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Patricia "Patty" G. Yates, 69, of Shepardsville, passed away at 10:40 a.m. in her home on Sunday, March 24, 2013. She was born on Sept. 6, 1943, in Providence, R.I., to Russell N. Carpenter and Adele A. Carpenter. She married Jerry Yates on Sept. 30, 1967, and he survives.
She was a retired pharmacy tech at Union Hospital Clinton. She was a member of the Shepardsville Trinity Church. She enjoyed shopping, sewing, birds and animals, church, being with friends in "Yates" Station, and her country home with her husband and dog, "Sparky"
She was preceded in death by her parents. She is survived by her husband, Jerry Yates; a sister, Joyce and Myron James; a brother, Peter and Angie Carpenter; nephews, Myron James Jr., and Eric, Russell and Phillip Carpenter; nieces, Gwenda and Mark Kelty, Lori Litwiller, and Deborah and Frank Palumbo; and a sister-in-law, Janie Nihiser.
Visitation will be held on Wednesday, March 27, 2013, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. with service to be at 1 p.m. with the Rev. Gary Burns officiating. Burial will be in Shepherds Cemetery.
Patricia G. Yates
- Obituaries
Rita Kay Barton
Rita Kay Barton, 65, of Terre Haute, passed away on March 15, 2014. She was born Nov. 11, 1948, in Washington, Ind., to Wayne Walters and Ruth (VanArsdall) Walters, and was raised in Farmersburg.
Rose Mary Davison
Rose Mary Davison, 84, passed away on March 12, 2014 in Westridge Health Care Center.
Betty J. Doty
Betty Jane Doty, 91, of Terre Haute, passed away on Friday, March 14, 2014, at Meadows Manor East, surrounded by her family.
Michael Jacob
Michael Jacob, 63, of Terre Haute died Wednesday, March 12, 2014 at Union Hospital.
Anna J. Gallez James
Anna J. Gallez James, 94, of Terre Haute, loving wife, mother and nana passed on Wednesday, March 12, 2014 at Westminster Village.
Elizabeth L. Lacher
Elizabeth L. Lacher, 73, of Terre Haute, passed away Monday, March 10, 2014, in Union Hospital. She was born April 18, 1940, in Nogales, Ariz., to John and Violet Smith Johns.
Daniel Mark Ream
T.S.G.T. Daniel Mark Ream, 58, of Terre Haute, passed away on Sunday March 9, 2014, in his residence.
Edward Ray Giles
Edward Ray Giles, 84, of Chrisman, and formerly of Marshall, Ill., went to his heavenly home on Thursday, March 13, 2014, at Pleasant Meadows Senior Living after a long struggle with Parkinson's disease.
Raymond Ernest Kerns
Raymond Ernest Kerns, 80, of Hymera, passed away on Sunday, March 9, 2014, at Kindred Transitional Care Southwood, in Terre Haute.
Death Notice: March 16, 2014
Juanita Jean Matheny
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Rita Kay Barton


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H.S. fencing: Wayne Hills turns it around
WAYNE – For Alisha Gomez-Shah, looks are definitely deceiving. The low-key but coolly efficient Gomez-Shah is the heart and soul of the Wayne Hills girls fencing team.
Although only 5 feet 3, Gomez-Shah has emerged as one of the top saber artists in New Jersey and is a highly rated club competitor in national and international events.
"Alisha has grown into a poised, confident, consistent and mature beyond her years master strategist," said Wayne Hills coach Christina Ventimiglia. "She's committed and has never wavered in her abilities and qualities as a leader who will lend guidance to anyone else on the team, regardless of weapon."
After a victory over Teaneck on Thursday, Wayne Hills is 6-2, rebounding from a 3-10 campaign a year ago. Gomez-Shah, a senior, went 3-0 on the saber A strip against the Highwaywomen to improve to 24-0.
"The most important achievement of this season is the way the team has measurably improved, individual goals come second," said Gomez-Shah, whose sister, Alexandra, is a sophomore on the saber squad.
"We've come a long way."
The Patriots' only two losses were to Pompton Lakes, 15-12, and to state power Northern Highlands, 14-13.
The 17-year-old Gomez-Shah signed a letter-of-intent in November to attend Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., where she will major in biology to start before working into sports psychology or sports therapy. She will be a teammate of Northern Highlands' Cindy Oh and Ania Parzecki, and also Highlanders alumnae and current Wildcats freshman Jennifer Yamin.
Gomez-Shah is a national honor society member who sports a 3.8 grade-point average while taking honors and advanced placement courses.
After going 35-1 in her sophomore year and 34-2 last season, Gomez-Shah is 93-3 for her career, and after not fencing as a freshman, should remarkably be able to hit the century mark in less than two weeks.
She will compete in today's Passaic County tournament for the first time and then go for a repeat gold medal at Sunday's District 3 tournament at Livingston High School.
Gomez-Shah will be searching for her initial gold at the state individual tournament in early March after earning bronze last year. She and Wayne Valley junior Francesca Russo, the two-time state saber champion, are friendly rivals who train together at the Bergen Fencing Club in Ho-Ho-Kus.
Gomez-Shah owns a 2-1 edge in their high school bouts, including a split at the 2012 states.
"I've hopefully upgraded my agility, defense and focus and I'm pretty much back to full strength," said Gomez-Shah, who missed a North American Cup event in Louisville, Ky., earlier in January with the flu.
"Alisha is always thinking in the moment, her sense of calculation and adjusting on the fly is palpable," said Ventimiglia.
"She is constantly switching up certain actions and ready for whatever attacks and counter-attacks her opponent is preparing."
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'Stirling' Harris Tweed Trilby Hat
by Eureka and Nash
This is a classic style harris tweed Trilby.
This is a classic trilby design with a small brim turned up at the back. Made from harris tweed it is very stylish, yet warm making it a perfect autumn or winter hat for the man or woman about town. The band is made from the same fabric as the hat making ii complimetary, it is branded with a chrome effect metal Eureka badge on the band.
It is available in Olive, Purple or Lavender check.
made from:
This cap is meade from genuine Harris Tweed which is hand woven from 100% pure virgin wool from the Isles of Lewis and Harris.
Small: to fit head size 55cm
Medium: to fit head size 57 cm
Large: to fit head size 59cm
X/Large: to fit head size 61cm
XX/Large: to fit head size 63cm
product code:
4 customer reviews
Fri 22 Mar 2013
Very nice hat, sizing is done right, doesn't cover the ears like so many cheap hats nowadays. Made in china, but good quality work and materials. I like the thin lining- many hats use a thick, loose satin which ruins the naturally breathable qualities of the wool. This is exactly what I wanted, a more stylish version of a wool beanie.
Sat 09 Mar 2013
No comment supplied.
Thu 15 Nov 2012
Absolutely adored the hues, never seen anything simular on the internet - very unusual
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Lucy Johnston
Daily Express
January 12, 2010
[efoods]Up to 200 doctors, nurses, firefighters, prison officers, police officers, forensic scientists and binmen say they have developed serious physical and mental health problems after injections essential for their work over the past 10 years. All have given up their jobs and some are now 60 per cent disabled.
Last night it emerged they are to miss out on payouts, prompting furore among campaigners. More than 150 MPs have lent their support to demands for a better deal for the victims.
Olivia Price, of the Vaccine Victim Support Group, said: "These people have given their lives in the service of looking after others and this is how they're repaid. They've lost their careers and are a burden to their families. It is very degrading."
Frontline health workers, social workers, prison officers and binmen have to be vaccinated against hepatitis B as a condition of their employment.
This article was posted: Tuesday, January 12, 2010 at 2:30 pm
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Green Bay Packers Football: Winners and Losers from Pack's Win vs. Rams
By Steven Yang ,
Another week and another win for the Green Bay Packers. The winless St. Louis Rams made their way into Lambeau Field to play the undefeated Green Bay Packers in Week 6. Playing in a dominant fashion, Aaron Rodgers and his high-octane offense put up gaudy numbers in the first half en route to their 24-3 win against the St. Louis Rams.
The Packers started off only scoring three points in the first quarter, but then blew the door wide open with their 21-point second quarter performance. As much as the Rams tried to put up a fight, it looked like they were outclassed in almost all significant offensive and defensive categories. Although the Green Bay offense slowed down in the second half, their defense maintained focus and kept the Rams from scoring any more points.
Here are some winners and losers from the Week 6 matchup between the Green Bay Packers and St. Louis Rams.
Aaron Rodgers continues to prove why he should be involved in talks of some of the great quarterbacks in the history of the NFL. He came out starting slightly sluggish in the first quarter but picked up his pace significantly thereafter. Rodgers did most of his damage in the second quarter, leading his team to 21 points in that quarter alone.
It was mentioned during the broadcast that the perfect quarterback passer rating is 158.3. In the first half, Rodgers had a rating of 154.9, going 11-of-15 while throwing for 234 yards and three touchdown passes.
Some key attributes that people do not mention too much is his ability to run out of the pocket to either buy time and throw or run for the first down.
His production slowed down in the second half, and both teams scored zero points. This was in part because Green Bay's receivers made key drops on third down conversions and both defenses picking up their level of intensity.
Unfortunately, Rodgers threw one interception in the second half but by default. His original throw went right through the hands of receiver Greg Jennings and landed in the lap of a Rams defender.
Overall, Rodgers had a good game, throwing for over 300 yards with three touchdowns, and the Green Bay Packers are officially 6-0 overall.
The receivers of Green Bay did a great job at finding openings and making plays after the catch. Aaron Rodgers was able to find seven different receivers against the Rams, along with a huge 93-yard touchdown throw to Jordy Nelson.
He connected with Greg Jennings a team leading six times. Nelson, Jones and Driver all caught touchdown passes. The receiver and quarterback connection was in tune to the point where the Packers were averaging over 10 yards a throw.
Although there were more rushing attempts than passing attempts in this game, it was clear that the passing attack was the key to Green Bay's win.
Clay Matthews is one of those players that all offensive coordinators have to account for. He is a threat not only for his physical strength, but probably more for his speed and tenacity.
His pad level when rushing the quarterback is so low that it is nearly impossible for offensive lineman to consistently keep him at bay.
Although his game against the Rams did not showcase exceptional statistics, his affect was clearly seen if anyone watched the game. Unfortunately, there is no stat for how many plays are negatively affected for the Rams due to the presence of Matthews. There were multiple situations when Mathews created a pocket collapse too quick for Bradford to respond with a good throw.
He did have one sack and one tackle for loss. His play might not have shined through on the books, but his play was a key factor in keeping the Rams to three points through four full quarters.
Don Capers was able to keep this Rams offense to only three points. Unfortunately, that defense also was able to give up 424 yards of offense to the lowly St. Louis Rams. However, regardless of what teams are playing, keeping an NFL team to three points is an accomplishment.
His defense was constantly bringing pressure to Sam Bradford while keeping them out of the end zone, and although the Rams had 424 yards of total offense, his defense made plays when they needed to.
In the third quarter, Sam Shields' interception of Bradford in the red zone took out all the wind in St. Louis' sails.
Luckily, the Rams could not convert at a high level in the red zone, which panned out perfectly for the Green Bay Packers and the defense of Capers.
After an appalling second quarter performance, the Rams defense picked it up significantly in the second half.
The defense that allowed 21 points to be scored in the second quarter came roaring back to keep the high octane offense of the Green Bay Packers to a whopping zero.
Running was an issue for the Packers only running for 96 yards throughout the entire game. The Rams defense did a good job at keeping the runners in check and preventing third down conversions during the second half. The Packers went 4-for-13 during third down for the entire game, and many of those missteps occurred in the second half.
If this defense could have played this way for the entire game, there might have been a chance for the Rams to rally up a scoring drive and bring home their first win of the season.
A bright spot in this loss against the Packers is the play of Steven Jackson. While being hounded all day by this pesky Packers defense, Jackson was able to rack up over 100 yards of total offense.
He rushed for 96 yards while averaging 5.3 yards an attempt. Jackson also caught the ball for 29 yards, averaging 7.3 yards a catch. Although the Rams had a hard time scoring in the red zone, during key drives down the field, Jackson was there to either keep the drive going on third down, or even getting good yards on second down to make it easier on the offense during third and short situations.
The Rams should have found more ways to utilize Jackson during the game.
Looking at the final score of this game, people might think the Rams played terrible on offense. To some extent, they were awful.
It was not about how many yards they could not rack up, but more so the opportunities they could not take advantage of. The Bradford led offense rallied 424 total yards, which is a solid number. However, key mistakes kept them from reaching the end zone and putting up points in general.
On a successful third quarter drive while poised for a touchdown, Bradford mistakenly threw an interception in the end zone to Sam Shields of the Green Bay Packers.
Also, mental mistakes and penalties in the red zone really hurt the young Rams squad. There were multiple times when false starts forced the Rams from third and five to third and long or fourth and short to having to throw a deep pass just to keep the drive going.
Hopefully, the Rams will fix these red zone problems with the maturity of this young team.
Who knows where this defense came from? Maybe it was a mental lapse or just an overpowering by the Packers offense. Whatever the reason, allowing 21 points in a single quarter is embarrassing at any level of football.
Most of Aaron Rodgers' passing yards came from this quarter alone, including a 93-yard touchdown through to Jordy Nelson and a 35-yard pass to James Jones.
If the Ram's defense was able to maintain the level of efficiency that they displayed in the first, third or fourth quarter, the complexities of the game would have been completely different. If the Rams kept the Packers to even just one touchdown, then they are down 10-0 going into half and right back into the game.
That second quarter burst from the Packers basically decided the game. Even with the run attack of the Packers not working well, Rodgers was still able to tear up that secondary with a plethora of quick slants, fades, quick outs and the deep ball.
St. Louis needs to figure out what happened and fix it quick before their game against the Dallas Cowboys next week.
The Green Bay Packers only had 96 yards of offense from their running backs. Luckily, they have the best quarterback in the NFL to keep them in check and scoring points.
It was clear throughout the entire game that the run was not something that was going to be effective against the Rams. In the first, third and fourth quarter combined, the Packers only scored three points off a field goal from Mason Crosby.
Most of the total points that were scored were from the receivers and Rodgers tearing up the Rams secondary.
This lack of ability to run was highlighted by their inability to score in the second half. Having that balance and effectiveness on both sides of the offense is key to putting up numbers. The Packers scored zero points in the entire second half, and that was mainly because of the increased number of defensive backs that were placed. The lack of run efficiency allowed the Rams to do this without sacrificing much against the run.
If the Packers want to become Super Bowl contenders, the run needs to become more effective, which will allow for a greater passing threat from Rodgers and the rest of the offense.
For a team that is 6-0, there is not much to say in terms of what needs work. The only thing that really seems significant is the ability to balance out the offense.
Everyone knows that Rodgers can be a quarterback guru and throw for over 300 yards a game. However, what is equally as important is keeping that run game on par with the passing game to keep the defenses to overloading in one area.
Also, keeping that defense from allowing too many yards is crucial. Luckily, against the Rams, red zone production was poor; therefore, allowing over 400 yards was not a big problem. However, when playing against more well-equipped offensive teams, those yards will not fare well against the Packers.
Bringing in a big-time receiver could help cure many of the offensive woes that the team is facing. Having a deep field threat and a No. 1 target for Bradford would open up not only the passing game, but also the running game for Steven Jackson.
Bradford is doing a good job at getting the receivers the ball; however, the yards after catch is lacking. Adding another high profile receiver will help that offense reach its potential.


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OK, How am I? Well, back to work today. Went to doc yesterday. He told me and the wife that I can do what I want since I do it anyway (). She goes you sure? he said umm, yes. She goes he wants to ride his ATV. You should of saw his face,. He said ok let me be more specific. Nothing that could hurt you kinda bad like, cleaning gutters, ATV!!!,no ladders, etc. I still have 5 large fractures that are mostly healed but not ready for me to fall on again. I go back Sep 11. he better clear me then. I told him my muscles hurt real bad. He said NO, that IS your pelvis for sure. He gave me a choice to get some more pain killers or drive. I need to work so i will deal with the pain for now.
My father in law said he will be buying the company at the end of the moth, we will see. Donyms nextTim Walters (Curky)
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Sophie's Story
By Sophie Chance As told to Susan S. Sinor susansinor
About the Author
Publish Date January 29, 2012
Dimensions Standard Landscape 20 pgs Standard Paper
Category Education
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This is a photomicrograph of scabies feces in skin scrapings. This material is thought to cause an allergic-type reaction which may be responsible for the intense itching. The itching may persist long after the scabies mites are killed because the dead eggs and mite feces remain in the skin.
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Matt King/Adam Pretty/Al Bello, Getty Images
One of the highlights of the 2012 Olympics will undoubtedly be diving. There's been some stiff competition this year, especially in the preliminary rounds, and all the athletes have been killing themselves trying to look as graceful as possible while tumbling through the air. How do we know? There's something on each diver's face that just reads, "This stunt is kind of difficult to do."
These competitors may look like elegant swans from a distance, but when the camera gets right up close for those slow-motion instant replays, not one of them is capable of hiding the pain in their faces.
If diving isn't the one event you're looking forward to watching during the 2012 Olympics, it will be after you're done browsing through this gallery of all the best diver faces.
Richard Heathcote, Getty Images
Quinn Rooney, Getty Images
Al Bello, Getty Images
Clive Rose, Getty Images
Adam Pretty, Getty Images
Matt King, Getty Images
Harry How, Getty Images
Chris McGrath, Getty Images
Bryn Lennon, Getty Images
Ian Waldie, Getty Images
LMAO......oh my goodness, I am laughing so hard the office peeps think I am crazy. Thanks for sharing!


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Andrew W.K. Named Cultural Ambassador to the Middle East
In an effort to improve American-Middle Eastern relations, the U.S. Department of State has invited musician Andrew W.K. to travel to Bahrain as a cultural ambassador. W.K. will visit schools and other locations to promote "partying and world peace." I know that sounds made up but it's true, just click here and you'll see. Andrew W.K. posted this message on his website:
By Tom Z
November 26, 2012


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Stn Atlas
STN Atlas Receives Contract
NSB's worldwide fleet of 77 container vessels is to be retrofitted with STN Atlas Marine Electronics's new Debeg 3400 Universal AIS system under a contract signed between the two companies at the recent SMM Exhibition in Hamburg. Installation of systems will commence at the beginning of next year. Approximately 80 percent of the vessels are already equipped with STN Atlas NACOS integrated navigation command systems. Newly developed by STN Atlas Marine Electronics and presently being type-approved by the German Bureau of Shipping and Hydrography (BSH), the fully autonomous Debeg 3400 transmits ship¹s own data such as position, course, speed and identification while receiving the same from other UAIS systems within VHF range. Other main features include merging of AIS and APRA target data in addition to acquisition of target information where no radar contact is available. Development of the Debeg 3400 follows extensive trials of systems in the Baltic as well as in Alaska aboard Holland America and P&O Princess Cruises' cruiseliners.
Kuwait Coast Guard Orders Atlas VTS
Bremen-based STN Atlas Elektronik has been awarded a major contract to supply the Kuwaiti National Coast Guard with a new purpose-designed radar-based coastal surveillance system due to begin service in 2005. The system will comprise a series of nine Atlas 9760 VTS high-resolution radar stations providing loss-free digitized raw video for operator detection of all sizes of targets, particularly very small ones. Additionally
MITAGS Wins Bid for Alaska Marine Highway Fast Ferry Training
Glen Paine, Executive Director of the Maritime Institute of Technology and Graduate Studies (MITAGS) and Pacific Maritime Institute (PMI) announced today that Derecktor Shipyard, on behalf of Alaska Marine Highway System (AMHS), awarded a contract to MITAGS for High Speed Craft (HSC) Bridge Resource Management and Simulator Training. Derecktor is building the M.V. FAIRWEATHER for AMHS, a 235'X 60' fast passenger vehicle ferry that will be powered by four Kamewa 90 waterjets and have a
Atlas Combines Radar-Enc Navaid
STN ATLAS Marine Electronics has introduced Chartradar Atlas 1000, which is a new type-approved series of navaid combining full radar capabilities with electronic chart facilities in a single console. It also features an integrated conning function 12 and 16-in. versions are capable of automatic or manual tracking of up to 50 ARPA or AIS targets supported by a choice of simplified or paper chart symbol high-resolution presentations
STN Atlas Lands $2.5 Million Norwegian Contract
Bremen-based STN Atlas Elektronik has been awarded a contract worth $2.5 million by the Norwegian National Coastal Administration for design and installation of new VTS facilities at Kvitsoy in the south west coastal region of the country. The facilities, which will be used to monitor and control shipping traffic in and around the Stavanager area, are to be commissioned at the end of next year. Comprised of remotely equipped Atlas X-band radar sites at Duehammar, Hemnes, Røvær
Marine Electronic Giants To Merge Operations
SAIT-RadioHolland is merging its marine activities with those of German STN Atlas, part of the Rheinmetall Group. The 50/50 joint venture has been named EuroMarine Electronics.
Irish Ports Implement Thales Systems
Acting ahead of an International Marine Organization (IMO) -mandated Automatic Identification System (AIS), the harbormasters of Cork and Shannon, Ireland, have implemented Thales Navigation tracking systems within their STN Atlas VTS installations. By equipping key harbor craft with Thales Navigation TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) transponders, the ports have overcome the geographical limitations of radar and achieved a dramatic advance
Electronic Matters Rule The Day In Amsterdam
The maritime industry gathered in Amsterdam last month at the semi-annual Europort Exhibition to display the latest technological advances in marine products and systems. While the show maintains a large local contingency — a good deal of the exhibitors are local agents rather than the manufacturing company principles — it is well regarded as one of the industry's premier events for showcasing new products and services to an international shipowning community.
Industry Pays Tribute to Innovation Awards Winners
Winners of the Lloyd's List-SMM 2002 Awards for innovation in shipbuilding and marine technology were announced in the Hamburg Congress Centre last night (September 24) at a gala ceremony which brought day one of the world's biggest maritime fair to a glittering conclusion. Several hundred leading industry figures gathered for the final stage of an initiative launched in March by Lloyd's List and SMM organisers Hamburg Messe to recognise the technical advances which enable maritime
Plug & Play
Cruise lines, perhaps more than any other segment of the shipping market, have eagerly adopted advanced integrated bridge systems to help protect not only passenger, crews and reputations, but also the more than half-billion dollar homes within which they reside. Furuno Furuno's Integrated Bridge System, dubbed Voyager has been designed to achieve total integration of bridge equipment and information in accordance with the One Man Bridge Operation (OMBO)
Recent Vessel Sales
Below is a list of recent vessel sales prepared by Shipping Intelligence, Inc. as of August 1, 2013. Sale prices are listed in millions USD. Date reported - Vessel name – DWT - BLT/Age - Price Bulk Carriers 7/18/13 - OCEAN STAR - 18,367 - 00/13 - $4.8
New Thai Navy Frigate to Include Atlas Elektronik Sonar
Atlas Elektronik GmbH has been commissioned by the Korean yard Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) with the supply and integration of a bow sonar (ASO) as well as a low-frequency active towed array sonar (ACTAS) for a new frigate of the Royal Thai Navy
Siem PSV Chartered by Petrobras
Siem Offshore and Petrobras have entered into a charter agreement for the Platform Supply Vessel (PSV) Siem Atlas. The charter period has commenced and is for a firm period of two years. Petrobras has an option to extend the charter for two additional years, upon terms to be mutually agreed.
Atlas Copco Debuts WEDA Small Range Pumps
Atlas Copco has introduced a new small range of WEDA pumps to provide fast and efficient dewatering. In addition to the original nine pumps, the WEDA04 and WEDA08 provide drainage pumping, with the WEDA08S for sludge pumping and the WEDA04B for low suction pumping.
Atlas North America Awarded Contract
Under contract to Naval Surface Weapons Center (NSWC) Indian Head, Md., Atlas North America (Atlas NA) will deliver the Atlas Portable SeaFox Mine Neutralization Systems (PMNS) to address an urgent operational need from U.S. Navy Central Command for a more effective mine countermeasures system.
EIVA and Atlas Services Group Join Forces
The international recruitment company Atlas Services Group and EIVA have joined forces by entering into a collaboration agreement that will include training courses on the EIVA software suite in Atlas Services Group's training curriculum offered globally.
Singapore and Malacca Straits Tidal Models Released
Recently developed commercial tidal models for the Singapore and Malacca Straits have been released in an exclusive online viewer. Developed by applied oceanography specialist Tidetech, the online viewer – OceanView – is an entry-level version of the company's tidal models
Singapore & Malacca Straits Tide Models Released
Recently developed commercial tidal models developed by applied oceanography specialist Tidetech for online viewing. The online viewer – OceanView – is an entry-level version of the company's tidal models, viewable on any internet browser and on internet capable mobile devices
Alexander Kocherscheidt to Become Managing Director at Atlas Elektronik
On 1 March 2013, Alexander Kocherscheidt (39) will commence his duties as Managing Director of Atlas Elektronik. As Chief Financial Officer, he will be responsible for the Finance Division as well as for the Human Resources, Legal and Compliance Divisions
Atlas Elektronik , Thales to Modernize F124 Frigate
Atlas Elektronik and Thales Deutschland have been jointly commissioned to modernize the combat system of the German Class F124 frigates. The CEOs of both enterprises recently signed the contract at the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw)
Great Lakes Shipyard Launches First Seacor Tugboat
Great Lakes Shipyard continues to make progress on the construction of two Aura-class tugboats for Seacor Holdings. Great Lakes Shipyard was earlier awarded contracts by Caribbean Tugz, LLC, an affiliate of Seacor Holdings, Inc., to simultaneously build the new state-of-the-art 50-ton bollard
JonRie Supplies Equipment for New Great Lakes ASD
JonRie InterTech was commissioned for the supply of deck equipment for the new ASD Aura from Great Lakes Shipyard, Cleveland, Ohio. The new Tug is a Jensen designed ASD 4650 HP complete with a JonRie Series 220 Double Drum hawser winch on the bow with a capacity of 150M of 60 mm line
Atlas Enterprises Moves Heaviest Object Yet: A Superyacht
Atlas Enterprises recently moved the heaviest object employees have transported since it was founded as Ron Holland Housemoving in the early 70s. The superyacht, a 215-foot and 480-ton structure, is equipped with a swimming pool on deck that doubles as a helicopter pad when the pool cover closes
AEUK Completes Sonar FAT for German Navy
Atlas Elektronik U.K. Ltd. (AEUK) confirmed that that their Cerberus Mod2 Diver Detection Sonar has now successfully completed its Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT) at their premises in the U.K. against a particularly comprehensive and demanding set of requirements set by the German Government.
Asia Pacific Spill Response OSRL Increases Capabilities
Last month Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL), a global oil spill response cooperative funded by more than 160 companies, opened its new base with enhanced response capabilities at Loyang in Singapore. Maritime Reporter took the opportunity to speak with Robert Limb, OSRL Chief Executive


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Family of Frisco Man Blames Employer For Accidental Shooting Death
After finishing an interview with CBS 11, Danny Grimes left for work. That's when his life made a turn for the worst.
'Amazing' Therapy Wipes Out Leukemia In Study
Scientists are reporting the first clear success with a new approach for treating leukemia — turning the patients' own blood cells into assassins that hunt and destroy their cancer cells.
Plano Girl's Fight For Life Gives Her Family The Meaning of Life
Micaela White is the girl who has it all; a graduate of Ursuline Academy with plans to attend The University of Oklahoma. Micaela White is also the girl who's been through it all.
Other Dreams Realized As Former Mavs Player Battles Cancer
As the Dallas Mavericks work to fend off the Miami Heat in the NBA Finals, a former Mavs player continues to fight a different kind of enemy – cancer. And, he's done it all supported by his Mavericks teammates.
Report Concludes No Cancer Clusters In Flower Mound
In the fall of 2009, residents asked the state to investigate whether there was a cancer cluster in Flower Mound. The final report has been released.
Memorial Held In Oak Cliff For 8-Year-Old Leukemia Victim
It was an unlikely place to find grace. In the parking lot of an Oak Cliff Sonic restaurant Sunday afternoon, there were tricked out low-rider cars, rappers and tattoo artists.
Parents Plead For Blood As 4-Month-Old Battles Leukemia
Mary Lewis has refused to leave Children's Medical Center of Dallas since New Year's Day. She's there all day every day by her daughter Brianna's bedside. "I haven't stepped foot outside. It's been 22 days and I haven't left and I'm not going to."
Bone Marrow Donor Meets The 6-Year-Old He Saved
Avarie Giles, 6, carries a little stuffed duck with her everywhere. His name is Donor Duck, and he's a reminder of the gift that saved her life.


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The Rescignos: Cabaret Comedy Twins at the Duplex
* Additional fees apply.
All offers for The Rescignos have expired.
The last date listed for The Rescignos was Friday May 11, 2012 / 9:30pm.
Currently at The Duplex:
Gay Camp: NY Fringe Festival Hit Farce About Sexuality & Self-Acceptance
- Full Price:
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Following a hit run at the New York International Fringe Festival and two sold-out runs at the Duplex Cabaret, the award-winning "Best Ensemble" of Christian Mansfield, Philip Mutz and Ken Urso is back for another summer of Gay Camp. This quick-change farce follows the stories of several young campers who've been shipped off by their parents to Camp Acceptance -- a gay reform camp -- in a desperate attempt to be "fixed." Once there, they encounter an evil headmaster, electrified fences, disco balls and even Michelle Bachmann on the way to ultimately learning how to love one another as well as themselves just the way they are. Learn More
Venue Details
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The drinks in the outer bar don't count towards the minimum.info • Feb 23 2013 star this tip starred
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Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from G Warner
view more less of this reviewA terrific evening with wide audience appeal, The Rescignos is a dynamic identical twin duo that capitalizes on a clever and charming sibling rivalry. Brothers, Paul and Robbie, share a rare constellation of gifts: intelligence, quick wit, great singing voices and excellent comedic timing. Easy banter and fun musical choices allow Paul to shine with a cocky irreverence, while Robbie charms as the earnest, self-effacing "better" half. The Duplex (venue) is a gem of a cabaret theatre well known for cultivating brilliant new talent, like The Rescignos. I highly recommend The Rescignos. I highly recommend The Duplex. Enjoy!
star this review starred report as inappropriateI'm always in search of entertainment that will make me laugh out loud without feeling like the world is simultaneously coming to an end. You know how comedy can do... continued
star this review starred report as inappropriateThe Rescignos were hilarious! It was a lot of fun but it felt too short. It would have been great if it was 15 or more minutes longer, with that being said, two drinks... continued
star this review starred report as inappropriateThese guys are hilarious. The dialogue and jokes were spot on. The songs and parodies were incredibly creative. I laughed the whole time. The ensemble was great. The... continued
Quotes & Highlights
- Check out The Rescignos' official website.
- "Their comic timing is already impressively sharp, and their underlying affection for each other shines through the nerdy needling." --Cabaret Scenes
- "F---ing brilliant... I would be hard put to think of anyone I would rather be entertained by for an hour than The Rescignos." --Bistro Awards
- See a video clip of a Rescignos' song.
Robbie Rescigno and Paul Rescigno most recently appeared in the feature film Tenure alongside Luke Wilson, David Koechner and Gretchen Mol. They have also appeared in a nationwide Dell commercial. The Rescigno twins studied theater at Syracuse University and currently spend their days working in television. Robbie spent the last year at MSNBC's Morning Joe and Paul works at The Late Show with David Letterman.
About the Ticket Supplier: The Duplex
The Duplex Cabaret Theatre is a 70-seat off-Broadway venue that features performances of all types nightly.Since their humble beginnings in the 1950s, under the auspices of Hal Holbrook, the Duplex's first booking manager, DCT has served as a jewel in the crown of the NYC cabaret world. Performers such as Barbra Steisand, Woody Allen, Joanne Worley, Lovelady Powell, KT Sullivan, Karen Mason and Lea Delaria all are Duplex alumns. DCT audiences have been lucky enough to catch premiere versions of hits like Nunsense; Hello Muddah! Hello Faddah!; and a slew of other new shows.
More recently, DCT has been the venue of choice for The Storefront Theatre's award-winning New Mondays series, featuring new work from composers both up-and-coming and legendary, from Frank Wildhorn to Stephen Schwartz, Charles Strouse to Galt MacDermot, Jason Robert Brown, Michael John LaChiusa, Andrew Lippa and many others. Also, DCT's popular Dowtown Revivals series features one-night-only engagements from the brightest lights on the cabaret circuit.


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Floral ruffle chiffon tank; $28 at Kohls.com. Cuffed denim shorts; $22 at Kohls.com.
At the Divergent premiere in Toronto, Shailene Woodley stepped out in a casual look, courtesy of No.21, featuring a knit sweater over a blue button-front paired with embellished ankle-grazing trousers. Gold ankle-strap black Casadei pumps completed her look.


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In my last post I talked about the screams coming from various Republican-controlled states as sequester cuts start hitting. Most of the articles were related to education cuts, or in the mind of conservatives, the more impact of cuts to military spending. This wasn't surprising to anyone who can figure on what cuts would do to economies who rely on the "stability" of having military bases scattered around their state. But now the rest of the "conservative areas" are starting to see it, and in a place they care about: National Parks.
Category Archives: Parks
Wandering The Woods
Most of my summer is spent outdoors, and occasionally I remember to bring a camera with me. Here are some of the things I found interesting. This is in early spring, a place called "Buttermilk Falls."
It's a popular destination, since it's only a 100 yard hike in from the parking area.
Changes In A Few Miles
This year saw me change assignments at work. The actual location was about 16 miles of road distance from where I'd been, but the "as the crow flies" distance was only around 6 miles. What was interesting to observe was the changes in the mix of species I saw. You see, I crossed a divide.
Continue reading
My, It Looks So … Nice.
One of the experiences you gain as you grow older is that you attend an increasing number of "calling hours" at funeral homes. Elderly members of your, or your friend's, family pass on, and you go to pay your respects and offer your condolences. One of the facets of that is that you'll hear at least one person (and usually more) make a comment about how nice a job the funeral director did on the deceased, that they "look so nice." I was reminded of that when a co-worker was discussing the goings-on in one of the groups in a nearby town. There was a lot of pushing done to "beautify" the main street, and arguments over whether a pavilion should be built on a local beach, or its placement. I said "Well, that's nice, but all they're doing is dressing up a corpse."
Just wandering around on a Friday
I was going to write a pithy, analytical evaluation of various political events today, but after several starts and stops, and partial drafts, I've decided to punt and just go with some pretty pictures and commentary on my area. I've just returned from a visit down to the central part of New York, and the grass is green, trees are starting to leaf up, flowers are blooming, and it looks like "spring." Go 75 miles or more to the north, and things aren't quite at that stage, so things aren't quite as pretty as they will be.
Filed under Parks


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noun plural but singular in construction \ˌmē-tē-ə-ˈri-tiks\Definition of METEORITICS
First Known Use of METEORITICS
(Concise Encyclopedia)Study of the chemistry and mineralogy of meteorite samples that have been collected on Earth and of meteors as they pass through Earth's atmosphere. These studies provide information about the age of meteorites, the conditions under which they formed, where they come from, and the geological history of their bodies of origin, including comets, asteroids, Mars, and the Moon. The field of study is especially important for understanding the early history and evolution of the solar system.
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Saturday 3°C / 15°C 37°F / 59°F |
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In English
This live London West End traffic weather web cam is overlooking the Regent street and Conduit street area in the centre of London Check out the live traffic conditions on Conduit street and the Regent street of central London
Regent Street runs from the Regent's residence at Carlton House in St James's at the southern end, through Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, to All Souls Church. From there Langham Place and Portland Place continue the route to Regent's Park.
This live Regent street travel web cam in London updates every few minutes


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Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 24, Issue 6, 297-304, 20 April 2009
Bateman's principles and human sex roles
Gillian R. Brown1, , Kevin N. Laland2 and Monique Borgerhoff Mulder3
1 School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
2 School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Bute Medical Building, Queen's Terrace, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TS, UK
3 Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8522, USA
In The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin [1] noted that, throughout the animal kingdom, 'the males of almost all animals have stronger passions than the females. Hence it is the males that fight together and sedulously display their charms before the female' (Ref. [1], p. 272). Darwin erroneously suggested that eagerness of males ultimately resulted from the lower costs of transporting small sperm compared to the costs of moving relatively larger eggs [1]. The first compelling explanation of why competitiveness (see Glossary) and choosiness might differ between the sexes was provided by Bateman [2] in an experimental study of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Bateman's famous experiments showed that the number of offspring fathered by a male Drosophila increased with his number of mates, whereas a female fruit fly did not gain an increase in number of offspring from mating with several males. Bateman concluded that, because single ova are more costly to produce than are single sperm, the number of offspring produced by a female fruit fly was limited mainly by her ability to produce eggs, whereas the reproductive success of a male was limited by the number of females that he inseminated. He also stated that, in our own species, the sex difference in gamete size would result in greater within-sex competition amongst males than females [2].
The importance of Bateman's idea to evolutionary theory was brought to prominence by Robert Trivers [3], who drew attention to postzygotic parental investment, such as feeding young and defence against predators. Trivers predicted that the sex with the largest parental investment, usually female, would become a limiting resource for which members of the other sex compete. When females invest more than males, the ratio of reproductively available males to females (the operational sex ratio [OSR] [4]) is assumed to be male-biased. In these situations, reproductive success would be expected to vary more amongst males than females, with females competing less intensely for mates and seeking out fewer partners than males [3,5]. Apparently in support of this argument, greater variance in male than female reproductive success has been reported in some insects, frogs, lizards, birds and mammals [3,6]. Conversely, in sex-role-reversal species with high levels of paternal investment, females are predicted to compete more intensely than males for mates because males limit female reproductive success [7].
The aim of this paper is to review data on variance in reproductive and mating success and on the shape of the relationship between these variables in current and historic human populations, and to consider the implications of variation between populations for our understanding of human sex roles.
Bateman's principles and sex-role evolution
Arnold [8] suggested that it is useful to recognize that Bateman actually derived three principles from his data on fruit flies: (i) males showed greater variance in number of offspring (reproductive success [RS]) than females; (ii) males showed greater variance in number of sexual partners (mating success [MS]) than females; and (iii) there was a stronger relationship between RS and MS among males than females (note, Bateman measured mating success as the number of partners with which offspring were produced; therefore, matings that failed to produce offspring were not included: see Ref. [9] for further critical evaluation of Bateman's experimental design and analyses). Here, we adopt Arnold's terminology and henceforth refer to Bateman's first, second and third principles.
Importantly, Bateman's third principle is key to predicting the potential for sexual selection to act on males and females. By itself, a sex difference in the variance of RS (first principle) or MS (second principle) provides no information about whether selection is predicted to act more strongly on males or females, because sex differences in variances can arise simply from random mating together with sex differences in handling times [10,11]. In addition, although variation in RS or MS is a precondition for selection to occur, sexual selection will only take place if the likelihood of success is dependent upon the possession of a particular trait. The slope of the regression line that relates RS to MS is known as the Bateman gradient (or sexual selection gradient), and whichever sex has the steepest gradient is likely to be the sex that experiences the strongest selection pressure on traits that enhance mating success [12,13].
Conventionally, male animals are assumed to be competitive and promiscuous, whereas females are assumed to be non-competitive and choosy. The term 'sex role' can be used to describe the behaviour patterns expected to be shown by males and females when competing for or choosing mates, although behavioural ecologists sometimes use the term more specifically to refer to the relative competitiveness of males and females for mates [14,15]. We use the broader meaning of the term sex role.
The pattern of sex roles within and across species will depend upon the relative shapes of the Bateman curves for each sex. Arnold [8] noted that researchers have too readily assumed that Bateman's observed relationships between RS and MS in Drosophila are universal, in terms of both their shapes and their sex-specificity. For instance, reviews of the insect literature have found little evidence either that male reproductive success increases invariably with number of matings, or that mate number is unimportant for females [16,17]. Even in fruit flies, there are reservations about the general applicability of Bateman's results [18,19]. Arnold [8] identified four possible relationships between RS and MS – linear, single-mate saturation, diminishing returns and intermediate optimum. Because empirical evidence can be found for all of these in both male and female animals (Box 1), it is clear that animals, including human beings, will not necessarily exhibit the original Bateman gradients as described for Drosophila.
Arnold [8] proposed four possible relationships between mating success (MS) and reproductive success (RS): linear, single-mate saturation, diminishing returns and intermediate optimum, all of which are found in both male and female animals.
The linear relationship, originally reported by Bateman [2] for male Drosophila melanogaster, has subsequently been reported for males in other Drosophila species [18] and for other male invertebrates (e.g. red-back spiders, Latrodectus hasselti[50]) and male vertebrates (e.g. splendid fairy wrens, Malurus splendens[51], and yellow-pine chipmunks, Tamias amoenus[52]). A linear relationship has also been found in female insects (e.g. Drosophila simulans[53]), birds (e.g. brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater[54]) and mammals (e.g. prairie dogs, Cynomys gunnisoni[55]). In prairie dogs, litter size is positively correlated with the number of male mating partners, possibly owing to the benefits of genetic diversity among offspring [55].
In some species, there might be no increase in RS after an individual has obtained one mating partner (single-mate saturation), as reported by Bateman [2] for female Drosophila (but not confirmed for other Drosophila species [18]) and subsequently found in other invertebrate females, in which a single mating partner is apparently sufficient to sire all offspring (e.g. L. hasselti[50]). In some insects, males engage in suicidal copulations or effectively castrate themselves after a single mating, thereby severely limiting their ability to re-mate [56]. Among vertebrates, mating with multiple partners fails to increase RS in female bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) [57], where males provide no direct investment to females or their offspring, and in male sex-role-reversed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle[58], where the size of the brood pouch of the male places an upper limit on his reproductive output [59].
A diminishing returns relationship, such that progressively fewer offspring are gained with each additional mating partner, seems to occur in female Drosophila lummei[18] and might characterize other female insects, particularly where females accrue material benefits, such as nutritional nuptial gifts, from matings but have limited total egg production [17]. A diminishing returns relationship is also probably found in female guppies, Poecilia reticulata[60]. In some male insects, the costs of nuptial gifts, ejaculates or courtship might lead to a reduction in the number of successful future copulations that a male can perform [23]. The costs of sperm production and mating might also limit the benefits of extra mates for male mammals; for instance, in species in which males defend harems, male RS might plateau after harems reach a particular size (e.g. Misaki stallions, Equus caballus[61]), although whether males actually mate with all harem females is often unclear.
Finally, a recent meta-analysis of the insect literature supports the existence of an intermediate optimal mate number for some female insects: low MS commonly does not provide females with sufficient sperm, whereas a high MS can reduce lifespan [17] with a resulting diminution of lifetime RS. For example, female Drosophila mojavensis that are mated with four males have a shorter lifespan and lower lifetime RS than females that are mated with two males [62]. Courtship has been shown to reduce lifespan in male insects (e.g. Ref. [63]), which potentially means that an intermediate number of mating partners optimises male lifetime RS. In mammals, males with an intermediate harem size have been suggested to have greater RS than males with either smaller or larger harems (e.g. marmots, Marmota flaviventris[64]).
Perhaps most incongruous with Bateman's original argument is the finding that females can benefit from multiple matings. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy was one of the first researchers to challenge the notion that female animals should be universally characterized as coy and choosy, based on her research on female primates [20]. Females can gain benefits, such as reduced infanticide risk or assurance of fertilization, from mating with multiple males (polyandry) [21,22]. Similarly, the assumption that males will always exhibit indiscriminate mating has also been challenged by comparative studies, particularly in insects, in which the energetic costs of sperm production, courtship and copulation can select for male choosiness and the prudent allocation of mating effort [23,24].
These variations in the data are reinforced by recent sexual selection theory, which has revealed greater complexity in the evolution of sex roles than hitherto conceived [25]. Mathematical models have shown, for example, that intense competition in one sex does not necessarily translate into choosiness in the other [11,26,27]. Individuals of either sex can both be discriminating in mate choice and can compete over access to mates. In addition, multiple factors have been predicted to affect the evolution of choosiness, competitiveness and parental care. Choosy individuals will increase their average quality of accepted mates at the cost of a reduced mating rate, whereas individuals that are not choosy will increase their mating rate but with less fitness gained per mating [27]. The trade-off between number and average quality of mating partners is predicted to be influenced by factors such as sex differences in the mortality costs of breeding, the costs of mate searching, rates of encountering potential mates and variation in mate quality [27], leading to the expectation that sex roles will vary within and between species (Box 2).
Recent advances in sexual selection theory have revealed that the relative choosiness and competitiveness of males and females cannot be predicted from levels of parental investment alone [25]. Here, we focus on whether males and females differ in their 'choosiness', defined as the proportion of potential mating partners that an individual rejects. Choosiness will increase the average quality of accepted mates, but reduce the rate at which individuals encounter acceptable partners. Kokko and Monaghan [27] investigated which factors might affect levels of choosiness in a population and established that choosiness can invade the female population if:
Kokko and Monaghan [27] found that competitiveness will also be affected by sex-specific mortality costs and mortality rates, and the OSR. These factors are expected to vary between species and across populations of the same species. Predicting which sex invests most heavily in parental care is equally complex and multiply determined [25]. For instance, male care can evolve if the gains derived by increasing offspring fitness outweigh the lost mating opportunities while caring, and the latter are diminished where there is a male-biased adult sex ratio [25]. In summary, current sexual selection theory indicates that variables such as choosiness and competitiveness are influenced by multiple factors and provides little support for the view that a single sex-role stereotype will apply universally to all human populations.
This theory leads to the following predictions about when it is likely that females will be choosy, when males will be choosy and when both or neither sex will be choosy: (i) females will be choosy in populations with a male-biased OSR, little paternal investment (which typically increases the cost of breeding to females), and/or considerable variation in male quality; (ii) males will be choosy in populations with a female-biased OSR, considerable paternal investment, and/or considerable variation in female quality; (iii) both sexes will be choosy when encounter rates are high, particularly where the parental investments of both sexes are large and not too different, and/or where variation in mate quality of both sexes is high; and (iv) neither sex will be choosy in less dense populations with low encounter rates and equal OSR.
We should not assume from these predictions that the sex showing greater choosiness will necessarily have lower variation in mating rate; for example, in a female-biased population, males might exhibit greater choosiness than females but, owing to a higher encounter rate with high-quality females, some males might be particularly successful.
Given that human populations are highly likely to vary in important measures that affect sex roles (such as adult sex ratios and population density), we might expect to see Bateman gradients differ between human populations. As in many non-human populations, a variety of alternative strategies are likely to characterize the mating (and/or marital) strategies of men and women, with each individual's optimal strategy dictated as much by the behaviour of same sex as opposite sex individuals; we would accordingly expect multiple strategies within each sex.
Do human beings conform to Bateman's principles?
Here, we examine the available data for each of the three Bateman principles in human beings and examine which factors might explain variation across populations.
Is there greater variation in RS among human males than females?
What we need to answer this question are comprehensive data on the variance in number of children produced by males and females across different populations. Such data are difficult to collate, not least because paternity is more difficult to ascertain with confidence than is maternity. Nonetheless, several datasets do exist (Table 1). When all populations of human beings are considered together, males exhibit higher mean variation in RS than females (one-sample t test, t17=3.82, p=0.001). However, despite the expectation that male variance in RS will always exceed female variance [28], these data reveal large inter-population variation in the ratio of male to female variance in RS, ranging from 0.79 to 4.75. This variation between populations with regard to Bateman's first principle is inconsistent with the universal sex roles that Bateman envisaged [2].
Table 1 |
Country | Population or ethnic group | Nmb | Meanm | Varm | Nf | Meanf | Varf | Vm: Vf | Im: If | Mating systemc | Refs | ||
Finland | 1745–1900 genealogies | 125 | 3.4 | 6 | 138 | 3.5 | 7.6 | 0.79 | 0.81 | Monogamy | [80] | ||
Norway | 1700–1900 genealogies | 955 | 4.7 | 8.5 | 991 | 4.5 | 8.3 | 1.02 | 0.98 | Monogamy | [81] | ||
Pitcairn Island | Genealogical records | 145 | 4.6 | 23.6 | 127 | 4.7 | 23.2 | 1.02 | 1.04 | Monogamy | [82] | ||
Iran | Yomut Turkmen | 267 | 5.1 | 8.1 | 216 | 3.9 | 7.1 | 1.14 | 0.86 | Polygyny/monandry | [83] | ||
Sweden | 1825–1896 genealogies | 1201 | 2.1 | 11.5 | 1050 | 2.4 | 9.7 | 1.18 | 1.65 | Monogamy | [84] | ||
Dominica | Local population | 130 | 4.4 | 14.3 | 124 | 5 | 11.6 | 1.23 | 1.40 | Monogamy | [85] | ||
Tanzania | Pimbwe | 138 | 6.0 | 9 | 154 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 1.24 | 1.27 | Serial monogamy | [36] | ||
USA | General social survey | 1099 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1344 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.27 | 1.25 | Monogamy | [86] | ||
Central African Republic | Aka | 29 | 6.3 | 8.6 | 34 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 1.66 | 1.63 | Polygyny/monandry | [87] | ||
Botswana | Dobe !Kung | 35 | 5.1 | 8.6 | 62 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 1.77 | 1.61 | Serial monogamy | [34] | ||
Tanzania | Hadza | 54 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 44 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 1.93 | 1.63 | Polygyny/serial monandry | [88] | ||
Venezuela | Yanomamo | 279 | 3.7 | 10.1 | 380 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 2.30 | 2.11 | Polygyny/monandry | [89] | ||
Chad | Dazagada | 44 | 8.6 | 15.0 | 33 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 2.31 | 1.72 | Polygyny/monandry | [90] | ||
Chad | Arabs | 23 | 10.3 | 14.4 | 22 | 8.3 | 5.1 | 2.82 | 2.28 | Polygyny/monandry | [90] | ||
Brazil | Xavante | 62 | 3.6 | 12.1 | 44 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.10 | 3.10 | Polygyny/serial monandry | [39] | ||
Kenya | Kipsigis | 82 | 10.9 | 24.4 | 260 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 4.18 | 2.52 | Polygyny/monandry | [91] | ||
Paraguay | Ache | 48 | 6.4 | 15.1 | 25 | 7.8 | 3.6 | 4.22 | 5.16 | Serial monogamy | [35] | ||
Mali | Dogon | 44 | 6.1 | 10.7 | 48 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 4.75 | 2.47 | Polygyny/serial monandry | [92] | ||
a Most studies report lifetime RS as the number of live births, or children living to 5 or 15 years of age, for post-reproductive men and women. Where the mean RSs for males and females are not equal, the data have not been drawn from a closed population. The ratio of the opportunity for selection in males and females (Im: If) takes into account the difference in average RS between males and females (the same pattern of results is found when this variable is used instead of Vm: Vf in the analyses regarding mating systems). b Column heading abbreviations: Im: If,ratio of the 'opportunity for selection' in males and females, where I = variance in RS divided by the square of the mean RS [79]); Meanf, mean female lifetime RS; Meanm, mean male lifetime RS; Nf, number of females; Nm, number of males; Varf, variance in female RS; Varm, variance in male RS; Vm: Vf,ratio of variance in male RS to female RS. c For non-monogamous populations, the most common mating patterns for males and females are stated separately (males/females). |
Unfortunately, insufficient data are available to test whether or not most relevant variables predicted from the models in Box 2, such as sex ratio or population density, explain variation between populations. Further analysis does, however, reveal that the ratio of male to female variance in RS differs significantly with mating system; monogamous societies have low ratios, whereas polygynous societies have significantly higher ratios (Figure 1a). Societies with extensive serial monogamy have ratios similar to those of polygynous societies. Across all of the monogamous societies, the ratio of variance in male to female RS is not significantly different from one (two-tailed t-test: t5=1.17, n.s.); for example, among the Pitcairn Islanders, the patterns of RS for men and women completely overlap (Figure 1b). Conversely, the data from polygynous societies is consistent with Bateman's expectation that the variance in male RS will be greater than the variance in female RS (t8=4.33, p=0.003); for instance, among the Dogon of Mali, the male to female ratio of variance in RS is 4.75 (Figure 1c). However, even in polygynous societies, male and female distributions in RS can be remarkably similar; for example, among the Aka of the Central African Republic, the ratio of 1.66 is not significantly different from a ratio of 1 (Figure 1d). From these data, we conclude that the variation across populations in the ratio of male to female variance in RS is not random. The link between mating system and the ratio of male to female variance in RS is potentially mediated by those factors identified by recent theory (Box 2) to affect sexual selection (e.g. variation in mate quality, sex ratio, population density). Further data are needed to test this hypothesis.
An alternative conclusion that could be drawn from these results is that the ratio of variance in male and female RS is greatest in those populations in which male mating success varies more than female mating success (i.e. polygynous societies). However, we remain cautious about the assumption that mating success in polygynous societies is greater among males than females, for reasons outlined in the next section, and we again stress that Bateman's third principle is key to predicting the potential for sexual selection to act differently on males and females.
Is there greater variation in MS among human males than females?
Several types of data suggest that there is greater variation in MS among males than females. For instance, in Western societies, men are more likely to re-marry than women, possibly as a result of the longer reproductive lifespan of men compared to women [29], whereas data on marriage systems around the world show that polygynous societies are far more common (83%) than monogamous (16%) or polyandrous societies (1%) [30]. Given that polygyny will lead some men to have many wives and others to have none, whereas virtually all females will have a single or a small number of successive husbands, variance in mating success is expected to be higher among human males than females in polygynous societies. There are, however, several problems with this line of reasoning.
First, in approximately half of societies formally categorized as polygynous, it is a comparatively rare event (<5%) for males to take on more than one wife [30]. As a result, even within polygynous societies, most marriages are monogamous. Moreover, because most polygynous societies are small-scale, pre-industrial societies and most large-scale societies are institutionally monogamous [30], the majority of people in (at least the contemporary) world live in institutionally monogamous societies, which might have similar variance in MS in men and women.
A second problem is that the label 'polygyny' does not provide any information about whether women have single or multiple partners during their lifetime. In some polygynous populations (e.g. Arsi Oromo of Ethiopia), divorce is rare [31], whereas in others (e.g. the Datoga of Tanzania), women are able to divorce and re-marry [32].
A third problem is that serially monogamous societies are typically viewed as equivalent to polygyny, with some men monopolizing more than a single female reproductive lifespan through repeated divorce and remarriage [33]. This is misleading insofar that, in serially monogamous populations such as the Dobe !Kung of Botswana [34], Ache of Paraguay [35] and Pimbwe of Tanzania [36], women and men conceive children with multiple partners. In sum, the lack of good datasets on sex differences in actual number of mating partners, and the likelihood that partner numbers vary across populations, means that it is currently difficult to make reliable generalizations about how Bateman's second principle will apply to human beings.
What is the relationship between RS and MS in human males and females?
Although Bateman's first and second principles are often cited as if they were necessary and sufficient conditions for sex differences in the potential for sexual selection, this is not the case. The third principle, which examines the relationship between RS and MS, provides the key information from which to make predictions about how sexual selection will act on males and females to fashion sex roles. We therefore need to ask which, if any, of the relationships between RS and MS (e.g. linear, single-mate saturation, diminishing returns or intermediate optimum) apply to human beings.
For men, the relationship between RS and MS is likely to vary between populations. If men contribute heavily to the upbringing and/or inheritance of individual children, polygyny will be costly and increases in RS will not be linear [37]. In this scenario, we might predict a single-mate-saturation or diminishing-returns relationship between MS and RS for caring males. Conversely, if a male trait precipitating polygyny is easily sharable among offspring (e.g. coming from a good family, or possessing 'good genes') there might be no costs, and effects of mate number on RS could be linear. If polygyny is 'wealth enhancing' (for example, if cooperation between co-wives in polygynous households exponentially increases food production; [38]), effects of mate number on male RS could be escalating, a relationship not predicted by Arnold [8]. Finally, it is possible that RS might be severely compromised by taking additional partners, for instance if sexually transmitted diseases are prevalent.
Surprisingly, very few datasets provide demographic measures from a single population showing the effects of mate (or spouse) number on male RS. Data from the polygynous Xavante of Brazil [39] and Kipsigis of Kenya [40], and from serially monogynous modern Sweden [41], suggest that male RS is positively correlated with MS. A strong positive correlation has been found between wealth and RS in both traditional and modern populations [42]; however, this relationship does not necessarily result from an increase in mate number. For instance, a study of British men showed that wealthy men had a higher reproductive success than poorer men, but were not more likely to have had multiple spouses [42]. In addition, data from the serially monogynous Pimbwe of Tanzania show that male RS decreases with an increasing number of partners [36]. The negative relationship between MS and RS in the Pimbwe might reflect the fact that men's hunting has been rendered illegal, which potentially severely reduces men's ability to provide for the offspring of multiple partners [36].
Now consider the relationship between RS and MS for women. Evolutionary biologists have proposed several potential benefits for females that engage in polyandry, including assurance of fertilization, material gains from several mates, genetic benefits for offspring and reduced infanticide risk [21,22]. Hrdy [43] has argued that women might enhance their RS by mating with multiple partners under a range of circumstances, in particular through a gain in resources or a reduction in infanticide risk. Conversely, women might be expected to exhibit a reduction in RS by taking extra partners in populations in which the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases is high or where there are severe socially imposed costs of taking multiple partners.
Unfortunately, very few datasets plot offspring number on spouse number for women. Among the Pimbwe, women who have three or more spouses have higher fitness than those with fewer partners [36]; however, this is likely to be an unusual pattern, possibly reflecting a situation with high and unpredictable variance in male quality over time. Other studies suggest no effects of spousal number in RS of women, as in historical Finland [44] and modern Sweden [41]; possible negative effects, as in modern Britain [42]; possible positive effects, as in modern India [45]; or positive effects of multiple fathers on child survival but not maternal RS, as in South American Indian 'partible paternity' populations [35,46].
To fully understand the variability in Bateman gradients across human populations, more datasets are needed that compare the effects of mate number on both male and female RS within a single population [47]. Nonetheless, the available evidence suggests that the relationship between RS and MS within each sex varies across societies.
Implications for future research
We have argued that researchers cannot predict the shape of Bateman curves for men and women simply from Bateman's original work on fruit flies. Recent theoretical models predict that Bateman gradients are likely to vary between human populations. Unfortunately, little strong evidence is currently available to plot the shape of Bateman curves for men and women across human populations. However, we were able to collate extensive evidence on the ratio of variance in male and female RS in several different populations and to confirm that this ratio varies greatly between human populations. These data, allied with the more qualitative findings suggesting between-societal variation in MS and the RS–MS relationship, throws into question Bateman's expectation of universal human sex roles.
Recent advances in evolutionary theory (Box 2) suggest that several factors, such as sex-biased mortality, sex ratio, population density and variation in mate quality, are likely to impact on mating behaviour in human populations; these effects are potentially open to future investigation. We hope that our article will lead to future research that includes this important information. Already, some evidence exists to support these propositions; for example, a study of historical records reported stronger female choosiness in US states with a male-biased sex ratio than in states with even sex ratios [48], and strong female competition occurs in socially stratified, monogamous societies with high variation in male quality [49]. Between-population variation in sex roles should also correlate with other variables, such as population density (which might increase mate encounter rate and reduce the costs of searching for mates) and relative resource-holding power of men and women. Future research should explore both inter- and intra-population variation in male and female mating strategies based on this solid mathematical theory, rather than the idea of a single universal pattern. The insights gained from this new perspective will have important implications for how we conceive of past and current selection acting on human populations (Box 3).
Evolutionary psychologists assume that human behaviour is guided by evolved psychological mechanisms that were selected to solve problems commonly encountered by our hominin ancestors [65]. Bateman's principles have formed the cornerstone of a large field of evolutionary psychology dedicated to understanding sex differences in human traits, such as mate-choice preferences, sexual jealousy and aggression (e.g. see Refs [66,67,68]). Human beings are commonly characterized as monogamous with polygamous tendencies, such that men are predisposed to commit paternal investment but seek out additional mating partners where possible, whereas women are predisposed to seek monogamous relationships but occasionally engage in extra-pair matings with high-quality males [69]. Evolutionary psychologists do consider within-sex variation in mating behaviour, commonly in terms of condition-dependent strategies; human beings are assumed to have inherited a diverse repertoire of sexual strategies, such that developmental, social and ecological conditions can evoke particular strategies that will have been adaptive in our evolutionary past [70,71].
Our finding that variance in male RS exceeds variance in female RS (when all datasets in Table 1 are considered together) could be seen as being consistent with the evolutionary psychology perspective, whereas the between-population variation in the ratio of male to female RS could be viewed as diverse sexual strategies evoked from universal, evolved psychological mechanisms. However, we envisage several challenges to this viewpoint. First, evidence for sex differences in variation in RS alone does not enable us to make generalizations about sex roles because numerous variables will influence the shapes of the Bateman gradients for men and women, and variance does not necessarily imply selection (Box 2). Second, although evolutionary psychology has traditionally emphasized 'innate', context-specific structure in the mind, the more flexible and variable the exhibited behaviour, the less explanatory power can be attributed to such structure.
Third, although we anticipate that ecological and cultural variation are the primary sources of the observed differences between human societies, we are open to the possibility that this variation is supplemented by variation in evolved predispositions across populations. The long-held assumption within evolutionary psychology that the human brain consists of mental adaptations that are products of resistant-to-change gene complexes must be re-examined [72]. Extensive recent data reveal that many hundreds of human genes (up to 10% of the genome, [73]) have been favoured by recent selective sweeps during the past 50000 or so years [74], including many genes expressed in the brain [75]. Such studies indicate that recent selective sweeps have frequently been population-specific [74,75]; for instance, genetic variation is associated with cross-cultural diversity in the use of tonal languages [76]. Gene-culture co-evolutionary models reinforce the view that variation in learning mating behaviour and cultural belief systems can generate divergent selection on human genes [77,78]. Confirmation of relevant genetic variation would further reduce the likelihood that human mating strategies conform to a single universal pattern.
We are grateful to Bobbi Low and Frank Marlowe for providing us with further information about their study populations, and to Lee Cronk, Mhairi Gibson, William Hoppitt, Donna Leonetti, Rebecca Sear and Eckart Voland for correspondences about measuring variance in human reproductive success. We are also grateful to Micheal Jennions, Hanna Kokko, Nina Wedell and four anonymous reviewers for comments on part or all of the manuscript.
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text:
The Colliery
By Jennifer Boyle jenniboyle
A documentation of the site of Harworth Colliery. Currently a mothballed mine on the borders of North Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire and soon to be an Asda supermarket.
About the Author
Photography student at UCLan in Preston, UK.
Publish Date April 27, 2011
Dimensions Standard Landscape 58 pgs Premium Paper, lustre finish
Category Arts & Photography
Tags Mining, Coal, England, Industry, Landscape, Photography, village
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