text:
Ready in 45 minutes
Sure, it's only slightly different than Chicken Marsala but it is a great change!
"Simple and delicious! I have made this twice so far.Once with the chicken dredged in flour as directed in the recipe and once with the chicken breaded as discussed in the previous reviews and as shown in the photo. I thought both versions were equally tasty while my wife preferred the original 'lighter' flour dredged version. Our little one preferred sucking on the mushrooms and rubbing the sauce into her hair :-)"
- Skeeter77Cuisine: FrenchMain Ingredient: Chicken
770 people want to try | 1,410 have favorited
Top-ranked recipe named "Sauteed Chicken Breast with Sherried Mushroom Cream Sauce"
Season chicken breast halves with salt and pepper to taste. I like to season them before beating them to 1/4 inch thickness. Dredge in flour until thoroughly coated and then set aside. Heat butter and olive oil to high heat (but not to where butter starts to burn) in a large skillet and add breast to the pan. Cook four minutes per side and remove to a 200 degree oven.
Reserve 1 tablespoon of oil in skillet and add shallots, cooking them over medium heat for 1 minute. Add mushrooms (I prefer porcini [baby bellas]) and cook for about 3 minutes or until softened and lightly browned. Deglaze skillet with the sherry. Continue cooking until the sherry has almost totally evaporated.
Add cream (I let it come to room temp while preparing everything else) and chicken stock. Bring to a boil and simmer about 5 minutes. This should reduce until thick enough to lightly coat a spoon.
Add nutmeg, parsley, and lemon juice (yeah, I had reservations about adding lemon juice to cream, but it did not curdle).
Spoon the sauce over chicken and serve immediately.
This went very well with Green Bean Almond Rice (Big Oven Recipe 93087).
Date | My private notes | |
Mrsswill 11 month agoWe've made this several times. For ourselves and for company. We love it and our company jut raved about it! I've also made it gluten free with multi purpose gluten free flour. The gravy desires a little more liquid in that version, but. It was still delicious!
Skeeter77 2 years agoSimple and delicious! I have made this twice so far.Once with the chicken dredged in flour as directed in the recipe and once with the chicken breaded as discussed in the previous reviews and as shown in the photo. I thought both versions were equally tasty while my wife preferred the original 'lighter' flour dredged version. Our little one preferred sucking on the mushrooms and rubbing the sauce into her hair :-)
rommulus 2 years agovery tasty
Mentok 3 years agoFantastic! My wife couldn't believe that I made it. She said it was restaurant quality. Only change that I made was to double the recipe. Served with Texmati brown & wild rice and Steamed Broccoli on the side.
bradrobster 3 years agoWow...This was awesome!, used granulated onion and garlic on the mushrooms..worked great...as cream/stock starts to thicken at the end, keep tasting. I added extra salt and pepper. I actually got it a bit too thick...I wanted more sauce to go over my side of rice!.. This is great, will make it again..and will try with pork and thin beef steaks too!
Hanidianna 3 years agoCame out excellent!!! used chicken boneless thigh cz I didn't have breasts, and it came out great!
Yelli316 3 years agoGreat recipe. We love love loved it!
Mrsswill 3 years agoThis recipe is AMAZING! It's our new favorite recipe!
dnanez 3 years agoReally good, but would probably be better with pork like suggested. I simmered the sauce about 20 minutes, to thicken it up and give it more color. Father-in-law said it was worthy of a blue ribbon. thanks for posting.
Jerrycho 3 years agoBrilliant. Loving it. Worth trying.
jpeek60 3 years agoMy family loved it!
jpeek60 3 years agoI just took over the cooking in our family and this was my first recipe. The family was impressed and really liked it. Easy to make, and it turned out just like the photo
loridale11 3 years agoExcellent. Easy to do. Served with mashed potatoes and veggies. Will definitely make again.
chefhoward76 4 years agoAn excellent recipe! We served it over simple white rice, a salad of greens and hot rolls. Basically, this quick and easy recipe made a great dinner.
captaindes 5 years agoWOW!! This was a great way to make chicken. I loved it and didn't change a thing. I kinda wished the sauce at the end was a bit thicker, but admit I could have accomplished that with a little patience. I just couldn't wait any longer...it smelled so good. My German exchange student loved it too...and he is quite the picky eater. Can't wait to try it with pork cutlets as has been suggested.
sgrishka 6 years agoThe appearance of the photo not matching this recipe is my fault...in my previous rating of this recipe and posting of the photo, I failed to mention that I didn't just dredge the chicken in flour, I breaded it (my personal taste that day). After gently pounding the chicken breast into cutlets and dredging in flour, I dipped them (both sides) in a mixture of 2 eggs beaten with 1 tbsp. oil, letting excess drip off (to ensure very thin coating), then dipped both sides in bread crumbs, pressing crumbs with fingers to form an even coating. I set cutlets in a single layer on wire rack for about 5 minutes to allow coating to dry while the skillet with the butter and olive oil heated up. Either way, simply dredged in flour or breaded, this is a great recipe! Sorry for any confusion.
lncnhwyfan 6 years agoWe didn't get it to come out like the picture, but everyone enjoyed it. The chicken was tender and moist, the sauce flavorful. It goes very well with angel hair pasta. Another recipe added to our family favorites.
sgrishka 6 years agoA terrific, company worthy recipe with a wonderful blend of flavors. I will definitely be making this again.
swibirun 7 years agoThis also works great using thin pork cutlets instead of chicken. In fact, we all thought it was better with pork. Just reduce to cooking time to about a minute per side (our cutlets were less than 1/2 inch thick).
swibirun 7 years ago[I posted this recipe.]


text:
If you didn't have any plans for tonight before you started reading this sentence, now you do. Here are the best sports on television tonight, and where and when you can watch them. All times Eastern. Follow the links to learn more about each of the teams listed below. The Nats have the night off tonight and things are a little scarce, but we still have some tennis action for you. Let's get right into it.
↵World Team Tennis:
↵Washington Vs. New York, 7 CSN: If you're ever going to watch a Washington Kastles match, tonight would be the night to do it. Serena Williams makes her return to the Kastles for the first of two matches this week. From the Kastles website, here are the projected lineups.
↵↵↵Women's Singles: Serena Williams (WAS) vs. Martina Hingis (NYS)
↵Men's Singles: Bobby Reynolds (WAS) vs. Jesse Witten (NYS)
Women's Doubles: S. Williams/Rennae Stubbs (WAS) vs. Hingis/O'Brien (NYS)Men's Doubles: Reynolds/Leander Paes (WAS) vs. Witten/Travis Parrott (NYS)
↵Mixed Doubles: S. Williams/Paes (WAS) vs. Hingis/Parrott (NYS)

subset: commoncrawl


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Tim Berry, president of Palo Alto Software, was recently interviewed on eBay Radio. Check out the show below if you are interested in hearing Tim discuss how Business Plan Pro can be used with eBay businesses.
Previous post: $100K Business Plan Competition
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Hey what's up guys my name is Michael Troina. Future GameInformer or IGN editor
I am a hardcore avid video game player, I love watching anime and reading manga.
My full walkthrough/playthrough's are found on my youtube account here
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I am also an athlete I play baseball, basketball, and football; I appear sometimes on my friends college sports radio show
I also blog a LOT (I'll put the links below) ranging from myIGN video game blog to my just Kingdom Hearts blog.
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Sonic Unleashed Review
on 02.10.2013
Well, we all know of Sonic Unleashed in a good or a bad way...mostly bad. Sonic Unleashed was supposed to bring Sonic back to his glory days and make us forget about the awful games of Sonic and the Secret Rings and, hold on let me barf, Sonic the Hedgehog 2006. Unfortunately, Sonic Unleashed has a dark side to the game....literally. If you haven't guessed already by looking at the front cover, besides Sonic the Hedgehog, we get Sonic the Werehog; a ludicrous idea where Sonic becomes Kratos from God of War (in terms of gameplay of course).
The Sonic Unleashed
begins with Sonic storming Dr. Robotnik's space station in space and as per usual is destroying the place, foiling Eggman's plans. As he transforms to Super Sonic to finish the deal, Dr. Robotnik pulls out his ace-in-the-hole and uses a new device to drain the energy of the Chaos Emeralds and obviously Super Sonic's energy. This device though causes Sonic to transform into the Werehog and soon Eggman fires a blast, breaking the Earth into pieces, and sends Sonic flying through space, eventually crashing in some location on Earth with the seven Emeralds. As Sonic wakes up, he notices a knocked out creature. This creature has no memory of anything, so Sonic dubs him Chip and journey's to see if anyone in the area knows who this Chip character is. As the game progresses, you come to realize who Chip is, restore the Chaos Emeralds power, run into Amy and Tails (the only Sonic characters to make an appearance), and why Dr. Robotnik broke the Earth into pieces. The story isn't exactly a thriller or the greatest, just enough to satisfy a Sonic fan, with of course, corny humor.
On a positive note though, the
look fantastic. The scenery all the way to Sonic, make this game visually appealing through its bright, vibrant settings. I do have to say though, as a long time Sonic fan, Sonic the Werehog looks UGLY. Seriously, I can't stand to look at him and neither could my brother. It's not that his graphics and frames are weird, but the fact that he does not look like Sonic really is odd. The music in Unleashed rids of the "rock age" that started in the Adventure Series and goes with more of a theme-matching flow. While I am not the biggest fan of it (I am more for the techno, 16-bit from the Genesis-Sonic's) this music has to be, without any doubts, his worst soundtrack. Seriously, it's more that I want to sleep if I hear the music when I am speeding through a level. Take Arid Sands Day Act 1, you need to get under 2:50 for an achievement, and the music does not pump me up at all. I found myself blasting Green Forest, from Sonic Adventure 2 while I tried to get the achievement (which of course I did AFTER I played the song).
There are two major components of
in this Sonic game, Day and Night, otherwise known as Hedgehog and Werehog. Sonic the Hedgehog levels, are fantastic, bringing back the platforming from the old days, adding a new features known as a Speed Boost/Ring boost (people who have played Sonic Rush would recognize this) and the "Quick Step" . The Quick Step is a useful feature that is utilized when you are running behind camera mode in the Day Levels, where to dodge enemies or pillars; you press L1 or R1 to quickly move on this 3 plane runway. This gives the player more of a freedom to move at a quicker speed forward, rather than using the control stick to make Sonic go in a straight line (like in a racing game). The Homing Attack is not as effective as it is in Sonic Adventure 2, where it doesn't have to have a lock-on target and requires the use of the A or X button (jump twice). Now, you must press a separate button and the lock-on target does take a while, or sometimes targets something off screen, throwing off your Sonic-flow. Probably the only other negative aspect of Day/Sonic the Hedgehog levels is that of a horrible camera for some platforming areas and the "drift" aspect.
If you are a fan of Spiderman, God of War, or just in term beat-em' up in this new age sandbox type way...then you will love Werehog. Unfortunately, when you buy a Sonic game you didn't sign up for this gimmick. Werehog/Night levels consist of awkward platforming, dumb puzzles, and mindless tapping of Square or Triangle. I can't stress enough how bad the camera because A) you don't have the freedom to control it [as much as the game likes for you to believe] and B) it caused me to die so many times that I really just gave up on it. You cannot determine the length or height of your jumps when you are a Werehog and the lock-on (for poles, etc.) works when it wants to...so stock up on 1UPs.
Sonic Unleashed also has tons of useless features and missions. For example, their "level-up" system was you can upgrade the stats of Sonic and his Werehog form. For Sonic, you can upgrade your boost and speed and for the Werehog your power, life, shield, combat, "unleash". The overworld of Sonic, while visually appealing and an obvious ode to world-cultures, is pointless and there should never be humans in a Sonic game. You must basically talk to all these humans to find out what is going on or where to go next, but the good news is they have no idea...just like you! Sometimes humans can be exorcised (because of the villain Dark Gaia), sometimes they ask for favors, and most of the time they GET IN YOUR WAY. Even during Sonic's day levels, humans are basically invisible pillars to ruin your speed. This idea seems forced and was not very good.
Sonic Unleashed was a game I needed to play to fill my Sonic meter. Seriously, I skipped this title at the time because I was really disappointed by Sonic the Hedgehog 2006, but I eventually came to it after positive experiences from Sonic Colors and Generations. I had heard the level designs were based off the "day" mode in Unleashed so I took the time to buy and play the game. Unfortunately, the Werehog and bad camera made me nearly break the disc in two; I did enjoy my time playing a new Sonic game, because I love Sonic. The
in this game is also a bit high, a positive, because of the extra levels for the Day, but at the same time they get repetitive and stale and you want to play a new game.
Overall: 7/10
Sonic tried to make us forget Sonic the Hedgehog but brought more nightmares in his Werehog form. The Day Levels were a step in the right direction, as it has influenced new Sonic games, but casual gamers may not enjoy this as much as avid Sonic fans.
Great graphics
Fun Day Levels
Camera problems
Most of the features feel forced
Michael Troina writes features and reviews Nintendo games for Analog Addiciton. When hes not writing or playing games or sports, hes out at his job at the Daily Bugle taking pictures as the web-slinger we all have come to love either that or hes getting sandwich saving one world at a time. Find him anywhere with this flavors.me/michaeltroina
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Conversations focus in on modernizing data protection
Posted by: Michael Tidmarsh
The Quantum event series Virtualization, Cloud and the New Realities for Data Protection has continued in full force over the past week and a half, with well-attended dinner meetings among senior-level IT professionals in Cleveland, Raleigh, Atlanta and, just last night, in Washington, DC. As has been the case with previous events in the series in Boston, New York, Chicago, Palo Alto and Houston, the discussions have been lively and engaging, focusing on some of the hot-button issues for IT professionals around data protection in environments that are increasingly virtualized and moving more towards cloud-computing deployments.
The events feature as keynote speaker Greg Shulz, founder and senior adviser at The Server and StorageIO Group (Storage IO). Shulz is an expert analyst with more than 30 years experience across applications, archiving, backup, business continuity, disaster recovery, performance and capacity planning, cloud computing and virtualization. Other speakers at the events include David Chapa, Chief Technology Evangelist at Quantum; Henrik Rosendahl, Vice President, Cloud Solutions, Quantum; Dan Duperron, Principal Technical Advisor, Quantum. This series will continue with dinner meetings in San Diego on August 22; Los Angeles, August 23; Uncasville, CT (Mohegan Sun Casino), August 29; St Louis, MO, September 10; Portland, OR, September11; and King of Prussia, PA, September 13.
After participating in discussions at four events in quick succession during the past week, Shulz said he is finding a lot of consistency in the concerns and questions of participants across geographies and even across industries. We asked him to summarize some of his observations from the meets in Cleveland, Raleigh, Atlanta and DC. Here is his response:
"I'm seeing continued strong interest in learning more about modernizing data protection. IT professionals want to move from swapping out media (e.g. tape, disk, cloud) like flat tires to finding and fixing issues and problems, along with removing complexity and cost vs. simple cost cutting or doing more with less.
"The cloud conversations continue around confidence in the services, including security, compliance, availability and cost – as well as how to use them, what to use them for, how to gain confidence and how to gain certainty. Some are using clouds, including hybrid, public or private, and some can only use private clouds today while others are exploring hybrid or public solutions. I'm seeing varying degrees of virtualization, which demonstrates that the market is far from reaching its full potential for virtual server deployment, both for consolidation as well as for the next wave of virtualization – including life beyond consolidation where virtualization is used for agility, flexibility and mobility as opposed to just for squeezing or reducing costs.
"Network bandwidth remains a concern for some individuals, particularly around issues such as moving or retrieving data to and from an off site or a cloud provider in a given amount of time. I'm seeing that some budgets are flat, some are increased, but all have more work to do, hence they are rethinking how, why, where and when data gets protected to remove costs, as opposed to cutting costs. I'm also seeing discussions around avoiding treating all applications and their data in the same manner as an effective means to reduce complexity and cost, as well as an alternative enabling organizations to do more with their resources, including people, budgets, available time, hardware, software, networks and services."
Please let us know if you are facing the same backup and data protection challenges in your organization and what you are doing about it. Also, please stay tuned for our next update in the series next week as we move back to the West Coast.


text:
My client a growing and successful entertainment business are currently looking for a part time management accountant to assist the finance manager for 15 hours per week.
* Assist in the preparation of monthly regional profit and loss account
* Monthly accounts receivables and other balance sheet reconciliations
* Monthly expense accruals and prepayment journals and cost analysis
* Intercompany recharges, revaluations and reconciliation
* Assist in the preparation of the quarterly financial re-forecasts and annual budget
* Monitor current procedures and systems in use for weaknesses and improvements
* Other ad hoc as required
To be considered for this role you will be in a position to work 15 hours a week (maybe a little bit more at month end), have experience of all of the above responsibilities and be immediately available to start. You must be an excellent communicator and have a good level of systems skills.
Please apply for immediate consideration.
Goodman Masson is acting as an Employment Business in relation to this vacancy.
Goodman Masson is an equal opportunities employer.
This job is no longer available
Goodman Masson
21 January 2013
20 February 2013
Goodman Masson
West London
Job Role
Contract Type
£30000 - £40000 per annum
Further information
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Goodman Masson is the largest Independent Financial Recruiter in the UK and has been recruiting professionally qualified accountants and other finance professionals for almost 20 years.


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December 31, 2013
GREEN BAY � Go ahead, take shots at the Green Bay Packers and their barely-above .500 record. Question the defense, and make light of how they needed to scratch and claw to win three of their last four games.
All that matters to coach Mike McCarthy is that Green Bay won the NFC North and is in the NFL playoffs.
"I love our defense. I love our football team. Throw the stats out the window," a rejuvenated McCarthy said Monday at Lambeau Field. "You can throw the bad ones at me and I'll throw the good ones back at you.
"We're a playoff football team. Our identity has changed. This team has embraced it, and we know it's going to take the full game to get it done, and that's the way we play."
The Packers (8-7-1) have grown accustomed to nail-biters on their way to winning a third straight division crown.
The most important close call came Sunday at Chicago's Soldier Field, when Aaron Rodgers found Randall Cobb for an unlikely 48-yard touchdown catch on fourth-and-8 with 38 seconds left to cap the comeback from an eight-point deficit in the fourth quarter for a 33-28 win.
What's more, it sent the Bears � Green Bay's fiercest division rival � home for the winter.
The victory and touchdown reception that featured two key Packers who returned from injuries had sports talk radio shows buzzing throughout Wisconsin on Monday.
"Oh man, It's a great a feeling," running back Eddie Lacy said Sunday night about watching time expire on the clock. "We're about to go to the (playoffs), and now we have to keep it going."
But the Packers had only Sunday night to celebrate.
"I'm sure some guys went past midnight," McCarthy said.
It was back to business on Monday in Titletown, and as if to emphasize the point, McCarthy sported a suit and tie when he spoke to reporters.
"It is playoff time, and we're focused on the 49ers," he said. Coach Jim Harbaugh's team will visit Lambeau Field on Sunday for an NFC wild-card game.
The 49ers beat the Packers 34-28 in San Francisco in Week 1, back in September. Last season, the 49ers eliminated Green Bay from the playoffs en route to the Super Bowl.
As much as McCarthy would like to disregard the statistics, on defense at least, the numbers don't paint a pretty picture. Green Bay is 25th in the NFL in total defense, giving up 372 yards a game.
Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers (12) celebrates with running back Eddie Lacy (27) after their NFL football game against the Chicago Bears, Sunday, Dec. 29, 2013, in Chicago. The Packers won 33-28 to capture the NFC North title.
After a solid start to the season, the Packers have fallen to 25th against the run, allowing 125 yards per game.
It is unknown if pass-rushing linebacker Clay Matthews will return to action after breaking his right thumb for a second time this year. He won't play on Sunday.
But the Packers do have Rodgers back after the 2011 NFL MVP missed nearly two months because of a fractured left collarbone. He is the ultimate game-changer, a franchise quarterback who can help mask other flaws on the team.
McCarthy said he can't think of a better two-minute drill in his coaching career than the one the Packers executed Sunday night to help win the game.
"I think this is probably his finest hour as a Green Bay Packer," McCarthy said of Rodgers.
The road back to the postseason has been strewn with obstacles. Besides Rodgers, Cobb and Matthews, injuries have also deprived Green Bay of tight end Jermichael Finley, defensive end Johnny Jolly and cornerback Casey Hayward. Projected left tackle Bryan Bulaga was lost in training camp.
But McCarthy believes a team identity has emerged late in games over the last month. The defense staved off the Bears' last-ditch drive with an interception by cornerback Sam Shields.
Call 'em the "never-give-up" Packers.
"When you really have to earn it to get in," McCarthy said, "yeah, it's very rewarding."
Notes: Lacy has been bothered by a sprained right ankle the last three games, but McCarthy said Monday that early information indicated the rookie came out of Sunday's game in better condition than after the previous game.
Associated Press


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Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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OCR for page 26
Evaluating Thematic Priorities and Cross-Theme Integration
This chapter evaluates the proposed research agenda within each of the six societal themes. The
evaluation criteria that will be used below are related to three of the tasks given to the committee. They
· The clarity and appropriateness of the thematic research priorities (Task 3a);
· The balance among substantive research areas as well as research activities such as observations,
modeling, and communication of results (Task 4b and 4c); and
· The degree of success in linking and integrating research activities across the themes.
The draft plan identifies 21 research priorities (Table 4-1). The plan states that eight questions
(Box 4-1) were used by the JSOST to guide the development of these priorities. From the narrative it is
difficult to determine how the questions were applied to the six themes to produce the 21 priorities. For
example, it is not clear if the questions were weighted equally, or if some were given more consideration
than others. There is also no information regarding the number of potential priorities that were screened
by these questions prior to arriving at the final 21 priorities. In that sense, it is difficult to assess whether
specific areas were unintentionally or intentionally omitted as part of the priority-setting exercise. Further
elaboration on the use of the questions in the development of the priorities would have been helpful in
assessing them.
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Table 4-1. Priorities identified by the JSOST*
1 Understand the status and trends of resource abundance and distribution through more accurate,
timely and synoptic assessments
2 Understand interspecies and habitat/species relationships as a basis for forecasting resource
stability and sustainability
3 Understand human-use patterns that may influence resource stability and 24 sustainability
4 Apply advanced technologies to enhance the benefits of various natural resources from the open
ocean, coasts, and Great Lakes
5 Understand the initiation and evolution of hazard events and apply that understanding to improve
forecasts of future hazard events
6 Understand the response of coastal and marine systems to natural hazards and apply that
understanding to assessments of future vulnerability to natural hazards
7 Apply understanding to develop multi-hazard risk assessments and to support development of
model, policies, and strategies for hazard mitigation
8 Understand the interactions between marine operations and the environment
9 Apply understanding of environmental factors to characterize and predict conditions in the
maritime domain
10 Apply understanding of human behavior to develop the information and tools necessary to carry
out effective, safe, and secure marine operations
11 Apply understanding of marine operations to enhance the marine transportation system
12 Understand ocean-climate interactions across regions
13 Understand the impact of climate variability and change on the ocean, including its
biogeochemistry and ecosystems
14 Apply understanding of the ocean to help project future climate changes and their impacts
15 Understand and predict the impact of natural and anthropogenic processes that govern the overall
level of ecosystem productivity
16 Apply understanding of ocean-related socioeconomic activities to assess the ability of marine
ecosystems to provide essential goods and services
17 Apply understanding of marine ecosystems to develop appropriate indicators and metrics for their
sustainable and effective management
18 Understand, forecast, and reduce ocean-related risks to human health from pathogens, biotoxins,
and chemical contaminants
19 Understand human health risks associated with the ocean and the potential benefits of ocean
resources to human health
20 Understand how human use and valuation of ocean resources can be affected by ocean-borne
human health threats and how human activities can influence these threats
21 Apply understanding of ocean ecosystems and biodiversity to develop products and biological
models to enhance human well being
*The priorities are numbered here in the order that they are presented in the ORPP only to simplify
referencing in the text. The numbers do not imply ranking by either the NRC committee or the JSOST.
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Box 4-1
Criteria used to identify research priorities
The following questions were used to identify the most compelling research priorities for each theme,
recognizing that the prioritization criteria for one theme may not be equally applicable to another:
· Is the proposed research transformational? (e.g., will the proposed research enable significant
advances for insight and application, even with potentially high risk for its success; would success
provide dramatic benefits for the nation?)
· Does the proposed research impact many societal theme areas?
· Does the research address high priority needs of resource managers?
· Would the research provide understanding of high value to the broader scientific community?
· Will the research promote partnerships to expand the nation's capabilities (e.g., contributions from
other partners, including communities outside of ocean science, such as health science; unique timing
of activities)?
· Does the research serve to contribute to or enhance the leadership of the United States in ocean
· Does the research contribute to a greater understanding of ocean issues at a global scale?
· Does the research address mandates of governing entities (federal agencies, state, tribal and local
There are three primary concerns about the research priorities as they have been identified in the
draft plan:
· The priorities that start with "Understand" sound like goals (not research priorities). The
priorities that start with "Apply" sound more like activities. This terminology fails to
communicate that there are priority research activities from which milestones could be developed.
In addition, many of the priority statements are so all encompassing that they do not indicate
areas of research that should take precedence.
· The wording of some research priorities suggests that they do not involve research but rather
implies that they are activities or operations that have no clear research component (e.g.,
Priorities 11 and 16).
· They do not convey the degree of difficulty or challenge in achieving them, making it difficult to
realistically address the feasibility and time frame for their likely success (Task 3b).
In addition, the balance among substantive research areas, as well as research activities such as
observations, modeling, and communication of results (Tasks 4b and 4c), is difficult to assess for some of
the thematic priorities in the ORPP. In part, that is because the balance among activities will actually
depend upon the implementation of the priorities. But, it is also due to the difficulty in discerning from
the plan what research will not be done as a result of the choice of research priorities. In places where it
is possible to comment sensibly on issues of balance, the committee does so.
The themes and their corresponding priorities would benefit from a stronger emphasis on several
cross-cuts that underlie them.
· Integrated Assessments. The development of integrated assessment depends on information both
from a comprehensive observing system and from models. In the context of physical climate
variability, this is called state estimation. Such analyses are extremely useful in their own right,
and they are essential to provide initial conditions for forecasts. Such baselines are essential for
gauging ecosystem health trends as well. However, integrated assessments are only the first step
in advancing the science and modeling capabilities. Within each theme, it would be very useful to
articulate what the impediments are to generating high quality integrated assessments.
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· Basic Research. The important role of basic research is not clearly addressed. Many of the
research priorities identify a need for "understanding," and it would be helpful, potentially
inspiring, if some needed process studies were identified in the plan that could be conducted
during the next decade. These inclusions could illustrate linkages among the priorities and the
cross-cutting role of broad-ranging fundamental research as suggested in Chapter 3.
· Predictive Models. The complexity and difficulty of developing skillful integrated predictive
models for use by managers and policy makers is not communicated in the descriptions provided
in the "Necessary Tools" subsections within each theme, and by relegating the "Opportunities for
Progress" to the back of the document. Within the themes, there are very different scientific
challenges and levels of difficulty in approaching this cross-cutting objective. For example, ocean
circulation and climate models have been used for operational prediction for some time, albeit
with varying degrees of success, while the development of ecosystem models with sufficient
predictive capacity to support ecosystem-based management are much less advanced. There are a
number of models that are designed to contribute to ecosystem-based management, ranging from
food web models to spatially explicit models of marine reserve design. However, there is much
room for improvement of models and modeling approaches, and many models have yet to be
rigorously tested against field data and experiments. In each theme, it would be very useful to
articulate what the next major step is towards building a model with sufficient predictive skill to
be of value to decision makers and researchers.
In addition to the cross-cuts, there are clear linkages between thematic areas (Figure 4-1). Most
of the thematic discussions address at least some issues that are linked to other themes. It would be
helpful to enhance this discussion by taking a more consistent approach across the themes that: 1)
carefully considers the interfaces between themes that intersect the key problems identified in the
document and 2) states the research needed and the mechanisms to be employed to foster collaborative
research in those areas. A graphic that helps the reader to visualize the connections between thematic
areas would also be useful.
Linkages between the themes should be clearly and consistently delineated in the supporting text
for the research priorities. This could be accomplished through a simple statement that a given
research priority will also forward the goals of other (specified) themes. This recommendation is
echoed in the following discussion of and recommendations for specific thematic areas.
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The ocean's role
in climate
Stewardship of our Increasing
natural and cultural resilience to
ocean resources natural hazards
Improving ecosystem Enabling marine
health operations
human health
Figure 4-1. Visualizing the linkages among the themes. The figure illustrates how one theme
may influence another (indicated by the direction of the arrows). Some themes are principally
drivers they describe processes that affect other societal themes; other themes are primarily
receivers they are affected by but have few impacts on other themes. For example, climate
change is the fundamental driver in the system (arrows point outward). However, human
health does not have a direct impact on the other themes but is instead affected by most of the
themes (i.e., almost all arrows point toward it).
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The research priorities under this theme are:
1) Understand the status and trends of resource abundance and distribution through more accurate,
timely, and synoptic assessments.
2) Understand interspecies and habitat/species relationships as a basis for forecasting resource stability
and sustainability.
3) Understand human-use patterns that may influence resource stability and sustainability.
4) Apply advanced technologies to enhance the benefits of various natural resources from the open
ocean, coasts and Great Lakes.
This theme encompasses stewardship of all aspects of the oceans and Great Lakes that represent
commodities that fulfill essential human needs (e.g., goods and services like food and transportation) or
values (e.g., recreation, tourism, preservation of culture). While this makes sense from the viewpoint of
categorizing human dependence on the ocean, it suffers as a logical organizing principal for research
priorities. Too many disparate types of resources that have little to do with one another in terms of the
science needed to advance knowledge are grouped under this one heading. For example, the principles of
assessing and managing living renewable resources are completely different from those involving mining
of non-renewable, non-living mineral resources of finite quantity, and different from protecting cultural
artifacts. In an effort to fold all natural and cultural resources under one tent, the four research priorities
embedded in this theme inventory, model, incorporate human dimensions, and apply technology are
very diffuse.
Although the plan discusses the need for taking an ecosystem-based approach, we suggest that the
plan go one step further and use ecosystem-based management as the unifying concept to connect the
numerous human uses of the ocean and research priorities. The interactive and cumulative effects of the
many different sectors of our economy (energy, food, tourism, transportation) that draw resources from
the ocean must be viewed in a holistic manner using an ecosystem-based approach. Underscoring the
over-riding necessity to think in terms of the ecosystem when evaluating the effects of human activities
could also be accomplished by drawing stronger connections between this theme and the one on
ecosystem health.
The committee also believes that the rationale fails to capture a sense of the imperiled status of
our oceanic resources, the changes in human behavior necessary to achieve sustainability for renewable
resources, and the difficulty of the science needed to solve these problems. This is especially evident
with respect to the stated research priorities as applied to living resources. For example, the approaches
that have been employed to manage living resources have often had limited success. Recent widespread
coverage in the public media has highlighted these failures and the serious declines in living resources
and biodiversity of the ocean. The plan misses an opportunity to address public concern about the plight
of our oceans as the motivation behind the research priorities.
The committee also found it difficult to identify those resources and research priorities that the
report classifies as cultural. The confusion stems from differences in how the plan discusses these
resources as illustrated in the statements on line 6-7, on page 21, "the ocean preserves a record of the past
in the form of drowned cultural sites" and line 29-31 on page 21 "relict prehistoric landscapes,
shipwrecks, and historic and living waterfronts along the nation's coasts and Great Lakes all contribute to
the national cultural heritage." The latter reference includes marine dependent communities (e.g., fishing
communities) and the former only references archeological sites such as shipwrecks. We recommend
clarifying the definition along with highlighting the research priorities that relate to these resources. As it
stands, the title of this theme implies that "natural" and "cultural" resources are of equal importance in
terms of research priorities, yet none of the proposed priorities deal directly with cultural resources.
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Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities
The priorities themselves are good and need only minor adjustments. One suggested adjustment
is that the priorities provide a better sense of the difficulties and challenges inherent in the natural and
social science. For example, the draft plan does not mention the changing conceptual frameworks and
paradigms that concern the theory of resource exploitation of living resources. On the natural science side
of the ledger, problems such as loss of biodiversity, fishing down food webs, shifting baselines,
metapopulation dynamics and connectivity across populations and ecosystems, genetic alterations of
populations and communities, and the failure of depleted populations to rebound are not discussed in this
theme. Challenges in the human and governance dimension that might be highlighted are the role for
different nuances of rights based approaches (NRC 1999b), managing recreational fisheries (Coleman et
al, 2004; NRC 2006a), understanding the socioeconomic trade-offs inherent in ecosystem-based
management especially with respect to marine mammals, sea birds, and harvested marine species,
decision making under uncertainty, and the management issues at the land-sea boundary. And, finally, as
the plan mentions there are many difficult questions that reside at the interface of natural and social
science that relate to the nature of the coupling and the strength of the feedbacks.
The plan correctly highlights several technological issues that must be solved in the coming
decade; i.e., the need to develop ocean aquaculture in an ecologically sustainable manner, the problem of
species (mammals) sensitive to acoustic emissions, the need for bycatch reduction, and the need for
enhanced mapping of continental shelf waters. These are important problems that research and/or
technology can address, but they represent only a small subset of challenges that are faced in managing
renewable resources in a sustainable fashion.
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research activities
such as observations, modeling, and communicating results.
The balance among research areas and activities is appropriate. The plan proposes to improve
empirical data relative to resource status, build better models, provide better socioeconomic information,
and develop new technology for a variety of purposes. The committee agrees that advances on all these
fronts are appropriate and necessary goals.
The priorities in this theme have an extremely strong intersection with the priorities in
"Improving Ecosystem Health" (see recommendations below), as the plan discusses. The plan misses the
opportunity to point out other important linkages, including the impact of climate change and natural
hazards on living resources and the connection between resource exploitation and marine operations.
· This theme should further emphasize the necessity of understanding all human impacts, not
just fishing, and the feedbacks and cumulative impacts among them as the means of moving
ocean governance to an ecosystem-based approach. Scientific consensus has already been reached
regarding the need to use ecosystem-based approaches to managing living resources. To better
manage the system and all of the parts, all human impacts need to be viewed through this holistic
lens. Ecosystem-based thinking is the glue that can hold the numerous pieces of this theme together.
Stronger ties to the "ecosystem health" theme should also be drawn.
· A more compelling case should be made for these extremely important research priorities based
on the greater scientific and public awareness of the decline in living resources and biodiversity.
The report is missing an opportunity to capitalize on growing public concern over the plight of the
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· Research priorities for "cultural resources" should be identified or this topic should be
removed from the theme. Cultural resources are certainly valued by society and should be
protected. But is there a compelling research priority that must be accomplished to do so?
The research priorities under this theme are:
5) Understand the initiation and evolution of hazard events and apply that understanding to improve
forecasts of future hazard events.
6) Understand the response of coastal and marine systems to natural hazards and apply that
understanding to assessments of future vulnerability to natural hazards.
7) Apply understanding to develop multi-hazard risk assessments and to support development of models,
policies, and strategies for hazard mitigation.
This theme addresses societal risks and vulnerability to coastal and marine hazards such as
hurricanes and tsunamis. Emphasis is on understanding economic, environmental, social, and public
health impacts from hazards, assessing and reducing risks and vulnerability, and on making better
forecasts of hazards. Research under this theme would support assessment and reduction of risk; the
saving of lives and property; and the improvement of mitigation, response, and recovery operations.
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities
These priorities are appropriate and address significant challenges. While the stated priorities
cover many aspects of coastal and marine hazards research, the explanation of the priorities would benefit
from some additional detail. For example, under Priority 6, the discussion of secondary processes could
be expanded to include the study of erosion and sediment transport, such as research to better understand
erosion processes and sediment transfer; source, movement, volume, quality, and disposal engineering
models; regional sediment budgets; impacts of human intervention (e.g., piers, groins); and fragmented
uncoordinated management. This would also identify an area of research addressing the needs of the
Great Lakes, which are conspicuously absent. The need for more process research to understand the
nonlinear complexity of coastal inundation forcing, coastal erosion and sediment transport, and the health
of coastal ecosystems has been highlighted in other reports, notably the USCOP report, but is absent from
the draft ORPP. It might also include research emphasizing the importance (as learned from the
Hurricane Katrina catastrophe) of preserving and enhancing "natural defenses" such as barrier beaches
and wetlands, and in many cases adopting a strategy that emphasizes "nature first engineered works
second." In Priority 7, the discussion might include identification of appropriate socioeconomic research
topics such as policies, procedures, financial instruments, and incentives to avoid federal infrastructure
investments and policies that inadvertently encourage development in vulnerable areas.
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research activities
such as observations, modeling, and communicating results.
There is an appropriate balance among the priority areas. Because, as indicated in the previous
paragraph, the explanation of the priorities is relatively general, it is difficult to gauge the balance among
research activities and applications and basic research. Research under these priorities would reflect a
balance of activities.
Hazards affect activity under all of the other themes and the discussion would be improved if
these linkages were reviewed in brief. Marine hazards influence ecosystems, so there is a need for a
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connection to priorities within the "Improving Ecosystem Health" theme. Some marine hazards are
influenced by climate variations and change (e.g., hurricanes) so this linkage is included in Priority 5.
Obviously, hazards have human health and safety implications. Connections with the "Enhancing Human
Health" theme also could be made more explicit. Given the broad nature of hazards research the
committee also suggests that research linkages to the other themes be identified and the synergisms be
briefly discussed.
The discussion of each of these priorities should be modestly expanded to provide greater specificity
in the description of proposed research and to include research on coastal erosion and sediment
The research priorities listed under this theme are:
8) Understand the interactions between marine operations and the environment.
9) Apply understanding of environmental factors to characterize and predict conditions in the maritime
10) Apply understanding of human behavior to develop the information and tools necessary to carry out
effective, safe, and secure marine operations.
11) Apply understanding of marine operations to enhance the marine transportation system.
The ORPP defines marine operations to encompass commercial, recreational, and
defense/security matters. The document provides good justification for further research by correctly
noting that marine operations can be expected to grow in importance in the future and therefore require a
strong ocean science and technology base to maintain their vitality.
The ORPP identifies the "rationale" for research in this theme as enhanced marine safety,
protection of marine environments, and enabling of the operations of the marine industry. The first two
are quite clear, but the last one seems to be a "catch-all" of loose ends that are never effectively addressed
in subsequent discussions. For example, within the "Marine Industry" category, the ORPP states that
"[t]here is a need to integrate natural resource requirements, data products, technological advances..." but
this is never mentioned again in subsequent discussions. Finally, there is no substantial discussion of
issues unique to Homeland Security. There is a box at the end of the section, but it seems to come more as
an afterthought rather than being integrated into the section as an important topic.
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities
The priority titles in this section would be improved if they were made more specific and
inspiring. As is, it may take multiple readings of the supporting text for a reader to understand what the
authors might have had in mind.
The discussion under Priority 8 does include some specific and intriguing research areas. It
rightfully identifies the pressing issue of ballast water disposal, but it also describes research areas that are
broad and open to subjective interpretation, e.g., "Areas of study include air, water, and sediment
pollution..." The critical issue of the effects of sound on marine mammals, as highlighted in many reports
including the USCOP, Pew Oceans Commission, and several NRC studies, is barely mentioned with only
a parenthetical reference to "ocean acoustics." Importantly, the discussion fails to explicitly call-out
several important marine-related issues:
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· understanding the environmental impacts of transportation in the Arctic, especially as new routes
become available with reduction in sea ice, and
· quantifying the environmental impact of chronic leaks of oil and fuel in marinas and harbors (see
recommendation from NRC, 2003c).
Priority 9 begins with what seems to be a call to "[enhance] environmental observation,
characterization, and forecasting of ocean conditions across the global ocean." It ends with an equally
ambitious call for development of technologies to enhance data collection in all weather conditions. To
address this concern the section needs much more specific suggestions (e.g., developing much better real-
time operational current models that could be used for improving search and rescue, providing more
efficient and safe ship navigation, and aiding in pollutant cleanup).
Priority 11 could be interpreted as intelligent implementation of various aspects of marine
operations and not as research. The committee recognizes that there are legitimate research topics within
this priority area, but they are not evident in the rather general discussion. Each of the topics within this
priority needs to be expanded somewhat to identify the specific objective of the research to be
Priority 10 suffers the same weaknesses already identified in the other three priorities. Because
of the lack of specificity, the committee remains unclear as to exactly what would be involved and who
would benefit. Perhaps, most importantly, several of the suggested topics seem to involve operational
issues that are the responsibility of private industry (e.g., training of operators as opposed to development
of more effective training materials).
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research activities
such as observations, modeling, and communicating results.
The priorities, as presented, appear to be largely focused on marine transportation. Greater
balance needs to be added by discussing how the proposed research will address marine operations related
to defense, fishing and aquaculture, recreation, search-and-rescue, and energy and minerals exploitation.
Some linkages to research within the other themes are identified but could be greatly expanded.
For example, deepwater operations could be linked with the potential impacts on deepwater ecosystems.
A tenuous link with "The Ocean's Role in Climate" is made under Priority 8, but it needs a much more
explicit linkage. Mention is made of "environmentally sensitive areas" in the discussion of Priority 8, and
could be linked to the "Improving Ecosystem Health" theme.
The "Necessary Tools" section correctly identifies, among other things, the necessity for
integrated databases and interoperability of the relevant technologies, but it fails to identify the key
databases or shortcomings that need to be fixed with relevant technology. Finally, the ORPP does not
mention the possible use of marine vessels as a component of the Integrated Ocean Observing System
(IOOS) operation. This would certainly seem to be a topic worthy of considerable focus as marine vessels
represent a potentially inexpensive, underutilized, and prolific source of ocean observations. As well,
marine operations involved in deploying and maintaining the IOOS would benefit from the research under
this theme.
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· Specific research requirements should be better identified and described.
· The plan should clearly distinguish operational activities from research goals.
· Research goals should be broader than marine transportation and include areas such as
national defense, fishing, and recreation.
The research priorities under this theme are:
12) Understand ocean-climate interactions across regions.
13) Understand the impact of climate variability and change on the ocean, including its biogeochemistry
and ecosystems.
14) Apply understanding of the ocean to help project future climate changes and their impacts.
This section addresses the role of the ocean in the Earth's climate system, the impacts of climate
variability and change on the ocean, and ultimately the impacts of climate variability and change upon
human activities in, on, and around the ocean. The title, however, does not reflect the intent to address
both the role of the ocean in climate and the impact of climate variability and change on the ocean.
However, this latter objective is clearly recognized in the rationale for the theme, and it is included as an
explicit priority. For example, an alternative title might be "Oceans and Climate."
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities
Priority 14 concerns translation of basic research into practical use for societal benefit. Priorities
12 and 13 address the required basic research components. This is thus a complete, balanced, but broad,
set of priorities. However, the committee believes that the priorities can be written in a more compelling
way that would excite non-academics, including members of the political and managerial communities
those whose ultimate budget decisions will determine whether much of the proposed work will take place.
Priority 12 would be clear (though very broad) if "across regions" were not included. This phrase
could be taken to mean global scale interactions only. Other themes require regional resolution of these
interactions. Perhaps what is meant is "within and across regions." Understanding nonlinear time- and
space-scale interactions is indeed a climate research challenge that deserves high priority, because of their
importance for accurate forecasts (and quantifying uncertainty in forecasts), and because of the need to
provide high resolution of those forecasts in time and space. For example, understanding the rate of sea
level change, as highlighted in the rationale for this theme, requires explicit recognition of the importance
of multiple, compounded sources of variability and change acting on different time and space scales
within and across regions. This section would be improved by a brief discussion of process research that
is required to advance understanding in this way.
Priority 13 is clear and highly appropriate to the needs of this and other themes. This priority will
require fundamental research to develop statistical and/or numerical models that integrate physics,
biogeochemistry, and ecosystems. However, the priority is all-encompassing, and it would be useful to
identify some areas where there is a fundamental lack of understanding. For example, important aspects
of biogeochemistry and ecosystems depend on diffusive processes, and a challenging and essential goal
would be to understand climate-related variations of these processes, such as ocean eddies and mixing,
and their impacts.
Priority 14 is also clearly relevant and highly appropriate considering society's current concern
about accurate and timely climate-related forecasts. However, this priority as written does not reflect the
requirement for some useful level of skill or accuracy in relation to the prediction and projection
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objectives. For example, it is not at all obvious that "coupled climate models will also allow improved
short-term predictions (e.g., hurricane intensity)." It is necessary to quantify the "predictability" of a
system before an intelligent approach to generating skillful short-term predictions and longer-term
projections can be developed, let alone implemented for use by managers and policy makers. Also, sub-
models may need to be developed to enable useful predictions of certain variables from coupled climate
models. For example, ocean surface wave statistics are needed for translating the impacts of climate
variations into coastal ecosystems and into marine operations, yet they are not now included in climate
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research activities
such as observations, modeling, and communicating results.
The critical needs for this theme are to expand sustained ocean observations and to conduct ocean
process research required to improve numerical models for ocean state estimation and prediction. It is not
clear from the document how the pursuit of the thematic priorities will be coordinated to achieve this.
The need for an integrated and sustained observing system is identified clearly. The importance
of sustained and enhanced satellite observations for these climate priorities is called out, but the critical
problem of ensuring continuity of existing and planned systems is not addressed. While some of the
related issues could be deferred to an implementation plan, assessing the feasibility of meeting the ocean
observing requirements for the priority research articulated in the plan does depend strongly on what is
assumed about satellite missions. For example, the current skill in estimating the ocean's physical state is
very dependent on the global coverage and integrating nature of altimetric measurements of sea level, and
the objective of making useful predictions of climate variations may not be achievable without these
satellite observations. The recent NRC report, Earth Science and Applications from Space: Urgent Needs
and Opportunities to Serve the Nation (NRC, 2005) made the following observation: "Given the long lead
times (up to a decade) required to identify user needs and develop instrument capabilities, it is essential to
have a prioritized science mission strategy based on compelling scientific issues and societal needs and
opportunities...[the current] process is completely inadequate to meet established needs of Earth science
or society." The report specifically mentions the loss of the wide-swath ocean altimeter due to budget
shortfalls. The altimeter would have enabled measurement of phenomena needed to improve ocean
circulation models and to support marine transportation and fisheries research and forecasts. The
requirement for high-resolution coupled climate models is clear to climate scientists, but could be made
more compelling in the plan if it were related to the requirements of other themes. Linkages of this theme
with the "Enhancing Human Health" and with the "Improving Ecosystem Health" themes would be useful
in this regard. The lack of a connection made with "Enabling Marine Operations" and "Stewardship of
Our Natural and Cultural Ocean Resources" themes is also apparent. The importance of the combined
effects of rising sea levels with storm surges and high wave episodes represents an important linkage
between this theme and the "Increasing Resilience to Natural Hazards" theme that could be discussed.
The required synergy between observations and models is not adequately addressed within the
research priorities. Improving model parameterizations of unresolved processes is an essential and
fundamental research requirement, while improving methods for data assimilation into models is a
compelling applied research requirement. There is a hint of these elements in "Opportunities for
Progress" (subsection on "Developing the Tools"), but they need to be explicitly and clearly recognized
within the research priorities.
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· Linkages with other themes should be improved. The linkages with "Enhancing Human Health"
and with "Improving Ecosystem Health" are provided in the rationale. Connections with "Enabling
Marine Operations" are not made here, though some are identified within that theme. There are
currently no apparent connections made with the "Stewardship of Our Natural and Cultural Ocean
Resources" theme.
· Priorities 12 and 14 should include discussions of sea level that explicitly recognize the
importance of multiple, compounded sources of variability and change. For example, climate-
related changes in surface wave characteristics need to be understood. The superposition of storm
surges and high wave episodes on rising sea levels represents an important linkage between this
theme and the "Increasing Resilience to Natural Hazards" and the "Enabling Marine Operations"
themes. This relationship between short time scale variability and long-term change is clearly
identified in the former theme. The larger challenge of understanding the interaction of processes
across time- and space-scales could be articulated more clearly in priority 12.
The research priorities under this theme are:
15) Understand and predict the impact of natural and anthropogenic processes that govern the overall
level of ecosystem productivity.
16) Apply understanding of ocean-related socioeconomic activities to assess the ability of marine
ecosystems to provide essential goods and services.
17) Apply understanding of marine ecosystems to develop appropriate indicators and metrics for their
sustainable and effective management.
This theme correctly addresses and acknowledges the complexity and importance of marine
ecosystems, and suggests that there is much to be learned about the structure, function, and vulnerability
of these systems. However, there are still some significant knowledge gaps that the plan misses,
including: factors that control ecosystem stability and productivity; processes acting across interfaces
(e.g., sea surface and bottom); linkages between ecosystem types; and, ultimately, the relationship
between marine ecosystems and the larger ocean-Earth-atmosphere system. Another important omission
is a definition of what constitutes a healthy ecosystem. The committee suggests that the plan would
benefit from such a clarification.
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities
Priority 15 emphasizes the incorporation of existing physical, chemical, and biological
knowledge across different temporal and spatial scales to address ecosystem questions. However,
existing information will not be sufficient to support the development of the dispersal models or next
generation of trophic models called for under this priority. Model development will require additional
process studies to improve ecosystem forecasting. This could be made explicit and clearer in the text.
The goal for this priority is to predict the impact of processes, natural and anthropogenic, that
govern ecosystem productivity. In this context, the term productivity appears to be the sole indicator of
ecosystem health. Productivity is one dimension of ecosystem health. However, it alone is a poor metric
because marine systems can maintain stable levels of secondary production, set by nutrient loadings and
physical conditions (NRC, 2000b; Nixon and Buckley, 2002), even when severely perturbed by human
activities. One example is seen in coastal ecosystems that receive high levels of anthropogenic nutrient
input. Productivity in such systems is often elevated, showing, for example, highly productive fisheries
Prepublication 38
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and high fisheries landings, (e.g., Nixon and Buckley 2002, Figure 4-2), but they also often experience the
negative symptoms of eutrophication such as seasonal hypoxia. This example illustrates the difficulty of
trying to use a single metric such as productivity to define ecosystem health. It also highlights the need
for a clear definition of ecosystem health. Other important system characteristics to consider include
structure, function, and complexity.
As articulated in the rationale, there is a critical need to develop and enhance our understanding
of the limits to system resilience, threshold responses, and movement and transport between and through
systems. Priority 15, however, only calls for the incorporation of existing knowledge (e.g., physical,
chemical, biological) across different temporal and spatial scales to address ecosystem questions and does
not address these gaps. Ecosystems exhibit a nonlinear complexity that is relevant to the determination of
a system's intrinsic predictability. Much of this complexity is still a black box and a better delineation of
the potentially predictable versus generally unpredictable components will be necessary to enhance
ecosystem forecasting skill. Monitoring to establish baselines for forecasts and predictions is necessary to
understand the relationships between various ecosystem components, and can help to inform and
parameterize the models that will be used for ecosystem-based management. However, the emphasis on
monitoring should not come at the expense of process-oriented studies. Both approaches are needed, and
the plan could seek ways to more clearly integrate the approaches that evaluate ecosystem status via
continuous monitoring (data collection) with approaches that are process-oriented and/or hypothesis
Priority 16 seems to suggest that modeling of social and economic factors will predict the impact
of human society on marine ecosystems, but not enough is known about the ecological dynamics and
system vulnerabilities such as trophic interactions, species-habitat functionalities, and thresholds to build
such models. The supporting text acknowledges the need for better models and more information, but this
is not clear from the wording of the priority statement.
The supporting text for priority 16 calls for new approaches to evaluate consumptive and non-
consumptive use of resources and the need to take into consideration the rights of future generations. In
addition to developing new approaches, there is a need to collect finer scale spatial and temporal data on
consumptive and non-consumptive use of ocean resources. The statement on the rights of future
generations does not describe a research question. However, a clearer statement on the need for better
cost-benefit approaches and discounting procedures to assess the true value of sustainable management
practices would be appropriate.
Priority 17 calls for the development of approaches to identify one or more indicators that can be
used to assess the health of a given ecosystem. When tightly linked to the scientific results supporting
priorities 15 and 16, indicators can provide an important source of information on the trends and future
threats to an ecosystem. However, this section is particularly vague and will benefit from a clearer
definition of what is needed to define a healthy ecosystem.
Prepublication 39
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Figure 4-2. Cross system comparisons indicate that primary production increases with
nitrogen loading and that fisheries landings are positively related to primary production.
As a result, marine systems receiving the highest levels of anthropogenic nutrient
loadings also tend to have the highest fisheries landings even if they also experience
negative effects of nutrient enrichment such as algal blooms, hypoxia and loss of aquatic
macrophytes. Source: Nixon and Buckley, 2002; courtesy of the Estuarine Research
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research activities
such as observations, modeling, and communicating results.
There is a strong emphasis on observations under this theme, which is appropriate for studies that
are relevant to ecosystem health and, ultimately, ecosystem-based management. There is less emphasis on
the requirements for developing "effective, reliable ecosystem models" for assessment, prediction, and
management, though these requirements are listed. As noted earlier in this section of the committee's
report, the emphasis on monitoring could be balanced with discussion of needed process studies. Process
studies are necessary to identify mechanisms that underlie patterns captured in observational studies and
are essential for model development. This is a cross-cutting issue could be effectively presented if
discussed as a call out box before the individual priorities.
The acquisition of large data sets is acknowledged as clearly important for studies that are
relevant to ecosystem health and ultimately ecosystem-based management. However, the need for
integrating this information (scientific and socioeconomic) into broadly available databases is not
addressed in the plan. Improved sensors and instrumentation generate data in ever finer temporal and
spatial scales, allowing important ecological questions to be addressed at scales not previously
approachable. Improvements in computational power and increasing sophistication of data assimilation
and modeling techniques provide the ability to utilize these large datasets, particularly for research that
combine biological and physical processes.
Prepublication 40
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· The plan should seek ways to more clearly integrate the approaches that evaluate ecosystem
status via continuous monitoring (data collection) with approaches that are process-oriented
and/or hypothesis driven.
· Priority 16 should be revised as follows: "Develop socioeconomic models for application to
ocean and coastal issues to help evaluate the impact of multiple human uses on marine
· A broader range of ecosystem responses (not just productivity) should be considered as
measures for ecosystem health. The priority would be improved by substituting wording such
as the following: "Develop the capability to predict the impact of natural and anthropogenic
processes on ecological systems." A number of system characteristics, including organization,
composition, complexity, and productivity, are important to consider both as measures of impact and
as factors that ultimately influence the direction and magnitude of ecological responses. Particular
attention should be paid to non-linear dynamics, threshold responses, and properties that influence the
ability of systems to resist or recover from natural and anthropogenic stressors.
· Additional emphasis should be placed on increasing knowledge and understanding of factors
contributing to maintenance and restoration of ecosystem health. There are large gaps in our
understanding of how marine ecosystems are organized and function, and how the individual biotic,
chemical, and physical components of marine systems respond to both natural and anthropogenic
forcings, which are not addressed in the current plan. Information should be translated into a form
that is useful to resource managers and policy makers.
The research priorities under this theme are:
18) Understand, forecast and reduce ocean-related risks to human health from pathogens, biotoxins, and
chemical contaminants.
19) Understand human health risks associated with the ocean and the potential benefits of ocean
resources to human health.
20) Understand how human use and valuation of ocean resources can be affected by ocean-borne human
health threats and how human activities can influence these threats.
21) Apply understanding of ocean ecosystems and biodiversity to develop products and biological models
to enhance human well being.
This theme addresses a broad array of human health issues that relate to the ocean. Both problems
and opportunities are included. The major issues highlighted under this theme pathogens, harmful algal
blooms (HABs), contaminants, marine bioproducts, and biological models are appropriate and capture
the most important research topics. Pathogens, HABs, marine bioproducts and biological models were
highlighted in the 1999 NRC report, From Monsoons to Microbes: Understanding the Ocean's Role in
Human Health. The other topic included in that report natural hazards is included in another theme in
the plan. The addition of contaminants in this theme is appropriate and important.
In general, the justification for this theme is solid and should be easily understood by non-
scientists. The theme rationale can be strengthened, however, by expanding beyond sickness and drugs to
include the potential for major contributions to science in general. In addition, fact-checking will be
critical. The estimate of the number of individuals that become ill from shellfish in the U.S. seems much
too high. The accuracy of the estimate needs to be checked, the causes of illness (e.g., seafood storage and
handling vs. illness related to HABs, pathogens, and contaminants within the marine environment)
identified, and a citation provided for the number of individuals affected.
Prepublication 41
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Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities
The four research priorities under the "Enhancing Human Health" theme capture a broad range of
topics that are appropriate and will clearly advance science in this area. The research priorities for this
theme include the most critical issues in the area of oceans and human health, identified at the Denver
workshop and in From Monsoons to Microbes: Understanding the Ocean's Role in Human Health (NRC,
1999a). The priorities would be strengthened, however, by increased consideration of the need for basic
research, by clearer wording, and by more explicitly describing important linkages with research priorities
in other research themes.
Consistent inclusion of the need for basic research on the range of topics within each priority
would emphasize the value of an increased knowledge base that could contribute to meeting societal
needs. For instance, Priority 21 could encourage research that provides improved understanding of
molecular mechanisms underlying the action of natural marine toxins and beneficial compounds, not just
"discovery, testing and development" of ocean bioproducts. Similarly, Priority 19 could encourage
research to improve methodology and increase the accuracy and sophistication of epidemiological studies
that the document recognizes as important to understanding and predicting effects of ocean processes on
human health.
The breadth of research recommended in the plan is also unnecessarily constrained by the choice
of wording. For example, the statement, "the use of marine species as mechanistic models for the study of
diseases, toxicology and biochemical processes relevant to human health" can be altered so that potential
contributions to other important fields such as genetics and neuroanatomy are not excluded. The scope of
recommended research can be expanded by simply rewording the phrase to "the use of marine species as
mechanistic models for a range of processes relevant to human health, including the study of diseases,
toxicology, biochemistry and other important processes."
An important problem with research priorities included in this theme is that the distinction
between Priorities 18 and 19 is not clear. It appears that the document may be trying to distinguish
between the need for underlying process studies (Priority 18), and quantification of risks and benefits
(Priority 19). Clearer wording is needed. The need for process studies to improve the understanding of
important underlying mechanisms for all highlighted topics could be more strongly emphasized, whether
or not it was the intent in Priority 18 discussed above.
The wording in Priority 20 may also unnecessarily limit the scope of recommended research into
economic consequences of real and perceived threats to human health. A full understanding of how real
and perceived threats to human health affect fisheries and tourism is not limited to cases where fisheries
or beaches are closed.
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research activities
such as observations, modeling, and communicating results.
This theme includes an appropriate balance between substantive research areas, except for the
uneven discussion of basic research among the four research priorities. A strength of the priorities is the
recognition of the multidisciplinary nature of research needed to advance this theme. The theme also
recommends a mix of process studies, observations, and modeling. Not enough detail is provided in this
brief section of the plan to assess the mix of these activities.
Linkages to other themes could be made more explicit by using clearer wording to convey the
intent of the document. For example, a statement such as "research is needed to better understand and
predict the relationship between ecosystem health and the effects of oceans on human health" provides
much clearer direction on research needs than the current wording in Priority 18, which states that "these
studies should also incorporate research being carried out on ecosystem health." In addition, connections
Prepublication 42
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between human health and critical issues discussed under other themes could be highlighted to emphasize
the importance and opportunities for interdisciplinary and interagency collaboration. Examples of
important linkages among themes that could be added include:
· "Improving Ecosystem Health" and "Enhancing Human Health": The relationship between
factors that influence marine biodiversity and the sources of novel marine compounds; and
· "The Ocean's Role in Climate" and "Enhancing Human Health": Potential effects of climate
change on the distributions and pathogenicity of disease-causing agents, the distributions and
toxicity of HABs, and opportunities for bioprospecting.
More careful wording should be used so that the distinction between Priorities 18 and 19 is clear,
the scope of recommended research is not unnecessarily constrained, and important linkages
among research themes are described. The importance of both process studies and quantification of
risk should be clearly emphasized.
Prepublication 43


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The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States), the federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district
The City of Orange, the township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States
Evi, is our best selling mobile app that turns your phone into a mobile assistant. Over the next few months we will be adding all of Evi's power including local information on shopping, restaurants and more... to this site.
Until then, to experience all of the power of Evi now, download the Evi app for iOS or Android here.


text:
86077 : AstroCMS /include/get_js.php4 fname Parameter Arbitrary File Access Printer | http://osvdb.org/86077 | Email This | Edit Vulnerability
AstroCMS contains a flaw that is triggered when input passed via the 'fname' parameter is not properly sanitized before being used in the /include/get_js.php4 script. By specifying an arbitrary file using an absolute path, the server will return the contents of the file, limited to the privileges of the web server running process.
OSVDB is not aware of a solution for this vulnerability.
NVD does not currently have a CVSSv2 score assigned.
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4 Replies
Latest reply:
Nov 3, 2011 2:28 PM by
Re: Possible WWII weapons mod?
CHRISTIAN''GARCIA 55 Sep 13, 2011 9:56 PM (in response to devilficko)The classic maps have WaW wall weapons and Black Ops box weapons -
Re: Possible WWII weapons mod?
zeroy Sep 15, 2011 8:03 AM (in response to devilficko)Devil ficko wrote:
as the Rezurrection DLC is nearing release for PC, I'm assuming the classic maps will have, the "classic" WaW weapons too.
my question is; will it be possible to port the weapons to multiplayer and make a WWII weapons mod?
i'm not a modder, I'd just want to play the mod
Its been done already as some WW2 were in SP:
http://www.itsmods.com/forum/Thread-World-War-2-Mod-Beta-1-0.html -
Re: Possible WWII weapons mod?
TG-Bionic- Oct 1, 2011 9:46 PM (in response to devilficko)hi how are you today -
Re: Possible WWII weapons mod?
craftyshot Nov 3, 2011 2:28 PM (in response to devilficko)Ficko! I've finally found you, now pay OT section a visit.
I don't think the mods work for zombieso n PC, only the MP side of things. :thumbsdown:


text: The meltdown is considered one of the biggest man-made environmental disasters of all time and the largest nuclear accident since Chernobyl in 1986. Japan has been criticized for its handling of the crisis, and international reception to nuclear energy has fallen sharply since the incident. Last month on Japan's national holiday tens of thousands of protestors rallied in Tokyo [JURIST report] in a peaceful antinuclear demonstration against June's unilateral decision by Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda [BBC profile] to restart the country's nuclear reactors, which were shut down after the Fukushima meltdown. Also last month a Japanese expert panel issued a report claiming that the Fukushima catastrophe was preventable. The 641-page document claims that the accident was not caused solely by the earthquake [JURIST report] and subsequent tsunami, but the inability of the government, regulators and TEPCO to act quickly enough to prevent the disaster. In April 2011 Tamar Cerafici of the Cerafici Law Firm discussed how the Fukushima disaster should guide US policy [JURIST op-ed]. Last August Japanese lawmakers voted to create a fund to compensate victims [JURIST report].


text:
Canonsburg General Hospital - A Health Care Facility that Delivers!
I required blood work and two routine outpatient procedures which, of course, I wished to coordinate. I made calls to schedule the procedures on June 6. I could not find an area Outpatient Center that could conveniently schedule the two and even Saint Clair Hospital could not manage it until June 18. Canonsburg General Hospital was able to set up appointments for the day after I called.
The first benefit one notices is the ease of plenty of complimentary parking just yards from the entrance: no parking garage, no parking ticket, no valet, no traveling from floor to floor to find a space, no validation to handle.
Every staff member I came into contact with was courteous, professional, and efficient. At no point within this visit did I have a lengthy wait.
Unlike at Quest Diagnostics' overcrowded Bethel Park facility, I ws not in a room full of people while waiting for blood to be drawn. I was the only patient in the laboratory area and was made to feel like I was the only patient everywhere within the hospital.
Seeking health care testing is not something anyone would regard as enjoyable, but Canonsburg General Hospital makes the experience as brief and painless as possible. Bravo! I shall return if and when the need arises!
This post is contributed by a community member. The views expressed in this blog are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Patch Media Corporation. Everyone is welcome to submit a post to Patch. If you'd like to post a blog, go here to get started.
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text:
13. 04. 12. - 08:00
Kathryn Quinn
Cash-strapped schools in Uzbekistan have paid their teachers in chickens after running out of money for their wage bills.
Teachers in Bukhara have been forced to accept 10 chickens each as part of their 200 GBP-a-month pay packet and have been warned that future salaries may come in cows and sheep.
"We had no choice. It was either the chickens or nothing," one teacher told local media.
Government officials in central Uzbekistan are said to have handed out up to 20,000 chickens to civil servants so far and are planning to reduce salary costs by distributing another 40,000 birds.
National History Museum shows ancient gold coins returned from UK
The Romanian National History Museum in Bucharest has exhibited a rare collection of ancient gold coins that had vanished and have now been returned from the UK where the customs had held them.
Romanian woman gives a birth for free in Serbian hospital and then leaves a baby
Hospital staff in the northern Serbian town of Pozarevac where shocked when a Romanian woman entered there, gave birth and then secretly left abandoning the baby.
Arctic opens a new fridge production line in Gaesti
Romanian company Arctic has opened a new fridge production line in the town of Gaesti in the south of the country.
Romanian businessmen discuss cooperation with Oman
Businessmen representing Romanian companies will stay in Oman for two days discussing possible ways of cooperation between the two countries.
Serbia is a homeland of vampires, not Romania, claims American journalist
An American journalist has revealed the homeland of vampires is Serbia, not Romania.
Simona Halep wins a tournament in Sofia
Romanian tennis star Simona Halep has won the WTA tournament in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria.
Emil Constantinescu meets president of Azerbaijan
Former President of Romania Emil Constantinescu has met the president of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev in Baku
Architect of Romanian Parliament Palace dies
The Architect of the Parliament Palace in Bucharest has died.
Solar farm completed near Brasov
French company Voltec Solar have copleted a 2.5 MW solar farm in Romania near the city of Brasov.
Hungarian minority protests in Szekely
The Hungarian minority protested on Sunday demanding autonomy for the Szekely area.
The most popular stories –
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Tristan II Anniversary Clock
The chrome finish and polished metal dial are featured in this Tristan II Anniversary Clock. The classic elegance of this clock makes a great addition to any space. Oval engraving plate included. More
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