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Physiological Demands of Stage Racing
Posted Apr 28 2009 12:00pm
By Matt McNamara
Stage racing is the ultimate test of a road racers repertoire. No matter your category or age there is a stage race to test your mettle. On the eve of the centenary Giro D'Italia we are reminded of the pure athleticism of multi-day racing. It's a fair guess that, at some point, we all fancy ourselves stage race material, but what is stage race material and how do you prepare for YOUR grand tour?
Numerous studies have tried to quantify the demands of Stage Racing. Most have used professionals, or high level elites as subjects. While there isn't a purely linear relationship between the demands of a multi-day professional race and your upcoming weekend omnium, they do offer some useful perspectives on what might be lurking.
Physiological Demands
By any measure a stage race represents a significant effort. The International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance published a study that looked at the power demands for three common stage formats: hilly, flat, and criterium. Granted these are professionals, but there are some interesting reference points. For example they found that criteriums displayed the highest mean average power output and race time spent above 7.5W/kg (262W/15.5%) versus hilly (203W/3.8%) and flat (188W/3.5%) stages.
Another relevant finding for the aspiring stage racer was the observation that during each stage the riders have between 20 (hilly), 40 (flat) and 70 (criterium) efforts above their maximal aerobic power (MAP/Vo2max), with a typical duration of 6-10 seconds. These efforts over the course of a four, five, or ten stage race can create a substantial training stress.
Another study, published by The British Journal of Sports Medicine, looked at the differing demands of 5, 8, and 21 day stage races. It was shown that professional racers can spend upwards of 31 minutes per stage above their ventilatory threshold (defined as ranging from 73-90% of VO2peak). Total time above VT was higher in the 5-day (31 minutes/stage) and 8-day (28 min/stage) than the longer 21-day race (14min/stage).
These trends are especially important as one begins to prepare for their own event. While your race may not require 30+ minutes above VT each day in the aggregate, it will probably require a similar percentage of time spent at that intensity relative to your race duration and category.
For example if an average 4-day professional stage race like the Giro del Trentino lasts approximately 12-14 hours that means the riders will spend roughly 14-16% of the race above VT. For an amateur competing in a four day race that takes 10 hours they can expect to spend approximately 1.5 hours above their VT. When planning for your race it is a fair assumption that your physiological demands will fall somewhere close to this target, giving you a clue about what you need to be training towards.
Monotony Defined
Another concept to raise when dissecting training and racing requirements for stage races is the concept of training monotony. Monotony is simply defined as the relative variation in training load/intensity from day to day, while strain is the cumulative effect of both training load and monotony. Dr Carl Foster put forward the idea in 1998 as a way to help monitor overtraining.
Monotony is usually measured as the daily mean training load, divided by the standard deviation (Training Load/SD), and has been shown to have a high correlation to the onset of illness and/or overtraining. Stage racing has a high monotony rating due to the continually high training load and low recovery time. The same concept can apply to your overall training. For example, if all you ever do for training is ride at the same pace (whether hard or easy) every time, then you have a high monotony rating compared to somebody who has a progressive series of workouts from endurance through to sprints and intervals.
Indeed, Rodriguez-Marroyo et al in their study of 5-day, 8-day, and 21-day stage races calculated the monotony, and found that while it averaged about 3.0 for each of the race lengths (meaning there wasn't much difference in training load from day to day, eg no recovery) the total strain (Training Load x Monotony) was about three times higher in the 21-day SR. So we see that the longer a stage race lasts the more total strain it creates, this despite the lower total time spent above ventilatory threshold per stage.
This is important as in general maintaining a low monotony training plan is better for the long term development of an athlete versus a high monotony program, which may prove unsustainable. Instead athletes can vary their training load (volume and intensity) from day to day while still attaining the necessary total volume to approximate the upcoming race.
Training Modifications – The Weekend Stage Race
By far the most common stage race format for amateurs is the two-to-three day event.
These events will often have a road race, time trial and criterium to determine the final general classification.
For the most part the training for a weekend stage race is not much different than the training for the typical two-race weekend that many racers enjoy. That is to say you don't have to do a highly specialized block of training to perform well. It is more important to arrive at the start line well rested and ready for the demands of the individual stages to come.
In training you should try to replicate the expected intensity demands of the individual stages, rather than the total training stress of all stages. If there is a criterium you can expect to have approximately 1x 6-10 second effort above MAP per minute of racing. You can also predict that you will have approximately 15% of your total race time at high intensities (above threshold) for a given road stage, and substantially more for time trials.
The study referenced above by Rodriguez et al in the British Journal of Sports Medicine showed that a racer will typically spend between 85% of race time below 5W/Kg on hilly stages, but only 67% of race time below 5W/Kg for criteriums, though this is probably due in part to the overall race duration of criteriums being much shorter.
If we approximate amateur workloads, based on the Coggan power profile, at between 3.5 and 4.5 W/kg at threshold then similar percentages of time below these values can be expected in races (eg 85% of time below LT power, 15% at or above LT power)
Training Modifications – The Multi-Day Stage Race
When stage races extend to four, five and six days, there is a necessary adjustment in one's preparation and training for the event. One of the main adjustments, in addition to specificity, is to approximate the total workload of the event in an effort to help your body adapt. There is the caveat of monotony and strain to consider, however.
For longer stage races it may be wise to undertake one or two 'overload' blocks during your preparation. That is to say you should plan to do some race simulation blocks that will stress the body and allow for super-compensation to occur. These blocks should be at least 3-4 weeks apart, and the last should end at least two weeks before the start of your race so that you can taper properly beforehand.
Stage Racing is considered the top step on the competition ladder for road cyclists. It demands repeated high intensity efforts, often above ventilatory threshold, for extended periods of time, the ability to compete across disciplines and terrain, and exceptional aerobic endurance to sustain a high volume of sub-threshold workloads during long stages.
Stage races can be broken into three categories: weekend events, multi-day events of five to eight stages, and the grand tours lasting three full weeks. Training adaptations for weekend stage races are minimal, consisting primarily of event specific preparation at intensities and durations that approximate the individual stages. Multi-day races require a higher degree of event specific preparation targeting total expected training load in both intensity and duration, as well stage specific physiological demands.
Special consideration of the training monotony and strain must be addressed to help the athlete avoid overtraining and illness in preparation for longer stage races. It is common to schedule several 'overload' periods in the lead up to the event. The last of these should be completed approximately two week prior to the start of the targeted event. Remember that every athlete is different and experimentation with training load, recovery, and optimal preparation strategies are essential to find the right mix for your success.
About Matt McNamara:
Matt McNamara is a USA Cycling Level 1 coach with over 20 years of racing, coaching and team management experience. He is the founder and President of Sterling Sports Group, an online and real world coaching and training company located in Northern California. Sterling Sports Group is focused on creating a seamless interface between athlete and coach, technology and personal attention. Visit him online to learn more at www.sterlingwins.com.
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Information Acquisition in Rumor-Based Bank Runs
We study the endogenous information acquisition and withdrawal-redeposit decisions of individual agents when a liquidity event triggers a spreading rumor and therefore exposes a bank to a run. Uncertainty about the bank's liquidity and potential failure motivates agents who hear the rumor to acquire additional information, and in equilibrium depositors with unfavorable information run on the bank gradually. Although the bank run equilibrium is unique given the additional signal's quality, multiple equilibria emerge with endogenous information acquisition. A bank run equilibrium exists when agents aggressively acquire information. We study the threshold parameters that eliminate bank runs. Public provision of solvency information (e.g. stress tests) can eliminate bank runs by indirectly crowding-out individual depositors' effort to acquire liquidity information. However, providing too much information that slightly differentiates competing solvent-but-illiquid banks can result in inefficient runs.Download Info
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Paper provided by Society for Economic Dynamics in its series 2012 Meeting Papers with number 170.Length:
Date of creation: 2012
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Handle: RePEc:red:sed012:170
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Postal: Society for Economic Dynamics Christian Zimmermann Economic Research Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PO Box 442 St. Louis MO 63166-0442 USA
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- NEP-BAN-2013-01-07 (Banking)
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"Herding and bank runs,"
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- Chao Gu, 2007. "Herding and Bank Runs," Working Papers 0716, Department of Economics, University of Missouri.
- Gu, Chao, 2007. "Herding and Bank Runs," Working Papers 07-15, Cornell University, Center for Analytic Economics.
- Itay Goldstein & Ady Pauzner, 2005. "Demand-Deposit Contracts and the Probability of Bank Runs," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(3), pages 1293-1327, 06.
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"Knowing What Others Know: Coordination Motives in Information Acquisition,"
Working Papers
06-14, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics.
- Christian Hellwig & Laura Veldkamp, 2009. "Knowing What Others Know: Coordination Motives in Information Acquisition," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 76(1), pages 223-251.
- Christian Hellwig & Laura Veldkamp, 2006. "Knowing what others Know: Coordination motives in information acquisition," 2006 Meeting Papers 361, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- Hellwig, Christian & Veldkamp, Laura, 2007. "Knowing What Others Know: Coordination Motives in Information Acquisition," CEPR Discussion Papers 6506, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Abreu, Dilip & Brunnermeier, Markus K., 2002. "Synchronization risk and delayed arbitrage," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(2-3), pages 341-360.
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"Clock games: Theory and experiments,"
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- repec:bla:restud:v:76:y:2009:i:1:p:223-251 is not listed on IDEAS
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From Grand Theft Wiki
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
The T-Rex is a vehicle in Grand Theft Auto 2 that can only be found in the Residential District of Anywhere City. It's based on the 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird and it gives an ElectroGun when crushed.
See also
- Thunderhead, another car named after the Ford Thunderbird.


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Anika @ ATP NJ (more by Dana (Distortion) Yavin)
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Anika and Slowdance will play the Empty Bottle, and then she'll DJ at Beauty Bar. RSVP or just hang on to your Empty Bottle wristband for free admission.
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This property allows you to book online with a credit card. After submitting a reservation request, the owner or manager has 24 hours to accept, at which time your card will be charged and you will receive an email confirmation
Trademark Travel Tips
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10/31/12 / Comment Mumford & Sons Made a Concert Movie Good Lord, are these fellows boisterous. By Zach Dionne
7/7/12 / Comment This Is What You'll Get If You Pay Extra to See the Katy Perry Movie in 3-D You would think whipped cream coming out of breast rockets, right? By Gilbert Cruz


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Black leather shoulder bag from Chanel featuring a fold over flap opening, a gold tone Chanel logo, an embossed star print and a gold link and black shoulder strap. Please note that vintage items are not new but often between 20 and 50 years old, and therefore will always have minor imperfections, even when the items have been used with love and care. Item ID:10308316
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The role of product variety and quality and of domestic supply in foreign trade
The study examines the behaviour of imports of goods in the Greek economy during the last five decades and their determinants, with an emphasis on consumer's preferences for "variety and quality" of the imported goods as well as on the demand and supply conditions of these goods in the domestic market. The estimated equations provide strong evidence for the importance of these two factors for import demand, and also explain significantly the stylized facts as well as long- and short-term movements in trade.Download Info
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Paper provided by Bank of Greece in its series Working Papers with number 128.Length: 44
Date of creation: Apr 2011
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:bog:wpaper:128
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Web page: http://www.bankofgreece.gr
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Related research
Keywords: effective demand for imports; New Trade Theory; product variety and quality;Other versions of this item:
- Athanasoglou, Panayiotis, 2011. "The role of product variety and quality and of domestic supply in foreign trade," MPRA Paper 32034, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
- F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
- E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
- C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models &bull Diffusion Processes
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-ALL-2011-07-02 (All new papers)
- NEP-INT-2011-07-02 (International Trade)
References listed on IDEASPlease report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Engle, Robert F & Granger, Clive W J, 1987. "Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 251-76, March.
- Bierens, Herman J., 1993. "Higher-order sample autocorrelations and the unit root hypothesis," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 57(1-3), pages 137-160.
- Paul Krugman, 1989.
"Differences In Income Elasticities and Trends in Real Exchange Rates,"
NBER Working Papers
2761, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Krugman, Paul, 1989. "Differences in income elasticities and trends in real exchange rates," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 1031-1046, May.
- Bogdan Lissovolik & Julio Escolano & Stefania Fabrizio & Werner Schule & Herman Z. Bennett & Stephen Tokarick & Yuan Xiao & Marialuz Moreno Badia & Eva Gutierrez & Iryna V. Ivaschenko, 2008. "Competitiveness in the Southern Euro Area: France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain," IMF Working Papers 08/112, International Monetary Fund.
- Bierens, Herman J., 1997. "Testing the unit root with drift hypothesis against nonlinear trend stationarity, with an application to the US price level and interest rate," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 81(1), pages 29-64, November.
- Athanasoglou, Panayiotis & Bardaka, Ioanna, 2010.
"New trade theory, non-price competitiveness and export performance,"
MPRA Paper
32047, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Athanasoglou, Panayiotis P. & Bardaka, Ioanna C., 2010. "New trade theory, non-price competitiveness and export performance," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 217-228, January.
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Caribe Royale All Suite Hotel & Convention Center
(407) 238-8000
- Business Center
- Fitness Center
- Restaurant
- Room Service
- Free Parking
- Data Ports
- TV In Room
- Hair Dryer
- Air Conditioning
- Voicemail
- In-House Bar
- Clothing Iron
- In-House Dining
- Wake Up Service
- Coffee & Tea Maker
- Game Room
- Safe
- Car Rental Desk
- Show more
Tribes: Who likes this place?
What the scores mean:
These scores tell you how well-liked a place is in each Tribe. Gogobot Tribes are groups who share a certain travel style, like Family Travelers or History Buffs.
Which Gogobot Tribe do you belong to?Join now
- 98%Family Travelers
- 91%Business Travelers
- 73%Luxury Travelers
Member Reviews (5)
- Caribe Royale All Suite Hotel & Convention CenterSimone MassagrandeSep 13, 2013
I prefer rooms with balconies. But the same i think this is a good hotel. Not so expensive. Big rooms for family. The restaurant is one of the best in town.
Recommended for:Family Travelers - Caribe Royale All Suite Hotel & Convention CenterKate DonahueMember ofLocal CultureBudget TravelersBusiness Travelers+ 2
- Local Culture
- Budget Travelers
- Business Travelers
- Adventure Travelers
- Nightlife Lovers
Sep 13, 2013I've stayed here several times over the years. Probably not in the right price range for young travelers, but a great place to stay for couples and their kids. Close to theme parks and highways without feeling like you're getting souvenirs shoved down your throat. The Caribe is home to several notable restaurants. Treat yourself to a nice dinner downstairs — I assure you that you'll leave more than satisfied.
Recommended for:Family Travelers - Caribe Royale All Suite Hotel & Convention CenterWanugeeMember ofLocal CultureOutdoor EnthusiastsBudget Travelers+ 11
- Local Culture
- Outdoor Enthusiasts
- Budget Travelers
- Business Travelers
- Family Travelers
- Foodies
- Wellness
- Vegetarian
- Luxury Travelers
- History Buffs
- Nightlife Lovers
- Spiritual Seekers
- Trendsters
- Art & Design Lovers
Jul 05, 2012The Caribe Suites are good for familes, with 2 rooms, sleeping 4, with a wet bar, fridge and microwave. The Villas of Caribe Royal are like 2 bedroom apartments, with full kitchen, 2 bed/baths, so sleeping 6 comfortably, for less than 2 hotel suite rooms.
The Caribe Royal is a sprawling complex of 1200 rooms in 3 nine story towers and 4 low rise villas, a convention center, with a huge pool and small lake and lighted tennis court. For on-site food, there is Cafe Largo, Calypso's grill, Vista Bistro, and The Tropicale restaurant and also the Parrot Island Lounge.
$160/night (Convention group rate), plus $20 suite tax. Decent room service food, but not a huge selection. Large convention center adjacent.
It is a long walk from the front of the hotel to the back villa suites in the last building, and only go toward the left from there. I went to the right looking for a short cut, and there is none. I was wandering the back lot in the dark for a long time, until I went to the loading dock of the convention center kitchen, and walked through the convention hall. It is still a hike from there to the 3 main towers.
The private board room behind the upstairs bar is a good place to have business meetings for 5 - 10 people.
Recommended for:Business Travelers - Caribe Royale All Suite Hotel & Convention CenterScott JohnsonJul 04, 2012
This is a very nice upscale resort-style hotel. Not only are the rooms well appointed and rather spacious. The resort is set on a lake, so you are not forced to look at another hotel or just palm trees and foliage.
You are on the opposite of I-4 in relation to the Walt Disney World area. But the location is at the corner of 535 and 536, which both lead you to the property. (Take 536 for going to the parks. Use 535 to head to Downtown Disney.)
A disadvantage to its location is that nothing is within walking distance. You will need transportation to go shopping or for other dining options.Recommended for:Luxury Travelers
Dining options at Caribe Royale All Suite Hotel & Convention Center include a restaurant and a bar/lounge. Room service is available 24 hours a day. Recreational amenities include an outdoor pool, a children's pool, a spa tub, and a fitness facility. This 4.0 star property has a business center and offers limo/town car service, audio visual equipment, and business services. Wireless Internet access is available in public areas. This Orlando property has event space consisting of banquet facilities and conference/meeting rooms. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include a poolside bar, a coffee shop/café, and an arcade/game room.
There are 1,338 guestrooms at Caribe Royale All Suite Hotel & Convention Center. Furnishings include desks and sofa beds. Refrigerators, microwaves, and coffee/tea makers are offered. Bathrooms feature designer toiletries and hair dryers. Wired high speed Internet access is available for a surcharge; guestrooms also offer voice mail and complimentary weekday newspapers. 46 inch LCD televisions have cable channels. Air conditioned rooms also include separate sitting areas, irons/ironing boards, and clock radios. Guests may request extra towels/bedding and wake up calls. Housekeeping is available. Cribs (infant beds) are available on request.
- There are no room charges for children 12 years old and younger who occupy the same room as their parents or guardians, using existing bedding.