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Nonvoters in America
In 2012, 40 percent of Americans didn't vote. The research on this website is an attempt to determine why so many citizens opt out of this fundamental civic duty, using extensive survey research as well as interviews with nonvoters to
give a voice to those who are often ignored or marginalized by politicians and the news media
this phys.org article that provides a nice summary]
posted by
on Dec 18, 2012 -
63 comments
"Republicans stand the chance of controlling Congress for the rest of the decade if they don't screw it up."
The Republicans' dominance in races throughout the country in the 2010 elections eviscerated the Democrats' farm teams in state after state.
" Former Bill Clinton political director
Doug Sosnik
offers an 8-page analysis of the U.S. election that discusses the likelihood of an Obama win, the chances of a complete Republican takeover of Congress, continued Republican dominance of governorships and state legislatures for the rest of the decade, and more. There's also a
related slideshow
more inside
posted by
on Sep 17, 2012 -
85 comments
"...the 2012 campaign still looks like a titanic collision between the economy and demography."
In 2008, the
National Journal
The Hidden History of the American Electorate
, an analysis of exit poll demographics conducted by multiple news organizations from US presidential elections between 1988 and 2004. The study looked for "pressure points in the electorate": trends which were likely to decide the outcome of the 2008 presidential election. They've
released an update for 2012, by adding exit poll results from the 1980, 1984, and 2008 presidential elections
. It gives a more comprehensive look at voting trends over a 32 year period of the groups whom they believe are likely to influence the outcome in November. Charts:
Voting Preferences of the American Electorate, 1980-2008
posted by
on Sep 3, 2012 -
54 comments
The beginning of tyranny.
Last year, The Brennan Center for Justice at NYU's Law School released a
) detailing new, more restrictive state laws that affect voting rights and are likely to impact the outcome of the 2012 elections. The restrictions "fall most heavily on young, minority, and low-income voters, as well as on voters with disabilities." On August 3rd, 2012,
they updated their analysis
with a
of passed and pending State government legislation. Their conclusion: after a century in which the United States "expanded the franchise and knocked down myriad barriers to full electoral participation... that momentum [has] abruptly shifted."
more inside
posted by
on Aug 17, 2012 -
47 comments
Presidential candidates 2012
2012 Presidential Candidates
Comparing the 2012 Presidential Candidates on the issues
with profile, issue and trivia comparisons.
more inside
posted by
on May 17, 2011 -
139 comments
Pencils down.
It's Election Day in America
, and as is so often the case in this
land, the results of the 2010 midterm elections are up in the air. Although President Obama's party is expected to suffer significant losses,
record numbers of districts remain competitive
, and even minute errors in polling could mean the difference between
a historic Republican landslide
an unexpectedly robust Democratic defense
. At stake are control of not just the Senate and House, but myriad state and local offices, many of which will play key roles in the dynamics of the 2012 presidential race -- and, more subtly but no less crucially, the once-in-a-decade
process. Much uncertainty surrounds the behavior of the electorate -- how many will turn out, and how informed will they be? To help move those statistics in the right direction, look inside for voter guides, national and state fact checkers, and an assortment of other resources to keep tabs on as the results roll in.
more inside
posted by
on Nov 2, 2010 -
858 comments
Oh, Cruel Fate To Be Thusly Boned Or How To Steal An Election
A manual for electoral apocalypse
in America. Quite a bit's been written both
on MeFi
and other places about how bad Diebold machines are. Rolling Stone wrote an article about election fraud in 2004 that was
discussed here
on MeFi. Tonight, Ars posted a
thorough, very clear article about how we are completely screwed if we do not enact expensive, fundamental changes in how we handle elections in America. It's too late to do anything about the elections in a couple weeks, but perhaps steps can be taken to fix things before 2008...
posted by
on Oct 25, 2006 -
45 comments
Diebold boss resigns pending fraud investigation
posted by
Protocols of the Elders of Awesome
on Dec 13, 2005 -
164 comments
Your vote counts, until the memory is full.
Touch-screen errors led to loss of 4,400 ballots in North Carolina election.
posted by
on Dec 12, 2004 -
48 comments
The Indyvoter Network
Over 125 voter guides,
sorted by city and written collaboratively by
network of members
are now on-line. This is social software with a purpose - members of the network form voting blocs to swing close elections, from city council members up to the national level.
posted by
on Nov 1, 2004 -
1 comment
Oh conservatism, thou art sick!
Becoming what you hate : Nathan Sproul, case study in moral relativism on the Religious Right
"former head of the Arizona Republican Party and of the Arizona Christian Coalition....Sproul is connected with the Republican National Committee-funded voter registration organization, Voters' Outreach of America Inc." - Sproul's firm is accused of
fraud and the destruction of voter registration forms
. He also failed to pay his workers and his office rent. Rick Perlstein, in the Village Voice, comments on the Sproul scandal :
"Both sides are not equally bad, and any reporters who don't recognize that
conservatism's very core has become shot through with a culture of mendacity
should turn in their press badge..... It used to be that we could count on the conscience of conservatives to protect our democratic institutions."
posted by
on Oct 22, 2004 -
37 comments
Was your voter registration form thick enough?
Ohio's republican secretary of state has issued an order (three days before the registration deadline) to throw out all voter registration forms printed on paper less then 80lb. Coincidence that dem-leaning areas have seen a 250% rise in voter registration, with tens of thousands of new voters in a race expected to be closer then FL 2000?
Oh yeah, the state sent out 40lb forms to those requesting them. Cute, huh.
posted by
on Sep 27, 2004 -
82 comments
We're the most advanced nation on earth! Neat!
Monkey hacks Diebold voting machine.
posted by
on Sep 23, 2004 -
68 comments
Is the GOP tampering with Florida elections?
The New York Times reports that State police officers have gone into the homes of elderly black voters in Orlando and interrogated them as part of an odd "investigation" that has frightened many voters, intimidated elderly volunteers and thrown a chill over efforts to get out the black vote in November. Also, see
. Why do we even put up with this?
posted by
on Aug 16, 2004 -
61 comments
Important expose and interview runs on Salon today.
"This evening the site the aritcle features is shut down. As soon as we get that new server up we'll host the materials (yes, we have a copy) that Diebold doesn't want the public to see. Diebold cannot silence everyone. " The links (2) for this piece can be found at URL given here. "If you're not outraged you are not paying attention. "
The Agonist
, as usual, is both outraged and paying attention.
posted by
on Sep 24, 2003 -
47 comments
Chuck Hagel and voting machines --- the plot thickens
The Chuck Hagel voting machine ownership story gets even scarier.
In today's Best of the Blogs, Jerry Bowles reveals more bizarre details about the Chuck Hagel/voting machine story, including the fact that the majority ownership stake in the voting machine company that counted Senator Hagel's upset victory in 1996 (and his reelection in 2002) is held by a man long associated with the radical organization Christian Reconstruction, which believes in overturning democracy and replacing it with a Christian theocracy. This is really weird and frightening stuff, if it checks out.
posted by
on Feb 5, 2003 -
11 comments
Who Counts your Votes? This book published back in 1992
Who Counts your Votes? This book published back in 1992
is a good launching pad to begin the quest regarding elections and election fraud in America. Joseph Stalin had a saying: ``Those who cast the votes decide nothing. Those who count the votes decide everything.'' When I voted on November 5, I was handed a little card stuck it in to a Diebold voting machine and presto all the votes I submitted were counted correctly right? Well I'm not sure after I read the article Diebold: The face of modern balloting at http://www.bartcop.com/110702otter.htm and some of the articles at http://www.votefraud.org/. Perhaps we Americans have handed a bit to much over to computers and the people who own the companies that make the computers and that write the code. Perhaps to restore faith in our Democracy its time to to go back a simple hand counted system, with observers from multiple parties stationed in the local precincts counting the paper ballots.
posted by
on Nov 9, 2002 -
3 comments
Another election debacle in Florida.
Another election debacle in Florida.
One year and $30m in technology later, the Reno/McBride primary is marred by late openings and other assorted and sundry glitches. I know, it's a CNN link, but I can't resist anything that includes someone delivering the grade "F-minus-minus-minus" (later determined to be merely an "F-minus-minus" and some Drambuie). Any personal voting horror stories from our Florida contingent? Will the state become a case study in how "throwing money at the problem" never works?
posted by
on Sep 12, 2002 -
27 comments
Florida to settle 2000 election lawsuit.
Florida to settle 2000 election lawsuit.
Major provisions include a promise for massive reforms in voter registration, voter-roll maintenance and polling practices, as part of the lawsuit pushed by the NAACP. Granted, it's good that a large angered group is "getting over it" as many (even on this board) have still been explaining, but should skeptics (read: Democrats) such as myself read the Florida legislature's desire to settle as a sign that they may not have thought they would have won against charges of rigging the election?
posted by
on Aug 31, 2002 -
11 comments
Should Election Day be a holiday?
Should Election Day be a holiday?
Vote, then do some barbecue and watch fireworks... Will this be the development that could increase voter turnout, or will people just waste the day away? How else could voter turnout be improved?
posted by
on Jul 30, 2001 -
63 comments
And I thought Florida only had this problem.
And I thought Florida only had this problem.
The Chicago Tribune reports that nearly 8% of votes in Illinois' 1st Congressional District went uncounted in the 2000 presidential election. It also adds:
voters in low-income, high-minority districts nationwide were more likely to have undercounted ballots than were those in affluent, predominantly white districts, the study showed.
Is there a nation-wide epidemic of undercounting? Or is it a problem limited to few localized areas? Or is it an underhanded way to deny the underprivileged of their vote? From the looks of it, at least additional investigation needs to be done.
posted by
Bag Man
on Jul 9, 2001 -
15 comments
When you're an aiga member they send you e-mail, I usualy don't read them, because they're accouncements of conferences and such, but this one was about Chicago enlisting the help of AIGA to design new election ballots. 'Some possibilities for making Chicago ballots more user-friendly include enlarging candidates' names, changing the font size, altering the color of pages, making wider ballot booklets.' Since I couldn't find the article on-line, I'll just cut-n-paste the e-mail inside. :)
posted by
on Dec 2, 2000 -
8 comments
Chicago to enlist graphic designers for friendlier ballots.
Chicago to enlist graphic designers for friendlier ballots.
[free reg may be req'd] There's been a bunch of discussion about the usability problems with various voting systems, notably punch-card ballots. Chicago didn't have anything as dramatic as a "butterfly" prexy ballot or two pages' worth of candidates, but we still had
close to 120,000 discards from 2.1 million votes
-- and when compared with jurisdictions using other systems, there's little evidence to suggest that voters are skipping the presidential ballot. That's just how bad manual punch card technology is. Even if we can't get rid of them just yet, at least we can make sure they aren't confusing. Did I just post the
link on Metafilter today? GO AWAY. METAFILTER IS FULL. :)
posted by
on Nov 29, 2000 -
24 comments
DISQUALIFY MILITARY VOTES : A how-to.
DISQUALIFY MILITARY VOTES : A how-to.
posted by
on Nov 20, 2000 -
16 comments
Did the INS import votes?
Did the INS import votes?
posted by
on Nov 11, 2000 -
6 comments
is the best reason I've seen yet not to vote.
posted by
on Nov 6, 2000 -
0 comments
Homeless given Cigarettes to vote for Gore
Homeless given Cigarettes to vote for Gore
- Would they have wanted that kind of help if it wasn't caught on video tape? Maybe they should just steal the social security numbers of the dead and have THEM vote via mail-in. (See also:
Zombies for Gore
) [Links via Fark]
posted by
on Nov 6, 2000 -
10 comments
"I think the secretary of state is clamping down on pure political speech,"
"I think the secretary of state is clamping down on pure political speech,"
says the ACLU, as they gear up to try to reopen
and other vote-swapping sites.
posted by
on Nov 2, 2000 -
7 comments
If you're in Arizona, you'll be able to vote online for your Democratic Primary candidate
If you're in Arizona, you'll be able to vote online for your Democratic Primary candidate
this year. Nuts! I can't wait to see how this works out. All I can think is that it will be a security nightmare and hell on server resources to do that many writes to a database in a short period of time. I hope it's a success, and spreads to my state, so I won't have to go through the trouble of finding my polling place, waiting in line, and getting to work on time. You want voter participation to go above 20%? Make it easier.
posted by
on Jan 18, 2000 -
4 comments


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Adorable cards for adults or children. Simple, delightful pictures and sentiments. always pleased with the addition of scriptures. Thanks!
At the End of the Day, What is All This For?
I was blank. How do you follow in such big footsteps? When Lisa-Jo needed to hand off the visionary baton for (in)RL to someone else, and I was that person, I looked at God in disbelief and begged him for vision. But I was empty. Yes, we had team meetings and all brainstormed on what the […]
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These pages list news that is considered old but that may still contain useful information.
Meetings are free for NATT+ members. Please note that non-members must join on the day but will not be permitted to vote at this AGM.
Free resources!!!
Are you coming to the NATT+ meeting in Salford in November? (free to members)
If you would like to have any free resources please let Claire Lockwood know.
The Roma Support Group is looking for a fully qualified teacher to provide twice weekly tuition to approx. ten 5-11 year olds from Roma migrant families living in the London Borough of Newham.
The primary focus will be on improving literacy.
Hours & Salary: The post will consist of 3 hours tuition plus 1 hour of preparation and evaluation work per week at the rate of £25 per hour.
Follow this link for the story
Gypsy, Roma and Traveller
Awareness Raising Conference
21st June 2013
Time: 9am to 3pm
Download flyer and application form below
The Association was established in 1980 to support and encourage the work of teachers of Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children. Join today and enjoy the support and benefits of being a member.


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Ambience (or Cave Noises) are somewhat spooky sounds that play when the player is in a dark cave. Ambience have many sudden sounds and play anywhere. Living on top of a ravine, cave or dungeon can make sounds occur in the player's house. Ambience can now be heard far away. It may frighten some players. A good way to avoid it is to place torches as you walk or you can go to options to turn off the ambience volume (1.7.2) . See Mining for more information.
Sound | Description | |
Cave1.ogg | Echoing steam-train whistle | |
Cave2.ogg | Angelic singing | |
Cave3.ogg | Low pitch orchestra | |
Cave4.ogg | Demonic roar / Wind echoing in a tunnel | |
Cave5.ogg | Ringing | |
Cave6.ogg | A car passing by / Other engine | |
Cave7.ogg | A gong ringing softly | |
Cave8.ogg | Devilish whiff / Blaze breathing | |
Cave9.ogg | An aeroplane flying in distance | |
Cave10.ogg | Echoing bang and violin screech | |
Cave11.ogg | A subway train passing by | |
Cave12.ogg | Loud bell | |
Cave13.ogg | Demonic grunt |
- Ambience do not direct to ores, dungeons or strongholds, they direct to unexplored caves.
- As of 1.2.1, ambience can now be heard in multiplayer.
- There is nothing dangerous about these, but yet, it may scare players. It may be thought dangerous as ambience could lead to a dark cave with monsters inside, but it is not.
- Ambience was made by C418, the composer who makes the music.


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Taking Karre (Divinity Warriors 4)
by Michelle M Pillow
ARE | Barnes & Noble
| iTunes
Amazon PRINT |
Createspace PRINT
SONY | Smashwords
Diesel | Kobo
Alternate Reality Romance
Sir Vidar of Spearhead is too busy guarding the borderlands to bother with the headache of selecting a bride. Ordered to marry by the king, he plans to grab a woman and get back to the warfront, never to think of it again. That is until he meets the alluring Lady Karre with her teasing eyes, lush lips and irresistible ways. Known by many names, inter-dimensional thief Karre, has only one purpose—take down the company that ruined her life. When her luck runs out and she's caught, Divinity Corporation condemns her to matrimony on a primitive, warrior-filled plane where Karre soon discovers there are worse fates than being the sexual prisoner to a man with insatiable carnal appetites. Before long, days and nights filled with a surfeit of sexual bliss becomes something neither expected, and when Karre is taken, Vidar is forced to confront emotions a battle-hardened warrior never expected to feel.
Must be 18 years and older to read. If not, please leave the site.
An Excerpt From: TAKING KARRE
Copyright © MICHELLE M. PILLOW, 2009-2012
All Rights Reserved
Marriage. It was never something Karre had considered. Well, she had considered a fake engagement once, but that really didn't count since she would have gotten off the plane before saying her vows. Here, now, standing in the main hall of Battlewar Castle, she realized there was no way out—no matter how often she searched her rope-bound wrists looking for the portable jump prototype—because right now, in this moment, she was getting married.
A crescendo of laughter and cheering resounded over the hall. The boisterous uproar had been going on for some time, as excitement pumped through the crowd. Women wiggled and pranced in their tight corset tops and billowing skirts, trying to entice the men. Some of the gigantic knights wore lightweight tunics, others leather jerkins like the guards, others light chainmail and pieces of armor, and still others wore no shirt at all. Big metal goblets had been set before them, next to matching pitchers, on the long rows of rectangular tables. Muscles bulged, littered with puckered scars and tattooed designs.
The light came from a large fireplace on the far side of the room. Like most things in this place, it was immense and towering. Woven tapestries lined the walls in strips of material, showcasing coats-of-arms and various symbols. Karre looked around, studying the artifacts, wondering how much they'd be worth in trade.
Not now. Blend in.
Karre turned her attention to the head table, set high above the hall at the end of the room as a place of honor for the bridegrooms. Out of all the ceremonies on all the planes, she had never seen something as simple as the Starian marriage. Already two of the women had been claimed. Karre frowned, trying to remember their names—Jayne and Lilith. She hadn't really been paying close attention from the moment it became evident they wouldn't be able to help her escape. The women had discussed fighting, but nothing came of it.
An oversized, ill-tempered man they called Lord Sorin pointed at Lilith, stating the single word, "Mine," and, with that, they'd been married. Next, Lord Ronen, Sorin's brother pointed at Jayne. "Mine." And so, too, was Jayne wed.
In a way, Karre respected it. No pretense, no lies, just a simple point of the finger, a single uttered word and it was done. There were no promises of never-ending love, of happily-ever-after, of enduring whatever.
She looked at Vidar, meeting his guarded gaze. Karre tried to smile at him, but he quickly turned his eyes away. Her smile fell. It wasn't like she wanted to be married to him, she assured herself. Why should she care who chose her? All the men appeared to be well built and made of muscles. Sir Vidar wasn't so special. He just happened to be the first one of them she ran into. Besides, it wasn't like she was going to actually honor vows she didn't agree to.
Karre watched him carefully, taking in his every movement while trying to appear as if she didn't. Vidar looked at her again and she pointedly ignored him. Two could play his game. She glanced at Paige before turning to look over her shoulder at the watching crowd. A grinning redhead in bright green sunk beneath a long table filled with knights. By the way her man's head rolled back and his hand slipped under the table it was clear the woman indiscreetly sucked the guy's cock. Karre saw a couple of others do the same around the hall. Oddly enough, no one seemed to notice the bold behavior.
When no one spoke to claim Paige or herself, she turned back to the table. Four men remained, presumably one had already taken Paige—the first in line, if she wasn't mistaken by the way he tried too hard not to look directly at the woman. Each bridegroom wore a different-colored long tunic, reaching to the knees, over tight brown breeches. Woven belts were knotted at their waists, the end straps hanging along the right thighs. All were strong, with proud eyes and humorless expressions. The first limped when he walked, but by the way he stared at the other bride, Karre easily assumed he belonged to Paige. Remaining were Sir Vidar, a brown-blond man with a pronounced scar on his cheek, and a bearded knight with irritated eyes.
Blend in Karre. Right now you are a bride.
If bold behavior was what these men wanted, then that was exactly what she would give them.
"Oh, all right, I'll start," Karre announced, drawing attention to herself. Paige seemed almost relieved. She grinned at the bridegrooms and batted her lashes, doing her best not to look too long at Vidar as she gave the others equal attention. "My name is Karre. I like jewels, riches, power, servants, fine clothes and to be worshiped daily." She paused and arched a challenging brow, "I also like to get my way. Any takers?"
The brown-blond warrior looked horrified by her announcement and recoiled in his seat. He ran his fingers through his short hair before scratching the scar on his cheek.
"Come on, gentlemen, don't be shy," Karre strode before them, feeling very much like an auctioneer selling herself. She carried her bound arms like the situation was an everyday occurrence. "I only bite when I want to."
Sir Vidar cleared his throat and adjusted in his seat. Karre winked at him, unable to help herself as she witnessed his obvious discomfort.
The angry man snorted and shook his head in denial. Standing, he said, "I have no wish for a bride. Excuse me."
Karre laughed, highly amused by the way he practically ran to get away from her. Perhaps she'd be the first woman in their history to not be claimed. She supposed if no one married her, she would be free to leave. Ignoring the slight ping to her ego, she dropped her arms in front of her. "Here I am in a room full of warriors and not a one of them is man enough to handle me. I must say this sets a personal record."
"I can handle you." Sir Vidar stood. "Mine."
This is a work of fiction. All characters, events, and places are of the author's imagination and not to be confused with fact. Any resemblance to living persons or events is merely coincidence.
5 Angels! "One hot read. ...Ms. Pillow gives the reader a sensually emotionally charged love story that has everything the reader wants and so much more. Divinity Warriors: Taking Karre will have readers begging for more. I loved this fabulous story, and I cannot wait to see what Ms. Pillow will come up with next."
Additional Book Information
Amazon ASIN:B007MJCB90
Electronic ISBN: 9781452412979
Release Date: March 2012
Lilith Enraptured
Fighting Lady Jayne Keeping Paige Taking Karre
Available at the following vendors
Eros Ebooks, Smashwords
Print Version (if applicable)
futuristic, dragon lords, var, series, sci-fi, shifter, michelle pillow, mandy roth, the raven books, raven happy hour,
Michelle M Pillow has always had an active imagination. Ever since she can remember, she's have had a strange fascination with anything supernatural—ghosts, magical powers, and oh…vampires. What could be more alluring than being immortal, all-powerful, and eternally beautiful?
Copyright (c) 2011 The Raven Books. All rights reserved.


text:
Partial Pixels: A Three-Dimensional Diffractive Display Architecture We describe in detail the partial pixel architecture that permits the realization of three-dimensional (3-D) displays that are functionally equivalent to a real-time holographic stereogram. This architecture permits the simultaneous presentation of multiple stereoscopic images so that motion parallax is discernible in the resultant 3-D scene. The key innovation of the architecture is that each pixel is subdivided into partial pixels, which in turn can be implemented as individual diffraction gratings. We describe a static display that exhibits a 3-D image with one-dimensional motion parallax, thereby demonstrating key features of the architecture. A variety of partial pixel implementations are discussed that can operate at video frame rates. These include voltage-controlled liquid crystal gratings and binary optic gratings integrated with conventional liquid crystal amplitude modulators. In addition, we describe how the partial pixel architecture can be generalized for the implementation of full-color displays and displays having two-dimensional motion parallax. Kulick et al. Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 73 Partial pixels: a three-dimensional diffractive display architecture J. H. Kulick, G. P. Nordin, A. Parker, S. T. Kowel, R. G. Lindquist, M. Jones, and P. Nasiatka Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899 Received January 19, 1994; revised manuscript received July 15, 1994; accepted August 8, 1994 We describe in detail the partial pixel architecture that permits the realization of three-dimensional (3-D) displays that are functionally equivalent to a real-time holographic stereogram. This architecture permits the simultaneous presentation of multiple stereoscopic images so that motion parallax is discernible in the resultant 3-D scene. The key innovation of the architecture is that each pixel is subdivided into partial pixels, which in turn can be implemented as individual diffraction gratings. We describe a static display that exhibits a 3-D image with one-dimensional motion parallax, thereby demonstrating key features of the architecture. A variety of partial pixel implementations are discussed that can operate at video frame rates. These include voltage-controlled liquid crystal gratings and binary optic gratings integrated with conventional liquid crystal amplitude modulators. In addition, we describe how the partial pixel architecture can be generalized for the implementation of full-color displays and displays having two-dimensional motion parallax. 1. INTRODUCTION There has been significant interest in recent years in real-time holographic display systems.1 5 Such display systems should permit truly three-dimensional (3-D) objects or scenes to be viewed by one or more observers with either one-dimensional (1-D) or two-dimensional (2-D) motion parallax. Potential applications of such systems include mechanical design, training and simulation systems, medical imaging, virtual-reality systems, and architectural design. There are several significant obstacles to the realization of a truly real-time (i.e., video frame rate) holographic display system. The first is the need for a display device with a huge space bandwidth product. The second is the requirement for significant computational resources to calculate the requisite grating patterns.4,5 In this paper we describe a novel architecture (hereinafter referred to as the partial pixel architecture) that is functionally equivalent to a real-time holographic stereogram. It uses space bandwidth products that are easily achievable with VLSI technology. It also leads to a significant reduction in the computational load required to drive the display while permitting dedicated processors to be embedded within the display itself to handle those computations that are required. Both 1-D and 2-D motion parallax are obtainable with this architecture, as well as full-color viewing. In contrast to alternative approaches, 5 the partial pixel concept is well suited to the use of incoherent readout illumination. In addition, displays based on the partial pixel architecture are autostereoscopic because special headgear is not required. In this paper we discuss the basic concepts of the partial pixel architecture and several methods of physically realizing the architecture. We begin in Section 2 with a brief examination of the major types of holographic display that are currently in use. The partial pixel architecture, which is based on a pixelated display, is then discussed in Section 3. An experimental implementation of a static version of the architecture is examined in Section 4. Methods of physically implementing real-time controllable partial pixels are discussed in Section 5, and generalizations of the basic partial pixel architecture to achieve full-color images and 2-D motion parallax are reviewed in Section 6. 2. THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISPLAY CONCEPTS Static display holograms are made with the use of a variety of techniques and display geometries. For our purpose we classify such holograms into two categories: (1) real-object holograms6 and (2) holographic stereograms.7 As the name implies, real-object holograms are used to record real, physical, 3-D objects. In the recording process a coherent beam is split into a reference beam and a beam that illuminates the object. At a holographic plate the interference pattern between the reference beam and light scattered or reflected by the object is recorded as a space-variant transmittance or refractive-index modulation. During reconstruction one uses the reference beam to read out the resultant hologram. Light diffracted by the hologram reconstructs a virtual image of the object that is essentially the same size and in the same position as the original object. An observer located in an appropriate viewing region with respect to the holographic plate thus perceives a 3-D object with full motion parallax. This recording and readout scheme is useful for the reconstruction of monochromatic images from static transmission holograms. Image-plane6 and rainbow holograms8 involve an additional recording step such that white-light viewable (full-color) holograms are constructed. Both monochromatic6 and full-color9 reflection holograms can also be produced. Despite this wide variety of recording and reconstruction techniques, real-object holograms are unsuitable for objects (such as mountains and bacteria) that differ significantly in size compared with that of a typical holographic plate or for objects [such as a computeraided design (CAD) and a tomographic-derived image] 0740-3232/95/010073-11$06.00 1995 Optical Society of America 74 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995 Kulick et al. (a) (b) Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a holographic stereogram that is viewed from a region that consists of virtual viewing slits. A single 2-D image is visible in the plane of the display when an observer s eye looks through any particular virtual viewing slit. In general, a different 2-D image can be seen through each virtual viewing slit. When each eye sees the appropriate image of a given pair of stereoscopic images, the observer perceives a 3-D scene. The 2-D images shown in (a) and (b) are intended to illustrate such a pair of stereoscopic images. If an appropriate set of stereopair images is displayed through the virtual viewing slits, 1-D motion parallax is perceived as an observer moves horizontally in the viewing region. that exist only as a description or a set of data points. For these types of object, holographic stereograms may be constructed.7 This form of holographic display involves several recording steps in which a series of stereopair images are recorded. The final hologram reconstructs each recorded image such that it is observable near the plane of the hologram from within only a narrow portion of the viewing region (hereinafter referred to as a virtual viewing slit). As we show in Fig. 1, a given image is visible only through a single virtual viewing slit, which is typically 3 mm wide (approximately 1 pupil diameter). A different image is visible through each virtual viewing slit. By recording appropriate stereopair images, an observer perceives a 3-D image with 1-D (horizontal) parallax. Thus a holographic stereogram does not reconstruct a true holographic image but, rather, reconstructs a series of 2-D stereopair images. It is this property that permits objects of arbitrary size to be displayed with a holographic stereogram. Holographic stereograms use at least two of the cues that are normally present in everyday human stereo perception. These are disparity, which is the difference between the left and right eye images as formed on the retinas, and motion parallax. In addition, if the 3-D scene straddles the plane of the holographic plate, several other cues are provided. These include vergence, which is the adjustment of the eye muscles such that both eyes point at the same position in space, and accommodation, in which the eyes are focused in the same general region in which the 3-D scene is perceived. Although the psychophysics of stereo perception are not fully understood, holographic stereograms can be configured to provide a striking sense of visual depth with the use of consistent visual cues. A thorough discussion of such issues can be found in Ref. 10. An important aspect of nearly all static display holograms (both real-object holograms and holographic stereograms) is that an incoherent illumination source is typically used during reconstruction. The wavelength selectivity and angular diffraction properties of such holograms (which have a thickness of at most several tens of micrometers) diffract the incident light into the appropriate viewing region. Use of an inexpensive incoherent source significantly enhances the convenience of display holograms. A particularly promising effort to produce a real-time holographic display is described in Refs. 4 and 5. It uses an acousto-optic modulator and thus requires a coherent illumination source. The system employs a unique hololine method of realizing the visual equivalent of a monochromatic real-object hologram.4,5,11,12 In the following sections we describe an alternative approach (the partial pixel architecture) that is analogous to a holographic stereogram rather than a real-object hologram. It permits the use of an incoherent illumination source and a flat-panel display format. 3. PARTIAL PIXEL ARCHITECTURE In this section we discuss the basic features of the partial pixel architecture. For simplicity we consider a monochromatic display that exhibits 1-D parallax. (Generalization to full-color displays having 2-D parallax is discussed in Subsection 6.A). We assume that the display is illuminated by a collimated monochromatic beam incident at a fixed orientation relative to the display. In the following subsections, first we discuss pixelation of the display and the functional requirements for individual pixels, then we examine conceptual approaches to fulfilling these requirements, and finally we analyze a pixel implementation that uses area-multiplexed diffraction gratings. A. Pixel Requirements Similar to a holographic stereogram, a display based on Kulick et al. Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 75 Fig. 2. Schematic illustration showing two display pixels illuminating each of the virtual viewing slits. In general, all the display pixels are able to illuminate each virtual viewing slit simultaneously. the partial pixel architecture is observed from a viewing region composed of distinct virtual viewing slits, with a different image being visible on the display when it is viewed from each virtual viewing slit. By displaying an appropriate series of stereoscopic image pairs, one can observe 3-D scenes with 1-D parallax. However, in contrast to most holographic stereograms, the partial pixel display is composed of discrete pixels. Each pixel must therefore have the capability of exhibiting a different appearance when it is viewed from distinct virtual viewing slits (for example, a given pixel might need to appear dark from virtual viewing slit m while appearing bright from virtual viewing slit m 1 1). This translates into the following two requirements: (1) each pixel must be capable of directing light into all virtual viewing slits, and (2) each pixel must permit independent control of the intensity of the light that is directed to any given virtual viewing slit. In Fig. 2 we schematically illustrate two pixels (indexed by i, j and i0, j0) directing portions of a readout beam into every virtual viewing slit. B. Conceptual Approaches 1. Composite Pixel Approach One approach to fulfilling pixel requirements (1) and (2) is to multiplex separate holograms within each pixel as schematically illustrated in Fig. 3 (which we refer to as the composite-pixel approach). Each hologram has a fixed grating pattern designed to diffract light from the incident beam to a specific virtual viewing slit. Control of a particular hologram s amplitude would regulate the amount of light that it diffracted to its virtual viewing slit. Although conceptually straightforward, the compositepixel approach is difficult to realize in practice for at least two reasons. First, a significant space bandwidth product is required in each pixel to permit multiplexing of numerous holograms, and second, a large dynamic range for the induced multiplexed hologram is needed to permit accurate control over the summed individual hologram amplitudes. We have therefore chosen to develop an alternative approach that is described below. 2. Partial Pixel Approach In the partial pixel architecture each pixel is subdivided into spatially distinct partial pixels, each of which directs light into a single virtual viewing slit. This is schematically illustrated in Fig. 4 for a pixel composed of nine partial pixels that are arranged in a 3 3 3 array. Fulfillment of pixel requirements (1) and (2) discussed above can be achieved by the requirement that each partial pixel not only direct light into a single virtual viewing slit but also control the amount of light that is sent to its virtual viewing slit. When this area-multiplexing approach is used, the partial pixel architecture dramatically simplifies the physical realization of a given pixel by reducing the problem to the implementation of spatially distinct partial pixels. It is important to note that the size of each pixel is designed to be barely resolvable by a human eye located in the viewing region. Consequently, individual partial pixels are not resolvable. Thus, even though the light that is directed to a given virtual viewing slit from a particular pixel comes from only a small region of the pixel (i.e., the appropriate partial pixel of that pixel), it is visually no different than if the light came from the whole pixel. For the case of a monochromatic display the number of partial pixels is equal to the number of virtual viewing slits. For example, if there are 100 virtual viewing slits, then each pixel must be composed of 100 partial pixels. If each pixel is 1 mm 3 1 mm in size, one possible configuration is to arrange the partial pixels as a 10 3 10 array within each pixel, in which case each partial pixel would be 100 mm 3 100 mm. The partial pixel architecture has a number of compelling advantages. First, the computational problem is Fig. 3. In the composite-pixel approach multiple holograms are superimposed within the area of any given pixel. Fig. 4. Schematic representation of a single pixel that is composed of multiple partial pixels, each of which directs light to a single virtual viewing slit. 76 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995 Kulick et al. Fig. 5. Arbitrarily oriented collimated readout beam (represented by its k vector) incident upon a grating (also represented by its k vector) that is in the x y plane. reduced to simply calculating an appropriate set of 2-D stereographic images instead of trying to calculate holographic fringe patterns. Second, the display problem is physically segregated such that any given partial pixel must direct light in only a single direction. Third, many partial pixel implementations permit the use of incoherent readout illumination. Finally, the spatial segregation of the partial pixels permits significant flexibility in achieving 2-D parallax and full-color images (as discussed in Section 6 below). One potential disadvantage of the partial pixel architecture is the requirement for large numbers of partial pixels. For example, a 640 3 480-pixel display (3 3 105 total pixels) with 40 virtual viewing slits requires 1.2 3 107 partial pixels. Subsection 5.A below describes a potential technique for achieving such large numbers of partial pixels in a real-time display. C. Diffraction-Grating-Based Partial Pixels One method of implementing the partial pixel architecture is to use a diffraction grating in each partial pixel to diffract light toward its corresponding virtual viewing slit. In this subsection we derive the grating parameters for each partial pixel that we require to achieve this objective (i.e., the grating s period and its angular orientation). In addition, we examine how diffraction from the aperture of a partial pixel can be used to fill its corresponding virtual viewing slit with light from that partial pixel. Methods of modulating the diffracted light are discussed in Section 5 below. 1. Calculation of Grating Parameters Consider the geometry shown in Fig. 5, in which a unitamplitude monochromatic plane wave is incident upon a transmission grating that is constrained to be in the x y plane (i.e., the plane of the display). We initially assume a sinusoidal phase transmission grating. The incident beam has a wave vector k ksax 1 by 1 gz d , (1) in which k ; jkj 2pyl, l is the wavelength of the readout illumination, and a, b, and g are the vector s direction cosines. The grating is described by its k vector KG as KG KGfscos uGdx 1 ssin uGdy g , (2) where KG ; jKGj 2pyL, L is the period of the grating, and uG is the angle between the grating wave vector and the x axis. Scalar diffraction theory13 can be used in the calculation of the diffracted electric field Usrd in the region z . 0 sr xx 1 yy 1 zz d. The result is Usrd P q 2 Jqsvdexpsikq ? rd , (3) in which Jq is the qth Bessel function of the first kind, v is the grating strength (given by v 2pDndyl, in which Dn is the amplitude of the grating s refractive-index modulation and d is the grating thickness), and kq ksaqx 1 bqy 1 gqz d , (4) with direction cosines aq a 1 q l L cos uG , bq b 1 q l L sin uG , gq s1 2 aq 2 2 bq 2d1/2 . (5) Each term of the sum in Eq. (3) represents a distinct diffraction order that has an amplitude Jqsvd and a wave vector kq. Diffraction orders with real gq represent propagating plane waves, and orders having imaginary gq are evanescent. Using Eqs. (5), we can find the propagation direction of the qth diffracted order that is generated by an arbitrarily oriented grating in the x y plane (as described by its period L and its angular orientation uG) for any arbitrarily oriented incident beam has described by the wavelength of the illumination, l, and the collimated beam s direction cosines a and b [recall that g s12 a2 2b2d1/2]j. Although this result has been derived for a sinusoidal phase grating, the direction of the diffraction orders as specified in Eqs. (5) is independent of the grating profile. Given a particular display geometry, we can use Eqs. (5) to derive the period and the orientation of the grating required in each partial pixel of the display. This is accomplished through specification of the direction cosines of both the readout beam and the 11 diffraction order that must be diffracted from each partial pixel to its corresponding virtual viewing slit. In the following discussion i and j specify the x and y indices of the ijth pixel, and the index m refers to the mth partial pixel within a given pixel. Each mth partial pixel is responsible for directing light to the center of the mth virtual viewing slit. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the center of a given partial pixel is described by the vector sijm, which can be written as sijm pij 1 qm , (6) in which pij is the center of the ijth pixel and qm is a vector describing the center of the mth partial pixel of pixel i, j relative to the pixel center. The vector from Kulick et al. Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 77 (a) (b) Fig. 6. (a) Labeling of the vectors that represent the center of each pixel and each partial pixel. (b) Vectors specifying the direction svijmd in which the 11-order diffracted beam must travel to propagate from partial pixel ijm to the mth virtual viewing slit. the center of the ijmth partial pixel to the center of the corresponding mth virtual viewing slit, vijm, is given by vijm um 2 sijm , (7) in which um is a vector describing the center of the mth virtual viewing slit [as illustrated in Fig. 6(b)]. The 11 diffraction order from partial pixel ijm must be parallel to vector vijm, which can be written in terms of its direction cosines as vijm jvijmjsaijmx 1 bijmy 1 gijmz d . (8) Thus, for a given readout beam (characterized by a, b, and l), Eqs. (5) can be solved for the period and the orientation of the grating in the ijmth partial pixel as Lijm l fsaijm 2 ad2 1 sbijm 2 bd2g1/2 , (9) uGijm tan21 bijm 2 b aijm 2 a . (10) For any display geometry specified by (1) the location of the partial pixels, hsijmj, (2) the location of the virtual viewing slits, humj, and (3) the readout beam wave vector k, Eqs. (9) and (10) can be used to calculate the grating parameters for each partial pixel. 2. Partial Pixel Aperture Effects The above analysis is sufficient for the design of gratings that diffract light from each partial pixel to its corresponding virtual viewing slit. Our next concern is that light from any given partial pixel should adequately fill its corresponding virtual viewing slit while not overlapping horizontally into adjacent slits. For the purposes of this subsection we do not consider the visual desirability of some small amount of overlap. Instead, our objective is to discuss a first-order mechanism for controlling the width of the beam diffracted from a given partial pixel as measured at its corresponding virtual viewing slit. If we plot the intensity of light from a given partial pixel at its virtual viewing slit as a function of the slit s transverse (x) dimension, the ideal beam profile would uniformly fill the slit as shown in Fig. 7. However, diffraction from the aperture of the partial pixel will lead to a nonuniform beam profile. For example, if the partial pixel aperture is rectangular with width lx and height ly such that it can be described by the transmission function13 Taperturesx, yd rectsxylxdrectsyyly d , (11) in which rectsjd ( 1 if jjj # 1y2 0 otherwise , (12) then the intensity in the virtual viewing slit is given by a product of sinc-squared functions: Islitsx, yd I0 sinc2sklxaijmxy2vijmdsinc2sklybijmyy2vijmd , (13) in which I0 is the intensity at the center of the slit, vijm ; jvijmj is the distance from the center of the partial pixel to the center of the slit, the direction cosines aijm and bijm are x and y obliquity factors, respectively, and sinc x ; ssin xdyx . (14) The beam profile of Eq. (13) is illustrated in Fig. 7 for y 0. [Note that Eq. (13) is valid only when the virtual viewing slit is far enough away for the assumptions of Fraunhofer diffraction to be valid. These approximations are fully satisfied for distances of the order of Fig. 7. Ideal and actual (i.e., diffraction-induced) intensity profiles at a single virtual viewing slit that are due to a single partial pixel. 78 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995 Kulick et al. 100 mm or greater between the partial pixel and the virtual viewing slit, partial pixel apertures of the order of 100 mm wide or less, and visible readout illumination.] The width of a beam diffracted from a partial pixel to a virtual viewing slit can easily be estimated with Eq. (13). The distance between the first nulls on either side of the peak intensity, Dx, is approximately (assuming unity obliquity factors) Dx 2lvijmylx . (15) The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the beam can be estimated as Dxy2. For example, the FWHM is 3 mm for a partial pixel aperture of 100 mm, a readout wavelength of 0.5 mm, and a viewing distance of 600 mm. To first order, careful design of the partial pixel apertures can be used to fill each virtual viewing slit with illumination from appropriate partial pixels. This permits the avoidance of the so-called picket fence effect that occurs when the virtual viewing slits are underfilled. However, the presence of sidelobes in the partial pixel aperture diffraction pattern causes some leakage of light into neighboring virtual viewing slits. Whether this significantly affects the visual appeal of the display is a subject for further study. If the sidelobes are found to be undesirable, sidelobe reduction techniques can be examined. Likewise, it is not clear whether the nonuniformity of the main lobe of the diffraction pattern will negatively affect the visual properties of the device. This too will be a subject of future research. A further point that should be mentioned is that one can similarly use the height ly of the partial pixel apertures to control the height of the virtual viewing slits. Alternatively, other techniques can be used, such as the placement of a cylindrical lens array over the face of the device (for devices with 1-D parallax only). 4. EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION As described in a previous paper,14 we have implemented a static partial pixel architecture based display as a set of amplitude gratings in a chrome mask in order to verify the basic visual properties of the partial pixel approach. We originally reported the observation of a distinct 3-D scene with a flashlight used as an illumination source. In this section we describe results for experiments in which a well-collimated incoherent illumination source was used. This permitted the clear observation of 1-D motion parallax. The mask device was designed to display the 3-D scene illustrated in Fig. 8. The letter A is in the plane of the mask, and the letters U and H are 6 mm in front of and behind the mask, respectively. The display region consisted of a 35 3 35 array of square pixels covering an area of approximately 1 cm2. As shown in Fig. 9, each pixel contained a 4 3 8 array of partial pixels. The number in each partial pixel is the index of the virtual viewing slit to which that partial pixel diffracts light. For a viewing distance of 200 mm the partial pixel widths were designed to result in minimal overlap of the main diffraction lobes for adjacent virtual viewing slits (i.e., adjacent diffraction lobes overlapped at 18% of the peak intensity of each lobe). A side view of the readout geometry of the display is shown in Fig. 10(a). When an observer s eyes are located in the viewing region, the zero-order beam is incident below the observer s nose and thus well out of the viewing region. Likewise, the higher diffraction orders of the partial pixel gratings all propagate above the viewing region and therefore are not visible. The negative diffraction orders are all below the zero order. Since the gratings in the display were designed for readout illumination at 633 nm, the incident beam was passed through a filter centered at 633 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 10 nm. In addition, the readout beam was collimated to within 0.1 . Although 32 partial pixels were available in each pixel, only the top five rows of partial pixels were actually used. As shown in Fig. 10(b), these partial pixels illuminated ten virtual viewing slits for the left eye and ten virtual viewing slits for the right eye. Ten stereoscopic image pairs were therefore visible for individuals with a nominal eye separation of 66 mm. The partial pixel gratings for a single pixel are shown in Fig. 11. This particular pixel encoded one point in the letter A, which was designed to appear in the plane of the display. Hence there is a Fig. 8. 3-D object displayed by the chrome mask. Each letter is located in a different plane (all of which are parallel to the x y plane), and each is composed of a series of dots. The top of the U and the bottom of the H are at the x z plane. Fig. 9. Schematic illustration of a single pixel that is composed of an array of partial pixels. Kulick et al. Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 79 (a) (b) Fig. 10. (a) Side view of the chrome mask readout geometry. (b) Top view of the readout geometry showing the virtual viewing slits (i.e., slits 216 to 27 and 6 to 15) from which images can be observed on the mask. grating in each of the 20 partial pixels that were used because this pixel must appear bright from each of the 20 virtual viewing slits. Note that the display was binary in that a given pixel could appear only on or off (corresponding to the presence or the absence of a diffraction grating in a given partial pixel) when it was viewed from a particular virtual viewing slit. For each virtual viewing slit there were 26 partial pixels on the display that contained gratings, since the 3-D scene was composed of 26 points. Thus only 520 partial pixels of a total of 39,200 possible partial pixels had diffraction gratings. The measured diffraction efficiency of the gratings that diffracted light into a given virtual viewing slit was 4.4%. This does not include losses that were due to the nonunity fill factor of each pixel. When an observer is positioned at the rightmost part of the viewing region (such that the left eye is in virtual viewing slit 27 and the right eye is in virtual viewing slit 15), the observer sees the 2-D images shown in Fig. 12. These readily fuse into the 3-D image of Fig. 8. As an observer moved horizontally to the left, 1-D motion parallax was apparent as different stereoscopic images were viewed. Since this device was intended as a simple demonstration of the partial pixel architecture, it was not optimized in terms of optical efficiency, display area, angular viewing range, or degree of observable parallax. For example, the display area on the mask was limited to 1 cm2 so that a single 103 reticle and exposure step could be used during fabrication of the mask. Larger display areas are easily realizable. Likewise, the angular viewing range can be increased by the use of smaller feature sizes on the mask (the device described above had a minimum feature size of 1 mm). A larger angular viewing range permits greater motion parallax, which could alternatively be obtained by the selection of stereoscopic image pairs that exaggerate the rotation of the 3-D scene. A longer viewing distance is also readily achieved by adjustment of the pixel and partial pixel dimensions. Fig. 11. Photomicrograph of a single pixel in which there are diffraction gratings in 20 partial pixels (after Ref. 14). (a) (b) Fig. 12. Photographs of stereoscopic images seen through slits (a) 27 and (b) 15. 80 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995 Kulick et al. (a) (b) Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of a liquid crystal film on interdigitated electrodes (a) without an applied voltage and (b) with an applied voltage. The details are discussed in the text. ITO, indium tin oxide. 5. REAL-TIME PARTIAL PIXEL IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPTS In this section we describe various methods of achieving a dynamic display based on the partial pixel architecture. Such a display requires real-time controllable partial pixels. We first discuss the use of variable-amplitude liquid crystal gratings and their incorporation in a display composed of tessellated integrated-circuit dies. We then describe alternative implementations based on binary optic gratings, fixed mirrors or prisms, steerable micromirrors, and deformable gratings. In each of the approaches described below, we use diffraction from the partial pixel apertures to define the spatial extent of the virtual viewing slits in the viewing region. A. Electronically Controlled Liquid Crystal Gratings The chrome mask partial pixels described above fulfill the first partial pixel requirement of directing light into a single virtual viewing slit (discussed in Subsection 3.B.2), but the amount of deflected light is controlled only by the presence or the absence of a fixed diffraction grating. A real-time gray-scale display could be achieved if each partial pixel consisted of a diffraction grating with a controllable amplitude. We recently demonstrated such gratings in thin liquid crystal layers.15 The basic idea is illustrated in Fig. 13. A homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal film is placed over a set of interdigitated electrodes. When there is no applied voltage between the electrodes, there is no significant diffraction of the readout beam [Fig. 13(a)]. However, application of a voltage results in a fringing electric field between adjacent electrodes, which in turn causes a rotation of the local director axis in the liquid crystal layer [Fig. 13(b)]. The net result is a voltage-controlled diffraction grating having the same period as that of the electrode pitch. A sample pair of interdigitated electrodes for a single partial pixel is shown in Fig. 14. As illustrated in Fig. 15, a large-area display can be created with tessellated silicon dies,16,17 each of the order of 1 cm2. An array of pixels would be located on each die, with each pixel consisting of multiple partial pixels. Individual partial pixels would be implemented as shown in Figs. 13 and 14. A major motivation for this approach is that it permits the construction of a large-area display with the use of conventional VLSI fabrication techniques. It also provides the opportunity to locate the display electronics and a graphics computational engine underneath the electrode and liquid crystal layers on each die (as Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of the interdigitated electrodes in a single partial pixel. Fig. 15. The diagram in the upper left-hand corner represents a display composed of tessellated silicon dies. The other diagrams are (in clockwise order) a single die on which multiple pixels are implemented, a single pixel composed of an array of partial pixels, and the interdigitated electrodes in a single partial pixel. Kulick et al. Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 81 Fig. 16. Schematic representation of a binary optic grating partial pixel. shown in Fig. 13). Contact to the transparent ITO electrodes would be made with vias through the SiO2 and aluminum mirror layers. To date, we have realized ITO interdigitated electrodes on silicon with feature sizes as small as 0.4 mm. We are currently evaluating our first prototype device in which a series of ITO electrodes (with a minimum feature size of 1.0 mm) has been fabricated over an aluminum mirror layer that is on a silicon substrate. This device has been designed to display the same 3-D scene as described above for the chrome mask when a voltage is applied across the electrodes. Preliminary observations indicate that this objective has been achieved. Future efforts will focus on fabricating a full set of interdigitated electrodes over buried drive electronics. B. Binary Optic Gratings with Modulators The liquid crystal grating partial pixel configuration is only one of many possible partial pixel arrangements. For example, the functions of beam deflection and modulation by each partial pixel can be split between two integrated components, rather than both being implemented by a single element such as a liquid crystal grating. Such an alternative design is schematically represented in Fig. 16, in which a reflective binary optic grating is used to deflect the readout beam and a conventional liquid crystal amplitude modulator is used to modulate the beam. The binary optic grating in each partial pixel can be designed with the concepts discussed in Subsection 3.C and would be fabricated in a dielectric layer deposited directly upon the silicon die. A metallic overcoating can be used to make it reflective. One feature of the binary optic approach is that the modulator element in Fig. 16 is a straightforward application of conventional liquid crystal display technology. In fact, a simple realization of a partial pixel display would be to laminate a conventional liquid crystal display with a binary optic component to form either a transmissive or a reflective device. Each pixel on the liquid crystal display would correspond to a single partial pixel and would be spatially registered with a single grating on the binary optic component. A further feature of the binary optic approach is flexibility in the design of partial pixel gratings. For example, chirped and nonplanar gratings can be easily realized. In addition, one may use multilevel gratings to achieve increased diffraction efficiency, although at the cost of additional fabrication complexity. C. Fixed Mirrors or Prisms with Amplitude Modulators An alternative partial pixel configuration is to replace the binary diffraction grating of Fig. 16 with a mirror at a fixed angle and orientation (each of which is different for each partial pixel). The amplitude modulation can be implemented with a liquid crystal modulator as described above. This approach is conceptually equivalent to laminating an array of miniature mirrors to a conventional liquid crystal display such that the mirrors align with the liquid crystal display pixels. A natural technology for the implementation of the miniature mirror array is diffractive optics, in which optical elements are formed with the use of multilevel phase steps.18 Each mirror would be fabricated as a multilevel surface-relief pattern coated with a reflective metallic film. This type of diffractive optic is a reflective kinoform and could be fabricated in a thin-film layer that is deposited directly onto each silicon die. Alternatively, one could use a prism in series with a flat planar mirror to achieve the same beam deflection function. The prism in each partial pixel would have a different wedge angle and orientation. Such a prism and mirror combination can be fabricated as a diffractive optic kinoform prism over a metallic mirror layer. Both of these layers would reside on top of the silicon die. D. Other Approaches Another possible partial pixel configuration consists of an electromagnetically deflected micromirror such as those fabricated by Texas Instruments.19 Mirrors approximately 16 mm square have been constructed with deflections of 610o. If it is configured as an ICVision16 partial pixel, such a mirror could be oriented to deflect light to the appropriate virtual viewing slit when the pixel is supposed to appear in the on position from that slit. When the pixel should appear in the off state, the mirror would be in its opposite position, such that beam deflection to the viewing region does not occur. A major disadvantage of the micromirror approach is that each of the micromirrors would need to have a slightly different deflection angle, which introduces significant fabrication difficulties. An alternative partial pixel implementation uses deformable gratings, which are described in Ref. 20. These gratings can be in either an on or an off state and exhibit high-speed (30-ns) bistable switching. Such gratings would be designed according to Eqs. (9) and (10). Gray-scale images can be obtained with temporal multiplexing. 6. GENERALIZATIONS OF THE BASIC PARTIAL PIXEL ARCHITECTURE A. Color So far our discussion of the partial pixel architecture has been limited to monochrome illumination. The extension to full-color displays is conceptually straightforward. Since both the grating- and kinoform-based partial pixel configurations are dispersive, the basic idea is to use three partial pixels instead of just one partial pixel in every pixel to direct light to a given virtual viewing slit. Each of the three new partial pixels (hereinafter referred to as primary-color partial pixels) is designed to 82 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995 Kulick et al. Fig. 17. Display geometry for 2-D motion parallax. direct a different primary color to the center of the desired viewing slit. This means that each primary-color partial pixel will have, in general, a different grating period for grating-based partial pixels or a different step depth for kinoform-based partial pixels. If the same number of virtual viewing slits is to be illuminated, there must be three times as many partial pixels as in a monochrome display. Each type of primary-color partial pixel may also have a different aperture size, because the diffraction-induced spreading of the light from any partial pixel is also dispersive. For overhead white-light illumination the primary-color partial pixel approach should result in the observation of full-color images from the viewing region. This method of achieving a full-color display is analogous to that used in full-color holographic stereogram displays.7 B. Two-Dimensional Parallax Extension of the partial pixel architecture to a display that has 2-D parallax is also conceptually straightforward. For 2-D parallax the display must show different images for vertical as well as horizontal movement within the viewing region. Instead of a 1-D arrangement of virtual viewing slits, the viewing region must therefore consist of a 2-D set of virtual viewing apertures as shown in Fig. 17. For monochrome displays each pixel in the display must have a partial pixel that directs light to a single virtual viewing aperture. Control of the partial pixel apertures in the vertical as well as the horizontal direction becomes important to prevent light from spreading into vertically adjacent apertures. Since vertical parallax is visually not as important as horizontal parallax, relatively few rows of virtual viewing apertures are required. For example, a satisfactory display may consist of five rows with each having 50 apertures. This means that 250 partial pixels are required per pixel, which is still a reasonable quantity for many display geometries. The upper bound on the number of realizable partial pixels is set (for a given display geometry and size) by the width of the diffracted beams and the desired size of the virtual viewing apertures. If the partial pixels are too small, the diffracted beams become larger than the virtual viewing apertures. Generalizing to a full-color display having 2-D parallax is challenging for at least two reasons. First, a factor-of- 3 more partial pixels are required than for a monochrome display if the number of virtual viewing apertures is kept constant. Second, the dispersion from each partial pixel must be limited for vertical overlapping of dispersed light in different apertures to be avoided. One potential solution is to place an appropriate color filter over each primary-color partial pixel. The search for adequate solutions to both of these issues is a topic for future research. 7. SUMMARY We have described a new method of realizing a 3-D autostereoscopic display that is functionally equivalent to a holographic stereogram and thus naturally provides for 1-D motion parallax. The key to the partial pixel architecture is the concept of pixels composed of an array of spatially distinct partial pixels. Each partial pixel is responsible for how its corresponding pixel appears from a single virtual viewing slit. We have discussed the design of partial pixels based on individual diffraction gratings and have demonstrated a static realization of the partial pixel architecture, using amplitude gratings in a chrome mask. We have also discussed methods of implementing dynamic partial pixels for use in real-time displays. In addition, we have shown how the partial pixel architecture can be extended to the realization of full-color displays and how 2-D motion parallax can be achieved. We are currently pursuing a range of development activities for several partial pixel implementation concepts, including voltage-controlled liquid crystal gratings on silicon and binary optic gratings integrated with liquid crystal amplitude modulators. Further research directions include packaging of tessellated dies, implementation of buried electronics, planarization of a dielectric layer above the electronic circuits (to provide for a planar mirror layer), methods of communicating graphics data to the buried display processors, and algorithm and software development for driving the display. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by the U.S. Army Missile Command and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Richard Ciliax and Mark Friends. REFERENCES 1. P. St. Hilaire, S. A. Benton, M. Lucente, M. L. Jepson, J. Kollin, H. Yoshikawa, and J. Underkoffler, Electronic display system for computational holography, in Practical Holography IV, S. A. Benton, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 1212, 174 182 (1990). 2. P. St. Hilaire, S. A. Benton, M. Lucente, H. Yoshikawa, and J. Underkoffler, Real-time holographic display: improvements using a multichannel acousto-optic modulator and holographic optical elements, in Practical Holography V, S. A. Benton, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 1461, 256 261 (1991). 3. S. A. Benton, Experiments in holographic video imaging, in Industrial Applications of Holographic and Speckle MeaKulick et al. Vol. 12, No. 1/January 1995/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 83 suring Techniques,W. P. Jueptner, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 1508, 247 267 (1991). 4. M. Lucente, Optimization of hologram computation for realtime display, in Practical Holography VI, S. A. Benton, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 1667, 32 43 (1992). 5. P. St. Hilaire, S. A. Benton, and M. Lucente, Synthetic aperture holography: a novel approach to three-dimensional displays, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1969 1977 (1992). 6. G. Saxby, Practical Holography (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1988). 7. S. A. Benton, Survey of holographic stereograms, in Processing and Display of Three-Dimensional Data, J. J. Pearson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 367, 15 19 (1982). 8. S. A. Benton, The mathematical optics of white light transmission holograms, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Display Holography (Holography Workshops, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Ill., 1982). 9. J. Walker, In-situ color control for reflection holograms, Ph.D. dissertation (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., 1987). 10. D. B. Diner and D. H. Fender, Human Engineering in Stereoscopic Viewing Devices (Plenum, New York, 1993). 11. D. Leseberg and O. Bryngdahl, Computer-generated rainbow holograms, Appl. Opt. 23, 2441 2447 (1984). 12. D. Leseberg, Computer-generated holograms: display using one-dimensional transforms, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 3, 1846 1851 (1986). 13. J. W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (McGraw- Hill, San Francisco, Calif., 1968). 14. G. P. Nordin, J. H. Kulick, M. Jones, P. Nasiatka, R. G. Lindquist, and S. T. Kowel, Demonstration of a novel 3-D autostereoscopic display, Opt. Lett. 19, 901 903 (1994). 15. R. G. Lindquist, J. H. Kulick, G. P. Nordin, J. M. Jarem, S. T. Kowel, M. Friends, and T. M. Leslie, High-resolution liquid crystal phase grating formed by fringing fields from interdigitated electrodes, Opt. Lett. 19, 670 672 (1994). 16. J. Kulick, S. T. Kowel, T. Leslie, and R. Ciliax, ICVision a VLSI based holographic display system, in Practical Holography VII: Imaging and Materials, S. A. Benton, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 1914,219 229 (1993). 17. J. H. Kulick, S. T. Kowel, G. P. Nordin, A. Parker, R. Lindquist, P. Nasiatka, and M. Jones, ICVision a VLSIbased diffractive display for real-time display of holographic stereograms, in Practical Holography VIII, Stephen Bentson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2176, 2 11 (1994). 18. O. Bryngdahl and F. Wyrowski, Digital holography computer-generated holograms, in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (North-Holland, New York, 1990), Vol. 28, pp. 3 85. 19. J. M. Younse, Mirrors on a chip, IEEE Spectrum 30(11), 27 31 (1993). 20. O. Solgaard, F. S. A. Sandejas, and D. M. Bloom, Deformable grating optical modulator, Opt. Lett. 17, 688 690 (1992).
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Rasmussen has new polls out in California, Ohio, and Connecticut. In Ohio, McCain leads both Democrats by 6 points, a result that either balances out Survey USA's recent poll that had both Democrats ahead by 10 in that state, or shows in which direction this race is presently moving. In California and Connecticut, meanwhile, Obama has relatively safe leads over McCain, but McCain is within single-digits of Clinton:
State Obama Clinton
California +15 +7
Connecticut +12 +3
Ohio -6 -6
We also tracked down an Ayers poll in Tennessee, which shows McCain leading Clinton by 8, and Obama by 17. Tennessee is a state in which we see Clinton potentially being competitive, but not Obama.Overall, Obama's Win % is now at 60.0%, and Clinton's is at 40.3%. A week ago, they were at 62.4% and 42.8%, respectively.


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- Total number of rooms - 58
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Restaurant
- Smoke-free property
- Swimming pool - indoor
Expedia.co.uk is available 24 hours on 0203 027 8675 or from outside the UK on +44 203 027 8675. Calls are charged at your local rate. However costs may vary depending on your service provider and from mobile phones.
×If you find the same hotel for a cheaper price elsewhere online, we'll refund you the difference. Terms and Conditions apply (applies to pre-paid bookings ONLY).
×Situated in Vincennes, this hotel is close to Vincennes University and Rogers Clark National Historical Park.
In addition to a restaurant, Quality Inn features an indoor pool. Other amenities include a bar/lounge and complimentary wireless Internet access.
Televisions come with cable channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, refrigerators, and coffee/tea makers.
Within 10 minutes
The preferred airport for Quality Inn is Indianapolis, IN (IND-Indianapolis Intl.) - 153.5 km / 95.4 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometre.


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PC - Windows
This page contains Amnesia: The Dark Descent Unlockables for PC - Windows called "Good Ending" and has been posted or updated on Jan 29, 2011 by qeTRnWhKJ. Let us know what you think of this Unlockable by thumbs voting.
- Developer: Frictional Games
- Publisher: THQ
- Genre: Action Adventure Horror
- Release Date: Feb 17, 2011
- ESRB: Mature
Good Ending
First wait for Alexander to open up the portal - Once it opens place Agrippa's head into it.
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Meetings, Announcements & Forms Fundraisers & Fundraising Ideas Reminder Team Captain Meeting Tuesday, February 25, 2014 at Santee Cooper Auditorium. Starts at 5:30 for Accounting and New Team Orientation. Meeting will begin at 6pm. Hope to see you all there!!!! Event Details |
In the fight against cancer, silence is the last thing we need. Your local American Cancer Society Relay For Life event is a great place to take action and make noise. The Relay For Life movement features community and campus events that offer an inspiring opportunity to honor cancer survivors, promote how individuals can reduce their cancer risk, and raise money to help end cancer. Today, with the support of thousands of volunteers, the American Cancer Society is helping save more than 400 lives a day. And we won't stop until we finish the fight against cancer!
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Departmental News
When not teaching in Sociology and Communication/Journalism, Peter Hart-Brinson is working on a book manuscript on social generational change in attitudes about same-sex marriage. He is also engaged in student-faculty collaborative research on fitness fundraisers, civic recreation, and the changing American civic repertoire.
In 2013-14, Pam Forman is on sabbatical. She is producing a documentary film with Ellen Mahaffy, Communication and Journalism, on the course that they taught the past four summers, LGBTQA Studies: San Francisco Travel Seminar, and its related film series, the student-produced Eau Queer Film Festival (www.eauqueer.com).
Jeff Erger is currently doing a collaborative research project with sociology major Morgan Gerke on how communities of origin and campus communities affect new student eating habits. He is also working on a project with Michael Halasy (an instructor in Emergency Medicine at the Mayo Clinic) on how nurses and physician's assistants can be better used to improve the health care system. Recently he has started to teach Sociology of Deviance, focusing on non-criminal aspects of social deviance.


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John gives an overview of the book:
Relationships have two faces: a private one and a public one. It is
not uncommon for those faces to be different and even divisive, but it is
unfortunate. The bigger the gap between the two faces, the bigger the risks
to the long-term sustainability of the relationship. While there are certain
aspects of any live-in relationship that are best kept private, it is critical that
both the internal and external faces of the relationship be based on a
common vision and objectives that collectively identify the relationship
John Curtis, PH.D. is a researcher, organizational development consultant, business trainer, and author. Prior to that, John was a full-time marriage and family counselor and was a clinical member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. He holds a PH.D. in Human Resource Development from Barry University in Miami, FL. John is married with two children and two grandchildren. Visit Dr. Curtis at http://www.wecohabitate.com/
About John
My most exciting announcement is that despite the controversial topic, I just released my 2nd book, "Happily Un-married: Living Together & Loving It!
Since millions of couples now live together and cohabitation is becoming widely accepted and popular...


text:
OK, I got it:
Program Information We've got you covered. .... Each upgrade license will apply to only one PC and may only be installed on PCs with a valid base license to a qualifying operating system (i.e., Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista or Windows 7). While the offer will be limited to eligible customers who purchase a qualified PC, the upgrade may be installed on any compatible Windows-based PC with a qualifying operating system (see Windows 8 System Requirements). Customers should visit their PC manufacturer's website for more information about how to upgrade their PC to Windows 8, including updated software and drivers. |
I just bought it with this method for $16 by filling out bogus info. I'll post directions in the Wiki. Feel free to edit it if you can word it better. Thanks OP!
There, edited the WIKI with some directions. Hope it helps! Last edited by Maconi; 10-25-2012 at 06:23 PM.. |
Is this Windows 8 Pro? Not sure if there is any other upgrade options that would be offer other than pro.
"You can either Score a Deal or Sell a Deal, either way, remember where you are....THIS IS Slick Deals "
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It's reported that Gian Piero Gasperini's meeting with Pescara went well, so he could be Zdenek Zeman's replacement.
The club earned promotion from Serie B, but Zeman left this week to become the new Coach of Roma.
Gasperini shares Zeman's tactical vision and it's said he held a meeting with the Delfini owners this afternoon.
According to the first reports, the former Inter boss impressed the directors and they agreed to hold further negotiations.
It would be a return to the Stadio Adriatico for Gasperini, who played for the club between 1985 and 1990, wearing the captain's armband.
Buy Serie A tickets on Viagogo, the secure ticket marketplace, for games featuring Juventus, Milan, Inter, Roma and more.


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The Disney drama. I'm sure you are well aware of it all. If you haven't heard, I'd like to know what cave you live in. (Mostly because I want to come visit. And perhaps take up residence alongside … [Read more...]
Thank YOU
I've hosted a fundraiser or two in my day. And never, have I just let one end with no fanfare, no excitement, no grand announcements as I did the last one we just did for Free Wheelchair Mission in … [Read more...]
Use Another Word – Ellen Seidman {special needs}
{Are you new here? This is part of a series of guest posts on special needs. Read here for more info and feel free to share your story here.} (source) I met Ellen at Blissdom last year. She … [Read more...]
I just wanted to pop in for a bit today and remind everyone about the fundraiser we have going on right now. Free Wheelchair Mission is AMAZING. Truly life changing. And not in that "Missoni … [Read more...]
Special Family – Anissa Mayhew {special needs}
{New here? Click here to see what we're doing.} Anissa is a mother of three. A mama to a child diagnosed with the C word. And then...found herself in a wheelchair. She blogs at Free … [Read more...]
A Plan Set in Motion – Sunday Stilwell {special needs}
{new here? this post is part of a series on special needs. read here for more info.} Sunday blogs over at Adventures in Extreme Parenthood, but I really know her from Twitter. Where her tweets are … [Read more...]
Our Normal – April Kennedy {special needs}
{if you are new here, check this out to see what we are all about.} April is a sweet friend in real life. In fact, she was one of my roommates at Blissdom last year! April is a kick...and … [Read more...]
When Matthias Was Born – Lisa Leonard {special needs}
{new here? click here to read a little about what we are doing and feel free to share your story here.} Lisa is a dear friend of mine. In fact, her family was probably the first I truly got to … [Read more...]


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BSO Releases Sketch Of Suspect Who Beat Man With Billy Club
Police have released a sketch of one of two suspects who beat a man inside his own home with billy clubs.
Best Bars And Nightclubs With Retro Nights In South Florida
Retro is alive and well in south Florida. To get a sampling of decades past, check out these spots in the area for a great throwback.
Best Places to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo In Miami
Miami is one city that is well known for throwing some of the best Cinco de Mayo parties every year. Find some great Mexican hotspots throughout the area that are sure to be celebrating the annual holiday to the fullest extent.
Best Places To Dance To 80s Music
Some of the best night clubs to dance to 80s music in South Florida includes Christophers Nightclub, Studio, Buck15, Vibe Ultra Music Lounge and Automatic Slim's in South Beach.
DJ Rony Seikaly Trades Swishes For Spinning
Twenty years ago, the music pulsated through the crowd every time Miami Heat player Rony Seikaly made a basket. Now that his basketball days are behind him… he's the one cranking the sounds of music at top tier clubs around the world.


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ODT Online
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Martin and his second wife, Anne Stringfield, 41, "are new parents and recently welcomed a child," a spokeswoman for the actor says.
The spokeswoman gave no details, including the sex of the child or the date of birth. But the New York Post cited unidentified sources as saying the baby arrived in December.
The multi-talented Martin, whose career as a writer and performer dates back more than 45 years, has played a father in movies such as "Parenthood," Cheaper by the Dozen," and "Father of the Bride."
Martin, who has hosted the Oscars ceremony three times, married Stringfield, a former writer at the New Yorker magazine, in 2007. His eight-year marriage to British actress Victoria Tennant ended in divorce in 1994.
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