract a more youthful population seeking employment because of its
proximity to the city's industrial zone. With regard to the currently mar-
ried, more than two-thirds of those in Viwandani do not reside with their
spouses compared with only one-third in Korogocho.
OCR for page 189
A large proportion of older people living in the informal settings live
alone contrary to findings from other studies (for example, Bongaarts and
Zimmer, 2001) in which most older people, especially those in rural areas,
live in large households. Older men are more likely to live alone compared
with women, who were more likely to reside only with children under age
15. Coresidence of older women with young children normally referred to
as skipped-generation households could reflect the high incidence of mor-
tality in the middle age groups due to HIV/AIDS. Women were more likely
to report not being currently married, whereas the majority were formerly
married, with a few having never married. This may reflect the combined
effect of higher life expectancy for women, higher remarriage among men,
and age differences between spouses (African men usually marrying younger
women). Older women living in informal settlements are more likely to be
vulnerable to poverty as a result of their low participation in employment,
which is worsened by their low educational attainment.
The informal sector is the major employer to the majority of residents
in the slums of Nairobi, hence they are left out of the contributory pension
program, which is accessible only to those employed in the formal sector.
Less than 10 percent of older people in the two slums were receiving any
form of pension. Lack of social security in old age could be a reason for the
continued participation of a high percentage of older people in employment
coupled with the cash economy of urban settings. The declining health and
physical status of older people together with a competitive employment
market that discriminates on age reduces the chances of older people find-
ing well-paying jobs, as reflected in the nature of their employment, which
is mainly petty trading. Although old age signifies an increase in the need
for health care, there is low utilization of health care services among older
people living in the two slum communities. Less than half of those who
reported an illness in the two weeks preceding the visit to their households
sought care for their ailment. Older people living alone were also more
likely to report being sick compared with those living with a spouse or
other adults, but they are less likely to seek treatment in a health facility.
This paper has provided an overview of the sociodemographic charac-
teristics, living arrangements, health, and economic status of older people
living in two slum communities of Nairobi. The paper has highlighted a
number of vulnerabilities older people in urban informal settlements may
face. Unlike other older people, those in urban informal settlements are
more likely to live alone in single-person households. Consequently, they
are unlikely to benefit from the type of support and care traditionally pro-
vided to older people by extended family. The majority of them, despite
being old and fragile, continue to be engaged in one form of economic
activity or the other, especially for those living alone. The small sample,
however, could not permit a fuller assessment of how the living arrange-
OCR for page 189
ments of older people affect other aspects of their well-being. Given the
unique challenges faced by older people in the urban informal settlements, a
more detailed analysis of their situation across various cities in sub-Saharan
Africa is needed to facilitate the development of comprehensive policy and
action to improve the well-being of older people living in urban informal
The authors acknowledge support for the Nairobi Urban Health and
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Dear Senator,

On behalf of the 280,000 members of Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE), I urge you to support the "Internet Tax Nondiscrimination Act of 2003" (S. 150), which would make permanent the current ban on Internet access taxes and multiple or discriminatory taxes on electronic commerce.

When the Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA) was passed in 1998, only 26.2 percent of American households had Internet access, according to the Department of Commerce. Forrester Research, a technology industry research firm, estimates that in 2002, 64 percent of American households had Internet access. The significant growth of Internet access is a vital component of the American economy that allows businesses and consumers to connect in ways not possible in the past.

To avoid impeding the growth of Internet use and of e-commerce in the United States, CSE believes that the ITFA's Internet tax moratorium should be made permanent. A tax on Internet access would retard the growth of households connecting to the Internet while impeding e-commerce. S. 150 updates and makes permanent the ITFA in ways that ensure all methods of Internet access—dial-up, DSL, cable, satellite, or wireless—are covered by the moratorium.

Internet access is important for both consumers and the American economy. Congress has temporarily passed a ban on such taxes in the past and it is now time to make the ban permanent and make the tax code fairer and simpler.

Paul Beckner

President and CEO

Citizens for a Sound Economy

cc: Majority Leader Bill Frist

Sen. George Allen


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Originally published on Mon December 10, 2012 7:44 pm
A year and a half ago, recession-ravaged Spanish society reacted to the economic crisis with the "Indignados," a mass protest that inspired the worldwide "Occupy" movement.
The "angry ones" are long gone from Spanish streets, but they've evolved into many grass-roots associations now filling the gaps left by the eroding welfare state, spawning a new form of anti-austerity resistance that embraces all branches of society, from those who have lost homes to foreclosures, to the entire judiciary.
Originally published on Wed December 19, 2012 6:48 pm
Update at 10 a.m. ET, Dec. 11. We Were Wrong:
Though Glenfiddich Malt Master Brian Kinsman told Weekend All Things Considered that he thought the $94,000 paid for a bottle of his company's Janet Sheed Roberts Reserve 55 Year Old whisky was a record, it appears he was mistaken.
Originally published on Sun December 9, 2012 6:09 pm
Illinois could become the third state — after Washington and New Mexico — where undocumented immigrants can obtain driver's licenses. The legislation is halfway there. A bill that passed the state Senate 41-14 last Tuesday has bipartisan support.
Before the Senate vote, leaders from both parties, including Democratic Gov. Pat Quinn and Republican former Gov. Jim Edgar, spoke out in favor of the legislation. Supporters say that the roads will be safer if undocumented immigrants can pass the tests and get driver's licenses.
Hundreds of people gathered in September at Baltimore's harbor as the wind gusted off the water's edge. Nearly 50 of them were about to be sworn in as U.S. citizens. Some were young, some old. There were uniformed members of the U.S. military, parents and children. There were immigrants from El Salvador, China, Honduras and countries in between. They raised their right hands, recited the naturalization oath to the United States, and were declared fully American.


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Okami for Wii U news coming soon?
Today the official Okami Twitter account has posted a new tweet that could mean that an Okami-related announcement is on the way, either for the Wii U or the 3DS. The tweet is as follows:
— 大神 絶景版(公式) (@OKAMI_CAP) April 18, 2013
As for a translation, it can be translated to mean:
"Sorry I've been kind of out of touch lately, but I have the feeling we'll be able to drop a fresh announcement like WHAM! around the beginning of Golden Week, so please look forward to it. Right now we're on track with preparations."
For those that don't know, the tweet is referring to Golden Week, which is a national holiday in Japan that begins on April 29 and runs through May 5. What do you think the announcement will be about? Let us know in the comments below!
[via Gematsu]


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CHARLIE'S CHOCOLATES: "HOME-MADE CHOCOLATES!!!" Los Barriles Shopping Tip by ViajesdelMundo
Los Barriles Shopping: 6 reviews and 13 photos
Charlie has just opened a new shop in December, where he hand-makes his chocolates, and takes special orders.
Most of them are dark chocolate, but also white, and with various nuts, or plain.
He was providing chocolates thru another local outlet the past couple years, but due to a falling out with that owner, now has his own store.
They are DIVINE!! such a luxury in a small town!!
Business Hrs Mon-Sat 8am - 8pm; Sun 9am-6pm
What to buy: Charlie's Chocolates has added a few new flavors worth checking out!!
All pieces are still the same low price of 5 pesos each
Try the new flavors: Bailey's Cream, Kahlua Pecan Cranberry & Rum Coconut cream centers!!
Local Artists are welcome to display their artwork in the Chocolate shop on a 3 month rotating basis.
AND you can get a free sample!
What to pay: 5 pesos a piece; by current exchange rates is about 40cents US.
Address: Calle Los Barriles next to Quad Man
Directions: turn off the highway into Los Barriles, go down the hill, on the left next to Quad Rental; bright PINK, can't miss it
Theme: Other
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An exterior fountain at the Augusta Mall in Augusta, GA
Source | http://www.augustaga.org/
Associated Press Release
AUGUSTA, Ga. (AP) -- Authorities say a 2-year-old child nearly drowned after falling into a fountain at an east Georgia shopping mall and was hospitalized in critical condition.
The Augusta Chronicle reports (http://bit.ly/17llYn1) that the accident happened Wednesday afternoon at the Augusta Mall.
Richmond County sheriff's deputies and emergency crews responded to the mall's lower level near Sears shortly before 5 p.m.
Sheriff's Sgt. Shane McDaniel said a nurse who was shopping at the mall performed CPR on the child. Emergency crews continued CPR when they arrived.
Authorities say the child was revived and taken to Georgia Regents Medical Center, where he was in critical condition.
Information from: The Augusta Chronicle , http://www.augustachronicle.com