text:
- Diogenes of Sinope
Διογένης ὁ Σινωπεύς
(c. 412- c. 323 BCE),
Greek philosopher About This Site
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My Favorite Quotations
[Diogenes of Sinope] lit a lamp in broad daylight and said, as he went about, "I am looking for a [virtuous] man."
-- Teaching of Diogenes of Sinope (412–323 BCE) from Lives of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laertius
The unexamined life is not worth living.
-- Socrates, from the Apology by Plato (429–347 BCE)
When truth is buried underground, it grows and it builds up so much force that the day it explodes it blasts everything with it.
-- Émile Zola (1840–1902), French writer and political activist, from J'accuse! published in L'Aurore [The Dawn] (13 Jan 1898)
Economic "progress" is good only to the point of sufficiency, beyond that, it is evil, destructive, uneconomic.
-- E. F. Schumacher (1911-1977), from "Economics in a Buddhist Country" (1955)
Christianity... is the most avowedly materialist of all the great religions… Its own most central saying is: "The Word was made flesh," where the last term was, no doubt, chosen because of its specially materialistic associations. By the very nature of its central doctrine Christianity is committed to a belief in the ultimate significance of the historical process, and in the reality of matter and its place in the divine process.
-- William Temple (1881–1944), Archbishop of Canterbury, from Nature, Man and God (1934), p. 317
The beginnings of cosmic religious feeling already appear [at an early stage] of development, e.g., in many of the Psalms of David and in some of the Prophets. Buddhism, as we have learnt especially from the wonderful writings of Schopenhauer, contains a much stronger element of this. The religious geniuses of all ages have been distinguished by this kind of religious feeling, which knows no dogma and no God conceived in man's image; so that there can be no Church whose central teachings are based on it. Hence it is precisely among the heretics of every age that we find men who were filled with this highest kind of religious feeling and were in many cases regarded by their contemporaries as Atheists, sometimes also as saints. Looked at in this light, men like Democritus, Francis of Assisi, and Spinoza are closely akin to one another.
-- Albert Einstein (1879–1955), from The World as I See It (1934), p. 21.
There are many, you know, who think that this life journey through the world is not the first one we have made. Haven't you ever come across children who knew things that it was impossible for them to have learned? Have you ever gone to a place for the first time and felt sure that you had been there before? That's one of the reasons I do not travel much.
-- Henry Ford (1863-1947), from interview by S.J. Woolf in New York Times Magazine dated 24 July 1938
A human being is a part of the whole, called by us "Universe," a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest—a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. The striving to free oneself from this delusion is the one issue of true religion. Not to nourish it but to try to overcome it is the way to reach the attainable measure of peace of mind.
-- Albert Einstein (1879–1955), from a letter to Robert S. Marcus dated 12 Feb 1950 quoted in The New Quotable Einstein (2005), p. 206, by Alice Calaprice
[T]he world is in greater peril from those who tolerate or encourage evil than from those who actually commit it.
--Albert Einstein (1879–1955), from his tribute to Pablos Casals (30 March 1953) quoted in Conversations with Casals (1957), by Josep Maria Corredor
There may be times when we are powerless to prevent injustice, but there must never be a time when we fail to protest.
– Elie Wiesel, from his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1986
Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. Find out just what any people will quietly submit to and you have found out the exact measure of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them.
-- Frederick Douglass (1818–1895), in a speech delivered at Canandaigua, New York on 4 August 1857, quoted in Two Speeches by Frederick Douglass (1857), p. 22
To be hopeful in bad times is not just foolishly romantic. It is based on the fact that human history is a history not only of cruelty, but also of compassion, sacrifice, courage, kindness. What we choose to emphasize in this complex history will determine our lives. If we see only the worst, it destroys our capacity to do something. If we remember those times and places — and there are so many — where people have behaved magnificently, this gives us the energy to act, and at least the possibility of sending this spinning top of a world in a different direction. And if we do act, in however small a way, we don't have to wait for some grand utopian future. The future is an infinite succession of presents, and to live now as we think human beings should live, in defiance of all that is bad around us, is itself a marvelous victory.
-- Howard Zinn (1922-2010), from A Power Governments Cannot Suppress (2006)
Taxation is the price which we pay for civilization, for our social, civil and political institutions, for the security of life and property, and without which, we must resort to the law of force.
-- 1852, Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Vermont, October Session, 1851, Appendix: Report of the Committee Appointed by the Governor to Take into Consideration the Financial Affairs of the State, Start Page 368, Quote Page 369, Printed by Chauncey Goodrich, Burlington, Vermont.
What I teach now as before, O monks, is dukkha and the cessation of dukkha.
-- Siddhārtha Gautama (563–483 BCE), the Buddha, from Alagaddupama Sutta: The Water-Snake Simile (MN 22)
Once Chuang Chou dreamt he was a butterfly, a butterfly flitting and fluttering around, happy with himself and doing as he pleased. He didn't know he was Chuang Chou. Suddenly he woke up and there he was, solid and unmistakable Chuang Chou. But he didn't know if he was Chuang Chou who had dreamt he was a butterfly, or a butterfly dreaming he was Chuang Chou. Between Chuang Chou and a butterfly there must be some distinction! This is called the Transformation of Things.
-- Chuang Tzu (369—298 BCE), from The Complete Works Of Chuang Tzu, chapter 2, translated by Burton Watson (1968)
Nothing is so insufferable to man as to be completely at rest, without passions, without business, without diversion, without study. He then feels his nothingness, his forlornness, his insufficiency, his dependence, his weakness, his emptiness.
-- Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), from Pascal's Pensees (1669)
Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
-- George Santayana (1863–1952), from The Life of Reason, Vol. 1, chapter 12 (1905–1906), Charles Scribner & Sons, p. 284
There is nothing which can better deserve [our] patronage, than the promotion of Science and Literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of publick happiness.
-- George Washington, in his address to Congress on 8 January 1790
Establish & improve the law for educating the common people...The tax which will be paid for this purpose is not more than the thousandth part of what will be paid to kings, priests & nobles who will rise up among us if we leave the people in ignorance.
-- Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to George Wythe dated 13 August 1786
Laws for the liberal education of youth, especially for the lower classes of people, are so extremely wise and useful that to a humane and generous mind, no expense for this purpose would be thought extravagant.
-- John Adams, from Thoughts on Government, April, 1776
It is ironic that the United States should have been founded by intellectuals; for throughout most of our political history, the intellectual has been for the most part either an outsider, a servant, or a scapegoat.
-- Richard Hofstadter, from Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, pp. 145-146
Shake off all the fears & servile prejudices, under which weak minds are servilely crouched. Fix reason firmly in her seat, and call to her tribunal every fact, every opinion. Question with boldness even the existence of a God; because, if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of reason, than that of blindfolded fear.
-- Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to his nephew, Peter Carr, dated 10 August 1787
If ever there can be a cause worthy to be upheld by all toil or sacrifice that the human heart can endure, it is the cause of Education.
-- Horace Mann (1796–1859), from Thoughts Selected from the Writings of Horace Mann (1872), p. 7.
The all-important fact in the situation is this; any time the college professors of America get ready to take control of their own destinies, and of the intellectual life of their institutions, they can do it. There is not a college or university in the United States today which could resist the demands of its faculty a hundred percent organized and meaning business.
-- Upton Sinclair (1878–1968), from The Goose-Step: A Study of American Education (1923), p. 458
I hope we shall... crush in it's birth the aristocracy of our monied corporations which dare already to challenge our government to a trial of strength and bid defiance to the laws of our country.
-- Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to George Logan dated 12 November 1816
It is, no doubt, a very laudable effort, in modern teaching, to render as much as possible of what the young are required to learn, easy and interesting to them. But when this principle is pushed to the length of not requiring them to learn anything but what has been made easy and interesting, one of the chief objects of education is sacrificed. I rejoice in the decline of the old brutal and tyrannical system of teaching, which however did succeed in enforcing habits of application; but the new, as it seems to me, is training up a race of men who will be incapable of anything which is disagreeable to them....A pupil from whom nothing is ever demanded which he cannot do, never does all he can.
-- John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), from the Autobiography of John Stuart Mill (1924), p. 37
How comes it that a cripple does not offend us, but that a fool does? Because a cripple recognizes that we walk straight, whereas a fool declares that it is we who are silly; if it were not so, we should feel pity and not anger.
-- Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), from Pascal's Pensees (1669)
The suppression of uncomfortable ideas may be common in religion or in politics, but it is not the path to knowledge, and there's no place for it in the endeavor of science.
-- Carl Sagan, from the Cosmos television series
The young specialist in English Lit ... lectured me severely on the fact that in every century people have thought they understood the Universe at last, and in every century they were proved to be wrong. It follows that the one thing we can say about our modern "knowledge" is that it is wrong. ... My answer to him was, "... when people thought the Earth was flat, they were wrong. When people thought the Earth was spherical they were wrong. But if you think that thinking the Earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the Earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together."
-- Isaac Asimov, The Relativity of Wrong, Kensington Books, New York, 1996, p 226.
A time is coming when those who are in the mad rush today of multiplying their wants, vainly thinking that they add to the real substance, real knowledge of the world, will retrace their steps and say what have we done? Civilizations have come and gone and in spite of all our vaunted progress, I am tempted to ask again and again: To what purpose?
-- Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) from D.G. Tendulkar, Mahatma: Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Vol. 2, 2nd edn.(1960), p. 29.
Can we reconcile the idea that copying errors are an essential prerequisite for evolution to occur, with the statement that natural selection favours high copying-fidelity?
-- Richard Dawkins, from The Selfish Gene (2006) Oxford Univ. Press, p. 17
Let me try to make crystal clear what is established beyond reasonable doubt, and what needs further study, about evolution. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification. There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms.
-- Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900–1975), from "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution", The American Biology Teacher Vol.35, No. 3 (March 1973), pp. 125-129
... there are many reasons why you might not understand [an explanation of a scientific theory] ... Finally, there is this possibility: after I tell you something, you just can't believe it. You can't accept it. You don't like it. A little screen comes down and you don't listen anymore. I'm going to describe to you how Nature is - and if you don't like it, that's going to get in the way of your understanding it. It's a problem that [scientists] have learned to deal with: They've learned to realize that whether they like a theory or they don't like a theory is not the essential question. Rather, it is whether or not the theory gives predictions that agree with experiment. It is not a question of whether a theory is philosophically delightful, or easy to understand, or perfectly reasonable from the point of view of common sense. [A scientific theory] describes Nature as absurd from the point of view of common sense. And it agrees fully with experiment. So I hope you can accept Nature as She is - absurd.
--Richard P. Feynman (1918–1988), from QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter (Feynman 1985), pp. 9-10
Males do not represent two discrete populations, heterosexual and homosexual. The world is not to be divided into sheep and goats. Not all things are black nor all things white. It is a fundamental of taxonomy that nature rarely deals with discrete categories. Only the human mind invents categories and tries to force facts into separated pigeon-holes. The living world is a continuum in each and every one of its aspects. The sooner we learn this concerning human sexual behavior, the sooner we shall reach a sound understanding of the realities of sex.
-- Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell R. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. (Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders, 1948) pp. 610-666.
In a republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by reason and persuasion, and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of first importance.
--Thomas Jefferson in a letter to David Harding, from Monticello, 20 April 1824; found in H.A. Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York : H.W. Derby, 1861). My Store
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Tag Archives: Human Evolution
February 24, 1871 (a Friday)
was published in two volumes. The word "evolution" appeared for the first time in any of his works. This first issue was of 2,500 copies.
On this date, the first edition of Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Charles Darwin, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
February 9, 1619 (a Saturday)
On this date in Rome under the authority of Pope Clement VIII, the Italian philosopher Lucilio Vanini, or, as he styled himself in his works, Giulio Cesare, had his tongue cut out and was strangled at the stake; his body then was burned to ashes. Like Giordano Bruno, though considered intellectually inferior to him, he was part of the movement to break with the dogmas of scholasticism and the authority of Aristotle, and made a courageous contribution to the foundations of a new philosophy.Vanini resembles Bruno, not only in his wandering life and in his death, but also in his unorthodox religious ideas. What is remarkable about Vanini is that he was the first person to theorize the evolution of mankind — the first since the ancient Greeks of the Miletus School around 800 B.C.E. Anaximander had posited that life began in the sea. Vanini should have gone down in history as a wonderful hero and tribute to human ingenuity, as the man who enlightened two thousand years of ignorance.
Author Lynne Schultz states:
For Vanini, natural law was the divine. He rejected the idea of an immortal soul and was one of the first thinkers to view nature as (an entity) governed by natural laws. He also suggested that humans evolved from apes.
Born in 1585, Vanini studied theology and became an ordained priest. He went on to travel Europe promoting freedom of thought, rationalism, opposition to dogma, and opposition to the Catholic Church. After traveling Europe he returned to Italy, but was forced to flee for his life to avoid the Inquisition and charges of atheism. In an attempt to clear his name and satisfy the authorities he published a book of opposition to atheism in 1615, entitled Amphitheatrum Aeternae Providentiae Divino-Magicum, that ostensibly affirmed his belief in God. This was the first book he had ever published.
Once his name was cleared by this book, however, Vanini published another book in 1616, entitled De admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis (Of the marvelous secrets of the queen and goddess of the mortal ones, nature), that made it clear his first book was a parody of religious belief and was not really reflective of his true views. This second book, which held that divinity could not be rationally conceived outside of Nature, triggered his condemnation and savage execution in Toulouse at age 34, just 19 years after Bruno's martyrdom.
Vanini displayed incredible courage to the end — he pushed back a priest assisting the torturer and exclaimed "I'll die as a philosopher!" Described as a charismatic man with verve, irreverence, and charm, who "collected patrons like flies around honey," many mourned his death.
- Richard Corfield, Architects of Eternity: The New Science of Fossils (London, UK: Headline Book Publishing, 2001).
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Religion
Tagged Evolution, Giordano Bruno, History, Human Evolution, Religion
February 6, 1913 (a Thursday)
Mary Douglas Leakey was born. She made several of the most important fossil finds subsequently interpreted and publicized by her husband, the noted anthropologist Louis Leakey. For every vivid claim made by Louis about the origins of man, the supporting evidence tended to come from Mary's scrupulous scientific approach. After Louis' death in 1972, she enjoyed her most spectacular find: three trails of fossilised hominid footprints 3.6 million years old, which she discovered at Laetoli in Tanzania (1978-9). They incontrovertibly demonstrated that ancestors of Homo sapiens were walking upright at a much earlier period than previously believed.
On this date, the English archaeologist and paleoanthropologist
February 4, 1893 (a Saturday)
On this date, the South African physical anthropologist and paleontologist Raymond Arthur Dart was born in Australia. His discoveries of fossil hominins led to significant insights into the evolutionary origins of human beings.
In 1924, working with students in the Taung limestone works in Bechuanaland, Dart was rewarded with a most interesting find. It seemed at first to be just another primate skull. Then, Dart noticed how amazingly close to human it looked. He recognized it as the remains of a transitional form in the evolution from ape to man. Dart had found the "Taung child", only three years old at the time of death. He named it Australopithecus africanus, "australis" meaning south and "pithecus" meaning ape. At a time when Asia was believed to have been the cradle of mankind, Dart's discovery substantiated Charles Darwin's prediction that such ancestral hominin forms would be found in Africa.
Dart's claim that a creature with an ape-sized brain could have dental and postural characteristics approaching those of humans initially met with hostile skepticism because his theory entailed the principle of mosaic evolution, or the development of some characteristics in advance of others. His claim also differed sharply from the mosaicist position of Elliot Smith, who held that hominization began with an enlarged cranial capacity. Nevertheless, Dart lived to see his theories corroborated by further discoveries of Australopithecus remains at Makapansgat in South Africa in the late 1940s and by the subsequent discoveries of Louis Leakey, which firmly established Africa as the site of mankind's earliest origins.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Charles Darwin, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
February 3, 1925 (a Tuesday)
On this date, a report of a fossil closely related to humans, found by Raymond Dart in 1924, was published in a newspaper. The Star of Johannesburg, South Africa announced the find, instead of the professional journal Nature, when the editors of the journal changed their mind. With his students, Dart had made the discovery in the Taung limestone works in the Harts Valley of Bechuanaland. When an endocranial cast was found, at first it seemed to be just another primate skull. Then, Dart noticed how amazingly close to human it looked. He had discovered the remains of what came to be known informally as the "Taung child", who was only three years old at the time of death. He named it Australopithecus africanus," australis" meaning south and "pithecus" meaning ape. His theory is now generally accepted, but was originally very controversial.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution
January 28, 1858 (a Thursday)
On this date, the Dutch surgeon, anthropologist, anatomist, and paleontologist Eugene Dubois was born. Dubois vowed to prove Darwin right by finding "the missing link", the evolutionary connection between apes and modern humans. In October of 1891, while digging into fossil-rich ash and river sediments on the island of Java in what is now Indonesia, he found skeletal remains of what he later named Pithecanthropus erectus. The name meant "ape-human which stood upright." Now known as Homo erectus or informally as "Java Man", it is considered to be the direct ancestor of modern humans. Dubois was the first person to ever deliberately search for fossils of human ancestors. Only a handful of fossil humans had already been discovered, all Neandertals, and those were by chance.
Early African Homo erectus fossils (sometimes called Homo ergaster) are the oldest known early humans to have possessed modern human-like body proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms compared to the size of the torso. These features are considered adaptations to a life lived on the ground, indicating the loss of earlier tree-climbing adaptations, with the ability to walk and possibly run long distances.
The most complete fossil individual of this species is known as the "Turkana Boy" — a well-preserved skeleton (though minus almost all the hand and foot bones), dated around 1.6 million years old. Microscopic study of the teeth indicates that he grew up at a growth rate similar to that of a great ape. There is fossil evidence that this species cared for old and weak individuals. The appearance of Homo erectus in the fossil record is often associated with the earliest handaxes, the first major innovation in stone tool technology.
Generally considered to have been the first species to have expanded beyond Africa, Homo erectus is considered a highly variable species, spread over two continents (it's not certain whether it reached Europe), and possibly the longest lived early human species — about nine times as long as our own species, Homo sapiens, has been around.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Charles Darwin, Evolution, History, Homo erectus, Human Evolution, Turkana Boy
January 18, 1823 (a Saturday)
William Buckland, Professor of Geology at Oxford University and an ordained priest in the Church of England, had been contacted by the Talbot family of Penrice Castle on the Gower Peninsula in South Wales, England, who had reported finding "bones of elephants" on 27 December 1822. Descending into Paviland Cave (or Goat's Hole Cave) on today's date, Buckland discovered one of the best-known prehistoric burials in Britain – the notoriously misnamed "Red Lady of Paviland."
In the field, Buckland had identified the skeleton as male, suggesting that the bones were those of a Customs Officer murdered by smugglers. By the time of publication later that year, however, the gender and age of the skeleton had changed with a new and better, but still erroneous, story.
Buckland, a devout Christian, believed no human remains could have been older than the Biblical Great Flood, and thus wildly underestimated its true age, believing the remains to date back to the Roman era. He believed the skeleton was female in large part because it was discovered with decorative items, including perforated seashell necklaces and ivory jewelry. These decorative items combined with the skeleton's red dye caused Buckland to mistakenly speculate that the remains belonged to a Roman prostitute or witch. He later wrote in his book Reliquiae Diluvianae (Evidence of the Flood):
[I found the skeleton] enveloped by a coating of a kind of ruddle…which stained the earth, and in some parts extended itself to the distance of about half an inch [12mm] around the surface of the bones… Close to that part of the thigh bone where the pocket is usually worn surrounded also by ruddle [were] about two handfuls of the Nerita littoralis [periwinkle shells]. At another part of the skeleton, viz in contact with the ribs [were] forty or fifty fragments of ivory rods…[also]…some small fragments of rings made of the same ivory and found with the rods… Both rods and rings, as well as the Nerite shells, were stained superficially with red, and lay in the same red substance that enveloped the bones.
The "lady" has since been identified as a man, probably no older than 21, who lived about 26,000 years ago (26,350 ± 550 BP). It remains the first human fossil found and identified soon after its discovery and the oldest anatomically modern human remains found in the United Kingdom.
Buckland is also famous for being the first person to discover, name, and scientifically describe a fossilized creature that came to be recognized as what Richard Owen was to call a dinosaur. Buckland's name for the animal was Megalosaurus, Greek for "great lizard". Though he was not the first person to find a Megalosaurus bone (Robert Plot discovered a fossilized femur of one as far back as 1676), Buckland was the first to realize that these fossils belonged to an unknown class of huge reptiles. According to his calculations, the animal must have exceeded forty feet in length and weighed as much as a large elephant. Some people think his 1824 paper to the Geological Society of London ("Notice on the Megalosaurus or Great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield") inaugurated the modern study of dinosaurs.
Buckland's interest in dinosaur remains included more than bones. He also carried out a large amount of research into fossilized dinosaur feces. At a meeting of the Geological Society of London on 6 February 1829, Buckland described them and introduced the term coprolites (from the Greek words "kopros", meaning dung, and "lithos", meaning stone). His paper, "On the Discovery of Coprolites, or Fossil Faeces, in the Lias at Lyme Regis", states that they have "undergone no process of rolling, but retain their natural form, as if they had fallen from the animal into soft mud, and there been preserved," later comparing them to "oblong pebbles or kidney-potatoes."
Interestingly, Buckland was very eccentric. He caused such a stir with his explicit lectures on the mating habits of reptiles that The Times of London felt he should restrain his enthusiasm "in the presence of ladies". He always wore his academic gown when out digging for fossils. The hallway of his Oxford home was lined with the skulls of animals. Monkeys, a bear (in a mortarboard) and a hyena, amongst other animals, had the run of the house (the hyena ate the family's guinea pig).
But strangest of all was Buckland's diet. He was a committed zoophagist — an eater of animals. All animals. In Buckland's opinion, the Creator had placed the creatures of the world at Man's service, to feed and clothe him and to be his companions, and it was Man's duty to eat the rich bounty of foods provided by the Almighty for his sustenance. And eat them he did — from elephant trunk soup, panther chops, horse tongue, porpoise head, crispy mice in batter, kangaroo ham, and eland steaks to accidentally grilled giraffe (there had been a fire at the London Zoo). He found the taste of mole to be the worst, until he tasted bluebottles.
Once, while touring a church, the local vicar showed him "martyr's blood" dripping from the rafters — Buckland dropped to his knees and began to lap at the miraculous liquid, which was, he announced between laps, bats' urine. On a visit to Nuneham House, he was shown a silver casket holding what was reputed to be the heart of King Louis XIV of France. Before anyone could stop him, Buckland announced, "I have eaten many strange things, but have never eaten the heart of a king before," before snatching it up and swallowing it.
Buckland's eccentricities earned him a famous description by Charles Darwin, who wrote: "though very good-humoured and good-natured [he] seemed to me a vulgar and almost coarse man. He was incited more by a craving for notoriety, which sometimes made him act like a buffoon, than by a love of science."
- Buckland, W. Reliquiae Diluvianae; or, Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge (London: John Murray, 1823).
- —————-"Notice on the Megalosaurus or great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield", Transactions of the Geological Society of London, series 2, vol. 1: 390-396 (1824).
- —————-"On the discovery of coprolites, or fossil faeces, in the lias at Lyme Regis, and in other formations", Transactions of the Geological Society of London, series 2, vol. 3: 223–236 (1835).
Posted in Creationism, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Zoology
Tagged Charles Darwin, Creationism, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Zoology
December 23, 1924 (a Tuesday)
On this date, Raymond Dart completed his work removing the first fossil skull of Australopithecus from its matrix of rock. Being one of the "missing links" in man's evolution, Dart had taken exquisite care during 73 days to separate skull and stone, at work in his laboratory in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Dart with his students made the find in the Taung limestone works in the Harts Valley of Bechuanaland. When an endocranial cast was found, at first it seemed to be just another primate skull. Then, Dart noticed how amazingly close to human it looked. Dart had discovered the Taung child, who was only three years old at the time of death. He named it Australopithecus africanus. (Australis means "south" and pithecus means "ape").
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution
December 19, 1944 (a Tuesday)
On this date, the Kenyan physical anthropologist and paleontologist Richard E. Leakey was born. Leakey, second of three sons of noted anthropologists Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey, decided at an early age that he wanted nothing to do with paleoanthropology and started a expedition business. In 1964, he led an expedition to a fossil site which sparked his interest in paleontology. Since then he has been responsible for extensive fossil finds of human ancestral forms in East Africa, including a Homo habilis skull found in 1972, and a Homo erectus skull found in 1975. His discoveries showed that man's ancestors used tools, which shows intelligence, and lived in eastern Africa at least 3 million years ago – almost doubling the previously accepted age of human origins.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Evolution, History, Homo erectus, Human Evolution
December 18, 1832 (a Tuesday)
On this date, after passing through the straight of Le Maire at Tierra del Fuego, HMS Beagle anchored at Good Success Bay. Here Charles Darwin had his first encounter with savages. He was shocked by the primitive way of life they led but was also fascinated by them. A group of four male Fuegians (Yamana) met the landing party. After an attempt to communicate with the Fuegians the party presented them with some bright red cloth and the Fuegians immediately became friendly with them. The natives initiated a dialog by patting the crewmen on their chests. Apparently they had the most amazing ability to mimic the crew's gestures and even the words they spoke, often repeating whole English sentences back to them. Darwin was bewildered by all this, and it left a lasting impression on him.
In chapter 21 entitled "General Summary and Conclusion" of his Descent of Man published years later in 1871, Darwin wrote:
We thus learn that man is descended from a hairy, tailed quadruped probably arboreal in its habits and an inhabitant of the Old World.
I am aware that the conclusions arrived at in this work will be denounced by some as highly irreligious; but he who denounces them is bound to shew why it is more irreligious to explain the origin of man as a distinct species by descent from some lower form, through the laws of variation and natural selection, than to explain the birth of the individual through the laws of ordinary reproduction. The birth both of the species and of the individual are equally parts of that grand sequence of events, which our minds refuse to accept as the result of blind chance. The understanding revolts at such a conclusion, whether or not we are able to believe that every slight variation of structure,– the union of each pair in marriage, the dissemination of each seed,– and other such events, have all been ordained for some special purpose.
The main conclusion arrived at in this work, namely that man is descended from some lowly organized form, will, I regret to say, be highly distasteful to many. But there can hardly be a doubt that we are descended from barbarians.
Darwin then reiterated his assessment of the Fuegians:
The astonishment which I felt on first seeing a party of Fuegians on a wild and broken shore will never be forgotten by me, for the reflection at once rushed into my mind – such were our ancestors. These men were absolutely naked and bedaubed with paint, their long hair was tangled, their mouths frothed with excitement, and their expression was wild, startled, and distrustful. They possessed hardly any arts, and like wild animals lived on what they could catch; they had no government, and were merciless to every one not of their own small tribe. He who has seen a savage in his native land will not feel much shame, if forced to acknowledge that the blood of some more humble creature flows in his veins. For my own part I would as soon be descended from that heroic little monkey, who braved his dreaded enemy in order to save the life of his keeper, or from that old baboon, who descending from the mountains, carried away in triumph his young comrade from a crowd of astonished dogs – as from a savage who delights to torture his enemies, offers up bloody sacrifices, practices infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.
It is often pointed out that Darwin frequently used the term "savages" when discussing the tribal people whom he wrote about. In his use of the term savages, however, Darwin was simply using the standard lexicon of his time; it was a term that everyone, from Popes to Presidents, used. Also, Darwin was hardly alone in his attitude towards tribal people, and his observations of "savages" are indeed accurate. The cultures that he came into contact with did engage in these practices, and it can hardly be surprising that he felt displeasure towards these qualities. Virtually everyone in Western civilization was repulsed by these traits in other cultures, as they should have been.
But in contrast to the existing views on race, Darwin showed that:
- People cannot be classified as different species.
- All races are related and have a common ancestry.
- All people come from "savage" origins.
- The different races have much more in common than was widely believed. [He also freely admitted to having had sexual relations with a black woman, something else unheard of in his time. (Darwin, 1874, p. 178)]
- The mental capabilities of all races are virtually the same and there is greater variation within races than between races.
- Different races of people can interbreed and there is no concern for ill effects.
- Culture, not biology, accounted for the greatest differences between the races.
- Races are not distinct, but rather they blend together.
The language of some of Darwin's work on race was crude by today's standard, but it was revolutionary in its opposition to the established ideas of the day, which held that the "savages" were inferior and had no hope of ever living in a state of equality with whites. Instead of being criticized as a racist, Darwin should rightfully be honored as one of the leaders of opposition to racism. He showed through his careful study and through his theory of evolution that we are indeed all related and that the key to social success as a species lies in extending our cooperation, sympathy, and assistance to people of all races and all nations. If Darwin had any social message, that, certainly, was it. In chapter 4 in Descent of Man, Darwin wrote:
As man advances in civilisation, and small tribes are united into larger communities, the simplest reason would tell each individual that he ought to extend his social instincts and sympathies to all the members of the same nation, though personally unknown to him. This point being once reached, there is only an artificial barrier to prevent his sympathies extending to the men of all nations and races. If, indeed, such men are separated from him by great differences in appearance or habits, experience unfortunately shews us how long it is, before we look at them as our fellow-creatures. … This virtue, one of the noblest with which man is endowed, seems to arise incidentally from our sympathies becoming more tender and more widely diffused, until they are extended to all sentient beings. As soon as this virtue is honoured and practised by some few men, it spreads through instruction and example to the young, and eventually becomes incorporated in public opinion.
The highest possible stage in moral culture is when we recognise that we ought to control our thoughts, and "not even in inmost thought to think again the sins that made the past so pleasant to us." Whatever makes any bad action familiar to the mind, renders its performance by so much the easier. As Marcus Aurelius long ago said, "Such as are thy habitual thoughts, such also will be the character of thy mind; for the soul is dyed by the thoughts."
- Charles Darwin. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world., 2nd ed. (London: John Murray, 1845).
- ———————. The Descent of Man, 2nd ed. (London: John Murray, 1874).
- R.G. Price. Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications, Ebook. (http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/rationalrevolution, 2011)
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Social Justice
Tagged Charles Darwin, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Racism, Social Justice
December 18, 1912 (a Wednesday)
Piltdown man, the first important fossil human skull ever to be unearthed in England, was announced at a meeting of the Geological Society of Great Britain. Charles Dawson, steward of Barkham Manor, an attorney, and secretary to the Sussex Archaeological Society, and Arthur Smith Woodward, keeper of geology at the British Museum, announced their remarkable find had been made at Piltdown Common. The specimen, known as Piltdown man, occupied an honored place in the catalogues of fossil hominids for the next 40 years. But in 1953, thanks to some rigorous scholarly detective work, Piltdown man was revealed to be nothing more than a forgery, manufactured from modern human and animal remains.
On this date, the discovery of the skull known as Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Scientific Method
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Scientific Method
November 29, 1974 (a Friday)
On this date, the paleoanthropologist Donald C. Johanson discovered "Lucy", a 3.2 million-year old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton, on the slope of a desert channel at Hadar located in Ethiopia.
The discovery of Lucy was a significant development in the search for clues to understanding hominid evolution. Lucy was unique in that, as she was a very old, primitive, and small hominid (human-like species) that did not fit into the known hominid types. She was also the oldest and most complete hominid skeleton that had been found. Although only 40 percent of the skeleton was recovered, bones from both sides of the body were present, allowing paleoanthropologists to reconstruct approximately 70 percent of her skeleton by using mirror imaging. With mirror imaging, existing bones are used to determine what the missing counterpart on the other side of the body looked like. Lucy's discovery confirmed the evolution of ape-like ancestors to human-like descendants.
When he was in high school, Donald Johanson was told by his guidance counselor to forget about going to college. The only son of a widowed Swedish immigrant mother who worked as a cleaning lady, Johanson had done so poorly on his SATs that the counselor did not believe he was capable of performing college-level work. Johanson ignored the counselor's advice, pursued higher education, and earned his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Chicago.
Johanson's books include Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind and, most recently, From Lucy to Language. Dr. Johanson hosted the Emmy-nominated NOVA television series In Search of Human Origins.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution
November 26, 1911 (a Sunday)
Sherwood L. Washburn was born.
On this date, the American primatologist and anthropologist Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution
November 13, 1874 (a Friday)
On this date, the second edition of The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin was published. It was generally the edition most commonly reprinted after Darwin's death and up to the present. In the introduction to the first edition, Darwin gave the purpose of his treatise:
The sole object of this work is to consider, firstly, whether man, like every other species, is descended from some pre-existing form; secondly, the manner of his development; and thirdly, the value of the differences between the so-called races of man.
One of the more controversial scientific questions of Darwin's day was whether the different races of human beings were of the same species or not. Darwin was a long-time abolitionist who had been horrified by slavery when he first came into contact with it in Brazil while touring the world on the Beagle voyage many years before. [With the passage of The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, Parliament had finally ended slavery throughout the British Empire.] He reasoned that most of the visual differences between the human races were superficial – issues of skin color and hair type – and that most of the mental differences were merely cases of "civilization" or a lack of it. For example, Darwin interpreted the "savage races" he saw in South America at Tierra del Fuego as evidence of a more primitive state of human civilization. He concluded that the visual differences between races were not adaptive to any significant degree, and were more likely simply caused by sexual selection – different standards of beauty and mating among different peoples – and that all of humankind was one single species. Darwin never argued nor implied that human races had been evolved at different times or stages, nor that any of the races was inferior to the others.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Charles Darwin, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
October 4, 4004 B.C.E. (a Monday)
God, according to an Irish theologian, Archbishop of Armagh, James Ussher [or Usher] (1581-1656), in his Chronologies of the Old and New Testaments, which was first published 1650-1654. Ussher arrived at his conclusion by carefully counting the "begats" in the Bible. His contemporary, Sir John Lightfoot (1602-1675), Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, arrived at the same date through independent calculation and added the detail that the world began at 9:00 AM Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT), or midnight Garden-of-Eden time.
On this date, the Earth was created by Needless to say, modern scientific research has discovered that the Earth is, in fact, much, much, older.
Posted in Creationism, Education, Geology, History, Human Evolution, Religion
Tagged Creationism, Education, Geology, History, Human Evolution, Religion
September 10, 1788 (a Wednesday)
Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes was born. His discovery in 1846 of whole handaxes, tools, and fragments embedded in and scattered about the fossilized bones of extinct mammals in the Somme River valley showed that man existed at least as early as the ancient creatures. He announced his discovery in the first volume of a work he published in 1847, Antiquites Celtiques Et Antediluviennes (Celtic and pre-Flood Antiquities).
On this date, the French geologist and archaeologist The very title of his book showed that Boucher de Perthes at first regarded these implements and weapons as having belonged to men overwhelmed at the Deluge of Noah; but it was soon seen that they were something very different. Being found in terraces at great heights above the Somme River indicated that they must have been deposited there at a time when the river system of northern France was vastly different from anything known within the historic period. This would have required a series of great geological changes since the time when these implements were made, disproving the prevailing theologically-based idea that 4004 B.C. was the year of the creation of man.
Although Boucher de Perthes was the first to establish that Europe had been populated by early man in the Pleistocene or early Quaternary period, he himself was not able to pinpoint the precise period because the scientific frame of reference did not then exist. Today, the handaxes of the Somme River district are widely accepted to be at least 500,000 years old and thus the product of Neandertal populations, while some authorities think they may be as old as one million years and therefore associated with Homo erectus.Posted in Creationism, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Creationism, Evolution, History, Homo erectus, Human Evolution
September 3, 1907 (a Tuesday)
Loren Corey Eiseley was born. He published books of essays, biography, and general science in the 1950s, '60s, and '70s.
On this date, the highly respected anthropologist, ecologist, science writer, and poet Eiseley is best known for the poetic essay style called the "hidden essay". He used this to explain complex scientific ideas, such as human evolution, to the general public. He is also known for his writings about humanity's relationship with the natural world. These helped inspire the environmental movement.
Eiseley's first book, The Immense Journey: An Imaginative Naturalist Explores the Mysteries of Man and Nature (1946), a collection of writings about the history of humanity, established him as a writer with the unique ability to combine science and humanism. In the essay from it entitled "The Snout", he wrote:
The door to the past is a strange door. It swings open and things pass through it, but they pass in one direction only. No man can return across that threshold, though he can look down still and see the green light waver in the water weeds.
Eiseley's book, Darwin's Century (1958), focuses on the development of the theory of evolution and was awarded the Phi Beta Kappa Science prize in 1959. His other books include The Unexpected Universe (1969), The Night Country (1971), the memoir All The Strange Hours: The Excavation of a Life (1975), and Darwin and the Mysterious Mr. X: New Light on the Evolutionists (1979).
When Loren Eiseley was 3 his father held him up to watch Halley's Comet blaze across the sky and told his son to look for its return in 75 years. But Loren Eiseley did not live that long. He died July 9, 1977, having used his brief seventy years to leave behind a heritage that continues to enrich the lives of all who come to know his work.
Posted in Ecology, Education, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Ecology, Education, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
August 26, 1909 (a Thursday)
Cro-Magnon male skeleton, about 34,000 years old, was discovered by Swiss-German antiquities dealer and historian Otto Hauser. He was a member of a party hunting fossils in the Combe-Capelle rockshelter, France. The following year, Hauser sold this and an earlier discovery of Neandertal skeletal remains from Le Moustier (1908) to the Berlin Völkerkunde-Museum. Most of the skeleton itself is believed to have been destroyed during WW II by allied bombing raids.
On this date, an almost perfectly preserved The Cro-Magnons are the earliest known European examples of Homo sapiens, living between 35,000 and 10,000 years ago, whose skeletons were first discovered in March, 1868. They were anatomically identical to tall and muscular modern humans, but slightly more robust on average. Finely crafted stone and bone tools, shell and ivory jewelry, and polychrome paintings found on cave walls all testify to the cultural advancement of Cro-Magnon man.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution
August 12, 1950 (a Saturday)
Humani Generis (Concerning Some False Opinions Threatening to Undermine the Foundations of Catholic Doctrine), condemning ideologies which threatened Roman Catholic faith but allowing that evolution did not necessarily conflict with Christianity. The document made plain the Pope's fervent hope that evolution would prove to be a passing scientific fad, and it attacked those persons who "imprudently and indiscreetly hold that evolution …explains the origin of all things." Nevertheless, Pius XII stated that nothing in Catholic doctrine is contradicted by a theory that suggests one species might evolve into another – even if that species is man. According to the Pope:
On this date, Pope Pius XII issued the encyclical The Teaching Authority of the Church does not forbid that, in conformity with the present state of human sciences and sacred theology, research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, insofar as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter…
The Pope asserted, however, that Catholics must believe that the human soul was created immediately by God and that all humans have descended from an individual, Adam, who has transmitted original sin to all humankind.
Posted in Creationism, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Religion
Tagged Creationism, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Religion
August 8, 1856 (a Friday)
paleoanthropology and initiated the longest-standing debate in the discipline: the role of Neandertals in human evolutionary history.
On or about this date, quarry workmen in search of lime blasted out the entrance of the Feldhofer Cave in the Neander Valley near Düsseldorf, Germany. They found a skeleton, and guessed they had found the remains of a cave bear. Although they discarded many of the bones, they also set some of them aside, including the skullcap, for examination by a local schoolteacher and amateur naturalist, Johann Fuhlrott. When Fuhlrott looked at the long, narrow skullcap with prominent brow ridges, he realized its significance. Two weeks after the initial discovery, he returned to the quarry in hopes of finding the rest of the skeleton, but it was too late to retrieve any more bones. Fortunately, Fuhlrott had enough to identify the remains as those of an ancient human population, different from contemporary humans. This was the find that gave the species its name. It marked the beginning of However, Fuhlrott's view was not immediately accepted as it contradicted literal interpretations of the Bible and came before Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published. It took some years before the Neandertal man gained acceptance as a species of the genus Homo that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia.
Because the area where these Neandertal bones were found was landscaped after the limestone quarry closed without a scientific geological analysis, and there were no associated finds, the site has been considered undatable. It is now the location of a museum of Neandertal life. The museum has also recreated the man's appearance in a full-body model holding a spear.
However, the bones of over 400 Neandertals that have been found in different parts of Europe and the Middle East since (and even a few before) this discovery have permitted accurate dating. As a result, it is now known that the first proto-Neandertal traits appeared in Europe as early as 350,000 years ago, by 130,000 years ago full blown Neandertal characteristics had appeared, and by 50,000 years ago Neandertals had disappeared from Europe, although they continued in Asia until 30,000 years ago.
Posted in Creationism, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Creationism, Evolution, History, Human Evolution
August 7, 1903 (a Friday)
Leakey, an archaeologist and anthropologist, was born in Kabete, Kenya, of English missionaries parents. Leakey was largely responsible for convincing scientists that Africa, rather than Java or China, was the most significant area to search for evidence of human origins.
On this date, Louis S(eymour) B(azett) A Christian evolutionary biologist, Leakey is remembered for saying, "Nothing I've ever found has contradicted the Bible. It's people with their finite minds who misread the Bible" (quoted in chapter 3 of Virginia Morell, 1995, Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings).
A passage from the last page of the fourth edition (1955) of Adam's Ancestors: The Evolution of Man and His Culture by Louis Leakey is especially noteworthy as we begin the twenty-first century:
We know from the study of evolution that, again and again, various branches of animal stock have become over-specialized, and that over-specialization has led to their extinction. Present-day Homo sapiens is in many physical respects still very unspecialized− … But in one thing man, as we know him today, is over-specialized. His brain power is very over-specialized compared to the rest of his physical make-up, and it may well be that this over-specialization will lead, just as surely, to his extinction. … if we are to control our future, we must first understand the past better.
Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Religion
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Religion
August 3, 1908 (a Monday)
On this date, a nearly complete, buried skeleton of a Neandertal was discovered in a cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France by two young clergymen, brothers Amédée and Jean Bouyssonie. It was examined by Marcellin Boule who overlooked its arthritic condition and as a result, his published description, which characterized the Neandertal as a shuffling, bent-kneed, and hairy creature capable of "rudimentary intellectual abilities," became stereotypical.
This mistake was corrected by research in the 1950s.Posted in Evolution, History, Human Evolution
Tagged Evolution, History, Human Evolution
July 26, 1925 (a Sunday)
William Jennings Bryan, prosecutor in the Scopes Monkey Trial, laid down to take a nap and died in his sleep. Bryan's personal physician, Dr. J. Thomas Kelly, concluded, "Bryan died of diabetes melitis, the immediate cause being the fatigue incident to the heat and his extraordinary exertions due to the Scopes trial." Clarence Darrow was hiking in the Smoky Mountains when word of Bryan's death reached him. When reporters suggested to him that Bryan died of a broken heart, Darrow said, "Broken heart nothing; he died of a busted belly." In a louder voice he added, "His death is a great loss to the American people."
On this date, after eating an enormous dinner, Bryan's death triggered an outpouring of grief from the "common" Americans who felt they had lost their greatest champion. A special train carried him to his burial place in Arlington National Cemetery. Thousands of people lined the tracks. Historian Paul Boyer says, "Bryan's death represented the end of an era. This man who had loomed so large in the American political and cultural landscape for thirty years had now passed from the scene."
Posted in Creationism, Education, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Law, Religion
Tagged Creationism, Education, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Law, Religion
July 23, 2004 (a Friday)
Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God" was published on the relationship between creation, evolution, and Christian faith by the International Theological Commission (ITC) of the Roman Catholic Church. At the time, the ITC was headed by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI. Although the function of the ITC is to advise the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith of the Church, and documents of the ITC are not considered expressions of Church teaching, this document does indicate that Christianity and evolution are certainly compatible:
On this date, the document "According to the widely accepted scientific account, the universe erupted 15 billion years ago in an explosion called the 'Big Bang' and has been expanding and cooling ever since. Later there gradually emerged the conditions necessary for the formation of atoms, still later the condensation of galaxies and stars, and about 10 billion years later the formation of planets. In our own solar system and on earth (formed about 4.5 billion years ago), the conditions have been favorable to the emergence of life. While there is little consensus among scientists about how the origin of this first microscopic life is to be explained, there is general agreement among them that the first organism dwelt on this planet about 3.5 – 4 billion years ago. Since it has been demonstrated that all living organisms on earth are genetically related, it is virtually certain that all living organisms have descended from this first organism. Converging evidence from many studies in the physical and biological sciences furnishes mounting support for some theory of evolution to account for the development and diversification of life on earth, while controversy continues over the pace and mechanisms of evolution. While the story of human origins is complex and subject to revision, physical anthropology and molecular biology combine to make a convincing case for the origin of the human species in Africa about 150,000 years ago in a humanoid population of common genetic lineage. However it is to be explained, the decisive factor in human origins was a continually increasing brain size, culminating in that of Homo sapiens. With the development of the human brain, the nature and rate of evolution were permanently altered: with the introduction of the uniquely human factors of consciousness, intentionality, freedom and creativity, biological evolution was recast as social and cultural evolution. [Emphasis added; from the statement "Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God," plenary sessions held in Rome 2000-2002.]
Posted in Creationism, Evolution, Human Evolution, Religion
Tagged Creationism, Evolution, Human Evolution, Religion
July 21, 1925 (a Tuesday)
On this date, the eighth day of the Scopes Monkey Trial began. Before the jury was called to the courtroom, Darrow addressed Judge Raulston, "I think to save time, we will ask the court to bring in the jury and instruct the jury to find the defendant guilty." This ensured that the defense could appeal the case to a higher court, which might rule the Butler Act unconstitutional. The defense also waived its right to a final address, which, under Tennessee law, deprived the prosecution of a closing statement. This greatly disappointed Bryan, who was unable to deliver a grandiloquent closing speech he had labored over for weeks [archived here].
John Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution and sentenced to a fine of $100. After the verdict was read, Scopes delivered his only statement of the trial, declaring his intent "to oppose this law in any way I can. Any other action would be in violation of my ideal of academic freedom — that is, to teach the truth as guaranteed in our constitution, of personal and religious freedom." The trial came to an anticlimactic end.
- John Thomas Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, and Rhea County Court. The world's most famous court trial: Tennessee evolution case (Cincinnati: National Book Co., 1925).
Posted in Academic Freedom, Creationism, Education, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Law, Religion
Tagged Academic Freedom, Creationism, Education, Evolution, History, Human Evolution, Law, Religion


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Naomi Klein
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The Shock Doctrine
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Around the world in Britain, the United States, Asia and the Middle East, there are people with power who are cashing in on chaos; exploiting bloodshed and catastrophe to brutally remake our world in their image. They are the shock doctors. Thrilling and revelatory,
The Shock Doctrine
cracks open the secret history of our era. Exposing these global profiteers, Naomi Klein discovered information and connections that shocked even her about how comprehensively the shock doctors' beliefs now dominate our world - and how this domination has been achieved. Raking in billions out of the tsunami, plundering Russia, exploiting Iraq - this is the chilling tale of how a few are making a killing while more are getting killed.
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Rocket the Vote
By Naomi Klein - November 9th, 2004
P. Diddy announced on the weekend that his "Vote or Die" campaign will live on. The hip-hop mogul's voter-registration drive during the U.S. presidential elections was, he said, merely "phase one, step one for us to get people engaged."
Fantastic. I have a suggestion for phase two: P. Diddy, Ben Affleck, Leonardo DiCaprio and the rest of the self-described "Coalition of the Willing" should take their chartered jet and fly to Fallujah, where their efforts are desperately needed. But first they are going to need to flip the slogan from "Vote or Die!" to "Die, Then Vote!"
Because that is what is happening there. Escape routes have been sealed off,homes are being demolished, and an emergency health clinic has been razed—all in the name of preparing the city for January elections. In a letter to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, U.S.-appointed Iraqi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi explained that the all-out attack was required "to safeguard lives, elections and democracy in Iraq."
With all the millions spent on "democracy-building" and "civil society" in Iraq, it has come to this: If you can survive attack by the world's only superpower, you get to cast a ballot. Fallujans are going to vote, goddammit, even if they all have to die first.
And make no mistake: they are Fallujans under the gun. "The enemy has got a face. He's called Satan. He lives in Fallujah," Marine Lt. Col. Gareth Brandl told the BBC. Well, at least he admitted that some of the fighters actually live in Fallujah, unlike Donald Rumsfeld, who would have us believe that they are all from Syria and Jordan. And since U.S. army vehicles are blaring recordings forbidding all men between the ages of 15 and 50 from leaving the city, it would suggest that there are at least a few Iraqis among what CNN now obediently describes as the "anti-Iraqi forces."
Elections in Iraq were never going to be peaceful, but they did not need to be an all-out war on voters either. Mr. Allawi's Rocket the Vote campaign is the direct result of a disastrous decision made exactly one year ago. On Nov. 11, 2003, Paul Bremer, then chief U.S. envoy to Iraq, flew to Washington to meet with President George W. Bush. The two men were concerned that if they kept their promise to hold elections in Iraq within the coming months, the country would fall into the hands of insufficiently pro-American forces.
That would defeat the purpose of the invasion, and it would threaten President Bush's re-election chances. At that meeting, a revised plan was hatched: Elections would be delayed for more than a year and in the meantime, Iraq's first "sovereign" government would be hand-picked by Washington. The plan would allow Mr. Bush to claim progress on the campaign trail, while keeping Iraq safely under U.S. control.
In the U.S., Mr. Bush's claim that "freedom is on the march" served its purpose, but in Iraq, the plan led directly to the carnage we see today. George Bush likes to paint the forces opposed to the U.S. presence in Iraq as enemies of democracy. In fact, much of the uprising can be traced directly to decisions made in Washington to stifle, repress, delay, manipulate and otherwise thwart the democratic aspirations of the Iraqi people.
Yes, democracy has genuine opponents in Iraq, but before George Bush and Paul Bremer decided to break their central promise to hand over power to an elected Iraqi government, these forces were isolated and contained. That changed when Mr. Bremer returned to Baghdad and tried to convince Iraqis that they weren't yet ready for democracy.
Mr. Bremer argued the country was too insecure to hold elections, and besides, there were no voter rolls. Few were convinced. In January, 2003, 100,000 Iraqis peacefully took to the streets of Baghdad, with 30,000 more in Basra. Their chant was "Yes, yes elections. No, no selections." At the time, many argued that Iraq was safe enough to have elections and pointed out that the lists from the Saddam-era oil-for-food program could serve as voter rolls. But Mr. Bremer wouldn't budge and the UN—scandalously and fatefully—backed him up.
Writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hussain al-Shahristani, chairman of the standing committee of the Iraqi National Academy of Science (who was imprisoned under Saddam Hussein for 10 years), accurately predicted what would happen next. "Elections will be held in Iraq, sooner or later," wrote Mr. al-Shahristani. "The sooner they are held, and a truly democratic Iraq is established, the fewer Iraqi and American lives will be lost."
Ten months and thousands of lost Iraqi and American lives later, elections are scheduled to take place with part of the country in grips of yet another invasion and much of the rest of it under martial law. As for the voter rolls, the Allawi government is planning to use the oil-for-food lists, just as was suggested and dismissed a year ago.
So it turns out that all of the excuses were lies: if elections can be held now, they most certainly could have been held a year ago, when the country was vastly calmer. But that would have denied Washington the change to install a puppet regime in Iraq, and possibly prevented George Bush from winning a second term.
Is it any wonder that Iraqis are skeptical of the version of democracy being delivered to them by U.S. troops, or that elections have come to be seen not as tools of liberation but as weapons of war? First, Iraq's promised elections were sacrificed in the interest of George Bush's re-election hopes; next, the siege of Fallujah itself was crassly shackled to these same interests. The fighter planes didn't even wait an hour after George Bush finished his acceptance speech to begin the air attack on Fallujah, with the city bombed at least six times through the next day and night. With the U.S. elections safely over, Fallujah could be destroyed in the name of its own the upcoming elections.
In another demonstration of their commitment to freedom, the first goal of the U.S. soldiers in Fallujah was to ambush the city's main hospital. Why? Apparently because it was the source of the "rumours" about high civilian casualties the last time U.S. troops laid siege to Fallujah, sparking outrage in Iraq and across the Arab world. "It's a centre of propaganda," an unnamed senior American officer told The New York Times. Without doctors to count the dead, the outrage would be presumably be muted—except that, of course, the attacks on hospitals have sparked their own outrage, further jeopardizing the legitimacy of the upcoming elections.
According to The New York Times, the Fallujah General Hospital was easy to capture, since the doctors and patients put up no resistance. There was, however, one injury, "an Iraqi soldier who accidentally discharged his Kalashnikov rifle, injuring his lower leg."
I think that means he shot himself in the foot. He's not the only one.
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Is photo the latest in "Bizarre Love Triangle" formed by Breitbart, Reuters, and the Drudge Report? "US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is pictured through a video viewfinder as she speaks during a news conference in Amman September 16, 2010," reads the sober caption describing a negative image photograph taken…
Matt Drudge has always reminded me of that inexplicably popular kid in grade school, the one who wasn't particularly clever or witty or rich or anything, but who could get a tooth knocked out riding a bike and send half the class to the nurse's office because of the fumes…
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Printing to AppleTalk printer via Ethernet
Have you tried adding them as printers using IP addresses? That is the only way I got it to work, using IP.
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Are you suggesting IP addresses for the Macbook because everything else is working fine. I did however try the IP address rout eearlier in my quest with no luck.
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I just mean that the only way I was able to get my LaserJet 6MP to work with Lion is with the help of an HP JetDirect print server, which I bought on eBay, and by adding the printer using its IP address (the address of the server which is the same as the Mac's Ethernet IP address. That's the only way I could get the Mac to see it and print to it. I do not know how to do it without the help of the JetDirect print server. I have the LaserJet connected to the JetDirect by cable from the printer's parallel port to the port on the JetDirect. I am not using the AppleTalk port at all.
I tried my old Asante AppleTalk-to-Ethernet bridge and that did not work. I also tried a parallel-to-USB cable and just plugging that into the Mac's USB port, but that did not work. The only way I was able to print from the Mac with Lion is using the setup and steps I described in my post earlier today. That required me buying a used JetDirect print server. The IP address of the JetDirect has to agree with the IP address you enter when you add the printer in Print & Scan preferences - that seems to be the crucial factor. And of course you have to be online to print.
There may be another way to make it work for you, but I don't know enough about networking to offer any tips. All I know is that after a week of frustration I finally got my Mac with Lion to print to my HP LaserJet 6MP, but it has to go through both an Ethernet hub and the JetDirect print server to get to the printer, and it has to use IP. There may be other ways to make it work, depending on your hardware setup. But I don't think you will be able to use the AppleTalk port on the printer. You will have to use the parallel port.
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Right. I have the JetDirect installed on the LaserJet 5m using the ethernet port.
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Now when I try to print I'm getting "On Hold" (Authentication required) with respect to the HP laserJet 5M
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Your 5M has an ethernet port? My 6MP has only 2 parallel ports and 1 AppleTalk port.
I have a parallel cable from the 36-pin parallel port on the 6MP, to the 25-pin port on the JetDirect.
Then the Ethernet port on the JetDirect goes to my ethernet hub.
I never got an "On Hold" (Authentication required) message. I don't know where that is coming from, and I don't know what it means.
There may be a certain order in which things need to be powered up: printer, print server, ethernet hub or router, etc.
You can reset your JetDirect by holding down the Test button, and disconnecting and reconnecting the power cord, keep holding down the Test button for 5 more seconds as power is restored. That will reset the JetDirect to its factory defaults, but it will also give it a different IP address. When connected to your Ethernet network, the JetDirect should take on the IP address of the Ethernet network.
You can find out what IP address the JetDirect currently has by doing a test print and look on the 2nd page.
That is the IP address you want to print to. Delete the printer and add a new printer using that IP address.
If that doesn't work, then I am stumped. Another poster earlier in this thread says he works for HP and maybe he might offer some other solution.
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Hey guys. I've had problems with all kinds of print servers and printers. Best bet: Get a long cable and connect the printer to a desktop, even an extremely cheap one with a minimal OS and share it.
This is an old trick, but works in case the ip-adresses change with any print server\computer setup:
Get the host name of the Print Server (the network name; NetBios name; NetBOUI, etc). When installing the printer, use the host name, then try setting up a CUPS compatible driver for the printer. CUPS is a network compatible version of drivers. If you can't find it, try using the native (the manufacturer's) driver, but there are no guarantees. If this doesn't work, use generic postscript printer. This usually works, and allows you to print.
Using the Host Name (Network name etc) points your computer at the printer's name rather than an IP. The next thing you should do is put in a DNS search domain that matches your primary router (the one that is your internet gateway); do this in network prefs, select advanced, and then click DNS and you can add an address on the right side. Then put in a WINS server address by selecting that tab, using the same address you put in DNS. THis will perform the check for internet and local domain services against those two locations (note: your primary router gateway's address doesn't change so using this ip is perfectly alright, and since it has to give out addresses or at least track them back in order to forward requests from the internet, using it as a dns even if it doesn't have a full DNS server, it'll still support a name lookup). Now open the queue, and run a test print to the printer. You should get a CUPS page, even using the native driver (most drivers use a native cups backend anyway, but build their own interface on top, so they access the stored test page image in the CUPS system). IF you see the page clearly, your printer's installed, and you can shut down the whole kit and kaboodle (network, printer, computer) and it'll never lose the connection to the printer. Why? Because it asks your router where the printer is every time it links.
If you still have trouble or the host-name is rejected, you may have to set up an internal domain name on your router, then use that domain name with the printer's host name. EG printer_host_name.domain.com
Make sure you check for this in your router. Once finished, you can include the domain name in your DNS for your network. All this allows you to utilize the routing tables and basic host-name functions to make sure your printer is always connected.
Option 2 is to set the print server's ip to a static address inside your network. It should say static instead of DHCP in the network options for BOOT method or "DHCP:" and it'll never change. IF your driver doesn't come with a utility, and your print-server doesn't come with a link, you'll want to open it's web-page with that ip address and make sure to place a shortcut to it on your desktop. If this page doesn't respond there's a problem.
Hope this helps.
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by the way, if you can print the status page or setup page from the printer, it'll have the host-name to use when using jetdirect, and you can select that in the printer setup, use the hostname with default options for queue and then choose the CUPS print driver. Make sure the top says hpJetdirect. This will allow it to find the printer and print to it with native software options, it might even detect the proper driver for you.
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OK thanks for your help!
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Glad to help.
Many protocols have been outdated and dropped from newer OSes, so if you have trouble, I'm not sure but I think my email address is linked here somewhere.
I've worked with old HP workhorse laser printers and macs for upwards of 10 years, and I've studied how they communicate. Jetdirect should still be current. IP printing can work over VPN quite easily, and LPR can work over ethernet using the hostname, but typically uses only a one way communcation with the old HP COM architecture (basically COM over ethernet; much the same as serial to usb adapter does COM over usb).
I may be a little disappointed with the latest apple blunders in their OS, but I'm also thrilled at the idea of troubleshooting it and finding a way to make it go. Scanning over SANE might be useful if you could get it working, but printing will always be a standard funtion with multiple fallback methods.
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I had my Hewlett Packard 6MP running without problemt through the ethernet port of my old iMac.
ethernet cable from ethernet port on iMac to Hewlett Packard JetDirect 300x.
Parallel cable from JetDirect to 6MP.
In the OS menu:
click add printer.
Click IP among the four selections of this window.
enter the IP of your JetDirect (print a test page to see, but usually it's 220.127.116.11).
Enter Jet-Direct socket in the box below.
Choose 6 MP printer driver.
That worked.
Now I'm on a retina MacBook Pro and still want to keep my 6 MP as its print quality is better than even a $ 1000 laser printer,and it has a lower per page cost, cartridges being at $ 25. And the low cost laser printer below $ 200 are junk (so I heard), breaking down all the time and have a high page cost.
So I'd love to keep mine.
The retina MacBook Pro has no ethernet port, so I got an ethernet/usb adapter from Plugable.
That's where the problem starts. I think that adapter has a driver that's not working in OS X Mountain Lion.
I'm going to return it and get the Apple Ethernet adapter.
Let me know if you could connect your printer. The 6 MP is still a stellar printer . The fact that it has no market value doesn't mean to throw it out. Mine has a low 9000 page count....
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I aplaud your ingenuity with that one, but remember, this question didn't pertain to standard ethernet capable devices. The 6mp has a standard ethernet packet size and conforms to the standard. Some needed a specific packet size, pre-amble signal, and byte-order.
Once you get one connected, you might be able to update the firmware to make it compatible, if you can find somebody who rewrote the firmware. Otherwise, older printers are usb only.
You might have to use an old mac to connect them, then share the queue, and point your other computers at the computer that's sharing the printer using it's host-name to make sure you don't lose access to the printer if the ip address changes.
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Actually, the 6 MP does not have an usb port. Only an Apple talk port and a serial port.
A true museums piece.
But it once was a high end printer, very expensive, and is pretty much indestructible.
My last chance is to get the Apple ethernet-usb adapter working. I guess I'll stand a higher chance as the Apple Ethernet adapter will have a proper driver in OS X. I don't care it's only 10/100 - don't need a high speed for the small file sizes the 6 MP is getting.
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I just got my Hewlett-Packard 6MP to print under Mountain Lion.
It's an excellent printer with top of the line print quality and I'm glad I can keep using it.
Here it is how it works:
You need a USB to ethernet adapter and a print server (like the Hewlett-Packard JetDirect 300x)
The usb adapter is about $ 26.00, the print server should even be cheaper on ebay used.
Connect the parallel cable from the printer to the print server.
Connect the print server per ethernet cable to the computer's usb port using the usb adapter.
Be sure to install the driver for the ethernet adapter should you not use the Apple version.
Print a test page by pressing the test button on the print server. It will tell you the IP adress of the print server.
Then go to the OS X system preferences - printing/scanning.
Click add printer. There are four menu items on top. Click IP.
Then enter the IP address of the server
choose jet direct socket
choose printer driver
If it works, fine.
In my case it didn't work.
I went to the networking section of system preferences.
There was the ethernet adapter listed as a device.
For some reason it started to work when I changed the IP address of the ethernet adapter.
Configure IPv4: switch it to "using DHCP with manual address."
I chose an address that was the same in its first three numbers, and only made the fourth different. Maybe it worked because the ethernet adapter got an IP address so similar to the print server it was connecting to.
and then the printer/print server chose its own subnet mask.
Router, DNS Server, Search Domains fields remain empty.
This worked in my case.
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I got the 6MP to work, provided I used the JetDirect 300X.
First, I had the JetDirect plugged into my Ethernet hub.
So it was:
LaserJet 6MP -> Parallel cable -> JetDirect 300X -> Ethernet hub -> Ethernet port on Mac
That worked. I did have to do a test print on the 6MP, by pressing the button on the JetDirect.
That test print gave me the IP address of the JetDirect. So when creating a new printer, I had to make sure the IP address was the same.
Now, however I have a router instead of the Ethernet hub. A friend of mine set it up for me so I don't know exactly how it he configured it. I assume he just replaced the Ethernet hub with a router. But it also works.
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I knew we got socked in by the snowstorm but didn't realize how intent the storm was until I got downtown this morning. The following are a few snapshots from my bi-pedal commute.


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I have installed quite a few Gree ductless mini splits and I can guarantee you that they are not stealing any American technology.
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Little MonstersCall for hours
Adorable toy shop! – This is one of the cutest shops in the Lake Orion Village. Although its a small location, there is so much to look at! It is a toy shop with many items for children, however it's enjoyable for all ages to stop in. Everytime I stop in I…
Little Monsters is the cutest place in Lake Orion if you are looking for something off the wall. They have all of the cutest and most random items, but you could spend hours in there and feel like a little kid again.
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Catch of the Day Nodes
Catch of the Day
- Arkansas River Rainbow Trout
- Slovenia Marble Trout
- Montana Rainbow
- Baja Rooster
- Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass
- Dean River Steelhead
- Pennsylvania Rainbow Trout
- Florida Redfish
- Elk River Bull Trout
- Truckee River Brown Trout
- British Columbia's Dean River
- Big Hole Double-Down
- Catalina Yellowtail
- Big Horn Brown
- Big Laxa Brown
- Florida Keys Permit
- Florida Everglades Tarpon
- English Northern Pike
- Piedra del Aguila Brown Trout
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- Cambridge Bay Arctic Char
- Missouri River Brown
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- Big Sky Bear-Hugging Rainbow Trout
- Brewster Flats Striper
- Bahamas Bonefish
Lovin' It On The Limay
Federico Prato, owner of Federico Prato's Fly Shop in Córdoba, Argentina, makes a repeat visit to Catch of the Day with this brown trout from the Limay River in Argentina. Federico and his pal Tano Baruzzi tackled the Limay with their G3 Guide™ Waders, G3 Guide Vests, Simms wading boots and, underneath it all, their Simms base layers. Tano takes it to the next level of Simms pride with his Simms hat.


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Frank Hewitt's Jazz CD up for 48th Annual Grammy Awards
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Tired of Hoarding? Make Booze from Juice
Posted in Misc. on May 21st, 2010 No Comments »
Spike Your Juice is a product that claims to turn juice into booze in 48 hours with no muss, no fuss. If anyone tries it out at Winfly, drop me a line to let me know the results. (Thanks, TB.)


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Sleep Tight, Little Bear
Here is another story by Martin Waddell about Little Bear and Big Bear. It is read aloud by Rachel Davis, children's librarian at the Thomas Memorial Library in Cape Elizabeth. Then Rachel shares two fingerplays.
Text copyright 2005 by Martin Waddell. Illustrations copyright 2005 by Anita Jeram. Reproduced by permission of Candlewick Press, Inc., Somerville, MA, on behalf of Walker Books Ltd., London. We welcome your feedback on any of Rachel Davis's readings.


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April 3, 2013
Are you thinking about whether or not to buy organic foods – but wrestling with the issue of paying a bit more at the grocery? It may be worth the extra buck. The term "organic" refers to the method of production that farmers use in growing fruits, vegetables and grains, as well as in producing dairy and raising livestock. Organically grown foods require special certification to be marketed as such, and they are free of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and are not processed using chemicals or irradiation.
Foods labeled as "natural" also indicate that they are produced with minimal processing, but the term is widely used and not well regulated; so, always check the labeling. Common questions and continued debate about organic foods include whether they taste better or are healthier than conventionally grown and produced foods. While there is insufficient evidence to claim that either is correct, keep in mind what we do know about organic foods: They do not receive pesticides or herbicides, which have been evaluated as carcinogens.
The American Cancer Society recommends 5-7 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, so they should always be included in your grocery trips. If you can't buy organic, make sure to wash your fruits and veggies well before consumption. "Fresh is best" when it comes to your body getting the nutrients it needs to stay healthy, boost your immune system and prevent disease.
To learn some ways to incorporate some healthy foods into your diet, join us for a cooking demonstration:
Open to patients, caregivers, staff, families and friends. Hope to see you there!
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From Atlanta, GA take I-75 South for 88 miles to Exit 165 I-16 East. Travel on I-16 East for 78 miles to Exit 90. Turn right onto US-1 South for 15 miles. Turn right onto US-280 which is East 1st Street. Our Vidalia, GA hotel is close to the many things to do in Vidalia, GA.
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