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You are always welcome here at ringtone download service Audiko.net, where you may search for ringtones for free for your smart phone. Today we have a ringtone of "space" by ppk as well as 170 other ringtones by ppk. "space" is one of the best tracks from the "ppk" album that was issued by ppk at their recording studio together with other 2 tracks. You can listen to all 5 ppk – "space" ringtone variations available here and download it for free just in a click. You can also choose from other 22 albums produced by ppk for all time. "space" is referred to Trance, and you may listen to a huge amount of Trance artists absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
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Latest news
This is GM's incredible secret stash of cars
Take an undercover trip round the General's jaw-dropping collection of Cadillacs, Corvettes and crackpot concepts
Wallpapers: the new Chevrolet C7 Corvette
Treat your desktop to our gorgeous shots of Chevy's V8 bruiser strutting its stuff in Detroit
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Super soft, brushed twill cigarette. A fun spin on traditional denim. Faux-front pockets. Single button closure and zip fly.
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Latest news
Sept. 4, 2013 - EU Commission approves Barry Callebaut's health claim: Cocoa flavanols support a healthy blood circulation Jan. 28, 2013 - Barry Callebaut's comprehensive portfolio for future market demand – already today Jan. 27, 2013 - Terra Cacao™ Java dark chocolate and Cameroon milk chocolate: two new origin products Jan. 26, 2013 - Barry Callebaut's brand new Decoration Inspiration LabInnovation at Barry Callebaut
Read moreInclusions and fillings - Chocolate and ice cream
– we care what is inside
Source: Journal 2010/11
Innovation as a principle
Barry Callebaut is recognized as the reference for innovation in the chocolate industry. From its global innovation centers in Wieze (chocolate) and Louviers (cocoa), the company focuses on developing unique capabilities and expertise in four knowledge (discovery) areas: 1. scientific research into the cocoa bean; 2. the taste, smell, structure and mouthfeel of chocolate and cocoa products; 3. the purity and health aspects of products; 4. the development of next generation production processes. These are the areas that give Barry Callebaut a competitive edge and help the company to shape industry trends and respond to customer needs.
Nearly 70% of our sales volume are based on innovations developed in the last 5 years: newly developed products and optimized recipes. With 50% success rate, our Research & Development projects are extremely efficient. The figures show: Innovation is crucial at Barry Callebaut in every respect.


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US 5292600 A Abstract A hydrogen fuel cell comprising a cathode and an anode is disclosed. An electrolyte is disposed therebetween. The cathode is supplied with oxygen via a porous carbonaceous distribution plate. The anode is supplied with hydrogen. The operation of the fuel cell results in the generation of water. The carbonaceous member is oxidized sufficiently to impart hydrophilicity to the carbonaceous member while retaining mechanical strength and electrical properties.
Claims(11) 1. An ion-exchange membrane electrolyte, water-producing, fuel cell for electricity generation by catalytic combustion of a gaseous hydrogenous fuel with gaseous oxygen leading to formation of water at the cathode, said fuel cell comprising:
a) an anode; b) means to supply a gaseous hydrogenous fuel to said anode; c) an oxygen-gas-pervious cathode; d) an electrolyte disposed between said anode and said cathode; and e) a water-pervious, electrically conductive, graphitic, oxygen-distribution member positioned adjacent said cathode to supply oxygen thereto and remove water therefrom, and having oxygen-distribution passages communicating with said cathode for the supply of oxygen thereto; wherein said graphitic oxygen-distribution member is composed of a graphite material chemically activated to be hydrophilic, mechanically strong and electrically conductive, whereby water formed at said cathode is transported through said graphitic oxygen-distribution member with said oxygen-distribution passages remaining open for the distribution of oxygen to said cathode. 2. A fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein said oxygen-distribution member has a high hydrophilicity compared with untreated graphitic material, said hydrophilicity determined by observed rates of dispersion of water droplets introduced onto a surface of said graphitic material before and after chemical activation.
3. A fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein said oxygen-distribution member is composed of a fibrous graphite material surface-treated to have oxygenated species chemically bound to said fibrous graphite material.
4. A fuel cell according to claim 3 wherein said hydrophilic moieties include polar moieties being the product of oxidation of said fibrous graphite material.
5. A fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein said oxygen-distribution member is composed of a fibrous graphite material surface-treated to have carbon black material bound to said graphite material.
6. A fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein said anode, said cathode and said oxygen-distribution member constitute plates and are arranged in a stack.
7. A fuel cell according to claim 6 wherein said oxygen-distribution plate has a cathode-engaging face pressed into firm engagement with said cathode and said oxygen-distribution passages comprise grooves on said cathode-engaging face of said oxygen-distribution plate, said grooves defining ridges in said oxygen-distribution member, product water transported through said ridges away from said cathode.
8. A fuel cell assembly comprising a plurality of fuel cells according to claim 6, arranged face-to-face, in an extended stack and further comprising an electrically conductive separator plate between adjacent fuel cells in said extended stack.
9. A fuel cell according to claim 1 further comprising, for series-connection into a fuel cell assembly, a conductive separator secured to said oxygen-distribution member and a conductive hydrogenous-fuel distribution member secured to said conductive separator.
10. A fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein said anode comprises a graphitic member and said electrolyte comprises a proton-exchange membrane.
11. An ion-exchange member electrolyte, water-producing, fuel cell for electricity generation by catalytic combustion of a gaseous hydrogenous fuel with gaseous oxygen leading to formation of water at the cathode, said fuel cell comprising:
a) an anode; b) means to supply a gaseous hydrogenous fuel to said anode; c) an oxygen-gas-pervious cathode; d) an electrolyte disposed between said anode and said cathode; and e) a water-pervious, electrically conductive, graphitic, oxygen-distribution member positioned adjacent said cathode to supply oxygen thereto and remove water therefrom, and having oxygen-distribution passages communicating with said cathode for the supply of oxygen thereto; wherein said graphitic oxygen-distribution member is composed of a fibrous graphite material surface treated to be hydrophilic, mechanically strong and electrically conductive, by having oxygenated species chemically bound to said fibrous graphite material and said oxygen-distribution member has a cathode-engaging face pressed into firm engagement with said cathode and said oxygen-distribution passages comprise grooves on said cathode-engaging face of said oxygen-distribution member, said grooves defining ridges in said oxygen-distribution member, product water transported through said ridges away from said cathode. Description The present invention relates to hydrogen power cells of the type which receive hydrogen fuel and produce electricity. Ever since the political vulnerability of this nation's largely foreign controlled petroleum sources became painfully obvious in the early 1970's, there has been an intensive effort devoted to the development of alternative energy sources and conservation of existing resources. In more recent years, the acute nature of the energy problem has been underscored by a growing public awareness of the related environmental questions. To a large extent, efforts aimed at energy conservation and alternative energy generation have met with a large degree of success in such areas as the heating and cooling of structures, automobile efficiency and the like. More particularly, large advances have been made by designing hotter running gasoline engines, use of reflective glazing, impermeable construction barriers, solar heating and the like. However, one technology which has largely failed to live up to its very promising expectations is the use of hydrogen for the generation of electricity. Generally, this technology involves the utilization of hydrogen in electrochemical combustion for the purpose of generating electricity. A device in which such a process is carried out is generally referred to as a fuel cell. Because the electricity is generated by the combustion of hydrogen with oxygen, the only combustion product involved is water vapor which is completely harmless to the environment. This may be compared to gasoline combustion which involves the release of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and complex chemical species into the environment (along with the primary emissions, carbon dioxide and water vapor). While it has been known that fuel cells offer many advantages as compared to other power sources, particularly in supplying power at remote locations (such as outer space or the like) and offer at least, in principle, limited service and maintenance requirements, various problems are presented by existing fuel cell technology. Nevertheless, perhaps the most advantageous fuel cell systems presently available (for certain applications, at least) are those which utilize a so-called ion-exchange membrane (IEM) electrolyte. Generally, in systems such as this, the electrolyte is embodied in the form of a synthetic polymeric material which acts as an electrolyte while still having the characteristic of being a solid body. This type of system offers numerous advantages. For example, since the electrolyte phase is solid, no operational complications arise from migration of electrolytic material into adjacent regions of the fuel cell. At the same time, the system is mechanically stable and hardy under a wide variety of operating conditions. Moreover, such fuel cells have the ability to operate at or near room temperature and thus provide virtually instantaneous start-up. In principle, such systems offer the possibility that thermal management may be passively achieved, although practical implementation of this in a wide variety of designs may pose difficult design problems. Notwithstanding the general advantageous of such IEM fuel cell systems, difficulty arises in that product water tends to accumulate as a liquid adjacent the cathode where it hampers proper cell operation. More particularly, the problem involves the fact that the electrode generally comprises compacted graphite fibers which have been rendered relatively hydrophobic. As water molecules are formed at the cathode, these molecules tend to migrate away from the interface between the cathode and the IEM. This leads to their migrating across the cathode, and they tend to accumulate on the side of the cathode opposite from the IEM. Insofar as the first spaces encountered on the other side of the cathode are the air conduits for feeding oxygen to the cathode, and since these fuel cells typically operate at or near room temperature, these conduits tend to become filled with water, thus impeding fuel cell operation. The result is that the channels can lose a large measure of their functionality and the flow of oxygen which should be supplied to the cathode's catalytic reaction sites can be greatly impaired. The result tends to be a serious degradation in fuel cell performance. One possible approach to solving this problem is the use of a pump to continually flush the oxygen-conducting channels or conduits. If one were to consider the use of a pump (or blower) which blows air at a relatively high rate of speed through the channels, such a device would consume significant amounts of electricity, might provide only limited relief to the problem, and is likely to cause IEM inefficiencies by lowering the internal water content of the IEM. In an effort to alleviate this problem, it has been proposed that treatment of the channel-defining plates adjacent the cathode with a material that renders them hydrophilic would readily result in wicking away of water before accumulations become serious. Such treatment is accomplished by coating the surfaces of the channels with colloidal silica. In principle, it was intended that the product water be caused to migrate across the channel-defining plate surface to the edges of the plates, where the water could be collected. While this sort of approach did help the problem of product water accumulation in passive IEM fuel cells, difficulties still remain. For example, the applied colloidal silica, while it did provide a hydrophilic layer, was found to erode over time, resulting in premature failure of the fuel cell due to progressive loss in hydrophilicity. Failure can be accelerated due to the fact that such deterioration of the colloidal silica layer could cause a build-up of silica in the channels, thereby impeding operation of the system by interfering with access of air to the catalytic sites of the cathode. The invention, as claimed, is intended to provide a remedy. It solves the problem of providing a hydrogen fuel cell utilizing a solid ion-exchange membrane electrolyte which may be operated efficiently and without degradation by eliminating the problems of the accumulation of product water in the channels while, at the same time, removing the problem of hydrophilic layer shedding from the surfaces of the channel member. More particularly, in accordance with the present invention, a porous gas-distribution element is provided, at least in the region adjacent the cathode, which has been treated with an oxidizing agent to render it hydrophilic throughout its entire surface area. The same is achieved without the introduction of metal or metal oxides. Instead, water is absorbed into the hydrophilic structure of the gas-distribution element, thereby leaving the air channels unobstructed. Consequently, because the water is absorbed not only at the external surface but into the internal surfaces of the gas-distribution element, the facing surfaces of the cathode and the gas-distribution element have relatively small amounts of water on their surfaces and the air stream in the system is effective in providing efficient evaporation of product water. In accordance with the further embodiment of the invention, a wick or other means may be provided at the periphery of the gas-distribution element to aid in the removal of liquid from the cell. One way of carrying out the invention is described in detail below with reference to drawings which illustrate only two specific embodiments of the invention and in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a fuel cell, partially in cross-section, constructed in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a power source using a plurality of fuel cells; and FIG. 3 is an alternative embodiment of a fuel cell constructed in accordance with the invention. Referring to FIG. 1, a hydrogen powered electricity generating cell 10 incorporating the present invention, as appears more fully below, is illustrated. Cell 10 includes a plurality of layers of planar members each having relatively small thickness and an active area of approximately 40 square centimeters. A single cell 10 has the capacity of generating approximately two amperes at approximately 0.7 volts. An actual power source 12, as illustrated in FIG. 2, comprises a plurality of cells 10 which are disposed in surface-to-surface contact with each other and will generate a voltage equal to the voltage of an individual cell multiplied by the number of cells in the power source 12. Referring back to FIG. 1, each cell 10 comprises an anode 14, which incorporates a so-called "carbon paper" substrate. Such carbon paper is a paper-like product made of compacted graphite fibers which is available from numerous sources including the Toray Company of Tokyo, Japan. Anode 14 has a thickness of 0.01 to 0.05 cm. Electrolyte member 16 is disposed in contact with anode 14. Electrolyte member 16 is made of a solid polymeric material which is especially designed for use as an electrolyte and is of the type sold by the du Pont Company of Wilmington, Del. under the trademark NAFION which is a copolymeric perfluorocarbon containing cation exchange groups. Electrolyte member 16 has a thickness of 0.002 to 0.020 cm. In order to function efficiently as an electrolyte, electrolyte member 16 must have a high water content. The next layer in cell 10 is the cathode, another layer incorporating a so-called carbon paper substrate. Cathode 18 also has a thickness of 0.01 to 0.05 cm. The next layer in cell 10 is an oxygen distribution plate 22, which has a plurality of grooves 28 in its surface facing the cathode 18. The oxygen distribution plate 22 has a thickness of 0.075-0.30 cm. Grooves 28 are cut to a depth of about 0.025 to 0.200 cm. The next layer in cell 10 is a bipolar separator plate 26, which performs the functions of electronically connecting the cells together and isolating the oxygen in the oxygen distribution plate 22 from hydrogen in the opposite adjacent plate 24, which is a hydrogen distribution plate. The bipolar separator plate 26 is made of a thin layer of titanium 32 having a thickness of 0.005-0.05 cm and electroplated on both sides with layers 34 and 36 of platinum. Layers 34 and 36 have a thickness of 5 to 50 The hydrogen distribution plate 24 has a thickness of 0.075-0.300 cm. and has grooves 30 milled in its surface to a depth of 0.025-0.200 cm. As noted above, the cell illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely a component part of a stack of cells which form the power source 12 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Consequently, each anode 14 has an adjacent hydrogen distribution plate 24 disposed in contact with it, as illustrated in phantom lines in FIG. 1. When a number of cells have been assembled in a stack, as illustrated in FIG. 2, it becomes necessary to complete the structure with a hydrogen distribution plate 24a and a conductor plate 26a on one side, and a terminal cell 10a which comprises an anode 14b, an electrolyte member 16b, a cathode 18b, an oxygen manifold 22b and a conductor plate 26b. (See FIG. 2.) During operation of the inventive cell, hydrogen is supplied via hydrogen distribution plate 24 to anode 14. Because anode 14 is made of compacted graphite fibers, it is largely gas permeable and the hydrogen is caused to migrate from the input face 38 of anode 14 to its output face 40. The fibers of anode 14, which are in the region adjacent to output face 40 have a quantity of platinum or other suitable catalyst deposited thereon. Such deposition may be achieved by co-depositing the platinum (as platinum-black particles or supported on conductive carbon particles) with a polymeric material such as "TEFLON" (trademark) a polytetrafluoroethylene polymer, such polymeric material serving as a binder for the platinum (or platinum-containing) particles and as a hydrophobic agent to prevent accumulation of water in the catalyst layer. Because of the presence of the catalyst platinum, hydrogen molecules reaching the region of anode 14 adjacent face 40 and substantially in contact with the electrolytic layer 16 are decomposed to hydrogen atoms and have their electrons stripped, resulting in the formation of H+ ions. These ions are able to penetrate through the NAFION polymer electrolytic layer of electrolyte member 16. Thus, a continuous flow of hydrogen through the grooves 30 in the hydrogen distribution plate 24 to electrolyte member 16 is achieved. In similar fashion, oxygen is caused to flow through grooves 28 of the oxygen distribution plate to be brought into contact with cathode 18. Cathode 18, because it is made of compacted carbon or graphite fibers is also permeable to oxygen, resulting in oxygen advancing toward the opposite side of electrolyte member 16 adjacent cathode 18. Here again, the output face 42 of cathode 18 has its surface impregnated with a deposit of platinum or other suitable catalyst. The result is that the oxygen molecules are broken down into oxygen atoms in the presence of the catalyst and accept electrons from the external circuit while reacting with H+ ions reaching these sites from electrolyte member 16, thereby forming water. During cell operation, electrons created by the dissociation of the hydrogen molecules and atoms due to the action of the catalyst at the output face 40 of the anode, are available and are sent via an external circuit to a load 44 as illustrated in phantom lines in FIG. 2. Electrons follow the circuit path in the direction indicated by arrow 46. These electrons, after they pass through load 44, become associated with the oxygen atoms created by the platinum at the output face 42 of the cathode 18. This, along with reaction with the H+ ions from electrolyte member 16, results in the formation of water molecules. This ongoing reaction continues to draw hydrogen ions created at the output face 40 of the anode 14 through electrolyte member 16 to the catalyst at cathode output face 42. The accumulation of product water, as alluded to above, is one of the problems which the inventive cell addresses. Under ideal circumstances, as each molecule of water is formed, due to the association of a pair of hydrogen ions with an oxygen atom and a pair of electrons, it is accepted by the surface of a fiber which makes up the cathode and wicked to the input face 48 of the cathode where it would be exposed to freely flowing air and evaporates, leaving with the effluent air in the system. In prior art systems, however, the cathode has hydrophobic surface properties. Indeed, the graphite fiber cathode employed in the embodiment of FIG. 1 is naturally hydrophobic. Likewise, the adjacent oxygen distribution plate 22 is also comprised of graphite fibers which are naturally hydrophobic. However, in accordance with the present invention, the molecular characteristics of the porous graphite layer comprising the oxygen distribution plate 22 are altered in order to render it hydrophilic. More particularly, in accordance with the present invention, exposed carbon atoms on the surface of the fibers are oxidized. In accordance with the present invention, radical groups are formed at surface carbon atoms, which radical groups impart hydrophilic characteristics. The result is a graphite oxygen distribution plate which has wicking characteristics which allow it to act as a wick to carry away water molecules while, at the same time, not interfering with the air transport function of its grooves 28. In accordance with the present invention, the oxygen distribution plate 22 is subjected to a controlled oxidation procedure in order to form certain oxygenated species (such as carboxylic acid groups) on the surface thereof. As noted above, such species tend to render the surface more easily wetted by water. Moreover, provided that the oxidation is carefully controlled, the same can be achieved without affecting the electrical conductivity and strength of oxygen distribution plate 22. Oxidation can be achieved by exposure of the graphite to air at elevated temperatures in the range of 400 period of time in the range of 15 seconds to 15 minutes. The exposure time is limited to be only the amount of time required to achieve a desired degree of oxidation and its corresponding increase in hydrophilicity. If longer exposure periods or higher temperatures are used, oxidation will proceed beyond this point and begin to degrade the mechanical strength and electrical properties of the graphite element. Another procedure that may be employed to oxidize the surface of the graphite member is to expose it to steam at elevated temperatures in the range of 500 heated air, exposure time should be limited to achieve the desired surface properties without unduly degrading the material. Naturally, in the case of both procedures, exposure times will vary depending upon the temperature of exposure, the dimensions of the graphite member being oxidized, the porosity of the graphite member being oxidized and, perhaps, other individual material factors such as fiber orientation or the like. It thus becomes necessary to determine the optimum exposure time for a given oxidation procedure and a particular material involved. This optimum time may be achieved by several trial runs with the desired material at different exposure times, followed by measurement of the physical integrity of the material and its hydrophilicity. The physical integrity of the material may be measured by various strength measurements that are in common use (both in compression and in bending); and the electrical integrity may be measured by determining its electronic conductance (both through-plane and in-plane). The hydrophilicity may be determined simply by observing the rate of dispersion of water droplets introduced onto the surface of the material. Generally, the approach to obtaining oxidation is to expose the material to steam or hot air for an amount of time sufficient to render the surface hydrophilic and then successively reduce exposure times to the point where the material is no longer sufficiently hydrophilic; i.e., when it is found that water droplets disperse on the surface of the material at an insufficient rate. Yet another method of achieving the desired hydrophilic surface of the oxygen distribution plate is through a surface-altering procedure employing deposition of carbonaceous materials. Certain liquid hydrocarbons (such as cyclohexane) or alcoholic materials (such as furfural alcohol) can be easily used to form carbonaceous layers on substrate materials. This may be done by impregnation followed by thermal decomposition. Alternatively, certain gaseous hydrocarbons, such as methane and acetylene, can be used to form carbonaceous layers by thermally decomposing them in a high-temperature furnace or by partially combusting them through the use of oxygen in amounts less than that required stoichiometrically for complete combustion. Such deposits are commonly called carbon blacks. The surface characteristics of such blacks are such that they are significantly more hydrophilic than graphite and thus much more easily wetted by water. Accordingly, the graphitic cathode-side gas distribution element can be rendered hydrophilic through deposition of carbon black as described above. These results would typically be achieved in a high-temperature furnace or in a burner operating in the range of 1,000 degrees Centigrade or higher. Similar results can be obtained at temperatures as low as 800 degrees Centigrade. In accordance with such carbon black deposition techniques, the high-temperature furnace atmosphere in which the same is achieved is the deposition gas itself or the deposition gas diluted in an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen, which atmosphere is introduced through the use of pressurized gas bottles or the like; and the burner atmosphere in which the same is achieved is the deposition gas in the presence of sub-stoichiometric oxygen or air. Time is a significant factor in such an operation because of the desire to impart certain surface properties to the material while not substantially affecting the morphology of the material. As can be seen in FIG. 1, all layers of cell 10 are electrically conductive, either electronically or ionically. This includes the anode, the electrolyte, the cathode and the gas-separating metal layer 26 as well as the two graphite gas distribution plates 22 and 24. Thus, obtaining higher voltages from a cell is merely a matter of stacking cells together in a configuration such as that illustrated in FIG. 2 (series-connected), and using terminal metal layers 26b and 26a in the same manner as battery terminals. In principle, any barrier which allows electronic conduction between gas distribution plates 22 and 24, while still isolating the oxygen and hydrogen gas in the system from each other, can take the place of layer 26. An alternative embodiment which includes just such a member is illustrated in FIG. 3. Generally, similar parts or parts performing analogous, corresponding or identical functions to those of the FIG. 3 embodiment are numbered herein with numbers which differ from those of the earlier embodiment by one hundred. More particularly, FIG. 3 illustrates a cell 110 which includes an anode 114, an electrolyte layer 116, a cathode 118, an oxygen distribution plate 122 and a hydrogen distribution plate 124 separated by a thin plastic membrane 126. Generally, the operation of the fuel cell illustrated in FIG. 3 is identical to that of FIG. 1 except for membrane 126. Membrane 126 may be made of polysulfone or any suitable ion conductive plastic material. In accordance with the preferred embodiment, polysulfone member 126 has a thickness of about 0.010-0.050 cm. The thicknesses of gas distribution plates 122 and 124 have the same dimensions as in the embodiment of FIG. 1. Gas distribution plates 122 and 124, together with plastic film 126, form a single member which is electronically conductive in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the member while isolating hydrogen gas on one side of the member from oxygen gas on the other side. This is achieved by stacking the gas distribution plates and the plastic film 126 in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 3 and subjecting the same to pressure between a pair of plates. This results in the carbon fibers in the gas distribution plates merging into the plastic layer and rendering it conductive. At the same time, care must be taken to ensure that the film 126 maintains a tight gas seal between gas distribution plates 122 and 124. In connection with this, it is noted that the thicknesses of the various elements in the figures are selected for ease of illustration and in some cases are exaggerated, as is clear from the dimensions given in connection with the drawing. The present invention is particularly suitable for application to modern commercial and military power generation. In particular, this invention can be advantageously applied in fuel cells that provide power for instrumentation and various types of electronic equipment in remote-site and field use. Such fuel cell generators would be characterizable as having a relatively low power output (e.g., less than 1 kW) and a simple, static mode of operation, at or near ambient temperatures and pressures. It is also possible to achieve hydrophilicity by electro-oxidation of carbon surfaces comprising graphite fiber materials such as KREHA (trademark) KES 400 and TORRAY (trademark) TGP. This is done by submerging the carbon fiber gas distribution plates or flow fields in a container filled with water and placing the container in a bell jar. A moderate vacuum is pulled on the bell jar and the plates are allowed to stand until bubble evolution ceases. An acid bath of 1N sulfuric acid (not more than a ph of 0.75) is prepared. To process five flow field plates (which are about 2.5 inches by about 3 inches in area and about 0.130 inches thick) at a time, a 3.5 liter bath is used. The flow fields are electrically connected to a wire and submerged in the sulfuric acid bath. The flow fields hang into the bath. A counter electrode is made from a piece of titanium about the same length and width as the flow fields but only about 0.016 inches thick and positioned in facing spaced relationship to the flow field. The flow field wire and the counter electrode are wired to a power supply of about five volts. The counter electrode is connected to the negative terminal and the flow field wire is connected to the positive terminal. A current of about 2-3 amps is thus caused to flow for about 10 minutes. The bubble generation is indicative of the oxidation rate. The flow fields are then rinsed in water several times and baked dry at about 110 Centigrade for an hour. The bath has been used for treating about twenty electrodes (4 batches). If used for too long, the bath turns brown and particles of carbon can be found on the bottom. While an illustrative embodiment of the invention has been described above, it is, of course, understood that various modifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications are within the spirit and scope of the invention, which is limited and defined only by the appended claims. Patent Citations
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The McHenry County track and field meet for boys and girls scheduled to run Thursday and Friday has been postponed until Saturday due to the weather.
The meet will run in its entirety beginning at 10 a.m. Saturday at Al Bohrer Field at Cary-Grove High School.
Copyright © 2014 Paddock Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.


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"Haida Gwaii - Graham Island" Graham Island by GrumpyDiver
Graham Island Travel Guide: 3 reviews and 34 photos
Graham Island is the main population centre of Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands). Anyone arriving by ferry from Prince Rupert (a 7 hour crossing) lands at Skidegate.
The village of Queen Charlotte (optimistically called Queen Charlotte City in the recent past) has a population of around 700 and is the largest settlements in Haida Gwaii.
This image is a bit of a cheat, as it shows Moresby Island (the other main island in the Haida Gwaii chain), with a bit of Graham Island in the foreground. The main airport is located there and a 25 minute ferry ride from Skidegate gets you across the channel.
- Pros:You are in the middle of nowhere
- Cons:You are in the middle of nowhere
- In a nutshell:Galapagos of the North
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A few words about the apartment…
A must for beach-lovers, this studio in the Poble Nou beach district just lets you enjoy the sunshine. It's a very laid-back apartment, and you'll enjoy catching the morning rays coming in through the windows before heading to the beach or into the city centre. And if you're into tapas, go for a wander down Rambla de Poble Nou, or go to El Borne.
Check-in / Check-out
The standard check-in time is from 15:00 and the check-out by 11:00.
Arrivals and departures outside this standard time are always tried to be accommodated depending on other guests.
Payment method upon arrival: cash, visa, mastercard
Refundable damage deposit: € 150.00 card details will be taken
For a late check-in after 22:00 or an early check-out before 08:00 there is an extra cost of € 30.
Please note: non smoking, pets are welcome, no parties please
Facilities and amenities
- Internet
- Pets allowed
- Smoking allowed
- International TV
- Air conditioning
- Heating
- Fan
- Bed linen
- Towels
- Baby cot
- Washing machine
- Dryer
- Dishwasher
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Former Bell Assistant City Administrator Angela Spaccia appears in court. She is among eight current and former city officials facing charges in a public-corruption case.
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Thank you all so much for your replies. I dropped the whole number families thing and we are just working our way up and guess what.... I discovered she understands numbers much more than I thought she did. Yesterday, she said. With these numbers 10 is the most, but we may get to where 100 is the most... but it can't be because there is always 1 more... numbers never end. She understands what they represent! She does! Just doesn't understand their names. I'm going take it easy and we'll build up to counting to 100. Maybe by the end of this school year, who knows. I think I just have to remember to relax and that just because it says to do something in our curriculum, doesn't mean I have to. :)
I'm in tears - DD1 still not grasping numbers - Page 2
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- SweetSilver
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Curriculums are wonderful guidelines but it can be hazardous to allow them to rule your childs learning experience (after all, isn't this why most of us homeschool? Personally tailored learning?). It sounds like she is really doing fine, maybe a more relaxed and slow approach will help you both breath a sigh of relief.
I think it's essential to stop often and look ahead - seeing the many years a child will have for learning all the essentials. It really doesn't depend on starting so young and continually building on a set schedule. Homeschooling can provide the gift of time - time for ease and comfort with all the individual growth spurts and plateaus in all the different areas of learning. The important thing at your daughter's age is just finding out how enjoyable and satisfying it can be to learn about lots of different things, and a lot of that involves gaining a confidence in her own learning style and abilities. When you have anxiety about some of that, it shows and affects her own perceptions. She's very, very young - it won't affect the rest of her life or education if she doesn't know much of anything beyond the first 10 numbers, and it wouldn't even matter if she didn't know those yet.
I haven't told this story in a long time, but I've told it a lot here, so here goes again. My son was on panels of young adult homeschool grads at a couple of conferences. On one of those, he commented on how much faster and easier it is to learn things later rather than earlier - in days rather than weeks, weeks rather than months or years. He was referring to that process from the beginning right through to the teen years. There was a raucous outburst of laughter and applause from the front and center rows. Those were his friends and their parents, all cracking up and cheerfully applauding that someone was coming right out and saying what we'd all learned the hard way, because it's something a lot of people don't think to point out, especially in recent times when earlier and earlier formal studying is being done in schools and now in homeschool settings.
Years later, when he was in college, some friends of his in the dorm were Googling names of friends for fun. They were laughing hysterically and going around the dorm getting others to laughing and teasing him (just fun - not in a mean way) about this comment he'd made in an article I'd written: ",,,but you'd be surprised how much you can learn at my age in a few weeks compared to the few years it would take in your early teens." I didn't get it - couldn't understand what was so funny. He had to explain it to me - they said he was "bragging about being able to learn faster than a bunch of little kids." I still didn't quite get it. After more explanation, I got that it's just so obvious to them at their age that it's a whole lot easier to learn things as you get older that it was funny - whereas teachers and parents have somehow lost track of this to a certain extent.
So, I'd like to suggest that it can flow along in the coming years a lot more smoothly if you try not to think in terms of traditional age and grade expectations and instead just move along gently at her individual pace, letting her be the owner of her learning experiences as much as possible. When I look back, that's what I wish I had known to do in the very beginning. And I realize that right now there's that one anxiety on your mind, and there are always others coming along, so it isn't always easy. Lillian
- rumi
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If this helps any, my DD just turned 7 the first week of Sept 2011, and she is doing so much with logical math conceptualization, primarily because we didn't do the whole numbers-on-a-page thing. We have conversations all the time, especially when driving, about evens, odds, etc. and ask each other math riddles for fun, but I saw how her unfolding natural understanding came crashing to a halt when I faced her to a blackboard of the numbers and symbols. I reversed course because I remember that's what it did to me too at that age, leaving me in a bewildering sea of unrelated math "facts" to accept on rote and regurgitate without perceived purpose.
Since staying away from all that, her boldness has returned, and she was able to tell me what happens when you add odds with odds and evens with evens, and odds with evens, AND WHY! I used the Socratic Method for us both, an honest inquiry together, because even though I was gifted at spatial reasoning skills, I could never learn math by having factoids and formulae poured into my head, and anything I didn't discover for myself, I didn't retain. So as a 38 year old, until my 7 year old and I explored the topic, I couldn't have rattled off whether you get an even number every time you add two odds, or why. We both figured it out together, and it was fun.
She still reversed letters and numbers, can count to 100 verbally but has a lot of trouble with written numbers past 20 also. And for whatever reason, I wasn't (and still am not) the least bit worried. In so many things in life, the ability to deal with the symbolic conventions of a thing, come AFTER the ability to think abstractly about the thing, and that's actually a good thing, because those who learn the symbolic conventions long before they can conceptualize, often come to equate the symbol with what it represents, and then see math as nothing but a complex and mysterious set of seemingly arbitrary conventions and formulae to obey mindlessly. That's how it's taught in school, and for me at least, and apparently my daughter, it's a good way to shortcircuit the emerging creative logical ability to conceptualize quantities and spatial relationships.
How many of us can say we understood a thing about what the trig formulae we had to memorize and utilize, represented in 3 real dimensions? How many of us could really see it in our heads, the reality of relationships that the flat formulae on paper were describing? And if we didn't understand what it was we were really doing with those numbers and conventions, it's not surprising if we forgot all the memorized operations soon after, because there was no innate sense to it.
Just as we don't learn our language by first learning to read, write, and spell, I think the natural ability to conceptualize logical spatial relationships and quantities, is best served by being allowed to develop a bit, before being transferred too much into a formalized system of nomenclature and symbolic representations. It's too easy that way, to miss the forest for the trees, like someone who was never allowed to cook alongside someone else, trying to plan and prepare a full meal out of nothing but a collection of written recipes. It might not hurt to step away from the recipe cards and just make some pancakes by feel, together, for a while. Maybe open-ended conversations on things of daily importance like the clock and calendar, how to divide a bag of treats evenly, etc would open a door for enthusiasm and confidence? If nothing is wrong (as you have had to painfully consider, though if it's wrong with your DD, it is with mine too!), then in time, the symbols will come, without trauma.
Best wishes. I hope I don't come across badly. I only hope that explaining how my DD is, and that there are some similarities, gives you a breath of hope. Sometimes perfectly bright kids just aren't ready for something that the outside world expects them to be. I was gifted at math and spatial reasoning, yet until geometry (which I aced effortlessly) I flunked every single math class, and got passed along to the next based on test scores, and I could not learn to tie shoes or tell left from right til I was 8 years old, and the only reason I learned to tie shoes then, was because I had a tie on my shoulder of my sundress, and was able to address the problem as a front-back rather than a left-right spatial problem. I could also conceptualize spatially in special ways, though I didn't share the same assumptions with normal people, like I would get confused when someone told me clockwise turned to the right. How could it turn to the right, when it actually depends on where the observer is positioned? Clock hands turn to the right from 12-1, but to the left from 6-7, and turn "up" from 8-9, and "down" from 3-4!
They always thought I was being a smart mouth, but I really had to keep asking teachers to clarify which of 6 different interpretations they meant, of something. But in areas where intuitive spatial awareness and reasoning was required rather than memorization, I could derive, solve, visualize, anything...within my own limits. I'm happy to say, I look forward to the adventure of discovery of reason, logic, quantity, properties of numbers, planes, and spaced, that lies ahead, and I don't plan on rote memorization being part of it, because it shuts down thinking.
- SweetSilver
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Crunchynerd, you've given me faith for *my* family, and I think we're doing pretty well mathematically. My dd also "gets" multiplication, addition, subtraction (and touched a little on division once) and runs around announcing it to the family. I'm not opposed to workbooks, if they are presented like puzzle books and they are having fun, but your post has really helped me see the value of mental calculations over the written form, even if they are ready for the written form. To keep the bulk of math understanding grounded in visualizations.
My DD is 6, she can only count accurately up to about 15 and can only do addition up to 5. She is also not reading. We are not unschoolers btw but pretty structured. I am not worried about it... some kids just develop more slowly than others. As long as you are making consistent efforts over the school year, it's inevitable that she will start to learn more.
- sleet76
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We also use RightStart Math, like an earlier poster. I was also going to suggest you name with tens, not by the "name" of the number. So, there's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, then 1-ten one (for 11), 1-ten two, 1-ten three........and you can continue this all the way to one hundred: 9-ten eight, 9-ten nine...
That may help her grasp the concept of the numbers, especially if you use manipulatives to demonstrate what you're saying. Then, when she really gets it, you can tell her the short-cut secret names for the numbers, and it will make more sense and be less arbitrary.
But, she is still really young, try not to worry too much.
Your child might be visual and not audial so repeating sound might not do much to her.
I have a visual child, I am visual myself and I remember by associating things with pictures.
When I was teaching her numbers from early on this is pretty much in the nutshel the process how I can recall how I did it:
1. I would touch objects in the pictures in children books and count. as I was touching.. one.. two.. three .. four.. five.. six.. and with each numver I
would touch a ladybug or what not.. untill I counted all of them... It is easier if you have objects of the same kind...
with time a child associated the process of cunting with objects as countig does not exist in vacum, counting always represent something..
2. I had a book that would beautifully move a child through pages and on each page she would have to find all objects of the same kind
up to number shown.. page one.. one cow.. page two two chickens,... page three three horses.. page four .. four bread loaves.. etc..
3. We would count steps as we would go up and down the steps every day.. one two three.. first I would do it and then when she was
old enough she would do it.
4. At some point I also bought a book for kids.. counting to ten ladybugs.. etc..
there are lots of books like that one that have a beautifl rhyming like "ten little ladybugs were sitting on the wine.. then came a birdy and there were nine.."
of course nobody eats anyody and stuff, I would not stand a book like that.. at the end all ladybugs are back home beacause they never are itten in the first place..
so there is ten again...
Those books very nicely reinforce the concept of association number with object and what it reall;y means. nubers are abstract and it is difficult to grasp
if not associated properly..
If a child gets it up to ten then all other numbers is just a breeze but to really make it sink in is tricky in the first place.
My sister had a problem with my niece remembering number 12, just plain blank on it. She was so upset over this and yealled at her sometimes.. now she is second grader
with flying colors and great at math. Just that my sister was not knowing how to teach her the numbers and only thought of memorizing sounds.. this is really short
success as all math is easier if a child is presented concept in visual way wherever possible. Otherwise kids do fail sooner or later... as they just try to memorize
to the point of exhostions the concepts. I was thought like that, my husband was thought to understand and expalind.. so now I rethought myself the whole concept
of math and see what difference makes for me the whole deal.
Lastly, get some counters, I got some super cheap mini erasers at oriental trading page, I could not afford counters at hte time and htey were not anywhere near
as exciting.. so I got with erasers, we got set that had bees, ladybugs, butterflies and something elese.. and I would use it all the time..
It is so much fun to do that.. my kiddo woud count bees, ladybugs, compare which group was bigger at first without knowing how many more.. as this is tough too
and now she can use it for how many more things.. and for estimates and things like that.
You really have to make the counting work first and then once she will really understand what it is it will be easier for her to relate numbers that they go just
like alphabet and havet to go one after another and then you can practice which letter is before.. let's say C and which is after.. and then do the same
on numbers,.. first small ones t hen bigger ones.
here is link to counters
we got this set that is super mini size of a penny each one so it is perfect, and it does not smell or anything and it is big enough to do basic math
I love them.my Lo loves them.
Best of luck and don't give up. It just take time and repetition. Yet don't make it a task, make it fun, ask her all the time to count something with you and
do it with her as you go at first.. "oh let's count all the bottles in this box.. and touch each one as you count!" "oh look, you have so many dolls, let's count
them together. Oh now let's see how many books we have on this shelf..
life is a math... we are surrounded by it and it can be easy if it is real thing, if it is shown to a child that we count things all the time then it is so easy to t hem.
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text: Patent ReferencesInventorsApplicationNo. 300890 filed on 09/06/1994US Classes:73/654, With electrically controlled indicator73/510, Response to multiple sensing means or motion conditions73/514.35, Electric331/64, WITH INDICATOR, SIGNAL, OR ALARM340/429, Responsive to inertia, vibration, or tilt340/436, Of collision or contact with external object340/566, Vibration340/669, Acceleration340/683, Vibration340/690Geophysical (e.g., fault slip)ExaminersPrimary: Williams, HezronAssistant: Moller, Richard A. Attorney, Agent or FirmInternational ClassG01P 015/08DescriptionBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to shock detectors and, more particularly, to a low-power shock detector for measuring intermittent shock events. A significant requirement for mobile tracking units used in vehicles which generally lack a power source, such as freight railcars, shipping containers and the like, is to have relatively low electrical power consumption characteristics. Mobile tracking units used in a power-starved environment must be substantially power efficient in order to provide reliable and economical operation. Typically, the mobile tracking unit includes a navigation set, such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or other suitable navigation set, responsive to navigation signals transmitted by a set of navigation stations which can be either space- or earth-based. In each case, the navigation set is capable of providing data indicative of the vehicle location based on the navigation signals. In addition, the mobile tracking unit can include a suitable electromagnetic emitter for transmitting to a remote location the vehicle position data and other data acquired with sensing elements in the vehicle. For presently available mobile tracking units, use of a motion sensor, such as an accelerometer or shock detector, has been suggested for detecting shock or impact events which the vehicle encounters during routine use. However, no suggestion has been made of techniques for substantially reducing the power consumption of such shock detector. Thus, it is desirable to provide an improved shock detector that allows for economical and reliable operation in a power-starved environment. It is also desirable to provide a shock detector that, notwithstanding its relatively low-power consumption over presently available shock detectors, is capable of measuring any shock event in a substantially accurate manner in order to provide to users meaningful information about the shock events. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Generally speaking, the present invention fulfills the foregoing needs by providing a shock detector for measuring intermittent shock events. The shock detector comprises a mechanical delay line, such as a torsional mechanical delay line or a spring and the like, to supply delayed output motion in response to input motion along a predetermined input motion axis. A transducer, such as a potentiometer or an electromagnetic transducer, is coupled to the mechanical delay line for converting the delayed output motion to an electrical signal representative of the delayed output motion. The transducer is generally in a respective inactive state to reduce the power consumption of the shock detector. Motion sensing means, such as an accelerometer or shock sensor, is employed for switching the transducer to a respective active state in response to the input motion thereby allowing the shock detector to substantially measure any intermittent shock event regardless of the generally inactive state of the transducer. In an alternative embodiment, an accelerometer can be employed to produce a substantially accurate acceleration output signal after a predetermined stabilization time passes upon the accelerometer being turned on. In this alternative embodiment, the accelerometer is activated by a timer to have a predetermined duty cycle sufficient to further reduce power consumption therein. The timer can also switch the transducer to a respective active state thereby allowing said transducer to measure at least an initial portion of the shock event and allowing the accelerometer to accurately measure any remaining portion of the shock event. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numbers represent like pans throughout the drawings, and in which: FIG. 1 is a side schematic view of a torsional mechanical delay line including an exemplary transducer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a side schematic view of the torsional mechanical delay line shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a plan schematic view of the torsional mechanical delay line shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a schematic for the exemplary transducer shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a side schematic view of a spring mechanical delay line in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6A is a schematic for one exemplary motion sensing means in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 6B is a schematic for another exemplary motion sensing means in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 7 is a block diagram schematic of an accelerometer capable of measuring acceleration with a relatively high level of accuracy including an exemplary timer in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention advantageously provides an improved shock detector capable of measuring intermittent shock events in a power starved environment. FIG. 1 shows a side schematic view of a mechanical delay line, such as a torsional mechanical delay line 10 mounted on a platform 12. The mechanical delay line supplies delayed output motion in response to input motion along a predetermined input motion axis (e.g., axis 14). As used herein input motion refers to motion resulting from acceleration or shock sensed along the input axis. As shown in FIG. 1, torsional delay line 10 has opposite ends 16 and 18 positioned, for example, substantially perpendicular to the predetermined input motion axis. A predetermined inertial mass 20 is attached to first end 16 via a connecting arm 22 so that input motion along axis 14 propagates through rod 24 with a predetermined propagation speed toward second end 18. Rod 24 preferably includes a plurality of cross-bars 26 attached, for example, at respective right angles to rod 24, as best seen in FIG. 2. The size and number of cross-bars 26 conveniently allows for providing any desired time delay to the input motion received at first end 16 of the mechanical delay line. FIG. 1 further shows damping means 28 for predeterminedly damping the second end of the torsional mechanical delay line. This prevents the occurrence of reflected mechanical waves and thus improves the accuracy of the delayed output motion supplied by the mechanical delay line. Damping means 28 may comprise an enclosure containing a fluid such as oil and the like. A transducer 30 is coupled to the mechanical delay line near second end 18 for convening the delayed output motion supplied by the mechanical delay line to an electrical signal representative of the delayed output motion. Transducer 30 is generally in a respective inactive state to reduce the power consumption of the shock detector. Rod 24 is conveniently mounted on suitable bearings 32 to rotate in response to input motion along input axis 14. A torsional mechanical delay line is preferred because of its substantial lack of sensitivity to cross-axis inputs, i.e., it is desirable that a given mechanical delay line be substantially responsive to acceleration along any desired input motion axis (e.g., axis 14) and not along other axes that are mutually orthogonal to the desired input axis in a given mechanical delay line. FIG. 2 shows a plan schematic view of torsional mechanical delay line 10 that best shows the relative alignment between cross-bars 26 and rod 24. As suggested above, cross-bars 26 allow to suitably select the delay time provided by mechanical delay line 10. FIG. 3 is an elevation schematic view for torsional mechanical delay line 10 that shows springs 34 which serve to restore connecting arm 22 and in turn rod 24 to an original position after input motion is sensed along input axis 14. FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment for transducer 30. In this embodiment, transducer 30 comprises a potentiometer having a wiper arm 36 mechanically connected to rod 24 (FIG. 1 ). Wiper arm 36 is electrically connected to a wire resistance 38 so that a voltage signal applied via an input lead 40 is suitably scaled by wire resistance 38 in response to the delayed mechanical motion supplied by the mechanical delay line. The scaled voltage signal can be supplied via output lead 42 to a suitable storage or recording device (not shown). Ground lead 44 conveniently provides an electrical ground to the potentiometer. It will be appreciated that the voltage signal supplied via input lead 40 need not be supplied continuously to the potentiometer, i.e., the potentiometer and associated storage device do not need to be continuously activated or turned-on, as will be explained shortly hereafter. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there may be many alternative ways of converting the delayed mechanical motion to a suitable electrical signal. For example, a variable capacitor, such as a capacitor whose capacitance can be varied by rotating or moving one set of metal plates with respect to another set of plates, could be employed equally effective in lieu of a potentiometer. In general, if motion sensing means, such as a relatively low-power (e.g., on the order of 1 mW or less) shock sensor or accelerometer, (FIGS. 6A and 6B) is provided for switching the transducer to a respective active state in response to the input motion, this would allow the shock detector to substantially measure any intermittent shock event regardless of the generally inactive state of the transducer. Further, if desired, a relatively high accuracy accelerometer (as described in the context of FIG. 7) could be activated by any such low-power motion sensing means thus allowing for improved accuracy and reduced power consumption in the improved shock detector. For example, a relatively high accuracy accelerometer may consume on the order of 50 mW or more of electrical power, and thus, by way of example and not of limitation, the improved shock detector of the present invention can readily provide savings in power consumption by a factor of about 50 or more over a shock detector which is operated continuously. In operation, the use of a mechanical delay line advantageously allows for measuring the shock event in its entirety. For example, any initial portion of the shock event, is readily measurable and will not go undetected even if the transducer and accelerometer are generally maintained in an inactive state in order to save power. FIG. 5 shows another exemplary embodiment for the mechanical delay line that comprises a spring 25 having first and second opposite ends 16 and 18 positioned substantially along input motion axis 14. Similar to the mechanical torsional line described in the context of FIGS. 1-3, a spring mechanical delay line is another way of predeterminedly delaying any input motion along axis 14 so that transducer 30 converts the delayed motion into a suitable electrical signal. In this case, transducer 30 conveniently comprises an electromagnetic transducer made up of a magnet 50 attached near second end 18 to spring 25 via a suitable magnet connecting arm 54. A coil 52 is magnetically coupled to magnet 50 to produce an electrical signal which represents the delayed motion propagated through spring 25. Again, the second end of the spring is attached to a mechanical damper 28, such as a dashpot mechanical damper and the like, to avoid reflection of mechanical waves in the mechanical delay line. It will be appreciated that other alternative implementations are feasible for the mechanical delay line. For example, a tube having a predetermined length can be filled with a material having a predetermined compression wave velocity suitable to slow down or delay any compression waves propagating therethrough. Suitable materials include compressible fluids, such as air, water, oil and the like. A gelatin material can also be employed to fill the tube for the mechanical delay line. FIGS. 6A and 6B show respective relatively low-power motion sensing means 100 which can be used for activating or enabling transducer 30 in response to the input motion along input axis 14. FIG. 6A comprises a low-power motion sensor similar to motion sensors employed in pinball machines for detecting a "tilt" condition, that is, a switch responsive to a mechanical tilt input. An inertial mass 102 is connected to a pivot arm 104 which pivots in response to a mechanical tilt input about pivot point 106 in response to input motion along input axis 14 and causes pivot arm 104 to complete an electrical circuit between an electrical source 108 and an output lead 110. In this manner, the voltage signal supplied at output lead 110 can be conveniently used to enable transducer 30 and any optional high-accuracy accelerometer (FIG. 7), as discussed above. FIG. 6B, shows another exemplary implementation for motion sensing means 100, such as a relatively low power accelerometer. In this case a piezoelectric film 120 when deflected due to input motion along input axis 14 produces an electrical signal which is amplified by a suitable operational amplifier 122, such as CMOS low-power operational amplifier. A comparator 124 can be conveniently employed so that an output signal is supplied by comparator 124 only when the level of motion, such as shock or acceleration, is above a predetermined level. In operation, when input motion is detected by motion sensing means 100, then power is provided to the accurate accelerometer and to transducer 30, both of which had been previously unpowered. After a relatively short period of time both the accelerometer and the transducer supply respective output signals which measure the shock event. For example, an output signal from transducer 30 can be recorded for a period of time approximately equal to the time delay imparted by the mechanical delay line. An output signal from the accelerometer can be recorded until the shock event has been characterized to the extent desired by the user. The output signal from the transducer, after suitable scaling, can be prefixed to the accelerometer output-signal and in this manner the shock event can be measured in its entirety notwithstanding that both the transducer and the accelerometer are generally inactive or turned off to save power. Once a shock event has been measured, power can be shut off from transducer 30 and from any high-accuracy accelerometer, except the motion sensing means 100 which, as suggested above, consume substantially less power than either the transducer and/or any high accuracy aceelerometer employed in the shock detector. FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment for the present invention, which employs a relatively high-accuracy accelerometer 200 capable of producing a substantially accurate output signal after a predetermined stabilization or warm-up time passes upon the accelerometer being turned on. As used herein, the expression "relatively high-accuracy accelerometer" refers to an accelerometer having higher accuracy and hence higher power requirements as compared to other low-power motion sensors, part of the improved shock detector. By way of example and not of limitation, accelerometer 200 may comprise a single monolithic IC, such as accelerometer model ADXL50, available from Analog Devices, Norwood Mass. Similarly, 7170 series accelerometers, available from Silicon Microstructures, Freemont, Calif. As previously suggested, one way of reducing power consumption is for accelerometer 200 to be generally inactive and then to be activated by a signal produced by a relatively low-power motion sensing device (FIGS. 6A and 6B). Another way of reducing power consumption is for the accelerometer to be periodically activated at a predetermined rate for a relatively small duty cycle or duty factor compared to the delay time. For example, if the mechanical delay line has a delay time of 100 ms, then the predetermined rate can be conveniently selected as 10 Hz, and the duty cycle as 1 ms, that is, the accelerometer can be activated every 100 ms for a time interval of 1 ms. A timer 202 is coupled to accelerometer 200 for activating the accelerometer at the predetermined rate. Timer 202 allows a switch 204, represented as a mechanical switch but in actual practice preferably being an electronic switch, to supply system power to accelerometer 200 and to a comparator 206. A flip-flop unit 208, such as a CMOS flip-flop, receives the output signal from comparator 206. The output signal from comparator 206 causes flip-flop 208 to reach one of two states which can be respectively used for controlling operation of timer 202. A delay unit 210 is coupled to the "clear" input port of flip-flop 208. The delay unit preferably has a delay corresponding to the warm-up or stabilization time required by accelerometer 200 to start supplying an accurate acceleration output signal. In operation, when the accelerometer is activated, if a shock event is not in progress, comparator 206 supplies a low-level signal which is latched by flip-flop 208 and causes flip-flop 208 to be in a "zero" state. In this case, timer 202 shuts off accelerometer 200 and comparator 206 for the next 99 ms, for example, until the accelerometer is activated again by timer 202. If a shock event is in progress, comparator 206 supplies a high-level signal which is latched by flip-flop 208 and causes flip-flop 208 to be in a "one" state. In this case timer 202 does not shut off the accelerometer which remains turned on together with the transducer for the duration of the shock event. Thus, timer 202 can be readily employed for switching the transducer to a respective active state. The output signal from the transducer, after suitable scaling, can be prefixed to the accelerometer output signal and in this manner the shock event can be measured in its entirety notwithstanding than the accelerometer is only turned on intermittently. While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention. * * * * * Field of SearchDampening meansWith electrically controlled indicator Response to multiple sensing means or motion conditions Electric With response to a nonspeed condition With inertia element Acceleration Geophysical (e.g., fault slip) Vibration Responsive to inertia, vibration, or tilt Vibration Of collision or contact with external object WITH INDICATOR, SIGNAL, OR ALARM |


text:
In the end, a "millennium" is too big a concept for the imagination. A thousand years equals 30 generations, a duration that has no flesh and blood dimension. Half a millennium ago, Columbus had just landed in the Western hemisphere; half that again, America had not yet been born.
But a century has resonance for us, [...]
From the Writings of David Horowitz: April, 20 2010
Filed Under: David's Blog, NewsReal Blog Tagged With: divine power, flesh and blood, Grandparents, Horowitz, lifetimes, preferred name, religious faith, Socialism, three generations, Western Hemisphere


text:
I have written C program that uses fork(2) and execl(3) to run ssh for port forwarding purposes. The ssh's are run in the background the -f option.
When the C program exits, I want it to send SIGTERM to the ssh instances it spawned.
I have tried
// creating the ssh process
ssh_pid = fork();
if (ssh_pid == 0)
execl("/usr/bin/ssh", "/usr/bin/ssh", "-f", other options, NULL)
// ...
printf("Killing %d\n", ssh_pid); // <--- output the PID
kill(ssh_pid, 15);
sleep(1); // give it a chance to exit properly
if (kill(ssh_pid, 0) == 0)
kill(ssh_pid, 9); // the "shotgun" approach
However, this doesn't work (even with the SIGKILL).
If I run ps before the program exits
ps aux | grep ssh | grep -v sshd | grep -v grep
I see something like this:
user 27825 0.2 0.0 0 0 pts/0 Z+ 18:23 0:00 [ssh] <defunct>
user 27834 0.0 0.0 41452 1176 ? Ss 18:23 0:00 /usr/bin/ssh -f [other options]
When the program prints the PID it is killing, I see this:
Killing 27825
Subsequently repeating the ps gives me:
user 27834 0.0 0.0 41452 1176 ? Ss 18:23 0:00 /usr/bin/ssh -f [other options]
It seems that the original ssh has forked itself in order to become a background process.
So I changed my call to kill(2) to attempt to kill all processes spawned by the original ssh:
kill(-ssh_pid, 15);
But this appears to have no effect. I suspect it is because the original ssh is no longer the parent of the backgrounded ssh.
So, how do I safely kill the backgrounded ssh? Is it even possible?


text:
Austin-based SolarWinds, which has grown through acquisitions in recent years, has agreed to buy a Canadian software company for $120 million.
Solarwinds, which sells network management software, said it is paying cash for N-able and expects to complete the purchase by the end of May.
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text:
I have already changed the speed sensor that is located behind and below the alternator. Transmi...
Pontiac Q&A
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text:
Jul29-04, 07:34 AM
OK i just want some clarification on what i am doing is right if it is wrong please help me
first i have a template strand for a part of a DNA this is TAC CGA TGA CCA TCA GCC TGC now this strand is decoded via the process of transcription into mRNA where it moves to the cytoplasm. the mRNA formed is AUG GCU ACU GGU AGU CGG ACG now with this the mRNA attaches to ribosomes and each amino acid is brought to the mRNA on ribosomes by tRNA. these tRNA molecules have 3 bases that make up an anticodon. this will form UAC CGA UGA CCA UCG GCC UGC. so far is my process right of transcription / translation. now the questions 1. how many trna molecules did you make? would this be 7 since there are 7 anticodons? 2. how many different trna molecules did you make? *** not sure about this ***i would assume 7 since each trna anticodon are not the same order or is it each trna anticodon gives a different amino acid 3.how many different tRNA molecules would you expect to find in a cell *** also had problem*** would this be 64 as 4^3 gives the different instructions i would find in a cell or would it be 20 as there are only 20 different amino acids that can be formed. 4.how many amino acids are there in the protein chain you made? how does this number relate to the number of triplets in the DNA molecule you started with? How does the number of amino acids relate to the number of codons in your mRNA molecule? ** please check***would there be 7 amino acids since this is the number of triplets, codons and anti-codons. the number of amino acids that are in the protein chain i made will relate to as the number of triplets, codons and anticodons is the number of amino acids that will be produced. can someone please give me the best answer for this general question 1. what is meant when we say the 2 strands in a DNA molecule is anti-parallel. |
Jul29-04, 08:24 AM
Sci Advisor
PF Gold
Aug6-04, 08:54 PM
1) 7 tRNAs are needed. The first codon (AUG) is the start of the open reading frame, but encodes the amino acid Met.
2) 6 *different* tRNAs are needed because the codons ACU and ACG both encode the amino acid Thr. Each amino acid has its own tRNA synthesase, and subsequently its own tRNA, but since different codons can encode the same amino acid, different codons can utilize the same tRNA. 3) 20 different tRNAs are found in a typical cell. However, there are some exceptions to this rule, as in some bacteria that lack a tRNA for glutamine. In that case the tRNA for glutamate is used and glutamate is coverted to glutamine via an amination reaction. 4) 7 amino acids are encoded for this protein, one amino acid per codon, including the start codon (AUG). It should also be noted that the sequence of codons for this problem does not include a stop sequence (UAG, UGA, or UAA). |
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text:
A collection of news and information related to Christian Rock (genre) published by this site and its partners.
Top Christian Rock (genre) Articles
Displaying items 45-48
Billy Powell dies at 56; Lynyrd Skynyrd keyboard player
Story | Jan 28, 2009Billy Powell, the former roadie who became a rock star for his keyboard work with the band Lynyrd Skynyrd, died this morning apparently of heart problems in his home in Orange Park, Fla., police said. He was 56. Police received a telephone call at 12:... -
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Voting time for new 'April in the D' sports theme song.


text:
In the late 1990's a combined learning disability and palliative care team at Northgate Hospital in Northumberland, UK, began to explore the issue of identifying distress in people with severe communication difficulties. They made three observations:
- Lay and professional carers were skilful at identifying distress, but had little confidence in that skill.
- This lack of certainty in what carers were observing made it difficult for them to advocate for the person with the communication difficulty when faced with a challenge to their observation.
- A number of pain score tools existed for people with cognitive impairment despite the absence of any evidence in the literature that pain produced any specific signs or behaviours.
The team gradually realised that what was needed was the development of a process that:
- Identified distress, rather than pain
- Documented signs and behaviours when a person was content and when they were distressed
- Helped to put the distress into context by providing a checklist that suggested possible causes of distress
The team piloted an early version of DisDAT in 2001 and in 2003 completed a validation study under the auspices of Northumbria University which was published in 2006 (see references). These studies found that:
- distress signs and behaviours are not specific to the cause
- each person has their own 'vocabulary' of distress signs and behaviours
- teams pick up more signs and behaviours than any one individual
- DisDAT documents distress accurately and carers find it easy to use


text:
Related Photo Galleries
There were plenty of Mustang brake products in the Stainless Steel Brakes Corporation booth but president Michael Jonas was like a proud papa when showing off SSBC's new Tmax thermostat for automatic transmissions. The thermostat, which installs in-line between the transmission and the transmission cooler, allows the transmission to operate at a warmer temperature for better performance and fuel-mileage. According to Jonas, transmission fluid works best at 190 degrees, but most transmissions operate at 130-145 degrees.


text:
To ship internationally, you must shop from the site that matches your shipping destination.
About the company
FUSION–perfection is greater than the sum of its partsA love for nature no matter what the season is part of being Danish. Crafted in 18 kt. white, yellow and red gold, FUSION is inspired by the four seasons. Yellow gold evokes the warmth of the summer sun, red gold is inspired by the changing colours of autumn leaves and white gold brings to mind an icy winter landscape. Brilliant cut diamonds make the pendant unforgettable. A natural tableau, rendered in nature's most precious materials.The exact dimensions of the end and centre pieces are executed with precision so that they join perfectly, creating a seamless whole. The pendant comes with a 45-cm yellow gold anchor chain.
Design Year: 2000Designer: Inspired by Nina KoppelMeasurements: 45cm yellow gold diamond cut anchor chain, 0.09 carats diamondMaterials: 18 kt. red, white and yellow gold, diamondDiamond Specifications: Colour: Rare White (G) Clarity: VS Cut: Good. Brilliant cut diamonds.
Shopping cart updated
Item number: 3517104
More items like this
Regular Price: AU$575.00
Special Price: AU$345.00


text:
Little Miss Sunshine Stainless Steel Water Bottle
Product Details
Brand: |
A funky Stainless Steel Water Bottle by Wild & Wolf that has Little Miss Sunshine printed on the front with bright multi-coloured stripes and little stars.
The water bottle has a rubber-sealed screw top which means no more spillages in your bag. The bottle lid also has an aluminium carabiner clip which means it can easily be attached to a bag, a great feature if you go camping or walking.
- Little Miss Sunshine Bottle
- Made from durable Stainless Steel
- 600ml capacity
- Rubber sealed screw top
- Aluminium carabiner clip
- Dimensions: 19.5 x 7.5 x 7.5cm
- Weight: 96g
Delivery & Returns
How long will it take to arrive?
Please check the stock availability notice on your item when placing your order. This item is: Sold out
Please remember to add postal time (3-5 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
How will I know it has been sent?
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing My Account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
If I'm not completely happy with my item?
Please see our returns policy.
Little Miss Sunshine Water Bottle
Although there was a delay in despatch, I was kept informed and the Little Miss Sunshine Stainless Steel Water Bottle arrived in good order.