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ENMUNEH Honduras
This program reaches out to the 'Garifuna' - people descended from African slaves; they are isolate and discriminated against because of their language, skin color and unique culture.Mission Proposal: Making More Mission Possible
Women's Division directors discuss how a new relationship with GBGM and organizational changes will draw a better definition to members about the nature of United Methodist Women.Same Difference
An edited sample of the Same Difference documentary that explores interfaith issues.Right Relationship: Interfaith Dialog
An interfaith discussion between leaders of the Christian, Muslim and Jewish faiths, moderated by United Methodist Women chief executive, Harriett Jane Olson.United Methodist Women Helps Prevent Domestic Violence
National Seminar made the news in Birmingham, AL. Julie Taylor sheds light on this issue that "belongs to all of us."Wesley Health Center: Phoenix, Arizona
Caring in a multiracial, multiethnic and underserved community takes really talented and committed individuals. Meet the doctors and nurses providing a wide range of medical and educational services to the Phoenix community.Maria Chavez on the Challenges Bolivian Women Face
Maria Chavez, indigenous Bolivian theologian with the World Council of Churches (the largest community /fellowship of churches in the world) discusses the challenges the women of Bolivian Churches face in the 21st century.Harford School for Girls: Sierra Leone
For more than 100 years Harford School has been preparing girls in Sierra Leone for leadership. This video was produced for response, June 2011 issue, the magazine of United Methodist Women. Video and photos by Nile Sprague.Where Do Your Mission Giving Dollars Go?
This video explains where pledges to Mission Giving programs and institutions go, describes the five channels of giving, and how it makes a difference.Deaconess and Home Missioner Commissioning: Spring 2011
Ten deaconesses and one home missioner were commissioned on April 2, 2011, as part of United Methodist Women's Board of Directors meeting.- ‹‹Previous
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It's never too young to become an entrepreneur. Some 4th graders from Pima Elementary are learning that lesson. They are starting their own businesses.
These 4th graders mean business. They are getting ready to open up lemonade stands in their Scottsdale neighborhoods.
"We're just kind of having fun, to become an entrepreneur," says student Kelly Blackledge.
They've been working on perfecting their lemonade, mixing and tasting. But Haley Hamnan has the secret.
"I think we are going to sell the most lemonade because ours is so sweet."
The Pima Elementary students have been working in groups of four on business plans.
The lemonade has to be good, but so do the signs, and the kids are out doing them themselves. The prices for the lemonade are 50 cents to a dollar.
Russ Perry and his partner Chris Tonzio came up with the idea of helping kids become entrepreneurs. They own a small business that helps adults start a business.
Russ says it's never too early to become an entrepreneur.
"What we are really trying to do is give them a spark, for them to think about what they are doing here and what they could do down the road," says Russ.
The principal is impressed. It's a great opportunity. But she is surprised at the kids that signed up for the program.
"We didn't expect so many kids to have an interest in it. we had over 40 kids in the club every week and they just loved coming and learning about business," says Principal Amy Uchacz.
They'll find out how successful they are on Thursday night when they open their lemonade stands.
Russ Perry is planning on expanding the young entrepreneur class to other schools in the valley.
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EC 301 Intermediate Macroeconomics
Hiestand, Thomas W.
Senior Professor of Economics
B.A. Math and Econmics, Luther CollegePh.D. Economics, Kansas State University
Office Location
Office Hours
9:00 - 10:00 p.m. Monday - Friday and Evenings on Sunday
Daytime Phone
Other Phone
Semester Dates
10/22/07 - 12/16/07
Class Days
Class Time
Ec 141
Credit Hours
R. Gordon, Macroeconomics. 10th ed. Pearson, 2006 ISBN: 0-321-27880-1.
B. Soule, Intermediate Macroeconomics Supplement for Internet Course. (Hereinafter IMS) McGraw-Hill, 2007 ISBN 007-235019-9
Purchase your textbooks at MBS Direct at: http://direct.mbsbooks.com/park.htm
Textbooks can be purchased through the MBS bookstore
Textbooks can be purchased through the Parkville Bookstore
Additional Resources:
McAfee Memorial Library - Online information, links, electronic databases and the Online catalog. Contact the library for further assistance via email or at 800-270-4347.Career Counseling - The Career Development Center (CDC) provides services for all stages of career development. The mission of the CDC is to provide the career planning tools to ensure a lifetime of career success.Park Helpdesk - If you have forgotten your OPEN ID or Password, or need assistance with your PirateMail account, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800-927-3024Resources for Current Students - A great place to look for all kinds of information http://www.park.edu/Current/.Advising - Park University would like to assist you in achieving your educational goals. Please contact your Campus Center for advising or enrollment adjustment information.Online Classroom Technical Support - For technical assistance with the Online classroom, email email@example.com or call the helpdesk at 866-301-PARK (7275). To see the technical requirements for Online courses, please visit the http://parkonline.org website, and click on the "Technical Requirements" link, and click on "BROWSER Test" to see if your system is ready.FAQ's for Online Students - You might find the answer to your questions here.
Educational Philosophy: My educational philosophy is one of interactiveness based on lectures, readings, quizzes, dialogues, examinations, internet videos, web sites and writings. I will try to engage each learner in what is referred to as disputations learning to encourage the lively exploration of ideas, issues and contradictions.
Learning Outcomes: Core Learning Outcomes
Link to Class RubricClass Assessment:
Discussion Participation (10 pts per week x 6)
Weeks 1-3 and 5 -7
Homework (20 points per week x 6)
Weeks 1-3 and 5-7
Quizzes (30 points per week X 6)
Open-Book, MID-TERM EXAM
Week 4
Term Paper (Core Learning Assessment)
Week 7
Week 8
Grading Scale:
A = 900 - 1000 B = 800 - 900 C = 700 - 800 D = 600 - 700 F = Below 600
The course grade for students will be based on the overall average of homework and tests taken during the course in accordance with the weighting of the various requirements as stated in the syllabus.
All final exams in all School of Business and Management courses will be comprehensive and will be closed book and closed notes. They will constitute 30% of the total course grade and will not be a take-home exam. They will be completed during the test week in the period designated by the registrar or by the Proctor in the case online courses. If calculators are allowed, they will not be multifunctional electronic devices that include features such as: phones, cameras, instant messaging, pagers, and so forth. Electronic Computers will not be allowed on final exams unless an exception is made by the Dean of the School of Business and Management.
Each week's work must be completed by the end of that week. Comprehensive solutions will be distributed after the deadline. After a solution is distributed to the student in the class, the maximum grade will be 50% for that assignment. However, late or not, it is important that you complete all assignments because they will be a major help in preparing you for the test. There is a huge difference in what you will learn by working the assignments and what you will learn by reading the solution to them.
Classroom Rules of Conduct:
Online Etiquette: All online communications need to be composed with fairness, honesty and tact. If I deem an online communication to be inappropriate or offensive, I will take appropriate official action. See http://www.albion.com/netiquette/corerules.html
Course Topic/Dates/Assignments:
Class Activities
Readings - Weeks 1-7 Lectures - Weeks 1-7 PowerPoint Presentations - Weeks 1-7 Discussions - Week 1-3 and 5-7 Homework - Weeks 1-3 and 5-7 Open-book Midterm Exam - Week 4 Term Paper (Core Learning Assessment) - Week 7 Proctored Final Exam - Week 8
Academic Honesty:Academic integrity is the foundation of the academic community. Because each student has the primary responsibility for being academically honest, students are advised to read and understand all sections of this policy relating to standards of conduct and academic life. Park University 2007-2008 Undergraduate Catalog Page 85-86
Plagiarism:Plagiarism involves the use of quotations without quotation marks, the use of quotations without indication of the source, the use of another's idea without acknowledging the source, the submission of a paper, laboratory report, project, or class assignment (any portion of such) prepared by another person, or incorrect paraphrasing. Park University 2007-2008 Undergraduate Catalog Page 85
Attendance Policy:Instructors are required to maintain attendance records and to report absences via the online attendance reporting system.
Park University 2007-2008 Undergraduate Catalog Page 87-88
Disability Guidelines:Park University is committed to meeting the needs of all students that meet the criteria for special assistance. These guidelines are designed to supply directions to students concerning the information necessary to accomplish this goal. It is Park University's policy to comply fully with federal and state law, including Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, regarding students with disabilities. In the case of any inconsistency between these guidelines and federal and/or state law, the provisions of the law will apply. Additional information concerning Park University's policies and procedures related to disability can be found on the Park University web page: http://www.park.edu/disability .
Last Updated:10/8/2007 12:47:56 AM


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Classic winter screensaver
The animations may look a little antiquated in this digitized screensaver, but the effects are nevertheless satisfying. Snow-covered hills and a lakeside cabin are two of the twelve backgrounds you can choose in the settings drop-down menu. You'll also have control over the speeds and backgrounds in this trial, and the randomizer that builds each scene slightly differently at each cycle is appreciated.
Falling snow, flying birds, and in some cases, chimney smoke, emerge after the initial layering, perhaps a bit too energetically for some tastes. The musical track is overdue for some refinement, but we love that registered … Read more


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Monday, March 10, 2014
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He was as colorful as they come. A true character. Former New York City Mayor Ed Koch certainly left an impression on a college crowd in the City of Newburgh some 30 years ago. Our Christian Farrell has more that memorable visit.
NEWBURGH, N.Y. -- The year was 1985. Then-Mayor of New York City Ed Koch was invited to speak at Mount Saint Mary College in Newburgh.
"He came at the urging of Father James Gilhooley who was a good friend of his. And at the time was the chaplain at the Mount," said English professor James Cotter.
Cotter has been teaching English at Mount Saint Mary College since 1963. Yet, Cotter says he vividly recalls Koch's visit nearly three decades ago.
"It certainly was a dramatic arrival. I don't think anyone before or since has ever come on campus by helicopter. He got right off - greeted everybody. And made himself quite at home," said Cotter.
Some might consider Koch the quintessential New Yorker. Born in the Bronx. Tough, witty, and a tireless worker. That day Cotter says Koch seemed at ease talking to a college campus crowd 60 miles north of Manhattan. "He answered questions right from the audience. He was quite humorous, and detailed, spontaneous. It was really a marvelous, one of the best performances I've seen at Aquinas Hall over the years," said Cotter.
According to Cotter, Koch didn't just visit Newburgh. He says Koch also displayed a knowledge of the city's troubles and triumphs during his talk. And one other thing Cotter says, Koch made sure to ask the crowd his own question. The one he asked with regularity: "How I'm doin'?"


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Stay hydrated on the go with our stylish 9 ounce Glass & Silicone Water Bottle - an intelligently designed, clean-tasting, chemical-free container. Glass bottles offer the best taste, are the safest material to drink from and are built to last a lifetime. The silicone sleeve helps prevents breakage and provides a comfortable, non-slip gripping surface.
We can help! Click here to chat with an expert.
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Baby Love eBook from Red Heart YarnsBonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy |
Easy Newborn HatBy: If you are new to knitting, give this easy newborn hat knitting pattern a try. This baby hat knitting pattern from M.E.H. Designs shows you how to knit a baby hat and gather a simple knit square into a tube for the hat. Two strands of yarn are knit together for a pretty look that is simple to achieve. This hat knitting pattern fits newborns to babies of 3 months, but can be adjusted for bigger sizes once you get the hang of the technique. This baby hat knitting pattern can also be used to make a play hat for your child's baby doll. If you love knitted baby hat patterns like this, you're sure to love these other projects: Cuddly Bear Hat and Easy to Knit Sweet Baby Hat. You can find this beginner knit pattern, along with several other easy knitting patterns, in our free eBook, Learn How to Knit for Beginners: 27 Easy Knitting Patterns. Materials:
Gauge is not important in this design. Instructions:
(If the hole in the center of the hat is a bit large, take a few stitches back and forth to fill it.)
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I recently ran into a StackOverflowError and, searching through the tagged questions on the site, I noticed that a number of them (eg Re-using ideas or small pieces of code from stackoverflow.com) were tags simply about the site. I wanted to re-tag them with something different but I can't see any appropriate tags - can you suggest some?
There aren't any appropriate tags because it's not really an appropriate question for Stack Overflow. I've migrated it here to Meta. |


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Deal or No Deal?A look into how companies are using social discounting to penetrate the millennial generation |
The numbers don't lie -- the "spend now, think later" Millennial generation (born 1980-1995) is fueling the social media boom. In a Pew Research study, 67 percent of technology specialists anticipate that Millennials will continue online sharing as they grow older. In a JWT Intelligence study, survey responses indicate 70 percent of Millennials act when presented with a limited time discount offer. These intersecting trends have implications worthy of consideration by consumer focused companies, as Millennials broadcast offers via social networking at a rapid pace to a large and tech-savvy audience (47 percent of Millennials share product experiences on social media sites).
A recent Duke survey of 249 U.S. companies' CMOs validates the growth as results indicate companies will likely increase their spending on social media from 7.1 percent of their overall marketing budget to 17.5 percent in five years. So how can consumer-based companies use their social media spend to cash in on the trend of sharing via social networking and better penetrate the Millennial market? Why should they use emerging social discounting sites and mobile applications, such as Groupon, LivingSocial and Scoutmob, to target Millennials? How can companies decide if this is the right deal at the right time for them?
By embracing the social discounting trend and monitoring responses through social media tools, companies can proactively manage the dialogue with tech-savvy Millennial consumers.


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Arizona New Homes Over 500 new home communities in greater Phoenix Arizona, by over 50 new home builders mapped. New home buyers can see all communities in a single page, and get brief info on each community. Popup also allows users to visit the specific community URL. | GoogleMaps |
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Are Online Master's Degree Programs Accredited?
What Is a Master's Degree Worth?
An Introduction to Grad School: Obtaining Your Master's or MBA
Masters Degree Examinations: GRE and GMAT
Masters In Education: Choosing the Right Study
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I get a doctorate while pursuing my masters degree?
How can I tell if an online masters degree program is accredited?
What will my online masters degree be worth to an employer?
Will getting a second masters degree give me any benefits?
How long does it take to complete a masters program if I am going part time?
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What kind of masters program is the easiest to get accepted to?
What differences can I expect between a bachelors degree program and a masters degree program?
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Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
3/12/2014 3:53:05 PM. For Customer Service, please call
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sunshine day. Sunny silicone egg shaper starts your day off bright. Simply crack the whole egg into the sun circle and watch the whites flow into the clouds.


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- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.
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3.5mm mini male to 2 mono 1/4" phone cable for personal portables (DAT, Walkman, etc.) and A/V computers.
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Ph.D., Entrepreneurship, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, 2007 MBA, Marriott School of Management, Brigham Young University, 1997 BS, Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, 1992
Daniel V. Holland is an Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship at Utah State University. His research centers on entrepreneurial motivation and decision-making with a particular interest in the factors that affect entrepreneurial persistence and resilience. Dan received his Ph.D. from Indiana University and his MBA and Bachelor of Science from Brigham Young University. He also has 12 years of experience working in a variety of engineering, marketing, and management roles at EDS, Novell, Iomega, and Zero Manufacturing. Dan is married and has five children. His interests include sports, traveling, and trying to keep up with his kids.
Paper by Chad Albrecht and Dan Holland to be Published in the Journal of Business Ethics (The Huntsman Post - September 2013)


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Group Detail
Public Group246 members
495 posts
2,909 comments
Created: 12/04/2011
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August 2012 Birth Club for Moms over 35
Message from the group owner
Welcome to theAugust 2012 Birth Club for Moms Over 35 ! Some of us have been a part of this group since the beginning of our pregnancies, while others have joined us after the arrival of their August 2012 baby. All of us have one thing in common...we are strong moms that are just a little tiny bit older than average! ;) Let's have fun and support each other while we share this exciting journey called parenthood!
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Including Snug Carrycot & Sky Blue Snug Hood
The Navigator is the new 3 wheeler inline pushchair from Phil & Teds. Building on the success of the Explorer the Navigator offers multi-terrain in and beyond the city to go everywhere you want to go.
It has a follow the sun hood with flip out visor with ultra easy one hand adjustability to protect your little one from the sun, wind and dust. The Navigator has a multiple position adjustable handle to adapt to your height and a one hand fast and compact fold to make your life easier on the go.
The Snug carrycot makes the Dot or Navigator the ideal first stage pushchair for your little one. The Snug simply unclips from your pushchair and can be carried to avoid waking your baby up.
This hood allows you to personalise your Snug Carrycot to achieve the look you want.
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This product is available as a pre-order. This means that we do not currently have the item in stock but we are expecting it shortly. You can place an order for this product now your expected shipping date will be 11-12-2013
A place where people come together to discuss our products and services, ask questions and seek advice.
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Welcome! | English (US) |
Welcome! | English (US) |
dixonge says: The wife and I want to be able to share lists between our iPhones. If I edit a list, or complete an item on my iPhone, I want her to see the change on hers.
Posted at 9:27pm on November 29, 2008 |
barkerja says: Shouldn't need to.. I mean you could essentially just use the same account on both iPhones.. Posted 5 years ago |
willw says: Sounds like you could just both log into the same account. Posted 5 years ago |
jim.austin says: This is 'team' software. It's 'sharing' oriented and (look at the name) family oriented. There needs to be a mechanism for sharing with your family. If I have a pro account and my wife has a free account, let her access shared lists via her own account on her mobile device. We are not the same person, so we shouldn't have to use the same account.
Posted 5 years ago |
vinson.jim says: We have four in our house... I'm also interested in using it in my small business.
Posted 5 years ago |


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You really like La Parrilla and Los Reyes.
That's one clear lesson from our quest to find Patch readers' choices for the best Latin American food in the suburbs north and west of Atlanta.
Among the Patches in Cobb, Cherokee, Bartow, Paulding and Douglas counties, readers chose four La Parrilla and two Los Reyes locations as the best Mexican or Latin American cuisine in town.
Two Patches, Kennesaw with Papi's Cuban & Caribbean Grill and East Cobb with Botekim Brazilian Bistro, did choose non-Mexican Latin restaurants to add a little spice to our menu of great places to eat.
Here are the winners, including those from nearby Cumming, Alpharetta-Milton and Roswell Patches:
- —, 9486 Highway 5, Douglasville.
- —, 457 Nathan Deal Blvd., Dallas.
- —, 745 Chastain Rd., Kennesaw.
- —, 6110 Cedarcrest Rd., Acworth.
- —, 22 N. Morningside Dr., Cartersville.
- —, 4090 Powder Springs Rd., Powder Springs.
- Marietta—, 1018 Roswell St., Marietta.
- —Botekim Brazilian Bistro, 1410 Terrell Mill Rd., Marietta.
- —, 2719 Canton Rd., Marietta.
- —, 1065 Buckhead Crossing, Woodstock.
- —Dos Margaritas, 1558 Riverstone Pkwy., Canton.
- —, 1810 Cumming Hwy., Canton.
- —, 12 Tri County Plaza, Cumming.
- —, 12890 Highway 9 N., Alpharetta.
- —, 893 Holcomb Bridge Rd., Roswell.
If you travel farther east in Atlanta's northern suburbs and have a hankering for Latin American food, check out .
Come back Monday morning to participate in our next Readers' Choice poll—the best place in Douglasville Patch to work out.


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recipe reviews for:
"A turkey is roasted in a compound butter made with cider, maple syrup, lemon peel and fresh herbs. This recipe includes instructions for making a gravy using vegetables that have been roasted with the turkey."
Cooking Level: Intermediate
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Everything you need to party like a leprechaun.
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Delicious recipes, party ideas, and helpful cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for just $9.99!
See a simple beginner-friendly method for roasting a moist, beautiful turkey.
Watch a very simple method for prepping and roasting turkey.
Take the guesswork out of preparing the perfect roast turkey.


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Interested in a career in Real Estate? Work with a Real Estate company that works for you. Learn more about Careers with us, or
Contact Coldwell Banker Pryor Realty, Inc.
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In business for more than 25 years. Dedicated to exceptional quality of service - more than 30 agents to meet your needs. Chattanooga, scenic city of the South, is located at junction of 3 states - TN, GA, AL.Languages
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Critic scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more favorable reviews.
The documentary also reveals the sisters' almost symbiotic closeness. They live together most of the year, cook together, do karaoke together and joke about how difficult it would be if one chose to get married. Read full review
This is a story as involving as you'd imagine it would be. Read full review
The fact that Serena, ranked number one again this year — the oldest woman (31) ever so ranked — means that their story isn't over, and that if a skeptic wants to finally appreciate their historic impact on the game, he or she still has time to come around. Read full review
The directors complied and made some trims, which helps explain why the film works better as a thrilling but superficial celebration of two incredible athletes instead of a personal portrait of two world-famous women who continue to make sports history. Read full review
Venus and Serena wins points for sharing an intimate, not-always-flattering view of the sisters that isn't PR-friendly. Read full review
What Venus and Serena does extraordinarily well is capture the work ethic and undersung smarts of the sisters while taking viewers deep into their enviably close relationship. Read full review
Me, I wanted to know what these two remarkable young women will obsess about once the whole world has stopped watching, whether they will always be together — and what it would really feel like to be one of their much less famous siblings. We'll probably never know, except in someone else's future fiction feature. Read full review
What comes across most strongly is the genuine, overpowering love these two women have for each other, even when they're in direct competition. Read full review
This documentary, a love letter to their sisterly bond, gives a reasonably engaging look behind the scenes. Read full review
Think of this movie as a greatest-hits package, with some good stuff to show but nothing very new to say. Read full review
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From the little I've seen of Jones, it looks like he can play 4-3 end. But similar to Coples, he might be better suited inside where he can take advantage of guards.
I would take him on the Jets in a heartbeat though because he is just so quick off the ball and he creates a nice push up the middle.
Two more guys I like for the Jets D are Trufant and Reddick.


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Customers choose their own adventures when renting a kayak from Sebago Trails Paddling Co. Father-and-daughter team Bill and Katelyn Allen and their friend and business partner Virginia Arsenault use more than 30 years of business, kayaking, and local knowledge to suggest more than 30 adventures within 12 miles of the kayak rental site. Life-jacket-adorned paddlers explore a historic hand-operated lock from the 1830s, venture through the historic ruins of Gambo Mills, or head to one of the various beaches as their colorful kayak glides through the water, slicing the gentle waves with its bright red nose.
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Mar Thoma Syrian Church
Mar Thoma Syrian Church | |
Logo of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church |
Founder | St. Thomas The Apostle.[1] |
Independence | Apostolic Era |
Recognition | Independent Hierarchical Church |
Primate | His Grace The Most Rev. Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan |
Headquarters | Tiruvalla, Kerala, India |
Territory | Universal |
Possessions | Australia, Canada, Germany, Middle East (Gulf Region), Ireland, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, United States, United Kingdom, Switzerland. |
Language | Malayalam, English, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Syriac (Western). |
Adherents | 1,061,940 (worldwide)[2] |
Bishops | |
Priests | |
Parishes | |
Monastics | |
Monasteries | |
Website | www.marthoma.in |
The Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar (or the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, Malayalam: Malankara Mar Thoma Suryani Sabha[3]) also known as the Mar Thoma Church is a Christian denomination based in the state of Kerala in southwestern India. It has an entirely different identity when compared to other Churches in India. Most Christian Churches around the world are divided into Western or Eastern traditions. Eastern Churches are again divided into many traditions, one of which is Syriac tradition. Syriac tradition comprises West Syrian Rite and East Syrian Rite. Mar Thoma Syrian Church adheres to the West Syrian Rite tradition and bases its teachings in accordance with Biblical teachings. It is one of the Saint Thomas Christian churches tracing its origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.
The Mar Thoma Church defines itself as "Apostolic in origin, Universal in nature, Biblical in faith, Evangelical in principle, Ecumenical in outlook, Oriental in worship, Democratic in function, Episcopal in character" and is a Reformed Church.[4][5]
Until the beginning of 20th century Marthomites lived in a few districts of Central Travancore and Kunnamkulam in Kerala. Since that time it has spread with the 20th-century Indian diaspora to North America, Europe, the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and currently has around one million members worldwide.[2] Their mother tongue is Malayalam, the language of Kerala. The members of the Church are known as Nazaranis or Marthoma Suriyani Nazarani.
Part of a series on |
Saint Thomas Christians നസ്രാണികൾ |
Alternate names |
Nasrani · Mar Thoma Nasrani · Syrian Christians |
History |
Saint Thomas · Thomas of Cana · Mar Sabor and Mar Proth · Tharisapalli plates · Synod of Diamper · Coonan Cross Oath |
Religion |
Monuments · Churches · Shrines · Liturgical language · Church music |
Prominent persons |
Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar · Abraham Malpan · Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala · Marth Alphonsa · Mar Kuriakose Elias Chavara · Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly · Thoma of Villarvattom |
Culture |
- 1 Definitions
- 2 Administration
- 3 Metropolitans and Bishops of Mar Thoma Church
- 4 History
- 5 Portuguese period
- 6 Dutch period
- 7 British period
- 8 Cleansing of the Church – Reformation and Actualization
- 9 Liturgy
- 10 Places of worship
- 11 Organizations
- 12 Ecumenical relations
- 13 See also
- 14 Notes
- 15 References
- 16 External links
Malankara is the ancient name derived from the name 'Maliankara', Maliankara Island on the south-western side of Indian Peninsula. It was between Gokarnam and Kanyakumari the southern point of India. Kerala, the present south-western state of India is only a part of Malankara. It is also thought to be a cognate of this name Maliankara, a place near Muziris, where Thomas the Apostle first landed in Kerala.
Mar Thoma or Marthoma is Aramaic, means Saint Thomas. Members of this church are often referred to as Marthomites.
Syrian Church. The original liturgical language used in Malankara Church was Aramaic and Hebrew. Later this was replaced by Syriac. In 1898 the church decided to continue its old name Malankara Marthoma Church with the addition of Syriac in it.[6]
Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church has a well defined constitution and has a democratic pattern of administration. There is an 'Episcopal Synod', a Grand Assembly known as 'Marthoma Suryani Sabha Prathinidhi Mandalam' (House of Representatives), a council to aid the Metropolitan in administrative matters and a Vaideeka Selection Committee, to select candidates for the ministry of the Church.
Each diocese has its own council and an assembly. The assembly members are elected by the individual parishes, and the council members, by the Assembly.
All members of a parish are members of Edavaka Sangham (General Body) and they also have the right to elect their representatives to the Diocesan Assembly and Prathinidhi Mandalam, (Church Parliament).
The title of the head of the Church is "Marthoma" and is addressed as "Marthoma Metropolitan". He is installed from among the duly consecrated bishops (episcopas) of the Church, the choice being ordinarily that of the senior most among them. The present "Marthoma Metropolitan" is the Most Reverend Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma who resides at Poolatheen at Church Headquarters in Tiruvalla, Kerala.
If the Metropolitan is personally satisfied that he has difficulty to continue to perform the duties appertaining to his office, he may, relinquish the powers and responsibilities as the Metropolitan. Then he becomes the Senior Mar Thoma Metropolitan and is addressed as "Mar Thoma Valiya Metropolitan". The present "Marthoma Valiya Metropolitan" is the Most Reverend Dr. Philipose Mar Chrysostom Valiya Metropolitan.
To assist the Metropolitan there are episcopas, the senior most among them is called Suffragan Metropolitan.
Administrative divisions[edit]
For administrative purpose, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church is divided into 13 dioceses w.e.f. 1 January 2010, headed by a Metropolitan or by an Episcopa. They are:
- Diocese of Adoor
- Diocese of Malaysia-Australia-Singapore-New Zealand
- Diocese of Chengannur-Mavelikara
- Diocese of Niranam-Maramon
- Diocese of Ranny-Nilackel.
- Diocese of Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam
- Diocese of Kottarakkara-Punalur
- Diocese of Kottayam- Kochi
- Diocese of Chennai- Bangalore
- Diocese of Kunnamkulam- Malabar
- Diocese of Delhi
- Diocese of Mumbai
- Diocese of North America-Europe.
Metropolitans and Bishops of Mar Thoma Church[edit]
Present Episcopal Synod[edit]
The present members of the Episcopal Synod of Mar Thoma Church are:
- The Most Rev. Dr. Philipose Mar Chrysostom Valiya Metropolitan.
- The Most Rev. Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan
- The Rt. Rev. Dr. Zacharias Mar Theophilus Suffragan Metropolitan.
- The Rt. Rev. Geevarghese Mar Athanasius Episcopa.
- The Rt. Rev. Dr. Geevarhese Mar Theodosius Episcopa.
- The Rt. Rev. Dr. Euyakim Mar Coorilos Episcopa.
- The Rt. Rev. Joseph Mar Barnabas Episcopa.
- The Rt. Rev. Thomas Mar Timotheos Episcopa.
- The Rt. Rev. Dr. Isaac Mar Philoxenos Episcopa.
- The Rt. Rev. Dr. Abraham Mar Paulos Episcopa.
- The Rt. Rev. Dr. Mathews Mar Makarios Episcopa
- The Rt. Rev. Gregorios Mar Stephanos Episcopa
- The Rt Rev. Dr. Thomas Mar Theethos Episcopa
Marthoma Metropolitans[edit]
- Mar Thoma I (1653–1670)
- Mar Thoma II (1670–1686)
- Mar Thoma III (1686–1688)
- Mar Thoma IV (1688–1728)
- Mar Thoma V (1728–1765)
- Mar Thoma VI (1765–1808)
- Mar Thoma VII (1808–1809)
- Mar Thoma VIII (1809–1816)
- Mar Thoma IX (1816–1817)
- Mar Thoma X (1816–1816), Pulikottil Mar Dionysius
- Mar Thoma XI (1817–1825), Punnathra Geevargis Mar Dionysius.
- Mar Thoma XII (1825–1852), Cheppattu Philipose Mar Dionysius.
- Mar Thoma XIII (1852–1877), Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XIV (1877–1893), Thomas Mar Athanasius Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XV (1893–1910), Titus I Mar Thoma Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XVI (1910–1944), Titus II Mar Thoma Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XVII (1944–1947), Abraham Mar Thoma Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XVIII (1947–1976), Dr.Juhanon Mar Thoma Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XIX (1976–1999), Dr. Alexander Mar Thoma Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XX (1999–2007), Dr. Philipose Mar Chrysostem Mar Thoma Metropolitan
- Mar Thoma XXI (2007 – ), Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan
For the consecrations, from 1917 onwards bishops from other Churches were invited as guests. But the consecration was done only by the Metropolitan assisted by the other Metropolitans of Mar Thoma Church and of Malabar Independent Syrian Church.
Other Late Lamented Bishops[edit]
- Rt. Rev. Dr. Thomas Mar Athanasius Suffragan Metropolitan, was consecrated by Dr. Juhanon Mar Thoma Metropolitan on 23 May 1953, at Tiruvalla. died on 27 November 1984 and was interred at S.C. palli, Tiruvalla.
- Rt. Rev. Dr. Mathews Mar Athenasius Episcopa, was consecrated by Titus II Mar Thoma Metropolitan on 30 December 1937. Died on 23 September 1973 and was interred at S.C. palli, Tiruvalla.
- Rt. Rev. Easow Mar Timotheos Episcopa, was Consecrated by Dr. Juhanon Mar Thoma Metropolitan on 8 February 1975. Died on 11 April 1988 and was interred at S.C. palli, Tiruvalla.
Clergy – ministers[edit]
''Semmasan'' (Deacons): The Sabha Prathinidhi Mandalam elects a Vaideeka Selection board to select candidates for the ministry of the Church.
''Kassessa'' (Clergy): Persons receiving ordination as ministers shall be duly ordained deacons. They all have had their theological training at the Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, Kottayam, Kerala or other recognized theological seminaries of India.
Vicars general: From among the clergy who have completed 25 years of service in the ordained ministry and not less than sixty years of age are selected and ordained as vicars general. In the absence of the diocesan bishop, they may be appointed as head of the diocese.
First century BC[edit]
On the south western side of the Indian peninsula; between the mountains and the Erythraean Sea (now Arabian Sea); stretching from Kannoor to Kanyakumari was the land called Cherarajyam, which was ruled by local chieftains. Later this land came to be known as Malabar and (now Kerala). Muziris [7] (near modern day Cochin) was the important entry port. After the discovery of Hippalus, every year 100 ships arrived here from various parts of the then known world, including Red Sea ports.[8]
During the time of Moses and King Solomon, the Malabar Coast traded spices and luxury articles with Israel.[9] Excavations carried out at Pattanam (near Cochin) from 2005 provided evidence that the maritime trade between Kerala and the Mediterranean ports existed even before 500 BC or earlier.[10] It is possible that some of those traders who arrived from the west, including Jews, remained in Kerala.[11]
While Augustus Caesar (31 BC- 14 AD) was the Emperor of Rome and Herod the Great (37–4 BC) was King of Judea, ambassadors from Malabar visited the Emperor Augustus.[12] Nasranis believe that these ambassadors were The Wise Men From the East, of the Bible.[13] People who believe they are descendants of these Wise Men gather every year in Kerala.[14]
Arrival of Saint Thomas[edit]
Saint Thomas Christians believe that Thomas the Apostle arrived in Kerala around AD 52, after completing a huge building contract (biggest tourist attraction in Pakistan) in Taxila for the king of Taxila, Gondaphores. His presence in Taxila is still celebrated annually on July 3 on his bones arriving (on being transferred to Edessa/Urfa from where he had been murdered in Mylapore, Madras, India) to his eventual place of interment in Ortona hundreds of years later.[15] He landed at Muziris. The Jews and a few of the Wise Men, who had been to Bethlehem to worship Jesus[16] listened to his preaching and became followers of Jesus of Nazareth.[17] It is believed that after leaving Malankara, St. Thomas proceeded to the East coast of India and died a martyrs' death at a place called Mylapore in Tamil Nadu. The Nazarenes in Malabar were and are either 'Mar Thomites' or Mar Barthomolites, i.e. Nazarenes brought from mainstream Judaism by the missionary efforts of Mar Thoma and Mar Bartholomeu. Pantaneius's reference to the gift of 'Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew' by Mar Bartholomeu to the Nazereans in Malabar is a clear pointer to the fact that Mar Bartholemeu did evangelize Malabar.
The first Christians[edit]
In early Christian times, 'Nazraanis' were not a separate religion, but a sect in the Jewish community. The term was used to denote followers of Jesus of Nazareth. (Acts. 24:5; 28:22). 'Khristianos' (or Christians) was initially used largely to refer non-Jewish people who followed Christ.[18] In Kerala, the sect was known as 'Nazraani Margam'. Margam in Malayalam means, 'The Way'. (Acts 9:2; 19:9, 23; 22:4; 24:22). Thus, the word Nazraani clearly shows that many who joined them were Jews. But in Kerala this name was replaced by the word 'Christians' in the 20th century.[19]
Divisions among Saint Thomas Christians[edit]
A protest took place in 1653 with the Coonan Cross Oath. Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas, the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they would not obey the Jesuit bishops.[20]
Rome sent Carmelites in two groups from the Propagation of the Faith to Malabar headed by Fr. Sebastiani and Fr. Hyacinth. Fr. Sebastiani arrived first in 1655. He began to deal directly with the Archdeacon, Mar Thoma I. Fr. Sebastiani gained the support of many, especially with the support of Parambil Mar Chandy, Alexandar Kadavil and the Vicar of Muttam. These were the three councilors of Mar Thoma I, who were reconciled with Gracia (SJ)[who?] before the arrival of Sebastaini, according to Jesuit reports.[20]
Between 1661 and 1662, out of the 116 churches, the Carmelites reclaimed eighty-four churches, leaving Archdeacon Mar Thomas I with thirty-two churches. The eighty-four churches and their congregations were the body from which the Syro Malabar Church has descended. The other thirty-two churches and their congregations represented the nucleus from which the Syriac Orthodox (Jacobites & Orthodox), Thozhiyur, Mar Thoma (Reformed Syrians), Syro Malankara Catholics have originated.[21]
In 1665 Mar Gregorios, a Bishop sent by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, arrived in India. The dissident group under the leadership of the Archdeacon welcomed him.[22] Though most of the St. Thomas Christians gradually relented in their strong opposition to the Western control, the arrival of the Bishop Mar Gregory of the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1665 marked the beginning of a formal schism among the St. Thomas Christians. Those who accepted the West Syrian theological and liturgical tradition of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch of Mar Gregory became known as the Jacobite, The Syrian Catholics remained in communion with Rome and later came to be known as the Syro Malabar Church.[22]
First 15 centuries[edit]
The Malankara Church believes that St. Thomas appointed elders at every place he preached to lead the believers. He prayed and laid his hands upon them, in the same way as the other disciples did.[23] This was the system used till the arrival of Portuguese. By 1500, Malankara Church had Parish elders and a Church leader. Before the arrival of Portuguese, Latin was unknown to Malankara people. In the ''Decrees of The Synod of Udayamperoor'' presented to the St. Thomas Christians in their mother tongue Malayalam, Malankara Mooppen was the name used to refer the Church leader, except on three occasions.[24] For the first time in 1653 the Church leader was given the title Mar Thoma. The present head of the Mar Thoma Church is the twenty first Mar Thoma.
Pantaenus from Alexandria[edit]
In the 2nd century AD, Pantaenus the Philosopher visited India and found that there were many evangelists in India. They had a copy of the Gospel according to Matthew in Hebrew.[25] These evangelists were the early Christians of Malankara Church.
Arrival of Knanaya Nazranis[edit]
During the time of King Shapur II (310–379) of Persia, a group of 400 immigrants (72 families) from Persia arrived in Malabar under the leadership of merchant Knai Thomman. They were engaged in trade and settled down in Kodungallur. Another immigration from Persia occurred around 825 under the leadership of Persian merchant Marwan Sabriso, with two Bishops, Mar Sapro and Mar Prodh. Together they were known as Knanaya (Kanahi people. They continued to remain an endogamous group within the Nasrani community. They cooperated with the Malankara Church, attended worship services together but remained a separate identity. By the 10th century, in Malabar there were two Nazrani groups, the St. Thomas Christians and Knanaya community.[26]
Bishops from Persia[edit]
Following the arrival of Christians from Persia, their bishops, priests or laymen began visiting them[citation needed]. Most of them were not able to return due to financial difficulties and travelling long distances. The Knanaya people were worshipping together with the St. Thomas Christians[citation needed]. So these visitors also attended these services. It is a matter of ongoing dispute between different churches in Kerala whether the Syrian bishops had any administrative responsibility or jurisdiction over the Nazrani Christians.
Persian crosses[edit]
Persian crosses were in churches once attended by Knanaya Nasranis. Out of five Persian crosses two are in Kottayam Knanaya Valia Palli. According to the archaeologists, the earliest one was made in the 7th century. The cross became a symbol of Christianity in the west, during the time of Constantine (272–337).[27] Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar had hardly any contact with other Christians before the arrival of Knanaya people from Persia. Moreover, two of the oldest church buildings that still exist in South India do not have any marking of a Cross on their original structure. So most probably it was during the 7th century that the cross became a symbol of St. Thomas Christians.
Visits corroborating the existence of the Malankara Church[edit]
The existence of this Church in early centuries is evident in the writings of ancient travellers.
522 AD – an Egyptian Monk, Cosmas Indicopleustes in his writings, ''Christian Topography'' mentions that there was this Church.[28]
883 AD. – Alfred the Great (849–899), King of Wessex, England reportedly sent gifts "in India to St. Thomas and to St. Bartholomew", through Sighelm, bishop of Sherborne.[29]
1225 AD. – Chau Ju-Kua a Chinese traveller visited Kerala.[30][31]
1282 AD. – Kublai Khan (1215–1294) Emperor of China sent an emissary to Kollam, It was followed by an emissary from Kollam under the leadership of a St. Thomas Christian.[32][33]
1292 AD. – Marco Polo (1254–1324) on his return journey from China visited Kerala, mentions that, "The people are idolaters, though there are some Christians and Jews among them".[34]
Collection of deeds[edit]
The rulers of Kerala, in appreciation of their assistance, had given to the Malankara Nazranis, three deeds on copper plates. Five sheets of them are now in the custody of St. Thomas Christians.
- Iravi Corttan Deed: In the year 774 AD. Sri Vira Raghava Chakravarti, gave a deed to Iravi Corttan of Mahadevarpattanam.
- Tharissa palli Deed I: Perumal Sthanu Ravi Gupta (844–885) gave a deed in 849 AD, to Isodatta Virai for Tharissa Palli (church) at Curakkeni Kollam. According to historians, this is the first deed in Kerala that gives the exact date.[35]
- Tharissa palli Deed II: A continuation of the above deed was given sometimes after 849 AD.
Portuguese period[edit]
By 1500, Malankara Church was spread from Kannur in the North to Kollam in the South. It included the Saint Thomas Christians and the endogamous group, Knanaya Christians.
The Portuguese started settling in India with the arrival of Vasco da Gama in 1498. For the next 200 years they took control over the sea routes and were powerful in the western parts of India.
Synod of Diamper[edit]
The Malankara Church had hardly any contact with the Western Church. The Portuguese used their power to bring the Malankara Church under Latin jurisdiction. A powerful Archbishop Aleixo de Menezes[36] arrived in Goa in 1595. He then convened a Synod at Udayamperoor, south of Ernakulam, from 20–26 June 1599, known as the Synod of Diamper. Here the Archbishop demanded complete submission to the Latin jurisdiction. The representatives sent from various parishes in and around Cochin were forced to accept the decrees read out by the Archbishop.
Oath of the Bent Cross[edit]
Under the leadership of their elder Thomas, Nazranis around Cochin gathered at Mattancherry church on Friday, 24 January 1653 (M.E. 828 Makaram 3) and made an oath that is known as the Great Oath of Bent Cross. The following oath was read aloud and the people touching a stone-cross repeated it loudly.
- By the Father, Son and Holy Ghost that henceforth we would not adhere to the Franks, nor accept the faith of the Pope of Rome[37]
(The Missionary Register for 1822 seems to be the earliest reliable document available) Those who were not able to touch the cross tied ropes on the cross, held the rope in their hands and made the oath. Because of the weight it is believed by the followers that the cross bent a little and so it is known as ''Oath of the bent cross (Coonen Kurisu Sathyam) ''
Four months after this event, according to the beliefs, 12 elders of the church ordained the elder Thomas as their prelate with the ecclesiastical title Mar Thoma I.
Beliefs and practices[edit]
Their beliefs and practices before the arrival of the Portuguese as evident in the canons of the Synod of Diamper.[38][39]
Malankara Church,
- maintained the real and spiritual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the sacrament.
- had no knowledge of the term purgatory, but prayed for the dead.
- had irregular practice of auricular confession.
- only had a few celibacy clergy in monastic rank, while celibate bishops visited periodically from the Middle East.
Dutch period[edit]
The Dutch was on the Malabar Coast from 11 November, 1604 1795. Mar Thoma I to Mar Thoma VI were the prelates during this period.
British period[edit]
The English defeated the Dutch in 1795 and took over Cochin during the time of Mar Thoma VI. In 1806, Rev. Dr. Claudius Buchanan, an Anglican missionary visited Malankara and met Marthoma VI .[40] But, soon after this meeting, Mar Thoma VI convened a meeting of representatives of the parishes and declared that the Malankara Church should not follow the teachings of the churches of Rome or Antioch or any other foreign churches.[41] The Bible that was translated from the original Aramaic into Malayalam by two Malpans (Syriac Professors) was printed with the help of Buchanan.[42]
In 1808, a sum of 3000 Star Pagoda[43] (known as Vattipanam) was handed over to Col. Macaulay, the British Resident in Travancore by Mar Thoma VII with the condition that the interest be paid to the Metropolitan of the Syrian Church of Malabar. Col Munro the British Resident in Travancore gave the interest of the deposit to Joseph Ramban ignoring the agreement. In order to avoid the quandary in 1815, Joseph Ramban was consecrated by Mar Philexenos of the Thozhyoor Church and was given the ecclesiastical title Mar Dionysious. To make the Malankara Church accept him as their head, Col. Munroe had to get the rulers of Travancore and Cochin issue Royal proclamations ordering Christians to render obedience to Mar Dionysious.[44]
Ignoring this interference by the British, Mar Thoma VIII consecrated his successor Mar Thoma IX.[45] But soon after, Pulikkottil Mar Dionysious dethroned him. The next two prelates were also selected by Col. Munroe and Royal proclamations were issued to them also.[46]
Cheppad Philipose Mar Dionysius (Mar Thoma XII) did not like the interference of the Anglican Missionaries. So he convened a Synod at Mavelikkara in 1836, in which the Synod declared that, "We, the Jacobite Syrians are under the rule of the Patriarch of Antioch."[47] But it is historically untenable to assert that the Malankara Church had always been under the Patriarch of Antioch.[48] Abraham Malpan leader of the Reformation did not attend this meeting.
After this the missionaries continued their work on their own. By 1878, CMS Church (Anglican Church) was established in Kerala with those who joined them and with those whom they converted.
Both Mar Thoma Church and the Anglican Church are reformed Churches.[49]
Cleansing of the Church – Reformation and Actualization[edit]
From 1498 India was under the Colonial rule of three European powers. They all brought in their beliefs, practices and traditions into the Malankara Church. The Cleansing of the Church was an attempt to eliminate certain such practices and bring back those prevalent in the Church of their fathers.[50]
The reformation was carried out in dissidence by the members of a review committee of 12 scholarly clergy, appointed for a thorough study on the "necessary amendments that the church should adopt" at a meeting of representatives of the Malankara Church by Punnathara Mar Dionysious (Mar Thoma XI) at Mavelikkara on 3 December 1818. No foreigner was involved in this plenary committee or in its deliberations.
Abraham Malpan[edit]
Though Maramon Palakunnathu Abraham Malpan was conservative in his temperament he never hesitated to introduce reforms in both teaching and practice. He also insisted on a high moral standard of conduct for laity and clergy alike. All this created a ferment in the Malankara Church and its effects are still discernible in the Church as a whole.[51]
Principal reforms[edit]
- Changes carried out during reformation :[52]
- Icons, pictures, statues, and drawings of saints were removed from homes, churches, and places of worship.
- All prayers for the dead and to the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Saints were omitted.
- Insisted that Sunday services are to be held in a very reverent and spiritual way. During that time reading and expounding Scriptures is to be done.
- Conducted Worship services including Holy Communion in the mother tongue, Malayalam.
- Holy Communion was not celebrated when there were none to receive.
- Mandated that Communion under both kinds should be distributed separately.
- Considered the practice of praying for the dead and of doing obeisance at their graves with lighted candles as abhorrent.
- Intercession of saints and prayers for the dead were discarded.
- Auricular confession was discontinued.
- Believed that those who come for confession should ask for forgiveness with fasting and prayer, instead of offering oil, incense and candles.
- Insisted that Bishops should ordain only candidates who have been examined by them and the malpans (Meaning:- Syriac scholars).
- Repudiated the custom of smearing charcoal on the forehead on Ash Wednesday.
- Doctrines upheld :[53]
- The Church unequivocally hold the doctrine of the Trinity as interpreted by the creed of Nicea, Constantinople[disambiguation needed] and Ephesus.
- The Church is neither Nestorian nor Monophysite (But follows a holistic approach in cohesion with Lutheran, Calvinist, Arminianist and Methodist Doctrines).
Course of events[edit]
The first printed Malayalam Bible, translated from Syriac was published in 1811. Known as Ramban Bible it contained ony the four Gospels. By 1841, the whole Bible was translated, printed and released. Realizing the need for a changes, in 1818 Mar Thoma XI convened a meeting of representatives of the Malankara Church at Mavelikkara. In that meeting a review committee was appointed to recommend reforms. Abraham Malpan, Kaithayil Geevarghese Malpan, Eruthikkal Markose Kathanar, Adangapurathu Joseph Kathanar were members of this committee. This was the first step in carrying out Reformation in Malankara Church.
On 5 September 1836, the reformation was planned. Strategy was determined by a group of 12 clergymen under the leadership of Abraham Malpan. They issued a letter describing what they believed were the wrong teachings and a statement listing twenty-four practices of the Church which they believed were "evil" and had crept in by its association with other Churches and religions.[54][55]
On 27 August 1837 (Sunday), then excommunicated Abraham Malpan conducted the Holy Communion service in mother tongue Malayalam at his home parish at Maramon. Clergymen, who supported him also did the same thing in various other parishes on the same day.
Connected with a saint (Eldho Mor Baselios), every year on the first week of October, there was a church festival at Maramon. During that time a wooden statue of that saint, they called "Muthappen" (Meaning:- Elder father) was taken around in procession and people used to venerate the saint by offering prayers and ask for intercession. In 1837, Abraham Malpan from deeper biblical understandings and of the spiritual scruples surrounding it, took the statue and threw it into a well saying, "Why consult the dead on behalf of the living?" (Isaiah 8:19). So when the festival came there was no statue to be taken out for procession.
The use of the revised liturgy and the changes he brought about in practices offended Marthoma XII. So deacons trained under Abraham Malpan were refused priesthood. But Abraham Malpan was not disheartened. He continued with his spirited reforms. He returned to Maramon. Many of his students joined him to continue their studies. All those who believed that "The Church" needed a revitalization also joined him. Members of parishes in Kozhencherry, Kumbanad, Eraviperoor, Thumpamon, Elanthoor, Kundara, Kottarakara, Mavelikkara, Mallapally, and many other places made trips to Maramon to attend the service in Malayalam and listen to his sermons. Doors were also opened for reformation in other places by clergy who supported him.
At this stage he had three choices in front of him. Repent and go back to the old beliefs under Antioch; join the Anglican Church with western beliefs; or go forward with the reformation and restoring "The Church" to what he thought would bring it to a pristine position. He selected the third one. Abraham Malpan died in 1845.
Mathen, a motivated nephew of Abraham Malpan by his uncle's guidance and spiritual nurturing, went to Antioch and returned after two years. While there, he was consecrated by the Patriarch of Antioch with the title Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan. After Cheppattu Philipose Mar Dionysius abdicated due to ill health, to collect the interest of the Vattipanam (Fixed Deposit), Through a legal ordeal Mathews Mar Athanasius was approved as Malankara Metropolitan by the governments of Kerala and Cochin on 30 August 1852.[56][57] Mathews Mar Athanasius published the liturgy without the prayer to St. Mary.[58] He consecrated Ouseph Mar Koorilos, as Metropolitan/Bishop for Malabar Independent Church.[59] The entirety of actions incited many clergymen and Pulikkottil Ouseph Kathanar went to Antioch in 1864. He returned as Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II in 1865.
Independence of the Church[edit]
Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II and his supporters filed a case on 4 March 1879. (Case O.S.No. 439 of 1054) demanding the possession of the seminary and the control of assets of the Church. Thomas Mar Athanasius was then the Metropolitan.
During the course of this litigation (1879–1889), answering a question Thomas Mar Athanasius Metropolitan said,
- " The Episcopal throne of Patriarch is the throne of St. Peter, while the throne of Malankara Church is that of St. Thomas. Malankara Church is as old as the Church in Antioch, equal in status, and both are independent."
A meeting was convened by the Maharaja of Travancore, before the final verdict was given, Mar Athanasius testified that,
- Malankara Church was never under any foreign rule and that he was unwilling to move away from the teachings or give the authority and the Church possessions to a foreign Patriarch.
The final verdict came on 12 July 1889, after ten years, was against the Metran Kakshi (supporters of Thomas Mar Athanasious)
The Metran Kakshi decided to remain as an independent Malankara Church, and to give primary authority to the Holy Bible and continue as the successors of St. Thomas throne. In 1898 this group chose the name Malankara Mar Thoma Suryani Sabha.
The original liturgical language used by Malankara Church was Aramaic and Hebrew. The Bible that was in use also was in Hebrew.[60] Later when Syriac replaced Aramaic in eastern countries, and the arrival of Knanaya people from Persia in AD 345, Malankara Church began using Syriac. The Bible used in Malankara Church is called the "Peshitta" and was in Estrangelo Syriac[40][61] This was the Bible that was in use till Malayalam (language of Kerala) translation was available. It is interesting to note that even though bishops from Syrian churches visited Kerala, they did not attempt to change the Bible into the newer forms of Syriac or to the native language. In June 1876, Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius Pathrose IV, visited Kerala and a majority of Malankara Church accepted him as the head of their Church. But those who did not join them continued to follow their own leaders and kept their peculiar identity garnered from reformation. After Mar Thoma Church had began to use the liturgy in mother tongue Malayalam, other churches continued to follow the same for a deeper engagement with the laity. Later the liturgy has been translated into various languages including English, Hindi, Tamil and Kannada
Places of worship[edit]
Those who were converted by St. Thomas in the 1st century continued worshiping in synagogues. Then they moved to their homes and by the 2nd century, they began to build their own churches (called ''Palli'') in various places. It is believed that there were such small gatherings at Maliankara, Piravom, Niranam (Nelcynda) and Nilakkal. St. Thomas Christians in Kerala, still construct their churches following the design of Solomon's temple, and Indian Vastu Shastra. So from outside it looks like a Hindu temple[62] but inside it is like a Jewish temple. Now there is a tendency to follow western architectural designs.
Neither pictures nor statues are in their churches. Until the middle of 20th century, all worshippers were seated on a mat spread on the floor. Now many churches provide chairs or benches, at least for the aged. During the Passion week services, these are removed, to facilitate worshiping according to their ancient custom. All, including priests and clergy, who take part in any service, look to the east and worship.
The most important festival is the Passion Week ending with the Resurrection day, (Easter). Every week day there will be special services and during which they prostrate a number of times.
Christmas is celebrated by all members of the Church, to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. During this time, parishes will be involved in Christmas carolling and the celebration of Christmas Day services. By the end of last century, Christmas trees and other related celebrations have appeared in many parishes.
Auxiliary Empowerment Organizations[edit]
Mar Thoma Evangelistic Association; Mar Thoma Sunday School Samjam; Mar Thoma Yuvajana Sakyam; Mar Thoma Suvishesha Sevika Sangham; Mar Thoma Voluntary Evangelists' Association; Department of Sacred Music and Communications.
Development Department; Christian Agency for Rural Development (CARD); Mar Thoma Medical Mission; Mar Thoma Sabha Mandiram Fellowship; Social Welfare Institutions; Theological Institutions; Educational Institutions; Technical Institutions; Study Centres; Church Animation Centre; and Camp Centres.
Educational institutions[edit]
Nine colleges, six higher secondary schools, one vocational higher secondary school, eight high schools, one training school, five technical institutions plus other educational institutions owned and managed by individuals and by parishes.
Other institutions[edit]
There are 38 social welfare institutions, 14 destitute homes and ten hospitals. The Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, Kottayam (established 1926), E.J. Institute of Evangelism, and 5 other institutes cater to the theological education of both the clergy and the laity. Three study centres at Managanam, Kottayam and Trivandrum for arranging regular study programs and to provide opportunities for creative dialogue between Church and society on various ethical, moral, social and religious issues. The religious education of children is looked after by the Sunday School Samajam (organised in 1905) and the work among youth is carried on by the Youth Department, (the Yuvajana Sakhyam organised in 1933). The Church has a Women's Department (the Mar Thoma Suvisesha Sevika Sanghom organised in 1919).
Maramon Convention[edit]
Mar Thoma Evangelistic Association, the missionary wing of the Mar Thoma Church is in charge of organising the Maramon Convention, the largest annual Christian gathering in Asia. It takes place at Maramon, near Kozhencherry during the month of February on the vast sand-bed of the Pampa River next to the Kozhencherry Bridge.The first convention was held in 1895 March, for a period of 10 days.
The Maramon Convention is pre-eminently an assembly of Christians who once a year come here for listening to the gospel as read and expounded by leaders of Christian thought from all over India as well as abroad. Attendees sit on the sand bed, (old & invalid people are given chairs) with separate seating arrangements for men and women. Generally, one session is for ecumenical messages by invited leaders of other Churches.
Ecumenical relations[edit]
The church actively participates in the programs of the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, the National Council of Churches and the Kerala Christian Council.[63]
Mar Thoma Church was attending meetings of World Council of Churches from its first meeting in 1948. At the WCC meeting held in Evanston, Juhanon Mar Thoma Metropolitan was elected as one of its presidents. Since then the Church representatives attended all the General meetings.
The Mar Thoma Church is in full communion relationship with the Anglican Communion. It is also in communion with the Malabar Independent Syrian Church (also known as Independent Syrian Church of Thozhiyoor) although the doctrinal positions are not mutually accepted in full. The Marthoma Church also keeps good ecumenical relations with other Christian Churches around the globe.
See also[edit]
- ^ http://marthoma.in/
- ^ a b World Council of Churches (1 January 2006). Accessed 2008-03-10.
- ^ http://www.marthoma.in/overview
- ^ http://www.marthoma.in/
- ^ Reformation in the Malankara Church- Living the Gospel. Pub. Mar Thoma Sabha Council. February 2011. Page 7.
- ^ Canons of Synod of Diamper in its Malayalam version, uses the name "Church of the ancient Marthoma Nazrani." The canons were read out in Malayalam, the language of the people.
- ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/more-studies-needed-at-pattanam/article4743789.ece
- ^ Saryu Doshi. (Ed). India and Egypt. Co-sponsored by Indian Council for Cultural Relations, and Marg Publications, Bombay, 1993. p. 45
- ^ ''Bible''; I Kings. 9:26–28; 10:11,22; 2 Chronicles: 8:18; 9:21.
- ^ Kerala Council for Historical Research findings in 2005–10.
- ^ Edna Fernadez. The last Jews of Kerala.- The two thousand year history of India's forgotten Jewish community. Skyhorse Publishing. c.2008. p. 80
- ^ Nicolaus of Damascus
- ^ Matthew 2:1
- ^ Mathew, N.M. Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1.(2006). Page 68-69.
- ^ http://books.google.ca/books?id=VuynaiZ7pSQC&pg=PA101&dq=thomas+festival+july+3+bones&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jI3IUdPHDK6p4AOKqoGoDA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=thomas%20festival%20july%203%20bones&f=false
- ^ Matthew 2:1–2
- ^ Bowler, Gerry. (2000). ''The World Encyclopedia of Christmas''. Page 139.
- ^ Acts 11:26
- ^ Canons of the Synod of Diamper (Malayalam version) and Travancore government records of that period.
- ^ a b Eugene Cardinal Tisserant, "Eastern Christianity in India"
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia profile of "St. Thomas Christians" - The Carmelite Period
- ^ a b Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India"
- ^ Acts 6:1–6; 8:14–17; 13: 1–3
- ^ Decrees of The Synod of Udayamperoor A.D.1500. (Malayalam document)
- ^ Church History of Eusebius Book V, Chapter 10.
- ^ Mathew, N.M. (History of the Marthoma Church. (Malayalam), Volume 1. Page 92-94and souvenirs published by Knanaya parishes in Kerala.
- ^ Christian cross, Constantine I and Christianity, Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ McCrindle, J.W. The Christian Topography of Cosmos, pp 91–128, Book 3.
- ^ ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', Part II, AD 750–919
- ^ Mathew, N.M. (2003)St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages. Page 76.
- ^ Mathew, N.M. Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1. Page 98.
- ^ Mathew, N.M. (2003)St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages. Page 76-77.
- ^ Mathew, N.M. Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1.Page 99-100.
- ^ Marco Polo. The Book of Travels Translated by Ronald Latham. 1958. Page 287.
- ^ Sreedhara Menon, A. A Survey of Kerala History.(Mal).Page 54.
- ^ Also known as Alejo-de-Menezes, Kerala people called him Allosos Metran
- ^ The Missionary Register for M DCCC XXII. October 1822, Letter from Punnathara Mar Dionysious (Mar Thoma XI) to the Head of the Church Missionary Society. From a translation of it, out of Syriac, by Professor Lee. Page 431- 432.
- ^ Daniel, K.N. ''Canons of Synod of Diamper''(Malayalam)
- ^ Geddes, Michael, ''The History of the Church of Malabar.'' (from 1501). London 1964
- ^ a b Buchanan Rev. Claudius, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India. Page 76.
- ^ Aarthattu padiola
- ^ ''Niranam Grantavari, Record of History written during 1770–1830''. Chapter 25.
- ^ A south Indian gold coin in use from 1740 to 1808.
- ^ The CMS ''Missionary Register'', January 1816, Page 37-38.
- ^ ''Niranam Grantavari, Record of History written during 1770–1830''. Chapter 29.
- ^ The CMS ''Missionary Register'', January 1818, pp 103–108.
- ^ Mavelikara Padiola
- ^ Cheriyan, Dr. C.V. ''Orthodox Christianity in India.'' page 279.
- ^ Malankara Sabha Tharaka Chingam (August) 1899.
- ^ K.K. Kuruvilla. ''The Mar Thoma Church and Its Doctrines.'' 1950. p. 21
- ^ Mar Thoma Sabha Directory (1999), Page 24.
- ^ Memorandum issued by Abraham Malpan along with eleven other clergymen on 6 September 1836.
- ^ Royal Court of Final Appeal, Case No:III of 1061, Vol III pp. 26, 27.
- ^ Zac Varghese & Mathew A.Kallumpram. (2003). Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History. Page28-33.
- ^ Mar Thoma Sabha Directory. (1999). Page 82-89.
- ^ Royal Proclamation by Uthram Thirunal Maharaja of Travancore
- ^ Agur, C.M. Church History of Travancore.1903.
- ^ Mathew, N.M. (2007). Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, Volume II. 2007. Page 63.
- ^ Varughese, Rev. K.C., Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabhyude Charitram.1972.
- ^ Church History of Eusebius (AD 260–341) Book V, Chapter 10.)
- ^ A copy of this Bible given to Dr. Buchanan for translation was later presented to him and is kept in Cambridge University Library.
- ^ see also Hindu temple architecture
- ^ http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/asia/india/mar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar.html
In English:
- Constitution of Mar Thoma Syrian Church. (2008)
- Juhanon Marthoma Metropolitan, The Most Rev. Dr. (1952). Christianity in India and a Brief History of the Marthoma Syrian Church. Pub: K.M. Cherian.
- K. V. Mathew (1985) The Faith and Practice of The Mar Thoma Church.
- George Menachery (1973) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India Vol. II.
- Mathew N.M. (2003). St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages, C.S.S. Tiruvalla. ISBN 81-782-1008-8 and CN 80303
- Pothen, S.G. (1963). The Syrian Christians of Kerala. Asia Publishing House, London.
- Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History. London, England. ISBN 81/900854/4/1
- Koshy Mathew Karinjapally.(2005). Roots and Wings Bangalore, India. ISBN 81-85447-21-7
- Cheriyan, Dr. C.V. Orthodox Christianity in India Kottayam2003.
In Malayalam:
- Chacko, T.C. (1936) Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charithra Samgraham. (Concise History of Marthoma Church), Pub: E.J. Institute, Kompady, Tiruvalla.
- Daniel, K.N. (1924) Malankara Sabha Charitravum Upadesangalum, (History and Doctrines of Malankara Church). M.C.Chacko, R.V.Press, Tiruvalla.
- Daniel, K.N. (1952). Udayamperoor Sunnahadosinte Canonukal. (Canons of Synod of Diamper) Pub: C.S.S., Tiruvalla.
- Eapen, Prof. Dr. K.V. (2001). Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram. (History of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, Kottayam.
- George Alexander, Rev.(Ed). Maramon Convention Sathapdhi Valum-'95.
- George Kassessa, Rev. M.C. (1919). Palakunnathu Abraham Malpan. (Biography in Malaylam), CLS, Tiruvalla.
- Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan. (1857). Mar Thoma Sleehayude Idavakayakunna Malankara Suryani Sabhaudai Canon. (Canon of the Malankara Syrian Church of Saint Thomas). Printed at Kottayam Syrian Seminary.
- Mathew, N.M. (2007). Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1.(2006), Volume II (2007). Volume III (2008) Pub. E.J.Institute, Thiruvalla
- Varughese, Rev. K.C., (1972). Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabhyude Charitram (History of the Malankar Independednt Suryani Church)
- Mar Thoma Sabha Directory. (1999) Pub. The Publication Board of The Mar Thoma church, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India.
- P. V. Mathew. Nazrani Christians of Kerala (Malayalam) Vol.2 Kochi, 1993.
- Joseph Cheeran, Rev. Dr. Adv. P.C. Mathew (Pulikottil) and K.V. Mammen (Kottackal). Indian Orthodox Church History and Culture. (Malayalam) Kottackal Publishers, Kottayam. 2002.
External links[edit]
- Official Site of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church
- Directory of Mar Thoma Churches Worldwide
- Mar Thoma TV


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Cumming Steam, Antique Tractor and Gas Engine ExpositionModerator: Team Cub
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Re: Cumming Steam, Antique Tractor and Gas Engine ExpositionDo I detect a mini-fest????
If you can't fix it with a hammer, you've got an electrical problem. My wife says I don't listen to her. - - - - - - - - Or something like that! http://www.cubtug.com
Re: Cumming Steam, Antique Tractor and Gas Engine Exposition
Yes, sir! I think you do. With such a fine group of cubbers, a mini-fest is inevitable!! In the middle of every difficulty lies opportunity. - Albert Einstein
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On-Base Perception
Newsday's new all-encompassing baseball blog on the Yankees, Mets, MLB and more from around the sport.
Yankees' playoff chances flatlining
The American League Wild Cards are coming into focus as the season draws to a close.
Here's an outlook of each of the contending teams, ordered by their odds of making the playoffs (as determined by Baseball Prospectus):
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Read more »Rivera reunites with Wetteland, receives gifts from Rangers
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Read more »Brett Gardner lays out, saves extra-bases in Texas
When the Yankees started the season without Curtis Granderson, Brett Gardner was called upon to start in centerfield. Last night he showed why.
Gardner ran a long way to catch a ball hit by Texas Rangers shortstop Elvis Andrus in the bottom of the eighth inning, saving what would have been at least a double.
At the time, the Yankees still trailed the Rangers 4-3. Gardner's two-out catch...
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ALERT: Dome Restoration Project Necessitates Rotunda Closure April 12 through April 28.
Click here for more information.
ALERT: Dome Restoration Project Necessitates Rotunda Closure April 12 through April 28.
Click here for more information.
Why meet in closed session? The Constitution does not require Congress to meet in public. The House of Representatives, elected directly by voters, immediately opened its doors to the public and press. Senators, originally chosen by state legislators, decided to meet in private, believing they could work more efficiently without public scrutiny and interference.
The earliest Senate Chambers, in New York City and Philadelphia, did not have visitors' galleries. The Senate decided to build a viewing area in 1794 after many state legislatures and newspapers demanded more openness. Beginning in 1795, the Senate debated legislative business (lawmaking) in open session but continued to discuss executive business (treaties and nominations) in closed sessions until 1929. Today, both houses of Congress conduct all debates in public sessions, except when discussing information that could risk national security.
In the early 1790s, the Maryland legislature instructed the state's two U.S. senators to support a resolution requiring public access to the Senate's legislative sessions.
Courtesy of the Maryland State Archives, Special Collections (Early State Records Collection), Votes and Proceedings of the House of Delegates, December 16, 1791, MSA SC 4872, M3197
This diary kept by Senator Maclay of Pennsylvania provides a rare glimpse into the Senate during the First Congress. Here he describes President Washington's visit to the Senate on August 22, 1789, to seek advice and consent on an Indian treaty.
Click here to view an excerpt.
... the Door Keeper soon told Us of the Arrival of the President .... he rose and told us bluntly that he had called on Us for our advice and consent to some propositions respecting the Treaties to be held with the Southern Indians .... our President hurried over the Paper .... and put the Question do you advise and consent &ca. There was a dead pause. Mr. Morris whispered me, we will see who will venture to break silence first.
Manuscript Division, Library of Congress


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ITC Gamma font is the work of designer Jovica Veljović. Named after the third letter of the Greek alphabet, ITC Gamma has almost no sharp corners. Its serifs, stroke endings and terminals are all rounded, a feature best seen in larger point sizes.


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Pre-registration is required for all training at least one week prior to the session date. Read our cancellation and refund policies. Instructions for our new online registration system |
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If you are a new volunteer or cookie advisor, these mini-clinics will give you an open forum for cookie sale-related questions about SNAP, town delivery, the cupboards, or any other concerns you may have.
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Discussion about math, puzzles, games and fun. Useful symbols: ÷ × ½ √ ∞ ≠ ≤ ≥ ≈ ⇒ ± ∈ Δ θ ∴ ∑ ∫ π -¹ ² ³ °
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You are not logged in. #1 2012-03-17 01:13:42
Matrix moves.The following is useful in solution of many types of problems that reduce down to a Markov chain. and we wish to raise it to the 10th power. Let us say we are only interested in We could of course use a CAS to compute P^10 and then just look. For instance entering MatrixPower[P,10] into mathematica yields Here we will look at two other methods. If we start with where the names of the boxes denote the position in the matrix. For instance p11 means first row and first column. Then and If we say then using A we can form the linear set of recurrences with a(1)=1 and b(1)=3. The system can be solved and results in the solution Since a_n is we only need to substitute n = 10 to get our answer of 4783807 which agrees with B). Was there an easier way? A way that does not require that we guess at the recurrence? If we get the eigenvalues of P then using some linear algebra we know the solution is of the form: where c1 and c2 are constants to be determined from the initial conditions. We already have P^1 so we compute P^2 to get the other. We form the simultaneous set of equations. Solving for c1 and c2 we get Plugging in n = 10 we again get 4783807 as in B). In mathematics, you don't understand things. You just get used to them. Some cause happiness wherever they go; others, whenever they go. If you can not overcome with talent...overcome with effort. |


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Despite some flaws with the keyboard, there's much to like about Toshiba's Satellite L670 laptop. Our configuration, the L670-17K, looks stylish and offers impressive performance for the price. Read more
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