text:
Patent application title: Shaped Loudspeaker
Ambrose C. T. Thompson (Aylesbury, GB)
IPC8 Class: AH04R120FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Having acoustic wave modifying structure sound intensifying or spreading element horn
Publication date: 2010-01-21
Patent application number: 20100014697
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A driver for a loudspeaker is mounted in an opening in an acoustic
surface, for example a horn, and has a piston shaped to conform to the
shape of the acoustic surface. This ensures that the presence of the
driver does not disrupt the acoustic properties of the desired shape of
the acoustic surface. Preferably the piston is made of closed cell foam
and is attached directly to the coil holder of the driver unit.Claims:
1. A loudspeaker comprisinga horn having an acoustic surface with which
sound interacts, anda first drive unit comprising an active surface that
vibrates to produce sound, the first drive unit being mounted in the side
of the horn,the first drive unit being so mounted, and the active surface
being so shaped, that the active surface is located in and conforms to
the shape of the acoustic surface of the horn,the loudspeaker comprising
a second drive unit located so that the sound it produces interacts with
the acoustic surface including with the portion thereof provided by the
active surface of the first drive unit.
2. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active surface is convex along at least one axis.
3. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active surface has one or more facets.
4. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second drive unit is located at the apex of the horn.
5. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 comprising another first drive unit, comprising an active surface that vibrates to produce a sound, the another first drive unit being mounted symmetrically disposed from the first-mentioned first drive unit in the horn in an opposite side thereof, the first-mentioned first-drive unit also being so mounted, and its active surface being so shaped, that its active surface is located in and conforms to the shape of the acoustic surface of the horn, the sound produced by the second drive unit also interacting with the portion of the acoustic surface provided by the active surface of the another first drive unit.
6. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first drive unit is such that it produces relatively low frequency sound and the second drive unit is such that it produces relatively high frequency sound.
7. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first drive unit is operative over a particular range of audio frequencies and the active surface of the first drive unit is substantially rigid when vibrated at those frequencies.
8. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second drive unit is operative over a particular range of audio frequencies and the active surface of the first drive unit is substantially rigid over those frequencies.
9. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first drive unit comprises a piston that vibrates, and that comprises the active surface.
10. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 9 wherein the piston comprises at least a portion that is formed of closed-cell foam, a honeycomb structure or a composite material, and that provides the active surface.
11. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 10 that comprises a coil holder and wherein the said portion having the active surface is mounted directly on the coil holder.
12. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 10 wherein the drive unit comprises a cone mounted to vibrate and the said portion having the active surface is mounted on the cone.
13. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 9 wherein the acoustic surface of the horn is provided with an opening, and the piston is shaped to substantially fill the opening.
14. A loudspeaker as claimed in claim 1 that is comprises a line array element.
[0001]The present invention relates to loudspeakers.
[0002]It is often desirable for loudspeaker systems, particularly those used for public address, to have the following features: [0003]1. High acoustic power output. The acoustic power output is simply the "loudness" of the loudspeaker system. [0004]2. A smooth and level frequency response. A smooth and level frequency response means that all frequencies of sound (across a particular range) are output at a similar level. [0005]3. A defined constant directivity. The directivity relates to the levels of different frequencies that are present in different positions with respect to the loudspeaker. A loudspeaker with a defined directivity will deliver sound mainly to only a particular defined area. (A loudspeaker with a defined constant directivity is one which has constant directivity across a defined area.) [0006]4. Low distortion. The sound output by the loudspeaker system should be free from objectionable amounts of all types of distortion.
[0007]The source of the sound from a loudspeaker system is one or more acoustic drive units. A typical drive unit is shown in FIG. 1A. The drive unit 500 comprises a motor system 501 and a coil holder 502. Attached to the coil holder 502 is a cone of paper 503. At the centre of the cone 503 is a section of a dome shaped surface 504 of paper. Also attached to the motor system 501 is a frame 505 with a rim 506 by which the drive unit 500 can be mounted. A flexible seal 507 is provided between the rim of the frame and the cone, which forms an airtight seal. The coil holder vibrates in response to an electrical input signal. When the coil holder 502 vibrates this in turn causes the paper cone 503 (and also the dome shaped surface 504) to vibrate. These, acting as a piston, in turn vibrate the surrounding air, creating a sound. Thus the drive unit 500 converts the electrical input signal into sound. (The flexibility of the seal means that it does not impede the vibration of the cone.
[0008]In order to increase the acoustic power output of a drive unit a horn is often used, as shown in FIG. 1B. The drive unit 500' is mounted at the base of the horn 510 so that the sound produced by the vibrating assembly passes through the horn. The function of the horn is to increases the efficiency with which the vibration of the cone 503 and dome shaped surface 504 is converted into vibration of the surrounding air and to control the directional behaviour.
[0009]A single drive unit (even when used in conjunction with a horn) is often incapable of providing high enough acoustic power output across all the required frequencies. A solution to this is to have a loudspeaker system comprising two or more drive units, each of which operates in a different part of the frequency range of the loudspeaker (low-frequency and high-frequency, for example), and each having a high acoustic output in their particular range. This allows the loudspeaker system to have a high acoustic output over the combined ranges of the drive units.
[0010]The commonplace arrangement for multiple drive units is of course to mount them in openings in the same face of a box 103 as shown in FIG. 2A, where the loudspeaker system 100 has a low-frequency drive unit 101 and a high-frequency drive unit 102. However, a disadvantage of this system is that the directivity of the loudspeaker system is neither constant nor well-defined.
[0011]A loudspeaker system that attempts to fulfil the above criteria, and which has become increasingly popular, is the "line array" system, an example of which is shown in FIG. 2b. Line array system 200 comprises a number of nominally identical loudspeaker systems 201 arrayed vertically; each loudspeaker system 201 is known as an "element" of the line array system. The desirable properties of a single element are that horizontally the output is (i) symmetrical (ii) has defined constant directional properties and (iii) is smooth and level across the range of frequencies, while vertically the output becomes narrower, i.e. more directional as frequency increases. The line array system as a whole has a horizontal output similar to that of a single element (though with a greater overall acoustic power output as there are a number of elements), while the vertical directionality as result of the relative angles at which the elements are mounted in a particular installation.
[0012]An element for a line array system is described in "Methods to improve the horizontal pattern of a line array module in the midrange", R Mores, N B Schroder and T Schwalbe, 120th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, 2006. Two medium-sized conical drive units are placed to form a V-shaped horn through which higher frequency sound is directed. However, although the element generates a high acoustic power output and the two sections are closely spaced, there is considerable variation in horizontal directionality and smoothness of the frequency response, both due to the presence of resonant cavities within the horn.
[0013]Another element for a line array system is described in US 2002/0114482 A1. An example is shown in FIG. 2C, which is taken from that document. In this system a horn is divided into several channels, with different frequencies being directed through the different channels. Unfortunately, although the element generates a high acoustic power output, the channels, being resonant cavities, have a detrimental effect on the horizontal directionality and frequency response smoothness of the element, and also create a high level of harmonic distortion.
[0014]An element that uses a similar design technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,411,718 B1. An example is shown in FIG. 2D, which is taken from that document. A conical horn 10 has a high-frequency drive unit at its apex. Holes are provided along the sides of the horn, behind which are provided mid- and low-frequency drive units. Again, the resonant cavities formed by the holes in the sides of the horn have a detrimental effect on the horizontal directionality and frequency response smoothness of the element and create a high level of distortion. In addition the horn shapes are sub-optimal.
[0015]EP-0 353 092 discloses a horn loudspeaker having a loudspeaker diaphragm, which is a portion of one of the walls of the input area of the horn, that is to say, at the neck. This allows a large diaphragm to be used whilst still gaining the impedance matching effect of the horn.
[0016]U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,018 discloses a car radio or television audio system, in which a loudspeaker is mounted in an acoustic channel, the loudspeaker driver being mounted at the end of the channel. This aids reproduction of higher frequency signals.
[0017]EP-1 278 397 and GB 2 364 847 both disclose loudspeaker drive units having coaxially mounted high and mid frequency drive units. The high frequency drive unit is mounted on the axis whilst the mid range, which is in the form of a cone with a central aperture, is mounted surrounding it. The two drive units are driven by respective coaxially mounted coils of different radiuses, which extend into respective parts of a common magnet assembly. In fact, both these patents do not concern themselves with the novelty of coaxially mounted acoustic devices but details of the construction of the device (EP-1 278 397: the outer device's surround, GB 2 364 847: the arrangement of the magnet system). The choice in both cases of a thin walled cone for the outer device will in practice however place restrictions on its shape due to the amount of stiffness required for it to operate satisfactorily over its own frequency band with the result that, even if that was desired, it would not provide constant directivity for the driver device. In contrast, in embodiments of the present invention the use of a light and stiff solid material for the drive unit removes this limitation, thus allowing constant-directivity to be achieved.
[0018]GB 2 250 658 also shows a twin concentric loudspeaker with separately driven and mid range transducers, but the outer mid range transducer is in the form of a dome and has its coil coaxially mounted on its outer circumference. The aim of this device is to coaxially locate the two acoustic devices. The outer device does not aim to control the directivity of the inner device.
[0019]The present invention provides loudspeakers and methods of manufacturing those as defined in the appended claims.
[0020]There will now be described embodiments of the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:
[0021]FIG. 1A is a cross section of a known form of driver unit;
[0022]FIG. 1B is a cross section of a known form of horn loudspeaker;
[0023]FIG. 2A shows a known form of box loudspeaker having two drive units for different frequency ranges;
[0024]FIG. 2B shows a line array;
[0025]FIG. 2C shows another known speaker;
[0026]FIG. 2D shown a known horn speaker having drive units at the apex and in the walls of the horn;
[0027]FIG. 3 shows a loudspeaker in accordance with the invention;
[0028]FIG. 4 shows a driver unit in accordance with the invention;
[0029]FIG. 5 shows a the driver unit of FIG. 4 in place in a portion of horn;
[0030]FIG. 6A shows one method of sealing the driver unit of FIG. 4 to the acoustic surface;
[0031]FIG. 6B shows another method of sealing the driver unit of FIG. 4 to the acoustic surface;
[0032]FIGS. 7A and 7B show alternative constructions for the piston of the driver unit;
[0033]FIG. 8 shows a further example of an acoustic surface.
[0034]FIG. 3 shows a cross-section of a loudspeaker element according to the present invention. The element has a horn 1, with, at its base, a high-frequency drive unit 2 comprising a motor system 6, coil holder 4 and a dome shaped piston 5. The horn 1 has two openings 3a and 3b in the interior wall of the horn 1.
[0035]Behind the openings 3a and 3b there are mounted low-frequency drive units 10a and 10b respectively. The drive units 10a and 10b comprise, respectively, motor systems 11a and 11b, coil holders 12a and 12b and frames 13a and 13b, the latter being mounted to the edge of the openings 3a and 3b. The drive units also each comprise a lightweight stiff piston member 14a and 14b attached to the coil holder 12a and 12b of the drive unit.
[0036]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of one of the drive units 10a, 10b, showing the motor system 11, frame 13 and the piston member 14. FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a section of the wall of the horn 1 with opening 3, and a drive unit 10 mounted behind the opening 3. As shown, the drive unit 10 is mounted so that surface of the piston member 14 that faces through the opening 3 is flush with the interior wall 1a or 1b of the horn 1, and the perimeter of the surface is such that only a small annular opening around the edge of the piston member 14 is present. Also, the surface of the piston member is so shaped that it conforms to the shape of the interior wall of the horn 1.
[0037]In use, the interior wall of the horn 1 performs as if it has no openings, as the surface of the piston member 14 facing through the opening 3 takes the place of the missing section of wall. The detrimental effects caused by the cavities in the prior art elements is therefore greatly reduced. The movement of the member 14 into and out of spaced defined by the horn, which is caused by the vibration of the coil holder, makes little difference to the effect of the horn 1 on the acoustic output of the high-frequency drive unit 2. This lack of cavities also means that the horn also performs well for the sound output by the drive units 5 themselves, which the cavities of previously known designs also degraded.
[0038]Although not shown in FIG. 5 for simplicity of illustration, the drive unit also comprises a flexible seal between the perimeters of the piston member 14 and the opening 3. Preferably this is attached to the piston member and the edge of the opening as shown in FIG. 6A but can also be attached between the piston member and the frame as shown in FIG. 6B.
[0039]The piston member 14 should be light enough that the drive unit 10 provides a similar acoustic power output as a standard drive unit alone. The piston member 14 should also be rigid over the operating frequencies of the drive unit, and preferably 1 to 2 octaves above. Being rigid over that range of frequencies means that it vibrates in phase with the coil holder and reproduces the desired sound properly. If sound from another source, for example drive unit 2, the piston member 14 should provide an acoustic surface similar to the desired rigidity of the acoustic surface 1 at the frequencies of those other sounds. Generally the acoustic surface will be simply rigid meaning that sound substantially reflects from it and if that is the case the piston should be simply (or adequately) rigid over the frequencies of the sounds from the other source.
[0040]A rigid closed-cell foam solid has been found to work well, for example, a polymethacrylimide foam, for example, that known as Rohacell®. Another possible material for piston member are layered honeycomb structures made, for example from mylar, metal foil or craft paper. Lightweight composites would also be suitable.
[0041]A preferred example uses Rohacell 31IG which has a density of 32 kg m-3 and an elastic modulus of 36 MPa.
[0042]Alternatively, the piston member 14 could for example comprise a solid surface 20 mounted on a frame 21, as shown in FIG. 7a, or be a solid piece with cavities 25 in order to reduce its weight, as shown in FIG. 7b.
[0043]In the preferred example, the pair of drive units 10a and 10b are laterally spaced. This causes the output to be more directional. In general, the greater the spacing, the greater the directivity. Also, the directivity increases with frequency. This can mean that at the upper end of the range of the drive units 10a and 10b their combined output is too narrow for use in an auditorium. This reduces the maximum sensible frequency for the crossover that splits the signal between the mid range and the high frequency drive units. So the crossover is arranged to pass to the high frequency drive unit frequencies that would be too directional if emitted by the mid range drive units. Thus, there is a compromise in this design between the size of the mid range drive units 10a and 10b and the crossover frequency. Having big drive units 10a, 10b would provide more acoustic output, but would reduce the crossover frequency because frequencies at the upper end of their range would be too directional. In the example shown, the crossover frequency is 2 kHz.
[0044]In the examples so far described the acoustic surface has been provided by a thin sheet of material. The invention is equally application to the situation shown in FIG. 8, where the acoustic surface 1 (in the example of FIG. 8 a horn) is provided by the inner surface of a solid 200, and the openings 3a and 3b lead to cavities 201a and 201b in the solid 200, with the drive units 10a and 10b being mounted within those cavities.
[0045]When designing a loudspeaker element according to the present invention, a method is as follows. First, the desired acoustic surface, in this example a horn, is obtained. This may be by calculation, iterative experiment, experience or otherwise. Openings in the horn for the drive units are then planned. The shapes of the piston members 14 are then determined to complete the original selected shape of the acoustic surface in the regions of the openings. Preferably this should be the same shape, which is straightforward to achieve--in the case of closed-cell foam it is easily formed any shape.
[0046]Although not ideal in some applications it may be sufficient for the surface of the piston to be an approximation to the desired shape. For example a curved surface could be approximated by a facetted surface (i.e a surface having one or more facets). Once such a surface for the piston has been so determined the piston of the drive unit is made to that shape.
[0047]A possible method of making a drive unit is simply to take a standard drive unit and remove the paper cone, dome shaped surface and seal, and mount the piston member directly onto the coil holder of the drive unit.
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Game Salad Project Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $300.00 Posted Jan. 6 2014 Need a advanced game salad developer to improve a game that i created on game salad for android gamesalad-creator
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Game Designer Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $388.00 Posted June 30 2013 I have purchased a few source code and need to re-skin them into new games this project can lead into new ongoing work. Must have graphics skill and know game salad,iPhone SDK, Xcode, Objective-C,C++ and or cocos2d for iPhone. Games need to be iphone and ipad ready., If you have the skill to port game to other platforms that is a plus as we will based on the success wish to recode game for Android etc as well. android-app-development c++ cocos2d game-design game-development gamesalad-creator
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Anti-Obesity Campaigns Can Backfire, Cause More Shame
Target audience can feel stigmatized
Anti-obesity campaigns can backfire, according to a new report written by researchers. Currently, 78 million of this nation's adults and 12.5 million of its children are classified as obese, but experts say campaign messages that label them poor role models or a drag on the economy only make them feel more depressed, defeated and ashamed. The methods can ultimately sink efforts to help them improve their health."When children or adults are made to feel stigmatized, shamed or teased about their weight, they're likely to engage in binge eating and unhealthy weight-control practices, and to avoid physical activity," said research director Rebecca Puhl. In Georgia, a series of ads reads that "fat kids become fat adults." An Australian anti-obesity campaign warns "the more you gain, the more you have to lose." Puhl believes the more effective messages are ones that suggest specific steps that would improve health, conveyed a sense of empowerment and left references to obesity unspoken. (LA Times)


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modern british dramawhat the themes that modern british drama talk about and who is the...
Topic: Literature
modern british dramawhat the themes that modern british drama talk about and who is the famous authers of it?
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Themes are probably still similar to Shakespeare--family relationships, greed, incest, ambition, etc. Check out the following links for more info:
Posted by amy-lepore on November 10, 2008 at 7:35 AM (Answer #2)
There are many famous modern British dramatists, and teir plays focus on a wide variety of different themes. the Angry Young Men focus on class conflicts, while Pinero wrote drawing room comedy and Beckett absurdist drama. Stoppard's works are highly intellectual and concerned with the nature of drama as a genre.
Posted by thanatassa on June 24, 2012 at 4:35 AM (Answer #3)
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bob todd was mowed down and killed by alexander dix 3 years ago. he got given a sentence of 6 years but has only served 2 and is due for release in august 2008. this petition is to get the courts to deny him probation and serve the full sentence for taking bobs life.
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Brand: | Samsung |
Camera: | Samsung NX10 Check out Samsung NX Generation! |
Recording media: | RAW (digital) |
Date Taken: | 17 Aug 2012 - 1:31 PM |
Focal Length: | 59mm |
Aperture: | f/5.6 |
Shutter Speed: | 1/10sec |
Exposure Comp: | 0.0 |
Exposure Mode: | Aperture-priority AE |
Metering Mode: | Multi-segment |
Flash: | No Flash |
Title: | A Dying Art |
Username: | Gregoir |
Uploaded: | 18 Aug 2012 - 12:46 AM |
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Very nicely done. I'm pleased to see this art. Not much of it here in the new world. Vancouver Island BC. Must go south to Victoria for leaded window art. TG
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Thanks for the coments guys.
It is interesting to note thet the central panel showing the Madonna and child above the coat of arms dates from about 1280!
The picture was taken in the Church of St Martin in Bowness - on - Windermere, Cumbria UK.
The east window that features this pictured section was installed circa 1530 using some pieces from earlier churches.
If the UK featured on any of your future travel plans the Lake District is well worth a couple of days for a visit
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Tyvek® Protective Boot Covers
Elastic-cuff, white boot covers will protect your feet from light pesticide sprays and splashes. Also use in livestock confinement and VET/ AI work. Elastic upper keeps debris out. Skid-resistant vinyl sole. Water repellent. Pack of 100. USA made. Specify men's shoe size: L (up to size 13) or XL (up to size 19).
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The House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on the Constitution held a hearing earlier this week on "Can We Sue Our Way to Prosperity?: Litigation's Effect on America's Global Competitiveness." Speakers included a public policy expert from NERA; a law school professor; and my friend, esteemed litigator John Beisner.
Paul Hinton testified that the direct cost of the U.S. tort system is estimated to be approximately $250 billion in 2009 or about 2 percent of GDP. The U.S. costs are the highest as a percent of GDP amongst those reported for other industrialized countries and more than double the estimates for countries such as the U.K, France, and Japan. Small businesses bear a relatively larger share of tort costs than larger businesses.
Professor Silver from Texas tried to make the case that the civil justice systems contributes greatly to the prosperity of the U.S. He seemed to think that litigation is the only thing that deters doctors from committing widespread medical malpractice.
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text: Effective Utility Management and Lean At Water-Sector Utilities: Improving Performance and Addressing Key Management PrioritiesOctober 02, 2012Effective Utility Management and Lean At Water-Sector Utilities: Improving Performance and Addressing Key Management Priorities Please join us for a webcast to explore the connections between Effective Utility Management (EUM) and Lean tools. Lean methods combined with the EUM framework have enabled water and wastewater utilities to save millions of dollars, avoid customer rate increases, improve product quality, enhance customer service, reduce energy costs and environmental pollution, and improve employee morale. The webcast will feature a brief overview presentation describing EUM and Lean concepts and methods and how to get started with EUM and Lean. The webcast will also feature two presentations from Clean Water Services and City of Pompano Beach Utilities Department on highlighting their successes using EUM in concert with Lean methods. U.S. EPA is developing a Resource Guide for Effective Utility Management and Lean: Improving Performance and Addressing Key Management Priorities at Water Sector Utilities describing how to embark on the EUM and Lean journey. NOVEMBER 8, 2012 1:00-2:30 PM EASTERN TIME (90 MINUTE AUDIO WEB BROADCAST) Slides from the Webinar will be posted at: http://www.client-ross.com/eum-lean/ REGISTRATION This webcast is over. MODERATOR Jim Horne U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC SPEAKERS Diane Taniguchi-Dennis Deputy General Manager, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, OR Randy Brown Utilities Director, Utilities Dept., City of Pompano Beach, FL Maria Loucraft Utilities Compliance and Efficiency Manager, Utilities Department, City of Pompano Beach, FL For more information, contact Jim Horne (firstname.lastname@example.com) at (202) 564-0571 |


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Getting started
May 18 2010
Appending consumer_key param to all requests to public resources.
Removing Event model.
19. November 2009With version 0.4.2 we switched back to the mojodna oauth gem, since the bug was finally fixed. We also had to switch to gemcutter.org to host our gems, since github doesn't support gem building and hosting anymore. By doing that we renamed jwagener-oauth-active-resource to oauth-active-resource.
September 2009With the soundcloud-ruby-api-wrapper version 0.4.1 we switched from the official (mojodna) oauth gem to pelle oauth gem (0.3.6) because of an everlasting,unfixed bug in the official gem.
Required Gems
- activeresource gem
- activesupport gem
- multipart gem
- oauth gem (>= 0.3.6)
- oauth-active-resource gem
First install all the missing required gems. To install the oauth-active-resource gem you can use:$ sudo gem install oauth-active-resource -s http://gemcutter.org
Then install the soundcloud api wrapper gem:
$ sudo gem install soundcloud-ruby-api-wrapper -s http://gemcutter.org
Setup OAuth things
Look at http://wiki.github.com/soundcloud/api/oauth-example to find out, how you setup your OAuth things.First steps
Let's start with a simple app. It will find and display the 10 hottest tracks of alltime. You don't need any OAuth authentication to do this.
require 'rubygems'
gem 'soundcloud-ruby-api-wrapper'
require 'soundcloud'
# Create an anonymous soundcloud client
# if you prefer to work with sandbox-soundcloud.com, replace this with:
# sc_client = Soundcloud.register({:site => "http://api.sandbox-soundcloud.com"})
sc_client = Soundcloud.register
# Find the 10 hottest tracks
hot_tracks = sc_client.Track.find(:all,:params => {:order => 'hotness', :limit => 10})
# and display their titles
p '==the 10 hottest tracks=='
hot_tracks.each do |track|
p track.title
To test authentication you can use this small app, which will dispay the name of the logged in user.
require 'rubygems'
gem 'soundcloud-ruby-api-wrapper'
require 'soundcloud'
gem 'oauth'
require 'oauth'
# Create a Soundcloud OAuth consumer token object
sc_consumer = Soundcloud.consumer('YOUR_APPLICATION_CONSUMER_TOKEN','YOUR_APPLICATION_CONSUMER_SECRET')
# Create an OAuth access token object
access_token = OAuth::AccessToken.new(sc_consumer, 'YOUR_OAUTH_ACCESS_TOKEN', 'YOUR_OAUTH_ACCESS_SECRET')
# Create an authenticated Soundcloud client, based on the access token
sc_client = Soundcloud.register({:access_token => access_token})
# Get the logged in user
my_user = sc_client.User.find_me
# Display his full name
p "Hello, my name is #{my_user.full_name}"
Find more examples in these pages: [[Model Events]], [[Model Users]], [[Model Tracks]], [[Model Playlists]], [[Model Comments]].
The Soundcloud API provides 3 different types of sub-resources:Nested sub-resources
These are directly embedded in the resource. For example a playlist has a track array.playlist.tracks
When saving the original resource, the nested array will be saved as well.
playlist.tracks << some_track
Separate sub-resources
These are separated from the original resource. Example: A Track has the path "/tracks/[TRACK ID]" This track has a collection of users, which have access to this track, called permissions. These can be accessed via the path "/tracks/[TRACK ID]/permission". In ruby they are accessed like nested resources:playlist.
But have to be saved explicitly:
playlist. << some_user
A lot of these collections are partials, that means Soundcloud API will not return more than 50 items per request.
For example the user famous_dj has 120 fans/followers. famous_dj.fans will only return 50 fans.
To get all fans you have to do something like this:
fans = []
limit = 50
some_fans = famous_dj.fans({:offset => fans.length, :limit => limit})
fans += some_fans
end while some_fans.length >= limit
The array fans now contains all fans/followers of famous_dj.
'Single changeable' separate sub-resources
Some separate collections can't be saved in a bulk request. Instead each item has to be added or removed explicitly. For now this only affects the contacts (followees) and favorites of a user. To add a track to the logged-in users favorites:track.add_favorite!
track.is_favorite? => true or false
The same works with the contacts of the logged-in user:
another_user.is_contact? => true or false
You can also check if another users follows some user or has a specific favorite:
user.has_contact?(some_user) => true of false
user.has_favorite?(some_track) => true or false


text:
More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Dyslexia-Friendly Teacher's Toolkit : Strategies for Teaching Students 3-18
by Pavey, Barbara; Meehan, Margaret; Davis, Sarah9781446207086
Sage Pubns
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Questions About This Book?
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Renting is easy, fast, and cheap! Renting from eCampus.com can save you hundreds of dollars compared to the cost of new or used books each semester. At the end of the semester, simply ship the book back to us with a free UPS shipping label! No need to worry about selling it back.
How do rental returns work?
Returning books is as easy as possible. As your rental due date approaches, we will email you several courtesy reminders. When you are ready to return, you can print a free UPS shipping label from our website at any time. Then, just return the book to your UPS driver or any staffed UPS location. You can even use the same box we shipped it in!
What version or edition is this?
This is the edition with a publication date of 6/26/2013.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
- The Rental copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. You may receive a brand new copy, but typically, only the book itself.
In this toolkit the authors provide you with the foundations for making your setting and your teaching style dyslexia-friendly. There is a general overview of the principles and practices required, and what the dyslexia-aware teacher needs to bear in mind. Chapters cover: " understanding learners with dyslexia; " dyslexia and phonics; " dyslexia and English as an Additional Language " dyslexia and mathematics " dyslexia and science; " dyslexia and creativity. Each chapter includes visual chapter overviews, tried and tested strategies for the classroom and the whole school, using technology to help learners, case studies from practice, children's voices and sources of further information. The book offers you ideas and advice and will ensure you feel confident you are doing the right things to help overcome barriers to learning. Barbara Pavey is a dyslexia specialist and independent educational consultant based in Yorkshire. She is an outreach tutor for the dyslexia specialist programme at the Institute of Education, University of London. Margaret Meehan is Coordinator of Specialist Tuition at Swansea University, where she supports students with dyslexia and other disabilities.


text:
Griffion JV displays new patrol vehicle
Abu Dhabi, February 23, 2011
Griffon Aerospace Middle East (GAME) and Paramount Group, a leading defence firm in Africa, have formed a joint venture to combine expertise for a new armoured vehicle design and surveillance electronics.
The multi-role border patrol vehicle is being showcased at the International Defence Exhibition and Conference (Idex 2011) in Abu Dhabi.
Paramount's mine protected vehicle (MPV), the Marauder will provide a rugged platform for GAME's advanced targeting and surveillance systems, plus a turret-mounted missile launcher, to give customers a high tech long range border patrol capability, coupled with the ability to quickly and accurately engage long-range targets, a statement said.
"GAME has a longstanding pedigree of successfully and effectively integrating defence systems for clients in the Middle East and around the world," said Ivor Ichikowitz, executive chairman of the Paramount Group.
"By joining GAME's superior technology with our own tried and tested MPV platform Marauder, we are able to work together to offer a competitive and bespoke solution to the Middle East market.
"The oversight and control of increasingly porous borders is a pressing requirement for certain Gulf states. The new variant of Marauder developed with GAME has been specifically designed to meet that requirement."
"We will always seek out the very best strategic partners to provide the precise solutions which our customers require, offering them the flexibility to manage new and emerging threats," he added.
Habib Boukharouba, chairman of Griffon Group, said: "We are delighted to be working with Paramount in order to combine our experience in net centric environment and ISTAR solutions in challenging combat environment."
"Coupling our highly advanced electronics sensors, jammers, integrating new generation laser guided ammunitions on RCWS turret systems, with Paramount's proven vehicle platforms will answer a real need in the region. This is just the start of what promises to be a highly fruitful joint venture."
Idex, which is running at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre, will conclude tomorrow (February 24). – TradeArabia News Service
Tags: abu dhabi | Idex | surveillance | Paramount | Armoured vehicle | Griffon |
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- More companies 'getting into CSR activities'
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- New Emirati themed restaurant opens
- 4 UAE companies in race for agri innovation awards
- Stage set for Bahrain Animal Production Show
- Amphibious boats make global debut in Dubai
- Dubai chamber F&B group sets roadmap for 2014
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- DuBiotech to set up first Halal safety lab
- Jotun to supply coatings for Makkah Station


text:
Turn on the computer over the Internet
Last response: in Windows XP
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text:
1,2-Bis(1H-indol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione, an Indole Alkaloid from the Marine Sponge Smenospongia sp.
There are no files associated with this record.
Title | 1,2-Bis(1H-indol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione, an Indole Alkaloid from the Marine Sponge Smenospongia sp. |
Author | McKay, Matthew John; Carroll, Anthony Richard; Quinn, Ronald J; Hooper, John N.A. |
Journal Name | Journal of Natural Products |
Year Published | 2002 |
Place of publication | Washington D.C. |
Publisher | American Chemical Society |
Abstract | 1,2-Bis(1H-indol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (1), a bisindole alkaloid, was isolated from the marine sponge Smenospongia sp. The known compounds indole-3-carbaldehyde (2), 6-bromoindole-3-carbaldehyde (3), and tryptamine (4) and mixtures of the (Z/E) isomers of 6-bromo-2'-demethylaplysinopsin (5a/5b) and 6-bromo-3'-deimino-2',4'-bis(demethyl)-3'-oxoaplysinopsin (6a/6b) were also isolated. |
Peer Reviewed | Yes |
Published | Yes |
Publisher URI | http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jnprdf |
Alternative URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np010347v |
Volume | 65 |
Page from | 595 |
Page to | 597 |
Date Accessioned | 2003-03-19 |
Date Available | 2009-09-25T04:47:12Z |
Language | en_AU |
Comments | Copyright 2002 American Chemical Society. Self-archiving of the author-manuscript version is not yet supported by this publisher. Please use the hypertext link to access the journal's website or contact the author for more information. Please refer to the journal for the definitive published version. |
Research Centre | Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Environmental Futures Research Institute |
Faculty | AstraZeneca R&D Griffith University |
Subject | PRE2009-Research, Science and Technology Policy |
URI | http://hdl.handle.net/10072/6562 |
Publication Type | Journal Articles (Refereed Article) |
Publication Type Code | c1 |
Please use this identifier to cite this record: http://hdl.handle.net/10072/6562
Griffith University copyright notice
Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You may make a print or digital copy of a work for your personal non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved, except for fair dealings or other user rights granted by the copyright laws of your country.


text:
A collection of news and information related to Tyra Banks published by this site and its partners.
Top Tyra Banks Articles
Displaying items 100-110
Thursday's TV Talk Shows
Story | Jul 20, 2011 | 9:37 PMThe Early Show (N) 7 a.m. KCBS Today Aidan Quinn. (N) 7 a.m. KNBC KTLA Morning News (N) 7 a.m. KTLA Good Morning America Tyra Banks. (N) 7 a.m. KABC Good Day L.A. (N) 7 a.m. KTTV Live With Regis...... -
Who would be your dream grand marshal for the Pride Parade?
Story | Jun 24, 2011 | 4:22 PMFernanda Rocha, who is known for being the first lesbian cast member on the Real Housewives of Orange County, is serving as grand marshal of this year's Pride Parade. Rocha isn't exactly the most well-known member of the LGBTQ community, so we asked... -
Listen to your friend Billy Zane, he's a cool dude
Story | Jun 19, 2011 | 9:22 PMAs I sipped on my specially crafted "Orange is the new Black" cocktail on Friday night at The Underground, the details of my surroundings began to sink in: high-fashion haircuts perched atop equally fashionable females; the makeshift runway... -
'America's Next Top Model' all-stars revealed
Story | May 12, 2011 | 4:36 PMA list of the 'America's Next Top Model' all-stars contestants revealed... -
TV THIS WEEK: May 15 - 21
Story | May 13, 2011 | 4:36 PMClick here to download TV listings for the week of May 15 - 21 in PDF format TV listings for the week of May 15 - 21 in PDF format (from latimes.com/entertainment/news/tv) Weekly TV Listings and more can be found...... -
New Fall TV Season: The CW appeals to young people (and that includes Snooki)
Story | May 19, 2011 | 4:36 PMBuffy's back! Sarah Michelle Gellar reunited with the network where she slayed her first vampire on Thursday, presenting her new show "Ringer" during the CW's presentation of its fall schedule in New York. And judging by the Facebook... -
Tyra Banks promises no more 'normal' seasons of 'Top Model'
Story | May 19, 2011 | 4:32 PMTyra didn't elaborate on what "no more 'normal' seasons" meant, but we're guessing more stunts like the coming all-star cycle.... -
Tyra Banks co-hosts 'The View': Talks 'Top Model' finale and proves models are hungry
Story | May 18, 2011 | 4:32 PMDuring a cooking segment, Tyra dug right in. And dug. And dug. And then went back for seconds.... -
'America's Next Top Model' eliminee Kasia: 'Nobody should be treated like that'
Story | Apr 28, 2011 | 9:36 PMAn interview with 'America's Next Top Model' contestant Kasia, who feels like the last episode didn't give her a fair shake... -
Is Victoria's Secret model Candice Swanepoel skinny enough to lose her contract? [Poll]
Story | Apr 1, 2011 | 9:32 PMVictoria's Secret model Candice Swanepoel was criticized for being too skinny after losing weight and taking photos at the debut of the Victoria's Secret 2011 swimsuit collection at the Mondrian Hotel in Los Angeles. Candice Swanepoel may lose her... -
Wednesday's TV Talk Shows
Story | Apr 5, 2011 | 9:36 PMThe Early Show Eva Longoria. (N) 7 a.m. KCBS Today Eric Bana and Saoirse Ronan. (N) 7 a.m. KNBC KTLA Morning News (N) 7 a.m. KTLA Good Morning America Christie Brinkley. (N) 7 a.m. KABC Rachael Ray Sheryl Crow. (N)......


text:
: Proposal:
Derek Roy to Anaheim
View Single Post
Der Jaeger
Registered User
Join Date: Feb 2009
Location: Northern Virginia
Posts: 1,759
vCash: 500
Originally Posted by
Jim Bob
I'd rather have those 3 picks than the 2nd.
At 6, you can get an impact D like Dumba, Murray, or Reinhart. Heck, there is a shot that Grigorenko is there at 6.
And they can get 2 Cs with upside at 12 & 21.
I love Galchenyuk. But, I think that those 3 picks together are more valuable than just the 2nd overall.
Now if you can go from 6 to 2 by giving up 21 and one of the 2nds or 6 , 21, and a prospect like Adam or Brennan, I'd rather go that route.
But screw it, if we're going to dream, let's figure out how to pull some Brian Burke stuff off and get 1 & 2 and get Yakupov & Galchenyuk!
I disagree. If Anaheim was offering up 6 for Roy, I'd add to make sure the deal was done. Adam, Brennan, 42 or 44. Just to position the team at 6.
Then jump from 6 to 2 using the 12, 21, and whichever of the 42/44 didn't go to Anaheim.
Then draft the center of choice, assuming Yakupov goes first.
Getting into the top five to take a potential franchise center is the way to do it. Waiting until they develop doesn't work often or well. How much is Staal going to cost?
At baseline, Buffalo is trading four draft choices (12, 21, 42, 44), Roy (an impending UFA) and a prospect for a potential franchise center. I don't think Pittsburgh, or any team with a 1C, would take a deal of futures like that. Price for a 1C is the lowest it gets at the draft.
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Showtimes in Redwood City, CA
Showing TODAY
825 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063 | (800)326-3264
949 El Camino Real, Menlo Park, CA 94025 | (650)266-9260
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430 Emerson St., Palo Alto, CA 94301 | (650) 266-9260
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text:
Hello all,
The Twilight Official Illustrated Guide will be published next week. Excited? Here's a sneak peek:
I hope you guys enjoy.
Official Team Edward Captain (Carly)
i'll buy it!
© 2014 Created by Hachette Book Group.
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Call in to speak with the host
(213) 943-3502
What if you could travel back in time? Where would you go? This isn't some theoretical exercise. Time travel is real. Or at least, there is a form of it being offered on the north banks of the St. Lawrence River this summer. In a sleepy corner of eastern Canada two major anniversaries are converging to offer visitors a unique glimpse of the past.
We're talking living history along the St. Lawrence River this summer.


text:
Leave a comment
Adore your bag & the flower in your hair gives an exotic feel to your outfit!
Happy Monday Hun xoxo
you are so beautiful peony:) i love this bag too! and the flower in your hair is amazing. wish you a good monday xx
Wow I love that oufit – simple is always so much better I think. Genuinely could live in Zara! x
Such a great look Peony. Love the leopard bag and the flower totally completes the outfit!
Just beautiful…
Love the dress!
LOVE the zara dress- I actually thought it was T by AW at first! Of course your hair flower looks darling as well.
Great simple look. I love to wear black throughout the year! Looks great on you!
Daria from http://www.cinnamon-star.blogspot.com
Your bag just brings the outfit perfectly together! Great touch with the flower in your hair!
so fresh!
The overall look is amazing and effortless ) Love the flower in your hair too!


text:
To salute these all-too-rare moments, those cunning linguists at Mr. Skin have put together a list of the top 10 oral sex scenes (NSFW, obviously -- in fact, super not safe for work). Third base is a classic topic for analysts of movie booty, except on this list, it's only women who are on the receiving end of the mouth maneuvers.
Mr. Skin Pick: Heather Graham in "Two Girls and a Guy" (1998)
The name of the movie sorta says it all. Oh, and the "guy" is Robert Downey Jr.
You're welcome.
Lemondrop Pick: Maria Bello in "The Cooler" (2003)
An orgasm? From William H. Macy? Yes. Yes. YES.
Mr. Skin Pick: Halle Berry in "Monster's Ball" (2001)
Not the sexiest scene ever, but Halle sure gets points for enthusiasm.
Mr. Skin Pick: Chloe Sevigny in "Boys Don't Cry" (1999)
A depressing movie, sure, but not without its naughty bits.
Lemondrop Pick: Tara Reid in "American Pie" (1999)
True, not the best movie or the sexiest scene. But at least it let thousands of teenage
boys know that you only get what you give.
Mr. Skin Pick: Julie Christie in "Don't Look Now" (1973)
One of the all-time most memorable scenes ... Watch out for Donald Sutherland's beard!
Mr. Skin Pick: Sook-Yin Lee in "Shortbus" (2006)
... So hot it's, um, special.
Ok ladies, we know film depictions of dining at the Y aren't very plentiful, but there are more out there. Find the rest of Mr. Skin's list (and the NSWF photos) at MrSkin.com, but comment below and tell us what we missed -- and what your favorites are.


text:
Not Peer Reviewed
The Merchant of Venice (Quarto 1, 1600)
The comicall Historie of
¶and faire she is, if that mine eyes be true,
915What, art thou come, on gentleman, away,
Enter Anthonio.
¶Gra. Signior Anthonio?
¶Tis nine a clocke, our friends all stay for you,
¶No maske to night, the wind is come about
¶then to be vndersaile, and gone to night.
Enter Portia with Morrocho and both
¶_theyr traines.
¶Now make your choyse.
¶This third, dull lead, with warning all as blunt,
¶Por. The one of them containes my picture Prince,
940if you choose that, then I am yours withall.
945Must giue, for what? for lead, hazard for lead?
¶This casket threatens men that hazard all


text:
I love Pet Supermarket. As the elderly mum of two 9 month old indoor kittens, I couldn't do without their support. We use The Worlds Best Cat Litter ( which is by the way !) And buy the huge and heavy 12kilo sack every 8 weeks. At my age there is no way I could carry that home from the supermarket, even if I could find somewhere locally that sells it.
When the soft food and Iams kitten biscuits are on offer and cheaper than my local supermarket, which is very I buy them on line as well. As shipping is so quick and reliable I don't have to stockpile litter and food in the house, I just order 3 days before I need it.
Thank you PSM, Happy New Year to you all
from Pat and her two boys Jeeves and Wooster.
Jet 2 are wonderful. We flew with them 5 times this year and have never been disappointed.
They fly on time, with great crew. Always very freindly and helpful.
They are now our airline of choice. I dont even bother looking at other airlines on line.
Well done Jet 2 you wil be seeing us again very soon.
After shopping at John Lewis it makes it difficult to shop at ordinary shops. Other seem tatty and old fashioned compared to the lovely airy and modern layouts at JL.
Always immaculate and with lovely staff to boot why would you shop elswhere ?
And they always have the best value. I thought they would be expensive but found them to beat just about everybody else on price
Used Easyjet twice this year after many years with other airlines. What a change in them.The cabin crew are charming and helpful, the aircraft new and spotlessly clean, even the flight deck crew chatted to us throughout the flight.
I am converted, I just wished you had flights to Rome and Pisa as well
Top up £10 and get £30 free credit. Cant ask for more than that.
I am new to Bullguard and not a techie but they have already helped me out setting up V10.
After years with McAfee I am converted to Bullguard.It is easy to use ( with the on line help) and you feel in control.
Also I got 3 licences for the price of one !
Connect with Facebook to get one click access to Trustpilot. It's easier.
Sign up with Facebook


text:
Kendrick Lamar and Drake: Beef Is Real
Kendrick photo by Will Deitz
Last night a 15-second clip of Kendrick Lamar dissing Drake in his upcoming BET Hip-Hop Awards cypher hit the internet, and by this morning the Kendrick vs. Drake discussion was full-blown. The circumstances are different, sure, but is it too early to say that this era's equivalent to the Jay Z vs. Nas conflict is becoming a reality?
In the clip, Kendrick raps over Mobb Deep's eviscerating "Shook Ones Pt. II" instrumental and unmistakably targets at Drake, again:
"Nothing's been the same since they dropped 'Control'
And tucked a sensitive rapper back in his pajama clothes
Ha-ha jokes on you, high-five, I'm bulletproof
Your shits'll never penetrate, pin the tail on the donkey, boy, you been a fake"
It shouldn't come as a shock. This type of tension always builds when more than one rapper is at the top of his game. Rakim and Kane. Biggie and Nas. There's only room for one at the top, and given fans' love of a good rivalry, the entire fracas almost wills itself into existence. But the rappers know it too, and they react. That's what we're seeing manifest now between Kendrick and Drake.
From the start, hip-hop has been fueled by braggadocio, and that's what Kendrick tried to make clear in the verse that started all of this, his guest appearance on Big Sean's "Control". You know the story by now. Kendrick put himself in a class with a few of the greatest rappers ever, and advised new rappers not to try and enter that space: "This is hip-hop and them niggas should know what time is." He called out J. Cole, Big K.R.I.T., Wale, Pusha T, Meek Mill, A$AP Rocky, Drake, Big Sean, Jay Electronica, Tyler the Creator, and Mac Miller as rappers he has "love" for, but is "trying to murder."
Still, the only truly formidable opponent of the MCs he called out—simply because he's the only one with a bigger buzz than Kendrick—is Drake.
Considering that his third album, Nothing Was the Same, just sold 658,000 copies in one week, it's safe to say that Drake is the most successful young rapper out right now. Kendrick's last album went platinum and had a number of hit singles, which makes him a competitor on a commercial level. But more importantly, these two are also hitting their respective artistic strides simultaneously.
In the wake of the "Control" verse, Drake hasn't shown Kendrick much respect; if anything, he's dismissed him as a lightweight barely worthy ofhis attention. In a Power 106 interview, he painted the "Control" verse as a cheap gimmick. "I'm probably like as done as the rest of the world is with that record," he said. "I think it came and it went. And not to discredit it. It was a good moment, but at the end of the day it's just like—it was one of those sort of like fleeting Twitter frenzies that like—it was cool for what it was. My thing is I like lasting power." He also said he wouldn't collaborate with Kendrick again. Considering that Drake is the guy who once said, "Diss me and you'll never hear a reply for it", this reaction turned heads.
And he echoed this sentiment throughout his Nothing Was The Same press run. He told Elliott Wilson, "Are you listening to ["Control"] now, at this point in time? It was real cool for a couple weeks. But if I ask you, for example, how does that verse start?" In Billboard, he shrugged off the verse's perceived significance:"It just sounded like an ambitious thought to me. That's all it was. I know good and well that Kendrick's not murdering me, at all, in any platform. So when that day presents itself, I guess we can revisit the topic."
Well, has that day come? Kendrick's 15-second shot got everyone's attention, but it came on the heels of a few less-discussed moments that kept the tension bubbling. Nothing Was the Same cut "The Language" was filled with what seemed like subliminal swipes at Kendrick:
"I don't know why they been lying but your shit is not that inspiring
Bank account statements just look like I'm ready for early retirement
Fuck any nigga that's talkin' that shit just to get a reaction
Fuck going platinum, I looked at my wrist and it's already platinum
I am the kid with the motor mouth I am the one that you should worry about
I don't know who you're referring to, who is this nigga you heard about?"
It's reminiscent of Nas' 2001 "Stillmatic" freestyle, which didn't mention Jay Z by name (though Jay had done that to Nas at Summer Jam just before), but was unquestionably aimed at him and allowed the beef to continue.
Two years ago, Drake brought a then up-and-coming Kendrick and A$AP Rocky out on the Club Paradise tour. There's a telling backstage video that shows he and Rocky basking in each other's glow, with the latter soaking up the co-sign. For the two seconds that Kendrick is in the video, though, you sense an unease and eagerness about him.
Later that year when Take Care dropped, Kendrick's appearance didn't feel so much like a feature but a move to hijack the whole album. He got his own interlude, which candidly addresses his inferiority complex and insecurities (he calls himself a "suicidal terrorist"), but it also takes some sly shots at Drake—on his own album.
Flash forward two years, and Drake is still in a position where he doesn't even have to respond to Kendrick's latest jab. He'll look good either way—but now Kendrick doesn't lose anything by coming at Drake either. The whole thing is just what's always happened when two rappers simultaneously hit their artistic and commercial peaks. They've inadvertently set themselves up for war by being the two best out—consider how most of the discussion about their last two collaborations, "Poetic Justice" and "Fuckin' Problems", were heated arguments over which of the two had the best verse.
In the past, Drake has taken light shots at Kanye West and Common, but an all-out feud with Kendrick has the potential to be much more fun than that. Two of rap's most exciting talents battling it out in their creative prime? This is what hip-hop fans live for, and there's reason to believe we've hardly seen anything yet.
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Even though the old building is slowly disappearing, the memories of living and working there remain.
The McDowell County Public Library, in association with the Mountain Gateway Museum and Eljapa Media Group, is hosting a special exhibit about the history of Marion Manufacturing Co. Titled "Woven Together: Marion Manufacturing and McDowell County," the exhibit opened on Saturday in the downstairs meeting room at the library in Marion. It focuses on the textile mill on Baldwin Avenue and the East Marion community that was formed around it. ...
The exhibit is especially timely for two reasons. Sunday marked the 82nd anniversary of what has been called "the Marion Massacre." In the early morning hours of Oct. 2, 1929, striking workers who had walked out and other employees picketing outside Marion Manufacturing soon found themselves in a deadly conflict with the local sheriff, six of his deputies and seven anti-union employees who were deputized on the spot.Read the full article
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text: Causes and characteristics of the street child phenomenon: a global perspective.The phenomenon of street children, an offspring of the modern urban environment, represents one of humanity's most complex and serious challenges. No country and virtually no city anywhere in the world today is without the presence of street children. Both developed and developing countries face a broad spectrum of problems posed by these children, yet few steps have been taken to address the issue (Le Roux Roux , Pierre Paul Émile 1853-1933.French bacteriologist. His work with the diphtheria bacillus led to the development of antitoxins to neutralize pathogenic toxins. , 1994). CHARACTERISTICS OF STREET CHILDREN A review of the literature reveals a number of characteristics of children who take to the streets (Taqon, 1991; Forrest et al., 1986; Richter, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Cockburn, 1991; Drake, 1989; Keen, 1990; Swart swart adj. Archaic Swarthy. [Middle English swarte, from Old English sweart.] Adj. 1. , 1990a; Griesel et al., 1990; Aptekar, 1989; Ross, 1991; Hickson & Gaydon, 1989). These characteristics are summarized as follows. Street children often seem younger than their chronological age chron·o·log·i·cal age n. Abbr. CA The number of years a person has lived, used especially in psychometrics as a standard against which certain variables, such as behavior and intelligence, are measured. , due to acute and chronic malnutrition, which stunts their growth. However, their furtive fur·tive adj. 1. Characterized by stealth; surreptitious. 2. Expressive of hidden motives or purposes; shifty. See Synonyms at secret. , hunted expressions and devil-may-care attitude toward the world reveal a maturity beyond their years. Males predominate among street children, although females are also represented, especially in Asian countries. Females who have been sexually abused often turn to prostitution, while males are prone to violence, such as rape. There is an alarming acceptance of male violence by female street children. They fear being harmed, incapacitated, arrested (most report being subjected to police intimidation or brutality), and getting sick. They also are concerned about loneliness and being unloved. They desire respect and "yearn to become someone." Street children tend to see themselves as nice people who behave badly: the ones everybody loves to hate. Contrary to popular belief, street children are not necessarily society's dropouts, but rather victims of unfortunate circumstances. Most come from the lower socioeconomic strata. Children merely working on the street in order to supplement family income - who return home regularly - predominantly are loyal to, and have a positive relationship with, family members, in contrast with permanent children of the streets. Most street children have unfavorable family histories in common. They often come from nuclear families, especially single-parent households headed by the mother. Frequently, they have had no positive father figure and suffered parental rejection and physical hardship. Consequently, they are reluctant to trust adults and find any authority or control imposed upon them irksome. Yet most yearn to return home, provided that the familial factors that drove them away change. Although dropouts, most would also like to go back to school in order to secure a better future. However, the longer they spend on the streets, the worse their prognosis for educational rehabilitation. When street children band together, they represent an exceptional companionship system, which replaces the family as a source of emotional and economic support. The group offers protection, support, friendship, and solidarity. Its members generally show strong loyalty to each other. In addition, their use of street jargon gives them a special identity. Nevertheless, they place a high premium on personal freedom. They live by their wits and survive by begging or performing "pseudo-services," such as carrying shopping bags and directing motorists into parking spaces. However, these dirty and badly neglected children are often condemned by the indifference or hostility of others; they struggle to support themselves and have low self-esteem as a result of their negative experiences. The longer children spend on the streets, the more likely it is that they will become involved in criminal activities; but the popular beliefs that the streets are "schools of crime" and that all street children inevitably become criminals are not true. However, they are often guilty of antisocial antisocial /an·ti·so·cial/ (-so´sh'l) 1. denoting behavior that violates the rights of others, societal mores, or the law. 2. denoting the specific personality traits seen in antisocial personality disorder. or self-destructive behavior. This self-destructive behavior frequently results from a lack of knowledge, rather than from negative and fatalistic fa·tal·ism n. 1. The doctrine that all events are predetermined by fate and are therefore unalterable. 2. Acceptance of the belief that all events are predetermined and inevitable. attitudes. The consumption of drugs serves as a temporary escape from their harsh reality. The use of intoxicants, such as the inhalation of glue, petrol/gasoline, and benzene, is widespread. The more time these children spend on the streets, the greater the likelihood that they will show signs of cognitive or emotional dysfunction. In addition, AIDS is spreading at an alarming rate among street children. CAUSES OF THE PHENOMENON The following causes of the phenomenon of street children have been found worldwide. The dramatic increase in the number of street children has been linked to societal stress associated with rapid industrialization industrialization Process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. The changes that took place in Britain during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and 19th century led the way for the early industrializing nations of western Europe and and urbanization. Conversely, in industrialized countries, inner-city decay and chronic unemployment accompanying economic downturns are held responsible. In agricultural societies, drought and famine may be to blame. Economic and social upheaval have led to the breakdown of traditional family structures and values. The reduction in family size, from extended to nuclear, has led to the availability of fewer child-support resources. Family disruption, in the form of death, desertion, separation, and divorce, has shrunk family size still further, often resulting in poor, single-parent, mother-headed households. This leaves children vulnerable, and with the general absence of community and governmental support, they have few options in times of crisis other than life on the street. In circumstances where there is family pathology, such as alcoholism, child abuse (physical or sexual), or neglect, children are motivated to leave home, or may even be driven out. Other reasons for turning to the streets include overcrowding overcrowding overcrowding of animal accommodation. Many countries now publish codes of practice which define what the appropriate volumetric allowances should be for each species of animal when they are housed indoors. Breaches of these codes is overcrowding. , social disruption δSocial disruption is a term used in sociology to describe the alteration or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting. For example, the closing of a community grocery store might cause social disruption in a community by removing a "meeting ground" caused by frequent relocation (migrant labor migrant labor, term applied in the United States to laborers who travel from place to place harvesting crops that must be picked as soon as they ripen. Although migrant labor patterns exist in other parts of the world (e.g. ), as well as parent-child friction in reconstituted families. Contrary to popular belief, only a small percentage of street children have been orphaned. Poverty is another cause. Some families could not survive with another mouth to feed, or without the financial contributions of working or self-supporting children (which sometimes involves prostitution). Many children reportedly run away from home to escape the boredom, humiliation, and failure they experience in school. Others are drawn to the streets to be "part of the action," or are motivated to seek a better life than the one to which they would be destined if they remained at home. Political factors have also played a role. In South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. during the 1980s, black youths left home to participate in the political struggle to end apartheid, as well as to hide from the authorities. DISCUSSION The phenomenon of street children is global, as findings from several countries indicate. An investigation in Kathmandu, Nepal (Pradhan, 1990), revealed the following characteristics of street children: little or no contact with families; left alone without adult care; peer group is most important support system; involved in various antisocial activities, including theft (e.g., pick-pocketing); basic needs left unfulfilled; beg for food and money; exploited by employers; work at odd jobs odd jobs npl → chapuzas fpl odd jobs npl → petits travaux divers odd jobs odd npl → ; and street smart, especially in outwitting the authorities. In Nepal, 60% of the population lives below the poverty line. Thus, the reasons for becoming a street child are predominantly economic and social: maltreatment maltreatment Social medicine Any of a number of types of unreasonable interactions with another adult. See Child maltreatment, Cf Child abuse. by stepmother, 23%; father's death, 28%; family abandoned by father, 5%; mother's death, 16%; family abandoned by mother, 9%; lack of home/food, 12%; neglect or abuse, 83%; abandoned by family, 5%; attraction to city life, 62%. Silva (1991), in a review of research in Indonesia, found poverty to be the dominant factor behind the emergence of street children. Poor parents cannot meet the needs of a growing family. This forces children onto the streets to work, with the aim being to increase family income and to maximize the purchasing power Purchasing Power 1. The value of a currency expressed in terms of the amount of goods or services that one unit of money can buy. Purchasing power is important because, all else being equal, inflation decreases the amount of goods or services you'd be able to purchase. 2. of existing income by reducing family size. In the Philippines, more males are found on the streets, due to the fact that females are generally more protected and are used for domestic work around the house. Most street children are between 6 and 17 years old and work to supplement family income. Forced onto the streets because of economic difficulties, they become involved in cleaning cars, peddling, prostitution and, to a lesser extent, drug dealing. Children also end up on the streets because of family violence and abuse (Mid-Term Review Project Document, 1990). Filipino street children experience loneliness, neglect, abuse, drug addiction drug addiction or chemical dependency Physical and/or psychological dependency on a psychoactive (mind-altering) substance (e.g., alcohol, narcotics, nicotine), defined as continued use despite knowing that the substance causes harm. , and various medical problems. They face constant harassment and arrest by the police, as well as abuse from other street children. They desire educational opportunities to improve their chances of obtaining a stable job, but their prospects are dim. They also hope to return home, provided the factors that drove them away have changed (Mid-Term Review Project Document, 1990). A study of street girls in metropolitan Manila confirms that they are there to earn money with which to feed themselves and their families. They generally have suffered more violence from the male parent than from the mother. Most have lived with only one parent and the live-in partner, in an environment where wife- and child-battering are common. Unlike street boys, they are tied down to housework at the same time. Most of them do not go to school ("Manila's Street Girls," 1989). The plight of street children in Thailand has also been called "alarming" ("Meeting Targets, Addressing Needs," 1991). The situation has been attributed to rapid urbanization and economic crises. In India, nearly one out of every three persons in urban areas lives below the poverty line. Poor, marginalized street children are a common sight. Rootless, they exist without education, care, affection, and guidance. These children experience abuse from nearly everyone: the community treats them with contempt, they are harassed and arrested by the police, and they are even brutalized by older street children. They fall easy victim to drug dealers, who turn them into addicts and force them to peddle drugs. They are exploited by parents and employers alike. In short, street children in India are inadequately clothed, fed, or loved; they are victims of family violence, including physical and sexual abuse (Panicker, 1993). In Colombia, which is considered to have one of the highest street child populations in the world, research indicates that living on the street may be a phase in the life cycle of a large percentage of poor children (Swart, 1990b). Poverty, overpopulation overpopulation Situation in which the number of individuals of a given species exceeds the number that its environment can sustain. Possible consequences are environmental deterioration, impaired quality of life, and a population crash (sudden reduction in numbers caused by , a high rate of abandonment by husbands, and political unrest are some of the major causes of the phenomenon in Latin America Latin America, the Spanish-speaking, Portuguese-speaking, and French-speaking countries (except Canada) of North America, South America, Central America, and the West Indies. . Family pathology, which is linked to socioeconomic factors, also drives many children from home. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Swart (1990b), street children in Guatemala, as in Peru, may have been abandoned, or left home because of physical or sexual abuse, poverty, or general parental neglect. CONCLUSION There may be as many as 100 million street children in the world, unloved, undernourished, and uneducated (Agnelli, 1986). Society often tries to forget them, or ignore them, or sometimes even deny that they exist. The problem will not go away by itself, however, and unless addressed soon, may lead to more dire consequences. REFERENCES Agnelli, S. (1986). Street children: A growing urban tragedy (Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Aptekar, L. (1989). A culture of the streets. The Child Care Worker, 7(7), 12-13. Cockburn, A. (1991). Street children: Characteristics and dynamics of the problem. Child Welfare, 17(1), 6-7. Drake, E. (1989). Street children in other countries. The Child Care Worker, 7(7), 14-15. Forrest, B., Tyler, S. L., Tyler, J. J., & Echeverry, M. C. Z. (1986, August). A preventative psychosocial approach for working with street children. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. Griesel, R. D., Jansen, P., & Richter, L. M. (1990). Electro-encephalographic disturbances due to chronic toxin abuse in young people, with special reference to glue sniffing. South African Medical Journal, 78, 544-547. Hickson, J., & Gaydon, V. (1989). Counselling in South Africa: The challenge of apartheid's "twilight children" - The street children of Johannesburg. Journal of Multicultural Counselling and Development, 17, 85-89. Keen, J. (1990). A window on the inner world of street children. The Child Care Worker, 8(5), 11-12. Le Roux, J. (1994). Street children in South Africa and Thailand: A comparative study. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. Manila's street girls: A closer look. (1989). Street Voices, 3(2), 5-7. (Publication of the Joint Project on Street Children of DSWD DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development (Philippines) DSWD Details Schematic Wiring Diagrams , NCSD NCSD National Cyber Security Division (US Department of Homeland Security) NCSD National Cancer Survivors Day NCSD North Carolina School for the Deaf NCSD Nye County School District (Nevada) , and UNICEF.) Meeting targets, addressing needs. (1991). Street Voices, 5(3), 10-11. (Publication of the National Project on Street Children.) Mid-Term Review Project Document. (1990). Meeting the needs of street children in the Philippines. UNICEF. Panicker, R. (1993). Study on the situation of street children in six cities of India: Major findings. Street and Working Children, 8, 1-2. Pradhan, G. (1990). Street children of Kathmandu. Lost Childhood, 6, 1-18. Richter, L. M. (1988). Street children: The nature and scope of the problem in South Africa. The Child Care Worker, 6(7), 11-14. Richter, L. M. (1991a, April). Street children in South Africa: General theoretical introduction-Society, family and childhood. Part 1 of a paper presented at the First National Workshop of Street-Wise, Johannesburg. Richter, L. M. (1991b, April). Street children in South Africa: Street children in rich and poor countries. Part 2 of a paper presented at the First National Workshop of Street-Wise, Johannesburg. Ross, C. (1991). The street children: Survival strategies. Indicator SA, 8(4), 69-72. Silva, T. L. (Ed.). (1991). Indonesia to work with family, child and peers in its efforts for street children. Childhope Newsletter, 1(1/2), 3. Swart, J. M. (1990a). Street children: Their health and welfare. Chasa, 1(1), 5-12. Swart, J. M. (1990b). Street children in Latin America, with special reference to Guatemala (Unisa Centre for Latin American Studies, 6(1), 18-41). Pretoria: University of South Africa "UNISA" redirects here. UNISA may also refer to University of South Australia. The University of South Africa (UNISA) is a distance education university, with headquarters in Pretoria, South Africa. . Taqon, P. (1991, March). Survey on street children in three urban centres of Namibia. Coordinated and carried out by the Ministry of Local Government and Housing of the Republic of Namibia. Cheryl Sylvia Smith, Ph.D., University of Durban-Westville The University of Durban-Westville was formerly, a university situated in Westville, Durban built in the 1970's. It now forms part of the campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. , Faculty of Education, Durban, Republic of South Africa. Reader Opinion |


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Here's a set of flat, modern, nice looking service boxes. You can easily change the blue color with whatever color will match the rest of your design.
Here's a modern form you can use to capture leads for your business.
Here's a modern and clean homepage template for a financial company. The PSD includes well organized and fully editable layers (pictures are not included).
Here's a nice looking set of flat service boxes. I've added a very subtle shadow to spice it up a bit.
Today's free download is a modern flat design Customer Login form. Enjoy:)
A set of service boxes you can use for pretty much any website. Change the colors and pictures to match whatever website you are building.
Here's another set of nice looking buttons. Just a little bit of gradient and a bit of a shadow and you get these modern looking buttons.
I've created a set of shiny call to action buttons. There's 4 colors you can choose from or you can easily create your own.
This homepage was created for a company that specializes in CCTV Surveillance Systems and Video Verification Alarm Systems for Residential and Commercial properties.
This homepage was created for an online natural pet food home delivery company.


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The Sonore Solid Wood Mid-Century Style Dining Chair - Set of 2 has a fun, vintage feel, perfect for a classic touch in the dining room. These chairs also are great as side chairs in the living room or office.
The Sonore Solid Wood Mid-Century Style Dining Chairs feature a retro-inspired design with tastefully rounded lines. These wooden dining chairs have a medium wood stain resembling walnut, and a padded seat with faux leather in black.


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Philadelphia Flyers forward James van Riemsdyk does not require hip surgery and is expected to make a full recovery in time for training camp in the fall.
Last season, van Riemsdyk was limited to 43 games due to a number of injuries, scoring 11 goals and adding 13 assists for 24 points.
He missed games due to a groin injury, a concussion and foot surgery. He returned to play seven games in the playoffs, contributing two points before the Flyers bowed out in the second round.
The New Jersey native was drafted second overall by the Flyers in 2007.
Martin St. Louis is a Ranger, Matt Moulson is a member of the Minnesota Wild and the Montreal Canadiens have Thomas Vanek. Look back at all the big name deals that went down.
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Are you ready for the Challenge? Select your roster of 6F, 4D, and 2G each week during the regular season, and you could win a New 2013 Kia Optima Hybrid! Compete against the nation and your friends. Play now!


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Search Results for compact tripod edition
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OPMOD APT All-Purpose Tripod
enough to be stable in the wind, the OPMOD APT Tripod is a compact folding tripod, available ... your binoculars, the solution is the OPMOD All Purpose Tripod! OPMOD DS-690: Limited Edition ... construction for indoor or outdoor use OPMOD Limited Lifetime Warranty Package Contents: OPMOD Limited Edition APT Tripod ... Whether you're aiming a camera or a spotting scope, the OPMOD APT (All Purpose Tripod) Limited ... Edition gives you a steady hand and a clear field of view. Light enough to carry anywhere, yet weighty ... All-Purpose Tripod features a locking center column with geared extension post, rubber feet with universal ... mount features a quick-release lever for when you want to get your camera or scope off the tripod... |
Armasight OPMOD GEN1M 1.0 Limited Edition Gen 1 Night Vision Monocular / Goggle w/ Head Mount
OPMOD GEN1M 1.0 Limited Edition Gen 1 Night Vision Monocular is an exclusive product available only ... here! This compact night vision scope is lightweight, easy to use, ergonomically designed, and offers ... Operating temperature (°): -30 to +45 Tripod mount: Yes Dimensions (LxWxH, mm / in): 147x 82 x ... Vision Scope: Compact and lightweight Designed for hands-free operations High resolution Gen. 1+ ... Contents: Armasight OPMOD GEN1M 1.0 Limited Edition Gen 1 Night Monocular / Goggle Head mount with flipup attachment point OPMOD Embroidered Soft Case... |
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3 January 2010
1 comment:
- turtle and dragon said...
May the monthh of January be all that you hope it to be and much more... ox Melanie
- 5 January 2010 15:55
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january is a long and quiet month
a month for reflection, for staying indoors looking out of the window
gazing at pale skies dotted with birds flying inside
a month to observe and be wise
to sort out and start anew
feeling time flowing gracefully!
images from the first day of the year
labels winter days
May the monthh of January be all that you hope it to be and much more... ox Melanie
I like colour, trees and flowers, sunshine and thunderstorms, cats and dogs, books and magazines, silence and water, birds singing, the smell of fresh bread and the earth after it rains, simple details, the sea and big skies ... after doing many distinct things in life I decided to swap a settled job for the challenges of becoming a ceramist.
I'm paula and I would love to hear from you ... firstname.lastname@example.com


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The holiday season is here and for many children that means one thing – toys. Approximately 50% of all toy purchases in the United States occur between the Friday after Thanksgiving and Christmas.
While parents are on a mad dash to scoop up the hottest toys, safety should be at the top of their wish lists. According to Safe Kids, in 2010, an estimated 181,500 toy-related injuries in children ages 14 years and younger were treated in hospital emergency rooms across the United States. With the federal toy safety standards passed by Congress in 2008, parents can be reassured that the vast majority of toys on store shelves are safe.
Top tips for making sure children's toys are safe during this holiday season are:
Parents can check www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/category/toy.html for recalled children's products.
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Veteran actor Louis Ferreira, who plays Declan on AMC's Breaking Bad, describes suffering through a mysterious affliction on-set and shares how Breaking Bad has changed his appearance on other shows.
Q: Had you watched Breaking Bad before joining the show?
A: I'd seen the first season, but being that I'm a single parent I don't have a lot of time to watch television. When the audition came through I was in Vancouver doing something else. I was thinking there was no way I'm going to get this thing , but when I got the call back I was like, "What?!" As an actor you swing the bat, and if you're lucky you hit the project. I was thrilled to be part of that.
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"Something Blue" Kitchen Whisk
Deal or No Deal?
(2) thoughts from other users ...
I like the color of these something blue items. Pretty good price. I think I will check out the shipping.
LindaKNor posted Mar 08, 2013
Really it's great for our kitchen. Give a look of elegance and I will buy.
Mishumoshu posted Mar 08, 2013