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subset: commoncrawl


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Worldwide Locations
Dancers clad in vibrant colors perform during a welcoming ceremony to greet Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship in Bali, Indonesia on May 31, 2013. (Sonny Tumbelaka/AFP/Getty Images)
A dancer in the midst of a performance in Bali, Indonesia on July 25, 2012. (worldsurfr/Flickr)
Hindu mythological dance performance in Uluwatu, Bali on November 29, 2011. (Mat McDermott/Flickr)
The Legong Dance and Ramayana is performed in Ubud palace in Bali, Indonesia on January 17, 2012. (Henk Kosters /Flickr)
A participant competes in a 'Makepung' or bull race with over 220 domestic water buffaloes in the town of Jembrana on the Indonesian resort island of Bali on August 8, 2010.


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Judith Butler
This article's introduction may be too long for the overall article length. (February 2014) |
Born | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
February 24, 1956
Era | 20th / 21st-century philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Continental philosophy, Third-wave feminism, Critical theory, Queer theory, Postmodernism, Post-structuralism |
Main interests | Feminist theory, Political philosophy, Ethics, Psychoanalysis, Discourse, Embodiment, Sexuality, Jewish philosophy |
Notable ideas | Sex and gender as social construction, gender performativity |
Part of a series on |
Feminist philosophy |
Major works |
Notable theorists |
Important concepts |
Judith Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American philosopher and gender theorist, whose work has had a significant influence on the fields of feminist, queer, and literary theory, philosophy, political philosophy, and ethics.[2] Butler is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature and the Co-director of the Program of Critical Theory at the University of California, Berkeley, where she has taught since 1993. She is perhaps best known for her works Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity and Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex," where she challenges the sex/gender distinction and develops her theory of gender performativity.[3] Indeed, Butler's conception of gender performativity has shaped the scholarship of an entire generation in feminist and queer studies.[4]
Her books include Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth Century France (1987, 1999), Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990, 2007), Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" (1993, 2011), Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (1997), The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection (1997), Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death (2000), Undoing Gender (2004), Precarious Life: Powers of Violence and Mourning (2004), Giving an Account of Oneself (2005), Krieg und Affect (2009), Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? (2009). Her most recent monograph is Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism (2012). All of her books have been translated into numerous languages; Gender Trouble, alone, has been translated into twenty-seven different languages. In addition, she has co-authored and edited over a dozen volumes — the most recent of which is Dispossession: The Performative in the Political (2013), coauthored with Athena Athanasiou. Over the years she has also published many influential essays, interviews, and public presentations. Butler is considered by many as "one of the most influential voices in contemporary political theory,"[5] and as the most widely read and influential gender theorist in the world.[6]
Butler has received honorary degrees from St. Andrews University (2013); McGill University (2013); Université Paris VII (2011); University Bordeaux-III (2011), and Grinnell College (2008). She is the recipient of a range of awards, including the Theodor W. Adorno Award (2012), the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's Distinguished Achievement Award (2008), two American Council of Learned Society Fellowships (2008, 1988), a Ford Foundation Fellowship (2008), the Brudner Memorial Prize for Lifetime Achievement for contributions to Lesbian and Gay Studies from Yale University (2004), a Laurence Rockefeller Fellowship (2001), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1999), as well as a Fulbright-Hays Scholarship (1978). She has been a member in the School of Social Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1987–88), and received an Andrew Mellow Postdoctoral fellowship in the Humanities Center at Wesleyan University (1985–86). Butler has had visiting appointments at Birkbeck, University of London (2000-),[7] Columbia University (2012, 2013), The New School (2011), the École Normale Supérieure (2008), the University of Amsterdam (2002), Princeton University (2001), Stanford University (1998), and York University (1991). Until 2011, she was also the Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School, and from 2003 to 2007 she was the Andrew White Professor at Large at Cornell University. She has been an invited plenary speaker in diverse venues and delivered public lectures in North and South American, Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
Butler has also been outspoken on many contemporary political issues.[8] She has been active in lesbian and gay rights, and, more recently, she has engaged with the question of Palestine/Israel. She is a vocal critic of Israeli politics[9] and has repeatedly emphasized that Israel does not represent all Jews.[10]
- 1 Early life and education
- 2 Overview of major works
- 2.1 Performative Acts and Gender Constitution (1988)
- 2.2 Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990)
- 2.3 Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" (1993)
- 2.4 Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (1997)
- 2.5 Undoing Gender (2004)
- 2.6 Giving an Account of Oneself (2005)
- 2.7 "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire" (2005)
- 3 Reception
- 4 Political activism
- 5 Publications
- 6 Selected honors and awards
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Butler was born in Cleveland, Ohio,[11] to a family of Hungarian and Russian Jewish descent.[12] Most of her maternal grandmother's family perished in the Holocaust.[13] As a child and teenager, she attended both Hebrew school and special classes on Jewish ethics, where she received her "first training in philosophy."[14] Butler stated in a 2010 interview with Haaretz that she began the ethics classes at the age of 14 and that they were created as a form of punishment by her Hebrew school's Rabbi because she was "too talkative in class."[13] Butler also stated that she was "thrilled" by the idea of these tutorials, and when asked what she wanted to study in these special sessions, she responded with three questions preoccupying her at the time: "Why was Spinoza excommunicated from the synagogue? Could German Idealism be held accountable for Nazism? And how was one to understand existential theology, including the work of Martin Buber?"[15]
Butler attended Bennington College and then Yale University[16] where she studied philosophy, receiving her B.A. in 1978 and her Ph.D. in 1984.[17] She taught at Wesleyan University, George Washington University, and Johns Hopkins University before joining University of California, Berkeley, in 1993.[11] In addition, she joined the department of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University as a visiting professor in the spring semesters of 2012 and 2013 and has the option of remaining as full-time faculty.[18][19]
Butler currently lives in Berkeley, California, with her partner, the political scientist Wendy Brown, and their son, Isaac.
Overview of major works[edit]
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2010) |
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution (1988)[edit]
Butler begins to develop the arguments of the performativity of gender in this essay, which is later expanded upon and continues to work through in the book Gender Trouble. Butler uses Freud's notion of how a person's identity is modeled in terms of the normal. She revises Freud's notion of this concept's applicability to lesbianism, where Freud says that lesbians are modeling their behavior on men, the perceived normal or ideal. She instead says that all gender works in this way of performativity and a representing of an internalized notion of gender norms.[20] Butler argues for a performative understanding of gender, as opposed to the idea that gender performance is an expression of some sort of innate or natural gender. Butler argues that the performance of gender, itself creates gender. Additionally, she compares the performativity of gender to the performance of the theater. She brings many similarities, including the idea of each individual functioning as an actor of their gender. However she also brings into light a critical difference between gender performance in reality and theater performances. She explains how the theater is much less threatening and does not produce the same fear that gender performances often encounter because of the fact that there is a clear distinction from reality within the theater.
Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990)[edit]
Gender Trouble was first published in 1990, selling over 100,000 copies internationally and in different languages[citation needed]. Alluding to the similarly named 1974 John Waters film Female Trouble starring the drag queen Divine,[21] Gender Trouble critically discusses the works of Simone de Beauvoir, Julia Kristeva, Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Luce Irigaray, Monique Wittig, Jacques Derrida, and, most significantly, Michel Foucault. The book has also enjoyed widespread popularity outside of traditional academic circles, even inspiring an intellectual fanzine, Judy![22]
The crux of Butler's argument in Gender Trouble is that the coherence of the categories of sex, gender, and sexuality—the natural-seeming coherence, for example, of masculine gender and heterosexual desire in male bodies—is culturally constructed through the repetition of stylized acts in time. These stylized bodily acts, in their repetition, establish the appearance of an essential, ontological "core" gender.[citation needed] This is the sense in which Butler famously theorizes gender, along with sex and sexuality, as performative. The performance of gender, sex, and sexuality, however, is not a voluntary choice for Butler, who locates the construction of the gendered, sexed, desiring subject within what she calls, borrowing from Foucault's Discipline and Punish, "regulative discourses." These, also called "frameworks of intelligibility" or "disciplinary regimes," decide in advance what possibilities of sex, gender, and sexuality are socially permitted to appear as coherent or "natural."[citation needed] Regulative discourse includes within it disciplinary techniques which, by coercing subjects to perform specific stylized actions, maintain the appearance in those subjects of the "core" gender, sex and sexuality the discourse itself produces.[23]
A significant yet sometimes overlooked part of Butler's argument concerns the role of sex in the construction of "natural" or coherent gender and sexuality. Butler explicitly challenges biological accounts of binary sex, reconceiving the sexed body as itself culturally constructed by regulative discourse.[24] The supposed obviousness of sex as a natural biological fact attests to how deeply its production in discourse is concealed. The sexed body, once established as a "natural" and unquestioned "fact," is the alibi for constructions of gender and sexuality, unavoidably more cultural in their appearance, which can purport to be the just-as-natural expressions or consequences of a more fundamental sex. On Butler's account, it is on the basis of the construction of natural binary sex that binary gender and heterosexuality are likewise constructed as natural.[25] In this way, Butler claims that without a critique of sex as produced by discourse, the sex/gender distinction as a feminist strategy for contesting constructions of binary asymmetric gender and compulsory heterosexuality will be ineffective.[26]
Thus, by showing both terms "gender "and "sex" as socially and culturally constructed, Butler offers a critique of both terms, even as they have been used by feminists.[27] Butler argued that feminism made a mistake in trying to make "women" a discrete, ahistorical group with common characteristics. Butler said this approach reinforces the binary view of gender relations because it allows for two distinct categories: men and women.[16] Butler believes that feminists should not try to define "women" and she also believes that feminists should "focus on providing an account of how power functions and shapes our understandings of womanhood not only in the society at large but also within the feminist movement".[28] Finally, Butler aims to break the supposed links between sex and gender so that gender and desire can be "flexible, free floating and not caused by other stable factors".[16] The idea of identity as free and flexible and gender as a performance, not an essence, is one of the foundations of Queer Theory.[16]
Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" (1993)[edit]
Bodies That Matter seeks to clear up readings and supposed misreadings of performativity that view the enactment of sex/gender as a daily choice.[29] To do this, Butler emphasizes the role of repetition in performativity, making use of Derrida's theory of iterability, a form of citationality, to work out a theory of performativity in terms of iterability:
Performativity cannot be understood outside of a process of iterability, a regularized and constrained repetition of norms. And this repetition is not performed by a subject; this repetition is what enables a subject and constitutes the temporal condition for the subject. This iterability implies that 'performance' is not a singular 'act' or event, but a ritualized production, a ritual reiterated under and through constraint, under and through the force of prohibition and taboo, with the threat of ostracism and even death controlling and compelling the shape of the production, but not, I will insist, determining it fully in advance.[30]
Iterability, in its endless undeterminedness as to-be-determinedness, is thus precisely that aspect of performativity that makes the production of the "natural" sexed, gendered, heterosexual subject possible, while also and at the same time opening that subject up to the possibility of its incoherence and contestation.[jargon]
Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (1997)[edit]
In Excitable Speech, Butler surveys the problems of hate speech and censorship. She argues that censorship is difficult to evaluate, and that in some cases it may be useful or even necessary, while in others it may be worse than tolerance.[citation needed] She develops a new conception of censorship's complex workings, supplanting the myth of the independent subject who wields the power to censor with a theory of censorship as an effect of state power and, more primordially, as the condition of language and discourse itself.[citation needed]
Butler argues that hate speech exists retrospectively, only after being declared such by state authorities. In this way, the state reserves for itself the power to define hate speech and, conversely, the limits of acceptable discourse. In this connection, Butler criticizes feminist legal scholar Catharine MacKinnon's argument against pornography for its unquestioning acceptance of the state's power to censor.[citation needed]
Deploying Foucault's argument from The History of Sexuality Vol. 1, Butler claims that any attempt at censorship, legal or otherwise, necessarily propagates the very language it seeks to forbid.[31] As Foucault argues, for example, the strict sexual mores of 19th century Western Europe did nothing but amplify the discourse of sexuality it sought to control.[32] Extending this argument using Derrida and Lacan, Butler claims that censorship is primitive to language, and that the linguistic I is a mere effect of an originary censorship. In this way, Butler questions the possibility of any genuinely oppositional discourse; "If speech depends upon censorship, then the principle that one might seek to oppose is at once the formative principle of oppositional speech".[33]
Butler also questions the efficacy of censorship on the grounds that hate speech is context-dependent. Citing J.L. Austin's concept of the performative utterance, Butler notes that words' ability to "do things" makes hate speech possible but also at the same time dependent on its specific embodied context.[citation needed] Austin's claim that what a word does, its illocutionary force, varies with the context in which it is uttered implies that it is impossible to adequately define the performative meanings of words, including hate, abstractly.[citation needed] On this basis, Butler rejects arguments like Richard Delgado's which justify the censorship of certain specific words by claiming the use of those words constitutes hate speech in any context. In this way, Butler underlines the difficulty inherent in efforts to systematically identify hate speech.
Undoing Gender (2004)[edit]
Undoing Gender collects Butler's reflections on gender, sex, sexuality, psychoanalysis and the medical treatment of intersex people for a more general readership than many of her other books. Butler revisits and refines her notion of performativity and focuses on the question of undoing "restrictively normative conceptions of sexual and gendered life".
Butler discusses how gender is performed without one being conscious of it, but says that it does not mean this performativity is "automatic or mechanical". She argues that we have desires that do not originate from our personhood, but rather, from social norms. The writer also debates our notions of "human" and "less-than-human" and how these culturally imposed ideas can keep one from having a "viable life" as the biggest concerns are usually about whether a person will be accepted if his or her desires differ from normality. She states that one may feel the need of being recognized in order to live, but that at the same time, the conditions to be recognized make life "unlivable". The writer proposes an interrogation of such conditions so that people who resist them may have more possibilities of living.[34]
In her discussion of intersex, Butler addresses the case of David Reimer, a person whose sex was medically "reassigned" from male to female after a botched circumcision at eight months of age. Reimer was "made" female by doctors, but later in life identified as "really" male, married and became a stepfather to his wife's three children, and went on to tell his story in As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl, which he wrote with John Colapinto. Reimer committed suicide in 2004.[35]
Giving an Account of Oneself (2005)[edit]
In Giving an Account of Oneself, Butler develops an ethics based on the opacity of the subject to itself; in other words, the limits of self-knowledge. Primarily borrowing from Theodor Adorno, Michel Foucault, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean Laplanche, Adriana Cavarero and Emmanuel Levinas, Butler develops a theory of the formation of the subject. She theorizes the subject in relation to the social – a community of others and their norms – which is beyond the control of the subject it forms, as precisely the very condition of that subject's formation, the resources by which the subject becomes recognizably human, a grammatical "I", in the first place.
Butler accepts the claim that if the subject is opaque to itself the limitations of its free ethical responsibility and obligations are due to the limits of narrative, presuppositions of language and projection. "You may think that I am in fact telling a story about the prehistory of the subject, one that I have been arguing cannot be told. There are two responses to this objection. (1) That there is no final or adequate narrative reconstruction of the prehistory of the speaking "I" does not mean we cannot narrate it; it only means that at the moment when we narrate we become speculative philosophers or fiction writers. (2) This prehistory has never stopped happening and, as such, is not a prehistory in any chronological sense. It is not done with, over, relegated to a past, which then becomes part of a causal or narrative reconstruction of the self. On the contrary, that prehistory interrupts the story I have to give of myself, makes every account of myself partial and failed, and constitutes, in a way, my failure to be fully accountable for my actions, my final "irresponsibility," one for which I may be forgiven only because I could not do otherwise. This not being able to do otherwise is our common predicament" (page 78).
Instead she argues for an ethics based precisely on the limits of self-knowledge as the limits of responsibility itself.[citation needed] Any concept of responsibility which demands the full transparency of the self to itself, an entirely accountable self, necessarily does violence to the opacity which marks the constitution of the self it addresses. The scene of address by which responsibility is enabled is always already a relation between subjects who are variably opaque to themselves and to each other. The ethics that Butler envisions is therefore one in which the responsible self knows the limits of its knowing, recognizes the limits of its capacity to give an account of itself to others, and respects those limits as symptomatically human.[citation needed] To take seriously one's opacity to oneself in ethical deliberation means then to critically interrogate the social world in which one comes to be human in the first place and which remains precisely that which one cannot know about oneself. In this way, Butler locates social and political critique at the core of ethical practice.[citation needed]
"Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire" (2005)[edit]
In a piece entitled "I Women as the Subject of Feminism" published in Cudd, Ann E. and Robin O. Andreasen, eds. 2005. Feminist Theory: A Philosophical Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Judith Butler identifies two problematic tendencies in the contemporary feminist movement. One of these is that feminism's subject is "Women", which is a "discursive formation and effect" of a political system that places this category in a subordinate position relative to the category of "Men" (146). Attempting to emancipate "Women" is self-defeating because it reaffirms this discursively constructed category and its inferiority to "Men" (146). Freedom for females does not go beyond the category of "Women"; it is rather constrained within it. In this sense, Butler draws our attention to the necessity to reconsider the subject it claims to represent, women.
In this work, Butler also argues that feminists need to be more self-critical and not "identify the enemy as singular in form" (150). There is a tendency in feminism, according to Butler, to uncritically accept the notion of universal patriarchy. Such a notion, has led many feminists researchers to appropriate "non-Western cultures" with the end of proving this theory and universalizing "western notions of oppression" (147). Hence, there are many layers of oppression, and they do not necessarily fit nicely in an air-tight hierarchy where women are at the very bottom (150). The enemy comes in many shapes and forms, and essentialist and reductionist claims only serves to obscure the nuances that are necessary to effectively identifying the enemy. Certain feminists, this author argues, have also problematically sought to essentialize women out of an apparent necessity for "unity" of all women and a unified understanding this category (151). The claim that women who engage in heterosexual relations are enemies of women and feminists, for instance, "mimics the strategy of the oppressor"(150) and only contributes to dividing women in a way that does not favor the feminist cause. Recognition and respect of divisions and differences in the movement can in fact facilitate "coalition action" (151). For this reason, Butler contends that "the essential incompleteness [of 'women'] permits that category to serve as a permanently available site of contested meanings…[relieving it] of coercive force" (151).
Butler's work has been extraordinarily influential in feminist and queer theory, cultural studies, and philosophy.[36] Yet her contribution to a range of other disciplines — such as psychoanalysis, literary, film, and performance studies as well as visual arts — has also been significant.[2] Her theory of gender performativity as well as her conception of "critically queer" have not only transformed understandings of gender and queer identity in the academic world, but have shaped and mobilized various kinds of political activism, particularly queer activism, across the globe.[36][37][38][39] Butler's work has also entered into contemporary debates on the teaching of gender, gay parenting, and the depathologization of transgender people.[40] Indeed, so influential has Butler's challenge to traditional notions of sex and gender been that even Pope Benedict XVI engaged — critically — with it.[41] Many academics as well as political activists maintain that Butler's radical departure from the sex/gender dichotomy and her non-essentialist conception of gender — along with her insistence that power helps form the subject — revolutionized feminist and queer praxis, thought, and studies.[42] Darin Barney of McGill University writes that: "Butler's work on gender, sex, sexuality, queerness, feminism, bodies, political speech and ethics has changed the way scholars all over the world think, talk and write about identity, subjectivity, power and politics. It has also changed the lives of countless people whose bodies, genders, sexualities and desires have made them subject to violence, exclusion and oppression."[43]
Others scholars have been more critical. In 1998, Denis Dutton's journal Philosophy and Literature gave Butler First Prize in its "Bad Writing Competition," which claimed to "celebrate bad writing from the most stylistically lamentable passages found in scholarly books and articles."[44] Dutton, however, discontinued the contest after being criticized for its apparently hostile spirit.[45] Some critics have accused Butler of elitism due to her difficult prose style, while others claim that she reduces gender to "discourse" or promotes a form of gender voluntarism. Susan Bordo, for example, has argued that Butler reduces gender to language, contending that the body is a major part of gender, thus implicitly opposing Butler's conception of gender as performed.[46] A particularly vocal critic has been liberal feminist Martha Nussbaum, who has argued that Butler misreads J.L. Austin's idea of performative utterance, makes erroneous legal claims, forecloses an essential site of resistance by repudiating pre-cultural agency, and provides no normative ethical theory to direct the subversive performances that Butler endorses.[47] Finally, Nancy Fraser's critique of Butler was part of a famous exchange between the two theorists. Fraser has suggested that Butler's focus on performativity distances her from "everyday ways of talking and thinking about ourselves. […] Why should we use such a self-distancing idiom?"[48]
Political activism[edit]
Much of Butler's early political activism centered around queer and feminist issues, and she served, for a period of time, as the chair of the board of the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. Over the years, she has been particularly active in the gay and lesbian rights, feminist, and anti-war movements.[8] She has also written and spoken out on issues ranging from affirmative action and gay marriage to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the prisoners detained at Guantanamo Bay. More recently, she has been active in the Occupy movement and has publicly expressed support for a version of the 2005 BDS (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions) campaign against Israel.
On September 7, 2006, Butler participated in a faculty-organized teach-in against the 2006 Lebanon War at the University of California, Berkeley.[49] Another widely publicized moment occurred in June 2010, when Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day (CSD) Parade in Berlin, Germany at the award ceremony. She cited racist comments on the part of organizers and a general failure of CSD organizations to distance themselves from racism in general and from anti-Muslim excuses for war more specifically. Criticizing the event's commercialism, she went on to name several groups that she commended as stronger opponents of "homophobia, transphobia, sexism, racism, and militarism".[50]
In October 2011, Butler attended Occupy Wall Street and, in reference to calls for clarification of the protesters' demands, she said: "People have asked, so what are the demands? What are the demands all of these people are making? Either they say there are no demands and that leaves your critics confused, or they say that the demands for social equality and economic justice are impossible demands. And the impossible demands, they say, are just not practical. If hope is an impossible demand, then we demand the impossible – that the right to shelter, food and employment are impossible demands, then we demand the impossible. If it is impossible to demand that those who profit from the recession redistribute their wealth and cease their greed, then yes, we demand the impossible."[51]
She is currently an executive member of the Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace in the United States and The Jenin Theatre in Palestine.[52] She is also a member of the advisory board of Jewish Voice for Peace.[52]
Adorno affair[edit]
When Butler received the 2012 Adorno Prize, the prize committee came under attack from Israel's Ambassador to Germany Yakov Hadas-Handelsman, the director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center office in Jerusalem, Dr. Efraim Zuroff,[53] and the German Central Council of Jews. They were upset at Butler's selection because of her remarks about Israel and specifically her "calls for a boycott against Israel."[54] Butler responded saying that "she did not take attacks from German Jewish leaders personally."[55] Rather, she wrote, the attacks are "directed against everyone who is critical against Israel and its current policies."[56]
In a letter in Mondoweiss, Butler stated that she developed strong ethical views on the basis of Jewish philosophical thought and that it is "blatantly untrue, absurd, and painful for anyone to argue that those who formulate a criticism of the State of Israel is anti-Semitic or, if Jewish, self-hating."[52]
Butler was also attacked during this period for statements she had made years earlier about Hamas and Hezbollah. She was accused of defending "Hezbollah and Hamas as progressive organizations" and supporting their tactics.[57][58]
Butler responded to these attacks by stating that her remarks on Hamas and Hezbollah were taken completely out of context and badly, if not wittingly, distort her established views on nonviolence. She has repeatedly condemned the violence and non-democratic actions of these groups while clearly advocating for a politics committed to non-violence.[59] In a recent interview she explained that Hamas and Hezbellah are "progressive" insofar as they do address infrastructural needs that are quite acute under occupation. Precisely because such groups are supplying important social services, it becomes harder—yet more urgent—to find ways of persuading people not to support their violent tactics.
Butler describes the origin of her remarks on Hamas and Hezbollah in the following way: "I was asked by a member of an academic audience a few years ago whether I thought Hamas and Hezbollah belonged to "the global left" and I replied with two points. My first point was merely descriptive: those political organizations define themselves as anti-imperialist, and anti-imperialism is one characteristic of the global left, so on that basis one could describe them as part of the global left. My second point was then critical: as with any group on the left, one has to decide whether one is for that group or against that group, and one needs to critically evaluate their stand."[52]
The following is a partial list of Butler's publications.
- 2013: Dispossession: The Performative in the Political, coauthored with Athena Athanasiou : ISBN 978-0745653815
- 2012: Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism : ISBN 0-231-14610-8
- 2011: Europe, N° 983, mars 2011 : Georges Perros co-authored by Avital Ronell and Joseph Joubert : ISBN 2-351-50038-5
- 2011: The Question of Gender : Joan W. Scott's critical feminism : ISBN 0-253-35636-9
- 2011: The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere : ISBN 0-231-15645-6
- 2010: "Judith Butler Interviewed by N. & R. Blanchet" in Hurly-Burly, Issue 3 : ISSN 2101-0307
- 2009: "Ronell as Gay Scientist" in Reading Ronell, a collection of essays on the work of Avital Ronell, edited by Diane Davis : ISBN 978-0-252-07647-3
- 2009: Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? : ISBN 1-84467-333-2
- 2009: Is Critique Secular?: Blasphemy, Injury, and Free Speech : ISBN 0-9823294-1-5
- 2007: Who Sings the Nation-State?: Language, Politics, Belonging (with Gayatri Spivak) : ISBN 1-905422-57-1
- 2005: Giving An Account of Oneself : ISBN 0-8232-2504-6
- 2004: Undoing Gender : ISBN 0-415-96923-9
- 2004: Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence : ISBN 1-84467-544-0
- 2003: Kierkegaard's Speculative Despair in The age of German idealism (edited by Robert C. Solomon): ISBN 0-415-30878-X
- 2003: Women and Social Transformation (with Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim and Lidia Puigvert) : ISBN 0-8204-6708-1
- 2002: Prejudicial Appearances: The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law : ISBN 0-8223-2713-9
- 2001: "Sexual Difference As a Question of Ethics". bodies of Resistance [edited by Laura Doyle]. ISBN 0-8101-1847-5
- 2000: Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left (with Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Žižek) : ISBN 1-85984-278-X
- 2000: Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death : ISBN 0-231-11895-3
- 1997: The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection : ISBN 0-8047-2812-7
- 1997: Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative : ISBN 0-415-91587-2
- 1993: Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" : ISBN 0-415-90365-3
- 1991: "Imitation and Gender Insubordination" in Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories (edited by Diana Fuss): ISBN 0-415-90237-1
- 1990: Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity : ISBN 0-415-38955-0
- 1990: "The Pleasures of Repetition" in Pleasure Beyond the Pleasure Principle: The Role of Affect in Motivation, Development, and Adaptation (edited by Robert A. Glick and Stanley Bone): ISBN 0-300-05793-2
- 1987: Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France : ISBN 0-231-06451-9
- 1982: "Lesbian S & M: the politics of dis-illusion" in Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis (edited by Robin Ruth Linden): ISBN 0-960-36283-5
Selected honors and awards[edit]
- 2013: Doctorate of Letters, honoris causa, McGill University [60]
- 2012: Theodor W. Adorno Award[61]
- 2010: "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World", Utne Reader[62]
- 2008: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Distinguished Achievement Award, University of California, Berkeley
- 2007: Elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society
- 2004: Brudner Prize, Yale University
- 2001: Rockefeller Fellowship[citation needed]
- 1999: Guggenheim Fellowship[11]
- ^ Ryzik, Melena (22 August 2012). "Pussy Riot Was Carefully Calibrated for Protest". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ a b Kearns, Gerry (2013). "The Butler affair and the geopolitics of identity". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 31: 191–207.
- ^ "Judith Butler [Philosopher]". The Believer. May 2003. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Thulin, Lesley (19 April 2012). "Feminist theorist Judith Butler rethinks kinship". Columbia Spectator. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Derek Wai Ming Barker, "Judith Butler's Postmodern Antigone," in Tragedy and Citizenship: Conflict, Reconciliation, and Democracy from Haemon to Hegel, p. 119, SUNY Press, 2009, ISBN 0791476294
- ^ Ian, Buchanan (2010). A Dictionary of Critical Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191726590. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ "Birkbeck, Department of Psychosocial Studies". Visiting Academics. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ a b "Judith Butler". McGill Reporter. McGill. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Gans, Chaim (December 13, 2013). "Review of Judith Butler's "Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism"". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
- ^ "US-Philosophin Butler: Israel vertritt mich nicht". Der Standard. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
- ^ a b c Maclay, Kathleen (March 19, 2009). "Judith Butler wins Mellon Award" (in Englisch). UC Berkeley News. Media Relations. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ Regina Michalik (May 2001). "Interview with Judith Butler". Lola Press. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ a b Udi, Aloni (24 February 2010). "Judith Butler: As a Jew, I was taught it was ethically imperative to speak up". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ "Judith Butler, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy – Biography". The European Graduate School. Saas-Fee, Switzerland. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
- ^ "Judith Butler and Michael Roth: A Conversation at Wesleyan University's Center for Humanities". Wesleyan University.
- ^ a b c d "Judith Butler- Biography". The European Graduate School.
- ^ "Tanner Lecture on Human Values: 2004–2005 Lecture Series". UC Berkeley. March 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ "Judith Butler to Join Columbia U. as a Visiting Professor." (in Englisch). Chronicle of Higher Education. October 20, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
- ^ Woolfe, Zachary (October 10, 2010). "Professor trouble! Post-structuralist star Judith Butler headed to Columbia.". New York, New York: Capital New York. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
- ^ Rivkin, Julie, and Michael Ryan. Literary Theory: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Pub., 2004. Print.
- ^ Butler, Judith (1999) [1990]. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. xxviii–xxix. ISBN 84-493-2030-5.
- ^ Larissa MacFarquhar, "Putting the Camp Back into Campus," [[Lingua Franca (magazine)|]] (September/October 1993); see also Judith Butler, "Decamping," Lingua Franca (November–December 1993).
- ^ Butler explicitly formulates her theory of performativity in the final pages of Gender Trouble, specifically in the final section of her chapter "Subversive Bodily Acts" entitled "Bodily Inscriptions, Performative Subversions" and elaborates performativity in relation to the question of political agency in her conclusion, "From Parody to Politics." See Butler, Judith (1999) [1990]. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. pp. 171–90. ISBN 84-493-2030-5.
- ^ For Butler's critique of biological accounts of sexual difference as a ruse for the cultural construction of "natural" sex, see Butler, Judith (1999) [1990]. "Concluding Unscientific Postscript". Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. pp. 135–41. ISBN 84-493-2030-5.
- ^ For Butler's discussion of the performative co-construction of sex and gender see Butler, Judith (1999) [1990]. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. pp. 163–71, 177–8. ISBN 84-493-2030-5. The signification of sex is also addressed in connection with Monique Wittig in the section "Monique Wittig: Bodily Disintegrations and Fictive Sex," pp. 141–63
- ^ For Butler's problematization of the sex/gender distinction see Butler, Judith (1999) [1990]. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. pp. 9–11, 45–9. ISBN 84-493-2030-5.
- ^ "Judith Butler". Oxford reference Online Premium.
- ^ "Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ For example, Jeffreys, Sheila (1994). "The Queer Disappearance of Lesbians: Sexuality in the Academy". Women's Studies International Forum 17 (5): 459–72. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(94)00051-4.
- ^ Butler, Judith (1993). Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex". New York: Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-415-90365-3.
- ^ Butler, Judith (1997). Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge. pp. 129–33. ISBN 0-415-91588-0.
- ^ For example, Foucault, Michel (1990) [1976]. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol 1. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage. p. 23. "A censorship of sex? There was installed [since the 17th century] rather an apparatus for producing an ever greater quantity of discourse about sex, capable of functioning and taking effect in its very economy."
- ^ Butler, Judith (1997). Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 0-415-91588-0.
- ^ Butler, Judith (2004). Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge
- ^ Colapinto, J (June 3, 2004). "Gender Gap: What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's suicide?". [[Slate (magazine)|]]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
- ^ a b Aránguiz, Francisco; Carmen Luz Fuentes-Vásquez, Manuela Mercado, Allison Ramay and Juan Pablo Vilches (June 2011). "Meaningful "Protests" in the Kitchen: An Interview with Judith Butler". White Rabbit: English Studies in Latin America 1. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Butler, Judith. "Judith Butler's Statement on the Queer Palestinian Activists Tour". alQaws for Sexual & Gender Diversity in Palestinian Society. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Butler, Judith (September 2011). "Bodies in Alliance and the Politics of the Street". European Institute for Progressive Cultural Policies (eipcp). Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Butler, Judith (May 2010). "Queer Alliance and Anti-War Politics". War Resisters' International (WRI). Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Saar, Tsafi (21 February 2013). "Fifty shades of gay: Amalia Ziv explains why her son calls her 'Dad'". Haaretz.
- ^ McRobbie, Angela (18 January 2009). "The pope doth protest". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Rottenberg, Catherine (27 August 2003). "Judith Butler". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Barney, Darin. "In Defense of Judith Butler". Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 October 2013. "Butler's work on gender, sex, sexuality, queerness, feminism, bodies, political speech and ethics has changed the way scholars"
- ^ Dutton, Denis (1998). "Bad Writing Contest".
- ^ Thorkelson, Eli (April 2007). "The case of the Bad Writing Contest: Literary theory as commodity and literary theorists as brands" (pdf).
- ^ Hekman, Susan. "Material Bodies." Body and Flesh: a Philosophical Reader. Ed. Donn Welton. Blackwell Publishing. 61–70. Accessed through Google Books on Feb 24, 2008.
- ^ The Professor Parody
- ^ Fraser, Nancy. "False Antitheses." Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. Routledge. 67. Accessed through Google Books on Feb 24, 2008.
- ^ . UC Berkeley http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/09/06_eventspreview2.shtml. Retrieved 9 October 2013. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ Butler, Judith. I must distance myself from this complicity with racism (Video) (Transcript). Christopher Street Day 'Civil Courage Prize' Day Refusal Speech. European Graduate School. June 19, 2010.
- ^ http://www.salon.com/2011/10/24/judith_butler_at_occupy_wall_street/
- ^ a b c d Butler, Judith (27 August 2012). "Judith Butler responds to attack: 'I affirm a Judaism that is not associated with state violence'". Mondoweiss. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Envoy to Germany: Awardee ignores terror on Israel
- ^ German Jews oppose award for US philosopher
- ^ Frankfurt Ripped for Honoring Jewish American scholar who backs Israel boycott
- ^ JTA (7 September 2012). "Frankfurt ripped for honoring Jewish-American scholar who backs Israel boycott". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Weinthal, Benjamin (26 August 2012). "Frankfurt to award US advocate of Israel boycott". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Illouz, Eva (20 September 2012). "Judith Butler gets a taste of her own politics". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ "Willing the impossible: an interview with Judith Butler". Open Democracy. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ McGill Reporter. "Judith Butler, Doctor of Letters, honoris causa BA, MA MPhil, PhD (Yale University) Faculty of Arts, Thursday, May 30, 10 a.m.". McGill Reporter. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
- ^ Smith, Amelia (August 28, 2012). "Judith Butler wins Theodor Adorno Prize despite opponents". Middle East Monitor.
- ^ "Judith Butler: War Empathizer". Retrieved October 19, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
- Chambers, Samuel A. and Terrell Carver. ''Judith Butler and Political Theory: Troubling Politics. New York: Routledge, 2008. : ISBN 0-415-76382-7
- Cheah, Pheng, "Mattering," Diacritics, Volume 26, Number 1, Spring 1996, pp. 108–139.
- Kirby, Vicki. Judith Butler: Live Theory. London: Continuum, 2006. : ISBN 0-8264-6293-6
- Eldred, Michael, 'Metaphysics of Feminism: A Critical Note on Judith Butler's Gender Trouble' 2008.
- Evans, Adrienne; Riley, Sarah; Shankar, Avi (2010). "Technologies of sexiness: theorizing women's engagement in the sexualization of culture". Feminism & Psychology 20: 114–131. doi:10.1177/0959353509351854. From the paper's abstract: In this paper we contribute to these [sexualization of culture] debates by presenting 'technologies of sexiness', a theoretical framework that draws on Foucauldian theorizing of technologies of the self and Butler's work on performativity.
- Salih, Sarah. The Judith Butler Reader. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2004. : ISBN 0-631-22594-3
- —. ''Routledge Critical Thinkers: Judith Butler. New York: Routledge, 2002. : ISBN 0-415-21519-6
- Thiem, Annika. Unbecoming Subjects: Judith Butler, Moral Philosophy, and Critical Responsibility, Fordham University Press, 2008. : ISBN 0-8232-2899-1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judith Butler. |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Judith Butler |
- Biography – University of California, Berkeley
- Biography – European Graduate School
- Works by or about Judith Butler in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Avital Ronell, Judith Butler, Hélène Cixous approach the notion of affinity through a discussion of "Disruptive Kinship," co-sponsored by Villa Gillet and the School of Writing at The New School for Public Engagement.
- Interview of Judith Butler about her new book "Frames of War" on New Statesman
- Interview with Judith Butler: "Gender is Extramoral", Barcelona Metropolis, Summer 2008. (English)
- Review of "Giving an Account of Oneself. Ethical Violence and Responsibility", by Judith Butler, Barcelona Metropolis Autumn 2010. (English)
- "Dictionary of Literary Biography on Judith P. Butler (page 3)"
- Interview with Judith Butler about politics, economy, control societies, gender and identity (2011)
- Judith Butler in conversation with Wesleyan University president Michael Roth
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Come visit me, Kiwi's fambous feather salon!, Kiwi ~ I'm new here! & mario~ wazzzup?.
Come visit me, Pretty & Harley.
Come visit me, Kiwi.
Come visit me, Kiwi, Buddy, Mikey, Kimidori, Grace, Peeps, Shiori, Ziggie, Bella, Jasper & Chloe.
Come visit me, Cypher.
Come visit me, vern--good bye, RIP tressa RIP, amos, RIP scarlett,rose,poppy, iris- RIP Chickens, noah, malachi, silas & RIP ike RIP.
Come visit me, Zazoo.
Come visit me, Ruby.
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Exactly where did Brun come from? Out of no where.
At least Oklahoma is interested in some of our recruits. I will be surprised if he stays commited.
I would go to OU if I were him, he will get more playing time next season and if he only has two years of eligibility left, he would likely start in two years, but Brun is the man next season.
Lets hope he does stay committed. a TE that runs a 4.6? Yes please.
I am sure Brun is liking things at ISU right now. Bibbs would be prepping himself to take over once Brun's gone.
So if you're a recruit and a nation power with a crappy TE wants you to go there and catch passes for them, you wouldn't jump at the chance?
This sucks, because 2 good receiving TE's would be an awesome luxury next year. I hope CPR gets him to stay, but if he doesn't oh well.
not if he is better than brun, then he would be a 2 year starter. not gonna take the time to look at OU's roster and recruiting classes, but it is probably safe to say he'd have to beat out some 4* talent at ou.
so frustrating to get poached. but so nice to do the poaching. goes both ways i suppose. if i were a recruit i'd still take all my visits regardless of my commitment to another school. why not get wined and dined and visit new places? hopefully that's all he's doing.
Yeah, it does not sound good. Well, I guess ISU pulled Meeks from Cincinatti and is working on Campos. Hopefully they'll at least breakeven on the decommits. It's all in the game.
Losing Bibbs and/or Wimberly would be disappointing because they appear to the two guys with potential to be playmakers on offense in the next couple of years.


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New studies: Toxic asphalt sealants threaten kids, cause air pollution
February 17, 2012
When you think of pollution, you might picture an industrial center like Camden, N.J., or Jersey City. But new research shows that when it comes to a potent class of cancer-causing toxic chemicals, many American parking lots are a lot worse.
New studies paint an increasingly alarming picture – particularly for young children – about how these chemicals are being spread across big swaths of American cities and suburbs by what may seem an unlikely source – a type of asphalt sealer. These sealants are derived from an industrial waste, coal tar.
Four new studies announced this week further implicate coal tar-based asphalt sealants as likely health risks. The creosote-like material typically is sprayed onto parking lots and driveways in an effort to preserve the asphalt. It also gives the pavement a dark black coloring that many people find attractive.
Coal tar is a byproduct of the steelmaking industry. In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declared that it would not be classified as a hazardous waste, even though it met the characteristics of one, because it could be recycled for uses including coating asphalt. That meant steel mills didn't have to pay for costly landfilling or incineration of the waste.
Only in recent years have scientists discovered the ill effects of this practice.
Coal tar sealants are used most heavily in the eastern United States, but have been used in all 50 states until Washington State banned the products last year as a result of reporting by InvestigateWest. More than a dozen local governments, including Washington, D.C., and Austin, Texas, also have banned the coal tar sealants in favor of the other major type of sealant, which is asphalt-based.
Asphalt-based sealants contain about 1/1000th the concentration of the cancer-causing chemicals that coal tar-based products do. Home Depot and Lowe's stores have dropped the coal tar sealants from their product lines, but still some 85 million gallons of the coal tar-based sealants are applied annually in the United States.
The new research, published in peer-reviewed science journals, focuses on a class of chemicals found in coal tar and known as "polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons," or PAHs. Previously, researchers believed that people's exposure to PAHs came primarily through food, which contains trace amounts produced primarily from smoking food or cooking it at high temperatures in practices such as grilling, roasting, and frying. PAHS are produced when any organic matter burns.
The new research shows:
- It appears that children – especially those from 3 to 5 years old – living by coal tar-sealed parking lots and driveways are getting a bigger dose of PAHs from house dust than from their food. The kids who put their hands in their mouths most often are likely receiving 9 ½ times more exposure through house dust than through food, according to research led by E. Spencer Williams, a Baylor University human health risk assessment expert. That's just from the house dust. When the kids are outside in the yard or playing on coal tar-sealed pavement, they likely are picking up much larger doses.
- Concentrations measured four feet above the coal tar-sealed lots in some cases exceeded health-protection guidelines recommended by a European Union science panel to protect against cancer. The United States has no similar guidelines.
- While researchers previously theorized that airborne PAHs come mostly from power plants, factories and cars' and trucks' tailpipe emissions, U.S. Geological Survey researchers measured large amounts vaporizing into the air off coal tar-sealed parking lots. The concentrations coming off parking lots in suburban Austin, where the researchers are based, were higher than in centers of heavy industry including Jersey City and Camden, N.J.; Chicago; London and Manchester, England; and Guangzhou, China. The Austin parking lots tested were three to eight years old. Much more off-gassing occurs in the first few years after the sealants are applied, researchers said.
- Extrapolating from the 85 million gallons of coal tar sealants laid down annually and the out-gassing rates measured in Austin, Geological Survey researchers calculated that nationwide, more PAHs are getting into the air from coal tar-sealed parking lots, driveways and playgrounds than from all the auto and truck exhaust.
Before this week, researchers had previously shown that coal tar-sealed parking lots were shedding tiny bits of material, which was washed by rain into nearby waterways -- killing, sickening and maiming aquatic creatures such as salamanders, minnows and, importantly, bugs at the base of the food chain. the chemicals kill tadpoles, cause tumors on fish, stunt growth of aquatic creatures and reduce the number of species able to live in a waterway.
As a result of being washed into waterways by stormwater, these chemicals' concentrations have been rising over the last two decades, even as levels of most contaminants are headed down, Geological Survey researchers showed.
The chemicals are getting into the house dust, researchers think, when small bits are eroded off pavement and tracked into nearby homes on people's shoes and pets' paws.
Scientists also had previously demonstrated that toxic constituents of coal tar were showing up in the dust of homes adjacent to parking lots and driveways, raising questions about health effects on children in those homes, especially toddlers who frequently put their hands in their mouths. Coal tar is known to cause cancer in humans, as well as genetic mutations in lab animals.
One of the new studies helps quantify that risk. Kids who are average in terms of how often they put their hands into their mouths are getting 2 ½ times as many PAHs from house dust as from food, while those in the 95th percentile of hand-to-mouth behavior – they do it more than 94 percent of other kids – get 9 ½ times as much from the dust.
Researchers still would like to know how much of a toxic dose those same kids are getting when they play outside in yards next to coal tar-sealed asphalt, or on the asphalt itself. The level of cancer-causing chemicals in the dust on the asphalt has been measured at about 37 times the levels found in house dust.
"Those concentrations are a good bit higher and this study doesn't include that at all," said Williams, the Baylor researcher. "That may be important because just one little fingerful could be a relevant dose," meaning one that worries health experts.
While researchers have known about contamination of water and dust, the findings about air pollution are new. Significant amounts of PAHs continue to vaporize off coal tar-sealed lots even years after the sealant is put down.
"When we look at seal-coated parking lots, in any direction we look we see these really strongly elevated concentrations," said Peter Van Metre, a U.S. Geological Survey scientist based in Austin. Of the dust on the coal tar-sealed pavement, he said: "It would just take a tiny amount of that to be a large enough dose for it to be significant."
Companies that sell and use the coal tar sealants have previously disputed the growing body of evidence of the coal tar sealants' danger being amassed by scientists from the Geological Survey, the University of New Hampshire, Baylor and other institutions.
Repeated attempts this week to reach an industry representative, Anne LeHuray, executive director of the Pavement Coatings Technology Council, for comment on the new studies were unsuccessful. In an email on Thursday, LeHuray said she was tied up at a meeting of the pavement council in Memphis.
Generally, though, the pavement council has attacked previous coal tar research on technical grounds.
The pavement council has fought bans – sometimes successfully – when they have been proposed by local and state governments. In addition to the local governments that have forbidden use of the coal tar sealants, some governments have placed restrictions on their use, including the state of Minnesota and the California Department of Transportation. Restrictions also are in effect in more than 40 Illinois municipalities.
U.S. Rep. Lloyd Doggett, a Democratic congressman from the Austin area, has previously filed legislation calling for a nationwide ban on coal tar sealants. He plans to refile the legislation, a Doggett spokeswoman said, but is currently embroiled in a redistricting fight.
Tom Ennis, an Austin city official who helped get coal tar sealants banned there, has now launched a campaign to support a nationwide ban.
"You're looking at a big urban air quality" problem, Ennis said. "It's completely unacceptable and something needs to be done."
The studies announced this week appeared in the science journals Environmental Science and Technology, Chemosphere, Atmospheric Environment, and Environmental Pollution.
InvestigateWest is a non-profit journalism center based in Seattle. If you value this kind of in-depth, independent news reporting, please consider making a tax-deductible donationto support further work of this kind.
Wealth & Poverty | December 2013
Fishing Reform Drives Inequality
It's the unexpected catch in catch-share programs: A federal program that was supposed to help preserve and enhance the fishing economy in Kake, Alaska, has instead helped cause a severe decline. Meanwhile, 50 miles southeast, the town of Petersburg is booming.
The third part in our trilogy of fish stories examines the consequences catch-share policy where it was born, even as the model has been established in 14 other U.S. fisheries, encompassing dozens of species ranging from New England scallops to Pacific sole.
Foster Care | November 2013
'I Want To Get Out'
State law now allows more kids to stay in foster care for an extra three years — until age 21. But many either refuse the help, or fail to qualify for it.
An investigation by KUOW in collaboration with InvestigateWest looks at why this transition to adulthood is trickier than expected – for foster kids, and for the state.
Public Health | September 2013
Exhaust Fouls Public Schools in Washington
Of the roughly 50,000 kids who will attend Seattle schools this fall, nearly 2,000 will hit the books in classrooms within 500 feet of Interstate 5, InvestigateWest has found. This despite a body of evidence dating back decades that highway air pollution can cause lifelong respiratory problems and asthma attacks and boost school absenteeism.
From Seattle to Spokane, what can be done to make sure schools are healthy places for kids?
Photo: John Marshall JHS, 1963. SPSA 108-97.
Public Health | July 2013
Missing Person Cases Involving Dementia Challenge Police
Memory loss is one of the symptoms of dementia. So is wandering. Over the last five years, at least 10 people in Washington state have died after wandering away from where they live. It's a problem that communities will have to confront as the population ages. But not all police departments are prepared for these kinds of incidents.
Wealth & Poverty | June 2013
Ocean Riches Benefit Nonprofits
Six nonprofit groups arose on the Bering Sea shore, and they have invested mightily in ships, real estate and processing plants. Over two decades, the groups amassed a combined net worth of $785 million," write Lee van der Voo and The New York Times' Kirk Johnson.
But the results on the ground, in rural community and economic development, have been deeply uneven, and nonexistent for many people who still gaze out to the blinking lights of the factory ships and wonder what happened. Photo Credit: Jim Wilson/The New York Times
Public Health | March 2013
Boeing Balks, Pollution Limits Stall
As Washington state was on the cusp of finalizing new, stronger water pollution limits, Boeing and its allies intervened, all the way up Gov. Gregoire herself. Using newly released public records, InvestigateWest uncovers how business interests and their allies trumped the health of sport fishermen, tribes, and everyone else who reels in dinner from local waterways.
Wealth & Poverty | February 2013
End of the Line
"It was just common knowledge – when you turn 18, you're done," Sharayah Lane said. "After the checks stopped coming, we all went our separate ways."
End of the Line is a new series by Claudia Rowe asking what happens when teens get too old for foster care in Washington State.
Photo Credit: Jon Connell/Flickr
Immigration | September 2012
Center of Detention
The Northwest Detention Center in Tacoma, Wash., generates millions in revenue for its private operator by processing thousands of deportation cases each year. Oscar Estrada is one of those cases.


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The Paradigms and Politics of Reproductive Health: UNFPA in West Java, Indonesia
The central aim of this research has been to examine a particular development intervention by exposing its underlying paradigms and the discourses this generated. It was hypothesized that there is often a disjuncture between the changes explicitly pursued by such an intervention and those that result, which can then be linked to the paradoxical relationship between these paradigms and discourses. In other words, the incongruence of development aims and project actualities arises from the tensions between competing agendas and understandings. Therefore by exposing the contradictions in these underlying paradigms we gain insight into the politics of change. The programme studied was the UN Population Fund project in West Java, Indonesia, examining its layers through multi-sited research based in the centre (Jakarta), provincial government (Bandung) and two villages in the province. A Foucauldian framework, emphasizing local politics as a site of both physical and semiotic struggle and integrated within the analytical framework of a hermeneutical circle, was employed. In studying these gender-targeted programmes, conclusions were drawn on the nature of institutional discourse creation, bureaucratic ignorance, power in its many facets, and the construction and contestation of gender roles.Download Info
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Handle: RePEc:qeh:qehwps:qehwps114
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My Canada Day story coming out at Liquid Silver Books now has a release date. It'll be out June 7th. It's a paranormal/werewolf like my other wolfie books . It's also my verison of Little Red Riding Hood.
Lost in the woods when on a Canada Day camping trip with her grandmother at Algonquin Park, Red finds herself chased by a large male wolf. Shocked when the wolf shape-shifts into a gorgeous man, she is unable to tell him no when he takes her into his arms and kisses her senseless.
Rutgar knew Red was his mate from the first whiff of her scent. Out on his daily evening run through the woods in his wolf form, he can't resist the pull she has over him. The mating urge rides him to claim her as his mate.
Not pleased to find herself bound to Rutgar without her consent, Red soon learns another werewolf forms a greater danger than an unexpected mating ever could.


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treydrier 6 months ago
Just bad
Kasiulek 2 years ago
Nice :***
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Saturday Nov 23, 2013
B-Side: Schematic
Local hip-hop MC who tonight celebrates his mixtape release. Opening acts are other local hip-hop acts TBA.
Blind Pig: "Boss Battle League"
A series of rapping contests between local and area hip-hop MCs TBA.
Blue Nile: Louis Johnson
Jazz standards and New Ethiopian jazz by this local pianist and saxophonist. He is joined by bassist Will Austin, and other friends TBA.
Brewed Awakenings Cafe:
Cavern Club: Killer Flamingos
Rock 'n' roll covers and originals by this popular veteran band from Dearborn. Cover, dancing. In the Millennium Club.
Crazy Wisdom Tea Room: Judy Insley & Almost Perfect
Acoustic pop-folk trio led by veteran Oakland County singer- songwriter Insley. With banjoist and guitarist Floyd Raeon and upright bassist Tex Ragsdale.
Elks Lodge: FUBAR
6-piece band led by guitarist Randy Tessier and featuring vocalist Sophia Hanifi. Their repertoire is an eclectic mix of originals by Hanifi and Tessier and covers of everyone from the Everly Brothers, the Kinks, and the Yardbirds to Miles Davis and Steve Earle. 5:30-9:30 p.m.
Guy Hollerin's: Luther "Badman" Keith Blues Band
R&B-inflected Detroit blues band led by singer-songwriter and guitarist Keith.
Habitat Lounge: Soulstice
Hard-driving horn-fueled funk dance band from East Lansing.
Katie's Food and Spirits:
Lighthouse Coffee Company: Annie Hart
Detroit-area singer-songwriter whose influences range from Alanis Morrissette to Taylor Swift.
Mash: Ross McKal
Jackson folk-rock singer-songwriter who accompanies himself on harmonica, guitar, and ukulele. 6-9 p.m.
Mash: The Shelter Dogs
Local self-styled "lounge-a-billy" trio that plays vintage swing, rockabilly, and blues. With upright bassist Todd Perkins, guitarist Pete Bullard, and drummer Tom Twiss.
Pleasant Lake Inn: Rawhide
Southern rock and country music by this Dexter band.
Tap Room: Screw
Opening act is Thunderbuck Ram,an Ypsilanti rock 'n' roll trio.
Wolverine State Brewing Co.: Dirty Deville
Local reggae-flavored blues-rock quartet. Opening act is Medicinal Groove, a progressive funk jam sextet from Traverse City.
Woodruff's: Dave Menzo & the Cave of Wonders
Ypsilanti indie rock band led by Light Out for the Territory frontman Menzo. Opening acts are the suburban Detroit pop-rock quartet The Orange Line, the Ypsilanti indie rock quintet Skeleton Birds, and the local rock 'n' roll quartet The Howling Loud.
World of Beer: Ryan Dunlap
Acoustic duo led by this northern Ohio pop-folk singer-songwriter and guitarist.