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Aromessence Sculpt Balm 1.69 fl oz (50 ml)
Based on highly advanced scientific research in the field of aromatherapy, this preservative-free aromatic balm features the proven firming effectiveness of a one-of-a-kind cocktail of eight 100% pure, 100% natural Essential Oils, specially selected for their ability to help maintain skin firmness. This silky, rich, delectable and delicious balm with its unique texture is ideal for massage.
The skin is toned and supple. It feels soft, firm and smooth. The figure seems firmer and revitalised, as if visibly re-sculpted. Preservative-free. No artificial colouring. Fragrance-free. Made in France |
Decleor - Paris |
Macadamia Ternifolia (Nut) Seed Oil, Beeswax (Apis Mellifera) (Cera Alba), Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter) (Shea Butter), Elaeis Guineenis (Palm) Oil (Palm), Limonene, Citrus Medica Limonum (Lemon) Peel Oil (Lemon), Cymbopogon Schoenanthus (Lemongrass) Oil, Boswellia Carterii (Frankincense) Oil, Commiphora Myrrha (Myrrh Oil), Anthemis Nobilis (Roman Chamomile) Flower Oil, Rosa Damascena (Bulgarian Rose) Flower Oil, Citrus Paradisi (Grapefruit) Fruit Extract (Grapefruit), Helichrysum Italicum Extract, Calophyllum Tacamahaca (Tamanu) Seed Oil, Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax (Carnauba), Tocopherol (Natural Vitamin E), Citral, Linalool, Geraniol, Citronellol |
Apply preferably in the evening. Warm a small amount of balm in the palm of the hands and gently massage onto entire body, from bottom to top. Pay special attention to target areas (stomach, thighs, arms, etc.). |
Reviewed by 2 customers
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Displaying reviews 1-2
- Easy To Use
- Evens Out Skin Tone
- Improves Skin Texture
- Minimizes Wrinkles
- Noticeable Results
- Smells Great
- Soothing
Best Uses
- Fine Lines
- Sun Damage
Comments about Decleor Aromessence Sculpt Balm, 1.69 fl oz:
Very relaxing fragrant cream, nice results. Skin feels and looks great.
- Evens Out Skin Tone
- Improves Skin Texture
- Noticeable Results
Best Uses
Comments about Decleor Aromessence Sculpt Balm, 1.69 fl oz:
This is very nourishing for the skin. I've been using it for years. It helps firm the skin. As an added bonus, it has helped to reduce my kp (chicken bumps). You don't need much, so it lasts a long time.
Displaying reviews 1-2


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Bullet Tip Dry Erase Markersby Crayola
Great for classroom use! Crayola's Bullet Tip Dry Erase Markers make fine,
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One of the broadest selections of proven favorites, anywhere!
There's a simple reason perennials are so popular — you plant them once and they bloom year after year. And because different perennials bloom at different times, you can create a dynamic garden that changes with the seasons. Our perennials come in a huge range of flower and foliage colors, heights and shapes, giving you an endless opportunity to express your creativity.
Select from below or use the filters on the left to narrow your search.
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(43 varieties)
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(4 varieties)
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(8 varieties)
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(31 varieties)
Gaillardia Goblin
Blanket Flower Goblin is the number 1 perennial Gaillardia hybrid for gardens. It has a long season of bloom; great for color. (Gaillardia)
More DetailsItem #: 70PERSALE: $9.95 $4.98
Per Plant - 3" pot
Hydrangea Incrediball
Incrediball is a Smooth Hydrangea that has taken gardening by storm. 4 to 5 feet tall with 12" white flowers on stiff stems. PPAF (Hydrangea arborescens)
More DetailsItem #: 33SHRUBSALE: $27.95 $26.16
Per Plant - 4" pot
Blueberry Patriot
This cold-hardy variety is famous for its sweet berries that can be eaten fresh, frozen or canned. Patriot flowers in the spring and produces berries in the early season, followed by striking orange fall color. (Vaccinium corymbosum)
More DetailsItem #: ASL8T01SALE: $19.95 $14.96
Per Bareroot Plant
Haskap Berry Berry Blue
Berry Blue is an easy-to-grow shrub that illuminates the garden with white blooms, followed by an abundance of sweet blue berries. Growing to be about 5' tall, this Haskap Berry Shrub can be planted to create privacy or as a garden wall. The brilliant green foliage keeps its color throughout the fall and this plant is very cold-tolerant. (Lonicera caerulea)
More DetailsItem #: ASL4U01As Low As $31.95
Per Bareroot Plant
Louisiana Iris Bold Pretender
Pale red and darker red petals alternate around a beautifully patterned, yellow-green center. Try planting in a wet area in your garden or meadow. (Iris louisiana)
More DetailsItem #: 249PER3SALE: $24.95 $12.48
Per Bag of 3
$4.16 / Per Root
Jack in the Pulpit
Jack in the Pulpit boasts unusual, hooded green blooms with an upright spadix, known as the "Jack," inside each bloom. The blooms evolve to produce brilliantly-red berries. A truly stunning, unique plant for the shade garden. (Ariseama triphyllum)
More DetailsItem #: 1ARISGAs Low As $16.16
Per Bag of 3
Hibiscus Plum Crazy
Plum Crazy is one of the famous Fleming Hybrids with a 10 inch flower, purple maple-cut leaves. Only 4 ft. tall. PP#11854 (Hibiscus)
More DetailsItem #: 22SHRUBSALE: $22.95 $20.66
Per Plant - 3" pot
Shade Garden 12' x 6'
This pre-planned garden comes with everything you need to plant your own shade garden. It contains 23 stunning plants that will thrive in shade and a complete plan so you will know exactly where to plant each item. It will cover an area 12' x 6'.
More DetailsItem #: SPRCOL7SALE: $199.95 $99.98
Per Collection of 23
Foxglove Mertonensis
Mertonensis is the famous perennial Foxglove with tall spikes of rose-colored blooms. (Digitalis)
More DetailsItem #: 60PERSALE: $11.95 $10.76
Per Plant - 3" pot
Astilbe japonica Rheinland
Think pink! This bright-pink variety adds bold color and texture to the early summer garden and is also sweetly fragrant, making Rheinland a must-have for any shade garden! (Astilbe japonica)
More DetailsItem #: ASL6H03SALE: $21.95 $10.98
Per Bag of 3
$3.66 / Per Root
Hollyhock Peaches n Dreams
Peaches n Dreams gives you extra-large powder puff blooms in peachy pastel. One of the best. (Alcea rosea)
More DetailsItem #: 3ALCEASALE: $9.95 $4.98
Per Plant - 3" pot
Penstemon Huskers Red Improved
Huskers Red Improved has deep foliage, offsetting its light blooms wonderfully. This Penstemon thrives in full sun to partial sun and attracts butterflies to the garden in the early summer months. (Penstemon digitalis)
More DetailsItem #: ASL5Q31SALE: $9.95 $4.98
Per Plant - 3" pot
Japanese Iris Caprician Butterfly
Pristine white blooms are heavily streaked with purple, with a golden glow in the center. The foliage forms a pretty clump and the flowers are perfect in bouquets. (Iris ensata)
More DetailsItem #: 24SIRISSALE: $14.95 $13.46
Per Bag of 1
Sedum rubrotinctum Pork and Beans
Round, bean-shaped foliage changes from bright green to red in the summer months. This Sedum prefers full sun and is drought-tolerant. (Sedum rubrotinctum)
More DetailsItem #: ASL5S31SALE: $9.95 $7.46
Per Plant - 3.5" pot
Lavender Hidcote
English Lavender Hidcote is a short variety, growing to only 12 to 16 inches. Highly fragrant and excellent for drying. (Lavandula angustifolia)
More DetailsItem #: 96PERSALE: $9.95 $4.98
Per Plant - 3" pot
Sedum Angelina
Dwarf Stonecrop Angelina is an evergreen mat of needle-like foliage in chartreuse with tips turning reddish-orange in fall. Drought tolerant. PPAF (Sedum reflexum)
More DetailsItem #: 8SEDUMAs Low As $9.95
Per Plant - 3" pot
Lilac Palibin
This dwarf Lilac variety boasts reddish-purple buds that open up into gorgeous, pale-purple blooms. The fragrant flowers attract hummingbirds and butterflies and make for wonderful cut bouquets. (Syringa meyeri)
More DetailsItem #: ASLC231SALE: $22.95 $20.66
Per Plant - 2.5" pot
Bee Balm Pink Lace
Dwarf Pink Lace grows to only 16 inches tall, this Bee Balm gives you large pink flowers on small plants. Hummingbirds love it. PP#18367 (Monarda didyma)
More DetailsItem #: 4MONAs Low As $11.95
Per Plant - 3" pot
Trailing Arbutus or Mayflower
Trailing Arbutus is an exquisite woodland flower that boasts sweet-scented, pastel pink beauty blooms along running stems of shiny evergreen leaves, creating the ultimate groundcover for woodland gardens. (Epigaea repens)
More DetailsItem #: 1EPIGGAs Low As $17.95
Per Bag of 3
Astilbe Visions in Pink
With full plumes of bright pink flowers, this variety is part of the Visions series, so it's more tolerant of drought than other Astilbes. Add pink pizzazz to a shady spot. PP#11860 (Astilbe chinensis)
More DetailsItem #: 9ASTILBE3As Low As $23.95
Per Bag of 3
$7.98 / Per Root
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- Biltmore Estate Oriental Lily Bulbs Sorbonne
- Astilbe Amerika
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- Sage Snow Hill
- Siberian Iris Ruffled Velvet
- Japanese Iris Gracieuse
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- Vinca minor Illumination
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- Heather Lady in Pink
- Heather Lady in Red
- Heather Lady in White
- Weigela My Monet
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- Hosta Pearl Lake
- Asiatic Lily Bulbs Chianti
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- Oriental Lily Bulbs Le Reve
- Oriental Lily Bulbs Mona Lisa
- Astilbe Younique Pink
- Balloon Flower Astra Double White
- Bleeding Heart Gold Heart
- Daylily Berrylicious
- Daylily Congo Coral
- Dianthus Red
- Foxglove Dalmation Purple
- Gaillardia Gallo Bi-Color
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- Re-blooming Bearded Iris English Charm
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- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Harvest of Memories
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- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Immortality
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Mariposa Skies
- Bearded Iris Monet's Blue
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Mother Earth
- Bearded Iris Night Ruler
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Orange Harvest
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Sugar Blues
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Spin Off
- Bearded Iris Tiger Honey
- Asiatic Lily Bulbs Monte Negro
- Asiatic Lily Bulbs New Wave
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- Astilbe Amethyst
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- Marginal Woodfern
- Cardinal Flower
- Maidenhair Fern
- Wild Blue Violet
- Oriental Lily Bulbs Muscadet
- Oriental Lily Bulbs Acapulco
- Double Asiatic Lily Bulbs Spring Pink
- Canna Lily Golden Lucifer
- Canna Lily Pacific Beauty
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- Clematis Henryi
- Columbine Clementine Mix
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- Coral Bells Vulcano
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- Dianthus Starburst
- Dianthus Purple Picotee
- Echinacea After Midnight
- Echinacea Virgin
- Gaillardia Jazzy Wheeler
- Gaillardia Trumpet Red
- Hosta Dream Queen
- Hosta First Frost
- Hosta June
- Hosta Lakeside Cupcake
- Bearded Iris Badlands
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Blue Suede Shoes
- Bearded Iris Parisian Dawn
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Pink Attraction
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Pure As Gold
- Lavender Ellagance Ice
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- Variegated Purple Fountain Grass Fireworks
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- Balloon Flower Astra Double Blue
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- Bearded Iris Brazilian Holiday
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- Bearded Iris Parisian Dawn
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Pink Attraction
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Pure As Gold
- Bearded Iris Red Hawk
- Re-blooming Bearded Iris Blue Suede Shoes
- Asiatic Lily Bulbs Gran Paradiso
- Oriental Trumpet Lily Bulbs Altari
- Oriental Trumpet Lily Bulbs Boogie Woogie
- Poppy Patty's Plum
- Poppy Turkenlouis
- Poppy Pinnacle
- Poppy Perry's White
- Astilbe Gloria
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- Hosta Aureomarginata
- Phlox Blue Paradise
- Astilbe Fanal
- Astilbe Key West
- Astilbe Peach Blossom
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- Hosta Wide Brim
- Peony Kansas
- Peony Rubra Plena
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- Phlox Laura
- Phlox Orange Perfection
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- The Classic Collection
- Deer Resistant Collection
- Candy Cane Spring Collection
- Blue and White All Season Collection
- Sunshine Collection
- Partial Shade Collection
- Fragrant Collection
- Reblooming Bearded Iris Collection
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- Elephant Ear Black Stem
- Butterfly Garden 12' x 6'
- Cut Flower Garden 12' x 6'
- Deer Resistant Garden 12' x 6'
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- Bearded Iris Avalon Sunset
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View the content: To perform mental calculations
Name: | To perform mental calculations |
ID: | m21000 |
Language: | English (en) |
Subject: | Mathematics and Statistics |
License: | Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0 |
Authors: | Siyavula Uploaders (firstname.lastname@example.com) |
Copyright Holders: | Siyavula Uploaders (firstname.lastname@example.com) |
Maintainers: | Siyavula Uploaders (email@example.com) |
Latest version: | 1.1 (history) |
First publication date: | Mar 26, 2009 7:49 am -0500 |
Last revision to module: | Mar 26, 2009 8:02 am -0500 |
PDF: | m21000_1.1.pdf | PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more. |
EPUB: | m21000_1.1.epub | Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more. |
XML: | m21000_1.1.cnxml | XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more. |
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Offline ZIP: | m21000_1.1_offline.zip | An offline HTML copy of the content. Also includes XML, included media files, and other support files. Learn more. |
Version: | 1.1 Mar 26, 2009 8:02 am -0500 by Siyavula Uploaders |
Changes: | Add solid lines |
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Uploader, S. To perform mental calculations, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m21000/1.1/, Mar 26, 2009.
Uploader S. To perform mental calculations [Connexions Web site]. March 26, 2009. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m21000/1.1/.
Uploader, S. (2009, March 26). To perform mental calculations. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m21000/1.1/
Uploader, Siyavula. "To perform mental calculations." Connexions. March 26, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m21000/1.1/.
Siyavula Uploader, "To perform mental calculations," Connexions, March 26, 2009, http://cnx.org/content/m21000/1.1/.
Uploader, S. 2009. To perform mental calculations. Connexions, March 26, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m21000/1.1/.
Uploader, Siyavula. To perform mental calculations. Connexions. 26 Mar. 2009 <http://cnx.org/content/m21000/1.1/>.


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Winchester is the ancient capital of Wessex, a county town of Hampshire and it's the burial place of many of England's Kings, Queens, Saints and famous people such as Jane Austen, Izacc Walton and Keats. Here the rule of Common Law was established, the Domesday book compiled, and the Winchester Bible was written. Winchester attracts a large amount of tourists with it's Cathedral, Castle ruins, Military Museum and King Arthur's Round table. Winchester is a unique heritage city just a hou...
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Search for any place in the USA:
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As of 2012, Fayetteville's population is 330 people. Since 2000, it has had a population growth of -2.73 percent.
The median home cost in Fayetteville is $116,400. Home appreciation the last year has been 0.82 percent.
Compared to the rest of the country, Fayetteville's cost of living is 8.70% Lower than the U.S. average.
Fayetteville public schools spend $3,760 per student. The average school expenditure in the U.S. is $5,691. There are about 17.5 students per teacher in Fayetteville.
The unemployment rate in Fayetteville is 9.80 percent(U.S. avg. is 8.60%). Recent job growth is Negative. Fayetteville jobs have Decreased by 0.40 percent.
Ranked #1 America's Migraine Hot SpotsRanked #2 Most Popular Cities for the HolidaysRanked #4 America's Manliest CitiesRanked #5 Best Baseball CitiesRanked #7 Best Cities for Seniors 2005See More Rankings Click Here
Average Commute time is 37 minutes. The National Average is 28 minutes.
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Have you taken some great photos of your TeeFury gear in action? Then head over the the TeeFury Product Pic Pool on Flickr! -
64 Comments
bandairoo said 230 weeks ago
Interesting. Very interesting. -
Skitsafrit said 230 weeks ago
Nice one, I'll probably buy it -
MYTeeMIKE said 230 weeks ago
Nice art. Too bad its another Halloween theme... I cant pull that off TeeFury!!! -
MYTeeMIKE said 230 weeks ago
... on second thought... -
pretyhatemachin said 230 weeks ago
Awesome shirt! I had to grab that one! -
Kimoppi said 230 weeks ago
I really like this. It goes beyond the Halloween theme... I tip my hat to you Sir Wotto. But I have a couple nit picky things, as is my way. Why is there a blue sparrow in the grass, and why is the sun reflecting in what could be construed as a lake... but not the pagoda? -
dudley53 said 230 weeks ago
Very cool. That is all. -
bigknees said 230 weeks ago
wotto = win. Buying -
FuzzyLogic said 230 weeks ago
Teevil said: Have you taken some great photos of your TeeFury gear in action? Then head over the the TeeFury Product Pic Pool on Flickr!
Well. Since I practically OWN the POOL of pics on your facebook page..
I exepcted to see them up there as well.
snakebomb Darns.
I almost tattooed Tevil on my leg today.
Instead I got a Suicide King with a tiny bit of Dia De Meurtos instead. -
FuzzyLogic said 230 weeks ago
I *SO* Want that Owl TSHIRT!
WOTTO! Where!?
I swe3ar I don't remember seeing it on anothersite. -
stevenneo said 230 weeks ago
its so cool! i can't juz stand by any longer...hv to get it!!
wotto, u hv to print more tees here to satisfy all of our cravings =D -
haseown said 230 weeks ago
very cool would of got it if it did not have the pumpkins -
SteveOramA said 230 weeks ago
nice details on this one! -
AdderXYU1 said 230 weeks ago
I've got two of those side tees. Huzzah!
I love seeing your departure work, though, because it really shows a different side of Wotto, and proves your talent at tee design.
I'm not really in the market for skeletalwork too often, but much luck for this piece... it looks great. -
Drummer4life911 said 230 weeks ago
haseown said: very cool would of got it if it did not have the pumpkins
i agree completely -
godzilla said 230 weeks ago
my pupils turned into hearts when i saw this.
wish the design could've translated well onto a black tee. still, buying the hell outta this. -
atomicchild said 230 weeks ago
awwwwww hell yeah....so nice man -
themidgardknight said 230 weeks ago
This is actually REALLY cool. -
Irie said 230 weeks ago
i got it... damn. i just keep buying this SleepingBeauty cause it's so cool damnit! -
drewhytt said 230 weeks ago
see, i hate skull shirts, but this one is very interesting. -
KyleMittskus said 230 weeks ago
Wotto is disgustingly good. This shirt is no exception. -
Kimoppi said 230 weeks ago
Grrr... it didn't make the symbol for British Pounds. But yeah, it's 13 pounds. AND... I have a fantasy of buying a bunch of Wotto's originals from his Wotto Shop and using them to decorate a baby's nursery. -
kilikiki said 230 weeks ago
3 more shirts in my cart... ;) - Load More Comments


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Splendiferous! Share your favorites and earn zulily credit. see detailsconnect
There's something magical about dresses. They just seem to emphasize how special a moment truly is, and this little number is no exception. Pair it with some sheer tights and shiny mary janes for a memorable look that's worthy of photos, brunch or really any occasion.


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This quote is about youth
Search on Google Books to find citations of this quotation.
Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh best known as Evelyn Waugh (October 28, 1903 April 10, 1966) was an English satirical novelist, brother of Alec Waugh and father of Auberon Waugh. He is generally regarded as one the the greatest figures in English literature in the 20th century.
I'm male, say nothing


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Briefings Suspension of Iran sanctions - a golden opportunity? The announcement on 20 January 2014 of a suspension of some of the EU and US sanctions against Iran demonstrated the tangible results of many hours of highly-charged diplomacy, and showed that some form of deal with Iran was possible.Read now
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Home > Find a Cruise > Alaska > Alaskan Grandeur > Excursions > Sitka > Historic Sitka and Nature Walk
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Discover Sitka's fascinating history and natural beauty on foot during this scenic walking tour of the city, and a nature walk at the Sitka National Historical Park.
Depart the pier for the scenic guided walk to Castle Hill, site of the 1867 land-transfer ceremony when Alaska was purchased from Russia. You will then pass through Totem Square, formerly the Russian parade grounds, and the barracks area. You will then see the Prospector statue at the pioneer home grounds and the Russian blockhouse in the Old Russian Cemetery.
Next, you will walk along the harbor's shoreline to visit St. Michael's Russian Orthodox Cathedral and the Russian Bishop's House. However, a visit inside the Bishop's House is not included in the walk. Along the way, you will see many Victorian-style homes and ornate churches before passing Sheldon Jackson College, home to James Michener during the writing of his book, Alaska.
Afterward, you will proceed for a visit to Sitka National Historical Park, where walking trails lined with authentic totem poles will guide you through the lush Tongass National Forest. As you cross the bridge at Indian River where salmon spawn in the late-summer, you will learn about the rain forest ecosystem, and local plant and animal life. At the Raptor Center, you will encounter the swamp-like muskeg soil and alpine meadow where most of Alaska's bird, plant and wild berries thrive.
You will then explore and photograph the Raptor Center's open bird habitat and new Eagle Flight Center, home to bald eagles, owls, hawks and other birds of prey. During your visit, the staff will explain the Raptor Center's mission and answer questions.
Your tour will conclude with a transfer back to the pier. If you wish to explore more of Sitka, you will be dropped in the center of the historic downtown area at St. Michael's Cathedral, located just two blocks from the ship.
Please note: The tour involves 3 miles of walking over uneven ground, trails and stairways at a steady pace. Guests are advised to dress warmly in layers, and wear sturdy closed-toe walking shoes. An admission ticket will be provided to visit St. Michael's Cathedral on your own after the tour. The order of sites visited may be reversed.
NOTICE: All Oceania Cruises shore excursion fares are listed per person, and are subject to change and availability. Some tours are capacity controlled and may be withdrawn at any time without prior notice. Tour departure times are subject to change so please reference your actual tour ticket for the correct departure time. Minor children under 18 years of age must be accompanied by a an adult parent or guardian on all shore excursions. While Oceania Cruises makes every effort to adhere to the specifics mentioned in each shore excursion description, circumstances may require otherwise. All shore excursion information contained on this website is subject to change without notice at Oceania Cruises' discretion. Oceania Cruises is not responsible or liable for typographical error, omissions or misprints.
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Edge DiskGO Secure (1TB)
Manufacturer: Edge Tech Corp. Part number: EDGDG-231880-PE
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- Data security concerns on portable storage devices are at an all-time high - it has become increasingly more important for corporate users to encrypt data on such devices. The DiskGO Secure Portable Hard Drive is the perfect solution for these users seeking a complete encrypted storage product. Utilizing government standard 256-bit AES hardware encryption, the DiskGO Secure Hard Drive is ... Read more
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The White House | |
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National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of History, National Air and Space Museum, Resources and Tours, Events and Activities |
Department of State- Kids' Page | |
Florida Government, Facts, Symbols, Folklife, Shipwrecks, and Museums |
Social Security Administration | |
Explanation of Social Security, Social Security and Work, Saving Money through stories |
Peace Corps | |
What is the Peace Corps, How to Make A Difference, Explore the World, Food, Friends, and Fun |
FBI Kid's and Youth Educational Page | |
Crime Detections, Crime Prevention, Special Junior Agent Program, Games |
Florida Department of Agriculture's Kids' Page | |
Florida Forests Forever, Planet Ag: Science Fair Projects, Play Fresh Friends, Five-A-Day: Kids Eat Right, Tips on Hurricane Preparedness, Florida Agriculture in the Classroom, Fairs and Livestock Exhibitions, Florida State Fair, Agri-literacy. |
Ben's Guide to U.S. Government for Kids | |
These pages explain the process for Federal Officials. |
| National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Kid's Page |
This website offers children a chance to play games, solve problems and riddles and various other fun things. |
| United States Environmental Protection Agency- Explorer's Club |
This site allows children to learn about the environment and ways to keep it safe for the future. |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration Welcome for Kids |
NASA offers a site geared towards the education of children interested in the space program |
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This website provides children a chance to vote online. |
Rock The Vote | |
Rock the Vote is a program that has teamed up with MTV and has given young adults the information and outlet to voice their views about the voting process. |
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This site offers many links to information concerning our founding fathers. | |
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Last Updated on Wednesday, 15 February 2012 08:44
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What's New
Daniel Lévesque, Former Cospas-Sarsat Secretariat Head, Announced as MSUA 2014 Pioneer Award Winner
The Mobile Satellite Users Association (MSUA) on Wednesday, February 26, 2014 announced that its 2014 Pioneer Award would be given to Mr. Daniel Lévesque, former head of the Cospas-Sarsat...
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Keeping safe at sea
Learn more about how Cospas-Sarsat beacons can help keep fishermen safe at sea and assist Search and Rescue teams. Read more...
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PLB Horseback Rider Rescue near Melbourne
Injured horseback rider northeast of Melbourne activates properly registered PLB for swift response in rugged area. Read more...
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PLB Rescue from Underground Cave
In this unique SAR case, a PLB appears to have been detected while transmitting from beneath the earth's surface. On 6 February 2014, RCCNZ started enquiries about the alert received, and Police...
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Climate satellite finds fishermen in shark-infested Gulf of Mexico
A climate research satellite located fishermen afloat in lifejackets having drifted miles from their capsized boat in the Gulf of Mexico to within a ring of 100 shark-infested meters (328...
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14 Hours dangling over crocodiles
The unregistered beacon led rescuers into the dark for nearly an hour scrambling to find the stranded fishermen. "Authorities say that if the emergency beacon had been registered, it would have...
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Fishermen rescued after engine failure
The 121.5MHz signal activated by the tinny was homed by the CareFlight TIO Rescue Helicopter Crew who lowered a radio and dispatched a tow boat. CareFlight.org urges Top End people to get 406...
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Men rescued from yacht in Bass Strait
The emergency beacon was registered by its previous owner, so even though it had changed hands, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) was able to get rescuers to the yacht in distress...
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Costly Chopper Prank
Crowds gathered at a cliff in New South Wales, Australia, to watch pilot Richard Nest and his crew home in and land in response to what turned out to be a prankster's distress beacon signal. The...
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Australia Day Rescue Thanks to 406MHz Beacon
Fearing for her daughter's life, Allison Hugo and her husband Kim struggled to keep their family safe as, only 3 km from Rosslyn Bay, their 6 m boat carrying the family of 5 from Tieri overturned...
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The Giacomo - Apartment Rentals in Niagara Falls, NY
The Giacomo Apartments Description
Located in Niagara Falls, New York The Giacomo (formerly known as the United Building) was built in 1929 and designed by the renowned architectural firm of Eiswin and Johnson. The building was home to the United Hotel Company. Within this multicolored brick and Mayan revival terra cotta ornamentation, the building embodies the characteristics of the Art Deco style that was prevalent in the early 20th century. At 20 stories in height it is one of the tallest structures in downtown Niagara Falls, and offers its residents breathtaking views of Niagara Falls, the Rapids, and the Canadian skyline. The historical and architectural significance of the building represents an enduring link between Niagara Falls past and the promise of its future. Please call for an appointment today.
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CLEVELAND, OH, - MAY 07: A general view of the exterior of the house where, on Monday, three women who had disappeared as teenagers approximately ten years ago were found alive on May 7, 2013 in Cleveland, Ohio. Amanda Berry, who went missing in 2003, Gina DeJesus, who went missing in 2004, and Michele Knight, who went missing in 2002, were all found alive in the same house. Three suspects, all brothers, have been taken into custody. (Photo by Bill Pugliano/Getty Images)


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ClassifiedsYour are browsing: Public Notices/Public Notices (682) ORDER UPON COMMENCEMENT OF CHAPTER 9 CASE ESTABLISHING CERTAIN DEADLINES AND NOTICE OF COMMENCEMENT OF CASE, OF THE AUTOMATIC STAY AND OF THE ORDER FOR RELIEFORDER UPON COMMENCEMENT OF CHAPTER 9 CASE ESTABLISHINGCERTAIN DEADLINES AND NOTICE OF COMMENCEMENT OF CASE, OF THE AUTOMATIC STAY AND OF THE ORDER FOR RELIEF TO: The Debtor, Creditors, Special Taxpayers and Other Parties in Interest: IT IS ORDERED that Hardeman County Hospital District d/b/a Hardeman County Memorial Hospital (the Debtor) shall give notice of the following by first class mail to parties in interest and shall file with the Court proof of such service within three business days, and shall also publish this Order giving notice of the commencement of the case in the following newspapers, as required by 11 U.S.C. § 923: a. Quanah Tribune Chief; b. The River Cities Daily Tribune; c. Paducah Post; d. Foard County News; and e. Motley County Tribune. Proof of Publication shall be filed with the Court not later than 10 days after the last publication. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Debtor shall file, on or before April 5, 2013, the list of creditors and claims required by 11 U.S.C. §§ 924 and 925 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(a), (d) and (e), if not filed prior to that date. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED and notice is hereby given of: 1. Notice of Commencement of Case under Chapter 9. A case under Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code was commenced by the filing of the petition of the Debtor on March 21, 2011. All documents filed with the Court are available for inspection, on a subscription basis, through the Courts CM/ECF website, https://ecf.txnb.uscourts.gov. For subscription information, please see the website for the Public Access Court Electronics Records, http://pacer.psc.uscourts.gov. 2. Notice of Automatic Stay. The filing of the petition operates as a stay applicable to all entities of the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of any judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against the Debtor, or an officer or inhabitant of the Debtor that seeks to enforce a claim against the Debtor, and the enforcement of a lien on or arising out of taxes or assessments owed to the Debtor, and certain other acts and proceedings against the Debtor and its property as provided in 11 U.S.C. §§ 362 and 922. 3. Notice of Time for Filing Objection to the Petition. Objections to the petition may be filed by a party in interest not later than April 18, 2013. Objections shall be filed with the Clerk, U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas and a copy of objections shall be mailed to the attorney for the Debtor. All objections shall state the facts and legal authorities in support of such objections. If any timely objections are filed with the Court, the Court will schedule a hearing to determine whether this case may be dismissed pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 921(c) or whether an order for relief may be entered pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 921(d). 4. Notice of Time for Filing Proofs of Claim. The Debtor has filed or will file a list of claims. Any creditor holding a listed claim which is not disputed, contingent, or unliquidated as to amount, may, but need not, file a proof of claim in this case by the date below. Creditors whose claims are not listed or whose claims are listed as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated as to amount and who desire to participate in the case or share in any distribution must file their proofs of claim on or before July 19, 2013. The time fixed for filing a proof of claim by a governmental unit shall be September 17, 2013. Any creditor who desires to rely on the list has the responsibility for determining that their claim is accurately listed. |
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1 February 2007
Safe Designs Dodge Downtime
A Virginia chemical plant explains the ins and outs of its bout with intrinsic safety
By Ellen Fussell Policastro
Producing chemicals to make active ingredients for important life-saving drugs can be a dangerous job. The opportunity for disaster lurks at every turn. But the process must go on, even in a hazardous atmosphere. That is why it is crucial to have instrumentation to measure flow, temperature, and flow rates in areas classified as hazardous while the plant is up and running. Implementing an explosion-proof control system might sound logical, but it is also costly and monstrous. The Boehringer Ingelheim plant, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) facility in Petersburg, Va., has been a long-time proponent of the traditional Entity protocol (parameters to limit the energy that can pass through a hazardous area), and it has considered the fieldbus intrinsically safe concept (FISCO) for its intrinsic safety. But Bruce Bradley, the company's senior project engineer, said the plant now uses a system that bypasses the limitations of the traditional Entity system, while offering the same benefits of FISCO. The results are more devices per segment, more power, less costs, and better ability to work on running equipment in a hazardous atmosphere.
An API produces active ingredients to sell to pharmaceutical companies that produce the final drug. The Boehringer Ingelheim plant produces ingredients for drugs designed to treat anxiety and hypertension, as well as the ingredient, nevirapine, that goes in the drug for HIV positive women, helping reduce the probability their child will contract HIV. "We started with the first fieldbus design, using old-school parameters (four devices on a segment)," Bradley said. "But we didn't get any benefit from the bus to reduce installation costs." While Entity doesn't give you a lot of power, which means fewer devices per segment, FISCO gives you more power, "but you're still limited with the number of devices," Bradley said. FISCO requires minimal engineering because it is a more system-based approach as opposed to individual component approaches. The plant's new system is still an Entity system, which requires some engineering, but it allows the plant to have more devices per segment.
What IS is
Intrinsically safe, or IS, designs are extremely safe but at the same time, very restrictive, said Mike O'Neill, fieldbus director with MooreHawke Fieldbus in Crawley, U.K. Fieldbus is plant-level networking for instruments, so by definition, there are multiple devices connected to any one line. All IS devices were created such that whether you have an explosion-proof device or an IS device, if there is an ignition source present, there won't be enough energy to ignite the environment. Since IS is restrictive and difficult to accomplish for one instrument, constructing IS fieldbus with up to 32 instruments is not possible with the level of power each instrument needs right now.
An IS system makes more sense because workers can make adjustments while machines are up and running. With the new system, "every single device drop (segment) is its own IS system," Bradley said. "You don't have to characterize it as an Entity system. I don't have to recheck parameters if I add a device. It doesn't require as much engineering as Entity because of the way it's designed. So I can get more devices on a single drop." In an IS environment, "you've given yourself the ability to work on devices without shutting the system down. You assume you can work on these devices safely, even in an explosive atmosphere." If a temperature transmitter's not working, there is no need to shut down the process. "Our process is the reason we're hazardous," Bradley said. "The IS system has been built and tested to a point that it's guaranteed."
Getting inside Entity
The Entity concept, developed by Factory Mutual in the 1950s, is based on using barriers and power suppliers to limit the amount of energy that can enter a hazardous area. In general, Entity systems are reliable, especially when based on simple resistive current-limiting. The problem from a design perspective, Bradley said, is "buses that have come out in the last few years, aren't specifically spelled out and addressed in any code book. In the past, we've followed the Entity IS installation, where you have barriers, devices, and cables, and your basic parameters, inductance, capacitance provide you with Entity parameters. In this case, you have to be the engineer," he said. Entity parameters are defined parameters developed through testing by the manufacturer and designed for use in a hazardous area. System designers have to make sure all the Entity parameters can work in the system together. "You don't want to buy a barrier and device and put a cable in that will allow you to contribute inductance to the system and cause a spark," Bradley said.
The conventional Entity solution allows 80mA per segment and hence only four times 20mA devices (80/20=4). If each segment can have only four devices, and a plant has 200 devices, that is 50 segments and two times 50 DCS cards at $3000 per pair, O'Neill said. A FISCO design stretches that to 115mA in the worst case, and 250mA if the particular gas hazard is not too severe (Group CD applications in the U.S.). "This sounds great until you realize FISCO turns out to be at least twice as expensive and has a much lower mean time to failure, or reliability, than the standard IS design, simply because the internal electronics design is complex," he said.
Fieldbus and FISCO
Fieldbus systems are suitable for use in many hazardous areas, that is, wherever 4-20mA instruments are in use. All forms of electrical protection (non-incendive, flameproof, intrinsically safe) are available to suit the requirements of any site preference or experience, but having multiple devices on the same wire pair does lead to additional design issues. IS systems are particularly difficult since it is hard enough to deliver power for a single instrument. Driving 10 or 16 devices is a real challenge, for which various solutions now exist based on Entity, FISCO, or split-architecture configurations.
FISCO is only one way to make fieldbus systems safe for hazardous locations, yet other solutions exist for instrument applications. (See accompanying piece on non-incendive issues.) Today's fieldbus instruments have no need for live access "since we make all adjustments electronically, through a laptop or workstation, and usually from the comfort of the control room," O'Neill said. Since fieldbus doesn't need the specific advantage that IS designs give (live access), the trend is moving away from using IS for fieldbus. "However, in a conservative engineering environment with vested interests, companies that almost exclusively offer IS equipment as well as companies dominated by European technology or engineering, still try to use the technology they know best irrespective of the problems it has, hence the availability of FISCO from Germany," he said.
Since the FISCO design is empirical, FISCO segments are restricted to about half the normal cable lengths as standard fieldbus. The plant's solution allows 350mA and therefore 16x20mA devices. In practice, they used eight devices per segment, but that still cut the DCS card bill in half. So, the advantages of the new mixed architecture costs less, has redundancy for power, and is prewired for fast installation. "Increasing the devices per segment reduces the number of segments overall and therefore reduces the cost," O'Neill said.
"If I need to today, I can go disconnect a fieldbus transmitter that's IS," Bradley said. "It won't conduct any energy and cause an explosion." All this testing was done years ago based on minimum energy ignition curves for a certain class of explosive or hazardous material. "So when you see Groups A, B, C, and D in the code book, they've grouped these different characteristics of different combustible materials based on how combustible they are. If our area is classified to Group C, the only materials in our area will be similar to Group C material, that's been tested to explode in certain amounts of energy."
Classes and divisions
Bradley's facility uses raw materials that are all carbon-based solvents-toluene methanol, and other types of raw materials are flammable and explosive-used for cleaning in making chemicals. This means everything onsite has to be installed via the National Electrical Code (NEC) Section 500, which tells you what types of marking and labeling all your devices have to have to be used in a hazardous classified area.
All three manufacturing buildings on Bradley's site are hazardous area classified, which includes everything from Class 1, Division 2, Groups C and D, to Class 1, Division 1, Groups C and D. Class I, Div. 1, is a location in which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal operating conditions. Class I, Div. 2, is a location in which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist only under abnormal conditions, such as the accidental rupture of containers or systems or in case of abnormal operation of equipment. A typical Group C material is ethylene, and a typical Group D material is propane.
With an IS system, "there's no need for a hotwire permit or special sensing meters to sense an explosive environment," Bradley said.
"We just work as if we're in a general purpose area. It allows us to reduce downtime, and we don't have to evacuate the area. We don't have to take an area and make it sterile, free of hazardous gases, before we work on things. We don't have to empty the reactor or throw a batch in the trash. It may take hours to shut processes down just to work on one transmitter. With IS, we can diagnose problems without shutting down the process. It can still remain an explosive environment, and we're still able to work."
About the author
Ellen Fussell Policastro is the associate editor of InTech. Her e-mail is firstname.lastname@example.com.
Fast Forward
It's a non-incendive issueFieldbus users now see non-incendive (NI) as a natural method for the protection of fieldbus segments, said Mike O'Neill, fieldbus director with MooreHawke Fieldbus in Crawley, U.K. (NI is like intrinsic safety, but rated for Div. 2, not Div. 1, and without most of the restrictions on design and use.) NI designs allow power supply redundancy (a key feature since users have 10, 12, and16 instruments on one wire pair) and still allows instruments to function properly and be disconnected live without switching off the bus, which would also switch off all the other instruments. O'Neill thinks non-incendive designs are "the way the bulk of the market is heading." Intrinsically safe fieldbus was originally based on the Foundation fieldbus FF816 specification, which allowed Entity parameters for field devices to be at least 24V/250mA/1.2W. The barriers that were available initially only allowed around 80mA for gas groups A, B, C, D (NEC/II (IEC)), or four devices per segment, which is an unacceptably low number of devices in a practical application. The fieldbus intrinsically safe concept (FISCO) was developed by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt safety agency in Germany to try to overcome the limitations of standard intrinsically safe design in fieldbus applications. Intrinsic safety is a technique used to limit the available energy (voltage/current/power) in any instrumentation circuit to below that level that can cause ignition. This means even if you open boxes and short wires, nothing can produce a spark to ignite any gas or vapor, even if it were present at its ideal ignitable concentration. Intrinsic safety technology is commonly used in Europe, even though it is hard to design and costly to make, because normal instruments and their users need access to the actual hardware on the plant, making adjustments to zero and span and changing elements or live working. SOURCE: Mike O'Neill, fieldbus director with MooreHawke Fieldbus in Crawley, U.K. |
RESOURCESISA-SP12, Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Locations Picking the Right Bus - A Comparison of Field and Device Networks (FG30C) What Went Wrong? Case Studies of Process Plant Disasters 4th Edition |
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Since money is necessary for the the existence of any kind of complex division of labor society, and the state holds a monopoly on it, I would say the reason it works is because using fiat money is better than the alternative - the end of civilization.
It has worked so far, only due to a lot of fancy maneuvering and some dumb luck. My guess is, however, that the Federal Reserves supply of luck is very close to running out. It is only a matter of time until the catastrophic collapse of the fiat system.
I would say that the reason fiat money works is because it is subsidized.
However, I believe that the main reason is because we are forced to pay taxes -- in the fiat currency.
If the American People ever allow the banks to control the issuance of their currency, first by inflation and then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all property until their children wake up homeless on the continent their fathers occupied. The issuing power of money should be taken from the bankers and restored to Congress and the people to whom it belongs. I sincerely believe the banking institutions having the issuing power of money are more dangerous to liberty than standing armies. - Thomas Jefferson
In addition to this danger to which Thomas Jefferson referred, existed his less than ambiguous position on the legality of our current system:
It is known that the very power now proposed as a means, was rejected as an end by the convention which formed the constitu- tion.
- Thomas Jefferson (in a statement regarding The National Bank and The United States' providing it the power to issue our country's currency.)
because it's a product who's purpose is to hold value. It's like a universal contract agreement, and one that can fall through at anytime. The fed prints contract agreements, and sells them, so it's a document product.
If you want to know why paper money hasn't collapsed, I recommend that you stop looking at this from a point of view of one who is observing society. Instead, look at this from a more individual level. Why do you desire this paper money? After all, you're knowledgable enough to know that it's nothing but a piece of paper, and that government edict cannot give it value. So why do you continue to desire it?
You desire it because it is the primary medium of exchange used by society, and you wish to make exchanges with society. This is the same reason other members of society also desire it.
And since the members of society desire it, there is demand, which produces a market value for the paper with which we trade.
The problem with paper money, therefore, isn't that it's "valueless," for it, like all commodities, is valued subjectively. The problem with paper money is a combination of A) the fact that it's also similar to all other commodities in that the more there is of it, the less valuable we deem it as opposed to other things, and B) the fact that it is so easy for persons, groups, or governments to counterfiet it, thus causing inflation.
Paper money will not collapse unless we enter the state of inflation known as hyperinflation. But even if it doesn't collapse, even if it does not reach the stage of hyperinflation, inflation is nevertheless a destructive thing, in that it is the theft of value from the paper commodity held by people, most of whom have earned it or aquired it without violating the non-aggression axiom. It is, indeed, theft.
The Dollar is not entirely fiat.
The explanation that the dollar is held up by "faith in government" is only partly correct. Americans use the dollar because our Government tells us to, and we have faith that our Government will turn its guns against us if we don't.
But this does not explain why foreign nations and multinational corporations, much more powerful than you or I, hold to the dollar; yet the Dollar is the international reserve currency. Even though there is also a power disparity between the American Government and the governments of other countries it is not so great as to allow it to force its currency on the whole world without powerful allies. This begs the questions: Who are these allies and what do they gain?
The most important is OPEC. Like I said the dollar, though not backed by gold, is still internationally commodity backed. OPEC sells exclusively for the Dollar. After the collapse of Bretton Woods system the dollar switch from a gold coupon to an oil coupon. We are in the era of the Petro-Dollar.
If you need oil, you need dollars. Any oil importing country must be a dollar importing country. In this way America is the center of world trade, and in a position to also be the toll collector of world trade. In this 20th century iteration of triangle trade goods are exported to the US for Dollars, the Dollars are then brought to OPEC for Oil.
The American Navy rules the seas. For this reason, other important allies are the former naval powers: Japan and the UK. They are committed to maintaining the status quo of a friendly imperial power controlling the seas. Thus Tony Blair is explained.
Those benefited by the Petro-Dollar are the owners of the Federal Reserve, the owner of the Dollar. Enlisted to this cause is the Military Industrial Complex, which defends the Dollar's status as an oil coupon, in exchange for some of those freshly printed coupons.
The Oil Tyrants that rule the OPEC nations are pivotal to the system, but stand to gain little directly; they could just as easily sell their oil for gold. So in addition to the threat of "Regime change" they are bought by bribes and favors: a carrot and a stick.
So the American tax payer and the Military Industrial Complex again come into play, Oil Tyrants get guns and wars courtesy of Uncle Sam. Saddam gets war against the Iranians. Iran gets guns to defend themselves from Saddam. The Saudis and Kuwaitis get war against Saddam and weapons against the Israelis.
Fiat money is valued because you assume people will value it tomorrow. This assumption make sense if fiat money is currently used as a mean of exchange.Although tightly linked to fiat money and probably necessary for its initial emergence, central banking is distinct from fiat money. Any money is fiat. Even though commodity money cannot fall through a certain roof, most of its value comes from its use as money.
Another question would be, why our current inflationary fiat money system isn't replaced by better money. The reason is twofold, legal tender currency that prevent debt contract specified in other currencies to be enforced and the taxation system that taxes the stability of a currency against another as "profit".
I would like to take a different tack and argue that our money is not fiat money any longer. True fiat money is that found in instances such as Republican France, where merchants refused to take money at face value and were guillotined. I have only heard of one instance today where legal force was used to make someone accept money (and that was the bizarre instance of a college student trying to pay his tuition in $1 bills as a protest). Instead, most people accept money because of what they expect to be able to buy with it. In that sense, it is a commodity currency, although not a uniform one.
So why does the government not remove legal backing? Primarily because the act of doing so would probably destroy confidence in the currency. Because the currency is backed by the government, it has real value and people need not be forced to accept it.
I beg to differ, the money is not really "backed" by the government; in fact, currently the dollar has value despite the U.S. government. If the U.S. government stopped "backing" the dollar, and decided to withdraw altogether from the money business (except from preventing counterfeiting) the value of the dollar would either completely collapse or rise enormously. I bet the later would happen since dollar is now accepted and recognized worldwide as money.
Webster:So why does the government not remove legal backing?
Webster:Primarily because the act of doing so would probably destroy confidence in the currency. Because the currency is backed by the government, it has real value and people need not be forced to accept it.
There is nothing stopping people today from using a foreign currency or from using chunks of gold. However, the government will force you to pay your taxes in legal tender.
Charles Anthony: Webster:So why does the government not remove legal backing? I insist that one reason might be that the government would lose control over the value of the taxes they collect and the redistribution of wealth.
First of all, there is the mere politics of the situation--removing backing would be percieved as far too radical an action in the present political situation. However, while the government guarantees the legal status of money, it does not, to my knowledge, control its value, and thus it does not control the value of taxes.
Charles Anthony: Webster:Primarily because the act of doing so would probably destroy confidence in the currency. Because the currency is backed by the government, it has real value and people need not be forced to accept it. That does not make sense. Confidence in the currency can not possibly be a problem because tax-payers can use a foreign currency or something else. There is nothing stopping people today from using a foreign currency or from using chunks of gold. However, the government will force you to pay your taxes in legal tender.
Just to clarify: understandably, the government can not control the value of its currency in the strictest sense. Can we agree the government can have a major influence to the degree that it can influence the value of the taxes it collects? What I am suggesting is that strategically, for a government that wants to redistribute wealth, the power to inflate the currency is best harnessed if the government issues this "fiat" currency and threatens violence in the collection of taxes in that same currency.
With respect to your historical account, I can accept it but I think it would be wise to consider the context and leave it all in the past. Today, more people are more educated than ever before and people have instantaneous access to information.
I fail to see what education had to do with the issue. My point was merely that requiring a certain currency for the payment of taxes when it is less convenient than other currencies for other transactions does not lead to the sole use of that currency. Now, the situation is different because the fiat money is the most convenient form of currency, but if that convenience collapsed I suspect that the money would still fall out of circulation and would be used only for the payment of taxes.
I do not quite understand why you claim that the primary objective of the government is to redistribute wealth--I think that it would be more accurate to say that the members of government are primarily concerned with maintaining their own power, in which case causing a financial collapse would be bad simply because it would probably eject them from office. But yes, I do agree that with printed currency and a central bank the government has much greater control over taxation.
Webster:I fail to see what education had to do with the issue.
You used a historical account and said:
Webster:Also, the government is percieved as being responsible for economic wellbeing and a collapse of the currency would be percieved as a problem,
To put it crassly, if people were stupid in the 19th century and people were smart in the 21st century, your historical account is comparing apples and oranges in a vegetable soup. That is why I am saying that the history should be left in the past. I am actually a little surprised that I have to spell this out in an Austrian discussion forum. My understanding is that Mises firmly insisted that historical data is unacceptable economic evidence and the whole basis of the school of thought is praxeology.
Webster:Now, the situation is different because the fiat money is the most convenient form of currency, but if that convenience collapsed I suspect that the money would still fall out of circulation and would be used only for the payment of taxes.
Webster:I do not quite understand why you claim that the primary objective of the government is to redistribute wealth--
For the most part, I agree. However, I was not bringing up the past example as a demonstration of monetary collapse, as no monetary collapse occured. In regards to the monetary collapse, I am merely saying that it seems to me as if the government withdrawing its official support from a paper currency would cause people to lose confidence in that currency. How many people know that it is the legal tender of OPEC? That the government has only needed to enforce the legal tender laws a handful of times since their inception? I think very few. Most people, I suspect, tie the value of the currency to the government's support of it, and thus would lose confidence in it if the government withdrew that support.
Regarding praxeology, please forgive me, but I am a debater and I like to see how concepts work in the world. My reason tells me that people will not abandon the most convenient currency merely because it is required for the payment of taxes, and, unsurprisingly, that is what happened in the real world. Formating a theory from the evidence is difficult, but it is possible to get some confirmation of a theory through the use of historical evidence, at least when the theory is simple (here, merely that it is conceivable that the people use a form of money that is not legal tender for the payment of taxes).
Regarding convenience, I do not believe that the convenience of our currency lies in its acceptance for the payment of taxes, but in the fact that it is nationally accepted, of certain value (with no concerns about debasement), and in wide use. If these conditions are met, it will still be the most convenient currency, even in the complete absence of taxes.
Webster:How many people know that it is the legal tender of OPEC? That the government has only needed to enforce the legal tender laws a handful of times since their inception? I think very few.
Webster:Most people, I suspect, tie the value of the currency to the government's support of it, and thus would lose confidence in it if the government withdrew that support.
Charles Anthony: Webster:How many people know that it is the legal tender of OPEC? That the government has only needed to enforce the legal tender laws a handful of times since their inception? I think very few. I question whether that is relevent.
I am merely stating that most people do not know the value of the currency aside from its domestic legal support, responding to the earlier comment about it being a commodity currency for oil, and that few people know how seldom does the government need to use the legal tender laws to force acceptance.
Charles Anthony: Webster:Most people, I suspect, tie the value of the currency to the government's support of it, and thus would lose confidence in it if the government withdrew that support. I suspect that most people alive today do not even know what "government support of a currency" even means. Why would you expect them to lose confidence?
I suspect that most people have read "is legal tender for all debts, public and private" on a dollar bill. They know that the government requires that it be accepted, which then gives it value. I do not expect people to continue trusting paper money with no commodity or legal tender guarantee to retain its value.
Charles Anthony: I suspect that most people alive today do not even know what "government support of a currency" even means. Why would you expect them to lose confidence?
I could definately see the media getting a hold of it and causing mass hysteria (anyone recall Y2K). People may be more educated, but they are educated by the government in most cases and are trained not to think for themselves, but instead to rely on the media for their opinions. Truth is always defeated by an ambitious journalist looking to make a name for himself.
The main reasons why I think it is able to exist are 1) most people are too ignorant to realize the consequences 2) some people believe creating money out of thin air "creates" wealth 3) the incredibly fallacious nonsense that the Fed/Central Banks "manage" the economy by using fiat currecy 4) to those who understand how terrible fiat money is, they are forced by violence to use it.
Not only can they make you pay your taxes in USD, but their real power lies in the fact that all US businesses are required to accept USD as payment of debt
Only one reason: everyone is forced by the government to accept it. And yes it is falling apart from its own illogic, the only thing you have to add to this... the process is slow, so it is hard to detect in the first place, but it is an ongoing process with a definitive end.
Fiat money doesn't work. It seems to work. It seems to work for those who are enmeshed in the "monoply" board game and adhere to its rules.
For the outside observer, not party to the central bankers and governments which foist this Ponzy scheme upon loyal but disinterested citizens,
husbanded animals producing wealth measured with the yardstick of tribute and consumer debt, it seems to work. As with all money backing schemes it
suffers from finitude. There are only so many sould upon whose backs the breakers of humanity can place the debt required of debt based currency.
That finitude is as fragile as the finitude of metallic backed currency and coin clipping money changers of historic record. Fiat money is rife with moral
moral hazard instituted by those who seek to convince the gullible public of its legitimacy because of its comonality. The full faith and credit of fiat money is
based upon the willing ignorance of those who trade in it. One day a small child will cry out, "The King is naked" and the scheme will fall apart as knowingly
wise scholars such as Meises has often said over the years. The question is not how much will we lose as traders in this despotic graft of amoral bankers,
but how many quarts of human blood will be required of citizens wanting only parity for time lost holding the wishes of prosperity promised of fiat currency.
John Mahler <Frederic Bastiat is one tritse everyone shold know in their souls>


text:
Short Clips Most Shocking
Mean Median
A speeding fugitive tries to escape cops by plowing his vehicle over the median, but there's no getting away. 47,156 views -
Violent Negotiations
A drunk tries to negotiate the price of a beer and when he doesn't get the asking price he becomes enraged. 176,202 views -
Woman Will Do Anything to Get Out of Police Car
Enraged woman in the back seat of a cruiser busts the rear window in an insane escape attempt. 34,831 views -
Anti-Fur Activists Attract Unwanted Attention
Beautiful activists get more attention than the cause for which they're trying to bring more attention. 101,691 views -
Bad Behavior Gets Boaters Arrested
Couple's nude cruise ends with a boating under the influence arrest. 27,365 views -
Clerk Shot by First Time Robber
A young clerk shoots a clerk, and a bunch of shirtless guys show up to help her. 920 views -
Hothead Turns Violent at Traffic Stop
Cops use their mass to subdue a rowdy drunk. 30,230 views -
Intoxicated Driver Loses Wheel
This guy doesn't even realize he's popped a tire. 61,326 views -
Man Can Feel No Pain
Strung out on PCP cops struggle to contain this bear of a man before he assaults them with more nudity. 55,646 views -
No Stand Syndrome
Police pull over a young woman who is convinced she is 100% A-OK. She is not. 72,739 views -
Partiers Take Out Aggression
I want my friendship bracelet back! 67,450 views -
Terrible Driver Caught on Tape
A drunk driver repeatedly smashes his car up in broad daylight. 156,902 views -
Tubing Kids Fall to Earth
Kids attempt raft-tubing on a lake off the back of a boat. 70,655 views -
Undercover Cop Ambushed By Thugs
Undercover cop gets clocked in the head with a brick. 469 views -
2 Officers, 64 Inmates
Prison guards are outnumbered in this riot. 49,145 views -
You Call That A Knife?
Thief loses nerve when store clerk breaks out a foot-long machete. 32,685 views -
A Few Choice Words
Calling local police officers hicks doesn't get you off the hook. 16,297 views -
And The Award Goes To...
This woman puts on a show when she's told her husband was killed. Unfortunately, she's the one who hired the hitman. 78,222 views -
Catch A Buzz
Buzz displays his skills in drunk dirt biking after drinking since noon. As you can guess, it doesnt end well for Buzz. 45,784 views -
Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow
A friendly competition turns into a brawl, a woman's wigless head is exposed in the ultimate act of humiliation. 271,146 views


text:
Humanoid Cartoons
Artist description:
just try drawing something new, it didn't take long though (very simple color). Btw this has no specific meaning :)) If there is then it's about love between robots, eh ^^ ? There's no scifi category, so i put this in cartoons
Created Sep 04, 2012. Unless noted Copyright 2012
pechucky .
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His family is dead aliens came and they wanted to experiment on him[see his memory to study humanity] in exchange the android made them revive his "mother" for a day. He slept with his mom for the very first time[he's an android] & the mom died again
The guy reminds me of a person from Accel World in Acceleration mode ^-^ The girl reminds me of a scifi futuristic tragic movie about a stupid android wanting to be human went under water for 500 years wishing to the stature blue fairy to be real
oh, that sounds like an interesting plot for a scifi comic. Thanks for letting me know that, i actually have a thing for androids/robots and stuff like that :)
omigawd!!! awesome~~ i reaaly lubs this XD...im seriously in love with everything you do..more of actually obsessed!..the robot looks frikkin epic..and i love the android XD the colours you used look really futuristic-y and bright must 5h and fav :D
You could put it in Fantasy? I mean you know.. Just a suggestion. Anyway, this looks cool. =u=
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text:
"I told her many times, "I used to want to be you when I was a little girl. I would have given anything. Now, I would never be you in a million years."" »read more
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