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Posts Tagged 'trajectory'
Testing trajectories in the past
by Tom Gaylord, a.k.a. B.B. Pelletier
Before we begin, here's an update on my good friend Earl "Mac" McDonald, who's contributed so much to this blog and has enriched my life and the lives of many who participate here. He's at home, being cared for around the clock by a home-care nursing staff. That will soon transition into home-based hospice care, as his condition will not improve. He knew I came to see him, and we spent a lot of time together in the two weeks I was there. If he could, he would thank everyone who's sent him good wishes and prayers.
Today's topic came in about a week ago, and I put it in my bank of reports to write while I'm on the road. Although today is Monday, I'm still traveling home from seeing Mac. The distance was so great that I broke it into a 3-day trip, and was planning to stop by the American Pickers store in Nashville. I got there before they opened, and hundreds of people were already waiting in line to see it. So, I decided to just continue driving home.
The question is: How did shooters of old test their trajectories? How did they know where to aim for the longer shots?
I suppose the answer breaks down in several ways. Buffalo hunters, for instance, shot just one load in their rifles so that one load was all they had to learn. The land over which they shot was mostly flat and dusty so they could see the strike of the bullets when they hit the ground. Over time, they learned where to set their sights to hit animals at different ranges, and they used the feedback they saw downrange to refine their understanding of the ballistics of their rifles.
Then, there's the scientific approach, which is based on mathematics. Calculations can be made to predict the flight of the bullet with good precision, then they're verified and refined by empirical testing on the range. One of the best-documented instances of this is the development of the cartridge that became the .45 Government, or what we know today as the .45-70. That cartridge started out as a .50-caliber round; but through range studies and exhaustive testing they discovered that the .45-caliber bullet had better ballistics. If you're interested in this sort of thing, there's a very thorough report of the entire cartridge development in M.D. (Bud) Waite and B.D. Ernst's book, The Trapdoor Springfield.
Though the timeframe for this development was the late 1860s and early 1870s, scientists knew a lot about how projectiles flew ballistically — and they had good mathematical tables to help them with their research. Ballistics was already an established field of study when this cartridge was developed.
But what about the amateurs? What did they do? Some were able to use the same tables as the scientists, and they used their own ranges to confirm and tweak the results of the calculations. But they didn't have Chairgun back in the 19th century, so whatever did they do?
What's Chairgun?
Chairgun, and now Chairgun Pro, is an airgun and rimfire ballistics software that helps you plot the trajectory of a pellet before you shoot. It has become a great favorite of airgunners who use it to set their scopes for different ranges with different pellets. Field target competitors find it especially useful because they need to know the exact place in the trajectory their pellets will be at all ranges. Those pellets must pass through small holes in the front of the steel targets they shoot at in order to hit the triggers in the back of the targets and knock them down. If their pellet partially hits the face of the target as it passes through the hole, it can lock the target in the upright position and it won't fall — robbing the shooter of a point. But the Chairgun software and lots of testing helps the shooter refine his pellet plot so he gets it in the right place every time.
And the good news is that now they have a version that works on Mac computers, too, so I'll finally be able to use it!
But 150 years ago, there were far fewer personal computers — so what did those people do to determine the actual trajectories of their bullets? Well, to paraphrase the movie, The Graduate, I have two words for you — tissue paper. They lined up tissue paper screens between the muzzle and the target, and shot through them to "watch" the drop of the bullet over distance.
Now, before some wiseacre scientist in the crowd pulls the Heisenberg principle card on me, I'm aware that passing through even one sheet of tissue paper does have an effect on the ballistic flight of the bullet, however slight. I'm also aware that a bullet isn't a subatomic particle, but I wanted to get that idea off the table so we could discuss the thing that "they" really did in order to measure the flight of bullets.
When Dr. Mann did the 37 years of work that eventually lead to his book The Bullet's Flight, from Powder to Target, he used tissue paper screens at regular intervals between the rifle and target. He wasn't looking for the trajectory as much as he wanted to know the attitude of the bullet at various distances from the muzzle. In his day, it was suspected that bullets left the bore unstabilized and then stabilized as they went downrange. So, he was looking for the pattern of elongated holes on the screens that would indicate yawing bullets.
How did they align the screens?
If you have ever given this approach any thought, you must have wondered how the screens were aligned. For example, if all the screens are supposed to be the same height above the ground from the muzzle to the target — how is that done? You don't just set them on the ground and hope they line up; because no matter how flat the ground may be, there are still variations of several inches at various points along the bullet's path. But these people wanted those tissue paper screens to be aligned within the tightest variation possible.
Today, we'd use a laser and place the screens so each one aligned with the laser's dot; but just as computers were in short supply back then, so were lasers. So how did they do it?
They used a surveyor's transit to align each screen. Because of the nature of what they were doing, they had to start placing screens at the target and work backwards to the gun because each screen obscured everything that was beyond it. With a laser, you work the same way. The only difference is that one person can lay out a range like this with a laser, while a transit takes at least two people. If you've never tried it, don't make light of it, because you cannot imagine the difficulty of aligning all those screens. And, if the wind is blowing, you might as well give up because the screens will never settle down.
Did it work?
Some of you know this works because you've tried it yourselves. Yes, it does work. The tissue paper needs to be stretched tight on the screens so it doesn't tear. That isn't as important for firearm bullets as for airgun pellets, but the paper does need to be fairly flat for every bullet or pellet. And airgunners usually don't need to place screens out beyond 50 yards or so, while in the past firearms shooters often placed them out several hundred yards.
For an airgun, an interval of 5 yards is useful. For firearms going out to long distances, a 25-yard spacing might work better, though closer to the gun so that spacing might be reduced to 10 yards.
A modern anecdote
In the early 1990s, several government physicists wrote papers that criticised the story of Billy Dixon, the buffalo hunter who shot an indian off his horse at 1,538 yards during the second battle of Adobe Walls, Texas. It took him 11 shots to find the range. The physicists said it wasn't possible for a .50-caliber bullet weighing over 600 grains and leaving the muzzle at 1,250 f.p.s. to even go that far, let alone to hit a target way out there. So, several shooters convened at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, where the U.S. Army had a millimeter wave radar to track their bullets in flight.
What they learned astounded them. A bullet from Dixon's rifle could go over 2,500 yards, and the Army's .45 Government bullet went past 3,000 yards. Even though they were subsonic much of the way, these bullets were proven to have very great range. This experiment could not have been done with tissue paper, since the barrels had to be elevated 30 degrees to the horizon.
I hope this answers the question our reader asked about how trajectories were verified in the past.
Quackenbush .308: Part 4
by B.B. Pelletier
Quackenbush .308 big bore is an attractive airgun.
The last time we looked at this Quackenbush .308 big bore was when I discovered that my rifle really likes Mr. Hollowpoint's 68-grain hollowpoint bullet. I also tested a 150-grain Loverin-design bullet that was just a bit too heavy for the gun. It didn't want to stabilize and was tearing elongated holes in the target at 50 yards.
If you'll recall, I was running low on air that day, so I could fill the rifle to only 3,000 psi. That gave a stunning group that was smaller than one inch at 50 yards with the 68-grain hollowpoint, but I wondered whether it would do any better if I filled the rifle to higher pressure. I also wondered if going just a trifle faster would have stabilized the 150-grain bullet. There were a lot of unanswered questions after the last test.
Today, I'll address those questions. I had a full air tank and a reasonably good day at the range. Certainly for testing something as stable as a .308, the light breeze was no challenge.
Shooting the 68-grain hollowpoints
I decided to fill the rifle to 3,500 psi, to see what kind of velocity that might give. The 68-grain bullet averaged 1051 f.p.s, on that much air and left about 3,100 psi in the tank for the second shot. That's a muzzle energy of 167.15 foot-pounds.
Shot two averaged 1,010 f.p.s. with the same 68-grain bullet and generated 154.07 foot-pounds of energy. You might think that's close enough to the first velocity that the bullets will print in the same place. They might if this was a firearm — but it's an air rifle, and we have to take the flexing of the horizontal air reservoir into account. As the pressure inside the air reservoir changes, the reservoir — which is a long tube — flexes a tiny bit. Since it's connected to the barrel, this flexing can cause movement in the muzzle.
The first shots printed about two inches higher on the target than the second shots. I knew they would from past experience shooting other big bores, so this came as no surprise to me. I actually shot one group of first shots (after a 3,500 psi fill) at one target and a separate group of second shots at a second target.
After seeing where the shots landed relative to the aim point, it's possible to use the mil-dot reticle in my scope to shoot both shots into the same group by using two different aim points. This is a technique I learned several years ago with my .458 Outlaw; and with it, I can put five bullets into one inch at 50 yards. I didn't try that on this day, however, because I was too busy learning the gun.
Neither group obtained this day was as good as the group I shot last time on just 3,000 psi of air. The first group that was shot on 3,500 psi measured 2.72 inches between centers for five shots, though four of those shots landed in a group measuring 1.219 inches.
Four of the five bullets were close at 50 yards on 3,500 psi. Two landed in the same hole.
The group that was fired on 3,100 psi measured 1.953 inches between centers. That's twice the size of the best group that was shot several weeks ago on 3,000 psi, so I think this bullet is going too fast for best results. It looks to me like this 68-grain hollowpoint wants no more than 3,000 psi as a max charge. That would put the velocity at around 970-980 f.p.s.
Lower starting pressure gave a tighter group. This one was made with 3,100 psi.
Did the 150-grain bullets stabilize?
Again, the 150-grain bullets failed to completely stabilize — even when driven to 825 f.p.s (on 3,600 psi air) and generating 226.75 foot-pounds of energy at the muzzle.
Both bullet holes show evidence of tipping. The bullet is not stabilized.
Clearly, this Loverin bullet is too long to stabilize at the velocity this rifle generates. What's needed is a 120- to 130-grain bullet that's short, which means it must have either a round or a flat nose.
Some observations
I'm seeing a relationship between soft pure lead bullets and better accuracy. Any hardening alloy seems to open up the group.
Ditto for lubricated bullets. So far, the best, most accurate bullets are those that are completely dry. I see now that I need to cast some more 130-grain bullets in lead that is as pure as I can make it, and shoot them absolutely dry. I've seen the performance of pure lead bullets on game, and they hold together far better than hard alloy bullets do. Lead hardened with antimony breaks apart in large chunks, while soft lead mashes up like a wad of bubble gum when it hits game.
I've always questioned using a .308 for game as large as a deer. I know hunters who are better shots than I am do it all the time and have great success, but for me the .308 is more of a coyote and bobcat round. I'll leave the deer and wild hogs to the .458 and keep this .308 for smaller game. It probably has a useful range of 125 yards in my hands. For an air rifle, that's pretty far!
Quackenbush .308: Part 3
by B.B. Pelletier
Announcement: Tyrone Nerdin' Daye is this week's winner of Pyramyd Air's Big Shot of the Week on their facebook page. He'll receive a $50 Pyramyd Air gift card. Congratulations!
Tyrone Nerdin' Day says this about his winning photo: Me and my IZH-DROZD MP-661k Blackbird with Wild Mod Chip, Walther PS 22 red dot sight, quad rails and a UTG Tactical Op bipod. Black SWAT vest with the Walther CP99 Compact, police belt with Winchester Model 11.
Quackenbush .308 big bore is an attractive air rifle.
It's been a long time since Part 2 because I was searching for a better bullet for this rifle. Oh, the groups shown in Part 2 aren't that bad; but when you see what I have to show today, you'll be glad I stuck with it.
Most of my experience has been with Quackenbush's larger calibers. My Quackenbush .458 Long Action rifle is so accurate that I was pretty sure I could get better performance out of this .308.
The .308 is the big bore gun everyone talks about these days. Guys are taking deer and goats with them out to incredible distances. At the 2012 LASSO big bore shoot, they were hitting half-sized sheep silhouettes out to 300 yards and making it look easy. But the bullets I had didn't seem to want to perform like what I saw from other guns. So, I kept searching and trying different bullets.
Blog reader Robert from Arcade even sent me a batch of 150-grain Loverin-style lead bullets he cast himself. They were big and heavy, and my rifle wasn't doing that well with lighter lead bullets, so I didn't have a lot of hope for these. But I took them along to the range yesterday, where I tried them along with a remarkable new bullet that I picked up at the Arkansas airgun show this year.
Mr. Hollowpoint saves the day!
At that show, I asked Robert Vogel, who's Mr. Hollowpoint, for a good bullet for my rifle. He recommended a new hollowpoint he's casting that has had some good reports. At 68 grains, it's a featherweight compared to the 115 to 130-grain bullets I've been shooting, and I thought maybe the additional velocity I'd get might make the difference. So, I bought a bag to try.
I got out to the range on Wednesday, and the day was very close to perfect. At 88 deg. F, it was a bit warm, but the wind was very low and never did pick up.
The 150-grain Loverin bullet on the left and the 68-grain hollowpoint at the center and right were both tried. Notice the uneven base on the hollowpoint. It seemed to make no difference on the target. That large hollow point lives up to its name!
My carbon fiber tank would soon need a refill, so I was only able to fill the rifle to 3,000 psi, and I held the number of shots per group to 5 instead of 10. The first shot was low and about three inches to the right of the bull, so I cranked up the elevation and put in some left clicks and then shot a 10. It was nothing but luck that the one adjustment put the bullet in the right spot.
It doesn't get much better than that, so I refilled the rifle and shot again. I was filling after each shot, so every shot had the benefit of a 3,000 psi fill behind it. With the Quackenbush Long Action Outlaw, and to a large extent with all other big bore air rifles I've tested, the first and second shots group in different areas — but they do group tight. The trick is to use some extra elevation for the second shot so it goes to the same place as the first. But since I didn't know exactly how much elevation to use with this new bullet, I refilled after each shot instead.
It was a slow, methodical process of settling into the rest, sighting, squeezing off the shot, then returning to the tailgate of my truck to top off the reservoir for the next shot. My shooting buddy, who witnessed all this, was impressed by how much recoil this .308 has. Of course, it recoils with or without the bullet, because the air that's exhausting is giving the rifle a rocket push.
By the time the fifth shot had been fired, I could see the results through the scope. The group was tight and well-centered, and the last three shots were in the x-ring, which is in the center of the 10. They can be covered by a dime. So, this 68-grain hollowpoint from Mr. Hollowpoint is the bullet my .308 likes!
Five shots went into this 0.975-inch group at 50 yards. The 68-grain bullets from Mr. Hollowpoint are a real winner in my Quackenbush .308. The center three bullet holes can just be covered by the dime.
The base of the bullet has an uneven ridge extending past the base. It's the result of sizing the bullet, because Robert Vogel sizes each and every one to .308. Normally, I would worry about anything on the base that isn't perfectly uniform; but after looking at the target, I can see that this has little affect on how this particular bullet flies.
This bullet loads very easily in my rifle. There seems to be no resistance when the bolt is closed. They're cast from pure lead, which leaves them soft and prone to deformation. Performance on game is enhanced through the combination of the soft lead and the hollowpoint design. A soft lead bullet holds together better than one that's hardened with antimony, so these bullets still penetrate deeply in game. Elmer Keith wrote extensively about the performance of soft lead bullets on game with handguns, and the velocity of these big bore rifles is pretty close to what he obtained.
I wouldn't use such a light hollowpoint on a whitetail deer-sized animal, but it ought to turn a coyote or a bobcat inside-out! And the rifle is now zeroed at 50 yards — huzzah!
From light to heavy
Next up was the Loverin-style 150-grainer from Robert of Arcade. Since the rifle was only so-so with the lighter bullets I'd tried, I didn't think it would stabilize this long lead slug, but it wasn't much trouble to try. Robert also casts these from lead as pure as he can get; so, like Mr. Hollowpoint bullets, they're just right for airguns.
A Loverin bullet has many grease grooves along a relatively long body. It was greatly in favor in the early 20th century. When jacketed bullets came along, they sent the best lead bullet designs into relative obscurity. Only those who cast their own bullets are aware of the differences in designs like the Loverin, and this style bullet is no longer popular with mold-makers today. If I want to get a Loverin mold, I either have to buy a custom mold or I have to watch the auction sites for a vintage mold to come up for sale. This one is Lyman mold 311466.
In contrast to the easy loading of the 68-grain hollowpoint, these bullets were hard to load. They were not sized and measure up to 0.311 inches in diameter. I normally shoot unsized lead bullets in my big bores whenever I can to ensure the best sealing of the bore — a little resistance at loading is normal.
The bullets landed lower on the target, as expected, and they were about a half-inch to the right; but after 5 shots, I was impressed by the group they made.
By this point, the carbon fiber tank was definitely running out of air. On the final two shots, it filled the rifle to only 2,950 psi. Since the resulting group seems elongated up and down, I will attribute some of that to the uneven fill. I think that if I shot this bullet at a higher-pressure fill, the performance might improve.
Notice, also, that the bullet holes seem elongated. There was some tipping going on, and this bullet is probably at the ragged edge of stability at this velocity — whatever that is. A higher-pressure fill will probably boost velocity enough to correct this at 50 yards.
Five shots went into this 2.008-inch group at 50 yards. The Loverin-design bullet did remarkably well, considering its 150-grain weight. The last two fills were only 2,950 psi. I wonder what a higher, more uniform fill might do?
This longer, heavier bullet would be ideal for deer. While the velocity is probably down at the 700 f.p.s. mark, these bullets still shoot all the way through deer unless they're stopped by heavy bone. I would restrict my shots to very close range with this bullet, but I think it might do the trick out to 80 yards, or so.
What's next?
Now that I have one good bullet for sure and the possibility of another, it's time to test both with higher fill levels. I also want to chronograph these bullets so we can see what sort of performance they give.
I also want to cast some of my 130-grain spitzers in pure lead and shoot them unsized and unlubricated. That might be the secret to success in this rifle.
We're not quite done with the Quackenbush .308. My thanks to both Mr. Hollowpoint and to Robert from Arcade for providing me with these two bullets to test.
Quackenbush .308: Part 2
by B.B. Pelletier
Quackenbush .308 is handsome even in this lowest-grade version.
Today's report will be quite different from the norm. This is Part 2, which is normally where I test velocity. I did that, and you'll see it in today's report — but you'll also see some targets, because I tested accuracy, too.
When I test a smallbore pellet gun, I know at the start how the gun should perform, more or less. Yes, there are some surprises; and yes, I do make some mistakes — but a lot of what happens can be predicted pretty accurately. But not a big bore!
With a big bore airgun, I'm almost starting from scratch. Sometimes, I will have tested something similar and can use that experience as a starting point, and there's some of that in today's report; but this .308 rifle is unlike any other big bore air rifle I've ever tested. There are more .308 lead bullet designs and bullet molds available than there are .177 pellet types on the market. Out of all that, I have to select some designs that make sense.
This is where my firearms experience comes in handy, and this is the reason I often run reports on firearms in this blog: learning the intricacies of this Quackenbush rifle is exactly like figuring out how a new black powder rifle operates. And I don't mean some ultra-modern, bolt-action black powder rifle that uses replica powders in pellet form, either. I mean a real black powder rifle made by hand and has to be figured out as you go.
So, how do you start testing a gun when you don't know much about it? Well, you start with what you do know and go from there.
I know that other Quackenbush Long Action Outlaw guns operate at pressures above 3,000 psi, so I'll start with a higher fill pressure. I know that this rifle will be in the 200-250 foot-pound range with bullets it can stabilize, so I'll select them first. I know that by reading what others have written about their .308 rifles.
I also know that Quackenbush rifles have to break in. They do get faster with use. So, I'll look for that.
Furthermore, since this is a big bore air rifle operating at a very high level of performance, it's going to use a lot of air. I know how much air the Korean guns like the .50-caliber Dragon Claw use, and I know that this rifle is going to use even more. So, even an 88 cubic-foot carbon fiber air tank is going to get drained in a hurry.
I cast bullets for many of my firearms, and I also happen to own a bullet mold for a nice spitzer (pointed) lead bullet that was designed for the M1 Carbine. It casts at around 130 grains, which is an ideal weight for this rifle, because the expected velocity (derived from the known power that has been published by other .308 owners) will be 850-950 f.p.s. on the first shot. I calculate this velocity range by taking the expected power (say 225 foot-pounds) and running it through the Pyramyd Air velocity calculator (use the second formula on the page to do this).
The issue here is bullet stability. These bullets are stabilized primarily by the spin imparted by the rifling in the gun. The longer a bullet becomes, the faster it must spin in order to stabilize. Since you cannot change the twist rate of the barrel, you have to drive the bullet faster to stabilize it. Sometimes, though, you'll get away with shooting targets that aren't too far away with a longer bullet. The bullet will be semi-stable for the first 40-50 yards or so. It all depends on the bullet's length.
The bullets I shot are like the one at the center of this photo. At the right is that same bullet with the lubricant wiped off. At the left is a 170-grain lead bullet that's normally too heavy for this rifle. However, for close work, it might work okay. That bullet normally takes a copper gas check, but it can be shot without one.
That velocity will give a fairly flat trajectory and stability to the 130-grain bullet as far as the rifle can be accurately shot — which is about 200 yards. But consider this: this bullet is just one of over 200 different lead bullets that are appropriate for this rifle! If you really want to experiment and push the envelope, that number grows to over 500! Nothing guarantees that this will be the one right bullet. It's just the first one I tested.
Scope troubles
Before I went to the range, I mounted a scope on the rifle. I encountered problems right away because of how far the Weaver bases are set apart on the rifle's action. They are so far apart that I cannot mount the leapers long eye relief scope I had planned to use, because the ring separation exceeds the scope's tube length. This is where it gets dicey because of the scopes that were available; and the Weaver rings I had that were not committed to other tests and guns. I ended up with a set of high rings and an Osprey 2.5-10×40 scope that I don't care for. More on that, later.
So, I get to the range and the day is pretty good. The wind is fairly calm, with just a few breezes I can wait out. Besides, I'm shooting a .308 130-grain bullet at 50 yards. The wind doesn't affect it nearly as much as it would a pellet!
First fill
The gun's first fill is a guess. I know my .458 Outlaw likes a 3,500 psi fill, so I go with 3,600 psi for this one. I'm looking for a couple things. First, how fast does the first shot go? Second, how fast do shots two through whatever go? That's right — I don't even know how many powerful shots I'm going to get from this rifle. If it were a 9mm Korean gun, that number would be 5-7. But a Quackenbush .308 is more powerful and uses a lot more air. My .458 gets two good shots per fill, so there's a very good chance this one will, too.
Before I left the house, I oiled the striker (hammer) with high-tech gun oil. I oiled it again at the range. I know that all big bore guns need to break in to shoot their best. Then, I filled the rifle to 3,600 psi and started shooting:
The first few shots were over the chronograph. Then, I commenced shooting for accuracy at 50 yards. You can see how high the scope sits above the receiver.
Okay, those are the first four shots. If I'm looking for good groups at 50 yards with this bullet, only the first two shots look good. If I'm demonstrating the rifle to a bunch of Boy Scouts, I can probably continue shooting for another couple shots. Do you see what I'm doing? I'm calculating things based on what kind of shooting I expect to do.
And shot one generates 212.06 foot-pounds of muzzle energy. Shot two makes 192.26 foot-pounds.
I also noted that when I went to fill the reservoir again, the gun still had about 1,900 psi inside. Four shots used up 1,700 psi, or about 425 psi per shot. The Korean big bores use around 200 psi per shot, so that gives you a good idea of how they compare to a Quackenbush Long Action.
Next, I sighted-in the rifle. Because the Quackenbush Long Action does not allow the bolt to be removed easily at the range, I used a target paper that's two feet by four feet. The point of aim is close to the center of the paper. That gives me a good chance of striking somewhere on the paper at 50 yards. If this were a smallbore airgun, I would have started at 10 feet, as I explain in my article about sighting in a scope; but you can't do that with a gun this powerful unless you own a lot of private land. I'm on a club-run rifle range, and I have to obey their regulations. I'm hoping to get on paper without boresighting. I do own a boresight device, but it has only bore spuds that go up to .22 caliber, so it wouldn't work in a .308.
I'm in luck, because the first shot hits the paper…about two feet below my aim point. Well, that isn't as lucky as you might think. Remember the Osprey scope I mentioned earlier? Well, it has 1/8 MOA (minute of angle) adjustments. At 50 yards, every click will move the strike of the round about one-sixteenth of an inch! For two feet, I'll have to move the elevation knob up 16 x 12 x two, which is 384 clicks! There probably aren't that many clicks in this scope, plus I don't know how far up it already is. I have a droop problem!
I'll replace this scope and mounts for the next test, which means I'll have to sight-in and do this all over again. But today is not lost. I can still continue to test the gun. I adjust the scope up so the round lands about 14 inches below the aim point, and that's how I will test the gun today. It's simple enough to staple two targets to the backer in line with one another, so I can aim at the top one and hit the lower one. Now, we can see how this rifle shoots with this bullet.
The only problem is — all I have are bullets that have been sized and lubricated. I know that Quackenbush big bores seem to do best with dry lead bullets, or at least that's been my experience up until now, but I'll use the bullets I have on hand. I will have to cast some more bullets and not lubricate them for the next test.
Shot one went about 14 inches below the point of aim, as mentioned already. Shot two dropped another several inches, but I compensated for it by using the tip of the bottom fat vertical duplex reticle line as a different aim point. So, I'm able to get a fair grouping of bullets, though it's nothing I am satisfied with, yet. I'm able to shoot six bullets into a group measuring 1.6 inches by shooting just two shots per fill and using the two aim points. After shot two, the gun's remaining pressure is about 2,700 psi, so the first two shots use about 900 psi — which works out to 450 psi per shot. Do you see how this stuff works?
Two bullets in the hole on the left, and you can see the rest. Three of them were first shots after a fill, and three were second shots. This group measures 1.6 inches between centers.
I then moved over to another set of targets and tried something different. I tried refilling after the first shot — so every shot would be going the same speed and I could use the same aim point. This time, four of the five shots grouped into 0.982 inches, but the fifth shot opened it to 1.767 inches. It looked like it was going to be better, but once again, no cigar.
There are three bullets in the large hole on the left. Shot four (top) opened the group to just under one inch, but the fifth shot opened the group to almost 1.75 inches.
After shooting at two different targets, I lubricated the striker again and chronographed the gun. This time, I tried to fill the reservoir higher than 3,600 psi, but my carbon fiber tank had already dropped to 3,600 psi. I had to stick with that as the highest fill pressure.
As you can see by comparing this second string to the first one, my rifle seems to be performing at the same level, more or less. That does not tell me whether 3,600 psi is the highest operating pressure or not, but it's a good indication that the rifle either needs a lot more shots through it or it's already broken in. I'll have to get my carbon fiber tank refilled before I can conduct another test at a higher fill pressure.
And just for continuity, the first shot generated 217.04 foot-pounds. Shot two generated 193.67 foot-pounds.
Where to next?
If you're as curious as I am, these results open up a lot of possibilities. For starters I want to test the gun at a higher fill pressure. I also want to shoot dry bullets, but I think I need to clean and dry the bore before I do. I can't clean the lubricated bullets well enough to consider them dry, so I have to cast another batch.
I definitely have to mount a different scope in lower rings, and I have to be prepared to elevate the rear mount if the rifle turns out to be a drooper. All I know at this point is that I had the scope adjusted very high, which very well could have lead to the groups being as large as they were.
I have a feeling that this rifle will shoot groups smaller than one inch once I learn its secrets.


text:
Poll: Is Santa a Democrat or a Republican?
December 11, 2012 - 10:59 am
What political party do you think Santa Claus belongs to?
According to a new poll from Public Policy Polling, 44 percent of respondents think Santa is a Democrat. About 28 percent think he's a Republican.
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The Volcker Rule: ex-federal reserve head urges stricter reforms in banking
Former US Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker, says regulators should not back down in imposing the curbs and that additional reforms to markets are necessary.
February 29, 2012 4:19 by Reuters
"There is a group of banks that don't like it. They would like to have some freer action to do what they want to do as in the past — you get some opposition to it," Former Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker told reporters at a financial markets conference in Abu Dhabi on Wednesday.
Volcker lent his name to historic restrictions on banks' financial market trading.
"They shouldn't be fighting the concept of the rule. The rule against speculative trading is practically doable."
The "Volcker Rule" is a section of the US Dodd-Frank financial oversight law which bans banks from trading for profit with their own funds. It is due to take effect in July; Volcker championed the idea but did not write the legislation, which was authored by senators.
The law exempts trade in US Treasuries and some other US state and local debt from the ban, but it does not exempt other countries' sovereign debt, leading to fears that it could destabilise markets. Finance officials from the Group of 20 nations pressed Washington last weekend to relax that aspect of the ban.
Volcker said these and other concerns about the law should be examined and modified where necessary.
"There is a real concern about unintended consequences that some foreign banks and governments have seen in the technical application of the rule to the operation of non-American banks. (This) is raising some angst," he said.
"I'm not an expert on the details of the rule, but that is an area that obviously has to be looked at."
He added, "It is a 35-page regulation, it is a complicated regulation and undoubtedly there will be some changes made in the technicalities — it should happen."
But Volcker made clear that any changes should not permit dangerous speculation in the markets.
"We have to protect against excesses of liquidity. Too much liquidity can be dangerous. Something like alcohol," he said.
"The rationale is clear. Government support and the expectation of government support should not be extended to activities that are speculative in nature."
In his keynote address to the conference, Volcker also called for further reforms, including the creation of a single body to protect the US banking system against the failure of large financial institutions.
"We need a single authority dealing with the potential failure of a big financial (institution) without government financial support. This comes under the general terms of a resolution authority…A more efficient approach towards potential bankruptcy for large financial institutions."
He said there was a need for greater control by regulators over credit rating agencies, which were blamed for failing to warn of risks at the start of the global financial crisis, and over the global market for financial derivatives.
"All this requires international coordination and cooperation," he said.
"The whole derivatives thing is very important — it gets a lot of attention. But that is strongly resisted by banks, the standardisation of derivatives." *image from livetradingnews.com
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Penn State Achievers Registration
Penn State Achievers 2013:
Thursday, March 21-Saturday, March 23
Welcome and congratulations on your offer of admission to Penn State University Park!.
Achievers 2013 will provide a first-hand view of our facilities and personal, one-on-one contact with our faculty, students, and staff. In order to assure that we provide our invited guests with an intimate and realistic view of Penn State, we limit participation to a maximum of 40 students. Seating on the buses will be reserved on a first-come, first-served basis.
If you have questions or problems with registration, please call 1-800-635-6853. Office hours are Monday through Friday, 7:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. EST.
Event Registration:
Select your point of departure from the options listed below. In addition to online registration, the Parent Consent Form must be completed and returned to complete your reservation.
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Providing your own transportation to University Park
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Depart from Harrisburg Mall parking lot,
near light pole #32 and Toys-R-Us -
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Depart from Saddle Brook Marriott hotel,
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Pittsburgh, PA
Depart from The David L. Lawrence Convention Center,
10th St. and Fort Duquesne Blvd. -
Washington, DC
Depart from Greenbelt Metro Station
5917 Cherrywood Lane,
Greenbelt, MD


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Definition of speech community in English:
speech community
Syllabification: speech com·mu·ni·tynoun
- A group of people sharing a common language or dialect.More example sentences
- Copying can be exact: members of a speech community can share identical phonological representations.
- We can all be categorised into a speech community by way of language, professional idiolect, local or acquired dialect, accent or habitual usage.
- Research on language acquisition tells us that all normal children acquire the language of their speech community effortlessly and flawlessly.
More definitions of speech community
Definition of speech community in:- The British & World English dictionary


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Grrrr! Portraits
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Took around 4 hours, ref photo used only for the leopard print, the rest, as always, is from my brain ;) Hope you like it x
Created May 08, 2013. Unless noted Copyright 2013
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The IMF uses a captured spy's wife (Antoinette Bower) to release information on a list of enemy agents from the man's memory.
A deceased defector's body must be recovered since it contains the only sample of a deadly nerve gas; guest Andrew Duggan.
An arms dealer (George Sanders) concocts a plan to supply American arms to guerrilla groups in Africa and the Middle East.
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Doing "the Wave" with Tire Smoke
by Zack K
We at TST don't really like sports. Super Bowl: Excuse to drink and eat. Hockey: Only cool in person. Baseball: horrible. I'll watch a select few college football teams, but even that requires the stars to align just right. By "stars" I mean, "at home with my parents and use my alma mater as a way to avoid answering mom's questions on any recent sexual activity I've had.(true story)." Not going to sports games means not getting to do "the wave." That's not really a problem, because after you turn 14, you realize "the wave" is actually kind of lame. I'm sure this group calisthenic was super cool back in the 40s, but that was also a time where hula-hoops were the shit. (jump for the video)
Besides, don't they realize that people go to sports games to sit? If I wanted exercise, I'd play the sport. Don't sell me bad ice cream, 5 $9 beers and a hot dog and then make me do squats. I'm sure my lack of commitment to standing up with 40,000 people has to do with my lack of shit-giving to the event on the field, but I've personally watched the enthusiasm of nearby fans dwindle over the years. We're all kind of over it. "The wave" can't really compete in the time of X-Games and energy drinks. Our standards for what's exciting and fun have been raised.
But, a version of "the wave" where a line of 15 cars sequentially begin a burnout as soon as a dude with a flag sprints past the hood? That's something I will gladly watch over and over again and would be honored to participate in. These crazy bunch of Aussies lined up 15 cars, and played burnout dominoes, filling the air with 3 colors of tire smoke. F to the yes. Next, someone develop an automotive version of a marching band. I'm thinking synchronized Gymkhana with 20 cars, yes? Enjoy.
Source: lukeman589 and Streetfire.net
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La Quinta Inn Pleasant Prairie Kenosha
Travel Blogs from Pleasant Prairie
Thank you Wisconsin
... little place that had burnt to the ground and recently reopened called the pizza man. We enjoyed some escargot and calamari followed by some very tasty pizza. Then onto Brady st for some drinks at Jo-cat's pub. All done and back to their place early enough to squeeze in a game of cards against humanity.
Dan and Derrick both had to work early, so we were up with them, Dan made us breakfast we were so ...
"Oh I wish I was..." (Think Simon and Garfunkel)
... when we called to inquire, and promptly called all her neighbors to see if there would be any protests with the 30' "Cruise America" monster parked in the 'hood. At about 10:15pm local time, we pulled into the 'Shire, and the open arms (and house) of GG! It was such a relief to have a real bed for everyone and a cool space to stretch out in.
Needless to say, it was a very good night's ...
... the company came up with the blueberry flavored bean while he was running for presidency just so they could have red, white and blue beans for his inaugural parties! Our former President helped Jelly Belly's become a popular treat amongst world leaders.
I'm a fan of candy to begin with so a whole factory full of good candy is a dream come true. It's not the actual tour of the factory the intrigues me, it's what comes at ...
Carla's Recap
... out. You know how it is... Okay, it's normal. So then we come out and we meet Paulo Milano. I like that guy… Yeah, he's from the mafia, I have to like him. (laughter). So he took us to the Sofitel hotel you had a lovely dinner and the next day we went on our city tour. We went to the tango show, that's Argentina so that's how they say it. We went to the cathedral, we got our pictures at the Casa Rosal (?), the ...
Busy as a David Beebe(e)
... and winter over nicely. Growth and production begin the spring thereafter and years to follow. Part of our 5-year plan is to create an abundant grove of fruit and nut trees to serve the park-area residents. These include serviceberries, sweet acorns, chestnuts, hazelnuts, and filberts.�
This afternoon I finally got around to flipping the compost pile. See, the challenge at the Washington Park Urban Ecology Center is manifold. For one, lots of projects have ...
- Continental Breakfast
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Business Services
- Free parking
- Pets allowed


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Congratulations to both Harveys/strand for both winning there divs this season. And to Alverno A & Whytes A on finishing r/up in there divs also. We would like to thank all the players/teams that participated in this seasons RTPLand a big thanks also to the publicans for there contribution too. Finally the very best to all teams taking part in the cup competitions for the remainder of the season which starts next Tues. Secretary of the RTPL A.Foster
Jan 2014 Committee Meeting News
A meeting of the round tower committee in Jan 2014 decided the following
- Singles & Doubles competitions cancelled for 2014 season.
- All games to played on a Tuesday (exceptions are only for severe bad weather or a death)
- First 5 names are to go onto board followed by final 3 for league or 4 for cup matches. If a team is unable to field the full 8 or 9 players then the latter frames are to be forfeited.
- Only the Home team has choice of cue ball. (Red spotted white or plain white only)
- Ref decision is final in all frames on the night- see guidance for objections,
- All score cards are to be correctly dated signed and returned within time frames given at AGM.
- Draw for cup competition and details click Here
Regard RTPL Secretary
League Cup Quarter Final Line and Final Group stage positions
Final League Cup standing and also the pairing's for the Quarter Finals next year.
Note also the Final of the League Cup has been changed to 1 week earlier 13/20 May 2014
All the best to each team.
Click Here for League Cup Quarter Final Line and Final Group stage positions
the secretary would Like to thank All league players and publicans for the continued support and wish all a very happy Christmas and New year. the transfer window remains open 18/12/13 to 07/01/2014 @ 09.00. Providing all fees are paid before that time (€5/Person).
Rgds RTPL Secretary
Loch Bar has moved
The Lock Bars new clubhouse is located on the ring road of Lusk. To get to it from the old clubhouse you need to turn left & head for the roundabout for Rush. At this roundabout take the first exit onto the ring road. The next roundabout is the Raheny Roundabout & you take the second exit. You are now heading for the Skerries Roundabout. The clubhouse is located approx. 200m short of the skerries roundabout on the right hand side. It is 1/2 red brick & 1/2 Cream coloured. If you need any further instructions, please call Shane on 0860616691
RoundTower Champions League Cup
The newest Cup competition to the League begins 19th Nov 2013. The format is 4 groups of 5 teams, each team plays once against another team in the same group. the group stages finishes on the 17th Dec 2013.
Only the top 2 team from each group will progress to the quater finals. Each round from the quater finals to the actual final itself is played on a home and away basis over 17 frames, first match is 8 frames with the second match decided over the remainig 9 frames. The team drawn first or appearing first will be the home venue for the first match in each round.
(If there is a venue clash and the teams cant resolve between each themselves then the committee will resolve venues by the flip of a coin between each captain).
The full cup draw and dates upto and including the final is available Here
Rgds RTP secretary
New Season 2013/2014 Details -Rule Changes/ New Cup Competitition
New Season 2013/2014 Details -Rule Changes/ New Cup Competition
Fixtures draw updated and available via the fixtures button or click Here
The new Season begins on September 17th 2013. All league divisions games will be played adopting the new rules which were voted in at the June AGM. The previous Tuesday (Sept.10th)will see the charity shield match between Brook B and Alverno A
A full copy of the Rule can be printed by clicking New rules 2013_2014
The main changes are that the cue ball may be picked up after any foul.
The other change can be summarized:
If a player can hit directly any of his own color but chooses instead to play a non direct ball of his own color (playing off a cushion or using swerve) and commits a foul as a direct consequence then the penalty shall be automatically 2 shots carried.
All referees are to familiarize themselves with all the rules and in particular the rule changes a small video will be available here (the link will take you to YouTube.com)to explain both rule changes.Click New rules 2013_2014
An new cup competition will be played in addition to the both league division cups, Nauzzie Memorial Cup, and the Malcolm Murray Memorial Plate. The New competition will be the League Cup, 4 groups will be drawn Winners and runners up from 2013 of both division will be seeded. After initial stages which are to be played after first half of league season is completed and before Christmas break.
Quarter-finalist will be decided by the top 4 finishing teams(one from each group) and top 4 runners up (one from each group), these quarter finalist will be re-drawn into knock out competition.
Quarter Finals/Semi- Finals will be home and away best of 17 and the Final also home and away but best of 19.
For further information or to ask any question on the new season please post a question on the RoundTower pool league facebook page.
RTPL Secretary
Referee guidance session
Reminder note: 06-08-2013, 09:00 Attn to all Capts. 1 referee from each team may attend to discuss new rules or rules in general. Anyone interested please please attend meeting in O'Sheas Pub at 8.30 Tues 27th August.Regards Round tower Secretary
Constitution RoundTower League
Read our Rules click here
Read our Constitution click here
Round Tower Pool Leagues "Code of Conduct" so for all those who maybe unfamiliar with this code please click here to view or print
Score Cards
The Round Tower Secretary wants to Re-issue Warning:
A final reminder to all teams so that Score cards are returned every 2 weeks from the beginning of the League.
Failure to do so effective 10th January 2012 will lead to an automatic points deduction.
this applies to 2012/2013 season which shall commence on 18th September 2012
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Table comes complete with 2 cues, a set of balls, triangle and chalk


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Kathy Cassidy
First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
One day after Intel reported less-than-stellar results for its third quarter, the "other" two PC chip makers chimed in with their own bad news.
Advanced Micro Devices Inc. (AMD) and Transmeta Corp. Wednesday posted their third quarter earnings results after the close of the financial markets. Both vendors continued to suffer from the weak global economy and slower than expected PC sales.
AMD reported revenue of US$508 million for the quarter ended Sept. 29, a decline of 34 percent year over year. It posted a net loss of $254 million, which translated into a loss of $0.74 per share, according to a statement. Weak demand for consumer PCs was cited as the primary reason for the drop off.
Transmeta generated $6.4 million in revenue for its third quarter ending Sept. 27. This compares to $5.0 million in revenue in the same quarter a year ago. The company posted a net loss of $21.8 million or a loss of $0.16 per share, according to a statement.
Transmeta also pointed to low levels of end-user spending for the poor results.
The figures for AMD and Transmeta are both based on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
The results followed on the heels of market leader Intel's third quarter report, which was issued Tuesday. Intel came in below analyst expectations, which sent the company's stock reeling in Wednesday's trading on the Nasdaq exchange.
Shares of AMD (AMD) and Transmeta (TMTA) both fell Wednesday. AMD dropped more than 16 percent to a close of $3.49. Transmeta shed more than 6 percent to end the day at $0.84.
First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.
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Jul 22, 2012, 15:49 #1
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Need your feedback. How long would it take you to make these sites?
Hi everyone,
I'm growing my business as an independent web designer <snip>, and I'm really working to track my time and make my processes more efficient. I'm also trying to figure out how I line up in the world of professional web design, and I'm hoping you might be able to help me on this front. Below are links to three sites I've made along with some details. I'd like to know, in your totally honest (and realistic) opinion, how long you estimate it would take you to create each or any of these sites from start to finish (design work, building using a CMS, customizing, and follow-up). Thanks for your feedback! Here are the sites:
http://www.motivation.org.uk (WordPress, video plugin, photo plugin, custom donate slider, homepage slider)
http://www.gallery392.com (WordPress, PayPal option to buy artworks, custom artist page plugin)
http://www.mickeykaycreative.com (my personal site)
Thanks again for your feedback - any and all opinions are welcome!
All the best,
MickeyLast edited by TechnoBear; Jul 23, 2012 at 00:48. Reason: Self-promo link removed and URLs delinkified.
Jul 23, 2012, 01:51 #2
- Join Date
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- Melbourne, AU
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Hi McGuive7. Welcome to the forums.
how long you estimate it would take you to create each or any of these sites from start to finish
Personally, I think you've just got to measure the time it actually takes you and charge a fair price for your services. It may take someone less time, but will they do a good job? There are too many variables.Facebook | Google+ | Twitter | Web Design Tips | Free Contact Form
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Website | zoomtel.com |
@ZoomTelephonics | |
Category | Network/Hosting |
Phone | (617) 423-1072 |
firstname.lastname@example.com | |
Employees |
Debt, 4/2012 Silicon Valley Bank | $1M |
Zoom Telephonics, Inc. designs, produces, markets, sells, and supports Internet-related communication products in North America and the United Kingdom. Its products include dial-up modems, digital subscriber line modems, cable modems, 3G mobile broadband modems and routers, voice over Internet protocol products, wireless local area networking product line, Bluetooth modems and adapters, dialers and related telephony products, and phone jacks and AC power adapters, as well as Bluetooth wireless products and other communication-related products. The company markets its products under the Zoom, Hayes, and Global Village brand names. Zoom Telephonics sells its products primarily through distributors and retailers, Internet service providers, telephone service providers, value-added resellers, personal computer system integrators, and original equipment manufacturers, as well as through a direct sales force and through independent sales agents. The company was incorporated in 1977 and is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.


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Ellzy, Smolenak earn third-team all state
March 12, 2014 COLUMBUS — A pair of Ohio Valley Athletic Conference girls' basketball standouts were rewarded for their fine seasons Tuesday. more »»
Tough decision
March 12, 2014 ST. CLAIRSVILLE — It wasn't the decision the OVAC All-Stars were looking for Tuesday night during the 19th annual "Clash of the Champions" inside St. Clairsville High School. more »»
Riders prep for regional
March 11, 2014 MARTINS FERRY — Jeff Sabatino knows the way to Athens quite well. And that has nothing to do with the fact that he drove back-and-forth on both Saturday and Sunday to scout future opponents. more »»
Ferry backcourt knows its role
March 11, 2014 MARTINS FERRY — Every successful team has its fair share of glue guys. You know ... the guys who make the winning plays that don't always show up in the boxscore. more »»
Davis takes over the SJC grid program
March 11, 2014 BELLAIRE — When Jose Davis stepped down as the head coach at his alma mater in January, he made no bones about it that it wasn't the end of his coaching career. more »»
Toughman champions are crowned
March 10, 2014 WHEELING — Six individuals were crowned the toughest in the tri-state area late Saturday night as the 34th annual Ohio Valley Toughman Contest concluded its two-night stand inside WesBanco Arena. more »»
Clark terrorizes boxing opponent
March 10, 2014 WHEELING — It was business as usual for Travis "The Terror" Clark Saturday night inside WesBanco Arena. more »»
Robinson earns all-B1G at PSU
March 9, 2014 Sometimes it can be difficult to go from being the hunted to the hunter. Just ask St. Clairsville graduate Alyssa Robinson, who has done just that in terms of her track and field career. more »»
Cook fulfilling life-long dream
March 9, 2014 BARNESVILLE — Inspiration is harvested in many fashions. For Mark Cook, his was partially garnered inside St. John Central's ''Greenhouse'' on Guernsey Street in Bellaire. more »»
Latest competitive balance proposal is best OHSAA has presented
March 9, 2014 Could the state of Ohio finally see a resolution to the yearly discussion of competitive balance within prep sports? The Ohio High School Athletic Association certainly feels that it has a good... more »»
OVAC matmen to shine Tuesday
March 9, 2014 ST. CLAIRSVILLE — The Ohio Valley Athletic Conference will look to continue its dominance as the 26th annual "Clash of the Champions" unfolds Tuesday night inside St. Clairsville High School. more »»
Bodkin, Quinn captain all T-L wrestling
March 9, 2014 Wrestling is one of the hardest sports to participate in high school. Some individuals have to drop weight, while others seemingly stay at the same weight forever. more »»
Buckeye South product named Cameron skipper
March 9, 2014 The Cameron High baseball program has a new boss. Rich Moffo, a former Buckeye South diamond standout, replaces Eric James at the Dragons' hel. more »»
Ferry indoor track headed back to NYC
March 9, 2014 For the second straight year, the Martins Ferry Purple Riders' indoor track team is heading to the 'Big Apple. more »»
West Liberty baseball's hot start fueled by ace pitching
March 9, 2014 WEST LIBERTY — Prior to the start of this season, West Liberty University head baseball coach Eric Burkle issued a challenge to his team — believe. more »»
Horvath shining in Division I girls hoops in Columbus
March 9, 2014 The acorn doesn't fall far from the tree. Mark Horvath was a superb athlete during his St. John Central prep days in the mid-1980s. more »»
Riders are regional bound
March 8, 2014 ST. CLAIRSVILLE — Martins Ferry doesn't claim that it's one of the top 3-point shooting teams around. The Purple Riders prefer to rely on their inside attack, featuring senior tower Robert Vargo. more »»
Ferry set to meet Garaway in D-III
March 7, 2014 When the tournament opened in Division III some three weeks ago, most thought it was a wide-open field in the Eastern District. more »»
Bethany men hosting ECAC?regional tourney
March 7, 2014 BETHANY — Another season. Another postseason appearance for the Bethany College men's basketball team. The Bison, the top seed, will play host to N. more »»
Prep Basketball Scores
March 7, 2014 Ohio Girls Division IV Carey 44, New Riegel 39 Cuyahoga Hts. 52, Ashland Mapleton 27 Ft. Loramie 50, New Knoxville 44 Holgate 54, Convoy Crestview 46 Newark Cath. more »» |


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ATP Analogs and Muscle Contraction: Mechanics and Kinetics of Nucleoside Triphosphate Binding and Hydrolysis Biophysical Journal, Volume 74, Issue 6, 1 June 1998, Pages 3044-3058 M. Regnier, D.M. Lee and E. Homsher Abstract The mechanical behavior of skinned rabbit psoas muscle fiber contractions and in vitro motility of F-actin (Vf) have been examined using ATP, CTP, UTP, or their 2-deoxy forms (collectively designated as nucleotide triphosphates or NTPs) as contractile substrates. Measurements of actin-activated heavy meromyosin (HMM) NTPase, the rates of NTP binding to myosin and actomyosin, NTP-mediated acto-HMM dissociation, and NTP hydrolysis by acto-HMM were made for comparison to the mechanical results. The data suggest a very similar mechanism of acto-HMM NTP hydrolysis. Whereas all NTPs studied support force production and stiffness that vary by a factor 2 or less, the unloaded shortening velocity (Vu) of muscle fibers varies by almost 10-fold. 2-Deoxy ATP (dATP) was unique in that Vu was 30% greater than with ATP. Parallel behavior was observed between Vf and the steady-state maximum actin-activated HMM ATPase rate. Further comparisons suggest that the variation in force correlates with the rate and equilibrium constant for NTP cleavage; the variations in Vu or Vf are related to the rate of cross-bridge dissociation caused by NTP binding or to the rate(s) of product release. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (260 kb) |
Calcium Regulation of Tension Redevelopment Kinetics with 2-Deoxy-ATP or Low [ATP] in Rabbit Skeletal Muscle Biophysical Journal, Volume 74, Issue 4, 1 April 1998, Pages 2005-2015 M. Regnier, D.A. Martyn and P.B. Chase Abstract The correlation of acto-myosin ATPase rate with tension redevelopment kinetics (ktr) was determined during Ca+2-activated contractions of demembranated rabbit psoas muscle fibers; the ATPase rate was either increased or decreased relative to control by substitution of ATP (5.0mM) with 2-deoxy-ATP (dATP) (5.0mM) or by lowering [ATP] to 0.5mM, respectively. The activation dependence of ktr and unloaded shortening velocity (Vu) was measured with each substrate. With 5.0mM ATP, Vu depended linearly on tension (P), whereas ktr exhibited a nonlinear dependence on P, being relatively independent of P at submaximum levels and rising steeply at P>0.6–0.7 of maximum tension (Po). With dATP, Vu was 25% greater than control at Po and was elevated at all P>0.15Po, whereas Po was unchanged. Furthermore, the Ca+2 sensitivity of both ktr and P increased, such that the dependence of ktr on P was not significantly different from control, despite an elevation of Vu and maximal ktr. In contrast, lowering [ATP] caused a slight (8%) elevation of Po, no change in the Ca+2 sensitivity of P, and a decrease in Vu at all P. Moreover, ktr was decreased relative to control at P>0.75Po, but was elevated at P<0.75Po. These data demonstrate that the cross-bridge cycling rate dominates ktr at maximum but not submaximum levels of Ca2+ activation. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (251 kb) |
Cross-Bridge versus Thin Filament Contributions to the Level and Rate of Force Development in Cardiac Muscle Biophysical Journal, Volume 87, Issue 3, 1 September 2004, Pages 1815-1824 M. Regnier, H. Martin, R.J. Barsotti, A.J. Rivera, D.A. Martyn and E. Clemmens Abstract In striated muscle thin filament activation is initiated by Ca2+ binding to troponin C and augmented by strong myosin binding to actin (cross-bridge formation). Several lines of evidence have led us to hypothesize that thin filament properties may limit the level and rate of force development in cardiac muscle at all levels of Ca2+ activation. As a test of this hypothesis we varied the cross-bridge contribution to thin filament activation by substituting 2 deoxy-ATP (dATP; a strong cross-bridge augmenter) for ATP as the contractile substrate and compared steady-state force and stiffness, and the rate of force redevelopment (ktr) in demembranated rat cardiac trabeculae as [Ca2+] was varied. We also tested whether thin filament dynamics limits force development kinetics during maximal Ca2+ activation by comparing the rate of force development (kCa) after a step increase in [Ca2+] with photorelease of Ca2+ from NP-EGTA to maximal ktr, where Ca2+ binding to thin filaments should be in (near) equilibrium during force redevelopment. dATP enhanced steady-state force and stiffness at all levels of Ca2+ activation. At similar submaximal levels of steady-state force there was no increase in ktr with dATP, but ktr was enhanced at higher Ca2+ concentrations, resulting in an extension (not elevation) of the ktr-force relationship. Interestingly, we found that maximal ktr was faster than kCa, and that dATP increased both by a similar amount. Our data suggest the dynamics of Ca2+-mediated thin filament activation limits the rate that force develops in rat cardiac muscle, even at saturating levels of Ca2+. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (223 kb) |
Copyright © 1998 The Biophysical Society All rights reserved.
Biophysical Journal, Volume 74, Issue 6, 3059-3071, 1 June 1998
M. Regnier1 and E. Homsher,
Address reprint requests to Dr. Earl Homsher, Physiology Department, Center for Health Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024. Tel.: 310-825-6976; Fax: 310-206-5661.ATP, 2-deoxy ATP (dATP), CTP, and UTP support isometric force and unloaded shortening velocity (Vu) to various extents (Regnier et al., Biophys. J. 74:3044–3058). Vu correlated with the rate of cross-bridge dissociation after the power stroke and the steady-state hydrolysis rate in solution, whereas force was modulated by NTP binding and cleavage. Here we studied the influence of posthydrolytic cross-bridge steps on force and fiber shortening by measuring isometric force and stiffness, the rate of tension decline (kPi) after Pi photogeneration from caged Pi, and the rate of tension redevelopment (ktr) after a sudden release and restretch of fibers. The slope of the force versus [Pi] relationship was the same for ATP, dATP, and CTP, but for UTP it was threefold less. ktr and kPi increased with increasing [Pi] with a similar slope for ATP, dATP, and CTP, but had an increasing magnitude of the relationship ATP<dATP<CTP. UTP reduced ktr but increased kPi. The results suggest that the rate constant for the force-generating isomerization increases with the order ATP<dATP<CTP<UTP. Simulations using a six-state model suggest that increasing the force-generating rate accounts for the faster kPi in dATP, CTP, and UTP. In contrast, ktr appears to be strongly affected by the rates of NTP binding and cleavage and the rate of the force-generating isomerization.


text:
Episode Description
Season 0 - Episode 0
Psychic Search
Chuck claims that he can speak with the dead in order to solve their mystery cases. The Jacksonville Police Department are skeptical of his abilities but when a grieving mother hires Chuck, the Jacksonville Detectives find themselves amazed by the details of the case Chuck is able to prove. But, can Chuck pass everyone's ultimate test...finding the missing body?
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Jazz ABZ
by Wynton Marsalis
Photo: Gregor Halenda
All That Jazz
"The incomparable Wynton Marsalis celebrates 26 legendary musicians in
Jazz ABZ
, from Candlewick Press. The book may have been done with kids in mind, but I don't know a jazz aficionado who could resist its lush design and wonderful poetry."—Oprah
Starting at $9
Printed from Oprah.com on Tuesday, March 11, 2014
© 2010 OWN, LLC. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Late Night at 15 Romolo: The Smiths, Frat Boys, and High-Flying Wings
Through San Francisco's Bada Bing! landscape of strippers and cannolis runs an alleyway with a bar that defies geographic guidelines. Hipsters in jean jackets and dark-rimmed glasses sing along to the Pixies and the Smiths on the jukebox, while frat boys get a straight and simple "Nope!" from bartenders when they attempt to order a Long Island Iced or Tokyo Tea. Arrive at 15 Romolo in North Beach late on a Friday and you won't find many embellishments, just the aforementioned people-watching, artisanal cocktails, and a kitchen that serves until 1 a.m.Carina Ost The fried-banana-and-Nutella Challah at 'Cha Boy. Pickles: bad. Pickle juice: good.
There's a burger that comes with peanut butter and bacon if you order it Yo-Mama style, but SFoodie felt compelled to try the Challah at 'Cha Boy (challah with fried bananas and Nutella), with the very unkosher addition of bacon and the very kosher addition of pickles, bizarre to say the least (this from someone who has eaten bacon-wrapped matzo balls). We removed the pickles, and actually appreciated their residual tang in the sandwich.SF Weekly
Still, the thing that stole the show at SFoodie's late-night grub fest were the chicken wings Boricuas. These suckers flew high, fried first, then paired with a chile-coconut cream and topped with cilantro, and lime wedges ready for the squeezing. There was the perfect amount of heat in these delicious bar bites, a compelling reason alone for making 15 Romolo our new late-night, under $10-per-dish food stop.
Also, if you need to call a cab later it's useful that the bar name equals the address. Just sayin'!
15 Romolo: 15 Romolo (at Broadway), 398-1359.


text:
By Archbishop Charles J. Chaput, O.F.M. Cap.
If God called men to the priesthood by reaching down and tapping them on the shoulders, we would not be lacking for vocations.
But the "call" is much more subtle than that, and responding to it requires a good measure of human encouragement. Vocations are seldom the result of visions, dramatic miracles or near-death experiences. Instead, nurtured by others, they grow quietly and gradually. Like seedlings which receive the necessary sunlight and water to mature into beautiful trees.
Consider the case of Kent Drotar, who I will ordain this Saturday at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. Kent did not fully understood what God wanted of him until he was a 30-something commander in the U.S. Air Force. The factors that helped him discern his vocation were neither lightning bolts nor visions they were prayers and people.
I want to draw your attention to the telling results of a recent study on vocations, which you may have read about in last week's Register. Simply put, the study, conducted by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, demonstrated that parishes offering many opportunities to participate in the life and tradition of the Church are more likely to produce priests than parishes which do not.
Parishes producing multiple vocations in the past 20 years are 15 to 22 percent more likely to have Marian or Eucharistic devotions than parishes producing no vocations. They are 36 percent more likely to have Catholic elementary schools, 18 to 20 percent more likely t o have more than one priest assigned to the parish.
This all makes sense. But I think the study implies something less obvious. Any parish's spiritual climate is largely dependent on the practices and attitudes of the parish's many families. Involved faith-filled families make for active, faith-filled parishes parishes likely to produce priests. Therefore, our homes are the primary places for the renewal of vocations.
This cannot be understated. I don't think it's a coincident that the decline in religious vocations in the United Stated mirrors the decline in the traditional family structure. Pope John Paul II wrote in Familiaris Consorts that "the future of humanity passes by way of the family". So if we wish to transform our culture and create a culture conducive to priestly vocations we must first transform our families. Our homes must be the true domestic Church, where the faith assumes the kind of centrality long ago abdicated to television sets and other temporal distractions.
One of the great blessings of the Second Vatican Council is a renewed interest among lay people in their own vocation, not only in the world but in the Church. Encouraging vocations to the priesthood and religious life is an important part of every Catholic's vocation. This does not in any way contradict active lay involvement in the church. In fact, the Church is richer by all these complementary vocations working together for the glory of God and the proclamation of the Gospel.
There is reason for optimism here in our own archdiocese. We currently have 18 new applicants wishing to study for the priesthood in the Archdiocese of Denver. I do not know how many of these applications will come to fruition but the Lord is giving us a good number of men who are considering serving the Church in this generous way.
The Holy Spirit has not stopped calling young men to priesthood, but the Church only gets the vocations it deserves. Sometimes, we have failed to create conditions in our culture, in our parishes, in our families, in ourselves that draw young men to the priesthood. Those seedling vocations too often fall on barren soil.
Our challenge is to become the water and sunlight that help vocations grow. We need to support and encourage those sensing a call to the priesthood, through prayers, words, and by being true to our own vocations.
If we help prepare the way, there will be many, many men willing to give themselves body and soul to the ministry of the priesthood within the Church.


text:
The session will review some ideas to improve or replace the current sticker and tote-based system.
Vincennes Mayor Joe Yochum says he expects a couple of approaches to be discussed.
A survey shows the current system is costing the City over 300-thousand dollars per year.
The Committee meeting gets underway at six at city hall.
Although the Committee will not make a final decision tonight, it may make a recommendation to the city council.
Any change would be subject to public hearings.


text:
Unusually cold weather is most likely cause of large numbers of dead and dying speckled trout observed in Virginia and North Carolina waters.
Alumnus is longest-serving President of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.
VIMS research helps understand, conserve, and manage the polar ecosystem--and to shed light on Virginia's possible climate-change future.


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Martin Kaymer
Player Notes
Became the first German to be named Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year after a superb debut season in 2007 during which he recorded five top-10 finishes. Further underlined his talent on his first appearance of the 2008 season with an impressive wire-to-wire maiden victory in the Abu Dhabi Golf Championship. A second win, this time in his homeland at the BMW International Open, confirmed his place in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. Made a stunning impact on the 2006 Challenge Tour, playing only eight events on the 2006 Schedule but finishing fourth on the final Rankings having won twice – on his Challenge Tour season debut at the Vodafone Challenge and then at the Open des Volcans – Challenge de France – and registering a further four top five finishes to secure a place on Europe's top table. Scored a 59 on the Satellite EPD Tour before joining the Challenge Tour in August 2006. Coached by Günther Kessler in his native Dusseldorf. Cites Ernie Els as his golfing hero, while his parents have been the main influence on his life.


text:
( Charlie Riedel / AP / April 20, 2013 )
Emergency workers patrol the smoldering scene Saturday, April 20, 2013, three days after an explosion at a fertilizer plant in West, Texas. The massive explosion at the West Fertilizer Co. Wednesday night killed at least 14 people and injured more than 160. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel)
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GRANTS PASS, Ore. (AP) - The Oregon Department of Agriculture says they have had no reports of any illnesses associated with last month's recall of hazelnuts after salmonella was found at a Willamette Valley processing facility.
Spokesman Bruce Pokarney said Tuesday that about 45,000 pounds of nuts have been recovered by the recall, less than half the 110,000 pounds of potentially contaminated nuts that left Willamette Filbert Growers' shelling plant in Newberg for sale in Oregon and California.
He says the rest were apparently consumed or thrown away, with no reports of anyone contracting the disease that can cause fever, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Oregon is the nation's leading grower of hazelnuts, producing about 83 million pounds a year.


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Bob Brown
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I am a retired firefighter living in Hocking County, Ohio. During the summer I teach archaeological field techniques at Hocking College. I've been interested in genealogy since I was a teenager and I'm eager to assist anyone needing lookups or grave photographs from this area.
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Steve Guthrie
Stewarts of Athens County, Ohio
Hi Bob:
I just sent you an email regarding the Stewart families, who were living in Athens County, Ohio.
Thanks !
Steve Guthrie
Added by
Steve Guthrie
on Sep 08, 2013 7:24 PM
RE: Ezra Stewart
You're welcome! I do have one correction for you. Daniel Stewart (1762-1858) is buried at the West State Street Cemetery, not the West Union Street Cemetery.
Added by
on Jun 17, 2013 9:24 AM
Becky Rudd
Daniel Stewart
Daniel Stewart memorial transferred to you as requested.
God Bless,
Added by
Becky Rudd
on Jun 17, 2013 9:06 AM
David G.
RE: Armstrong Cemetery
Thanks again Bob for directions and coordinates. In looking at Google Earth, it appears to be within the 200 feet you estimated.
Added by
David G.
on Mar 12, 2013 12:04 PM
David G.
RE: Armstrong Cemetery
Thank you Bob, those are excellent directions! I will mark that location on Google Earth.
Added by
David G.
on Mar 12, 2013 11:22 AM
David G.
Armstrong Cemetery
I have been trying to find Armstrong Cemetery in Hocking County, Ohio without much success. I noted that you took a photo of the entry. Can you describe the location of the cemetery for me?
For example, distance to the nearest crossroads, or major landmark I might be able to identify on Google Earth. I have family members buried there and would like to know how to get there. The maps don't seem to show it.
Thank you,
Dave G.
Added by
David G.
on Mar 12, 2013 1:14 AM
Damian Rippberger
Chambers/Grubb Cemetery
Correction: Hocking College of Archaeology
Added by
Damian Rippberger
on Jan 03, 2013 7:45 PM
Damian Rippberger
Chambers/Grubb Cemetery
Bob, I am so sorry on the loss. I just read about it on the Hocking College of Archiology website. Yes he did some work in that cemetery last month and took some great photos. These are my ancesters that are burried there. Anyway, I thank you for replying and would love to hear back and see what he found.
Added by
Damian Rippberger
on Jan 03, 2013 7:41 PM
Damian Rippberger
Grubb / Chambers Family
Bob, If youre ever around Tarlton Cemetery in Pickaway i would love any info or photos of my ancesters, Grubb, Chambers, Hamilton, Wallace..They came to Hocking County around 1800. Check out my Grubb Line. John Grubb is kind of my brick wall....Thanks
Added by
Damian Rippberger
on Dec 29, 2012 1:01 PM
Ethan Deane
RE: Robert Lee White
My grandmother was Hazel Roach. From what I can tell, there is a good chance our patriarch, William Roach, 1730-1818 may have been in Washington's guard. The guard records were destroyed in a Boston fire, but a difinitive book written in 1904 may list him. I am cautious but sometimes think about being more intentional about finding more evidence if it exists.
Added by
Ethan Deane
on Dec 21, 2012 7:04 PM
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Can i become a Navy SEAL without joining the navy?i want 2 be a seal, but i dont want a boring job in the navy (prior) i was thinking marine corps
Asked By: chris - 6/17/2011
Best Answer - Chosen by Asker
You want.... you want... you don't want... you don't want...
Answered By: gugliamo00 - 6/21/2011
Additional Answers (9)
Answered By: mikee - 6/17/2011
Not through the USMC-unless you served you enlistment in the USMC and joined the USN. Members of the Coast Guard can try out though (given they meet the qualifications) and if they make it, they can become SEALS.
Answered By: BinkytheClown - 6/17/2011
No, that's why they're called " Navy " seals .
Answered By: Pete T - 6/17/2011
go back to xbox
Answered By: Martin M - 6/17/2011
Only the US Navy and US Coast Guard are eligible to volunteer for the SEALS.
Answered By: wraeth - 6/17/2011
No, sorry.
Answered By: Peter - 6/17/2011
You can enlist in the navy with a seal contract, but if you fail out of buds you would get stuck with a different "boring" navy job
Answered By: Senior2011 - 6/17/2011
You must be in the US Navy. There have been A FEW USCG who've gone through BUD/s as an experiment. There are afew others, but 99.99% of the USCG will never get a shot at SEALs program.
Answered By: Bain Bain - 6/17/2011
sure. Join the Coast Guard instead and then hope they reinstitute the program( it is currently closed) that allows Coasties to attend BUD/s.
and SeAL is it's own rating now anyway. with a 80-something percent failure rate. so WHEN you washout you will get that 'boring' rating anyway.
Answered By: Mrsjvb - 6/18/2011
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Definition of glutamine in English:
Syllabification: glu·ta·minePronunciation: /ˈglo͞otəˌmēn
Biochemistry- A hydrophilic amino acid that is a constituent of most proteins.
- An amide of glutamic acid; chemical formula: H2NCOCH2CH2(NH2)COOH
More example sentences- Without adequate amounts of the amino acid glutamine, however, protein synthesis may not occur.
- The amino acids glutamine and tyrosine will improve concentration, retention and a sense of alertness.
- Contents of glutamine, asparagine, methionine, and tryptophan in the tissues were not determined by this method.
late 19th century: blend of glutamic acid and amine.
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Pronunciation: ˈɒrə(ʊ)tʌnd
(of a person's voice) resonant and imposing


text: On Sat, Jun 19, 2010 at 2:18 PM, Guy Hulbert <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > For personal use, I would build from the 'master' branch in the git repo > but David Golden (the author, CCd) might not want that published. I'll > try to find some tuits for this. I would not encourage publishing directly out of the master branch of the repository, since "master" is really an "unstable" branch. The published tarballs are the canonical source, but I have no objections to someone publishing from the repository release tags. As I said way earlier in the thread, I'm happy to add things to the repository (or release tarballs) that make things easier for people on Debian to build their own packages, but I don't want to do anything that makes more work for the official Debian package maintainers. (For the record, I am not the original author -- merely the latest of several co-maintainers). -- David


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Apple iPad support & Discussions - If you have any Apple iPad using trouble,Post New Question
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Would like to know helpful suggestions! ...|ipad-stolen-disable
hello all, i have WiFi 3G iPad and couldnt find option for Enable or disable 3G system, but on left of top screen clearly showing 3G mark, what i am doing as follow: Setting > General > Network there i just found below options. VPN & Wi-Fi my software is up to date too ! thanks in advance Sony Windows XP...|find-disable-3g-ipad
Is there a way to disable multitasking? I find it useless and annoying, is there a way to just turn it off or disable it so applications go back to working like they used to? Dell Windows XP...|disable-multitasking-ipad
How can you disable Meaasges on iPads?...|disable-messages-ipad
How do I disable Airport Utility, not using it and it keeps searching...|disable-airport-utility
How do I disable the password I'm always asked for EVERY app install?...|disable-password-installations
I have a friend that likes to steal my iPad and play games on it. After I put a passcode on it when he steals it he likes to disable it to annoy me by entering the wrong pass code too many times. With the data protection feature I can either let him use it or have it disabled. Is there any way to disable that feature?...|disable-data-protection-ipad
Is there a way to disable the unlock screen? I dont mind that it suspends after some inactivity but Id like it to be ready to go again immediatly when I push one of the buttons instead of having to swipe the unlock slider first. The unlock screen makes sense for my iPhone since it could accidentally turn on in my pocket but this problem doesnt seem very likely for my iPad. iPad...|disable-unlock-screen-ipad