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Bantu peoples
Approximate distribution of Bantu peoples divided into zones according to the Guthrie classification of Bantu languages
Regions with significant populations | |
Sub-Saharan Africa | |
Languages | |
Bantu languages (over 535) | |
Religion | |
predominantly: Christianity minority: Traditional African religions, Irreligion and Islam |
Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300–600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages.[1] They today inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa.[1] Bantu is itself a major branch of the Niger-Congo language family spoken by most populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are about 650 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility,[2] though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and Ethnologue counts 535 languages.[3]
Between 2500–3000 years ago, speakers of the original proto-Bantu language group began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their original homeland in West Africa at the border of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.[4] This Bantu expansion first introduced Bantu peoples to central, southern and southeastern Africa, regions where they had previously been absent from. The proto-Bantu migrants in the process assimilated and/or displaced a number of earlier inhabitants that they came across, including Khoisan populations in the south and Afro-Asiatic groups in the southeast.[5][6]
Individual Bantu groups today often include millions of people. Among these are the Luba of the Democratic Republic of Congo, with over 13.5 million people; the Zulu of South Africa, with over 10 million people; and the Kikuyu of Kenya, with over 6 million people. Although only around five million individuals speak the Bantu Swahili language as their mother tongue,[7] it is used as a lingua franca by over 140 million people throughout Southeast Africa.[8] Swahili also serves as one of the official languages of the African Union.
The word Bantu, and its variations, means "people" or "humans". Versions of this word occur in all Bantu languages; for example, as watu in Swahili; batu in Lingala; bato in Duala; abanto in Gusii; andũ in Kikuyu; abantu in Zulu, Runyakitara,[9] and Ganda; Vanhu in Shona; batho in Sesotho;and Vandu in some Luhya dialects.
Origins and expansion[edit]
Current scholarly understanding places the ancestral proto-Bantu homeland near the southwestern modern boundary of Nigeria and Cameroon ca. 4,000 years ago (2000 B.C.), and regards the Bantu languages as a branch of the Niger–Congo language family.[13] This view represents a resolution of debates in the 1960s over competing theories advanced by Joseph Greenberg and Malcolm Guthrie, in favor of refinements of Greenberg's theory. Based on wide comparisons including non-Bantu languages, Greenberg argued that Proto-Bantu, the hypothetical ancestor of the Bantu languages, had strong ancestral affinities with a group of languages spoken in Southeastern Nigeria. He proposed that Bantu languages had spread east and south from there, to secondary centers of further dispersion, over hundreds of years.
Using a different comparative method focused more exclusively on relationships among Bantu languages, Guthrie argued for a single central African dispersal point spreading at a roughly equal rate in all directions. Subsequent research on loanwords for adaptations in agriculture and animal husbandry and on the wider Niger–Congo language family rendered that thesis untenable. In the 1990s Jan Vansina proposed a modification of Greenberg's ideas, in which dispersions from secondary and tertiary centers resembled Guthrie's central node idea, but from a number of regional centers rather than just one, creating linguistic clusters.[14]
It is unclear exactly when the spread of Bantu-speakers began from their core area as hypothesized ca. 5,000 years ago. By 3,500 years ago (1500 B.C.) in the west, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rain forest, and by 2,500 years ago (500 B.C.) pioneering groups had emerged into the savannahs to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola and Zambia. Another stream of migration, moving east, by 3,000 years ago (1000 B.C.) was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively harsh farming conditions in areas farther from water. Pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by A.D. 300 along the coast, and the modern Northern Province (encompassed within the former province of the Transvaal) by A.D. 500.[15]
Before the expansion of farming and herding peoples, including those speaking Bantu languages, Africa south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples. Some of them were ancestral to modern Central African forest peoples (so-called Pygmies) who now speak Bantu languages. Others were proto-Khoisan-speaking peoples, whose few modern hunter-forager and linguistic descendants today occupy the arid regions around the Kalahari desert. Many more Khoekhoe and San descendants have a Coloured identity in South Africa and Namibia, speaking Afrikaans and English. The small Hadza and Sandawe populations in Tanzania comprise the other modern hunter-forager remnant in Africa.
Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu-speaking communities, as well as by Ubangian, Nilotic and Central Sudanic language-speakers in North Central and Eastern Africa. The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas.
After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in East Africa peoples of Cushitic origin. As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.[16] Later interactions between Bantu and Cushitic peoples resulted in Bantu groups with significant Cushitic admixture and culturo-linguistic influences, such as the Herero herdsmen of southern Africa.[17][18]
On the coastal section of East Africa, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders. The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Zanzibar, Kenya and Tanzania -- a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast -- the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions.[19]
Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu-speaking states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savannah south of the Central African rainforest. On the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, a civilization whose origins and ethnic affiliations are uncertain. From the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation amongst Bantu peoples increased in frequency. This was probably due to denser population (which led to more specialized divisions of labor, including military power, while making emigration more difficult); to increased interaction amongst Bantu-speaking communities with Chinese, European, Indonesian and Arab traders on the coasts; to technological developments in economic activity; and to new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualization of royalty as the source of national strength and health.[20]
Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savanna south of the Central African rain-forest. In Southern Africa on the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, the largest of over 200 such sites in Southern Africa, such as Bumbusi in Zimbabwe and Manyikeni in Mozambique. From the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation among Bantu peoples increased in frequency. Some examples of such Bantu states include: in Central Africa, the Kingdom of Kongo,[21] Lunda Empire,[22] and Luba Empire[23] of Angola, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo; in the Great Lakes Region, the Buganda[24] and Karagwe[24] Kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania; and in Southern Africa, the Mutapa Empire,[25] Rozwi Empire,[26] and the Danamombe, Khami and Naletale Kingdoms of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.[25]
Toward the 18th and 19th centuries, the flow of Zanj (Bantu) slaves from Southeast Africa increased with the rise of the Omani Sultanate of Zanzibar, based in Zanzibar in Tanzania. The Zanzibar Sultanate came into direct trade conflict and competition with Portuguese and other Europeans along the Swahili coast.[27] The Zanzibari slave trader Tippu Tip worked for a succession of sultans of Zanzibar. He built himself a trading empire that he then translated into clove plantations in Zanzibar. Abdul Sheriff reported that when Tippu Tip left for his twelve years of "empire building" on the mainland, he had no plantations of his own. However, by 1895, he had acquired seven plantations (shambas) and 10,000 slaves.[28]
Use of the term "Bantu" in South Africa[edit]
In the 1920s relatively liberal white South Africans, missionaries and the small black intelligentsia began to use the term "Bantu" in preference to "Native" and more derogatory terms (such as "Kaffir") to refer collectively to Bantu-speaking South Africans. After World War II, the racialist National Party governments adopted that usage officially, while the growing African nationalist movement and its liberal white allies turned to the term "African" instead, so that "Bantu" became identified with the policies of apartheid. By the 1970s this so discredited "Bantu" as an ethno-racial designation that the apartheid government switched to the term "Black" in its official racial categorizations, restricting it to Bantu-speaking Africans, at about the same time that the Black Consciousness Movement led by Steve Biko and others were defining "Black" to mean all racially oppressed South Africans (Africans, Coloureds and Indians).
Examples of South African usages of "Bantu" include:
- One of South Africa's politicians of recent times, General Bantubonke Harrington Holomisa (Bantubonke is a compound noun meaning "all the people"), is known as Bantu Holomisa.
- The South African apartheid governments originally gave the name "bantustans" to the eleven rural reserve areas intended for a spurious, ersatz independence to deny Africans South African citizenship. "Bantustan" originally reflected an analogy to the various ethnic "-stans" of Western and Central Asia. Again association with apartheid discredited the term, and the South African government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands". Meanwhile the anti-apartheid movement persisted in calling the areas bantustans, to drive home their political illegitimacy.
- The abstract noun ubuntu, humanity or humaneness, is derived regularly from the Nguni noun stem -ntu in isiXhosa, isiZulu and siNdebele. In siSwati the stem is -ntfu and the noun is buntfu.
- In the Sotho–Tswana languages of southern Africa, batho is the cognate term to Nguni abantu, illustrating that such cognates need not actually look like the -ntu root exactly. The early African National Congress of South Africa had a newspaper called Abantu-Batho from 1912–1933, which carried columns in English, isiZulu, Sesotho, and isiXhosa.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Butt, John J. (2006). The Greenwood Dictionary of World History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 39. ISBN 0313327653.
- ^ Derek Nurse, 2006, "Bantu Languages", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
- ^ Ethnologue report for Southern Bantoid. The figure of 535 includes the 13 Mbam languages considered Bantu in Guthrie's classification and thus counted by Nurse (2006)
- ^ Philip J. Adler, Randall L. Pouwels, World Civilizations: To 1700 Volume 1 of World Civilizations, (Cengage Learning: 2007), p.169.
- ^ Toyin Falola, Aribidesi Adisa Usman, Movements, borders, and identities in Africa, (University Rochester Press: 2009), pp.4-5.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Mary (1999). Tanzania, Zanzibar & Pemba. Lonely Planet. p. 39. ISBN 0864427263.
- ^ Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 699. ISBN 0-415-93933-X.
- ^ Irele 2010
- ^ http://bunyoro-kitara.org/53.html
- ^ The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa
- ^ A Brief History of Botswana
- ^ On Bantu and Khoisan in (Southeastern) Zambia, (in German)
- ^ Erhet & Posnansky, eds. (1982), Newman (1995)
- ^ Vansina (1995)
- ^ Newman (1995), Ehret (1998), Shillington (2005)
- ^ J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29
- ^ Was there an interchange between Cushitic pastoralists and Khoisan speakers in the prehistory of Southern Africa and how can this be detected?
- ^ Robert Gayre, Ethnological elements of Africa, (The Armorial, 1966), p.45
- ^ Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114
- ^ Shillington (2005)
- ^ Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 21
- ^ Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 23
- ^ Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 23.
- ^ a b Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24-25.
- ^ a b Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 25.
- ^ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo, A History of African Societies to 1870 Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0521455992 page 435
- ^ Owen Alik Shahadah. "Arab Slave Trade". African Holocaust Society. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ Sheriff, Abdul. Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770-1873. London, Nairobi, Tanzania, Athens,OH: James Currey, Heinemann Kenya, Tanzania Publishing House, Ohio University Press, 1987, p. 108
- Christopher Ehret, An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400, James Currey, London, 1998
- Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnansky, eds., The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982
- April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, Understanding Contemporary Africa, Lynne Riener, London, 1996
- John M. Janzen, Ngoma: Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992
- James L. Newman, The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995. ISBN 0-300-07280-5.
- Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, 3rd ed. St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005
- Jan Vansina, Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1990
- Jan Vansina, "New linguistic evidence on the expansion of Bantu", Journal of African History 36:173–195, 1995


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Seth McLaughlin
October 30, 2012
Facing off in last week's foreign policy debate, Mitt Romney nodded in agreement with much of what President Obama has done with his powers as chief executive — including a full-on embrace of the president's claim to sole authority to expand drone strikes to kill terrorist suspects.
The Republican presidential nominee has reserved the right to deploy U.S. military power to world hot spots, as Mr. Obama did in Libya, and to greenlight unilateral action against Iran. To the dismay of civil liberties activists, he has shifted his position on indefinite detention, agreeing with the president that U.S. citizens deemed "enemy combatants" are not entitled to habeas corpus.
While regularly complaining about Mr. Obama's use of unilateral authority, such as his appointment of policy "czars" and issuing waivers to let states opt out of federal welfare law rules, Mr. Romney has made clear he takes issue not so much with the president's powers themselves, but with how those powers have been used during the past four years.
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Adult Learner and Transfer Student Orientation
Saturday, August 24, 2013
Time: 9:00 a.m. - noon
The Office of Student Affairs sponsors a special morning workshop session for adult learners and other students transferring to Penn State. This is your best opportunity to meet faculty and currently enrolled adult students to discuss important issues, such as academic success, child care, learning to study, how to juggle responsibilities, etc.
A brief tour of the campus is a part of the program, so bring your class schedule to familiarize yourself with the classroom buildings. Newly-registered part-time and full-time students are urged strongly to attend. Everyone is welcome. This is a FREE program.
For more information and to register, please call Student Affairs at 724-334-6062.


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Clouddancer said...
I've done that in the past for legitimate medical reasons - at a certain point in foot recovery, walking is possible, but standing for a long period of time is not. I've been told by the airline that the only way to expedite through security and avoid having to stand in line painfully is to accept the wheelchair all the way to the gate. Leaving the plane, I'm okay to walk, albeit slowly, and prefer to move under my own turtle speed rather than be at the mercy of a wheelchair pusher. Other people's mileage may vary, but there are instances in which wheelchairs are incredibly useful for semi-mobile passengers.


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Former European Commissioner Frits Bolkestein, who is often cited by Geert Wilders as his biggest hero and mentor, has suddenly reappeared out of obscurity, only to feed the growing hatred towards Moroccans in The Netherlands and crank up the already heightened level of fear among Jews a few notches higher.
His outrageous statement calling on practicing Jews to migrate to Israel and the USA - citing the growing antisemitism among Dutch-Moroccans as the reason - has caused an uproar among his former colleagues in parliament and ticked off some prominent members of the Jewish community as well. Oddly enough even Geert Wilders disagreed with Bolkestein on this one, saying that it's Mococcans who are guilty of antisemitism who should migrate and not the Jews.


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MLS Commissioner Don Garber: Soccer's Steward Sits Down With FanHouse
The league unveiled its 2011 playoff format, which will include 10 clubs rather than eight for the first time. It was an eagerly awaited announcement that, like a lot of what's handed down from the midtown Manhattan office, generated plenty of conflicting opinions.
At the focal point of all those decisions and subsequent conversations is Don Garber (above, right), the 53-year-old New York City native now entering his 12th full season as MLS commissioner.
He came to soccer late in life, but one could argue that he's had more influence on the fate of the global game in its final frontier than any other American. And as MLS continues to grow, with 18 teams planning to play this year and a 19th coming aboard in 2012, there are no signs his influence is on the wane.
On Wednesday afternoon, after 22 months covering soccer for FanHouse, I had the opportunity to spend about an hour in Garber's office. We examined the day's big news (and a favorite subject of ours), of course, but also looked back to the failed 2022 World Cup bid and discussed David Beckham, branding, ESPN, the challenges of creating a soccer nation and how much power the commissioner really has, among other things.
Thanks to MLS Executive VP Dan Courtemanche and Director of Communications Will Kuhns for setting up the interview, and thanks to our readers for supporting FanHouse's soccer coverage over the past two years.
And now, the Q&A:
FANHOUSE: What's the philosophy behind the new playoff format?
GARBER: It starts with the fact that we recognize that we're in a transition year. We're going to have 19 teams next year (2012). We will more than likely not have a balanced schedule. That's going to lead to probably a different format, one we're going to start working on immediately. We had a competition committee call the other day. We've begun a timetable for 2012 that will be much earlier.
FANHOUSE: And that format would be something more permanent?
GARBER: Our goal would be to have a long-term format in 2012. The objective in 2011 was to make a decision that we believe will at least emphasize the regular season more so than any of the other options that we looked it.
FANHOUSE: How does this format accomplish that?
GARBER: By rewarding the top finishers -- the Supporters Shield winner and the top finisher in the other conference -- with a game against a wild card team that had fewer points. Rather than keep those teams in the conference, having those teams regardless of conference play against the Supporters Shield winner and top finisher in the next conference. At the end of the day, we believe this format will prioritize the regular season.
We hear that a very core group of our fans believe very much that we should have a single table. I know you've written about this a lot.
FANHOUSE: My issue has been that the playoffs are too easy. They don't present a test. I love the idea of playoffs. But nobody ever questions the validity of the NBA or the Stanley Cup champion, or even the NFL champion, where the playoffs constitute 25% of the length of the regular season. Because the MLS playoffs are so short, and because there's no reward for regular season excellence, they're almost entirely random. They wind up producing a champion that doesn't have much resonance and that people question.
If people are questioning whether your champion is deserving, there's a problem.
GARBER: Take the Seahawks this year. What did they finish, 7-9? And could have been the Super Bowl champion. How's that any different?
FANHOUSE: I think when you have a sport (soccer) that's low scoring and can be decided by a sliver, by milliseconds and millimeters, individual results can be more fickle. I think the better team usually wins a football game. I think it's going to be almost impossible for a substandard team to win four consecutive NFL games against superior opposition. But in soccer, where the best team doesn't always win on the day, it's much easier for a substandard team to advance in an abbreviated format.
GARBER: Was Greece a deserving winner of Euro (2004)?
FANHOUSE: That may be apples and oranges because there was no regular season connected to the tournament.
GARBER: But still, you have a situation where a team, arguably not the best team in Europe ...
FANHOUSE: I think they were. I think they were deserving winners of that particular tournament.
GARBER: Because they played really well in the tournament.
FANHOUSE: What about what Hans Backe said the other day? You know the quotes I'm referring to. What does it say when the coach of a very high profile club basically says that the championship as currently constituted doesn't interest him? I can't conceive of an NFL or NBA coach saying something like that.
GARBER: Neither can I. I have a lot of respect for Hans. One of the beauties and the challenges we have in Major League Soccer is that we have coaches coming from other cultures, other countries, from playing in leagues that play in different formats, etc. The beauty of that is that it creates a diversity of thought and a unique environment that can't really be replicated in other leagues in this country. The challenge is having someone like Hans embrace the system that he has been employed to support.
I read that and I kind of scratched my head a little bit. I accept it. But i don't know whether the fans in New York agree with that. I'm not quite sure if the guys he's working with and for agree with that. But I accept it and I have a lot of respect for Hans. I don't call him up and say "What the heck are you saying?" He's entitled to his opinion.
FANHOUSE: What was the thinking behind adding four games to the regular season? That makes instituting the longer, more challenging playoff format that I'm advocating more difficult and it compresses the window into which you can fit the CONCACAF Champions League, U.S. Open Cup and other events like SuperLiga. If you're not going to have a balanced schedule anyway once you add the 19th team, why give yourself the headache?
GARBER: We have a slightly longer season. We may or may not have SuperLiga going forward. That's a decision we'll make shortly. There was very little schedule congestion caused by the additional games. We believed it was time for us to extend our season. We have a very short season. We have some players who believe they need to play elsewhere to stay in shape, to come back in form for the MLS regular season. We continue to look at conforming with the international calendar. The way to start on that is, we've got to have a longer season. The best way to have a longer season is to have more games.
(NOTE: Garber was referring to the rhythms of the international game and the lengths of league seasons around the world, not the project to study the implementation of a European fall-to-spring season, which MLS has abandoned.)
FANHOUSE: It seems like ESPN, which does so much to shape the opinions of sports fans in this country, continues to give the league short shrift in its promotion and on SportsCenter. I know you ask them for more. What do they say in response?
GARBER: They say SportsCenter is independent of the programming group and its value to the sports industry is its role in shaping opinion about sports. And it's done that earning the respect of sports fans and media for almost a generation. As such, we need to earn a position of editorial support. I believe we have earned a lot more than we've been getting from ESPN. We're not saying "Cover us because you're a partner of ours." We're saying, "Cover us because people care about Major League Soccer and want more information, and they're probably more interested in Rafa Márquez's first goal, a 30-yard bomb for the Red Bulls, than they are in a highlight from a secondary European league."
The decisions that are made there (SportsCenter) are not made by John Skipper (ESPN senior VP and GM). This sport can't have a bigger supporter and stronger cheerleader than John Skipper. They're made by editorial guys who are looking at video, the coordinating producer, who's making a decision. We hope, and have been pushing, to have those decisions made in a way where it doesn't jeopardize any journalistic credibility but at the same time supports ESPN's commitment to the game in this country. They are deeply committed to it -- to the league, the (U.S. Soccer) Federation, to the World Cup. The way to create more of a soccer nation in this country isn't necessarily to have more fans of the Danish league. It's to have more fans of Major League Soccer, and we work hard with them to try and achieve that.
FANHOUSE: In terms of creating a soccer nation, obviously the World Cup bid occupied a lot of your energy, your time, perhaps resources. First, how much did the bid, the whole process, cost the league and SUM?
GARBER: Millions of dollars. Many many millions of dollars in financial support, resources, the time commitment.
FANHOUSE: It's difficult to avoid daydreaming about what else could have been accomplished with that money.
GARBER: Yes, but I'd do the same thing again, and maybe we would have provided more. I don't regret anything that we've done, whether it was the financial contributions that we made, whether it was the office space we provided, the time our staff spent. We made a commitment to do something that we believe really would have accelerated the rate of growth of soccer in our country. And I'd do the same thing again.
FANHOUSE: But when you read about Qatar building soccer academies or stadiums in countries represented on the FIFA executive committee, among other things, do you ask yourself whether you campaigned the right way, or whether you even knew what the rules of the game really were?
GARBER: We politicked the only way we could, which was to run a very fair and transparent campaign that was extolling the benefits of the World Cup coming to the United States and the tremendous progress that we've achieved over the last couple of decades, along with the benefit to the global soccer community should we get it again.
At no time, and I want to really be strong about this, did we ever consider doing any of the things that we might have heard about being done by other bidders. It's not the way Sunil (Gulati) wanted to run the campaign. It's not the way that I, as the leader of this league and SUM, would have agreed to participate in it, and it's not the way the World Cup organizing committee would have agreed to. We have certain laws in this country that would have prohibited that from happening, and it's not the way we operate. I would rather lose doing what we did than win if we were forced to do the things that might have been necessary to win.
FANHOUSE: So was there any silver lining or benefit that resulted from the effort?
GARBER: I think the benefit is that it brought the league even closer to (U.S. Soccer) than we'd ever been before. It got us to President Clinton and Bob Iger (President and CEO of Disney), so many other influential people. Spike Lee has become a big fan and supporter. Donna Shalala (former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, now the president of the University of Miami). There were so many key relationships created as a result.
FANHOUSE: As you maintained throughout the bid process, this country has a lot to offer because of its size, its wealth, demographics and growing interest in the sport. Is there anything that MLS and U.S. Soccer, with that leverage and momentum, can do to influence change in the way the sport is run and governed globally?
GARBER: I think about that a lot. Sunil and I, and Carlos Cordeiro, who was the vice chairman (of the U.S. bid), have talked about that. Sitting where I sit today, I can't think of what we could do to change that institution. We don't have a seat at the table. CONCACAF is represented, but the Federation and the league obviously isn't. The U.S. is one of only 200-plus countries (in FIFA). We all have the same vote. I don't know what it is that we could do to really affect any change and whether that change would really make a difference.
FANHOUSE: Are you satisfied with David Beckham's commitment to MLS?
GARBER: I believe the David Beckham signing will be viewed as one of the historic milestones in MLS history. He elevated the exposure and credibility of this league in ways that we would not have been able to do at that time without a signing of that magnitude. Financially it was a deal that made sense for us. Our television ratings grew when David was playing for the Galaxy. The anticipation and excitement around the league, the media attention, all escalated. It's hard for anybody to argue that it wasn't a good signing and an important thing for the development of the league. That's not commissioner's speak. That's fact.
Does it disappoint me that he trains with Tottenham (after the Galaxy opened preseason camp)? Yes it does. Was I supportive of his desire to play for Milan on loan so he could prepare for the World Cup? I wasn't pleased with it. But we did it to support a guy who was important to the league and someone who had made an important commitment to us. In retrospect, would we make the same decision? I don't know. But certainly, on balance, this was a very successful signing and something that I think will go down in our history as a real important part of driving the league's success. It's inarguable.
Most players are keeping in shape and are on vacation during the offseason, whether it's in Major League Soccer or any other league. That's the way our contracts are structured. He wants to train and stay in shape. That's not a bad thing. It's only something that I believe becomes a challenge for us when that training impacts his role for the team that has him under contract, the L.A. Galaxy. AEG allowed him to train, the owner of the team allowed it, and said, "You've got to get back when it's time to get down to business."
FANHOUSE: Do you expect him to invoke his option to become an MLS owner?
GARBER: I would assume that when he's done playing he will act on his option, and we look forward to working with him on that.
FANHOUSE: You've committed to adding a 20th team (Montreal joins as the 19th in 2012). Are you willing to put off other prospective cities and investors in order to ensure that the 20th team is in New York?
GARBER: We have been very focused on our 20th team being in New York. We're not close to being done with that. But it still remains our goal, and therefore the other markets that we remain in discussion with will come in as team 21 or beyond.
FANHOUSE: You talked about what Beckham's signing did for the league, and there's no doubt that his arrival paved the way for the likes of Thierry Henry and Rafa Márquez ...
GARBER: He's been active in helping that happen. You should know that. He's been active in talking to Thierry and telling him what a great experience it's been for him and his family, and how important Thierry could be to help take this league to an even higher level.
FANHOUSE: In terms of getting to that higher level, in terms of credibility and your goal to make this league globally relevant, would you rather bring a player like Kaká to MLS? Or would you rather see Real Salt Lake win the CONCACAF Champions League? Which would do more for the league's prestige and development?
GARBER: Both are important. We need to win the hearts and minds of soccer fans in this region, North America, who are engaged with Major League Soccer but in many cases are more committed to international soccer. Winning the CONCACAF Champions League would help prove our view that we can stand toe-to-toe with other clubs in our region and, who by the way, play attractive soccer, have some great players, have good buildings and facilities and are worthy of the interest of people who are following the Premier League and other leagues around the world.
At the same time, signing a player like Kaká or Messi, that you hope someday to be able to do, gives us some of the value that David Beckham brought us, which is getting beyond the soccer fan and getting into the broader sports community and even the cultural community. That's what David helped do for us.
They're dual goals. It's hard to say which one is more important. I'd have to say both are important.
FANHOUSE: That pursuit of the hearts and minds of fans who may prefer foreign leagues brings the Sporting Kansas City rebrand to mind. When a club chooses a name like that, or Real or FC or any of the names copied from European traditions, is it sending a message that Americans should look abroad for relevance and validation?
GARBER: The clubs are recognizing that they need to be locally connected, relevant sports teams playing the world's game. Part of that is how they brand and position themselves. The move to international branding is not something that I think diminishes their value as American sports teams. I'm totally okay with that. In fact, I'd rather have names like FC Dallas than the "Burn". I'm not sure what a "Dallas Burn" is. When we think of brands, does it resonate as a soccer brand? If it could be the name of a lacrosse team or a college sports team and it doesn't really resonate? Than I struggle as to how effective that brand can be.
FANHOUSE: Your name is attached to pretty much everything MLS does, and a lot of writers and fans seem to believe that you are the driving force behind every decision made. You're the head coach, the quarterback, the president and the principal rolled into one. How are decisions made here, and how much power do you actually have? You're not an investor in this league, so it's hard for me to imagine that you have more say than Phil Anschutz, Stan Kroenke and the guys with the money. How does it work?
GARBER: It's a good question and I actually think about that now and again. I'd like to think of my role as temporary. Commissioners come and go, and hopefully at the end of your tenure you've made an impact, and the time period you were a steward of the league is positive. You will go through trials and tribulations and key decisions that hopefully when you're done you can look back and say that the league is in better shape today than when you started.
I accept that there will be as many people who disagree with a decision as will support it. While we hope to have unanimity around our board table, it's impractical with 18 owners (Hunt Sports Group owns both Dallas and Columbus) to have everyone on the same page. I accept that coaches and technical directors, particularly in our sport, will think that the guys in New York don't know what the heck they're doing.
Major League Soccer is a corporation. It's an LLC. So while the league operates no differently than any other league, for the most part, I'm the CEO of the company and I answer to a board of directors. That's no different than Roger Goodell, or Gary Bettman or David Stern, who answer to their board of governors.
The process starts with, I need to create consensus. I need to marshal all the different points of view on any issue. Whether it's an issue about a television contract or an issue about the formation of (Soccer United Marketing), or the folding of teams, our playoff format or our salary budgets, I need to take all the information that exists and all the opinions that exist, many of them differing, and try to move it to the middle to create consensus. In some cases everybody's happy at the board level. In some cases the majority of the people are happy.
FANHOUSE: Will you actually conduct a vote?
GARBER: It depends on what the issue is. On the playoff format, we presented at our last board meeting what we think our playoff structure will be. The board will vote on that and then send it back to the league to work with our competition committee to work out the details. That's what was just done over the last week or so.
Anything that affects competition, or how we operate competitively as a business, are decisions that in essence are made by the board. But like any CEO, the commissioner is driving strategy, making recommendations, hopefully selling what the league office believes is the right approach. Creating consensus amongst either a committee or the broader board and then getting to the final decisions.
I'm the public face of the league. It's hard to have 18 individual people be the public face of the league collectively. In all sports there is a person sitting at the head of the table who's going to get the credit or the criticism. Sepp Blatter isn't making the decision on Qatar. That's made by the executive committee. But who are they attacking now? They're not attacking those 23 guys, they're attacking the president of FIFA.
Each owner has a different role. Some are more active than others. All of them are interested. All of them are engaged. All are very focused on their local teams, and many are very active at the strategic level.
FANHOUSE: As far as you being the face of the league, or the target, I've noticed that you often make comments reminding everyone that you're not a "soccer guy" or that you haven't been involved in the sport as long as others. But you've been doing this for a dozen years and have been to as many games as anyone at this point. You've been immersed. So at what point do you become a "soccer guy"? When should your opinions about the sport start to matter to "soccer people"? Are you a soccer fan?
GARBER: I've never told anyone this story: I had a week or so where (former commissioner) Doug Logan and I overlapped before he left. I could remember the last day, he said to me, "I've been doing this for four years. I could have gotten a nuclear engineering degree and piloted a nuclear sub (in that time), and nobody would have questioned my qualifications. But after four years, nobody thinks that I'm a soccer guy. You should always remember that there's a core group of people who will never look at you like they see themselves, because of where they came from."
That doesn't mean they'd be good commissioners. It's just the perception that soccer people have about who truly understands the game. I obviously have gone to more games than I can count. I'm on a FIFA committee. I'm (U.S. Soccer) pro council chair. I'm on the Federation board and (U.S. Soccer) Foundation board, and have been spending 24 hours a day for the last 11 years running this league.
It is unimportant to me whether or not others look at me as a "soccer guy". What's important to me is that I'm respected by the MLS board as being a good visionary leader for the sport, whether I have the trust and loyalty of my staff, whether the coaches and technical directors believe that the league is stewarded in the right direction and that we're making the right decisions as it relates to the game, and whether or not history will prove that I've been a good commissioner.
FANHOUSE: Do you enjoy the sport now? Do you enjoy watching soccer?
GARBER: I love the game, and I didn't know that I would when I took the job. I don't necessarily believe it's a requirement. I didn't come into it with a deep history and connection with it. Are there times when I wish that 25-30 years ago, that I was a fan of the NASL or that I played in high school? Sure, because it would've given me a perspective. Not because it would have given me the trust or respect of others, but because it would give me a perspective that perhaps is different than someone who came in later in life.
When I was working for the NFL, I never really was a passionate football fan. I grew up in Queens. I went to Jets games as a kid. I've been to 15 Super Bowls. I was working in the game and in many ways it sucked out some of my passion as a sports fan. Today, I get more joy watching a great MLS game, or putting on a USA hat and watching the national team play, or the thrill of going to the opening of one of our expansion teams or the opening of Red Bull Arena in ways I never got before in any other sport. I love watching the Champions League on TV and Saturday morning international football, and do so as a fan.
This job is so encompassing, there's an intoxication that happens with this sport that I think doesn't happen with other sports. I think that's why it's the "beautiful game." It fortunately exists in me in ways that allows me to make decisions that hopefully take the sport to a higher level. I'm thankful for that, because that's not necessarily a given. It also gives the job more purpose, because there is the element of this being a cause.


text:
The Economics of Adjustment
In this paper we argue that many topics in macroeconomics can be viewed as part of the broader theory of the economics of adjustment. We argue that existing approaches to the economics of adjustment take a very narrow view of the role of information. We outline an approach to this topic that stresses the role of learning and information externalities, and discussed through examples how these concerns alter the qualitative nature of the adjustment process. In particular, there appears to be a general bias towards the underprovision of information in a variety of settings which leads to inefficient adjustment.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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Bibliographic Info
Paper provided by Columbia University, Department of Economics in its series Discussion Papers with number 1993_19.Length: 14 pages
Date of creation: 1993
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:clu:wpaper:1993_19
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Keywords: economic reform ; information ; uncertainty;Other versions of this item:
- Andrew Caplin & John Leahy, 1994. "The Economics of Adjustment," NBER Working Papers 4687, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Caplin, A. & Leahy, J., 1993. "The Economic of Adjustment," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1655, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
References listed on IDEASPlease report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- P. Diamond, 1980.
"Mobility Costs, Frictional Unemployment and Efficiency,"
Working papers
257, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
- Diamond, Peter A, 1981. "Mobility Costs, Frictional Unemployment, and Efficiency," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 89(4), pages 798-812, August.
- repec:fth:coluec:655 is not listed on IDEAS
Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.Cited by:
- Mark Zbaracki & Mark Bergen & Shantanu Dutta & Daniel Levy & Mark Ritson, 2005.
"Beyond the Cost of Price Adjustment: Investments in Pricing Capital,"
0505013, EconWPA.
- Mark Zbaracki & Mark Bergen & Daniel Levy & Mark Ritson, 2005. "Beyond the Cost of Price Adjustment: Investments in Pricing Capital," Working Papers 2005-03, Department of Economics, Bar-Ilan University.
- Georg Müller & Mark Bergen & Shantanu Dutta & Daniel Levy, 2007. "Non-price rigidity and cost of adjustment," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(7), pages 817-832.
- Kogan, Leonid, 2001. "An equilibrium model of irreversible investment," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(2), pages 201-245, November.
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We stayed here in advance of the Maratona di Italia which was held on October 13. We had a spacious room with a very nice bathroom. The location was a little bit out of the way from any major road, but convenient for our needs. All was fine until we returned in the late afternoon. Directly across from our room,... More
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We arrived at Southampton port, dropped our bags off, and then dropped the car off to the attendant in 2 minutes. On return called the number and told car was already waiting on the message, exited terminal, walked to car park and picked up keys from attendant and was in my car ready to drive off in less than 5 minutes. Very impressed and will definitely use them again. :)
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09.08.13 by Jeff
18.07.11 by Jeff
12.05.11 by Jeff
Found / This Is It
Tiger Beer + Vice have produced a great little series of videos called "Found". I especially like this episode highlighting the work of East London collective, This Is It.
Watch the video below!
03.06.10 by Jeff
12.09.09 by Jeff
Cassandra Jones
Cassandra Jones' amazing work with found photos.
This is the tip of the iceberg, watch the video below!
11.02.09 by Jeff
Becca Mann
Becca Mann's paintings are inspired by found photographs. Fantastic use of negative space in these.


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Remove Soap Scum from Tile - The Daily Fix
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Jack White Releases New Song Via Balloons
By Laura Snapes on April 2, 2012 at 10:03 a.m.
Photo by Jo McCaughey
And you thought that 3RPM compilation was going to be hard to hear: On April 1, Third Man Records released 1000 helium balloons into the air with a flexi-disc of "Freedom at 21" from Jack White's forthcoming solo LP Blunderbuss attached to each one. (The aircraft spotters among you will recall that Prince Rama did a similar thing last July.)
Jack White Releases 3 RPM Record
By Carrie Battan on March 28, 2012 at 09:20 a.m.
Good things come in threes. Jack White's Third Man Records recently celebrated its third anniversary. At their anniversary party, they gave away-- get this-- the world's first 3 RPM record. No, not 33 RPM. THREE RPM. That means it's intended to spin on a record player at three revolutions per minute, which is pretty much impossible. The record contains every "Blue Series" single the label has ever released.
The Raconteurs to Release Live DVD
By Jenn Pelly on March 9, 2012 at 11:00 a.m.
Photo by Stephen Berkman
On June 19, Jack White's band the Raconteurs will release Live at Montreux 2008 via Eagle Rock Entertainment. The DVD/Blu-ray captures the band's performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland in 2008, during the band's Consolers of the Lonely tour. It features live tracks from that record as well as the band's debut, Broken Boy Soldiers, including a pair of covers.
Listen to Tom Jones and Jack White Covering Howlin' Wolf
By Carrie Battan on February 9, 2012 at 12:03 p.m.
As reported, beloved Welsh singer Tom Jones teamed up with Jack White for an installment of the Third Man Records Blue Series, a collection produced by White at his Third Man studio in Nashville. Consequence of Sound points out that the collaboration-- a cover of blues cut "Evil" (made popular by Howlin' Wolf)-- is here via BBC 6 Radio, and it features White himself. (UPDATE: The track has been removed.)
Third Man Records to Release More White Stripes Outtakes
By Jenn Pelly on January 6, 2012 at 03:33 p.m.
Third Man Records' latest "Vault" subscription package includes two unearthed White Stripes recordings. A 7" single brings outtakes of "Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground" and "Let's Build a Home", tracked during the 1999 sessions for the band's self-titled debut. The label notes that these versions are "markedly different" than the versions that ended up on White Blood Cells and De Stijl.
Beck, Josh Homme, Mark Lanegan Remix the White Stripes and the Dead Weather
By Jenn Pelly on October 7, 2011 at 05:38 p.m.
Jack White's label Third Man Records has announced the tenth package in their subscription series "The Vault". It includes a double A-side 7" that includes Beck remixing the White Stripes' 2003 track "The Hardest Button to Button", from their album Elephant and, on the other side, Mark Lanegan and Joshua Homme teaming up to remix the Dead Weather's "Hang You From the Heavens".
News in Brief: Third Man, Live Feed, Musician as Designer, Solar Music Fest
By Tom Breihan on November 30, 2009 at 04:10 p.m.
-- On December 8, Jack White's Third Man Records will release two new singles on 7" vinyl and iTunes download. The first, the British folk-blues duo Smoke Fairies' "Gastown" b/w "The River Song", comes produced by White himself. The other "Fame #9" b/w "BP Fallon Interview" & "I Believe in Elvis Presley", is a three-sided spoken-word single from legendary rock photographer/publicist/DJ/author BP Fallon.
-- "The Live Feed", a show on the nonprofit, volunteer-run Sydney radio station FBi 94.5, regularly broadcasts live shows taped in Australia. Warner Music Australia has recently released The Live Feed, a compilation of songs recorded for the show, and it serves as a benefit for the station. The compilation features the likes of Stereolab, Beach House, Bill Callahan, Metronomy, Holy Fuck, and Juana Molina. Check here for more info.
-- Soundscreen's Musician as Designer apparel series features T-shirts designed by musicians like the Boredoms' Yamantaka Eye, Black Dice's Bjorn Copeland, Hella's Zach Hill, Woods' Jeremy Earl, and former Lungfish frontman Daniel Higgs. All the shirts come in extremely limited editions, and all are printed on premium organic cotton. The first edition, from Soft Circle mastermind Hisham Bharoocha, is out now.
-- On January 3, the Solar Music Festival will bring a ton of dance music types to Mornington Racecourse in Victoria, Australia. The bill includes Cassius, Muscles, Thunderheist, the Grates, and a DJ set from Cut Copy.
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Let The Dead Bury The Dead Abstract
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Created Jul 21, 2012. Unless noted Copyright 2012
Leondria .
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wow! this is so cool! i love you you used the geometric shapes to color and shade this, it makes for such an amazing effect!! awesome job!
fabulous abstract love the amazing houses in the background and the great people to with there great expressive faces 5h fav
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Revisiting three questions for top-ranked Alabama following its 38-7 win over No. 11 Mississippi State on Saturday night.
McCarron's command of the offense makes UA a tough team to beat.
Has the Alabama offense peaked?
TRips Friday: Or is it just getting warmed up?
Even with three skill position contributors lost to knee injuries, the Crimson Tide offense looks to be improving with each passing week. And after last week, the key word there is "passing".
It took some time, but Cooper's emergence as a legitimate No. 1 receiver has taken the unit to a higher level. His five touchdown receptions are two fewer than the combined total for UA wide receivers in 2011.
You know a receiver has his quarterback's trust when the ball goes his way even when he's covered. From that standpoint, it appears as if Cooper and AJ McCarron haven taken the next step in their relationship.
Hollywood had Bennifer. Tuscaloosa has McCooper.
McCarron, riding an interception-free streak that dates back to last year's game with State, has no problem going to Cooper in traffic. In fact, I'd be willing to bet that the pick that ends McCarron's record-run will come on a pass intended for Cooper. And really, given Cooper's ability to go get it, could you blame McCarron?
To offensive coordinator Doug Nussmeier's credit, he continues to spread the ball around. As good as Cooper has been, UA is home to two running backs -- Eddie Lacy and TJ Yeldon -- who are each averaging over 90 rushing yards per game in SEC play.
And while guys like Kenny Bell, Kevin Norwood and Christion Jones haven't been targeted as often as Cooper over the last month, they're making the most of their opportunities. As a trio, they've caught 37 passes for 671 yards (18.1 ypr) and seven touchdowns.
With a complete appreciation for what the passing game means to an offense, it's that kind of offensive balance that goes a long way in making Alabama the most complete team in the country.
TRips Sunday: In more ways than one, Mississippi State thought it was different than the first seven victims on Alabama's 2012 schedule.
The Bulldogs didn't just believe they could knock off the nation's top-ranked team in its own ballpark, their defensive brain trust must have felt their personnel was physically superior to what the Alabama offense had seen in the Crimson Tide's first seven games of the season.
How else do you explain State playing the UA running game straight up early in the contest, offering nothing in the way of stunts, slants and/or blitzes?
With Alabama's offensive line and tight end Michael Williams working against a teed up MSU front seven, the Crimson Tide's opening drive was little more than batting practice, with Lacy and Yeldon combining to average 7.2 yards per carry on a drive that culminated with Yeldon waltzing 11 yards into the end zone.
When it comes to slowing down the UA rushing attack, belief will only get you so far. Teams not named LSU have no choice but to load the box, even when Alabama has three wide receivers on the field, as the Crimson Tide did for much of the night.
State elected not to do that early in the game and was gashed for its troubles.
In working against State's man coverage, McCarron and his receivers gave next week's opponent something to think about. Nussmeier's latest plan yo-yo'd MSU corners Johnthan Banks and Darius Slay, with UA's outside receivers running them deep and sitting them down, paving the way for McCarron to hit tight end Michael Williams in the flat; Norwood and Christion Jones on a couple of perfectly-thrown corner routes; and Cooper on a deep crossing route that covered 25 yards.
And just when you thought it was going to be about the perimeter passing game, Bell, working from the slot, blew past Banks on his way to hauling in a McCarron deep ball that covered 57 yards and put the Crimson Tide up, 14-0.
For Bell, the big play took his yards per catch average for the season to 25.75 -- or the approximate distance between Auburn fans during the second half of the Tigers' loss to Texas A&M at Jordan-Hare Stadium Saturday night.
It also reinforced what McCarron's statistics have been telling us throughout the season: As good as Cooper is, the Alabama passing game is anything but a one-man show.
Can Mississippi State score enough to win?
TRips Friday: Hard to say without knowing for sure how much will be enough but based on the last three meetings between these teams the Bulldogs' magic number will be somewhere in the neighborhood of 21 points.
History tells us getting there won't be easy for State.
For an offense that has scored a grand total of 20 points on Alabama since 2009, three touchdowns would surpass the Bulldogs' combined output in the last three games in this series.
So, why will this year be any different?
State supporters will tell you this is the season Dan Mullen has been pointing to. With four Mullen recruiting classes in the bank, the Bulldogs still aren't on the same level talent-wise as Western Division titans UA and LSU. But they've obviously improved at the skill positions, both on offense and defense.
For the State offense, the question this week is similar to what the Alabama defense faced a week ago, when some wondered how the Crimson Tide would fare against a Tennessee offense considered to be among the most dangerous in the SEC.
In keeping UT quarterback Tyler Bray and his wide receivers under wraps, the nation's top-ranked defense lived up to its billing. Now we'll find out if Mullen's offense, which averaged 32 points per game against three SEC opponents who have a combined record of 0-14 in league play, is ready for prime time.
The Bulldogs have benefited from a huge advantage in turnover margin, leading all FBS teams at plus-17 for the season. They'll need to come close to their average of plus-2.5 per game to upset an Alabama team that enters the weekend at plus-2 per contest.
TRips Sunday: State entered the weekend ranked first among FBS teams in turnover margin, while Alabama was third. By Sunday morning, the Bulldogs were sixth and the Crimson Tide was second.
The Bulldogs needed to be in the black on the turnover front. They were minus-three, instead.
Factor in Dee Milliner's block of a State field goal attempt in the first quarter and it probably felt like minus-four to Mullen, who channeled his inner Bob Knight in picking up an unsportsmanlike penalty late in the opening stanza.
Even with UA in its nickel package for much of the game, the Crimson Tide had little problem slowing down Perkins and the rest of the MSU running game. We've said it before but it absolutely rings true: teams that can't run against Alabama's six-man box aren't going to have much success.
State couldn't and so they didn't.
As for Russell, consider me impressed by the junior, who probably saw more true blitzes (five or more) from UA than any other quarterback the Crimson Tide has faced this season. His accuracy deteriorated as the hits mounted, but he also showed poise under pressure and made a couple of throws that only Tennessee's Tyler Bray could match.
Unfortunately for State, he also made the same kind of mistake Bray made last week, throwing an interception to Robert Lester in the end zone.
For the Alabama defense, the past two weeks have provided a good run up to next week's meeting with the LSU, with Tennessee, MSU and the Tigers similar in style, especially in the passing game.
The difference is LSU will stick with the run even when it can't.
Has another true freshman class made a bigger impact in the Saban era at Alabama?
TRips Friday Offensively, I'd be tempted to take these guys over the 2008 group.
What Julio Jones and Mark Ingram were to Nick Saban's second Alabama team, Cooper and Yeldon have been to his sixth.
Cooper (28 receptions, 430 yards, five touchdowns) is tracking Jones' numbers from 2008 (58/924/4) and TJ Yeldon (565 rushing yards, six touchdowns) is ahead of Ingram's freshman pace (721/12).
The guy who could put this group over the top is Cyrus Jones. Watching the dynamic newcomer return punts, you're left to wonder how long it will take to get him more involved in the offense.
Keep in mind that if Chris Black doesn't go down with a shoulder injury in the preseason, he's probably in Jones' shoes right now. That's the kind of depth Alabama added to its offensive skill spots in its latest signing class.
Defensively, the 2010 class featured Dee Milliner and CJ Mosley, who were thrown directly into the fire as key members in the Crimson Tide's pass defense.
The 2012 defense hasn't required that kind of immediate assistance, as evidenced by the fact that two five stars -- Eddie Williams and Ryan Anderson -- appear to be headed for redshirt seasons.
The concern, as it always is with freshmen, is consistency. Cooper, Yeldon and Jones have impacted the offense and kicking game significantly over the last month.
As Alabama enters a grueling stretch, will the youngsters eventually hit the freshman wall or will they cut through it like they did Alabama's October opponents?
TRips Sunday: Another strong showing for Alabama's newcomers, with Cyrus Jones wasting no time making an impact, returning the game's opening kickoff 41 yards.
As for Yeldon, the situation at running back appears to be nearing fifty-fifty status. While Lacy got a few more series than Yeldon at Tennessee, reps against State were split evenly, with Yeldon reclaiming the season rushing lead after running for 84 yards on 10 carries.
While Lacy continues to be solid, Yeldon looks to have a little more suddenness to him right now. That said, given what's next for UA, don't discount Lacy's experience -- especially in pass protection -- going forward.
Cooper rolled an ankle on the opening series but reentered the game on his way to posting a respectable stat line of of four catches for 47 yards. Other guys are capable of covering for Cooper short-term but his presence will be needed for all four quarters next week.
Most encouraging was the continued development of true freshman jack linebacker Denzel Devall, who posted two tackles for loss, two quarterback hurries and a sack of Russell. With Devall stepping forward to join Xzavier Dickson and Adrian Hubbard, UA looks to have a legitimate third edge pass rusher.
With college football's game of the season up next, the national stage awaits Alabama's talented group of youngsters. They don't appear frightened by the challenge.
Friday prediction: Alabama 31, Mississippi State 13.
Saturday's score: Alabama 38, Mississippi State 7.
- Travis Reier
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TBamaTusk said...
LOL....never know what paragraph it's going to show up in, but there is always a few classic's.
"For Bell, the big play took his yards per catch average for the season to 25.75 -- or the approximate distance between Auburn fans during the second half of the Tigers' loss to Texas A&M at Jordan-Hare Stadium Saturday night."
Thanks TR!
Nomad36 said...
Great write up as usual. The offense looks capable of scoring on any defense. The defense while showing some vunerability in that long drive is still very strong. Am I wrong to more concerned about them against A&M than LSU?
This post was edited by Travis Reier on 10/28/2012 at 9:53 AM
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RollBamaRoll said...
Nice writeup, TR.
I'd have to agree with you about this year's offensive signings being every bit as important to a team's success as the 08 class was. One cool thing I've noticed is that it seemed like the FR from 08 helped our offense take that next step in the process of finding our identity, which obviously was built around being physical but was really designed to succeed by being able to run the ball down your throat for 60 minutes, eventually breaking your spirit. Our passing game was there but it really just involved Julio & his ability to go across the middle to move the chains on 3rd & long, or using the WR screen to really take advantage of his big play speed.
It sure seems like, however, these FR from the 12 class may very well be helping us in our quest to finally take our offense to that "next" level. Obviously, AJ is the key difference maker here, but now being able to really add that finesse passing game into the equation, while still being able to go across the middle, & pound the running game right down your throat, I think makes us as close to being able to take what the defense gives us & truly exploit it, on a really consistent basis, as we've ever been.
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A car and a top of the line gaming computer
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Not sure, anything he wants he goes and buys.
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A truck. Lol he really wants one. Or more tattoos because that gets expensive.
Tickets to pbr. He wanted to go when it was in vegas but they were so much money
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Cold Hard Football Facts: Playoff system ruined by 2002 realignment |
Story Highlights
Proof that something's wrong: A nine-win team will rep the NFC in XLIIINothing was wrong with NFL posteason from 1970 through 2001The NFL went through this same problem with the Colts and Rams in '67 and '68 |
If it seems odd that two nine-win teams will battle for the NFC title Sunday, there's a good reason. It is odd -- as odd as the number on Donovan McNabb's or Kurt Warner's jersey (that would be 5 or 13, for those of you keeping score at home). In fact, you have to go all the way back to the 1967 NFL championship game -- better known as the Ice Bowl -- to find a league or conference title game that pitted two nine-win teams. The 9-4-1 Packers hosted the 9-5 Cowboys at frosty Lambeau Field that famous day. But at least those teams had an excuse: they played back in the 14-game era. Given two more games each, at least one of those teams, it's reasonable to expect, would have won at least 10 games. So, yes, the Eagles (9-6-1 in the regular season) and Cardinals (9-7) are a pair of rare birds. And no matter what happens on Sunday, the Super Bowl will feature a nine-win team for just the third time in history (the 1967 Packers and 1979 L.A. Rams are the others). It's a nice a little story for those who enjoy football fairy tales about plucky little teams that threaten to win it all. To the Cold, Hard Football Facts, it's a perversion of the natural order of things and the latest manifestation of a disturbing trend that has come to dominate, and diminish, the playoffs over the past four years. It's a trend that: Calls into question the wisdom of four-team divisions and the realignment of 2002. Calls into question the current playoff structure created by realignment. Diminishes the importance of the brutal 16-game regular season. Virtually destroys what used to be known as home-field "advantage" in the playoffs. Put most simply, the NFL needs to take steps to create a better and more just playoff system. Simply look at the chaos realignment created here in the 2008 NFL postseason: A 12-4 team (Indy) had to go on the road to face an 8-8 team (San Diego). A 9-7 team (Arizona) hosts not one but two playoff games, both of them against teams with better regular-season records. An 11-5 team (New England), which beat 9-7 Arizona by 40 points just a few weeks ago, is forced to sit at home and watch it all unfold on TV, missing the playoffs even though its record equaled or bettered that of three of the four title-game contenders. An 8-8 team (San Diego) reached the playoffs while not one but four teams with better records across the two conferences did not (Dallas, Chicago, N.Y. Jets, New England). Quite frankly, the widely criticized BCS offers a better system than what the NFL has given us since 2002. To put it most bluntly, the NFL acts as if it could not care less about the blood and shattered bodies scattered across pro football stadiums for 17 weeks from September to December. Consider the chaos of the past four years, and the unlikely champions it's yielded: The 2005 Steelers were the first No. 6 seed to win a Super Bowl and the first team to win the Super Bowl without the benefit of a home playoff game. The 2005 Steelers, in other words, were an anomaly by historic standards. The 2006 Colts entered the playoffs with the worst run defense the NFL had seen since the expansion Vikings of 1961 (Indy surrendered an awful 5.33 YPA) and a unit that surrendered 360 points that year. It was the worst defense of any Super Bowl champion. The 2006 Colts, in other words, were an anomaly by historic standards. The 2007 Giants were a 10-6 team that outscored opponents by a mere 22 total points over the regular season. Yet, as a No. 5 seed, the Giants won three straight road games before winning the Super Bowl. Their +22 scoring differential is the lowest of any Super Bowl champion and only the 2006 Colts (360 points) gave up more points than the Giants (351). The 2007 Giants, in other words, were an anomaly by historic standards. The 2008 Cardinals are the latest Team Nobody Saw Coming -- the anomalous Super Bowl contender that not only lost seven games this year, but lost many of them badly. The Cardinals were blown out by 21 points or more four times this year. They scored just one more point than they surrendered (427-426) and if they do win Sunday -- remember, they get to play at home -- they'll easily be the worst team and the worst defensive club that's ever reached a Super Bowl. If one team upsets the apple cart every so often, rising from the statistical abyss to unexpectedly capture a championship, then you have a nice little story to celebrate for years. But when it happens year after year, it's no longer a nice little story. It's a sign of structural problems within the league and its playoff system in particular. Moral hazard and home-field dis-advantageConsider what used to be known as home-field "advantage" in the playoffs. From the merger in 1970 through 2001, the last year pre-realignment, home teams posted a winning record in the postseason every year but two (home teams were .500 in 1971 and 1992). Then in 2005, home teams went 4-6 -- the first time visiting teams won more often than they lost. In 2007, home teams went 5-5. And here in 2008, home teams are 3-5, with the potential for 3-7, which would easily be the worst year ever for home teams in the playoffs. That's three of the worst years ever for home teams in the last four postseasons alone. Home teams went 190-80 (.704) in the playoffs from 1970 through 2001. Home teams have gone 40-28 (.588) in the playoffs since the realignment of 2002. Home teams have gone 20-18 (.526) in the playoffs since 2005. The trend could not be more obvious: Home-field is hardly the advantage it once was. The current system offers what economists and sociologists might call moral hazard: It alternately rewards inferior teams, such as the 8-8 Chargers or 9-7 Cardinals, simply because they were better than three rivals in a weak division, or punishes superior teams, such as the 12-4 Colts, 11-5 Patriots or 9-6-1 Eagles, who had to fight through brutal regular seasons in tougher divisions. That's not a very good system.
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The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh is at the heart of Jewish giving, ensuring that your commitment reaches near and far, to address critical needs and build a strong vibrant Jewish community for the future. | |
JCC Association is the continental umbrella organization for the Jewish Community Center Movement, which includes more than 350 JCCs, YM-YWHAs, and camp sites in the U.S. and Canada. JCC Association supports the largest network of Jewish early childhood centers and Jewish summer camps in North America. | |
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text:
Otley 1818
JandMN (48_1)
click to enlarge
Map, uncoloured engraving, The District of the Lakes, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Jonathan Otley, 1818, engraved by J and G Menzies, Edinburgh, Scotland, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland, et al, 1833.
Included in A Concise description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 5th edition, 1834. The map dates from 1817-18.
map feature:-
plain cartouche & north point & magnetic deviation & scale line & lat and long scales & sea plain & coast shaded & rivers & lakes & relief & hill hachuring & table of heights & settlements & roads & canals
printed title cartouche, lower left
The District / of the / LAKES; / By J. Otley
printed bottom
KESWICK Published by Jona. Otley 21st June 1827. And, with additions, 20th. July 1833.
scale line:-
10 miles = 63.4 mm
map type:-
Otley 1818 (Lakes/Cum/edn 1833)
1 to 250000 ? (1 to 253840 from scale line)
wxh, sheet:-
wxh, map:-
Detail map analysis (NB jumps out of current navigation)
title cartouche
plain cartouche
map maker
Printed in a plain cartouche, lower left:-
The District of the LAKES; By J. Otley
The cartouche is embedded in a pile of hills, with heights, described below. Printed at the bottom:-
KESWICK Published by Jona. Otley 21st June 1827. And, with additions, 20th. July 1833. / Engraved by J. & G. Menzies, Edinr.
north point
magnetic deviation
up is N
Printed upper left is a north point; N-S line, North marked by a spear point/fleur de lys, E-W line labelled W E. A line is engraved across the north point, 28d West ie anticlockwise from North, labelled:-
Magnetic Needle
The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
scale line
Printed lower centre is a scale of:-
chequered and labelled in miles. The 10 miles = 63.4 mm gives a scale 1 to 253840. The map scale is about:-
1 to 250000
4 miles to 1 inch
lat and long
lat and long scales
Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a trapezoidal projection? just not rectangular; chequered in minutes, labelled at 10 minute intervals. The map includes from 2d 40m to 3d 38m West, from 54d 2m to 54d 47m North; the central Lake District, Lancashire to just north of Sebergham, from the coast as far east as Shap.
sea area
sea plain
The sea area is plain, labelled:-
The IRISH SEA
coast line
coast shaded
The coast line is heavily shaded for emphasis. Foreshore shallows are pecked, in particular the areas of sands are shown, and labelled:-
Cartmel Wharf
Lancaster Sands
Rocks might be shown by crosses, as off the shore of the Isle of Walney.
One island is labelled:-
ISLE of WALNEY
but a couple of others can be recognised, eg:-
Piel Island
Chapel Island
Rivers are drawn by wiggly line tapering upstream. A wider river might be drawn by double line, with form lines, for example the Lune near Lancaster. Some rivers are labelled, eg:-
Leven R.
Duddon River
River Kent
Cockley Beck
Where the flo of a river is not clear there might be an arrow, as on the Eden at the north of the map area.
Bridges are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a stream. A few are labelled, though it is not always clear whether a bridge or settlement is labelled, eg:-
Newby Bridge
Pooley Bridge
Santon Bridge
The last is labelled alongside a village labelled Pooley. There are bridges shown by a double line across a stream, without any nearby road, for example over the Kent north of Burneside.
By Windermere there is a label:-
A waterfall might be indicated, for example see the three down arrows across the stream line above Rydal. Less clear are the arrows under the label:-
Scale Force
by Crummock Water.
Lakes are drawn in outline, shaded. Some larger lakes are labelled:-
Ulls Water
Hawes Water
Burnmoor Tarn
Elter Water
Blea Tarn
Esthwaite Water
Devoke Water
Over Water
I might not have found all; and many others can be recognised, including a number of small tarns, for example:-
Ennerdale Water
Wast Water
Rydal Water
Brothers Water
Blea Water
Small Water
Kentmere Tarn
Skeggles Water
Coniston Water
Urswick Tarn
etc etc.
Islands are drawn in several lakes and a number might be recognised. None are labelled.
hill hachuring
Relief is indicated by attractive hill hachuring which clearly shows where is hilly, though not in any quantitative way. Many hills are labelled, eg:-
White barrow
Ill Bell
Place Fell
Stickle Pikes
Valleys might be labelled, eg:-
Although not called a pass, there are labels:-
Printed lower right, overlaid by the title cartouche, is a diagram of the heights of hills. The picture is a pile of summits at their relative heights, each labelled:-
Pikes / 3160
Scawfell / 3100
Hevellyn / 3070
Skiddaw / 3022
Gable / 2925
Bowfell / 2911
Pillar / 2893
Grasmoor / 2756
Old Man / 2577
Grisedale Pike / 2580
Stickle or Langdale Pikes / 2400
Carrock / 2110
Causey / 2030
Black Combe / 1919
Lord's Seat / 1728
Wansfell / 1590
Cat Bell / 1448
Latrigg / 1160
Scilly Bank / 500
St Bees Heads 222 Feet above the Sea
A few areas of woodland are indicated by groups of tree symbols. Although not delimited by a paling fence these are in parks at Greystoke, Gowbarrow, and Lowther. In the wooded area a tussock symbol is used to show the whole area, and this symbol alone shows the ?forest area of the fell between Threlkeld and Matterdale. At laest one forest area is labelled:-
Naddle Forest
Parks are generally ignored but notice that the groups of tree symbols show the extent of Greystoke, which has a dotted outline and avenues of trees on its boundaries, and of Lowther parks and there are trees and label:-
Gowbarrow Parks
by Ullswater.
The county boundaries are a dotted line, but this does not show where it lies with another feature. The county areas are labelled:-
Not all of each county is included.
Settlements are marked by blocks or small groups of blocks, perhaps with a cross (+) for a church, differentiated by style of lettering.
group of blocks; labelled in upright block caps, eg:-
group of blocks and/or a cross; labelled in italic block caps, eg:-
block and/or a cross; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:-
But: various sizes of italic and upright lowercase text are used for other features on the map, and block caps for dales.
The distinction of town, village, hamlet is not very helpful, or reliable!
Roads and tracks are drawn by a double line, solid or dotted. Broader roads have the lines light bold, described as shaded by some, which suggests turnpiking. A network of routes covers the area. Destinations at road ends are given, eg:-
The sands roads are shown:-
To Appleby
from Hest Bank, across Lancaster Sands and the Kent Estuary, to Kents Bank.
from west Holker, across Ulverston Sands and the Leven Estuary, to the foot of Ulverston Canal.
from the coast near Ireleth, across the Duddon Estuary, to the coast near Millom.
?across the tip of the Esk Estuary, south of Ravenglass.
Canals are drawn by a double line; light very bold. The two canals are labelled:-
Lancaster Canal
from the south, through Lancaster to Kendal, labelled:-
The Lancaster Canal
The Lune Aqueduct is clearly recognisable; and notice the canal basin in Kendal.
Ulverston Canal
from a building west of Ulverston to the coast, labelled:-
On St Bees Head is a tower labelled:-
Lt. House
Just off the edge of the map, south of Shap, is a circle labelled:-
which is Shap Wells.
water mills
A water mill is drawn by a starred wheel near Kellet, labelled:-
though no river is shown.
An inn might be shown, for example at the north end and to the west of Bassenthwaite Lake are:-
Castle Inn
William Green thanks Jonathan Otley for his help, in the preface to his Tourist's New Guide, published 1819:-
Mr. Otley ... has studied, with much industry, the natural history of the district. Watch repairing, is a part of Mr. Otley's employment, and his general turn for mechanics, has qualified him to construct various portable mathematical instruments. To a pocket compass, he has adapted a graduated circle, which being placed when wanted, on the top of his walking stick, he observes the relative direction of surrounding hills, and by a barometer, he calculates their heights. He constructed the map accompanying this work, and his travels, and observations, have enabled him to correct some of the errors of former maps. The altitude of mountains are chiefly taken from the trigonometrical survey, published by order of the board of ordnance, but from which, though little, he has in a few instances presumed to vary; these are added to the heights of other hills not before published.
General notes
A New Map of the District of the Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 1817, engraved by J and G Menzies, Edinburgh, Lothian, Scotland, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland, 1818; published 1818-50.
Published as 'A NEW MAP OF THE LAKES IN Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, WITH THE HEIGHTS OF THE PRINCIPAL HILLS, EXHIBITED AT ONE VIEW. Constructed by J. OTLEY: Engraved by J. MENZIES. 1818.' the title cartouche having 'The District of the LAKES By J. Otley KESWICK 1818.'
Jonathan Otley in a letter to Thomas Sanderson, London, 1840, wrote 'In 1817 I constructed a map of the district which I had engraved and published in 1818. It was chiefly sold folded for the pocket.' The map was mounted and folded in a slip case, or in card covers with useful tables of information, and perhaps in other forms?
Published as the frontispiece to A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 1st edn 1823.
The title cartouche is 'The District of the LAKES By J. Otley KESWICK 1818.' and the imprint '2d. Edit. 1823 / Engraved by J. & G. Menzies, Edinr.'.
From 1823 a version of the map is included in Jonathan Otley's guide book; though the map is still '... sold separately, as usual, neatly coloured and folded into a case for the pocket; with Tables showing the height and position of remarkable mountains, distances of places, &c. ...'
Published as the frontispiece to the guide book 2nd edn 1825; same title, imprint '2d. Edit. 1825. / Engraved by J. & G. Menzies, Edinr.'.
Published in the guide book 3rd edn 1827; title 'The District of the LAKES; By J. Otley.' and imprint 'KESWICK Published by Jona. Otley 21st. June 1827 / Engraved by J. & G. Menzies Edinr.'
The guide book back cover has - 'MAP OF THE LAKES. / The Map which accompanied the former Editions of this work, was honoured by the approbation of a liberal public; and to render it still more worthy of the patronage it has received, it has been re-engraved with considerable additions, and is now with confidence offered as the most correct delineation of the district, yet published. It is sold separately, as usual, neatly coloured and folded into a case for the pocket; with Tables shewing the height and position of remarkable mountains, distances of places, &c. - price 3/6. Keswick, May, 1827.'.
Published again in the guide book 4th edn 1833; title 'The District of the LAKES; By J. Otley.' and imprint 'KESWICK Published by Jona. Otley 21st. June 1827. And, with additions 20th. July 1833. / Engraved by J. & G. Menzies Edinr.'
Published in the guide book 5th edn 1834.
Published in the guide book 6th edn 1837; title 'The District of the LAKES; By J. Otley.' and imprint 'KESWICK Published by Jona. Otley 21st. June 1827. And, with additions 20th. July 1833: and 1837. / Engraved by J. & G. Menzies Edinr.'
Published in the 7th edn of the guidebook, 1843-45; title '' and imprint 'KESWICK Published by Jona. Otley 2d. Augt. 1841. / Engd. by J. Menzies & Son. EDINR.'
The map is re-engraved.
Published in guide book 8th edn 1849; title 'THE DISTRICT OF THE LAKES By J. OTLEY.' and imprint 'KESWICK Published by Jona. Otley 2d. May 1849. / Engd. by J. Menzies & Son. EDINR.'
Railways are now added, and the guide book includes a table of symbols.
Published again 1850?
Published again 1892.
A version of the map is used in the Red Guide to the Lake District, Ward Lock and Co, 1892.
Keswick Museum has a portait of Jonathan Otley, oil on canvas, and his tripod and some surveying instruments, etc.
click to enlarge
click to enlarge
click to enlarge
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