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Lambda the Ultimate: Programming Languages
Lesser known compiler optimizations? (self.compsci)
submitted 1 year ago by cypherx(λx.x x) (λx.x x)
Certain optimizations (such as Common Subexpression Elimination, Dead Code Elimination, etc...) line up well with our intuition of what it means to optimize code and can be found in pretty every kind of compiler.
Other optimizations aren't often implemented due to their cost or complexity (i.e. loop rearrangement via polyhedral analysis) but are still at least well known.
Do you know of some optimizations which haven't gained much publicity but you think are powerful, theoretically interesting, or at least useful for particular domains?
[–]ezyang 16 points17 points18 points 1 year ago
I'm a huge fan of stream fusion, an optimization which eliminates intermediate data structures when you are doing lots of operations on streams.
[–]BruceJillis 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago*
If fold/unfold optimizations are considered lesser known, then I would like to add tupling since it definitely received less attention than deforestation. The basic technique works by merging (nonnested) function "calls with common arguments together so that their multiple results can be computed simultaneously and/or multiple traversals of data structures can be combined". See these papers for more info: Redundant Call Elimination, Redundant Data Structure Traversal Elimination
[–][deleted] 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago
Got any good links on the topic?
[–]inaneInTheMembrane 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago
Here are a bunch!
[–]anvsdt 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
I'll have to second this. The nice thing about stream fusion is that you can use it for pretty much any ADT, not only streams.
[–]tejoka 13 points14 points15 points 1 year ago
I think people dramatically underestimate what JITs (say, the JVM) is capable of, especially when it comes to inlining.
Java code makes use of interface calls all the time, but the JVM almost never executes an actual interface call, because by the time methods gets inlined a few times, you get to a call site that nearly always has only a small number of possible targets (determined via profiling), and frequently just 1! Which, of course, allows for more inlining!
On top of this inlining feeding back on itself, it can inline across module boundaries, which is a monstrously huge benefit. Java is infamous for its monstrous frameworks that look like they should perform like dogs, but 80% of the overhead of all that abstraction just gets annihilated by inlining. (And then everyone decides they're dogs anyway, due to memory usage, but that's a different problem... that might actually be solved somewhere in the neighborhood of Java 9... maybe)
[–]zenhack 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago
People also tend to dramatically overestimate what chunk of a program even needs optimization.
Take OCaml for example - the compiler actually does very little optimization, and yet the language is still very fast.
The reason for this is basically the run-time environment - it includes a very mature, well tuned memory allocator and garbage collector. This is really the biggest issue with performance on a language like OCaml. You're allocating things constantly, so that needs to be blazing fast - and it is. Once you've got efficient heap management in place most of the rest of the language translates fairly straightforwardly to efficient machine code. Of course, the difficulty making the memory system concurrent lead them to punt on the idea of parallelism within a single address space for a long time.
The interesting thing is that the ability to do this relies on certain high-level semantics of the language; It involves all sorts of tricks that an implementation of C's malloc just plain can't do. (Even ignoring the fact that precise garbage collection is undecidable for languages like C.)
Happy cake day.
[–]cypherx(λx.x x) (λx.x x)[S] 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago*
In addition to making allocation almost free, the generational design also makes for good data locality / cache efficiency. Related: Guy Blelloch wrote a neat paper about cache efficient programming in functional languages: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/papers/iolambda/short.pdf
[–]Arrdem 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
interesting tidbit and happy cake day!
[–][deleted] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
i guess the real problem then boils down to branch prediction?
[–]sixstringartist 9 points10 points11 points 1 year ago
moves conditionals outside a loop if the condition does not depend on the state of the loop.
i.e. for(i=0;i < end; ++i) { if(flag) data[i] += i; else data[i] *= i; }
if(flag) for(i=0; i < end; ++i) data[i] += i; else for(i=0; i < end; ++i) data[i] *= i;
[–]bandwidthoracle 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago
Thank you for this explanation, I might have to steal it for how concise it is!
[–]incredulitor 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago
This seems like it should help a lot as a preliminary step to vectorization. I've had to do it by hand to get ICC 11 to recognize some opportunities to use vector instructions on a big loop, along with breaking up sections of the loop body with non-overlapping functionality into smaller duplicate loops. My intuition is that there's some unrealized opportunity here for the compiler to do more of this on its own.
[–]krum 6 points7 points8 points 1 year ago
RVO is my personal favorite. Mainly because it can change the behavior of your program.
[–]incredulitor 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
Had to look this up. The wikipedia example makes it look like quite an anitpattern to have side effects in your constructors.
[–]tskuzzy 29 points30 points31 points 1 year ago
Ctrl+F: -O3
[–]beagle9 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago
Just a heads up. -O3 doens't always provide a speedup compared to -O2. In fact depending in how your code is structured it might produce a worst result than -O2.
Indeed. If I recall the breakdown is something like:
Of course, if you unroll too many loops and such you run the risk of blowing your instruction cache, which doesn't generally help with performance. This is part of why JITs sometimes have a big advantage: static analysis is hard because you know way more about what's going on during runtime.
[–]ReshenKusaga 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
Can confirm this, it happened to me on a school network mapping project just two weeks back.
[–]carbon_steel 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago
Great link. I don't understand why you are being down voted.
[–]gcross 9 points10 points11 points 1 year ago
I think that people are interpreting (or misinterpreting) the response as being snippy, as in: Why are you asking us? Look it up for yourself!
[–]tskuzzy 7 points8 points9 points 1 year ago
DDD: Wasn't trying to be snippy; I was genuinely trying to be helpful.
The GCC documentation has a pretty comprehensive list and description of compiler optimizations. Since the OP was interested in "lesser known" ones, these probably won't be the standard ones used in -O or -O2.
[–]more_exercise 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago
DDD: is the equivalent of adding more frowns to :( to get :(((( except for the D: expression, right?
Or is it similar to OP/IIRC/etc. ?
[–]gcross 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
I figured that was probably the case, which is why I eventually upvoted you (although I had downvoted at first); it might have been made more obvious that this was what you were doing if you had included something like the final two sentence in your reply to me in your original comment, though I understand that this is Reddit and so comments aren't worth too much effort. :-)
[–]tskuzzy 6 points7 points8 points 1 year ago
I guess I should learn how to format/phrase my posts better... At least someone found it useful.
[–]rayo2nd 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago
I downvoted because in my opinion those aren't lesser known compiler optimizations. Those are in one of the major compilers out there.
I think there could be some optimizations in research papers which aren't in any productive compilers out there but i haven't done any research.
[–]m1ss1ontomars2k4 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago
I don't know how uncommon this is, but I took a grad computer architecture class this quarter, and we learned about software pipelining. It's like hardware pipelining, but done in software (so each step of a loop works on a different subset of temporary variables). Then we learned how to provide hardware features to enable easy software pipelining. Then on the final we were more or less asked how to implement software pipelining in hardware (i.e. no changes to the compiler). It was getting a little too meta in that class.
[–]jerkimball 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
Completely unrelated, but whyforcome you have that amazingly nifty fixed point combinator after your username? (It's not Y...what is that, a non standard one? )
[–]cypherx(λx.x x) (λx.x x)[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago
It's not a fixed point combinator, it's just an infinite loop ;-)
Hah - nice. :)
How'd'ya get it in your username?
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text:
Update:ABC 33/40 has confirmed that 35-year-old Sam Foster, a promotions assistant at 106.9 The Eagle Birmingham, was killed in a two-vehicle accident on Interstate 459 North Tuesday night.
Released statement from Alabama State Trooper spokesman:
"A two-vehicle crash Tuesday night claimed the life of an Alabaster man. The crash occurred at approximately 8:50 p.m. on Interstate 459 one mile north of Hoover. Samuel Douglas Foster, 35, was killed when the 2005 Mazda Tribute that he was driving struck a 2009 Toyota Avalon, left the roadway and overturned. Foster, who was not wearing a seat belt, was pronounced dead at the scene. The driver of the Toyota, John Boohaker, 64, of Birmingham was not injured. Although the circumstances surrounding the crash are still under investigation, Alabama State Troopers say speed was a factor."
One person was injured in a two-vehicle accident on Interstate 459 North Tuesday night, just before the Acton Road exit.
Hoover police arrived on the scene shortly after 9 p.m. and found a 106.9 FM The Eagle Birmingham SUV overturned on its roof, resting on an embankment alongside the interstate. The local classic hits station is owned by Cox Media Group, an Atlanta-based company that owns six other radio stations in town.
The injured person was transported to UAB Hospital by the Rocky Ridge Fire Department. The victim's condition is unknown at this time.
Alabama State Troopers continue to investigate the accident.
Evangelist Franklin Graham prayed on a sidewalk outside the Pentagon Thursday after his invitation to a prayer service inside was withdrawn because of comments that insulted people of other religions. More>>

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Now you are talking my wave lenve.Lets talk but no crap-QED.With regard to your first post (the first after Bob revived this four year-old thread yesterday by posing as me to post his smut) I agree completely with what you say about single-sex education. Historically, it had to do with preparing boys and girls for the dramatically different roles they would play in society as adults. That distinction no longer exists. To prepare children to work and to live together--and, indeed, to compete with one another--as equals, it only does them harm to reinforce through segregated schools, classes and activities, throughout their formative years, their identities as men or women as having precedence over their identities as citizens and as individuals to whom the same opportunities are available and the same responsibilities are conferred.
Single-sex classes attracting both praise and concern
Nov 24, 2008 | Posted by: roboblogger | Full story: Everything Alabama
Pencils in hand, the sixth-grade girls were encouraged to use as many descriptive words as possible as they wrote about their dream wedding cake.
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The Power to deliver Exceptional Customer Service when dealing with Difficult Customers and Managing Complaints
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Service is about the person; not just a solution to a problem
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This page contains Mortal Kombat 3 Codes for Super Nintendo called "Random character select" and has been posted or updated on Sep 6, 2006 by sabz12. Let us know what you think of this Code by thumbs voting.
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Environmental assessment of pyrotechnic combustion products
Howe, Paul D.; Griffiths, Trevor T.; Dobson, Stuart; Malcolm, Heath M.. 2007 Environmental assessment of pyrotechnic combustion products. [Poster] In: Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop, Washington, D.C., 4-6 Dec 2007. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. (Unpublished)
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Grilled Peppers with Bay Leaves
Recipe created by Michel Nischan
Oprah.com | From the September 2003 issue of
O, The Oprah Magazine
All the way back in his childhood garden, Michel Nischan learned that the very best ingredients need little embellishment.
Servings: Makes 6 servings
3 large red bell peppers
3 large yellow bell peppers
2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
12 fresh bay leaves and/ or large basil leaves
Light a fire in a charcoal grill or preheat a gas grill to medium. Place peppers over hottest part of grill and cook until they begin to char. Turn with tongs and continue grilling until peppers are charred on all sides. (Using tongs will prevent peppers from splitting open.) Transfer immediately to a container; cover tightly with plastic wrap and let cool.
Peel blackened skin from peppers, scraping gently with a small knife. Cut in half and remove seeds. Transfer to a bowl; toss with oil, salt and pepper.
Arrange bay leaves among peppers so leaves come in contact with each pepper. Let stand 1 hour.
For more from Michel Nischan, visit his website: www.michelnischan.com
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Why ads?By KBB.com Editors
KBB Expert Rating: 7.5
Fresh from its complete makeover last year, the 2013 Honda CR-V compact SUV carries on largely unchanged. The 5-passenger CR-V remains modestly-sized on the outside, but is extremely roomy inside, with a rear seat that accommodates adults and a proper-sized cargo area. Available in LX, EX and the leather-appointed EX-L, the CR-X for 2013 offers varying levels of features and equipment packed into each trim level. However, new rivals, such as the Hyundai Santa Fe, Mazda CX-5 and Ford Escape, offer better audio and infotainment systems, more features and, in some cases, more horsepower and better fuel economy. Still, it's hard to argue with the CR-V's excellent repair history and it continues to lead the pack in terms of long-term resale values.
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In keeping with its longstanding practice of offering vehicles largely in "mono-spec" trim levels, options for the 2013 Honda CR-V are extremely limited. The LX, EX and EX-L can be fitted with the new Real Time AWD with Intelligent Control System, while CR-V EX-L buyers can opt to add either the Honda Satellite-Linked Navigation System with a 6.5-inch dash-mounted touch-screen or a DVD-based Rear Seat Entertainment system that features a single 7.0-inch hi-resolution LCD screen that flips down from the headliner.
The sole powertrain combination in all 2013 Honda CR-V models is the familiar 2.4-liter i-VTEC 4-cylinder engine matched with the equally-familiar 5-speed automatic transmission. Rated at 185 horsepower, the CR-V has fuel economy ratings of 23/31 for front drive models and 22/30 with 4WD. To help in the mileage-maxing cause, all 2013 CR-Vs feature an energy-efficient multistage alternator and come with Honda's Eco Assist system that includes the green "ECON" button on the dash that can modify throttle mapping as well as operation of the air conditioning and cruise control. The maximum tow rating also remains unchanged, at 1,500 pounds.
2.4-liter inline-4
185 horsepower @ 7,000 rpm
163 lb-ft of torque @4,300 rpm
EPA City/highway fuel economy: 23/31 mpg (front-wheel drive), 22/30 mpg (AWD)
The 2013 Honda CR-V LX 2WD has a Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price starting around $23,500, the EX is about $25,500 and the EX-L starts just under $28,500; a fully-loaded model with navigation is around $31,000. Stepping up to all-wheel-drive will add about $1,250. To get your best deal, check the KBB Fair Purchase Price and find out what others in your area are paying for the CR-V. Historically, Honda's CR-V has done an outstanding job of holding onto its value over time, with only the Toyota RAV4 seriously challenging it in that critical area. In marked contrast to many other vehicles, the upline EX – and particularly the EX-L version – leads the CR-V's resale value index, with all-wheel-drive versions also besting front-drive models.
To compare current market prices, check out KBB.com's car classifieds to view the new and used Honda CR-V vehicles for sale near you.
Based on 89 Ratings for the 2012 - 2014 models.
Review this carBy HondaCr-V owner on Wednesday, March 12, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 120
overall rating 10 of 10rating detailsPros: "Smooth Ride, Bluetooth phone & audio, cargo space"
Cons: "none!"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"Im impressed with my new 2014 CR-V EX AWD. The ride is smooth, the features are amazing and looks great! This is a perfect family SUV with great safety ratings..duh, its a Honda ;). The styling is sporty, Great visibility from inside the car, large windows let the light in, large cargo space"
1 person out of 1 found this review helpful
Was this review helpful to you? yes | no | report abuse
By Honda Guy on Wednesday, February 26, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 24,000
overall rating 10 of 10rating detailsPros: "Great Car!"
Cons: "No much to pick on in this car!"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"The Honda products that I have previously owned are of high quality (for the price)in my opinion. They require very little up-keep and are always up to the task of furnishing trouble free transportation day in and day out. This 2012 CRV AWD has given me great fuel mileage,up to 36 highway/mpg & almost 30 combined/mpg during summertime driving. Wintertime driving mileage suffers somewhat and drops to about 26 combined/mpg. I would prefer a little more power, but I know that the fuel mileage would suffer. There are loads of little amenities that impress me, like the rear doors open 90deg. from the vehicle which makes putting kids and things in the rear seat an easy chore. Also, the solid rattle free body is another plus. This is just a few of the things I like about this car. A satisfied Honda owner."
6 people out of 8 found this review helpful
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By Luli on Friday, February 21, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 14,800
overall rating 10 of 10rating detailsPros: "Back doors open 90 degrees is awesome!!"
Cons: "None really worth worrying about."
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"This car grew on me. It was my first Honda. I wasn't crazy about my color choice, I have the White Diamond Pearl and wish I would have gotten the brown one but having said that - I love it more every day. And am now loving the color more everyday as well. So glad I got it and kept it, I really hope to drive it for another 15 years lol!!"
4 people out of 4 found this review helpful
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By Jam on Tuesday, February 18, 2014
I don't own this car
overall rating 5 of 10rating detailsPros: "Nice size, Price, Fuel mileage"
Cons: "Seats, Road noise, Engine noise"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 4
"Really tried to like Honda CRV and Toyota RAV4. I test drove several of each all top of the line. I found the seats to be uncomfortable and small. The road noise was just to much."
7 people out of 10 found this review helpful
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By Jodyj on Sunday, February 16, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 2,000
overall rating 6 of 10rating detailsPros: "Interior, price, trunk space"
Cons: "Rear door latch, wiper fluid - freeze up"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 1
"While this car drives well tin the snow, especially with snow tires, for some reason, the rear door latch freezes shut gand cannot be opened when temps drop below 20-ish degrees. Also, the windshield wiper fluid freezes - ?! At first I thought I got a version built just for Hawaii. I took it in and the dealer replaced the rear latch and drained and refilled the wiper fluid. Slight improvement on the wiper fluid. It seems to withstand lower temps but still froze up eventually. Rear latch still freezes shut and then works fine when temps warm up. Dealer says they are waiting to see if Honda will do anything. Can't find any indication that Honda even is acknowledging the problem, but apparently I'm not the only customer our dealer has heard from. If it weren't for these issues , I'd rate higher, but an inaccessible trunk and touchy wiper fluid isn't helpful in a cold, mountainous state like Colorado! I recently told a friend looking to buy to NOT buy a CRV unless they've fixed this with the 2014."
9 people out of 10 found this review helpful
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By jimmie on Sunday, February 16, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 17,000
overall rating 10 of 10rating detailsPros: "Rear seats go up and down easily..doors ooen wide."
Cons: "Tires are noisy on some surfaces."
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I am 65 years old...6'2"/200 lbs. It is easy to get in and out of. Very comforta ble. Dives great.MPG is 32 around the city driving easy and 37 going 55-60 MPH. I cannot say enough good points about this car. Prior to this Honda I owned a PT Cruiser for 11 years a nd never thought I'd find another car as great.When it developed electrical problems that I couldn't fix I drove the CR-V and bought it the next day."
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As with many recalled products, this one was manufactured in China, but has a U.S. manufacturer listed as Sunjoy Industries Group Limited of Steubenville, Ohio. The fireplace cost about $300 and the recalled product code can be found on the front page of the instruction manual -- item number 0027705 and model number L-OF082PFST-3.
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Page 11 of 14
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37 Reviews
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Most Helpful First | Newest First
5.0 out of 5 stars
"Going Deep",
By James Ross (Tobyhanna Penn.) - See all my reviews
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Military Action and Adventure (Mass Market Paperback)
Thunder In the Deep by Joe Buff is a fasinating fast pased undersea military techno thriller.The is the second installment of the WWIII battle started by the new axis powers of South Africa and Germany. In this installment France has fallen,the British are starving and the world's hopes are pinned on U.S.military. The charecters are vividly portrayed and the plot brilliantly carried out.The action level is high and the weapons high tech and very interesting.This novel makes one realize war is no joke. It also makes me glad this one is only within the pages of this novel.Kudos once again to Joe Buff who keeps me wating for each new book.
2.0 out of 5 stars
Grim,puerile fantasy,
By lrrosen "ArmourAZ" (Scottsdale,AZ) - See all my reviews
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Military Action and Adventure (Mass Market Paperback)
What a pity that so talented a writer reaches so deep into his imagination and comes up with only crumbs of credible narrative. Technologically and militarily,it's typical,excellent Joe Buff,but the scenario is in every sense unbelievable and, thus, the reader tends to become increasingly cynical as the story develops.6 million casualties in a month in this war, with huge physical damage to all combatant countries and our heroes are reacting and responding to it all as if it were just another PacFleet exercise. Give us a break,Joe.
5.0 out of 5 stars
Another great story!,
By Neme Kizer (Brooklyn, New York, USA) - See all my reviews
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Military Action and Adventure (Mass Market Paperback)
This writer is without doubt one of my favorite writers! I enjoy all of his great stories and I know you will too! This is one book you won't want to miss!
5.0 out of 5 stars
5 Stars for the Fun -- but captains leading raids??,
By Jeff Edwards "RadioJeff" (Twin Falls, Idaho) - See all my reviews
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Military Action and Adventure (Mass Market Paperback)
'Thunder In The Deep' is Joe Buff's 2nd novel of undersea submarine warfare after 'Deep Sound Channel' -- which was superb, by the way. I so much enjoyed his first book that I just could NOT wait for the sequel -- but lucky for me, I hadn't discovered Buff until just before 'Thunder' was released, so my wait wasn't long.
Captain Jeffrey Fuller, Now in charge of the Challenger, the United States most sophisticated undersea weapon, we get a more detailed 'insiders view' of what life in a sub is like. Although I MUST admit that the plausibility of sending the Captain out on a raid is far from acceptable fiction -- it might work for Jim Kirk in the science fiction world of Star Trek, but a REAL Navy sub captain? Sorry, but I'm not gonna swallow that one. Now this may seem overly critical of Mr. Buff, but hear me out on this: his novels have the ring of authenticity to them SO MUCH that when I come across something SO off the beaten path of reality (yes, even in a fictional novel), well I can't help but scream FOUL. However, all that aside, this is simply put a fantastic adventure yarn. If you were hooked on submarine warfare because of Tom Clancy or Michael DiMercurio, give in and pick up 'Deep Sound Channel' and 'Thunder In The Deep' today. Exceptional thrills and chills in a near-future war with a brand new threat provided by Germany and South Africa. I echo another reviewers worry about the trivial love story jammed in between a classic war story -- it didn't work for the movie 'Pearl Harbor' and it doesn't work too well here, either. But again, I enjoyed the overall novel SO much that I was able to overlook these small problems in favor of the all around 'thriller factor' that the book gave me. Can't wait to read 'Crush Depth'!
2.0 out of 5 stars
good yarn with an unlikely premise,
By A Customer
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Nuclear War (Hardcover)
This book is fast-paced action stuff, quite suitable for a Hollywood movie or for feeding the fantasies of would-be soldiers of fortune. But it's extremely improbable that a Navy SEAL would be an effective nuc-boat skipper. Even Navy fighter pilots selected for a path to commanding a nuclear powered aircraft carrier find mastering the intense math, chemistry and physics necessary to understand nuclear propulsion to be a nearly impossible task. God help the ground-pounder/swimmer who tries to do the same in the nuclear submarine force. Nuc boat skippers have to understand everything about the boat and its power plant, 'way down into the nitty, gritty, quantum-mechanical detail, thermo-goddammics and all, so they know what risks they can take with the boat and what risks it won't survive. It isn't enough just to know what test depth is, believe me. There are lots and lots of other subtle mistakes that will also let gobs of water into the people tank and keep the ship from making it through a mission. And--believe it or not--the Navy tends to select nuc boat skippers chiefly for their ability to accomplish the mission without loss and bring that extremely expensive chunk of cold iron (or titanium) home in one piece, so it can be used again for another mission, even in wartime. Which is why there are SEAL Team Leaders and there are nuc-boat captains, and the Nav isn't about to let the the same individuals try to be both. Pure pragmatism.
Being a SEAL and being a nuc boat skipper demand two very different--and nearly incompatible--skill sets. Trying to mix them in the same character undermines this book's credibility.
2.0 out of 5 stars
Reads Like an Arcade Game!,
By 007Magnum (Orlando, FL USA) - See all my reviews
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Nuclear War (Hardcover)
This was my first (and last) Joe Buff read. Picture yourself playing a submarine "shoot 'em up" arcade game. Now put that game into print and this is the final product. Mildly entertaining.....if you played this on an Xbox or PC. Virtually no submarine warfare tactics and lets not forget that we all KNOW the US Navy makes it a habit of dispatching sub captains to go ashore in Seal raids. What a farce. Skip the read and find yourself a good game if this is your style. Don't buy the book if you think you are getting a good novel on sub warfare and naval tactics! The story line was thin as well. Purely Duke Nukem!
5.0 out of 5 stars
Riveting and frightening,
By david e. meadows (Frederick, MD United States) - See all my reviews
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Military Action and Adventure (Mass Market Paperback)
In the world of the 21st Century where warfare can erupt anywhere and in many different forms, Joe Buff brings a frightening scenario of undersea nuclear warfare to the reader. The book captures you on the first page and rivets you to your seat as the fast-paced story keeps a never-ending river of excitement roaring across the pages. Great characters, outstanding plot, an exciting story of a future we hope never occurs. But, then we never expected 9/11.
CAPT David E. Meadows, USN...
5.0 out of 5 stars
Hate to read, but I had the time, happy I did.,
By Vincent M Toney (Littleton, Co USA) - See all my reviews
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Nuclear War (Hardcover)
I was at a supermarket looking for a book to eat up some extra hours before I fell asleep. Im not a big one to read war books. I love war movies, but have never been able to finish any war book... until this one. Though the book was incredible I have one complaint: It almost got me into trouble. How? I was so into the book that while I was up working for my neighbors at their ranch (why I had time to kill) I kept disappearing to read another chapter, and another chapter. The book just kept goin, the excitement was always there. Around page 200 I thought the book was gonna wind down, but Joe was able to keep the excitement nonstop for 200 more pages. I was very pleased with this book. Enough so, that Im gonna buy the other 2 right now.
Oh yea, review...
4.0 out of 5 stars
A Credible Thriller of a future Undersea War,
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Nuclear War (Hardcover)
Joe Buff is a worthy successor to the young Tom Clancy in his second novel forecasting an undersea war between a resurgent militaristic Germany and the United States. Much to his credit, the characters are credible, and in many instances, quite likeable, including those serving in the Imperial German navy. I was greatly impressed with Buff's knowledge of underwater terrain, as well as weapons and sea battles. This is a fast-paced, well written page turner that nearly kept me up an entire night to finish reading.
4.0 out of 5 stars
Secret Weapons of the Kriegsmarine,
Ce commentaire est de: Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Nuclear War (Hardcover)
"Thunder in the Deep" is the sequel to "Deep Sound Channel", the first of a series about nuclear submarine warfare in the near future.. Both books follow the adventures (and sometime misadventures) of Jeff Fuller, the commander of the next-generation submarine "Challenger". Composed of a new age ceramic hull (something like the chobham armor they use on tanks), blessed with high tech sensors that can detect submarines because they are quieter than the surrounding waters, and armed with nuclear torpedoes, Challenger fights an undersea war against incredible odds. Only, the enemies aren't Russians, but a German-dominated Axis that seems to borrow the worst traits of the Nazis and the Kaiser eras, and seems to posess the technical know-how to hold the future. United with South Africa (where the war began in "Channel") and ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm IV, the new German empire dispatches fleets of U-boats into the Atlantic to cut off England. Now possessing nukes, and not afraid to use them, the 21st century Kriegsmarine turns whole convoys into irradiated dust on the sea. While most of the new U-boats are either merely potent but otherwise disposable (much like the ones in WWII - they all but insure death for their prey and crew alike) or ships stolen from fallen European nations (mostly France) "Deutchland" possesses the weapons, sensors, ceramic hull and reserve of the Challenger, and is commanded by the thoroughly ambitious, brilliant and evil Eberhard. Fuller, not entirely comfortable with his ship, finds himself tasked with one seemingly impossible mission after another. A rescue mission for a crippled sub turns into a covert deep-strike mission on a Baltic coast research facility. Between Fuller and his objectives are fleets of U-boats unleashing swarms of nuclear-tipped torpedoes. (A complex set of ROE limits use of nukes to warfare out in the open ocean, never dealing with the importance of the seas in the terrestrial food-chain.)
I wasn't set to like this book, but enjoyed it anyway. Though there's something missing - the new German regime doesn't seem as fleshed as the one in "Fatherland"; what's going in other theaters of war? - the action is non-stop and the plot turns rise above the technobabble and not-quite deep characters. This isn't the clean and sterile submarine combat of other books. A lot of the book reads like a movie, but it's a movie you'd probably want to see , offering everything from sub-warfare to hand-to-hand combat once the heroes make it to that hidden weapons lab. While the new type of submarine warfare - with its high-tech hulls and nuclear weapons - may not be realistic, the author crafts a complex science with all of its limits making it quite convincing without slowing down the plot. Also, for those who don't consider submarine technothrillers there chosen form of action, "Thunder" has our heroes embarking on all sorts of impossible missions. (Sure, some of it seems to read like an elaborate video game, but most books compare poorly to games; "Thunder" does not). I kept waiting for this book to lose me, but it never did. In short, "Thunder" is a lot of fun. |
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Thunder in the Deep: A Novel of Undersea Nuclear War by Joe Buff (Hardcover - July 31 2001)
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civil rights
11:55 am
Wed December 4, 2013
Judge: Two Wash. Towns Failed Poor Defendants' Rights
A federal judge has ruled that two Washington cities have systematically violated the rights of poor defendants to have legal representation.
The state chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union sued Mount Vernon and Burlington two years ago, alleging that public defenders there were so overworked that they amounted to little more than "a warm body with a law degree."
Following a two-week trial last June, U.S. District Judge Robert Lasnik agreed in a ruling Wednesday. He blamed city officials for cutting corners in paying for and monitoring public defenders, and for remaining "willfully blind" to the problems that resulted.
Lasnik also ordered the cities to re-evaluate the way hire a part-time public defense supervisor to oversee whether poor defendants are receiving adequate legal counsel.


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Articles on this page are available in 2 other languages: Chinese (Simplified) (5), Dutch (1) (learn more)
Brief Summary
Geographic Range
Common nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) have a large geographic range. They are native to, and widely distributed in, central and southern Europe and central Asia. Locally distributed in the British Isles, they are more commonly seen in France, Italy, and Spain during the summer when they nest. Common nightingales prefer milder and warmer climates than their close relatives, thrush nightingales (Luscinia luscinia). During the winter, common nightingales migrate to the tropics of northern and central Africa, including western Sahara, Egypt, Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya, Cameroon, and Nigeria, among others.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); ethiopian (Native )
- 2007. "Luscinia Megarhynchos" (On-line). 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Speces. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/51738/all.
- 1999. "Luscinia Megarhynchos" (On-line). BirdGuides. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://www.birdguides.com/html/vidlib/species/Luscinia_megarhynchos.htm.
- Uri, G. 2002. "Common Nightingale" (On-line). Stamps of Israeli Birds. Accessed April 09, 2008 at http://my.ort.org.il/holon/birds/bd5.html.
Physical Description
Physical Description
Common nightingales are rather plain in appearance compared to their remarkable singing abilities. They are slightly larger than European robins (Erithacus rubecula) and their body is brown in color except on the underside, where the feathers become lighter. They have broad, chestnut colored tails, and large, black eyes which are adorned with a white ring around each eye. Males and females are similar in appearance, except that males tend to be slightly larger, with larger wingspans. However, females sometimes weigh more because males have higher metabolic rates due to their tendency to sing.
Range mass: 18 to 23 g.
Average mass: 21 g.
Range length: 14 to 17 cm.
Average length: 16.5 cm.
Range wingspan: 20 to 24 cm.
Average wingspan: 22.5 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger
- 2008. "Nightingale" (On-line). British Garden Birds. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://garden-birds.co.uk/birds/nightingale.htm.
- Faye, S. 2008. "Nightingales" (On-line). AvianWeb: Wild Birds Resources. Accessed April 20, 2008 at http://www.avianweb.com/nightingales.html.
- Robinson, R. 2008. "BTO Birdfacts - Nightingale" (On-line). BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob11040.htm.
- Thomas, R. 2002. Costs of Singing in Nightingales. Animal Behaviour, 63/5: 959-966. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W9W-463X82V-G&_user=1684811&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000054208&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1684811&md5=e6289d60a69ea29801d18c2d28171d48.
Common nightingales typically prefer habitats with mild to warm climates. They can be found in areas with dense, low thicket growth or woodlands with young trees and bare ground underneath. They prefer habitats with coppiced tree species, and are most often found in hazel trees. This is ideal for Luscinia megarhynchos because it provides a good hiding place from predators while allowing them to search for food and make nests safely. Due to the recent decline in the population of common nightingales in England, researchers have investigated whether a cutback of suitable habitats may have caused the decline. Various factors, including climate change, changes in the quality of habitats, the introduction of Reeve's muntjacs (Muntiacus reevesi), and the re-introduction of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) have all contributed to population declines in Britain. Reeve's muntjacs and roe deer graze in the woods typically inhabited by common nightingales, which reduces the density of shrubs.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; scrub forest
- Hewson, C., R. Fuller, C. Day. 2005. An Investigation of Habitat Occupancy by the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos with Respect to Population Change at the Edge of Its Range in England. Journal of Ornithology, 146: 244-248. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/lm67g16478023218/.
- Mead, C. 1998. "Nightingale" (On-line). Bird On!. Accessed April 21, 2008 at http://www.birdcare.com/bin/showpage/portraits/ngportrait.
- Wilson, A., A. Henderson, R. Fuller. 2002. Status of the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos in Britain at the End of the 20th Century with Particular Reference to Climate Change. Bird Study, 49: 193-204. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://umbc.library.ingentaconnect.com/content/bto/bird/2002/00000049/00000003/493193?token=00471f641b148f0b65d9d223f582f476d383a4b3b257b6e7b455f3f6a38383a412820a7.
Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
Common nightingales are primarily insectivores, preying on insects such as beetles, ants, worms, and spiders found on the ground. They also eat insect larvae. In the autumn common nightingales sometimes eat berries and other fruits.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; terrestrial worms
Plant Foods: fruit
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Vermivore); herbivore (Frugivore )
Ecosystem Roles
Common nightingales, like many songbirds, play an important role in the ecosystem by eating insects that may damage leaves and the growth of trees. Tawny owls prey on common nightingales.
The major known predators of common nightingales are tawny owls, Strix aluco. In order to decrease their risk of predation, common nightingales tend to reduce the amount and volume of night time singing when not actively attracting mates.
Known Predators:
- tawny owls (Strix aluco)
Life History and Behavior
Communication and Perception
Common nightingales communicate with others by singing whistle and non-whistle songs. Whistle songs are used during breeding season. The number of whistle songs decrease when males successfully mate. When trying to attract a female, a male will sing for up to 50% of the night. Males lose weight each night when they sing (Thomas, 2002). There are several metabolic consequences to singing at night, one of which is that common nightingales must spend time during the day looking for food in order to build up a larger body reserve, thereby giving up the time that it could take to sing and increasing the chance of being seen by predators.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Life Expectancy
Common nightingale typical lifespan ranges from one to five years. The oldest recorded age is at 8 years and 4 months old. Although little is known about what typically limits the lifespan of common nightingales, there is no doubt that predation and habitat reduction contribute to the relatively short lifespan. There has been no recorded lifespan of a nightingale in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 1 to 8 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 5 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 1 to 5 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 3.8 years.
- 2008. "Common Nightingale" (On-line). Bird Id. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://www.birdid.co.uk/DisplayBirdDetail.asp.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
One of the most notable characteristics of common nightingales is their beautiful singing ability, especially by male birds. Common nightingales are well known for singing during the night, hence their name. Older males have improved mating success due to their larger song repertoire and territory, which attracts females better. They are reported to have a 53% larger song repertoire than younger males, and the repertoire is reported to consist of approximately 180 to 260 song variations. Researchers have not discovered yet why song repertoire increases so dramatically in older males. Upon mating successfully, males change the types of their songs by reducing their whistle songs, which are used to attract females, and ceasing their nocturnal songs until their mate lays eggs.
The mating season is a highly competitive time for common nightingales. It takes a tremendous amount of energy to sing and male songs may reflect their body condition, resulting in female selection of the best singers (Schmidt et al., 2005). More aggressively singing males will have a better chance of mating success. Up to 49% of males may not successfully find a mate. Males defend their nest territory very aggressively, fighting and chasing away trespassing birds.
Common nightingales are seasonally monogamous.
Mating System: monogamous
Breeding in common nightingales takes place around mid-May each year. Nests are usually set up by the female among the twigs found in dense shrubs, using dried leaves and grass. Incubation lasts approximately thirteen to fourteen days by the female. Each egg is 21 by 16 mm, weighing 2.7 g, of which 6% is the shell. Common nightingales reach sexual maturity at the age of one.
Breeding interval: Common nightingales breed from May through June. First clutches can be expected around May 13th.
Breeding season: Breeding typically occurs between May 5th and June 6th.
Range eggs per season: 4 to 5.
Average eggs per season: 4.63.
Range time to hatching: 13 to 14 days.
Average time to hatching: 13.75 days.
Range fledging age: 11 to 13 days.
Average fledging age: 11.98 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
Before the eggs hatch, the female incubates the eggs, and both parents project the eggs from predators. When the eggs hatch, both parents take care of the offspring by feeding and nurturing them until they can survive on their own. The fledgling period lasts between 11 to 13 days.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
- 2008. "Nightingale" (On-line). British Garden Birds. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://garden-birds.co.uk/birds/nightingale.htm.
- Kiefer, S., A. Spiess, S. Kipper, R. Mundry, C. Sommer, H. Hultsch. 2006. First-year common nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) have smaller song-type repertoire sizes than older males. Ethology, 112/12: 1217-1224. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01283.x.
- Kunc, H., V. Amrhein, M. Naguib. 2006. Vocal interactions in nightingales, Luscinia megarhynchos: more aggressive males have higher pairing success. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 72: 25-30. Accessed April 09, 2008 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W9W-4K2SKB6-2&_user=1684811&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000054208&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1684811&md5=9c311cc87b858e8954900a4f986ca601.
- Kunc, H., V. Amrhein, M. Naguib. 2005. Acoustic features of song categories and their possible implications for communication in the common nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos). Behaviour, 142: 1083-1097. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://umbc.library.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/beh/2005/00000142/00000008/art00005?token=004a18de42dcb2ce67232d45237b60246c6a532c2b672123553568263c7b3937bb3d6f9fd5.
- Kunc, H., V. Amrhein, M. Naguib. 2006. Vocal interactions in common nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos): males take it easy after pairing. Behaviour, 61: 557-563. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/262n81w1r47v4221/.
- Robinson, R. 2008. "BTO Birdfacts - Nightingale" (On-line). BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob11040.htm.
- Rothenberg, D. 2005. Why Birds Sing: A Journey Through the Mystery of Bird Song. New York: Basic Books. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://books.google.com/books?id=p5nOx6suVJIC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=nightingale+predators&source=web&ots=2cC05nI81C&sig=W3jJuXOpFtcKapTPvoQGjThLITc&hl=en#PPA41,M1.
- Schmidt, R., H. Kunc, V. Amrhein, M. Naguib. 2006. Responses to interactive playback predict future mating success in nightingales. Animal Behaviour, 72: 1355-1362. Accessed April 20, 2008 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W9W-4M27X59-5&_user=1684811&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000054208&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1684811&md5=71c36d765aeb52848b1e0a4f4bf6b506.
- Thomas, R. 2002. Costs of Singing in Nightingales. Animal Behaviour, 63/5: 959-966. Accessed April 01, 2008 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W9W-463X82V-G&_user=1684811&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000054208&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1684811&md5=e6289d60a69ea29801d18c2d28171d48.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Luscinia megarhynchos
There are 6 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Luscinia megarhynchos
Public Records: 5
Specimens with Barcodes: 10
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Changes in common nightingale habitat quality and quantity in Britain has resulted in a decline in the local population over the last two decades. The decline is also affected by predation pressure and introduction of non-native species such as roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) which graze in nightingale habitat. Also, while common nightingales prefer a mild climate, Britain's climate has recently become colder and wetter, which also contributes to the population decline. There has been speculation that these birds are facing problems in their wintering grounds due to changes in climate and habitat as well. According to The State of Europe's Common Birds 2007 report, common nightingales experienced a 63% population decline in Europe between 1980 and 2005. Due to their importance in Britain, common nightingales have been placed on the Amber List.
US Migratory Bird Act: no special status
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
- 2007. "Common bird study reveals further decline of Europe's farmland birds" (On-line). BirdLife International. Accessed April 22, 2008 at http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/12/commonbird.html.
Population Trend
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no known adverse effects of Luscinia megarhynchos on humans.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Many people are fans of common nightingale songs. These birds are important in western European culture. Perhaps one of the most famous roles is in the John Keats poem, "Ode to a Nightingale," in which the poet describes the beauty of a nightingale's song. Tchaikovsky was said to be inspired by the nightingale's song while composing "The Nightingale", op. 60 no. 4. Stravinsky also composed a piece referring to the nightingale's song in "Song of the Nightingale and Chinese March". Including research and education, common nightingales are important for birdwatchers and people who appreciate the beauty of their songs.
Positive Impacts: research and education
Common Nightingale
The Common Nightingale or simply Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), also known as Rufous Nightingale, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. It belongs to a group of more terrestrial species, often called chats.
The Common Nightingale is slightly larger than the European Robin, at 15–16.5 cm (5.9–6.5 in) length. It is plain brown above except for the reddish tail. It is buff to white below. Sexes are similar. The eastern subspecies L. m. hafizi and L. m. africana have paler upperparts and a stronger face-pattern, including a pale supercilium. The song of the Nightingale[2] has been described as one of the most beautiful sounds in nature, inspiring songs, fairy tales, opera, books, and a great deal of poetry.[3]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
It is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in forest and scrub in Europe and south-west Asia, but is not found naturally in the Americas. The distribution is more southerly than the very closely related Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia. It nests on the ground within or next to dense bushes. It winters in southern Africa. At least in the Rhineland (Germany), the breeding habitat of nightingales agrees with a number of geographical parameters.[4]
- less than 400 m (1300 ft) above mean sea level
- mean air temperature during the growing season above 14 °C (57 °F)
- more than 20 days/year on which temperatures exceed 25 °C (77 °F)
- annual precipitation less than 750mm
- aridity index lower than 0.35
- no closed canopy
Behaviour and ecology[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (August 2013) |
Common Nightingales are named so because they frequently sing at night as well as during the day. The name has been used for well over 1,000 years, being highly recognizable even in its Anglo-Saxon form – 'nightingale'. It means 'night songstress'. Early writers assumed the female sang when it is in fact the male. The song is loud, with an impressive range of whistles, trills and gurgles. Its song is particularly noticeable at night because few other birds are singing. This is why its name includes "night" in several languages. Only unpaired males sing regularly at night, and nocturnal song is likely to serve to attract a mate. Singing at dawn, during the hour before sunrise, is assumed to be important in defending the bird's territory. Nightingales sing even more loudly in urban or near-urban environments, in order to overcome the background noise. The most characteristic feature of the song is a loud whistling crescendo, absent from the song of Thrush Nightingale. It has a frog-like alarm call. The nightingale is commonly seen and heard in the English countryside and is thought[by whom?] to have a large breeding ground in south country of England.
Relationship with humans[edit]
The Common Nightingale is an important symbol for poets from a variety of ages, and has taken on a number of symbolic connotations. Homer evokes the Nightingale in the Odyssey, suggesting the myth of Philomela and Procne (one of whom, depending on the myth's version, is turned into a nightingale[5] ).[6] This myth is the focus of Sophocles' tragedy, Tereus, of which only fragments remain. Ovid, too, in his Metamorphoses, includes the most popular version of this myth, imitated and altered by later poets, including Chrétien de Troyes, Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and George Gascoigne. T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" also evokes the Common Nightingale's song (and the myth of Philomela and Procne).[7] Because of the violence associated with the myth, the nightingale's song was long interpreted as a lament.
The Common Nightingale has also been used as a symbol of poets or their poetry.[8] Poets chose the nightingale as a symbol because of its creative and seemingly spontaneous song. Aristophanes's Birds and Callimachus both evoke the bird's song as a form of poetry. Virgil compares the mourning of Orpheus to the "lament of the nightingale".[9]
In Sonnet 102 Shakespeare compares his love poetry to the song of the Common Nightingale (Philomel):
- "Our love was new, and then but in the spring,
- When I was wont to greet it with my lays;
- As Philomel in summer's front doth sing,
- And stops his pipe in growth of riper days:"
During the Romantic era the bird's symbolism changed once more: poets viewed the nightingale not only as a poet in his own right, but as "master of a superior art that could inspire the human poet".[10] For some romantic poets, the nightingale even began to take on qualities of the muse. Coleridge and Wordsworth saw the nightingale more as an instance of natural poetic creation: the nightingale became a voice of nature. John Keats' "Ode to a Nightingale" pictures the nightingale as an idealized poet who has achieved the poetry that Keats longs to write. Invoking a similar conception of the nightingale, Shelley wrote in his "A Defense of Poetry":
- "A poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician, who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why."[11]
Cultural depictions[edit]
- The Aēdōn (Ancient Greek: Ἀηδών, "Nightingale") is a minor character in Aristophanes's 414 BC Attic comedy The Birds.
- The love of the nightingale for the rose is widely used, often metaphorically, in Persian literature.[12]
- "The Owl and the Nightingale" (12th or 13th century) is a Middle English poem about an argument between these two birds.
- John Milton's sonnet "To the Nightingale" (1632–33) contrasts the symbolism of the nightingale as a bird for lovers, with the cuckoo as the bird that called when wives were unfaithful to (or "cuckolded") their husbands.
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Nightingale: A Conversation Poem", printed in 1798, disputes the traditional idea that nightingales are connected to the idea of melancholy.
- Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 (1808), the "Pastoral Symphony", includes in its second movement flute imitations of nightingale calls.
- John Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale" (1819) was described by Edmund Clarence Stedman as "one of our shorter English lyrics that still seems to me... the nearest to perfection, the one I would surrender last of all"[13] and by Algernon Charles Swinburne as "one of the final masterpieces of human work in all time and for all ages".[14]
- The beauty of the nightingale's song is a theme in Hans Christian Andersen's story "The Nightingale" from 1843.[15]
- A recording of nightingale song is included, as directed by the score, in "The Pines of Janiculum", the third movement of Ottorino Respighi's 1924 symphonic poem "Pines of Rome" (Pini di Roma).
- Igor Stravinsky based his first opera, The Nightingale (1914), on the Hans Christian Andersen story and later prepared a symphonic poem, The Song of the Nightingale (1917), using music from the opera.
- In 1915, Joseph Lamb wrote a rag called "Ragtime Nightingale" that was intended to imitate the nightingale calls.[16]
- "A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square" (1939) was one of the most popular songs in Britain during World War II.
- A nightingale is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 1 kuna coin, minted since 1993.[17]
- Matthew Arnold, in his poem "To Marguerite: Continued", uses the nightingales' song as a metaphor for the brief respite from the loneliness inherent to the human condition offered by romantic relationships.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Luscinia megarhynchos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ British Library Sound Archive. British wildlife recordings: Nightingale, accessed 29 May 2013
- ^ Maxwell, Catherine. "The Female Sublime from Milton to Swinburne: Bearing Blindness", Manchester University Press, 2001, pp. 26–29 ISBN 0719057523
- ^ (German) Wink, Michael (1973): " Die Verbreitung der Nachtigall (Luscinia megarhynchos) im Rheinland". Charadrius 9(2/3): 65-80. (PDF)
- ^ Salisbury, Joyce E. (2001), Women in the ancient world, ABC-CLIO, p. 276, ISBN 978-1-57607-092-5
- ^ Chandler, Albert R. (1934), "The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry", The Classic Journal (The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Inc.) XXX (2): 78–84
- ^ Eliot, T.S. (1964), The Waste Land and Other Poems (Signet Classic ed.), New York, NY: Penguin Group, pp. 32–59, ISBN 978-0-451-52684-7
- ^ Shippey, Thomas (1970), "Listening to the Nightingale", Comparative Literature (Duke University Press) XXII (1): 46–60
- ^ Doggett, Frank (1974), "Romanticism's Singing Bird", Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 (Rice University) XIV (4): 568
- ^ Doggett, Frank (1974), "Romanticism's Singing Bird", Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 (Rice University) XIV (4): 570
- ^ Bysshe Shelley, Percy (1903), A Defense of Poetry, Boston, MA: Ginn & Company, p. 11
- ^ Diba, Layla S. (2001). "Gol o bolbol". In Yarshater, Ehsan. Encyclopædia Iranica 11. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 52–57. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ^ Stedman, Edmund C. (1884), "Keats", The Century, XXVII: 600
- ^ Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1886), "Keats", Miscellanies, New York: Worthington Company, p. 221, retrieved 2008-10-08. Reprinted from the Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ The Nightingale
- ^ Ragtime Nightingale
- ^ 1 Kuna Coin. – Retrieved on 31 March 2009.


text: Newsroom Nature Canada and National Capital Region Naturalist Clubs Host First Tour of Lac Deschênes Important Bird Area For more information about the tour, including tips on how to explore each site, visit lacdeschenes.ca Follow us at @NatureCanadaPAs and like us on Facebook to get the latest updates on the event. Nature Canada is a national charitable organization that works for a vision of Canada as a place where threatened species are protected, wildlife habitat is preserved, and people embrace a culture of conservation in their everyday lives. We are co-partners, with Bird Studies Canada, delivering BirdLife International's Important Bird Areas program in Canada. We aim to identify, monitor and protect a global network of IBAs for the conservation of the world's birds and other biodiversity. |


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My bestfriend and his family want to take me out to eat in celebration of coming back to my state. They haven't seen me in a while so they're treating me to something, the only problem is..I hate eating in front of people..I honestly have no idea why. I don't care if I look like a pig or anything, just when I get in front of people I don't eat. I want to go with him and his family since they invited me. Is there a way to stop being so shy when it comes to eating in front of people
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Product Type: Ice-Watch Chronograph
Newest Review: ... I loved it. Now I have a ice watch in pink, purple, blue, white and black. I will be honest I don't always wear them to tell the time I ... more
Ice Ice Baby!
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The watch is water resistant up to a depth of 50M. I can't say I would ever take the watch swimming as I would not want to risk ruining it for the cost; I have also never used the watch whilst showering or doing the washing up so I cannot say whether this is true but I would assume it is as they supply a two year guarantee with each watch.
After six months I still have the watch going strong and it definately adds to any outfit of the theme matching pink. I hope to be able to get myself a wider range of colours to wear with more of my clothes. The watch does make a bold statement and I often get complimented on my choice of timepiece whether at work or during my time out and about. My mam especially likes the design of the watch as she has quite poor eyesight and has to choose her watches according to face clarity.
The watch is very comfortable to wear and does not make the wrist feel hot and sweaty like some do. I wear my watches on my right wrist (although I am right handed), and despite the silver nobbly bit being against my arm it does not get in the way or leave any marks.
The watch has quartz movement and keeps the time well unlike my cheaper watches which seem to lose time as the days go on. The watch does become loud though when you are in a quiet room so do not keep it next to your bed at night unless 'tick . . . tick . . . tick' helps you sleep.
All in all a good quality watch at a good quality price which will last you definitely longer than the imitations on the market. If you want to make a statement then this is the watch for you.
Summary: All in all a good quality statement timepiece.
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A collection of news and information related to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder published by this site and its partners.
Top Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Articles
Displaying items 23-33
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