text:
New User!
Heavens to Betsy
By: Beth Pattillo , Stephen ArterburneBook Publisher: Random House
Imprint: The Doubleday Religious Publishing Group
Allowed Countries (hover)
Format: ePub Encrypted (DRM)
Earn $0.50 - Write a Review »
Blessed Are the Fabulous.
Life would be perfect for Reverend Betsy Blessing if it weren't for parishioners who keel over during her sermons, steal money from the collection box, and set her up with ex-cons. Not to mention the very inconvenient feelings she is suddenly having for her long-time friend, fellow seminarian, and verbal sparring partner, David Swenson. It isn't until Betsy is thrust into the position of senior minister for her church, however, that she discovers the real cause of her discontent: her fear of failing has become stronger than her faith in herself.
Is it really possible to keep a good woman down? Can Betsy reclaim her confidence while reconciling her clerical robe with high heels and the right shade of lipstick? A fun-loving look at a single girl's life on the other side of the altar, Heavens to Betsy is also a hilarious and joyful celebration of strong, stylish, and faithful womanhood.
From the Trade Paperback edition.
Share your thoughts on the Heavens to Betsy General Fiction eBook with others!
Title of eBook: Heavens to Betsy | |
Release Date: 03-10-2010 | |
Allowed Countries (hover) | |
Publisher: The Doubleday Religious Publishing Group |
This eBook download is available in the following formats:
Parent title | Heavens to Betsy |
Encrypted (DRM) | Yes |
File size | |
Internet Security | n/a |
Printing | Not allowed |
Copying | Not allowed |
Read aloud | No Sys requirements Download reader |
Devices | Samsung Tablet, Apple Ipad & Iphone, Barnes & Noble Nook, Kobo eReader, Aluratek Libre, Iliad, Nokia, Blackberry, Hanlin |
Note | ePub, short for electronic publication is one of our favorites and should be yours for a couple of reasons. ePub offers reflowable text giving you flexibility to manipulate how the content is presented. Moreover, lots of cool features are now being developed for the reader like advanced video and audio. ePub is now an industry standard, so all of the "non-propreitary" hardware manufacturers are now supporting it. |


text:
Do we have this? There really ought to be a place for folks to ask.
"where do I post this question:"
Sub forum or sticky thread here.
I've seen it on other forums, and when the forums get unwieldy (I argue that AVS has over-specialized some of the subs) then it helps everyone for there to be a place to ask.
1. It improves the odds of the best audience for a question
2. It allows us (and you) to best keep the population for the right places up
3. It's nice

subset: commoncrawl


text:
BGCSC Events
March 21 Dancing Through the Decades, a Lee Wetherington Boys & Girls Club event, Dancing Through the Decades will surely knock your socks off. The event will be held at the Club at 3100 Fruitville Rd. Tickets are $50 and $600 for a table of ten (includes four bottles of Champagne). Dancing, Hors d'Ouevres and cash bar. For tickets call 941-366-3911, ext. 135……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Women in a Changing World. An amazing panel educating women on global philosophies embracing technology, social media, education, finance and creative thinking. This panel of admired women was established by the Women's Leadership Council, who advocate for the Boys & Girls Clubs of Sarasota County. The panel members are Pam Iorio, Author and Advisor, and former two-term Mayor of Tampa; Louisa Quartro, President, Realty Capital Securities and Chair of IPA's Women's Initiatives Committee; Amy Robinson, Independent Producer, JULIE AND JULIA; FOR THE LOVE OF THE GAME; AFTER HOURS and Julie Teer National Vice President, Resource Development, Boys & Girls Clubs of America. The event will be held at Asolo Repertory Theatre on Monday, March 24th, from 5:00-7:00 P.M., with an intimate Afterglow with the speakers from 7:30-8:30 P.M. We expect more than 400 attendees. Nancy Markle, Former CIO of Arthur Andersen, will moderate the panel. Tickets are$35 general seating and $150 for the Afterglow dinner. Available on line or by calling 941.366.3911, ext. 135.


text:
Tattoo artist Scott Campbell recent collaboration with Pirelli Motorcycles on their Holy Trinity Project. Campbell hand etched a design into the Pirelli Diablo Rosso II tire which was then placed on a special edition Ducati Diavel and unveiled at the flagship Pirelli store in Milan. And here I thought the white tires on my bicycle were cool. Video after the jump.
Get Updates Daily.
Follow our Twitter feed
We'll update you as we publish on our site. You'll get an update instantly!
Follow @highsnobiety -
Get Updates on Facebook
We'll bring our best stories and photos direct into your newsfeed.
Follow us on Instagram


text:
Faculty Leader
253-535-7282 or email@example.com
Education students will spend time student teaching in schools for six weeks while other students will spend three weeks at an internship site related to their study field. All students will participate weekly in after-school opportunities at the Dolman Children's Home. Additional experiences will include visits to the Ondao Mobile Primary School in Opuwo, Etosha National Park, Okapuka Game Park, Okahanja Outdoor Market and a tour of the city of Windhoek. Course assignments are intended to increase students' cultural sensitivities and promote cultural competence.
Comparative Education in Namibia on YouTube!
Associate Professor Paula Leitz talks about J-term in Namibia.
Click Here
- To have an understanding of the historical, educational, cultural, and social issues within Namibia.
- To increase one's global literacy and ability to relate effectively across cultures.
- To be able to articulate a personal understanding of the educational system and its meaning in Namibia.
- To be able to identify cultural strengths in Namibia.
- To have applied theoretical knowledge in order to meet the practical demands of classroom teaching and to have started to learn about one's 'teaching voice.'
- To demonstrate one's ability to grow, learn and teach in a community with others.
- To develop an enhanced understanding of one's own culture as they encounter another.
- To learn about one-self as one encounters adults and children in Namibia
- To increase one's ability to incorporate multi-cultural instruction into one's own teaching.
EDUC 385/585 (4 credits). C (GUR/GenEd), departmental credit for the School of Instructional Development and Leadership.
Program Fee:
$6,900. This includes airfare, lodging, program related ground transportation, and supplemental study abroad insurance. A price adjustment is made for non-education majors that only attend during J-Term. PLU reserves the right to add a surcharge in response to unanticipated price increase.
The estimated additional costs below are intended to assist students and parents in budgeting for those additional living and discretionary expenses not included in the program fee. Actual expenses may vary according to student interests, individual needs, and spending habits:
- Passport (new) = $110 / Passport (renewal) = $135
- Visa fees (required for some non-US passport holders) = varies
- Pre-travel Evaluation at the PLU Health Center = $45 *All students are required to visit either the PLU Health Cener or a personal healthcare provider to achieve the proper medical clearance. Be aware that other medical providers may charge additional fees that may result in a higher cost than the PLU Health Center.
- Immunizations = $0 to several hundred dollars **Vaccination needs vary on destination and individual medical history and may be costly.
- Airline baggage fees = approximately $25 for each checked bag
- Books, supplies, course materials = varies
- Cost of meals not included in the program fee = varies
- cell phone and usage = varies
- Personal expenses = approximately $600. Check with your faculty leader for an accurate estimate for your destination.
Application Deadline:
April 13, 2013. A non-refundable deposit of $50.00 is required with the application. A $250 non-refundable program payment is due within 10 days of notification of acceptance to confirm participation in the course. Maximum 15 students.
Travel immunizations are recommended. See PLU Health Services website for recommendations and costs.


text:
You missed it This great deal for Fathead.com is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
Related Deals That You May Like
A room is never complete without a bit of your personal touch -- and we don't just mean putting your handprints on the walls. Adorn your abode when you pay $25 for $50 to spend on merchandise from Fathead.com. This online retailer is home to unique semi-permanent wall art made to suit any room and any personality. These massive, adhesive graphics come in all shapes and sizes -- pick up a life-size image of your favorite sports star for your man cave, a colorful cartoon character for the kids' den, or a bright photo mural to add a splash of flash to any room. You can even upload your own pictures to create a custom-made Fathead of your own design. This site's bag of tricks also includes driveway decals as well as a whole bevy of team logo laptop skins so you can flaunt your colors on the go.
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON August 30, 2017
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON August 31, 2012
the fine print
- Limit 3 per purchaser
- Limit 1 voucher per transaction
- Entire value must be used in a single purchase on www.fathead.com
- Not valid towards applicable taxes
- Cannot be applied to any current or previous sales or promotions
- Not valid toward the purchase of gift cards or e-certificates
- Shipping not included
- Justin Verlander: MLB, TM/©MLBP 2012, MLBPA, ©MLBPA
- Other conditions apply
$50 to Spend on Wall Graphics
- $25
- deal over
your personal link:
copyRelated Categories
popular right now
Country Inn & Suites
A Romantic Evening in Winchester
$89 -
Hillbrook Inn & Spa
History Meets Hospitality in West Virginia
$159 -
Ever After Portraits
78% Off a Candid Outdoor Family Portrait Package from an Award-Winn...
$99 -
Monkey Joe's
Five Open-Play Passes
$30 -
A Dog's Day Out
Ruff Life: 3 Days of Dog Daycare + Initial Evaluation


text:
You Ask, I Answer: 'Battlestar Galactica,' 'Gossip Girl,' 'Grey's' & More
Today: Info on Battlestar Galactica's final cylon and farewell episode. Plus, Gossip, Grey's and a little Real Housewives rant. Oh, and if you're pumped for Wednesday's Damages premiere, perhaps you'd like to prepare yourself by reading a spoiler here and some scoop there...
Korbi, I really enjoyed your Battlestar Galactica interviews with Jamie Bamber and Mary McDonnell last year. Since BSG is returning for its ending run later this month, I'm hoping you have more info for us! -Dennis
Indeed, I do. On a conference call this afternoon, exec producers Ron Moore and David Eick revealed that we'll find out who the final cylon is before the series finale. In fact, they said many of the show's major questions will be answered before the final ep and they're pretty proud of how this last stretch turned out.
What's up with the Battlestar Galactica finale? I heard it might be two or three hours long. Can that be true? -Margaret
Seems the tenth and final episode does actually stretches three hours. Sci Fi hasn't yet decided if they will chop it up into two installments for its original airing, but Moore and Eick said there are plans to air it in its entirety at least once.
I cannot believe that Gossip Girl is doing this whole love child thing with Lily and Rufus. 90210, Brothers & Sisters, so many shows have already covered it! To death! -Jacqueline
I feel your pain, but I'm hearing GG may actually put its own little spin on the whole "bastard kid coming to town and turning everyone's lives upside down" storyline. I know my pal Michael Ausiello at EW has said that the long-lost child will show up towards the end of the season, but as I understand, the original plan was for Rufus and Lily to find out that their first born son was killed in a tragic accident.
Anything on Grey's Anatomy? -Nani
This week, when Izzie finally tells Alex that she's been "seeing" Denny, he won't really get it and sort of blow it off. But the seriousness of Dr. Stevens' situation is going to become painfully clear sooner rather than later.
Korbs, are you watching The Real Housewives of Orange County? You haven't mentioned it once this season! -Jac
Every episode. My thoughts? Vicki and Tamra are just perfect as besties because they're both total dorks. I miss Laurie and Tammy because of their calmer, cool demeanor. But either way, I cannot stop watching this garbage...
Your thoughts? Comment below.
Korbi, so are we are actually getting 13 more hour segments then of BSG with 10 episode titles (like on the eventual DVD release it be 13 episodes or 10?) We get 9 weeks of one hour timeslot while the 10th will fill a three hour block of time (with commercials)? Just wondering if they mean to extend out the weeks the final 10(ish) airs or are sticking to the original schedule.
That haven't decided on the final schedule, cuz they don't know if they're going to split up the 3-hr finale into 2 parts. They might do that. But, as I understand it, there are 10 "episodes" but the 10th/final one stretches 3 hours long. So, yeah, technically we're getting 2 extra hours.
Ok, thanks! You said that in your column for the most part, but I couldn't wrap my brain around the fact that we are getting a little more BSG! Whoot!
anything for kellek...
Yeah, Housewives of OC has been pretty catty and uncomfortable this season. Im so glad Jeena (sp?) is still there since shes kinda calm. I think Laurie was in the preview for the next ep. I miss her. And I don't really like that new lady who is obsessed with her age is
love the OC housewives, so glad to see you talk about this show! the OC hw's are the original and the best. it's my guilty pleasure show. c'mon tamra a dork? she's my fave...but okay i'll give you that her and vicki do get a little dorky sometimes. but being a little dorky is not so bad. in fact, it may be vicki's best quality! she is certifiable, but very funny. btw, can't even stand to watch those atlanta or NY wannabees....
Korbi! Sorry this has nothing to do with any of the shows mentioned in todays You Ask, I Answer... But I wanted to know if we were going to get any closure on Eden's character from Nip/Tuck? Thanks.
yes, definitely, Marty! AnnaLynne McCord was able to film Nip/Tuck and 90210 stuff simultaneously, so we should see her back soon to close out the Eden arc.
Korbi - why no update to the earlier George leaving Grey's story?
cuz it's all up in the air right now... some people are saying they might try to work it out... but it's all hearsay at this point.


text:
Tiny Wiki :
Fast loading, text only version of Wikipedia.
Formula One
Formula One
, also known as
Formula 1
and referred to officially as the
FIA Formula One World Championship
, is the highest class of
auto racing
sanctioned by the
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
(FIA). The "
", designated in the name, refers to a set of rules with which all participants' cars must comply. The F1 season consists of a series of races, known as
Grands Prix
(from French, originally meaning great prizes), held throughout the world on purpose-built
and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships, one for the
and one for the
. The racing drivers, constructor teams, track officials, organisers, and circuits are required to be holders of valid
Super Licence
s, the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA.
Formula One car
s are the fastest multi-turn circuit-racing cars in the world, owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic
. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to with engines limited in performance to a maximum of 18,000
revolutions per minute
(RPM). The cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of 5
in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on
traction control
and other driving aids have been banned since 2008and on
. The formula has had much evolution and change through the history of the sport.
While Europe is the sport's traditional base, and hosts about half of each year's races, the sport's scope has expanded significantly during recent years and an increasing number of Grands Prix are held on other continents. Formula One had a total global television audience of 527 million people during the course of the 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship.
Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular type internationally in the second half of the 20th century. The
Formula One Group
is the legal holder of the commercial rights.
With annual spending totalling billions of US dollars, Formula One's economic effect and creation of jobs is significant, and its financial and political battles are widely reported. Its high profile and popularity make it a merchandising environment, which results in great investments from sponsors and budgets in the hundreds of millions for the constructors. Since 2000 the sport's spiraling expenditures have forced several teams, including manufacturers' works teams, into bankruptcy. Others have been bought out by companies wanting to establish a presence within the sport, which strictly limits the number of participant teams.
The Formula One series originated with the European
Grand Prix Motor Racing
(''q.v.'' for pre-1947 history) of the 1920s and 1930s. The "
" is a set of rules which all participants' cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed after World War II during 1946, with the first non-championship races being held that year. A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a World Championship before the war, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the World Drivers' Championship was not formalised until 1947. The first world championship race was held at
, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958. National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for many years but, due to the increasing cost of competition, the last of these occurred in 1983.
Return of racing
1951}} title-winning
Alfa Romeo 159
The first Formula One World Championship was won by
Giuseppe Farina
in his
Alfa Romeo
, barely defeating his
Juan Manuel Fangio
. However Fangio won the title in
(His record of five World Championship titles stood for 45 years until
German driver
Michael Schumacher
took his sixth title in 2003), his streak interrupted (after an injury) by two-time champion
Alberto Ascari
. Although the
Stirling Moss
was able to compete regularly, he was never able to win the World Championship, and is now widely considered to be the greatest driver never to have won the title. Fangio, however, is remembered for dominating Formula One's first decade and has long been considered the "grand master" of Formula One.
This period featured teams managed by road car manufacturers – Alfa Romeo, Ferrari,
, and
– all of whom had competed before the war. The first seasons were run using pre-war cars like Alfa's
. They were
, with narrow tyres and 1.5-litre supercharged or 4.5-litre normally aspirated engines. The
world championships were run to
Formula Two
regulations, for smaller, less powerful cars, due to concerns over the paucity of Formula One cars available. When a new Formula One, for engines limited to 2.5�litres, was reinstated to the world championship for 1954, Mercedes-Benz introduced the advanced
, which featured innovations such as
desmodromic valve
s and
fuel injection
as well as enclosed streamlined bodywork. Mercedes drivers won the championship for two years, before the team withdrew from all motorsport in the wake of the
1955 Le Mans disaster
The ''Garagistes''
The first major technological development,
's re-introduction of
cars (following
Ferdinand Porsche
's pioneering
Auto Union
s of the 1930s), which evolved from the company's successful
Formula 3
designs, occurred during the 1950s. Australian
Jack Brabham
, World Champion during
, and
, soon proved the new design's superiority. By
, all regular competitors had switched to mid-engined cars. The
Ferguson P99
, a four-wheel drive design, was the last front-engined F1 car to enter a world championship race. It was entered in the
1961 British Grand Prix
, the only front-engined car to compete that year.
The first British World Champion was
Mike Hawthorn
, who drove a Ferrari to the title during the
1958 season
. However, when
Colin Chapman
entered F1 as a chassis designer and later founder of
Team Lotus
British racing green
came to dominate the field for the next decade. Between Brabham,
Jim Clark
Jackie Stewart
John Surtees
Graham Hill
, and
Denny Hulme
, British teams and
drivers won twelve world championships between 1962 and 1973.
, Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium-sheet
chassis instead of the traditional
design. This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction of mid-engined cars. During
, Lotus painted
Imperial Tobacco
livery on their cars, thus introducing
to the sport.
slowly gained importance in car design from the appearance of
s during the late 1960s. During the late 1970s, Lotus introduced
aerodynamics that provided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds (previously used on
Jim Hall
Chaparral 2J
during 1970). So great were the aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track (up to 5 times the car's weight), extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant
ride height
, leaving the suspension virtually solid, depending entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities of the road surface.
Big business
1996}}. The FW18 was one of the most successful cars of the era
Beginning in the 1970s,
Bernie Ecclestone
rearranged the management of Formula One's commercial rights; he is widely credited with transforming the sport into the billion-dollar business it is now.
When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team during 1971 he gained a seat on the
Formula One Constructors' Association
and during 1978 became its President. Previously the circuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually, however Ecclestone persuaded the teams to "hunt as a pack" through FOCA.
He offered Formula One to circuit owners as a package which they could take or leave. In return for the package almost all are required to surrender trackside advertising.
The formation of the
Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile
(FISA) during 1979 set off the
FISA–FOCA controversy
, during which FISA and its president
Jean-Marie Balestre
disputed repeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations. ''The Guardian'' said of FOCA that Ecclestone and
Max Mosley
"used it to wage a guerrilla war with a very long-term aim in view." FOCA threatened to establish a rival series, boycotted a Grand Prix and FISA withdrew its sanction from races.
The result was the 1981
Concorde Agreement
, which guaranteed technical stability, as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations. Although FISA asserted its right to the TV revenues, it handed the administration of those rights to FOCA.
FISA imposed a ban on ground effect aerodynamics during
. By then, however,
engines, which
had pioneered in
, were producing over and were essential to be competitive. By
, a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of 5.5�
pressure, estimated to be over in qualifying for the
Italian Grand Prix
. The next year power in race trim reached around , with boost pressure limited to only 4.0�bar. These cars were the most powerful
circuit racing cars ever. To reduce engine power output and thus speeds, the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in
pressures in
before banning turbocharged engines completely in
The development of electronic driver aids began during the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a system of
active suspension
which first appeared during 1982 on the F1
Lotus 91
Lotus Esprit
road car. By 1987, this system had been perfected and was driven to victory by
Ayrton Senna
in the
Monaco Grand Prix
that year. In the early 1990s, other teams followed suit and
semi-automatic gearboxes
traction control
were a natural progression. The FIA, due to complaints that technology was determining the outcome of races more than driver skill, banned many such aids for
. This resulted in cars that were previously dependent on electronic aids becoming very "twitchy" and difficult to drive (notably the
Williams FW16
), and many observers felt the ban on driver aids was in name only as they "have proved difficult to police effectively".
The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement during 1992 and a third in 1997, which expired on the last day of 2007.
On the track, the
teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s, with Brabham also being competitive during the early part of the 1980s, winning two drivers' championships with
Nelson Piquet
. Powered by
, and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won sixteen championships (seven constructors', nine drivers') in that period, while Williams used engines from
, Honda, and Renault to also win sixteen titles (nine constructors', seven drivers'). The rivalry between racers Ayrton Senna and
Alain Prost
became F1's central focus during
, and continued until Prost retired at the end of
. Senna
at the
1994 San Marino Grand Prix
after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve
, having taken over Prost's lead drive at Williams that year. The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards since that weekend, during which
Roland Ratzenberger
also lost his life in an accident during Saturday qualifying. No driver has died on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car since, though two track marshals have lost their lives, one at the
2000 Italian Grand Prix
and the other at the
2001 Australian Grand Prix
Since the deaths of
Ayrton Senna
Roland Ratzenberger
in the
1994 San Marino Grand Prix
, the FIA has used safety as a reason to impose rule changes which otherwise, under the Concorde Agreement, would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams�— most notably the changes introduced for
. This so-called 'narrow track' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a narrower track overall and the introduction of 'grooved' tyres to reduce mechanical grip. There would be four grooves, on the front and rear�— although initially three on the front tyres in the first year�— that ran through the entire circumference of the tyre. The objective was to reduce cornering speeds and to produce racing similar to rain conditions by enforcing a smaller
contact patch
between tyre and track. This, according to the FIA, was to promote driver skill and provide a better spectacle.
Results have been mixed as the lack of mechanical grip has resulted in the more ingenious designers clawing back the deficit with aerodynamic grip�— pushing more force onto the tyres through wings, aerodynamic devices etc.�— which in turn has resulted in less overtaking as these devices tend to make the wake behind the car 'dirty' (turbulent), preventing other cars from following closely, due to their dependence on 'clean' air to make the car stick to the track. The grooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being of a harder compound, to be able to hold the groove tread blocks, which resulted in spectacular accidents in times of aerodynamic grip failure (e.g., rear wing failures), as the harder compound could not grip the track as well.
Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton) and Ferrari, dubbed the "Big Four", won every World Championship from
and the teams themselves won every Constructors' Championship from
. Due to the technological advances of the 1990s, the cost of competing in Formula One increased dramatically. This increased financial burden, combined with four teams' dominance (largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive, but to stay in business. Financial troubles forced several teams to withdraw. Since
, twenty-eight teams have withdrawn from Formula One. This has prompted former
Eddie Jordan
to say the days of competitive
s are over.
Manufacturers' return
Michael Schumacher
won five consecutive titles with
Michael Schumacher
and Ferrari won an unprecedented five consecutive drivers' championships (2000–2004) and six consecutive constructors' championships (1999–2004). Schumacher set many new records, including those for Grand Prix wins (91), wins in a season (13 of 18), and most drivers' championships (7). Schumacher's championship streak ended on 25 September 2005 when Renault driver
Fernando Alonso
became Formula One's youngest champion at that time. During 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again. Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 after sixteen years in Formula One, but came out of retirement for the 2010 season, racing for the newly formed
Mercedes GP
for three seasons.
During this period the championship rules were changed frequently by the FIA with the intention of improving the on-track action and cutting costs.
Team orders
, legal since the championship started during 1950, were banned during 2002 after several incidents in which teams openly manipulated race results, generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the
2002 Austrian Grand Prix
. Other changes included the qualifying format, the points scoring system, the technical regulations, and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last. A 'tyre war' between suppliers
saw lap times fall, although at the
2005 United States Grand Prix
at Indianapolis seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use. During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a 'green' future for Formula One, in which efficient use of energy would become an important factor. And the tyre war ended, as Bridgestone became the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season.
Since 1983, Formula One had been dominated by specialist race teams like Williams, McLaren, and Benetton, using engines supplied by large car manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Renault, and Ford. Starting in 2000, with Ford's creation of the largely unsuccessful
team, new manufacturer-owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure of
Alfa Romeo
and Renault at the end of 1985. By 2006, the manufacturer teams–Renault,
, Honda, and Ferrari–dominated the championship, taking five of the first six places in the constructors' championship. The sole exception was McLaren, which at the time was part-owned by Mercedes Benz. Through the
Grand Prix Manufacturers Association
(GPMA) they negotiated a larger share of Formula One's commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport.
Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers
In 2008 and 2009
, and
all withdrew from Formula One racing within the space of a year, blaming the economic recession. This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance within the sport. The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become Brawn GP with the notable F1 designer
Ross Brawn
Nick Fry
running and owning the majority of the organisation. Brawn GP went through a painful size reduction laying off hundreds of employees but eventually won the year's world championships with
Jenson Button
Rubens Barrichello
. BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the team
Peter Sauber
. The
Lotus F1 Team
(of 2012 – NOTE: this is not the same team as
Team Lotus
of 2010–11) are another, formerly manufacturer-owned team that has reverted to "privateer" ownership; with the buy-out of the
Renault F1 Team
, by
Genii Capital
investors in recent years. A link with their previous owners still survives however; with their current car still powered by a
Formula One in
also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes Benz (McLaren's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the
McLaren Mercedes SLR
road car project and tough F1 championships which included McLaren being found guilty of
spying on Ferrari
). Hence, during the 2010 season
Mercedes Benz
re-entered the sport as a manufacturer after its purchase of
Brawn GP
, and split with
after 15 seasons with the team. This leaves
as the only car manufacturers in the sport, although both
began as racing teams rather than manufacturers.
AT&T Williams confirmed towards the end of 2009 their new engine deal with
, who also supplied the wave of new teams
Virgin Racing
Hispania Racing F1
, and the newly formed
Lotus Racing
team. The exit of car manufacturers has also paved the way for teams representing their countries, with some having the funding by their respective national governments (such as Lotus being funded by Malaysia, Lotus Cars being owned by Proton, a Malaysian manufacturer, and
Lotus Racing
being run by
Tony Fernandes
, a Malaysian business man known for his
Asian low-cost airline
). Williams later rejoined with Renault in
, rekindling a partnership that dates back to the early to mid-1990s.
Political disputes
FISA–FOCA war
The battle for control of Formula One was contested between the
Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile
(FISA), at the time an autonomous subcommittee of the
, and
(the Formula One Constructors' Association).
The beginnings of the dispute are numerous, and many of the underlying reasons may be lost in history. The teams (excepting
and the other major manufacturers�–
Alfa Romeo
in particular) were of the opinion that their rights and ability to compete against the larger and better funded teams were being negatively affected by a perceived bias on the part of the controlling organisation (FISA) toward the major manufacturers.
In addition, the battle revolved around the commercial aspects of the sport (the FOCA teams were unhappy with the disbursement of proceeds from the races) and the technical regulations which, in FOCA's opinion, tended to be malleable according to the nature of the transgressor more than the nature of the transgression.
The war culminated in a
boycott of the
1982 San Marino Grand Prix
months later. In theory, all FOCA teams were supposed to boycott the Grand Prix as a sign of solidarity and complaint at the handling of the
and financial compensation (and extreme opposition to the accession of Balestre to the position of FISA president: both Colin Chapman of
Frank Williams
stated clearly that they would not continue in Formula One with Balestre as its governor). In practice, several of the FOCA teams backed out of the boycott, citing "sponsor obligations". Notable among these were the Tyrrell and Toleman teams.
FIA–FOTA dispute
During the
2009 season of Formula One
, the sport was gripped in a governance crisis. The FIA President Max Mosley proposed numerous cost cutting measures for the following season, including an optional budget cap for the teams;
teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom, adjustable front and rear wings and an engine not subject to a
rev limiter
Formula One Teams Association
(FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a 'two-tier' championship, and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA. However talks broke down and FOTA teams announced, with the exception of Williams and
Force India
that 'they had no choice' but to form a breakaway championship series.
Bernie Ecclestone
is known as the "F1 Supremo", and is the CEO of FOM and FOA
On 24 June, an agreement was reached between Formula One's governing body and the teams to prevent a breakaway series. It was agreed teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990s within two years; exact figures were not specified, and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for re-election to the FIA presidency in October. Following further disagreements after Max Mosley suggested he would stand for re-election, FOTA made it clear that breakaway plans were still being pursued. On 8 July, FOTA issued a press release stating they had been informed they were not entered for the 2010 season,
and an FIA press release said the FOTA representatives had walked out of the meeting.
On 1 August, it was announced FIA and FOTA had signed a new Concorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's future until 2012.
Outside the World Championship
The terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous; since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards an official FIA World Championship, and every World Championship race has been held to Formula One regulations.
In the earlier history of Formula One, many races took place outside the world championship, and local championships run to Formula One regulations also occurred. These events often took place on circuits that were not suitable for the World Championship, and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the Championship.
European non-championship racing
In the early years of Formula One, before the world championship was established, there were around twenty races held from late Spring to early Autumn in Europe, although not all of these were considered significant. Most competitive cars came from Italy, particularly Alfa Romeo. After the start of the world championship, these non-championship races continued. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship; in a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship.
In 1952 and 1953, when the world championship was run for Formula Two cars, non-championship events were the only Formula One races that took place. Some races, particularly in the UK, including the
Race of Champions
Oulton Park International Gold Cup
and the
International Trophy
, were attended by the majority of the world championship contenders. Other smaller events were regularly held in locations not part of the championship, such as the
Grands Prix, although these only attracted a small amount of the championship teams and relied on private entries and lower Formula cars to make up the grid.
These became less common through the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race; the
1983 Race of Champions
at Brands Hatch, won by reigning World Champion
Keke Rosberg
in a Williams-Cosworth in a close fight with American
Danny Sullivan
South African Formula One championship
South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975. The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines. Frontrunning drivers from the series usually contested their local World Championship Grand Prix, as well as occasional European events, although they had little success at that level.
British Formula One Series
helped make the UK domestic Formula One series possible between 1978 and 1980. As in South Africa a decade before, second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were the order of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were built specifically for the series. In 1980, the series saw
South African
Desiré Wilson
become the only woman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in a
Wolf WR3
Racing and strategy
Nick Heidfeld
Nico Rosberg
on the street circuit of
Albert Park
in the
2008 Australian Grand Prix
A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It begins with two free practice sessions on Friday (except in Monaco, where Friday practices are moved to Thursday), and one free practice on Saturday. Additional drivers (commonly known as
third driver
s) are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up his seat. A qualifying session is held after the last free practice session. This session determines the starting order for the race on Sunday.
A typical pitwall control centre, from which the team managers and strategists communicate with their drivers and engineers over the course of a testing session or a race weekend.
For much of the sport's history, qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions; drivers would have one or more entire sessions in which to attempt to set their fastest time, sometimes within a limited number of attempts, with the grid order determined by each driver's best single lap, fastest (on
pole position
) to slowest. Grids were limited to the fastest 26 cars and drivers had to lap within 107% of the pole sitter's time to qualify for the race; the
107% rule
was re-introduced for 2011. Other formats have included Friday pre-qualifying, and sessions in which each driver was allowed only one qualifying lap, run separately in a predetermined order.
Jarno Trulli
pit-stop, for
at the
2011 Brazilian Grand Prix
The current qualifying system was adopted for the 2006 season. Known as "knock-out" qualifying, it is split into three periods (or rounds). In each period, drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to advance to the next period, running as many laps as they wish, with the slowest drivers being "knocked out" at the end of the period and their grid positions set, based on their best lap times. Cars are eliminated in this manner until 10 cars remain eligible to attempt to qualify for pole position in the third and final period. For each period, all previous times are reset, and only a driver's fastest lap in that period (barring infractions) counts. For all periods, any timed lap started before the chequered flag falls signalling the end of that period may be completed, and will count toward that driver's placement, even if they cross the finish line after the period has ended.
In the first two periods, cars may run any tyre compound they wish, and drivers eliminated in these periods are allowed to change their choice of tyres prior to the race. Cars taking part in the final period, however, must start the race with the tyres used during their fastest lap (exactly the same tyres, not just the same compound), barring changes in weather that require usage of wet-weather tyres. With refuelling not allowed during races from 2010, the final session is run with low-fuel configuration and the cars are refuelled after qualifying.
The knock-out format has received minor updates since its inception, such as adjustments to the number of drivers eliminated in each period as the total number of cars entered has changed. Currently, for a 22-car grid, all 22 cars take part in the first period. At the end of the period, the slowest six cars are eliminated and take up the last six grid positions (16 to 22). In the second period, the remaining sixteen cars take part, with six more cars eliminated at the end, taking the next six lowest grid positions (11 to 16). In the third and final period, the remaining 10 cars compete for pole position, and fill grid positions 1 through 10.
The race
The race begins with a warm-up lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. This lap is often referred to as the formation lap, as the cars lap in formation with no overtaking (although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground provided he has not fallen to the back of the field). The warm-up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the track and their car, gives the tyres a chance to warm up to increase traction, and gives the pit crews time to clear themselves and their equipment from the grid.
Once all the cars have formed on the grid, a light system above the track indicates the start of the race: five red lights are illuminated at intervals of one second; they are all then extinguished simultaneously after an unspecified time (typically less than 3 seconds) to signal the start of the race. The start procedure may be abandoned if a driver stalls on the grid, signalled by raising his arm. If this happens the procedure restarts: a new formation lap begins with the offending car removed from the grid. The race may also be restarted in the event of a serious accident or dangerous conditions, with the original start voided. The race may be started from behind the Safety Car if officials feel a racing start would be excessively dangerous, such as extremely heavy rainfall. There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car.
Under normal circumstances the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line having completed a set number of laps, which added together should give a distance of approximately ( for
). Race officials may end the race early (putting out a red flag) due to unsafe conditions such as extreme rainfall, and it must finish within two hours, although races are only likely to last this long in the case of extreme weather. Drivers may overtake one another for position over the course of the race and are 'Classified' in the order they finished the race. If a leader comes across a back marker (slower car) who has completed fewer laps, the back marker is shown a blue flag telling him he is obliged to allow the leader to overtake him. The slower car is said to be 'lapped' and, once the leader finishes the race, is classified as finishing the race 'one lap down'. A driver can be lapped numerous times, by any car in front of him. A driver who fails to finish a race, through mechanical problems, accident, or any other reason is said to have retired from the race and is 'Not Classified' in the results. However, if the driver has completed more than 90% of the race distance, he will be classified.
When required, the
safety car
(above, driven by
Bernd Mayländer
) will lead the field around the circuit at reduced speed, until race officials deem the race safe to continue.
Throughout the race drivers may make
pit stop
s to change tyres and repair damage (from 1994 to 2009 inclusive they could also refuel). Different teams and drivers employ different pit stop strategies in order to maximise their car's potential. Two tyre compounds, with different durability and adhesion characteristics, are available to drivers. Over the course of a race, drivers must use both. One compound will have a performance advantage over the other, and choosing when to use which compound is a key tactical decision to make. The prime and option tyres have different colours on their sidewalls; this allows spectators to understand the strategies. Under wet conditions drivers may switch to one of two specialised wet weather tyres with additional grooves (one "intermediate", for mild wet conditions, such as after recent rain, one "full wet", for racing in or immediately after rain). If rain tyres are used, drivers are no longer obliged to use both types of dry tyres. A driver must make at least one stop to use both tyre compounds; up to three stops are typically made, although further stops may be necessary to fix damage or if weather conditions change.
; Race director
: As of 2012 the race director in Formula One is
Charlie Whiting
. This role involves him generally managing the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix, inspecting cars in
Parc fermé
before a race, enforcing FIA rules and controlling the lights which start each race. As the head of the race officials he also plays a large role in sorting disputes amongst teams and drivers. Penalties, such as drive-through penalties (and stop-and-go penalties), demotions on a pre-race start grid, race disqualifications, and fines can all be handed out should parties break regulations.
; Safety car
: In the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside
race marshals
, race officials may choose to deploy the
safety car
. This in effect suspends the race, with drivers following the safety car around the track at its speed in race order, with overtaking not permitted. The safety car circulates until the danger is cleared; after it comes in the race restarts with a 'rolling start'. Pit stops are permitted under the safety car.
models to Formula One to use as the safety cars. Since 2000, the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver
Bernd Mayländer
. On the lap in which the safety car returns back into the pits the leading car takes over the role of the safety car until the first safety car line, which is usually a white line after the pit lane entrance. After crossing this line drivers are allowed to start racing for track position once more.
; Red flag
: In the event of a major incident or unsafe weather conditions, the race may be red-flagged. Then:
:* If under 3 laps have been completed when the red flag is displayed, the race is restarted from original grid positions. All drivers may restart, provided their car is in a fit state to do so.
:* If between 3 laps and 75% of the race distance have been completed, the race may be restarted once it is safe to do so, maintaining the race order at the time of the red flag. The two-hour time limit still applies however the clock stops when the race is suspended and restarts when it resumes.
:* If more than 75% of the race distance has been completed then the race is (often but not always) terminated and the race result counted back to the second last completed lap before the red flag.
The format of the race has changed little through Formula One's history. The main changes have revolved around what is allowed at pit stops. In the early days of Grand Prix racing, a driver would be allowed to continue a race in his teammate's car should his develop a problem—currently cars are so carefully fitted to drivers that it became impossible. In recent years, the focus has been on changing refuelling and tyre change regulations. From the 2010 season, refuelling—which was reintroduced in 1994—is not allowed, to encourage less tactical racing following safety concerns. The rule requiring both compounds of tyre to be used during the race was introduced in 2007, again to encourage racing on the track. The safety car is another relatively recent innovation that reduced the need to deploy the red flag, allowing races to be completed on time for a growing international live television audience.
Points system
Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. As of 2010, the top ten cars are awarded points, the winner receiving 25 points. The total number of points won at each race are added up, and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season are World Champions. If both a team's cars finish in the points, they both receive Constructors Championship points. Nevertheless, the Drivers and Constructors Championships often have different results.
To receive points, a driver must be classified. Strictly speaking, in order to be classified, a driver need not finish the race, but complete at least 90% of the winner's race distance. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive some points even if he retired before the end of the race.
In the event that less than 75% of the race laps are completed by the winner, only half of the points listed in the table are awarded to the drivers and constructors for the listed positions. This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship, and it has decided the championship winner on
one occasion
. The last occurrence was at the
2009 Malaysian Grand Prix
when the race was called off after 31 laps due to torrential rain. This was the first time half points were awarded since the
1991 Australian Grand Prix
A driver can switch teams during the season and, for the Drivers Championship, keep all points gained at the previous team.
In 2010, Formula One modified its points system, giving points to the first ten drivers instead of eight or six in previous years.
, Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete, and consequently the terms "team" and "constructor" became more or less interchangeable. This requirement distinguishes the sport from series such as the
IndyCar Series
which allows teams to purchase chassis, and "
spec series
" such as
, which require all cars be kept to an identical specification. It also effectively prohibits privateers, which were common even in Formula One well into the 1970s.
1988}} with engine partner Honda, and remains a championship contender in the present day
The sport's
debut season
, 1950, saw eighteen teams compete, but due to high costs many dropped out quickly. In fact, such was the scarcity of competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One that Formula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids. Ferrari is the oldest Formula One team, the only still-active team which competed in 1950.
Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a "factory team" or "works team" (that is, one owned and staffed by a major car company), such as those of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, or Renault. After having virtually disappeared by the early 1980s, factory teams made a comeback in the 1990s and 2000s and formed up to half the grid with Ferrari, Jaguar, BMW, Renault, Toyota, and Honda either setting up their own teams or buying out existing ones. Mercedes-Benz owned 40% of the McLaren team and manufactures the team's engines. Factory teams make up the top competitive teams; in 2008 wholly owned factory teams took four of the top five positions in the Constructors' Championship, and McLaren the other. Ferrari holds the record for having won the most Constructors' Championships (sixteen). However by the end of the 2000s factory teams were once again on the decline with only Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Renault lodging entries to the
2010 championship
have competed in every season, and hold the record for the most titles
Companies such as
, which had no direct team affiliation, often sold engines to teams that could not afford to manufacture them. In the early years, independently owned Formula One teams sometimes also built their engines, though this became less common with the increased involvement of major car manufacturers such as BMW, Ferrari, Honda, Mercedes-Benz, Renault, and Toyota, whose large budgets rendered privately built engines less competitive. Cosworth was the last independent engine supplier. Beginning in 2007, the manufacturers' deep pockets and engineering ability took over, eliminating the last of the independent engine manufacturers. It is estimated the major teams spend between €100 and €200�million ($125–$225�million) ''per'' year'' per'' manufacturer on engines alone.
In the 2007 season, for the first time since the 1984 rule, two teams used chassis built by other teams.
Super Aguri
started the season using a modified
Honda Racing RA106
chassis (used by Honda in the 2006 season), while
Scuderia Toro Rosso
used a modified
Red Bull Racing RB3
chassis (same as the one used by
Red Bull
in the 2007 season). This decision did not come as a surprise as costs were increasing, Super Aguri was partially owned by Honda, and Toro Rosso half-owned by Red Bull. Formula One team
raised a complaint against this decision, and other teams such as McLaren and Ferrari have officially confirmed they support the campaign. Because of this use of other teams' chassis, the 2006 season could have been the last one in which the terms "team" and "constructor" were truly interchangeable. This attracted the
team to F1 to the 2008 season, where it intended to run a customer car. After not being able to secure a package from McLaren, Prodrive's intention to enter the 2008 season was dropped after Williams threatened legal action against them. Now, it seems customer cars will be formally banned in 2010.
Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets, it is estimated they range from US$66�million to US$400�million each.
Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a £25�million (about US$47�million) up-front payment to the FIA, which is then repaid to the team over the course of the season. As a consequence, constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team:
's purchase of
's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the large deposit and secure the benefits the team already had, such as TV revenue.
Formula One
Canadian Grand Prix
Kimi Räikkönen
Michael Schumacher
, with
Jarno Trulli
(left) and
Takuma Sato
fighting for position. Only Räikkönen remains in Formula 1.
Every team in Formula One must run two cars in every session in a Grand Prix weekend, and every team may use up to four drivers in a season.
A team may also run two additional drivers in Free Practice sessions,
which are often used to test potential new drivers for a career as a Formula One driver or gain experienced drivers to evaluate the car. Most modern drivers are contracted for at least the duration of a season, with driver changes taking place in between season, in comparison to early years where drivers often competed at an ad hoc basis from race to race. Each competitor must be in the possession of a
FIA Super Licence
to compete in a Grand Prix,
which is issued to drivers who have met the criteria of success in junior motorsport categories and having achieved of running in a Formula One car. Drivers may also be issued a Super License by the
World Motor Sport Council
if they fail to meet the criteria.
Teams also contract test and reserve drivers, to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and develop the team's car; although with the reduction on testing the reserve drivers' role mainly takes places on a
. Although most drivers earn their seat on ability, commercial considerations also come into play with teams having to satisfy sponsors and financial demands.
Each driver is assigned a number for the season. The previous season's champion is designated number one, with his team-mate given number 2. Numbers are then assigned in the previous season's constructors' championship order,
with the exception of the number 13, unused since . Historically, before the
1996 Formula One season
, teams would hold their race numbers from season to season, with only the world champion and their team-mate changing numbers to accommodate the number one.
The numbers were based upon the constructors standings from the season, which gave way to numbers being associated with a team, such as
27 and 28.
If the reigning driver's champion retires from Formula One, leading driver has the option of using the number 0 or 2; 0 was used in and ; with the retirement of
Nigel Mansell
Alain Prost
Damon Hill
used zero.
Jody Scheckter
also used the number zero for two races toward the end of the season, though it is unclear why.
A total of 32 separate drivers have won the world championship, with
Michael Schumacher
holding the record for most championships with seven, as well as holding the race wins and pole position records.
Juan Manuel Fangio
has won the next most, with five championships won during the 1950s, as well as having won the greatest percentage of wins, with 24 out of 52 entries.
Jochen Rindt
is the only posthumous World Champion, after his points total was not overhauled despite his fatal accident at the
1970 Italian Grand Prix
. Drivers from the United Kingdom have been the most successful in the sport, with 14 championships from 10 drivers, and 214 wins from 19
Feeder series
GP2, the main F1 feeder series
Most F1 drivers start in
kart racing
competitions, and then come up through traditional European single seater series like
Formula Ford
Formula Renault
Formula 3
, and finally the
GP2 Series
. GP2 started in 2005, replacing
Formula 3000
, which itself had replaced
Formula Two
as the last major "stepping stone" into F1. Most champions from this level graduate into F1, but 2006 GP2 champion
Lewis Hamilton
became the first F2, F3000 or GP2 champion to win the Formula One driver's title in 2008. Drivers are not required to have competed at this level before entering Formula One.
British F3
has supplied many F1 drivers, with champions including
Nigel Mansell
Ayrton Senna
Mika Häkkinen
having moved straight from that series to Formula One. More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was the case with 2007 World Champion
Kimi Räikkönen
, who went straight from Formula Renault to F1.
American Championship Car Racing
has also contributed to the Formula One grid with mixed results.
Mario Andretti
Jacques Villeneuve
became F1 World Champions, while
Juan Pablo Montoya
won seven races in F1. Other CART (also known as ChampCar) Champions, like
Michael Andretti
Alessandro Zanardi
won no races in F1. Other drivers have taken different paths to F1; Damon Hill raced motorbikes, and Michael Schumacher raced in
sports cars
, albeit after climbing through the junior single seater ranks. To race, however, the driver must hold an
FIA Super Licence
–ensuring that the driver has the requisite skills, and will not therefore be a danger to others. Some drivers have not had the license when first signed to a F1 team; Räikkönen received the license despite having only 23 car races to his credit.
Beyond F1
has become a popular destination for retired F1 drivers
Most F1 drivers retire in their mid to late 30s; however, many keep racing in disciplines which are less physically demanding. The German touring car championship, the
, is a popular category involving ex-drivers such as two-time champion
Mika Häkkinen
and F1 race winners
Jean Alesi
David Coulthard
Ralf Schumacher
. Some F1 drivers have left to race in the United States—
Nigel Mansell
Emerson Fittipaldi
duelled for the 1993
title, while
Jacques Villeneuve
Juan Pablo Montoya
Nelson Piquet Jr
Scott Speed
have moved to
. Some drivers, such as
Vitantonio Liuzzi
Narain Karthikeyan
Jos Verstappen
went on to race in the
A1 Grand Prix
series. Since its inaugural season in 2008,
Superleague Formula
has attracted such ex-Formula One drivers as
Sébastien Bourdais
Antônio Pizzonia
Giorgio Pantano
. A series for former Formula One drivers, called
Grand Prix Masters
, ran briefly in 2005 and 2006. Some drivers (especially those with short careers) choose to move to
Sports car racing
, where the Prototype categories offer a similar driving experience.
Allan McNish
Anthony Davidson
are both former F1 drivers who went on to compete in the
24 Hours of Le Mans
. Others, like
Jackie Stewart
Gerhard Berger
Alain Prost
, returned to F1 as team owners while their former competitors have become
colour commentator
s for TV coverage such as
James Hunt
Martin Brundle
David Hobbs
David Coulthard
Luciano Burti
(Brazil), and
Jean Alesi
for Italian national network
. Others, such as
Damon Hill
Jackie Stewart
take active roles in running motorsport in their own countries.
Carlos Reutemann
became a politician and served as governor of his native state in Argentina.
Grands Prix
2012 Canadian Grand Prix
The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years. Only seven races comprised the inaugural world championship season; over the years the calendar has almost tripled in size. Though the number of races had stayed at sixteen or seventeen since the 1980s, it peaked at nineteen in both & . The
2011 season
was expected to have 20 races, however there were only 19 races as the
Bahrain Grand Prix
was postponed, then later cancelled due to political disputes in the country. The 2012 season had 20 races. In 2013 it was planned for there to be a second race in the United States named the
Grand Prix of America
(to be run on a street circuit in New Jersey) replacing the Valencia, Spain round. However, the New Jersey race has been cancelled. The Associated Press reported Bernie Ecclestone as having said, "Everything is set up but now it's too late to finish on time." Reasons for pushing back the race seem to lie in the slow arrival of some funding, and/or road repair and permitting issues. It remains possible that the New Jersey race will run in 2014, but it is provisional at this time. On 5 December 2012 the official F1 website reported that the German round has been moved forward a week to 7 July and an additional date of 21 July has been reserved for another F1 European event, subject to the approval of the relevant national sporting authorities. If this round is approved there will be 20 races on the 2013 calendar.
Six of the original seven races took place in Europe; the only non-European race that counted towards the World Championship in 1950 was the
Indianapolis 500
, which, due to lack of participation by F1 teams, since it required cars with different specifications from the other races, was later replaced by the
United States Grand Prix
. The F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries as well. Argentina hosted the first South American grand prix in
, and
hosted the first African World Championship race in . Asia (Japan in ) and Oceania (Australia in ) followed. The nineteen races of the
2013 Formula One season
are spread over the continents of Europe, Asia, Oceania plus North and South America.
Cars wind through the
section of the
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
at the
United States Grand Prix
Traditionally each nation has hosted a single Grand Prix, which carries the name of the country. If a single country hosts multiple Grands Prix in a year they receive different names. For instance, a European country (such as Britain, Germany or Spain) which has hosted two Grands Prix has the second one known as the
European Grand Prix
, while Italy's second
grand prix
was named after nearby republic of
San Marino
. Similarly, as two races were scheduled in Japan in /, the second event was known as the
Pacific Grand Prix
. In , the United States hosted three Grands Prix.
The Grands Prix, some of which have a history that pre-dates the Formula One World Championship, are not always held on the same circuit every year. The
British Grand Prix
, for example, though held every year since 1950, alternated between
Brands Hatch
from 1963 to 1986. The only other race to have been included in every season is the
Italian Grand Prix
. The World Championship event has taken place exclusively at
with just one exception: in
, it was held at
, host to the
San Marino Grand Prix
until .
One of the newer races on the Grand Prix calendar, held in Bahrain, represents Formula One's first foray into the Middle East with a high-tech purpose-built desert track. The
Bahrain Grand Prix
, and other new races in China and
, present new opportunities for the growth and evolution of the Formula One Grand Prix franchise while new facilities also raise the bar for other Formula One racing venues around the world. In order to make room on the schedule for the newer races, older or less successful events in Europe and the Americas have been dropped from the calendar, such as those in Argentina, Austria, Mexico, France and San Marino.
Even more recent additions to the calendar include the
Singapore Grand Prix
which, in September 2008, hosted the first night race ever held in Formula One, the
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
, which hosted the first day-to-night race in November 2009, the
Korean Grand Prix
, first held in October 2010 and the
Indian Grand Prix
, first held in October 2011. The
United States Grand Prix
held its first race in
Austin, Texas
at the new
Circuit of the Americas
in 2012, and a
Russian Grand Prix
will be hosted in
from 2014 to 2020 at
a circuit
at the new
Sochi Olympic Park
Autódromo José Carlos Pace
in São Paulo hosts the
Brazilian Grand Prix
Autodromo Nazionale Monza
, home to the
Italian Grand Prix
, is one of the oldest circuits still in use in Formula One
A typical circuit usually features a stretch of straight road on which the starting grid is situated. The ''
pit lane
'', where the drivers stop for tyres and minor repairs (such as changing the car's nose due to front wing damage) during the race, retirements from the race, and where the teams work on the cars before the race, is normally located next to the starting grid. The layout of the rest of the circuit varies widely, although in most cases the circuit runs in a clockwise direction. Those few circuits that run anticlockwise (and therefore have predominantly left-handed corners) can cause drivers neck problems due to the enormous lateral forces generated by F1 cars pulling their heads in the opposite direction to normal.
Most of the circuits currently in use are specially constructed for competition. The current street circuits are
, and
, although races in other urban locations come and go (
Las Vegas
, for example) and proposals for such races are often discussed—most recently London and Paris. Several circuits have been completely or partially laid out on public roads, such as
, although no course currently is. The glamour and history of the Monaco race are the primary reasons why the circuit is still in use, since it is thought not to meet the strict safety requirements imposed on other tracks. Three-time World champion
Nelson Piquet
famously described racing in Monaco as "like riding a bicycle around your living room".
Circuit design to protect the safety of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as exemplified by the new
Bahrain International Circuit
, added in and designed—like most of F1's new circuits—by
Hermann Tilke
. Several of the new circuits in F1, especially those designed by Tilke, have been criticised as lacking the "flow" of such classics as Spa-Francorchamps and Imola. His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany for example, while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerous straights, has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuits was the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections. These newer circuits, however, are generally agreed to meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones.
The most recent additions to the F1 calendar are
Abu Dhabi
and the
Circuit of the Americas
Austin (Texas)
A single race requires hotel rooms to accommodate at least 5000 visitors.
Cars and technology
McLaren MP4-21
Modern Formula One cars are
open cockpit,
open wheel
single-seaters. The
is made largely of
carbon-fibre composites
, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. The whole car, including engine, fluids and driver, weighs only 640�kg (1411�lbs)—the minimum weight set by the regulations. The construction of the cars is typically lighter than the minimum and so they are ballasted up to the minimum weight. The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballast at the extreme bottom of the chassis, thereby locating the centre of gravity as low as possible in order to improve handling and weight transfer.
The cornering speed of Formula One cars is largely determined by the aerodynamic
that they generate, which pushes the car down onto the track. This is provided by "wings" mounted at the front and rear of the vehicle, and by
ground effect
created by low pressure air under the flat bottom of the car. The aerodynamic design of the cars is very heavily constrained to limit performance and the current generation of cars sport a large number of small winglets, "barge boards", and turning vanes designed to closely control the flow of the air over, under, and around the car.
The other major factor controlling the cornering speed of the cars is the design of the
. From to , the tyres in Formula One were not "
" (tyres with no tread pattern) as in most other circuit racing series. Instead, each tyre had four large circumferential grooves on its surface designed to limit the cornering speed of the cars. Slick tyres returned to Formula One in the season. Suspension is
double wishbone
front and rear, with pushrod operated springs and
on the
- one exception being that of the 2009 specification
Red Bull Racing
car (
) which used pullrod suspension at the rear, the first car to do so since the
PS01 in 2001.
used a pullrod suspension at both the front and rear in their
car. Both Ferrari (F138) and McLaren (MP4-28) of the 2013 season used a pullrod suspension at both the front and the rear.
disc brakes
are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance. These provide a very high level of braking performance and are usually the element which provokes the greatest reaction from drivers new to the formula.
Engines must be no more than 2.4-litre naturally aspirated
s, with many other constraints on their design and the materials that may be used. For the 2014 Formula 1 season, engine changes have been approved which will see the replacement of the 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 engines to a turbocharged 1.6 litre V6 unit. Engines run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol. The oil which lubricates and protects the engine from overheating is very similar in viscosity to water. The 2006 generation of engines spun up to 20,000�
and produced up to . For engines were restricted to 19,000�rpm with limited development areas allowed, following the engine specification freeze from the end of . For the 2009 Formula One season the engines were further restricted to 18,000�rpm.
A wide variety of technologies—including active suspension, ground effect, and turbochargers—are banned under the current regulations. Despite this the current generation of cars can reach speeds up to at some circuits. The highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix was , set by
Antônio Pizzonia
during the
2004 Italian Grand Prix
. A Honda Formula One car, running with minimum downforce on a runway in the
Mojave desert
achieved a top speed of in 2006. According to Honda, the car fully met the FIA Formula One regulations. Even with the limitations on aerodynamics, at aerodynamically generated downforce is equal to the weight of the car, and the oft-repeated claim that Formula One cars create enough downforce to "drive on the ceiling", while possible in principle, has never been put to the test. Downforce of 2.5 times the car's weight can be achieved at full speed. The downforce means that the cars can achieve a lateral force with a magnitude of up to 3.5 times that of the force of gravity (3.5g) in cornering. Consequently, the driver's head is pulled sideways with a force equivalent to the weight of 20�kg in corners. Such high lateral forces are enough to make breathing difficult and the drivers need supreme concentration and fitness to maintain their focus for the one to two hours that it takes to complete the race. A high-performance road car like the
Ferrari Enzo
only achieves around 1g.
As of 2010 each team may have no more than two cars available for use at any time. Each driver can use no more than eight engines during a season; if more are used, he drops ten places on the starting grid of the event at which an additional engine is used. Each driver may use no more than one gearbox for five consecutive events; every unscheduled gearbox change requires the driver to drop five places on the grid unless he failed to finish the previous race due to reasons beyond the team's control.
Revenue and profits
2006}} season.
Formula One is profitable for most parties involved—TV channels make profits from broadcasting the races, and teams get a slice of the money from the sale of broadcasting rights and from the sponsor's logos on their cars.
The cost of building a brand new permanent circuit like the Chinese
Shanghai International Circuit
can be up to hundreds of millions of dollars, while the cost of converting a public road, such as
Albert Park
, into a temporary circuit is much less. Permanent circuits, however, can generate revenue all year round from leasing the track for private races and other races, such as
. The Shanghai circuit cost over $300�million. The owners are hoping to break-even by 2014. The
Istanbul Park
circuit cost $150�million to build.
In March 2007, ''
F1 Racing
'' published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams. The total spending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2.9�billion US. This was broken down as follows: Toyota $418.5�million, Ferrari $406.5�m, McLaren $402�m, Honda $380.5�m, BMW Sauber $355�m, Renault $324�m, Red Bull $252�m, Williams $195.5�m, Midland F1/Spyker-MF1 $120�m, Toro Rosso $75�m, and Super Aguri $57�million.
Costs vary greatly from team to team. Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes, and Ferrari are estimated to have spent approximately $200�million on engines in 2006, Renault spent approximately $125�million and Cosworth's 2006 V8 was developed for $15�million. In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figures are based, the 2007 sporting regulations ban all performance related engine development.
A sign announcing that the
safety car
(SC) is deployed.
is responsible for making rules to combat the spiralling costs of Formula One racing (which affects the smaller teams the most) and for ensuring the sport remains as safe as possible, especially in the wake of the deaths of
Roland Ratzenberger
Ayrton Senna
in . To this end the FIA have instituted a number of rule changes, including new tyre restrictions, multi-race engines, and reductions on downforce. Safety and cost have traditionally been paramount in all rule-change discussions. More recently the FIA has added efficiency to its priorities. Currently the FIA and manufacturers are discussing adding
engines and
regenerative braking
for the 2011 season or from the start of the 2014 season. Former FIA President Max Mosley believes Formula One must focus on efficiency to stay technologically relevant in the automotive industry as well as keep the public excited about F1 technology.
In the interest of making the sport truer to its role as a World Championship,
president Bernie Ecclestone has initiated and organised a number of Grands Prix in new countries and continues to discuss
new future races
. The first
Indian Grand Prix
was held in 2011 and the
United States Grand Prix
celebrated its return onto the Formula One calendar in 2012. Another American race, the
Grand Prix of America
New Jersey
, may join the calendar in 2014.
In October 2010, Russian prime minister
Vladimir Putin
signed an agreement with Ecclestone establishing the
Russian Grand Prix
in the Black Sea resort city of
from 2014, with the circuit to be run in and around the site of the
2014 Winter Olympic Park
Formula One is also exploring the potential for a revival of the
South African
Mexican Grands Prix
while proposals for races to be held in
have also been put forward.
In December 2010, reports emerged detailing new engine regulations set to take effect from 2013. The 2.4-litre V8 engines used since 2006 will be
to 1.6-litre four-cylinder turbocharged engines augmented by the
device, with projected power outputs predicting that the new engine formula would remain constant from the 2006 design. The new engine regulations emphasise efficiency and eco-friendliness, and have been designed in an attempt to lure new engine suppliers back into the sport – with the mass exodus of manufacturers
ahead of the
2010 season
, the number of manufacturers on the grid was at a thirty-year low, with just
and the independent
supplying engines, the lowest since
. The new engines will reportedly consume 35% less fuel than the pre-2013 engine formula.
However, after discussion among the teams, the FIA agreed to postpone the introduction of the new engine regulations until 2014 with a revised formula; rather than the previously agreed-upon four-cylinder turbocharged engines, the teams will instead use 1.6-litre turbocharged V6 engines limited to 15,000�rpm, with the power of energy recovery systems – such as KERS – to be doubled.
It has also been reported that
ground effects
– banned since
– are being considered for a future return. In December 2010, a proposal created by
Rory Byrne
Patrick Head
emerged, which outlined design specifications that included the re-introduction of ground effects in addition to greatly reduced downforce, and much smaller front and rear wings.
It had been estimated that the cars would become harder to drive – where drivers in
can spend up to 70% of a lap at full throttle, they would have been only be able to spend 50% of the lap at full throttle from 2013.
Byrne and Head speculated that their proposed regulations would make overtaking easier as a driver following another would lose less downforce when following closely courtesy of the car's shaped underside.
These proposals were abandoned in favour of only changing the aforementioned engine regulations in 2014.
Media coverage
Track photographers at the
2007 British Grand Prix
Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory around the world and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600�million people per race.
It is a massive television event; the cumulative television audience was calculated to be 54�billion for the 2001 season, broadcast to two hundred countries.
During the early 2000s,
Formula One Group
created a number of trademarks, an official logo, and an official website for the sport in an attempt to give it a corporate identity. Ecclestone experimented with a digital television package (known colloquially as
) which was launched at the
1996 German Grand Prix
in cooperation with German digital television service "DF1", 30 years after the first GP colour TV broadcast, the
1967 German Grand Prix
. This service offered the viewer several simultaneous feeds (such as super signal, on board, top of field, backfield, highlights, pit lane, timing) which were produced with cameras, technical equipment and staff different from those used for the conventional coverage. It was introduced in many countries over the years, but was shut down after the
2002 season
for financial reasons.
TV stations all take what is known as the "World Feed", either produced by the FOM (Formula One Management) or occasionally, the "host broadcaster". The only station that originally differed from this
was "Premiere"—a German channel which offers all sessions live and interactive, with features such as the onboard channel. This service was more widely available around Europe until the end of 2002, when the cost of a whole different feed for the digital interactive services was thought too much. This was in large part because of the failure of the "
F1 Digital +
" Channel launched through
in the United Kingdom. Prices were too high for viewers, considering they could watch both the qualifying and the races themselves free on
However, upon the commencement of its coverage for the 2009 season, the
reintroduced complementary features such as the "red button" in-car camera angles, multiple soundtracks (broadcast commentary,
commentary for children, or ambient sound only) and a rolling highlights package. Different combinations of these features are available across the various digital platforms (
Virgin Media cable
and the BBC F1 web site) prior to, during, and after the race weekend. Not all services are available across all the various platforms due to technical constraints. The BBC also broadcasts a post-race programme called "F1 Forum" on the digital terrestrial platforms' "red button" interactive services.
An announcement made on 12 January 2011, on the official Formula 1 website, announced that F1 would adopt the
format for the 2011 season offering a world feed at a data rate of 42 Megabits/second (MPEG-2). The BBC subsequently announced later that day that their 2011 F1 coverage would be broadcast in HD which has been made immediately possible due to SIS LIVE, the provider of the BBC's F1 outside broadcast coverage, having already upgraded their technical facilities to HD as of the 2010 Belgian Grand Prix.
It was announced on 29 July 2011 that
Sky Sports
and the BBC would team up to show the races in F1 in 2012. In March 2012,
launched a channel dedicated to F1, with an HD counterpart.
Sky Sports F1
covered all races live without commercial interruption as well as live practice and qualifying sessions, along with F1 programming, including interviews, archive action and magazine shows. The
deal secures Formula 1 on Sky up to 2018. The BBC in 2012 featured live coverage of half of the races in the season: China, Spain, Monaco, Europe, Britain, Belgium, Singapore, Korea, Abu Dhabi, and Brazil. They also showed live coverage of practice and qualifying sessions from those races. For the races that the BBC don't show live, "extended highlights" of the race were available a few hours after it the live broadcast.
Formula One has an extensive web following, with most major TV companies covering it such as the
. The official Formula One website has a live timing Java applet that can be used during the race to keep up with the leaderboard in real time. Recently an
official application
has been made available in the
iTunes App Store
that allows
iPod Touch
users to see a real time feed of driver positions, timing and commentary. The same application is now available for Android phones and tablets from 2011.
Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races
Currently the terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous; since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship, and every World Championship race has been to Formula One regulations. But the two terms are not interchangeable.
* the first Formula One race was held in 1947, whereas the World Championship did not start until 1950.
* in the 1950s and 1960s there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship (e.g., in 1950, a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship). The number of non-championship Formula One events decreased throughout the 1970s and 1980s, to the point where the last non-championship Formula One race was held in 1983.
* the World Championship was not always exclusively composed of Formula One events:
** The World Championship was originally established as the "World Championship for Drivers", i.e., without the term "Formula One" in the title. It only officially became the ''
Formula One World Championship
'' in 1981.
** From 1950 to 1960, the
Indianapolis 500
counted towards the World Championship. This race was run to
regulations, rather than to Formula One regulations. Only one of the world championship regulars,
Alberto Ascari
, started at Indianapolis during this period.
** From 1952 to 1953, all races counting towards the World Championship (except the Indianapolis 500) were run to Formula Two regulations. Formula One was not "changed to Formula Two" during this period; the Formula One regulations remained the same, and numerous Formula One races were staged during this time.
The distinction is most relevant when considering career summaries and "all time lists". For example, in the
List of Formula One drivers
Clemente Biondetti
is shown with 1 race against his name. Biondetti actually competed in ''four'' Formula One races in 1950, but only one of these counted for the World Championship. Similarly, several Indy 500 winners technically won their first world championship race, though most record books choose to ignore this and instead only record regular participants.


text:
Submit your favorite Tenakee Springs blog:
Our Favorite Alaska Blogs
We're still looking for great blogs local to Tenakee Springs so submit your favorites using the box above. In the meantime take a look at our favorite Alaska blogs.
Building & Construction « Business Website Directory – Submit Your Website Free
Building and construction related sites


text:
Make Your Annual Donation Online Here!
Save a stamp! Donating is now quick and easy. Just Click Here.
About Us
The Mission-driven Purpose of the Baton Rouge Speech and Hearing Foundation is to increase its clients' capacity to reach optimum levels of independent communication and social interaction, through research-based best practices, leading technology, and highly-trained professionals.
- Audiology and hearing aid services for all ages
- Group and Individual speech therapy for children
- Comprehensive communication therapy for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
The Foundation's community-based clinic is at 535 West Roosevelt, just North of LSU. A satellite clinic is located at 8393 Florida Blvd. in Denham Springs. Services are also offered in community agencies such as day care centers, private/parochial schools, senior centers and, for Early Steps clients, in their homes. The agency serves children and adults from the Greater Baton Rouge Metropolitan Area, including all ten parishes served by Capital Area United Way.
BRSHF accepts private insurance (including BlueCross BlueShield, Coventry, United Healthcare, TriCare Medical, Verity, Cigna, MHnet, and Magellan - call for specific coverage info), Medicaid, and offers financial assistance for all services.
Founded by the Baton Rouge Junior League and Quota International of Baton Rouge in 1960, the Foundation proudly celebrated its 50th anniversary of service in September, 2010.
A copy of the Baton Rouge Speech and Hearing Foundation's IRS Form 990 (non-profit tax return) is available to the public for review at the Foundation office or on-line at http://www.guidestar.org. Any individual seeking to review the statement in person should call the Foundation's accounting office at 225-343-4232 to arrange a time to do so.
BRSHF participates in all 5 CCNs in the Bayou Health Network: AmeriGroup, LaCare, Louisiana Healthcare Connections, Community Healthcare Solutions, United Healthcare CCN.
BRSHF's new location, The Emerge Center for Communication, Behavior, and Development, will open in April, 2014 at 7784 Innovation Park Drive (formerly GSRI Road), Baton Rouge 70820.
Keep up with the foundation online!
BRSHF is proud to be a Capital Area United Way community partner since 1976.


text:
I will have to go and buy my own copy, because I can't enter my own giveaways (darnit!) but one of you lucky readers will be getting an awesome prize package in the mail.
First some cinematic details:
Straight Shooters: Featuring Sam Claflin in Snow White and the Huntsman
Thanks to characters like William (Sam Claflin) in Snow White and the Huntsman (premiering on Blu-ray Sept. 11), Hawkeye in The Avengers and Katniss The Hunger Games, archery has been increasing in popularity. Take a look at these recent cinematic archers that join William in his love of the bow and arrow.
Hawkeye, The Avengers
Clint Barton, AKA "Hawkeye," has no superhuman powers like his Avengers teammate, Captain America or superior technology like Ironman, but he is unbeatable in combat and a master archer to boot. And his arrows aren't just ordinary arrows. Among them are tricksters with flares, explosives, electrical discharge, suction cups, smoke bombs, boomerangs and more.
Legolas, Lord of the Rings
Legolas, an elf of the Woodland Realm and one of nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring, might be the quickest and fastest archer the big screen has ever seen. Of course, while his keen eyes, ears and fighting skills are of immense use to the Fellowship, his friendship and loyalty make him even more important.
Katniss Everdeen, The Hunger Games
Katniss hails from District 12, a coal-mining district that is the poorest district in the dystopian fictional nation of Panem. Outside the district's borders, Katniss and her best friend, Gale, hone their hunting skills to keep their families fed. Her top-notch skill and determination are ultimately what gets her through the Hunger Games as a victor.
Robin Hood
Who is more famous for perfect archery skills than Robin Hood? Historically, his motto of robbing the rich to give to the poor is as synonymous to him as his precise aim with a bow and arrow. His story has been told in over a dozen television and film incarnations starring the likes of Douglas Fairbanks, Errol Flynn, Cary Elwes, Russell Crowe and more.
Neytiri, Avatar
As the daughter of Eytukan, the leader of the Omaticaya, it is not surprising that Neytiri knows how to use a bow and arrow. She begrudgingly takes on educating Jake Sully after her mother, a spiritual leader, deems him worthy. And even though she at first thinks him a fool, she eventually falls for him and together, they save Pandora from a human threat.
William, Snow White and the Huntsman
William, son of Duke Hammond, is traumatized as a child when he is unable to rescue Snow White from the evil queen and her maniacal brother. But as an adult – now an expert bowman – he is able to infiltrate a group of henchmen trying to find Snow White, who's escaped, so he can successfully rescue her and help her reclaim the throne that is rightfully hers.
All awesome flicks right? Okay, now you are dying to know about the SWATH prize pack:
Included is one BluRay of Snow White & the Huntsman, 1 mirrored girl's key chain, 1 bottle opener guy's key chain and 1 tattoo sheet. US only, must be 18+ to enter. Ends on the release date 9/11
a Rafflecopter giveaway
I received no compensation for this post.


text:
Lisa Song, reporter for Inside Climate News, discusses her team's investigative reporting on the connection between toxic air pollution and people getting sick around fracking sites in Texas.
@Martin C
"Caveat emptor to listeners about Inside Climate News."
Why don't you take a run over to the Pulitzer Prize site. Search for FoxNews...you won't find a single award. Climate News has at least one. So if professional accolades of merit matter, ICN is better than Rupert Murdoch's pretend news channel.
Important points made during the program on fracking in north Texas:
1.) Air pollution monitoring is misleading because citizens believe that monitoring is actually taking place.
2.) Air pollution monitoring data is nearly useless because single elements (ozone) are tested for without a relationship to the myriad other toxic chemicals in the air. Results come to us out of a full context.
3.) The EPA and other entities like the NY State DEC and the NYC DEP are under-funded and under-staffed. Citizens are therefore not protected adequately.
4.) Standards for "acceptable" levels of air pollution are set in laws which give false hope and are not at all rigorous enough for true environmental protection.
5.) Everyone is affected by air pollution, even those in clear, pristine parts of the planet. Vermont's environment is dirtied by air masses coming from filthier states. Air in the Swiss Alps is sullied by industrial zones in Germany.
to simpsonsonsmovieblew
is "whoreship" a typo or on purpose?
"Why are you here?"
.... to bring "fairness and balance" to this public discourse.
.... and the satisfaction of seeing you (only YOU!) annoyed by mention of the other side of this VERY one-sided discussion. (e.g. jobs, growth, prosperity)
Gosh, you COULD just ignore them.
Do you ever get tired of trolling the comments of a public radio talk show? Even if we accept that you're genuine and not just typing half-assed bromides in a lame attempt to rile people up, you don't seem to like the host, guests, or anything about the program. In the more likely event that you're a simple, boring, troll, nobody ever bites in your comments. Why are you here?
Texans seem to whoreship the sloppiest, most arrogant exploiters of Fossil Fuels. All I can surmise is that they have been convinced that organ cancer and black air and water are good?
At least the Chinese are buying up Fortune 500 companies and the nicest pads in NYC. Where will poor Texans (and West Virginians etc.) escape?
Last time I took a drive down rt 81 to Scranton, we stopped at Great Bend PA where fracking water trucks were filling up at the Susquehanna River. After a brief 5 minute stop at a convenience store - when we returned to our car, it was COVERED with dust particulates from the hundreds of frack tankers that filled up every day. In fact, when we took a good look at all the stores at the exit, they were covered in the stuff. Don't know how the area looks now, but it used to be a rather pristine area.
Also recent findings have discredited the actual amount of easily harvestable shale gas in most of NY. Apparently there are shale gas "sweet spots" where the harvesting is profitable, but new studies indicate that most of NY does not include these "sweet spots" which are prevalent in PA. http://www.dcbureau.org/201310289248/natural-resources-news-service/new-york-shale-play-gets-major-downgrade.html
So why mess up the air, water and soils in NY for very little return? Let NY be the supplier of fresh water to those areas in the northeast that do not have the same water quality.
Martin C - do you work as a Troll for the Koch brothers?
You are not talking much about the JOBS that are created.
LOL, this is channeling Obama and Jay Carney's amazing recent spin - "fewer jobs are better because it gives people a choice of choosing not to work."
what about the amount of water that gets used for fracking? pro frackers say it's less than a golf course uses. anti frackers say it's millions and millions of gallons.
Are you serious? That "Live free or die", gun-totting state deserves what it gets. Texas is a big state and its hard to imagine the entire state becoming spoiled to the point of inhabitability. If is does however, I'm not sure where the displaced Texans will run off to. Perhaps, they'll invade Mexico and set up a new state to corrupt. Certainly, the Yankee North will not be an option for most of the Lone Star State's refugees.
LOL, it "preys on the poor" ... an expansion of the tax base is awful!!??.... and "all this growth" is a bad thing!!??
You can't invent this much negative spinning without being on drugs.
Wow, our host here, Alice, welcomes us to her Leftie Wonderland.
Where does the water for this area come from, and what is the effect of fracking on the this water?
Who cares if this winter was cold. The year as a whole is warmer.
This just in from Fox News!
Good luck dummies!
I hope you examine the nys landowners false claim that has been repeated that they have 70,000 members that is a lie and a joke!
Caveat emptor to listeners about Inside Climate News.
Though they disguise themselves as a "non-profit, non-partisan news organization" and claim that "Our mission is to produce clear, objective stories," (Don't they all?), feel free to peruse their website of "objectivity" (LOL, rants about the Koch brothers) and look at their funders (a who's who list of left wing foundations) and you'll understand why Brian has them on.
More red meat for his looney audience here ... and something to distract from the country's 3rd coldest winter on record so far. (See, we can all play that game.)
(Third Coldest Winter On Record So Far In The US -http://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2014/02/16/third-coldest-winter-on-record-so-far-in-the-us/)
Register for your own account so you can vote on comments, save your favorites, and more.
Learn more.
Please stay on topic, be civil, and be brief.
Email addresses are never displayed, but they are required to confirm
your comments. Names are displayed with all comments. We reserve the
right to edit any comments posted on this site. Please read the
Comment Guidelines before
By leaving a comment, you agree to New York Public Radio's
Privacy Policy and
Terms Of Use.