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North American F-86 Sabre
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2012) |
F-86 Sabre | |
A North American F-86 during the Oshkosh Air Show | |
Role | Fighter aircraft |
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | North American Aviation |
First flight | 1 October 1947 |
Introduction | 1949, with USAF |
Retired | 1994, Bolivia |
Primary users | United States Air Force Japan Air Self-Defense Force Spanish Air Force Republic of Korea Air Force |
Number built | 9,860[1] |
Unit cost |
Developed from | North American FJ-1 Fury |
Variants | North American F-86D Sabre Canadair Sabre CAC Sabre North American FJ-2/-3 Fury North American FJ-4 Fury |
Developed into | North American YF-93 |
The North American F-86 Sabre (sometimes called the Sabrejet) was a transonic jet fighter aircraft. Produced by North American Aviation, the Sabre is best known as the United States's first swept wing fighter which could counter the similarly-winged Soviet MiG-15 in high-speed dogfights over the skies of the Korean War. Considered one of the best and most important fighter aircraft in the Korean War, the F-86 is also rated highly in comparison with fighters of other eras.[3] Although it was developed in the late 1940s and was outdated by the end of the 1950s, the Sabre proved versatile and adaptable, and continued as a front-line fighter in numerous air forces until the last active operational examples were retired by the Bolivian Air Force in 1994.
Its success led to an extended production run of more than 7,800 aircraft between 1949 and 1956, in the United States, Japan and Italy. Variants were built in Canada and Australia. The Canadair Sabre added another 1,815 airframes, and the significantly redesigned CAC Sabre (sometimes known as the Avon Sabre or CAC CA-27), had a production run of 112. The Sabre was by far the most-produced Western jet fighter, with total production of all variants at 9,860 units.[1]
North American had produced the highly successful propeller-powered P-51 Mustang in World War II, which saw combat against some of the first operational jet fighters. By late 1944, North American proposed its first jet fighter to the U.S. Navy which became the FJ-1 Fury. It was an unexceptional transitional jet fighter which had a straight wing derived from the P-51.[4][5] Initial proposals to meet a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) requirement for a medium-range, single-seat, high-altitude jet-powered day escort fighter/fighter bomber were drafted in mid-1944.[6] In early 1945, North American Aviation submitted four designs.[6] The USAAF selected one design over the others, and granted North American a contract to build three examples of the XP-86 (eXperimental Pursuit). Deleting specific requirements from the FJ-1 Fury, coupled with other modifications, allowed the XP-86 to be lighter and considerably faster than the Fury, with an estimated top speed of 582 mph (937 km/h), versus the Fury's 547 mph (880 km/h).[6] Despite the gain in speed, early studies revealed the XP-86 would have the same performance as its rivals, the XP-80 and XP-84. It was also feared that, because these designs were more advanced in their development stages, the XP-86 would be canceled.
Crucially, the XP-86 would not be able to meet the required top speed of 600 mph (970 km/h);[7] North American had to quickly come up with a radical change that could leapfrog it over its rivals. The North American F-86 Sabre was the first American aircraft to take advantage of flight research data seized from the German aerodynamicists at the end of the war.[8] This data showed that a thin swept wing could greatly reduce drag and delay compressibility problems which had bedeviled even prop-powered fighters such as the Lockheed P-38 Lightning approaching the speed of sound. By 1944, German engineers and designers had established the benefits of swept wings based on experimental designs dating back to 1940. Study of the data showed that a swept wing would solve their speed problem, while a slat on the wing's leading edge which extended at low speeds would enhance low-speed stability.
Because development of the XP-86 had reached an advanced stage, the idea of changing the sweep of the wing was met with resistance from some senior North American staff. Despite stiff opposition, after good test results were obtained in wind tunnel tests, the swept-wing concept was eventually adopted. Performance requirements were met by incorporating a 35° swept-back wing, using NACA 4-digit modified airfoils, using NACA 0009.5–64 at the root and NACA 0008.5–64 at the tip,[9] with an automatic slat design based on that of the Messerschmitt Me 262 and an electrically adjustable stabilizer, another feature of the Me 262A.[10][11][12] It should be noted that many Sabres had the "6–3 wing" (a fixed-leading edge with 6 inches extended chord at the root and 3 inches extended chord at the tip) retrofitted after combat experience was gained in Korea.[10][13] This modification changed the wing airfoils to the NACA 0009-64 mod at the root and the NACA 0008.1–64 mod at the tip.[9]
Delays caused by the major redesign meant that manufacturing did not begin until after World War II. The XP-86 prototype, which would lead to the F-86 Sabre, was rolled out on 8 August 1947.[14] The maiden flight occurred on 1 October 1947 with George Welch at the controls,[15] flying from Muroc Dry Lake (now Edwards AFB), California.[8][14]
The United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command had F-86 Sabres in service from 1949 through 1950. The F-86s were assigned to the 22nd Bomb Wing, the 1st Fighter Wing and the 1st Fighter Interceptor Wing.[16] The F-86 was the primary U.S. air combat fighter during the Korean War, with significant numbers of the first three production models seeing combat.
The F-86 Sabre was also produced under license by Canadair, Ltd as the Canadair Sabre. The final variant of the Canadian Sabre, the Mark 6, is generally rated as having the highest capabilities of any Sabre version made anywhere.[17][N 1]
Breaking sound barrier and other records[edit]
The F-86A set its first official world speed record of 670 miles per hour (1,080 km/h) in September 1948,[18] still some 32 miles per hour (51 km/h) short of the 702 miles per hour (1,130 km/h) unofficial rocket-powered aircraft speed record set with an Me 163B prototype in early July 1944 tests, which itself had a 23.3° wing sweepback angle.
Several people involved with the development of the F-86, including the chief aerodynamicist for the project and one of its other test pilots, claimed that North American test pilot George Welch had unofficially broken the sound barrier in a dive with the XP-86 while on a test flight on 1 October 1947.[19] Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier on 14 October 1947 in the rocket-propelled Bell X-1 during level flight, making it the first true supersonic aircraft.[20] Five years later, on 18 May 1953, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to break the sound barrier, flying a "one-off" Canadian-built F-86 Sabre Mk 3, alongside Chuck Yeager.[2] Col. K. K. Compton won the 1951 Bendix air race in an F-86A with an average speed of 553.76 mph.
The F-86 was produced as both a fighter-interceptor and fighter-bomber. Several variants were introduced over its production life, with improvements and different armament implemented (see below). The XP-86 was fitted with a General Electric J35-C-3 jet engine that produced 4,000 lbf (18 kN) of thrust. This engine was built by GM's Chevrolet division until production was turned over to Allison.[21] The General Electric J47-GE-7 engine was used in the F-86A-1 producing a thrust of 5,200 lbf (23 kN) while the General Electric J73-GE-3 engine of the F-86H produced 9,250 lbf (41 kN) of thrust.[22] The fighter-bomber version (F-86H) could carry up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs, including an external fuel-type tank that could carry napalm.[23] Unguided 2.75 in (70 mm) rockets were used on some of the fighters on training missions, but 5 inch (127 mm) rockets were later carried on combat operations. The F-86 could also be fitted with a pair of external jettisonable jet fuel tanks (four on the F-86F beginning in 1953) that extended the range of the aircraft. Both the interceptor and fighter-bomber versions carried six 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns with electrically boosted feed in the nose (later versions of the F-86H carried four 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons instead of machine guns). Firing at a rate of 1,200 rounds per minute,[24] the .50 in (12.7 mm) guns were harmonized to converge at 1,000 ft (300 m) in front of the aircraft, using armor-piercing (AP) and armor-piercing incendiary (API) rounds, with one armor-piercing incendiary tracer (APIT) for every five AP or API rounds. The API rounds used during the Korean War contained magnesium, which were designed to ignite upon impact but burned poorly above 35,000 ft (11,000 m) as oxygen levels were insufficient to sustain combustion at that height. Initial planes were fitted with the Mark 18 manual-ranging computing gun sight. The last 24 F-86A-5-Nas and F-86E were equipped with the A-1CM gunsight-AN/APG-30 radar which used radar to automatically compute the range of a target. This would later prove to be a significant advantage against MiG opponents over Korea.[citation needed]
Operational history[edit]
Some or all of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2011) |
Korean War[edit]
The F-86 entered service with the United States Air Force in 1949, joining the 1st Fighter Wing's 94th Fighter Squadron and became the primary air-to-air jet fighter used by the Americans in the Korean War. While earlier straight-winged jets such as the F-80 and F-84 initially achieved air victories, when the swept wing Soviet MiG-15 was introduced in November 1950, it outperformed all UN-based aircraft. In response, three squadrons of F-86s were rushed to the Far East in December.[25] Early variants of the F-86 could not outturn, but they could outdive the MiG-15, although the MiG-15 was superior to the early F-86 models in ceiling, acceleration, rate of climb and zoom. With the introduction of the F-86F in 1953, the two aircraft were more closely matched, with many combat-experienced pilots claiming a marginal superiority for the F-86F. MiGs flown from bases in Manchuria by Red Chinese, North Korean, and Soviet VVS pilots were pitted against two squadrons of the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing forward-based at K-14, Kimpo, Korea.[25]
Many of the American pilots were experienced World War II veterans, while the North Koreans and the Chinese lacked combat experience, thus accounting for much of the F-86's success.[26] However, United Nations pilots suspected many of the MiG-15s were being flown by experienced Soviet pilots who also had combat experience in World War II. Former Communist sources now acknowledge Soviet pilots initially flew the majority of MiG-15s that fought in Korea, and dispute that more MiG-15s than F-86s were shot down in air combat. Later in the war, North Korean and Chinese pilots increased their participation as combat flyers.[27][28] The North Koreans and their allies periodically contested air superiority in MiG Alley, an area near the mouth of the Yalu River (the boundary between Korea and China) over which the most intense air-to-air combat took place. The F-86E's all-moving tailplane was more effective at speeds near or exceeding the speed of sound, so the plane could safely recover from a sonic dive, where the MiG-15 could not safely exceed Mach 0.92, an important advantage in near-sonic air combat. Far greater emphasis has been given to the training, aggressiveness and experience of the F-86 pilots.[26] American Sabre pilots were trained at Nellis, where the casualty rate of their training was so high they were told, "If you ever see the flag at full staff, take a picture." Despite rules of engagement to the contrary, F-86 units frequently initiated combat over MiG bases in the Manchurian "sanctuary."[27] The hunting of MiGs in Manchuria would lead to many reels of gun camera footage being 'lost' if the reel revealed the pilot had violated Chinese airspace.
The needs of combat operation balanced against the need to maintain an adequate force structure in Western Europe led to the conversion of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing from the F-80 to the F-86 in December 1951. Two fighter-bomber wings, the 8th and 18th, converted to the F-86F in the spring of 1953.[29] No. 2 Squadron, South African Air Force also distinguished itself flying F-86s in Korea as part of the 18 FBW.[30]
By the end of hostilities, F-86 pilots were credited with shooting down 792 MiGs for a loss of only 78 Sabres, a victory ratio of 10:1.[31] More recent research by Dorr, Lake and Thompson has claimed the actual ratio is closer to 2:1.[32] The Soviets claimed to have downed over 600 Sabres,[33] together with the Chinese claims, although these are thought by some to be an overcount as they cannot be reconciled with the 78 Sabres recorded as lost by the US.[34] A recent RAND report[35] made reference to "recent scholarship" of F-86 v MiG-15 combat over Korea and concluded that the actual kill:loss ratio for the F-86 was 1.8:1 overall, and likely closer to 1.3:1 against MiGs flown by Soviet pilots. Of the 41 American pilots who earned the designation of ace during the Korean war, all but one flew the F-86 Sabre, the exception being a Navy Vought F4U Corsair night fighter pilot.
Cold War[edit]
In addition to its distinguished service in Korea, USAF F-86s also served in various stateside and overseas roles throughout the early part of the Cold War. As newer Century Series fighters came on line, F-86s were transferred to Air National Guard (ANG) units or the air forces of allied nations. The last ANG F-86s continued in U.S. service until 1970.
1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis[edit]
The Republic of China Air Force of Taiwan was an early recipient of surplus USAF Sabres. From December 1954 to June 1956, the ROC Air Force received 160 ex-USAF F-86F-1-NA through F-86F-30-NA fighters. By June 1958, the Nationalist Chinese had built up an impressive fighter force, with 320 F-86Fs and seven RF-86Fs having been delivered.[citation needed]
Sabres and MiGs were shortly to battle each other in the skies of Asia once again in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. In August 1958, the Chinese Communists of the People's Republic of China attempted to force the Nationalists off of the islands of Quemoy and Matsu by shelling and blockade. Nationalist F-86Fs flying CAP over the islands found themselves confronted by Communist MiG-15s and MiG-17s, and there were numerous dogfights.
During these battles, the Nationalist Sabres introduced a new element into aerial warfare. Under a secret effort designated Operation Black Magic, the U.S. Navy had provided the ROC with the AIM-9 Sidewinder, its first infrared-homing air-to-air missile, which was just entering service with the United States. A small team from VMF-323, a Marine FJ-4 Fury squadron with later assistance from China Lake and North American Aviation, initially modified 20 of the F-86 Sabres to carry a pair of Sidewinders on underwing launch rails and instructed the ROC pilots in their use flying profiles with USAF F-100s simulating the MiG-17. The MiGs enjoyed an altitude advantage over the Sabres, as they had in Korea, and Communist Chinese MiGs routinely cruised over the Nationalist Sabres, only engaging when they had a favorable position. The Sidewinder took away that advantage and proved to be devastatingly effective against the MiGs.[36]
The combat introduction of the Sidewinder took place in a battle on 24 September 1958 when ROC Sabres succeeded in destroying 10 MiGs and scoring two probables without loss to themselves.[citation needed] In one month of air battles over Quemoy and Matsu, Nationalist pilots tallied a score of no less than 31 MiGs destroyed and eight probables, against a loss of two F-84Gs and no Sabres. The data comes from Nationalist Air Force filmed data.[citation needed]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965[edit]
In 1954, Pakistan began receiving the first of a total of 120 F-86F Sabres. Many of these aircraft were the F-86F-35 from USAF stocks, but some were from the later F-86F-40-NA production block, made specifically for export. Many of the −35s were brought up to −40 standards before they were delivered to Pakistan, but a few remained −35s. The F-86 was operated by nine PAF squadrons at various times: Nos. 5, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 26 Squadrons.
During the 22-day Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 the F-86 became the mainstay of the PAF, although the Sabre was no longer a world-class fighter, since fighters with Mach 2 performance were now in service. Many sources state the F-86 gave the PAF a technological advantage. PAF scored 91 air kills in 1965 which were primarily due to this aircraft.[37][38]
Despite the fact that Indian Air Force had a numerical advantage in almost all classes and categories of aircraft, Pakistan dominated or at least neutralized the Air Warfare in 1965. The F-86 was more maneuverable and speedier and so proved a difficult adversary in dog fights. PAF hailed and claimed success, and absolute air superiority during the war, giving birth to many notables such as M.M. Alam, Cecil Ch., Mervyn Middlecoat, Władysław Turowicz and others.[39]
During the war, the United States barred sales of military equipment to Pakistan and the F-86 fleet was almost grounded due to lack of spare parts. Pakistan managed to procure around 90 Canadair CL-13 Sabre Mk 6 illegally from West Germany through Iran, these formed the backbone of the operations during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. The F-86 proved vulnerable to the diminutive Folland Gnat, which proved to be fast, nimble and hard to see. The IAF Gnats, given the nickname "Sabre Slayer," claimed to have downed seven PAF Sabres.[40][N 2]
Air to air combat[edit]
In the air-to-air combat of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the PAF Sabres claimed to have shot down 15 IAF aircraft, comprising nine Hunters, four Vampires and two Gnats.[citation needed] India, however, admitted a loss of 14 combat aircraft to the PAF's F-86s.[41] The F-86s of the PAF had the advantage of being armed with AIM-9B/GAR-8 Sidewinder missiles whereas none of its Indian adversaries had this capability. Despite this, the IAF claimed to have shot down four PAF Sabres in air-to-air combat.[40] This claim is disputed by the PAF who admit to having lost seven F-86 Sabres during the whole 23 days but only three of them during air-to-air battles.[citation needed]
The top Pakistani ace of the conflict was Sqn Ldr Muhammad Mahmood Alam, who ended the conflict claiming 11 kills. In air-to-air combat Pakistan Air Force Sqn Ldr Muhammad Mahmood Alam shot down five Indian Aircraft in less than a minute.[42][43] These five kills were all against Indian Air Force (IAF) Hawker Hunter Mk.56 fighters, which were export versions of the Hawker Hunter Mk.6.
Ground attack[edit]
The PAF Sabres performed well in ground attack with claims of destroying around 36 aircraft on the ground at Indian airfields at Halwara, Kalaikunda, Baghdogra, Srinagar and Pathankot.[44][45][46] India only acknowledges 22 aircraft lost on the ground to strikes partly attributed to the PAF's F-86s and its bomber Martin B-57 Canberra.[41]
Pakistani F-86s were also used against advancing columns of the Indian army when No. 19 Squadron Sabres engaged the Indian Army using 5 in (127 mm) rockets along with their six .50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns. According to Pakistan reports, Indian armor bore the brunt of this particular attack at Wagah.[46] The Number 14 PAF Squadron earned the nickname "Tailchoppers" in PAF for their F-86 operations and actions during the 1965 war.[45]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. (July 2012) |
The Canadair Sabres (Mark 6), acquired from ex-Luftwaffe stocks via Iran, were the mainstay of the PAF's day fighter operations during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and had the challenge of dealing with the threat from IAF.[citation needed] Despite having acquired newer fighter types such as the Mirage III and the Shenyang F-6, the Sabre Mark 6 (widely regarded as the best "dog-fighter" of its era[47]) along with the older PAF F-86Fs, were tasked with the majority of operations during the war, due to the small numbers of the Mirages and combat unreadiness of the Shenyang F-6.[citation needed] In East Pakistan only one PAF F-86 squadron (14th Squadron) was deployed to face the formidable IAF Soviet MiG-21s and the Sukhoi Su-7 and the numerical superiority of the IAF. At the beginning of the war, PAF had eight squadrons of F-86 Sabres.[48]
Despite these challenges, the PAF F-86s performed well with Pakistani claims of downing 31 Indian aircraft in air-to-air combat. These included 17 Hawker Hunters, eight Sukhoi Su-7 "Fitters", one MiG 21 and three Gnats[citation needed] while losing seven F-86s. The downing of a Mig-21 was particularly brought into light as the Mig pilot was trained on Sabres during a Combat Crew Training Course done in USA in 1964.[49] India however claims to have shot down 11 PAF Sabres for the loss of 11 combat aircraft to the PAF F-86s.[50] The IAF numerical superiority overwhelmed the sole East Pakistan Sabres squadron (and other military aircraft)[51][52] which were either shot down, or grounded by Pakistani fratricide as they could not hold out, enabling complete air superiority for the Indian Air Force.[53]
In the Battle of Boyra, the first notable air engagement over East Pakistan (Bangladesh), India claimed four Gnats downed three Sabres while Pakistan acknowledges only two Sabres were lost while one Gnat was shot down.[citation needed] As per official Pakistan accounts, 24 Sabres were lost in the war: 13 due to enemy action and 11 disabled by PAF forces to keep them out of enemy hands,[citation needed] while 28 Sabres were lost per Indian accounts: 17 due to IAF action and 11 disabled by the PAF on the ground to keep them out of enemy hands.[54] Five of these Sabres, however, were recovered in working condition and flown again by the Bangladesh Air Force.[54][55][56]
After this war, Pakistan slowly phased out its F-86 Sabres and replaced them with Chinese F-6 (Russian MiG-19 based) fighters. The last of the Sabres were withdrawn from service in PAF in 1980.[citation needed] F-86 Sabres nevertheless remain a legend in Pakistan and are seen as a symbol of pride.[citation needed] They are now displayed in Pakistan Air Force Museum and in the cities in which their pilots lived.
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence[edit]
The Portuguese Air Force (FAP) deployed some of its F-86F Sabres to Portuguese Guinea in 1961, being based at AB2 – Bissalanca Air Base, Bissau. These aircraft formed "Detachment 52", initially equipped with eight F-86Fs (serials: 5307, 5314, 5322, 5326, 5354, 5356, 5361 and 5362) from the Esquadra 51, based at the BA5 – Monte Real Air Base. These aircraft were used in the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence, in ground attack and close support operations against the insurgent forces. In August 1962, 5314 overshot the runway during emergency landing with bombs still attached on underwing hardpoints and burned out. F-86F 5322 was shot down by enemy ground fire on 31 May 1963; the pilot ejected safely and was recovered. Several other aircraft suffered combat damage, but were repaired.
In 1964, 16 F-86Fs based at Bissalanca returned to mainland Portugal due to U.S. pressure. They had flown 577 combat sorties, of which 430 were ground attack and close air support missions. During these operations, one FAP Sabre was shot down and another crashed.
Philippine Air Force[edit]
The Philippine Air Force first received the Sabres in the form of F-86Fs in 1957. Replacing the North American P-51 Mustang as the Philippine Air Force's primary interceptor. F-86s first operated from Basa Air Base, known infamously as the Nest of Vipers where the 5th Fighter Wing of the PAF was based. Later on, in 1960, the PAF acquired the F-86D as the first all weather interceptor of the PAF. The most notable use of the F-86 Sabres was in the Blue Diamonds aerobatic display team which operated eight Sabres until the arrival of the newer, supersonic Northrop F-5. The F-86s were subsequently phased out of service in the 1970s as the Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter and Vought F-8 Crusaders became the primary fighters and interceptors of the Philippine Air Force.
The most notable F-86 pilot of the PAF is Antonio Bautista who was a Blue Diamonds pilot and a decorated officer for his actions on 9 January 1974.[57]
Soviet Sabre[edit]
During the Korean War, the Soviets were searching for an intact U.S. F-86 Sabre for evaluation/study purposes. Their search was frustrated, largely due to the U.S. military's policy of destroying their weapons and equipment once they had been disabled or abandoned; and in the case of U.S. aircraft, USAF pilots destroyed most of their downed Sabres by strafing or bombing them. However, on one occasion an F-86 was downed in the tidal area of a beach and subsequently was submerged, preventing its destruction. The aircraft was ferried to Moscow and a new OKB (Soviet Experimental Design Bureau) was established to study the F-86, which later became part of the Sukhoi OKB. "At least one F-86 ... was sent to the Soviet Union, the Russians admitted, and other planes and prizes such as U.S. G-suits and radar gun sights also went."[58] The Soviets studied and copied the optical gunsight and radar from the captured aircraft to produce the ASP-4N gunsight and SRC-3 radar. Installed in the MiG-17, the gunsight system would later be used against American fighters in the Vietnam war. [N 3]The F-86 studies also contributed to the development of aircraft aluminum alloys (V-95 etc.).[60]
Reports in 2012 from newly declassified documents confirmed that the Soviets had acquired some of the US' aircraft technology. In several accounts by American pilots from late 1951 into 1952, at least one F-86 was in operation under Soviet control during the Korean War. The pilots report having come under fire from US planes, including from the F-86.[58]
Feather Duster[edit]
The old but nimble MiG-17 had become such a serious threat against the Republic F-105 Thunderchief over North Vietnam that the U.S. Air Force created project "Feather Duster" to test which tactics supersonic American fighters could use against fighters like the MiG-17. Air National Guard F-86H units proved to be an ideal stand-in for the Soviet jets. One pilot remarked that "In any envelope except nose down and full throttle", either the F-100 or F-105 was inferior to the F-86H in a dogfight.[61][62]
North American F-86[edit]
- three prototypes, originally designated XP-86, North American model NA-140
- this was the first prototype fitted with a General Electric J47 turbojet engine.
- 554 built, North American model NA-151 (F-86A-1 block and first order of A-5 block) and NA-161 (second F-86A-5 block)
- A few F-86A conversions as drone directors
- 11 F-86A conversions with three cameras for reconnaissance
- 188 ordered as upgraded A-model with wider fuselage and larger tires but delivered as F-86A-5, North American model NA-152
- original designation for the YF-93A, two built, 48–317 & 48–318,[63] order for 118 cancelled, North American model NA-157
- prototype all-weather interceptor originally ordered as YF-95A, two built but designation changed to YF-86D, North American model NA-164
- Production transonic all-weather search-radar equipped interceptor originally designated F-95A, 2,506 built. The F-86D had only 25 percent commonality with other Sabre variants, with a larger fuselage, larger afterburning engine, and a distinctive nose radome. Sole armament was Mk. 4 unguided rockets instead of machine guns. F-86Ls were upgraded F-86Ds. See North American F-86D Sabre.
- Improved flight control system and an "all-flying tail" (This system changed to a full power-operated control with an "artificial feel" built into the aircraft's controls to give the pilot forces on the stick that were still conventional, but light enough for superior combat control. It improved high-speed maneuverability); 456 built, North American model NA-170 (F-86E-1 and E-5 blocks), NA-172, essentially the F-86F airframe with the F-86E engine (F-86E-10 and E-15 blocks); 60 of these built by Canadair for USAF (F-86E-6)
- Designation for ex-RAF Sabres diverted to other NATO air forces
- Designation for surplus RCAF Sabre Mk. Vs modified to target drones
- Uprated engine and larger "6–3" wing without leading edge slats, 2,239 built; North American model NA-172 (F-86F-1 through F-15 blocks), NA-176 (F-86F-20 and −25 blocks), NA-191 (F-86F-30 and −35 blocks), NA-193 (F-86F-26 block), NA-202 (F-86F-35 block), NA-227 (first two orders of F-86F-40 blocks comprising 280 aircraft which reverted to leading edge wing slats of an improved design), NA-231 (70 in third F-40 block order), NA-238 (110 in fourth F-40 block order), and NA-256 (120 in final F-40 block order); 300 additional airframes in this series assembled by Mitsubishi in Japan for Japanese Air Self-Defense Force. Sabre Fs had much improved high-speed agility, coupled with a higher landing speed of over 145 mph (233 km/h). The F-35 block had provisions for a new task: the nuclear tactical attack with one of the new small "nukes" ("second generation" nuclear ordnance). The F-40 had a new slatted wing, with a slight decrease of speed, but also a much better agility at high and low speed with a landing speed reduced to 124 mph (200 km/h). The USAF upgraded many of previous F versions to the F-40 standard.
- Designation for 10 aircraft modified to carry the M39 cannon in place of the M3 .50 caliber machine gun "six-pack". Four F-86E and six F-86F were production-line aircraft modified in October 1952 with enlarged and strengthened gun bays, then flight tested at Edwards Air Force Base and the Air Proving Ground at Eglin Air Force Base in November. Eight were shipped to Japan in December, and seven forward-deployed to Kimpo Airfield as "Project GunVal" for a 16-week combat field trial in early 1953. Two were lost to engine compressor stalls after ingesting excessive propellant gases from the cannons.[64] [N 4]
- About 50 former Japan Self-Defense Forces (JASDF) F-86F airframes converted to drones for use as targets by the U.S. Navy
- Some F-86F-30s converted with three cameras for reconnaissance; also 18 Japan Self-Defense Forces (JASDF) aircraft similarly converted
- Two F-86F converted to two-seat training configuration with lengthened fuselage and slatted wings under North American model NA-204
- Extensively redesigned fighter-bomber model with deeper fuselage, uprated engine, longer wings and power-boosted tailplane, two built as North American model NA-187
- Production model, 473 built, with Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) and provision for nuclear weapon, North American model NA-187 (F-86H-1 and H-5 blocks) and NA-203 (F-86H-10 block)
- Target conversion of 29 airframes for use at United States Naval Weapons Center
- Single F-86A-5-NA, 49-1069, flown with Orenda turbojet under North American model NA-167 – same designation reserved for A-models flown with the Canadian engines but project not proceeded with
North American FJ Fury[edit]
CAC Sabre (Australia)[edit]
Two types based on the U.S. F-86F were built under licence by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) in Australia, for the Royal Australian Air Force as the CA-26 (one prototype) and CA-27 (production variant). The RAAF operated the CA-27 from 1956 to 1971.[65] Ex-RAAF Avon Sabres were operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force (TUDM) between 1969 and 1972. From 1973 to 1975, 23 Avon Sabres were donated to the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU); five of these were ex-Malaysian aircraft.[66]
The CAC Sabres included a 60% fuselage redesign, to accommodate the Rolls-Royce Avon Mk 26 engine, which had roughly 50% more thrust than the J47, as well as 30 mm Aden cannons and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. As a consequence of its powerplant, the Australian-built Sabres are commonly referred to as the Avon Sabre. CAC manufactured 112 of these aircraft.[67]
CA-27 marques:
- Mk 30: 21 built, wing slats, Avon 20 engine.
- Mk 31: 21 built, 6–3 wing, Avon 20 engine.
- Mk 32: 69 built, four wing pylons, F-86F fuel capacity, Avon 26 engine.[68]
Canadair Sabre[edit]
The F-86 was also manufactured by Canadair in Canada as the CL-13 Sabre to replace its de Havilland Vampires, with the following production models:
- Sabre Mk 1
- one built, prototype F-86A
- Sabre Mk 2
- 350 built, F-86E-type, 60 to USAF, three to RAF, 287 to RCAF
- Sabre Mk 3
- one built in Canada, test-bed for the Orenda jet engine
- Sabre Mk 4
- 438 built, production Mk 3, 10 to RCAF, 428 to RAF as Sabre F 4
- Sabre Mk 5
- 370 built, F-86F-type with Orenda engine, 295 to RCAF, 75 to Luftwaffe
- Sabre Mk 6
- 655 built, 390 to RCAF, 225 to Luftwaffe, six to Colombia and 34 to South Africa
Production summary[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (August 2009) |
- NAA built a total of 6,297 F-86s and 1,115 FJs,
- Canadair built 1,815,
- Australian CAC built 112,
- Fiat built 221, and
- Mitsubishi built 300;
- for a total Sabre/Fury production of 9,860.
Production costs[edit]
Program R&D cost | 4,707,802 | ||||||
Airframe | 101,528 | 191,313 | 145,326 | 140,082 | 316,360 | 334,633 | |
Engine | 52,971 | 75,036 | 39,990 | 44,664 | 214,612 | 71,474 | |
Electronics | 7,576 | 7,058 | 6,358 | 5,649 | 6,831 | 10,354 | |
Armament | 16,333 | 69,986 | 23,645 | 17,669 | 27,573 | 20,135 | |
Ordnance | 419 | 4,138 | 3,047 | 17,117 | 4,761 | ||
Flyaway cost | 178,408 | 343,839 | 219,457 | 211,111 | 582,493 | 441,357 | 343,839 |
Maintenance cost per flying hour | 135 | 451 | 187 |
Note: The costs are in approximately 1950 United States dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation.[2]
- Source: F-86 Sabre Jet: History of the Sabre and FJ Fury[69]
- Acquired 28 F-86Fs, 26 September 1960, FAA s/n CA-101 through CA-128. The Sabres were already on reserve status at the time of the Falklands War but were reinstated to active service to bolster air defences against possible Chilean involvement. Finally retired in 1986.
- Belgium
- 5 F-86F Sabres delivered, no operational unit
- Bolivia
- Acquired 10 F-86Fs from Venezuelan Air Force October 1973, assigned to Brigada Aérea 21, Grupo Aéreo de Caza 32, they were reported to have finally been retired from service in 1994, making them the last Sabres on active front line service anywhere in the world.
- Canada
- Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF)
- Acquired four F-86Fs from Spanish Air Force (s/n 2027/2028), five USAF F-86F (s/n 51-13226) and other nine Canadair Mk.6; assigned to Escuadron de Caza-Bombardero.
- Ethiopia
- German Air Force (Luftwaffe) – see North American F-86D Sabre and Canadair Sabre
- Iran
- Acquired an unknown number of F-86Fs[70]
- Iraq
- Acquired four F-86K from Venezuela (1970) and 10 CL.13 Mk2 (F-86E) from Yugoslavia
- Italy
- Received first 179 Canadair Sabre MK 4 (F-86E) and later 121 FIAT-produced F-86Ks and acquired between 1955 and 1958, plus 120-ex USAF F-86Ks. They saw service in the following Gruppi Caccia (Fighter Groups): 6, 17 and 23 Gruppo of 1 Aerobrigata, 21º and 22 Gruppo of 51 Aerobrigata, 12 Gruppo of 4 Aerobrigata, 313 Aerobatics Training Team (Frecce Tricolori).
- Japan
- Japanese Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF)
- Acquired 180 U.S. F-86Fs, 1955–1957. Mitsubishi built 300 F-86Fs under license 1956–1961, and were assigned to 10 fighter hikōtai or squadrons. JASDF called F-86F the "Kyokukō" (旭光, Rising Sunbeam) and F-86D the "Gekkō" (月光, Moon Light). Their Blue Impulse Aerobatic Team, a total of 18 F-models were converted to reconnaissance version in 1962. Some aircraft were returned to the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California, as drones.
- Norway
- Acquired 115 F-86Fs, 1957–1958; and assigned to seven Norwegian Squadrons, Nos. 331, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338 and 339.
- Pakistan
- Acquired 102 U.S.-built F-86F-35-NA and F-86F-40-NAs, last of North American Aviation's production line, 1954–1960s.
- Peru
- Acquired 26 U.S.-built F-86Fs in 1955, assigned to Escuadrón Aéreo 111, Grupo Aéreo No.11 at Talara air force base. Finally retired in 1979.
- Philippines
- Acquired 50 F-86Fs in 1957. Retired in early 1970s.
- Portugal
- A total of 65 acquired: 50 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1958, including some from USAF's 531st Fighter Bomber Squadron, Chambley and 15 ex-Royal Norwegian Air Force. In Portugal, they served in Squadron 201 (formerly designated as Sqn. 50 and later Sqn. 51, before being renamed in 1978) and Squadron 52, both based at Air Base No. 5, Monte Real. In 1961, Portuguese Air Force deployed some of its F-86Fs to Portuguese Guinea, where they formed Detachment 52, based at Base-Aerodrome No. 2, Bissalanca/Bissau.
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- Acquired 320 U.S.-built F-86Fs,7 RF-86Fs,18 F-86Ds, The 18 F-86Ds back to U.S. military and US send 6 to Republic of Korea Air Force,8 to Philippine Air Force in 1966.
- Saudi Arabia
- Acquired 16 U.S.-built F-86Fs in 1958, and three Fs from Norway in 1966; and assigned to RSAF No. 7 Squadron at Dharhran.
- South Africa
- Acquired on loan 22 U.S.-built F-86F-30s during the Korean War and saw action with 2 Squadron SAAF.
- South Korea
- Acquired 122 U.S.-built F-86Fs and RF-86Fs, beginning 20 June 1955; and assigned to ROKAF 10th Wing.
- It also served with the ROKAF Black Eagles aerobatic team, until retired 1966.
- Spain
- Acquired 270 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1955–1958; designated C.5s and assigned to 5 wings: Ala de Caza 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. Retired 1972.
- Netherlands
Operated 62 sabre's
- F-86K (kaasjager/cheese hunter)
squadrons: 700, 701, 702
- Acquired 40 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1962; assigned to RTAF Squadrons, Nos. 12 (Ls), 13, and 43.
- Tunisia
- Acquired 15 used U.S.-built F-86F in 1969.
- Turkey
- Acquired 12 U.S.-built F-86Fs.
- United Nations
- Received 5 F-86E(M)s from Italy as MAP redeployment 1963, crewed by Filippinos; F-86F units from Ethiopia and Iran also used in ONUC.
- United States
- Venezuela
- Acquired 30 U.S.-built F-86Fs, October 1955 – December 1960; and assigned to one group, Grupo Aéreo De Caza No. 12, three other squadrons.
- Yugoslavia
- Acquired 121 Canadair CL-13s and F-86Es, operating them in several fighter aviation regiments between 1956 and 1971.
Civil aviation[edit]
According to the FAA there are 50 privately owned and registered F-86s in the US, including Canadair CL-13 Sabres.[71][N 5]
F-86 pilots[edit]
- Sqn Ldr(later Air commodore) M. M. Alam, Pakistan Air Force, became a flying ace by shooting down five Indian Air Force fighters within one minute in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat ("The star of courage") and bar.[43][72]
- Colonel Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, USAF test pilot and Apollo 11 astronaut
- Major Rudolf Anderson, Jr. USAF (4028th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron). Shot down in 1962 while flying an U-2 over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Bautista of the Philippine Air Force received the Distinguished Conduct Star for his valor and bravery in providing close air support to ground forces.
- Major George Davis (14 victories), USAF 4 FIW, awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously
- Captain Manuel "Pete" Fernandez, (14.5 victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Colonel Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski (six and one-half victories), USAF 51 FIW commander, top European U.S. ace in World War II
- Colonel Ralph "Hoot" Gibson (five victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Major John Glenn, a U.S. Marine Corps exchange pilot with the USAF 51 FIW (3 victories). First American astronaut to orbit the Earth, later a U.S. Senator from Ohio.
- Lieutenant Colonel Virgil "Gus" Grissom, astronaut in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs, died in a fire during testing for the Apollo mission.
- Major James Jabara (15 victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Flying Officer Waleed Ehsanul Karim, Pakistan Air Force, youngest Sabre pilot (first flew Sabres when he was 18).
- Captain Iven Kincheloe (five victories) USAF 51 FIW, test pilot selected to fly the North American X-15
- Second Lieutenant Gene Kranz, NASA flight director for Gemini and Apollo and assistant flight director on Project Mercury- flew with 69th FBS in South Korea
- Squadron Leader Andy Mackenzie, DFC. RCAF Second World War fighter ace (8.5 victories); taken POW when his F-86 was shot down while flying with the USAF 51 FIW in Korea in 1952.[73]
- Colonel Walker "Bud" Mahurin, USAF 51st Fighter Group commander and World War II ace
- Captain Joseph C. McConnell (16 victories), USAF 51 FIW, who later died in a crash at Edwards Air Force Base testing the F-86H
- Colonel (later General) John C. Meyer, USAF 4th FIW commander at the start of the Korean War, who led the first combat missions of the F-86. 2 victories (added to 24 aerial victories and 13 1/2 strafing kills in World War II). Later Vice Chief of Staff of the USAF and Commander in Chief of Strategic Air Command.
- Brigadier General James Robinson Risner (eight victories), USAF awarded the Air Force Cross, later Vietnam War POW
- Captain James Horowitz (1 victory), USAF 4 FIW, novelist and author of The Hunters under the pen name James Salter
- Colonel Harrison R. Thyng (five victories), USAF 4 FIW commander
- Major General Howard Thomas Markey, first chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
- Colonel Royal N. Baker was a USAF ace and commander of the 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing, flying the F-86 during the Korean War he downed 13 Mig-17s.
Specifications (F-86F-40-NA)[edit]
Data from The North American Sabre[74]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 37 ft 1 in (11.4 m)
- Wingspan: 37 ft 0 in (11.3 m)
- Height: 14 ft 1 in (4.5 m)
- Wing area: 313.4 sq ft (29.11 m²)
- Empty weight: 11,125 lb (5,046 kg)
- Loaded weight: 15,198 lb (6,894 kg)
- Max. takeoff weight: 18,152 lb (8,234 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × General Electric J47-GE-27 turbojet, 5,910 lbf (maximum thrust at 7.950 rpm for five min)with water injection (26.3 kN)
- Fuel provisions Internal fuel load: 437 US gallons (1,650 L)), Drop tanks: 2x200 US gallons (760 L) JP-4 fuel
- Maximum speed: 687 mph (1,106 km/h) at sea level at 14,212 lb (6,447 kg) combat weight
also reported 678 mph (1,091 km/h) and 599 at 35,000 feet (11,000 m) at 15,352 pounds (6,960 kg). (597 knots (1,106 km/h) at 6446 m, 1,091 and 964 km/h at 6,960 m.) - Stall speed: 124 mph (power off) (108 knots (200 km/h))
- Range: 1,525 mi, (2,454 km)
- Service ceiling: 49,600 ft at combat weight (15,100 m)
- Rate of climb: 9,000 ft/min at sea level (45.72 m/s)
- Wing loading: 49.4 lb/ft² (236.7 kg/m²)
- lift-to-drag: 15.1
- Thrust/weight: 0.38
- Guns: 6 X 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns (1,602 rounds in total)
- Rockets: variety of rocket launchers; e.g: 2 Matra rocket pods with 18 SNEB 68 mm rockets per pod
- Bombs: 5,300 lb (2,400 kg) of payload on four external hardpoints, bombs were usually mounted on outer two pylons as the inner pairs were plumbed for 2 200 US gallons (760 L) drop tanks which gave the Sabre a more useful range. A wide variety of bombs could be carried (max standard loadout being 2 1,000 lb bombs plus two drop tanks), napalm canisters and could have included a tactical nuclear weapon.
See also[edit]
- Related development
- CAC Sabre
- Canadair Sabre
- Fuji T-1
- North American FJ-2/-3 Fury
- North American FJ-1 Fury
- North American F-86D Sabre
- North American FJ-4 Fury
- North American YF-93
- North American F-100 Super Sabre
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Dassault Mystère
- Focke-Wulf Ta 183
- FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II
- Grumman F-9 Cougar
- Hawker Hunter
- Lavochkin La-15
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
- Republic F-84F Thunderstreak
- Saab 29 Tunnan
- Related lists
- ^ Quote: "The Canadair Sabre Mk 6 was the last variant and considered to be the 'best' production Sabre ever built."
- ^ Note: The Pakistan Air Force disputes this claim and accepts the loss of only three F-86 Sabres at the hands of the Gnats.
- ^ The MiG-17 was a development of the MiG-15 upgraded with a more advanced wing and afterburner. (the Sabre's all-flying tail would not be employed until the supersonic MiG-19) The MiG-17 would prove to be a deadly foe in Vietnam in the 1960s against more advanced U.S. supersonic opponents; some such as the F-4 Phantom actually lacked the guns and radar gunsight introduced by the F-86.[59]
- ^ MiG Alley: Sabres Vs. MiGs Over Korea. was researched by North American tech rep John L. Henderson. The aircraft were F-86E-10s: 51-2303, -2819, -2826 and -2836; and F-86F-1's 51-2855, −2862, −2867, −2868, −2884 and −2900.
- ^ Although privately registered in the US, two F-86s are actually owned by an individual for display purposes only in a private museum collection.[71]
- ^ a b Winchester 2006, p. 184.
- ^ a b c Knaack 1978, p. 52.
- ^ "MiG-15 'Fagot'." mnangmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Goebel, Greg. "Sabre Ancestor: FJ-1 Fury." vectorsite.net. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "FJ-1 Fury." globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b c Werrell 2005, p. 5.
- ^ Werrell 2005, p. 6.
- ^ a b "North American F-86." Aviation History On-line Museum. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage." ae.illinois.edu, 15 October 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ a b Blair, Mac. "Evolution of the F-86" AIAA Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design Symposium, 18 March 1980.
- ^ Radinger and Schick 1996, p. 15.
- ^ Willy and Schick 1996, p. 32.
- ^ Bevan, Duncan. "F-86 Sabre wings explained." tripod.com. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b Werrell 2005, pp. 9–10.
- ^ "North American F-86 Sabre (Day-Fighter A, E and F Models)." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Planes of Perrin, North American F-86L "Dog Sabre." perrinairforcebase.net. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Joos 1971, p. 3.
- ^ "History of the F-86 Sabre Jet." Boeing. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Wagner 1963, p. 17.
- ^ "Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1945–1949." NASA. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Leyes 1999, pp. 243, 530.
- ^ Goebel, Greg. "F-86E Through F-86L". faqs.org. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "North American F-86H Sabre (Fighter-Bomber)." nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Dunlap 1948, pp. 310–311.
- ^ a b Thompson, Warren. "Sabre: The F-86 in Korea." Flight Journal, December 2002. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet: The United States Air Force in Korea." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b " 'Bud' Mahurin." acepilots/com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Zampini, Diego. "Lt. Col. George Andrew Davis." acepilots.com, 8 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "USAF Organizations in Korea, Fighter-Interceptor 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing." Maxwell Air Force Base. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ McGregor, Col. P. M. J. "The History of No 2 Squadron, SAAF, in the Korean War." rapidttp.com. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Thompson and McLaren 2002
- ^ Dorr, Robert F., Jon Lake and Warren E. Thompson. Korean War Aces. London: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-85532-501-2.
- ^ Sewell, Stephen L. "Russian Claims from the Korean War 1950–53." korean-war.com. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Zhang, Xiaoming. Red Wings over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58544-201-1.
- ^ Stillion, John and Scott Perdue. "Air Combat Past, Present and Future." Project Air Force, Rand, August 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
- ^ Robbins, Robby. "323 Death Rattlers." inreach.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Hussain, Air Commodore Jamal (Ret'd) J. "Excellence in Air Combat: PAF's Forte." Pakistan's Defence Journal. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan's Air Power." Flight International, 5 May 1984, p. 1208 via FlightGlobal.com, Retrieved 22 October 2009.
- ^ "BBC report on PAF 1965." YouTube. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ^ a b Rakshak, Bharat. "IAF Kills in 1965." bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "1965 Losses." bhart-rakshak.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Fricker, John. Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965. quote:"... before we had completed more than of about 270 degree of the turn, at around 12 degree per second, all four Hunters had been shot down." \
- ^ a b Tufail, Air Cdre M. Kaiser. "Alam's Speed-shooting Classic." defencejournal.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "A Hero Fades Away." Defence Journal, Feb–Mar. 1999. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Tail Choppers: Birth of a Legend." Defence Journal, December 1998. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Devastation of Pathankot." Defence Journal, September 2000. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Canadair CL-13 Sabre." Royal Canadian Air Force. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ ""India and Pakistan: Over the Edge." Time, 13 December 1971. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
- ^ http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/dec/manbehindthegun.htm
- ^ "IAF Losses in 1971." Bharat Rakshak.com." Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "1971 Indo-Pakistani war." subcontinent.com. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Bangladesh, The Liberation War." memory/loc.gov. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ Singh et al. 2004, p. 30.
- ^ a b "Aircraft Losses in Pakistan −1971 War." bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "History of the Bangladesh Air Force." baf.mil. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Defense: Airforce." Virtual Bangladesh. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Antonio Bautista Air Base". Globalsecurity.org, 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ a b Sauter, Mark. "Ghost pilots and mystery aircraft of the Korean War." Korean Confidential, 4 December 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ Davies 2009, p. 21.
- ^ "Soviet Sabre." Captured Planes. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ Michel 2007, p. 333.
- ^ Davis, Larry H. "We interview Les Waltman." Sabre-pilots.org. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "North American YF-93A Fact Sheet." National Air Force Museum. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Thompson and McLaren 2002, pp. 139–155.
- ^ "Sabre." RAAF Museum. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Wilson 1989, p. 110.
- ^ Wilson 1994, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Wilson 1994, p. 74
- ^ Dorr 1993, pp. 65–96.
- ^ a b Baugher, Joe. "F-86 Foreign Service." USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighter and Pursuit Aircraft: North American F-86 Sabre. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "FAA Registry: F-86." FAA. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
- ^ Pushpindar, Singh. Fiza ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force. New Delhi: Himalayan Books, 1991. ISBN 81-7002-038-7.
- ^ "S/L Andy MacKenzie RCAF (Ret)." Sabre Jet Classics, Volume 10, Number 1, Winter 2003.
- ^ Wagner 1963, p. 145.
- Allward, Maurice. F-86 Sabre. London: Ian Allen, 1978. ISBN 0-7110-0860-4.
- Curtis, Duncan. North American F-86 Sabre. Ramsbury, UK: Crowood, 2000. ISBN 1-86126-358-9.
- Davies, Peter. USN F-4 Phantom II vs VPAF MiG-17: Vietnam 1965–72. Oxford, UK: Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-475-6.
- Dorr, Robert F.F-86 Sabre Jet: History of the Sabre and FJ Fury. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishers, 1993. ISBN 0-87938-748-3.
- Dunlap, Roy F. Ordnance Went Up Front. Plantersville, South Carolina: Samworth Press, 1948.
- Jenkins, Dennis R. and Tony R. Landis. Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, Minnesota, USA: Specialty Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6.
- Joos, Gerhard W. Canadair Sabre Mk 1–6, Commonwealth Sabre Mk 30–32 in RCAF, RAF, RAAF, SAAF, Luftwaffe & Foreign Service. Kent, UK: Osprey Publications Limited, 1971. ISBN 0-85045-024-1.
- Käsmann, Ferdinand C.W. Die schnellsten Jets der Welt: Weltrekord- Flugzeuge (in German). Oberhaching, Germany: Aviatic Verlag-GmbH, 1994. ISBN 3-925505-26-1.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems, Volume 1, Post-World War Two Fighters, 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Leyes, Richard A. and William A. Fleming. The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. (Library of Flight Series) Washington, D.C.: AIAA, 1999. ISBN 978-1-56347-332-6.
- Michel, Marshall L., III. Clashes: Air Combat Over North Vietnam, 1965–1972. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59114-519-6.
- Radinger, Willy and Walter Schick. Me 262: Entwicklung und Erprobung des ertsen einsatzfähigen Düsenjäger der Welt, Messerschmitt Stiftung (in German). Berlin: Avantic Verlag GmbH, 1996. ISBN 3-925505-21-0.
- Singh, Sarina et al. Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway. London: Lonely Planet Publications, 2004. ISBN 0-86442-709-3.
- Swanborough, F. Gordon. United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963. ISBN 0-87474-880-1.
- Thompson, Warren E. and David R. McLaren. MiG Alley: Sabres vs. MiGs Over Korea. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58007-058-2.
- United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
- Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes – Second Edition. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1968. ISBN 0-370-00094-3.
- Wagner, Ray. The North American Sabre. London: Macdonald, 1963. No ISBN.
- Werrell, Kenneth P. Sabres Over MiG Alley. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59114-933-9.
- Westrum, Ron. Sidewinder. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55750-951-4.
- Wilson, Stewart. Meteor, Sabre and Mirage in Australian Service. Weston Creek: Aerospace Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-9587978-2-X.
- Wilson, Stewart. Military Aircraft of Australia. Weston Creek: Aerospace Publications, 1994. ISBN 1-875671-08-0.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American F-86 Sabre. |
- F-86 Sabre Pilots Association
- Globalsecurity.org profile of the F-86 Sabre
- Four part series about the F-86 Sabre – Extended F-86 Sabre article set
- Warbird Alley: F-86 Sabre page – Information about F-86s still flying today
- Sabre site
- F-86 in Joe Baugher's U.S. aircraft site


text:
Brother's Walk - Ruggles
Country of Origin: United States
Region: Massachusetts
City / Village: Hardwick
Type of Milk: Goat
Cheese Style: Mold-ripened
Flavor Profile: Medium
Named for two of Tricia's goats who are paternal half-brothers, Stetson and Artero, and for the rough grey capstones of the walking wall at the front of the Ruggle's farm.
This is a goats milk brie ripened with a downy grey surface mold and a pure white interior with a tangy flavor that is at once milky, herbaceous and lemony.
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Produced By: Ruggles Creamery
View All Products from Ruggles Creamery
Brother's Walk - Ruggles Product ID: 03041 |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Want List of Sorts: Eldor, Imp, Filmation Hordak, Sweet Bee, Arrow, NA She-Ra, Spinnerella, Mermista, Gwildor, Tung Lasher, Evil Sky Sled, Lizard Man, Dragstor, Huntara, Stridor, Filmation Hover-Bots, Night Stalker, ... and all the other POP & NA characters.
A Want List of Sorts: Eldor, Imp, Filmation Hordak, Sweet Bee, Arrow, NA She-Ra, Spinnerella, Mermista, Gwildor, Tung Lasher, Evil Sky Sled, Lizard Man, Dragstor, Huntara, Stridor, Filmation Hover-Bots, Night Stalker, ... and all the other POP & NA characters.
Man I wish there was an IKEA here in SA!
Fantastic display!
DeviantArt Gallery
Week Daze - my webcomic
The Return to Anwat Gar
When i first introduced SKELEFLEX on a toy board when i first found them, someone said "What is it? Skeletor's work-out equipment??" haha.
I was about to sell off my Skeleflex stuff until the first 10 pages of this thread, now i am keeping and using to be minions of Skeletor.
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My inspiration - Man-At-Arms - cardback vintage:
Wasn't too excited about this variant because he looked too much like the regular version, until they announced his vac metal armor to make him pop. The arm cannon is a great bonus as well for playability.
The black paint is noticeably different, much glossier in a good way.
Comparison time
Not really a great quality shot (camera phone) but found a use for the bonus Megator head...
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Feedback Thread:
Find me on Facebook!
By Plinio (PiFerst) - Wallpaper version - Click to download:
Inspiration - cardback clawful vintage:
Last edited by Plinio; September 16, 2011 at 12:24pm. Reason: Automerged Doublepost
See ya',
He-BroI need to sell 5 more items on eBay before the 20th so I have a ton of stuff on there right now, some things starting at 25 cents.
Buy a Pookie or a Castle trap door in my My Shapeways Store - also some cool custom accessories like the Diamond Ray of disappearance, TrapJaw's Attachments, Coridite Crystals, Horn of Evil, Tytus Hammer, etc...
My seller/trader/buyer feedback:
MOTUC Most Wanted: 1) Skeletor's Hover Robots 2) Sssqueeze 3) Tung Lashor 4) Stridor 5) Night Stalker 6) Lizard Man 7) Battle Ram (back half) 8) Roton 9) Multi-Bot 10) Ninjor 11) Dragstor 13) Blast-Attak 14) Saurod 15) Gwildor 16) Snake Mountain 17) TC Skeletor 18) FF He-Man 19) Karg
Dear AnnnaMot,
Could you please tell me who is that green dragon/dinosaur next to Zodak, and what toyline it came from ?
Thanks !


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Read all the latest news or see individual stories by clicking the links below.
- BBC Radio 3 to broadcast New Music partnership premieres
Following Choir & Organ's New Music partnership with the BBC Singers in 2013, the concert of premieres that took place on 28 January in St Paul's Knightsbridge will now be broadcast over 4 days on BBC Radio 3 during the week beginning 3 March - Musical Feast
Ripon Cathedral relaunches its restored organ with a weekend of music and an organ recital series - The organ builder William Drake has died
- Llandaff Cathedral music cuts
Pre-Christmas redundancies made - Chilcott writes memorial carol
Composer Bob Chilcott has written a carol in memory of church organist Alan Greaves
Contents for Choir & Organ
The Monteverdi Choir at 50 (photo Anima Mundi Festival)
OBITUARY: WILLIAM DRAKE The Devon-based organ builder who was 'a craftsman of the highest ability'.
GALLERY When Dobson Pipe Organ Company designed a new organ for Merton College, Oxford, they took note of both the Gothic and Victorian elements in the Chapel and created an instrument for today in a case that is sympathetic to its surroundings.
MONTEVERDI CHOIR Bach? Mozart? Beethoven? No: it was Monteverdi that most inspired Sir John Eliot Gardiner and led him 50 years ago to name his new choir after the composer of the 1610 Vespers.
ECHO FESTIVALS We head off to the warmer climes of north Italy, for a celebration of Venice's most important organ builder.
ST LUKE PASSION James MacMillan has already set the St John Passion – does he have anything new to say this time around?
SUMMER SCHOOLS AND SHORT COURSES Plenty of ideas to keep minds and bodies busy throughout the year, plus a novice tries out an RCO organ course.
BUILDING SOCIETY Three churches with similar problems prove that the answer can be found in location, location, location.
RFH ORGAN FESTIVALThe dust sheets are off, the pipes are voiced, and stars of the organ world are lining up to
showcase the restored instrument in the Royal Festival Hall. (COVER PHOTOGRAPH NICK ROCHOWSKI)
STUDIO NOTES Our new series of interesting repertoire about to appear on disc is launched with the little-known but hauntingly beautiful Requiem by Alfred Desenclos, recorded by the Choir of King's College London.
Choir & Organ available at even more newsagents
Choir & Organ is now available at leading newsagents throughout the UK. An initiative called Just Ask! has been launched to help you order your favourite magazines. The scheme aims to raise awareness of how newsagents can stock, order and in some cases even deliver magazines to your home.
So, if you are still having trouble finding a copy, just download the form below and return it to your
newsagent to ensure you get your copy of Choir & Organ
every two months.


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I am more than pleased with these gloves. The fit perfectly and are very soft and warm and best of all are real high quality leather. My husband is very picky and he approved, which says a lot. I plan to get the brown.
My hand measured 6.5" so I ordered a size up to be safe and the size up fit perfectly snug. The quality is great especially for the price! The gloves are so soft inside and out and keep my hands extra warm, especially on early morning drives in the winter! Love, love, love them.
Being a disabled veteran with neuropathy in hands/feet, I needed a warm and well-made glove that also was not contricting on my hands if I wanted to drive with them or even changing a tire. These are made in USA, stitched very well, and highest quality, supple glove I have ever owned. Thinsulate lining does not have to be thick/bulky, hence the "thin" in it's name. These fit like they were custom made for my hands. I usually wear large and they are true to size. I can close my fist and even with the thinsulate lining, not feel ANY contriction or pain. Fit so well that am sure I could pick anything up with similar agility as without wearing them. The price on these is VERY GOOD and dare you would EASILY pay twice this price in a store. I looked firstly in a well-known mail-order catelog and the reviews had showed quality was terrible since most of their once well-respected wearables started mostly being made in China. Also, unlike many other lined gloves, the Thinsulate lining does NOT come out when removing hand from awesome fitting gloves. These should last a very long time. These were ordered for my Mom for Christmas after ordering very same "TANNER" Brand gloeves in men's for myself and my Dad in a larger size. Think everyone will be very happy with these gloves for Christmas this year!
I purchased these gloves to coordinate with the Izod Asymmetrical Placket Jacket (Brown) and the Izod New Zealand Lamb Princess Seamed Jacket (Black) and both sets of gloves are a perfect match in color and leather quality. The thinsulate lining in each is very comfortable and with Chicago winters I'm sure I'll be glad that they are lined. Both the interior and exterior are soft and flexible--they are comfortable for driving and for trying to grab a key or unzip my bag. I like the longer glove as they fit nicely into the sleeve of my jacket unlke older gloves of mine that leave your skin exposed when you bend or twist your wrist. These gloves have a perfict fit both on my hands or in my jacket pocket! I'm thrilled that Autumn is starting right on que so that I can wear my new favorites that much sooner! If you pick up a pair of these I'm sure you will enjoy them as I plan to--just order the next size up if you plan to wear them as driving gloves is all I would suggest. Enjoy!
The leather feels soft and supple. Very light and comfortable to wear. The brown wasn't as rich and luscious as in the picture, it's just a very dark brown, but I don't mind too much. I have tiny hands (child-size), and the small fits well. Fingers are still too long as expected, but width is slim enough.
I bought a pair as a Christmas gift (2014) bought a second pair same size but did not fit Go Figure.
I love these gloves, I have lost a single glove and needed a great replacement. I got a medium and they fit snug. I have recommended them to several people already. The lamb leather is so soft and perfectly luxurious!!
These are made of beautiful leather and are very warm and stylish. With sub-zero temperatures, I really appreciate the thinsulate!
I was looking for a pair of leather gloves that came up past my wrist. These do that and have a broken in feel already. Very comfy.
the leather is supple and the size is right, but the real gloves are not as far up the wrist as is shown in the photo.
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Two suspects are wanted in connection with a string of hotel robberies in the East Valley on Feb. 25.
The two suspects, a male and a female, are suspected of using a portable programming device that allowed them to gain access to hotel and motel rooms, according to Silent Witness.
The suspects have taken TVs, bedding, laptop computers and other personal belongings of the hotel guests. They were captured on video at a Walmart store using a stolen credit card obtained through one of the robberies.
The robberies took place in Mesa, Tempe, Scottsdale and possibly Avondale.
The male suspect is in his early 20s with a slim build and short blonde hair. He was last seen wearing a light blue long sleeve shirt with dark jeans a white baseball cap that had white lettering across it and wearing white athletic shoes. The female suspect is in her mid-20s with a medium build and shoulder-length blonde hair. She was last seen wearing glasses with a dark colored long-sleeved shirt, jeans, a black hat with white lettering and athletic shoes.
If you have any information regarding this case call Silent Witness at 480-W-I-T-N-E-S-S, that's 480-948-6377, or call toll free at 1-800-343-TIPS. You can also leave an anonymous tip on the silent witness website at http://www.silentwitness.org.
Copyright2013 CBS 5 (KPHO Broadcasting Corporation). All rights reserved.
725 S. Floyd Street Louisville, KY 40203 502-585-2201 FCC Public File email@example.com 502-561-4140 EEO Report Closed Captioning


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A list of mine explosions appears at the end of this story.
CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Late on the morning of March 9, 1976, a huge explosion ripped through the Scotia Mine in Letcher County, Ky. Fifteen workers died. Two days later, 11 more were killed in a second blast.
Federal investigators traced the first fatal explosion to sparks from a battery-powered locomotive being used in a fresh-air intake tunnel in the underground mine.
Air in the tunnel should have been free of explosive methane and coal dust. But various ventilation violations by Scotia Coal Co. allowed methane to build up in the tunnel.
And use of the battery-powered locomotive, with gears, air brakes and a compressor that could have easily created sparks, was perfectly legal -- then and now.
In most parts of an underground coal mine, operators must use only explosion proof, or "permissible" electrical equipment. Such special gear is not required in fresh-air intake tunnels, which are supposed to be free of explosive gases and dust.
But in the three decades since Scotia, at least seven other major coal-mining explosions were caused by the use in intake airways of electrical equipment not designed to prohibit sparks, according to federal government reports.
Over the last 34 years, nearly half of the deaths from mine explosions occurred in intake airways, the reports show. Some were ignited by miners smoking, or by sparks from rock hitting rock in a roof fall. But in most cases, those intake tunnel explosions were traced to the perfectly legal use of regular electrical vehicles, circuit breakers, belt controls, cables and other gear, instead of specially designed explosion-proof equipment.
The issue is a "considerable problem," according to Tom Dubaniewicz, an electrical engineer who has researched intake airway explosions for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Dubaniewicz wrote two papers for NIOSH about the problem, one in September 2007 and another in January 2009. Both papers, widely available to the mining industry and its regulators, called for reforms in the type of electrical equipment allowed in intake airways in underground coal mines.
"There really is no law applicable to sparking equipment in the intakes," Dubaniewicz said in an interview last week.
And so far, despite the 34-year record of deadly explosions, no one has proposed any changes in federal law or U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration regulations to address the problem.
Asked last week if the agency was aware of the NIOSH research, thought it revealed a serious problem, or planned any action in response, MSHA officials issued a two-sentence statement.
"We will take a look at the findings of the report, and see where they're at with their recommendations," the statement said. "Then we will meet with NIOSH officials to discuss where we go from here."
Investigators have yet to begin sifting through evidence underground to pinpoint the ignition source in the April 5 explosion that killed 29 miners at Massey Energy's Upper Big Branch Mine in Raleigh County. It will be many months before conclusions are drawn or reports made public about the worst U.S. coal-mining disaster in 40 years.
A preliminary MSHA report, ordered by President Barack Obama, blamed the blast on an ignition of methane that was probably made far worse by a buildup of highly explosive coal dust.
Investigators say they are starting out focused on two theories about possible ignition points: One is in the "gob," or the unsealed, mined-our area where the roof caves in behind Upper Big Branch's longwall mining machine; The other is in a "development section," where continuous mining machines prepare for the longwall to work. One possibility, investigators said, is that the ignition could have occurred in an intake airway in that development section.
But regardless of where the Upper Big Branch explosion was ignited, mine safety experts last week said the two reports Dubaniewicz prepared for NIOSH offered stark evidence of another area where mine safety rules have not kept up with clearly known problems that lead to large numbers of deaths.


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Seven Kernels on Five Systems
I know I'm not exactly your average Linux user. I guess I have to ask, who is? But, I hope most users don't have some of the problems I see regularly. At home, I usually have five systems connected, and my business has a fair number of servers and access points on the Internet. What I've been finding, and with greater frequency, is that between software not being available on some distros and software that only builds on some kernels, I have four different distros running seven different kernels just on the five systems I have at home. As of this writing (latest kernel version 2.4.17-pre6), the latest (CVS) Internet PhoneJACK software wouldn't build on any of the four most recent kernels I installed; other software required kernels 2.4.4-2.4.8 to build. Non-overlap of kernel versions needed to build and run some software is why I have seven kernels on five systems. FreeS/WAN compiles on some, but not all kernels. Then some distros have their own problems. Mandrake 8.1, which has a lot of bells and whistles, didn't include wireless utilities or support for CardBus or my ORiNOCO card—easily remedied, but not necessarily so for newbies. Caldera has a nasty habit of providing upgrades, such as those to the kernel, but not upgrading the kernel version itself. They patch it up with security patches, then leave the source as 2.4.2. Needless to say, some software refuses to build when 2.4.4 or better is required. Most readers already will be aware of the numerous problems with Red Hat. Solution? I'm afraid I don't have one. But I do know that what I consider only niggling annoyances can become show-stoppers for newbies. And, no amount of support will push Linux into the Microsoft strongholds if these problems aren't resolved.
Vipul's Razor razor.sourceforge.net
Last month I railed against spammers. This month I have a cure. If you're running an MTA (I run several), you can stop spam via a simple global /etc/procmailrc recipe (or you can do the same just for your mail with your own personal ~/.procmailrc). Mine shunts all spam received to a spam box. I've checked the messages sent to this spam folder for over a month, and not one legitimate mail has been misdirected. Now I'm averaging one spam every three days, which I report to the razor servers, and with spams reportedly up 650% over last Christmas season, I'm happy. Requires: Perl, Perl modules Net::Ping, Net::DNS, Time::HiRes, Digest::SHA1, Mail::Internet and a strong desire to be spam-free.
XNetworkStrength gabriel.bigdam.net/home/xnetstrength
Running a wireless card? Want to know how good or bad your signal strength is without running iwspy every few seconds? Well, XNetworkStrength will do it for you if you're on an X screen. You can keep an eye on your connection while you're working. Requires: libX11, glibc.
CGIpaf stafwag.f2g.net/cgipaf
Need a simple, safe way for users to change their password? These CGI tools are compiled C programs that provide security, but you'll want them accessible only via https (not much sense changing a password over an insecure link). They also allow for users to forward mail and return a mail message (à la vacation). Unfortunately, this program won't take mailing lists into account (as vacation will). Requires: libdb1, libpam (optional), libdl, glibc, web server with PHP.
NorthStar www.brownkid.net/NorthStar
NorthStar will help you keep track of your IP allocations, equipment and locations of same. In fact, one of the nicest things about this is the way you can view your networks, devices and locations. If you have more than a few IPs or systems or locations, you'll want to look this program over. Requires: web server, Perl, PostgreSQL.
Simplyfied CD Backup scdbackup.webframe.org/main_eng.html
This backup to CD utility is actually a number of small programs to permit specific actions. There's scdbackup_home that permits users to back up just their home directory. There's scdbackup_sys that permits a backup of the system. There's also just an scdbackup that can be fed arguments about which directories to back up and which to exclude from backup. Some backups (home directories, for example) are backed up as filesystems. Others, such as the system backup, are done as afio archives. Simplyfied CD Backup handles multivolume backups as well as single CD backups. Requires: cdrecord, mkisofs, bash, afio.
mail-bounce www.spots.ab.ca/~gary/mail-bounce
This small Perl program will allow you to take mail and bounce it back where it came from. It also permits you to include a custom message. While a message can be bounced at any time, it doesn't make much sense to bounce it back hours later, thus procmail is suggested as an easy way to bounce the mail, although any program, even a command line, can be used. Requires: Perl, procmail (suggested).
tknotepad ftp.mindspring.com/users/joeja
I had a difficult time selecting between two excellent packages I continue to use. And while I think E*Reminders merits mention, I chose tknotepad. I'm not sure why this hasn't been more widely adopted, but it provides Windows refugees a familiar haven. This tool looks, acts and works just like the Windows notepad. In fact, it's what I use to write this column, and it could be used to write web pages, edit configuration files and much more. Easier for most than my favorite editor, vi. Requires: Tcl/Tk.
Until next month.
David A. Bandel (email@example.com) is a Linux/UNIX consultant currently living in the Republic of Panama. He is coauthor of Que Special Edition: Using Caldera OpenLinux.
Linux has become a key foundation for supporting today's rapidly growing IT environments. Linux is being used to deploy business applications and databases, trading on its reputation as a low-cost operating environment. For many IT organizations, Linux is a mainstay for deploying Web servers and has evolved from handling basic file, print, and utility workloads to running mission-critical applications and databases, physically, virtually, and in the cloud. As Linux grows in importance in terms of value to the business, managing Linux environments to high standards of service quality — availability, security, and performance — becomes an essential requirement for business success.
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The new iPhone 5 is out! Ok, it's not quite out, but it's been announced and that's good enough for us! We know you can't wait to get your hands on one, and we can't blame you, so here's what we're going to do.
That's right! Free. No strings attached. All you have to do is be a registered member of iMore and leave a comment below. You have one week to get your entry in, so get to it! We will announce the lucky winner next week here on the blogs.
As for the rules: One comment per person. If we find you trying to cheat and enter multiple times, you will be disqualified. The contest is open worldwide, so anyone can enter. And the prize is just the phone, any contract and accessories are the responsibility of the winner. Now, while we really do appreciate you reading through to the end, GO ENTER! Good luck!
Please please I need this. Just got back from Afghanistan and need a phone. Been a reader for years! Best iPhone site there is!
this is really cool of imore to do! cant wait to see what lucky member wins! maybe itll be myself :P
I wanna win this! I never win anything! Wahhh.....ok enough whining! Awfully cool of imore to offer this. Awfully cool indeed!
I have a sad little tale- :-(
Last month, one day I was coming back from school and was outside my home trying to multitask, sending a text message on my iphone 4s in one hand and opening my home door with the other hand. Little did I know my mom was going to surprise me with a gift, a german shepherd as an early birthday gift( I love pets). So when I finally opened the door something barking pounced on me. I was shocked and scared not realizing at that second what came at me. A few seconds later my mom screams "Surprise", while I am looking at the ground to see my iphone 4s fallen flat and the front pannel all shatered. I gained a dog, but lost a phone. Although it still works I have to squint to read things considering the many cracks on it.
I have no upgrade till June 2013, so iMore please help me. I hope I win the iPhone 5. I shall be a faithful reader and in your debt.
Well, this is my fourth time attempting to comment. The prior three times, it gave me an error. Hopefully it wasn't giving me an error while nonetheless posting and therefore invalidating by entry by having four posts.
The back of the new iPhone seems tacky in pictures, but there is no better to find out than trying it in person :)
Ok, there are a few more comments on here than I originally had imagined. Well, I am moving away to a very cold foreign country to teach some very fortunate children our great English language. I would love to keep in touch with family members back in the states as well as check out all the news functions of this great powerhouse. Also quite interested to see it's full function-ability in a foreign country. So if the powers-that-be catch this post, please consider my comment when picking your winner.
Would love to win so I could habe LTE and still keep by unlimited data on VZW without having to buy full price.....
Skipped the 4S upgrade to get this one. Can hand down my old iPhone to my little one. Up and coming iMore fan!
Would you like my address now or just wait untill everyone is done entering? Don't want anyone calling foul.
I'm always not lucky !! :/ but I'll try this coz I wish to have iPhone 5 and hope and I wish my luck come true with u imore :)
Thx a lot and good luck to all..
If I won I would give it to my grandma. She doesn't really no what technology is or is capable of, and there's no better way than to teach her starting with the iPhone 5 <3
My wife is sorely ready for an upgrade (gave her last two upgrades to our sons). This would be a nice birthday present for her!
i need to win this.
BB10 is getting delayed all the time, so it's time 2 change to the best phone in the world.
I needs to connect to my mba ;)
iMore has been my number one place for iRelatedNews! I would be so pumped for you to bless me with the iPhone 5!!!
Thanks for this great opportunity no matter if you win or not be grateful you got to enter have a blessed day
How about an Iphone5 for an nice 72 year old lady who has only been able to afford an Iphone3 (already replaced once)!
I've been reading this website for a long time and never registered. Glad you all allowed me to register. Long time supporter of www.imore.com
Although not living in the USA or Canada, but in Europe I hope I am eligible for winning the iPhone 5 ;-)))
What I have to say is wow, I was a fan of the android phones until recently I traded my android phone for the iPhone 4s. Ever since then I cant put the iPhone down, "I love it" As my friends puts it, "Glad see you have one now you finally drank the coo-lade" he says. Well I would love to have the iPhone 5 but I cant uprade for another year. Thanks
A foolish man tells a woman to stop talking, but a wise man tells her that her mouth is extremely beautiful when her lips are closed.
I'm in! I've been meaning to register anyway, but the thought of winning an iPhone 5 gave me a push! I really want...
An iPhone 5 would make my dream come true, perfect holiday present for the girl I am going to marry. I never win these contests and don't expect to win here either but it would be a "Christmas Miracle" if true. IPhone 5: the best phone yet !! a lucky winner will be more than happy :).
This is why I love iMore they always treat their readers with awesome prizes! If only I could win :P
I wouldn't even know what to do if I won this, cry of happiness perhaps? This is such a stellar device and I would absolutely love this in my pocket!
My son desperately wants an iphone so he can be one of the cool kids. If I won, I would happily give him my old iphone! :)
I would certainly love to win one, but nonetheless will be upgrading the 4S to a 5 when it finally releases. Not sure about the whole preorder thing as with the iPhone 4S I set my alarm for 3am EST and the server kept crashing so the order did not finally go through until after 6 am. Needless to say I was tired at work that day! Goodluck to me!!!
Thanks for all of your coverage on the iPhone 5! iMore always had the most up-to-date information for my daily curiosity on the release. Cheers! And good luck to all!
an iphone 5 really?? :) I am from Spain and this is incredible, in Spain we dont have these opportunities jajajajaja a change of phone would be nice, the one that i have is dying XD I need a bit of luck!
Hi the Iam new to imore I love 2 win a iPhone 5 I had all the iPhone Iam on my iPhone 4s now I live in the uk so I do hope I do win Andy Hoping 2 win
It would be hard for me to be more excited to win an iPhone 5!!! Let me go ahead and thank you in advance :-)


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THIS SUMMER - in the midst of our ongoing Olympic obsession - most of America might've missed the news that quarterback Tate Martell, a 14-year-old entering the eighth grade in San Diego, committed verbally to play football at the University of Washington starting in 2017.
(Of course, some of you may recall USC's Lane Kiffin getting a verbal commitment a couple of years ago from seventh-grade quarterback David Sills, 13, of Bear, Del.; if that kid's smart, he got something in writing about Kiffin staying at USC and USC staying off probation.)
Naturally, some folks are up in arms about this robbing-the-cradle-to-find-the-next-John-Hadl scenario; I am not. It's no different than prodigies in, say, tennis or gymnastics following a dedicated, athletic course of action well before their teen years, to optimize their potential.
In fact, the Tate Martell signing is part of a growing trend in America, to grab the best and the brightest early in the work-and-life cycle.
Some notable recent examples:
"He's our wakeup call into the 20th century," said Postmaster General Patrick R. Donahoe.
"Jimmy's always been fascinated by envelopes," his mother, Amanda, said. "We even used to pull him out of school to let him stand in line at the post office all day."
Reached during recess, Jimmy said his immediate goals were a return to the pony express ("I love ponies") and convincing Santa Claus ("he's a friend") to switch the bulk of his overnight-shipping business from UPS to the USPS.
"Joey rides a bike through some tough communities," NASA administrator Charles F. Bolden Jr. explained, "and the Curiosity rover has shown us that the terrain of a good deal of eastern Mars closely resembles the pothole-marked streets of Trenton."
"The kid's a whiz with Angry Birds and Temple Run," beamed IBM chairman Samuel J. Palmisano. "Hell, we saw him create an entire new operating system for our Linux on Power Performance Simulator while attending a birthday party at Chuck E. Cheese's two weekends ago.


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The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Prior Lake, Minn., has continued its tradition of generosity to the Black Hills State University Lakota Omniciye (BHSU American Indian Students Club) by donating $1,000 to this year's Wacipi (powwow) to be held April 20-22.
According to John Glover, director of the BHSU Center for American Indian Studies, the BHSU Lakota Omniciye Wacipi is now in its 25th year and has had a tremendous regional draw. Individuals consistently travel from all over Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Canada to attend the event. In past years as many as 3,500 people have attended the event's sessions.
This year's theme is "Walking Strong in Two Worlds." In addition to the Wacipi, the Center for American Indian Studies will be hosting their annual Indian Awareness Week activities. Guest speakers and other events will be held throughout the week beginning April 16 and lead up to the powwow. In line with the Wacipi's theme, awareness week activities will focus on "The Red, in the Red, White and Blue: Indians in the Armed Forces." Several Indian veterans of past and present conflicts will speak of native contributions to the U.S. military.
There is no charge to BHSU students or employees at any of these events. For more information, contact Urla Marcus, assistant director of the BHSU Center for American Indian Studies, at 642-6578 or Glover at 642-6003.
Black Hills State University faculty, staff, and students are transforming lives and making headlines with their achievements. Below you will find our most recent headlines. Articles are archived monthly and are available by following the links on the right. Email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 605.642.6215 to share your news item.
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From Barry Hugman's History of World Championship Boxing
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