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Cooler with rain and drizzle
Expect showery weather late Tuesday night through Wednesday afternoon
Mar 17, 2014; 5:00 AM ET The chance for heavy rain and thunderstorms could provide for travel delays in Miami and Kinshasa.
5:11pm SAST

subset: commoncrawl


text:
US 6012938 A Abstract An adapter for lamps and other electrical devices to be installed in standard lampsockets which prevents unauthorized removal of such lamps or other electrical devices. A screwshell means is placed upon a body member such that relative rotation between them is possible. A tool or key placed in aligned slots or keyways prevents relative rotation so that the adapter can be installed or removed from a lampsocket. The tool or key is then removed permitting relative rotation again, whereby the lamp or other electrical device cannot be removed from the lampsocket. Use of the tool or key fixes the two components with respect to one another and the adapter can be removed.
Claims(2) 1. A method to prevent the theft of electrical lamps from an electrical lampsocket having an internally threaded portion comprising the steps of:
a) providing an insulative body member having at least one cylindrical portion with a slot extending for at least a portion of said cylindrical portion, said body member having an electrical lamp electrically and mechanically connected thereto; b) positioning a hollow cylinder screwshell means having an external thread around said cylindrical portion and further having a plurality of open slots along a first edge of said screw shell means, said slot in said cylindrical portion alignable with one of said open slots in said screwshell means; c) locking said screwshell means to said body member by inserting a key in both of said slot in said cylindrical portion and said aligned slot in said screwshell means; d) threadably engaging the external threads of said screwshell means with said internal threads of an electrical lampsocket; e) rotating said screwshell means in a first direction to advance said screwshell means into said lampsocket until an electrical circuit to said electrical lamp is completed; and f) removing said key and thereby preventing any rotary motion applied to said body member being applied to said screwshell means thereby preventing the removal of said screwshell means from said electrical lampsocket and the theft of said electrical lamp. 2. A method, as defined in claim 1, comprising the further steps of:
a) rotating said body member until said slot in said cylindrical portion of said body member is aligned with one of said open slots in said screwshell means; b) inserting said key in said slot in said cylindrical portion of said body member and the aligned open slot in said screwshell means to lock said body member and said screwshell means together; and c) rotating said body member in a second direction opposite said first direction to remove said screwshell means external threads from said electrical lampsocket internal threads to permit said screwshell means to be separated from said electrical lampsocket. Description Turning now to FIGS. 1 to 9, there is shown one form of adapter 20 constructed in accordance with the concepts of the invention. This adapter 20 has a body member 22 fabricated of insulating material, such as rubber, plastic, phenolic or the like. Body member 22 has a first cylindrical portion or flange 24 of a first diameter and thickness. As shown in FIG. 1, there are a member of apertures 26 spaced along flange 24 which can be used to fasten adapter 20 to a housing 110 which contains an electrical device as shown in FIG. 2. The electrical device may be a ballast transformer 112 connected to a dual socket 114 for fluorescent lamps 116. The housing 110 is mounted to flange 24 by means of bolts 118 passed through apertures 26 in flange 24 and apertures 120 in housing 110 and nuts 122 tightened upon such bolts 118. The insulated conductors 28 and 30 pass through an aperture 124 in housing 110 and are connected to the transformer 112 and socket 114. Body member 22 has a second cylindrical portion 32 of lesser diameter than first portion 24 and has a surface 34 which acts as an upper stop for the screwshell member. Portion 32 is about as thick as portion 24. A further cylindrical portion 36 is of smaller diameter than portion 32 and is of much greater thickness than portion 32. A cylindrical step 38 of lesser diameter than portion 36 and of small thickness leads to a truncated conical end 40 of lesser diameter than step 38 and a truncated end surface 44 perpendicular to central longitudinal axis 46. As best seen in FIG. 3, there are two depressions 48 in the sides of conical end 40 set at positions 180 of the upper surface 50 of step 38. An aperture 52 is placed in each of the exposed surfaces 50. A further aperture 54 is placed in end surface 44. The arrangement of the component parts of the adapter 60 for the compact fluorescent tubes (see FIGS. 10 and 11) is generally similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 1 to 9. The difference is that the relatively thin flange 24 is replaced with a much thicker first cylindrical portion 62. The remaining portions are the same. As shown in FIG. 2 a slot or keyway 56 extends through the upper portion of first cylindrical portion 24 adjacent second cylindrical portion 32, the second cylindrical portion 32, third cylindrical portion 36, cylindrical step 38 and into conical end 40. Although it is simpler to manufacture the body member 22 with the slot 56 as described, the slot or key way 56 could be stopped at a point just below the open slots of the screwshell means to be described below. The slot 56 does not extend for the entire thickness of flange 24 resulting in a stop 58 to insure proper positioning of the tool to be described below. Because the cylindrical portion 62 of the adapter 60 of FIGS. 10 and 11 are very thick it is only necessary that the slot or keyway 64 extend into cylindrical portion 62 for a short distance to provide stop 66. Again, slot or keyway 64 could be made long enough to extend beyond the slots of the screwshell means to be described. The slot or keyway 56 extends into body member 22 to a depth along the longitudinal axis 68 which is parallel with and offset from the central longitudinal axis 46 (see FIG. 9). The screwshell means 70 is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The screwshell means 70 is a hollow cylinder into which is formed a helical thread 72 of the size and pitch of a chosen lamp base, for example, a medium or mogul base lamp. The top lip 74 is intumed to ride over surface 50 of step 38 and the bottom edge 76 has a number of open slots 78 arranged along it. The portion of thread 72 below the closed end of slots 78 engages the surface 34 of cylindrical portion 32 to make relative rotation of screwshell means 70 and body member 22 easier. The screwshell means 70 is retained on body member 22 by means of contact washer 80 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. Contact washer 80 is comprised of a generally C-shaped ring 82 of electrically conductive, spring stock material such as copper or berylium-copper alloys. The ends 84 of ring 82 are bent out of the plane of ring 82 and may be formed with a rounded contact pad 86 as shown in FIG. 7. Extending inwardly from the inner edge or ring 82 are a pair of ears 88, each having an aperture 90 therethrough. After the screwshell means 70 has been placed over step 38 and cylindrical portion 36 of body member 22, the contact washer 80 is placed over the in-turned lip 74 of screwshell means 70 and each of the ears 88 is allowed to extend into its associated depression 48 so that apertures 90 overlie apertures 52. The pads 86 of contact washer 80 are in contact with inturned lip 74 of screwshell means 70. The contact washer 80 is then fixed in place by rivets 92 as shown in FIG. 1. A first insulated conductor 28 is connected to contact ring 80 and by its engagement with screwshell means 70 provides a closed path to one contact or one side of the filament of a lamp or other electrical device. A central contact 94 is positioned on end surface 44 of conical end 40 and fixed thereto and connected via aperture 54 in end surface 44 to the second insulated conductor 30 to provide a closed path to the second contact or the other side of the filament of a lamp or other electrical device. Thus when adapter 20 is screwed into a proper sized lampsocket as shown in FIG. 12 which is connected to a source of electric current and the control switch (not shown) closed, the lamp or other electrical device connected to insulated conductors 28, 30 will be operated. FIG. 12 shows the adapter of FIG. 1 screwed into a lampsocket 102. Lampsocket 102 is made of an insulating material such as porcelain, rubber or plastic and is generally circular in cross-section. An annular flange 103 surrounds the main body portion and contains at least two aperture 106 which permit fasteners (not shown) to be passed through to fasten the lampsocket 102 to a gang box, a ceiling, wall or the like (not shown). In the central bore 108 there is located a screwshell 126 having an internal helical screw thread corresponding to the external helical screw thread 72 of screwshell means 70. Screwshell 126 is coupled by lead 128 to a terminal screw 120, which can be coupled to one side of an electrical supply (not shown). The central contact 94 of the adapter 20, when the adapter 20 is fully seated in screwshell 126, engages the central contact 132 of lampsocket 102. Central contact 132 is coupled to the second side of the electrical supply by resilient arm 134 coupled to a further terminal screw 136 to which the second side of the electrical supply is connected (not shown). Since the screwshell means 70 and body member 22 are free to rotate with respect to one another it would not be possible to threadably advance or the threadably withdraw the screwshell means 70 from a lampsocket by rotating the body member 22 by gripping flange 24 or cylindrical portion 62 of adapter 60 and turning them. To do this, it is necessary to assemble, at least temporarily, the body member 22 and the screwshell means 70. This is done with the tool or key 96 shown in FIG. 8. The tool or key has a blade 98 with a thickness less than the width of slot or keyway 56 and is long enough to extend to the rear of the slot 56 defined by longitudinal axis 68 in FIGS. 9 and 12 at the same time extend beyond the outer surface of screwshell means 70. The blade 98 can extend to an insulated handle 100 or can end beyond flange 24 so that it can easily be gripped without the use of a handle. The screwshell means 70 or body member 22 are rotated until one of the open slots 78 of screwshell means 70 is aligned with slot or keyway 56. Then the tool or key blade 98 is inserted so that it extends all the way back to the line of the longitudinal axis 68 and in engagement with stop 58. The blade 98 is also positioned in an open slot 78. With the elements in this position, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 12, the screwshell means 70 and the body member 22 cannot rotate independently but rotate as a single unit. The adapter 20 may now be made to threadably engage the thread 126 of the lampsocket 102 and advanced until fully seated. The tool or key 96 is removed and the screwshell means 70 and body member 22 are again free and will rotate with respect to one another making removal nearly impossible. To remove the adapter 20 from the lampsocket 102, the tool or key 96 is again inserted into slot or keyway 56 and open slot 78 and the body member 22 is rotated to remove the adapter 20 from the lampsocket. The installation and removal of the adapters 60 of FIGS. 10 and 11 will be the same as that described with respect to adapter 20. While there have been shown and described and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes of the form and details of the devices illustrated and in their operation may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the invention. In the drawings in which similar elements are given similar reference characters: FIG. 1 is a top, right perspective view of an anti-theft lamp adapter constructed in accordance with the concepts of the invention. FIG. 2 is side elevational view of the body member of the adapter of FIG. 1 mounted upon a fragmentary portion of an enclosure shown in section. FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the body member of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the screwshell means of the adapter of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a top, right perspective view of the screwshell means of FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the coupling means of the adapter of FIG. 1. FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of the coupling means of FIG. 6. FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of a tool which can be employed with the adapters of the instant invention. FIG. 9 is a fragmentary side elevational view, partly in section, of the adapter of FIG. 1 with the tool of FIG. 8 in place. FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of a compact dual tube fluorescent lamp with an adapter according to the instant invention. FIG. 11 is a side elevational view of a compact quad-tube fluorescent lamp with an adapter according to the instant invention. FIG. 12 is a side elevational view of the installation and removal of the adapter of FIG. 1 to a lampsocket. 1. Field of the Invention The invention is directed to the field of theft proof lamps and more particularly to adapters which can be used with expensive lamps to prevent their unauthorized removal from lampsockets. 2. Description of the Invention The prior art known of embodies various types of enclosures or cages which are held in place by a lock in the device itself or a lock applied to the device when closed. These enclosures often interfere with the changing of the lamps, may restrict the light coverage of the fixture or project unwanted shadows. The locks are easily broken or picked. The instant invention overcomes the difficulties noted above with respect to prior art devices by providing an adapter that interfaces with the lamp or other electrical device and the electrical lampsocket into which it is assembled without having any portion which overlaps any part of the lamp or other electrical device. The lamp or electrical device has an insulating body member to which it is mechanically and electrically joined. Placed about one end of the body member is a hollow, metal screwshell means which has an external thread to match the internal screw thread of a lampsocket to permit the screwshell means to threadably engage the lampsocket thread to advance the screwshell into the lampsocket or permit its withdrawal from such lampsocket. Adjacent the end of the body member containing the screwshell means thereon is a coupling means which couples the screwshell means to said body member permitting the relative rotation of the screwshell means and body member while providing electrical continuity between one element of the lamp and the screwshell means. A flat, central contact is placed at the end of the body member having the screwshell means thereabout to engage the central contact of the lampsocket into which the adapter is placed. This central contact is electrically connected to the second element of the lamp. The body member has a slot directed inwardly from its surface, parallel to the central longitudinal axis of the adapter and terminates along a line or longitudinal axis parallel with and spaced apart from said central longitudinal axis. Along the top edge of the screwshell means, remote from said central contact are a series of open slots. To advance the adapter or withdraw it from a lampsocket, a tool or key having a blade that matches the slots of the body member and screwshell means is employed. The body member or screwshell means is rotated until one of the screwshell open slots is aligned with the slot or key way in the body member. The key blade is placed in the aligned slots locking the screwshell means to the body member so that no relative rotation is possible. The adapter can now be made to threadably engage the lampsocket and advanced fully into the lampsocket. The key is removed. With the removal of the key, the body member is free to turn independent of the screwshell means thereby preventing removal of the adapter and attached lamp or electrical device. To remove the adapter, the key is again placed in aligned slots in the body member and screwshell means and the adapter is removed by rotating the adapter. It is an object of this invention to provide an anti-theft lamp adapter. It is an object of this invention to provide an anti-theft lamp adapter which does not interfere with the operation of the associated lamp. It is a further object of this invention to provide an anti-theft lamp adapter which employs a special tool and cannot be operated by ordinary, available tools. Other objects and features of the invention will be pointed out in the following description and claims and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which disclose, by way of example, the principles of the invention, and the best modes which are presently contemplated for carrying them out. This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/686,789 filed on Jul. 26, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,525. Patent Citations
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Will Imran-Bebo's chemistry work at B.O?
He has teamed up with the fresh pair of Imran Khan and Kareena Kapoor to attract the audiences.
Directed by debutant Shakun Batra, the film's cast has Boman Irani, Ratna Pathak Shah and Ram Kapoor and it will be released on 1,200 screens worldwide. It is made at an approximate budget of Rs.25-30 crore.
In 'Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na', Ratna had played Imran's mother, but her character in the new film is a complete contrast.
In the film, Rahul Kapoor (Imran), an architect in Vegas, loses his job, but doesn't share the bad news with his parents and secretly starts the job hunt. His life takes a turn when Riana Braganza (Kareena), a quick-witted hairstylist, enters his life.
They meet and after a fun-filled night of debauchery, Rahul and Ria wake up to discover they've got married. They decide to annul their marriage, but in the course of next 10 days they stay together, fight, laugh and end up developing an unlikely friendship which eventually turns into love.
The film was earlier titled 'Short-Term Shaadi', but later changed to 'Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu'. Going by the promos, the film seems to be targetted towards younger audiences.
Extensively shot in Las Vegas, the entire cast and crew enjoyed working there as the shooting schedule coincided with the festive season of Christmas and New Year celebrations.
Some parts of the film have also been shot in Pataudi, Haryana.
While shooting for the film, Imran also turned a photographer and clicked Kareena. Later, an exhibition was held where all those photographs were put on display.
There were reports that the film's story is similar to that of Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher-starrer 'What Happens In Vegas', but the producer denies this contending that the fact that they get married in Vegas is only an aspect of the movie and not the entire movie. The story is different.
The peppy and fun-filled songs of the film composed by Amit Trivedi are already a rage among youngsters and are being frequently played on radio stations.
After the success of Dharma Productions' 'Agneepath', expectations are high from the romantic comedy which is also produced by the same banner.
Source: IANS
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As unpopular as the thought may be at this stage of the 2012 election process, having a female on the ticket may still be something America is not ready for.


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Grand Rapids' Jake Bischoff wins top senior defenseman award
Published 03/05/2013, Duluth News Tribune
Bischoff will be presented with the Reed Larson Award at a banquet tonight in St. Paul.
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US 20020136262 A1 Abstract The present invention is a method to eliminate the influence of clamp dimensional changes on the displacement measurement during the measurement of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of samples in tension. In a first embodiment clamp dimensional changes can be eliminated by making clamps from a material with near zero CTEs. In another embodiment clamp dimensional changes can be reduced by minimizing the CTE of the clamp material. Finally clamp dimensional changes are taken into account. This is achieved directly by subtracting a prerecorded baseline from the measurements; or by determining the CTE measurement for various sample lengths and obtaining the slope of a straight line through the points on a MD (measured displacement)/DT (temperature range of displacement measurement) versus sample length plot. The slope is the corrected CTE. Clamp dimensional changes can also be taken into account indirectly by obtaining a clamp displacement contribution (CDC) factor which allows to correct measured displacements to result the correct CTE.
Claims(39) 1. A method of increasing the accuracy in determining the coefficient of thermal expansion of a thin film sample material using a thermal mechanical analyzer, said thermal mechanical analyzer having probe, sample holder, heater, micrometer, thermocouple, differential transformer, core, force generator, analysis software and having a top clamp and a bottom clamp elements; said sample having a top and a bottom, initially measuring the length of said sample of said material from said top to said bottom; then securing said top and said bottom of said sample between said top and bottom clamps respectively, applying a tensile force to said top clamp so that said sample film is under light tension, and the length of the sample film is measured, whereupon said sample film is heated and cooled and the displacement of said sample is measured, and the coefficient of thermal expansion test measurement result is determined according to the formula computing the difference of measured displacement D1, at temperature T1, and displacement D2, at temperature T2, divided by the difference between T1 and T2 according to CTE=(D1−D2)/(T1−T2) [units of � C.−1] said clamps being fabricated from a material that will eliminate the influence of said clamp expansion or contraction on said measurement of the coefficient of thermal expansion.
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Description [0001] This application claims priority from Provisional Applications bearing Serial Nos. 60/058,648 filed Jul. 11, 1997 and 60/059,891 filed Sep.24, 1997. [0002] 1. Technical Field Of The Invention [0003] The present invention is directed to increasing the accuracy of the measurement of thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) performed on thin film samples. More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, the CTE increased measurement accuracy is obtained using any of the following procedures: (a) by measuring the baseline using the same set-up used in the measurement; (b) by identifying a correction factor; (c) by using specific, low expansion clamps; or (d) by extracting the CTE from measurements of samples with various lengths. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] The testing of plastics is generally carried out for the same reasons as apply to the testing of other materials, namely to determine their suitability for a particular application, for quality control purposes or to obtain a better understanding of their behavior under various conditions. It is necessary for a manufacturer to be able to measure its performance with relation to other materials and thus be in a position to assess the market likely to be available to it. [0006] The physical testing of plastics must be standardized if the comparison of physical data from two or more different sources is to have any meaning. The physical testing of plastics can be classified generally as (a) dimensional; (b) thermal; (c) mechanical; (d) electrical; and (e) optical. The results of physical tests carried out on a material often depend upon the ambient conditions of temperature, humidity, the size, shape and method of preparation of the test pieces and the techniques of measurement employed. [0007] Testing of the thermal properties of plastics is important to give the plastic user some idea of the range of safe temperatures at which the plastic can be used. Some of the important thermal properties are thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal or linear expansion, specific heat, softening point, heat distortion temperature and mold shrinkage. [0008] The present invention relates to accurately measuring the CTE as this test is now advantageously used to test thin samples of polymers such as polyimide, and to a lesser extent, epoxy resins used in computer applications. [0009] CTE's of materials are typically measured using a thermal mechanical analyzer (TMA). A TMA is an instrument used in a penetration type test which is capable of measuring the displacement of a measuring probe with great accuracy. The probe is in contact with a sample to be measured and detects changes in sample dimensions in probe direction and transmits results to a displacement detection unit. Test sample dimensions can change by the application of temperature or weight to the sample. [0010] These dimensional changes may be time dependent. In the case of CTE measurements, the contact with the sample must be chosen so that the sample dimension does not change as a consequence of the probe; or if the sample dimension does change, such change is minimal and reproducible. [0011] A typical TMA is depicted in FIG. 1A (prior art) comprising a probe (1), sample holder (2), heater (3), micrometer (4), thermocouple (5), differential transformer (6), core (7), force generator (8). In a typical use, the plastic sample to be tested is held between sample holder (2) and probe (1). A force is applied to the sample, and the resulting changes in sample length are detected by the independently connected differential transformer (6) and core (7). The TMA used to obtain more accurate CTE values pursuant to the present invention is depicted in FIG. 1B (prior art). The unit comprises a loading generator (10), a core (11), differential detector (12), micrometer (13), sample cylinder (14), outer tube (15), probe (16), sample (17), and furnace (18). The TMA module (19) provides a signal (20), a temperature signal (21) and heater power (22). Also included in this apparatus is a means for processing software (23) used to provide certain instructions to the apparatus during operation as hereinafter described. [0012] In this embodiment, sample (17) is set between sample cylinder (14) and probe (16). The independent sample cylinder (14) and probe (16) are connected to differential transformer (12) and its core (11) respectively. The top of probe (16) is also connected to a first end of balance arm (23). The other end of balance arm (23) is connected to electric loading generator (10) which controls the load according to CPU guidance. Differential detector (12) detects the movement of probe (16) as the sample (17) length changes, and outputs this as a TMA signal (21). Recorded signals are time, temperature, dimensional change and load. [0013] There are a variety of probes that are used in the TMA depending upon what test is being conducted. The probes are configured for expansion, volume expansion, compression and penetration. In addition, accessories for tension, three point bending, and cubical expansion are available. When combined with a dynamic loading program, a variety of applications are possible. [0014] Presently, several ways of accomplishing contact of the probe to a sample exist. However, if the sample is a thin film, there is essentially only one way to guarantee continuous contact between the probe and the film while at the same time not bending the film. [0015] In the method of the present invention, sample (30) is held by two clamps (31) and (32) as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B (prior art front and side views respectively). FIGS. 2A and 2B show that top clamp (31) is connected to probe (33) while bottom clamp (32) is stationary or fixed to sample holder (34). Probe (33) and stationary sample holder support (34) are made from a material (such as quartz, having a CTE of 0.5 ppm/� C. which possesses a very small expansion coefficient so as not to interfere with the expansion of the sample. [0016] Using the set up described above and depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, sufficient tensile force is applied to the probe so that the sample film (30) is under light tension. The length of the sample between the clamps (31) and (32) is recorded. For CTE measurements the sample is heated (cooled) and the probe displacement with temperature is measured. FIG. 3 depicts a side view of how the measurement is determined. It is has been determined that it is absolutely essential in such testing procedure that clamps (41) and (42), used to hold sample (40), not contribute to the measured displacement. This requirement is specifically stated in the user manual of such an instrument; (see: Seiko TMA Users Manual, Appendix-A, A-3). [0017] A computer analysis software program collects displacement and temperature values. Often, time values are collected. Various software routines are used to extract and calculate the CTE for the particular sample tested. The CTE is computed as the difference of measured displacement D1, at temperature T1, and displacement D2, at temperature T2, divided by the difference between T1 and T2 and is exemplified by the expression: CTE=(D1−D2)/(T1−T2) [units of � C.−1]; wherein [D1−D2] is called the measured overall displacement (MD) (also referred to as (OD)); and T1−T2 is called the temperature range (ΔT). [0018] In order to obtain accurate values, the TMA must be well calibrated. This calibration includes collections of baselines and other instrument parameters which are conveniently incorporated into the software to obtain accurate data during measurements performed on samples. [0019] In the electronics industry the matching of CTEs of dissimilar materials is of great importance because mismatch of the CTE of the various materials comprising an electronic device such as a memory or logic chip or an electronic package leads to stresses which influence the durability and performance of the device. Of particular importance is the measurement of materials with CTEs in the vicinity of the CTE of silicon (2.6 ppm/� C.). [0020] In order to provide for the demands of the electronic industry, the chemical industry has responded by synthesizing polymeric materials which exhibit CTEs that match the 2.6 ppm/� C. value of silicon noted above. While silicon can be measured using compression mode CTE measurements, the CTE of these newly developed polymer films can only be measured directly in the tension mode. The reason for this is that in many polymer films, the CTE is a function of film thickness. Thus, thicker films which could be measured by other means will not give the required CTE values. [0021] The thickness of the samples used in accordance with the present invention is in the range of between about 1 mm to 1 μm, preferably between about 150 μm and 5 μm [0022] Labaratory measurements have established that CTEs measured with the above-described tension mode do not give accurate results. Errors for materials such as silicon, were off by as much as 480%, even with a well calibrated instrument. Errors also varied with sample length. [0023] It is an object of the present invention to provide a method which allows accurate measurements of the CTE of thin films using the tensile mode. In particular, the present invention describes methods using the tensile mode that allow accurate measurement of the CTE of films with low expansion coefficients, that is between about −25 and +50 ppm/� C. [0024] The predicate for the present invention is the discovery that in the course of determining the CTE of materials using a TMA. the clamps used in the TMA apparatus to hold the sample, contribute to the overall observed dimensional change of the sample. This dimensional change phenomenon is attributable to the fact that the clamps expand with heating and contract with cooling. The absolute values of the clamp displacement contribution to the overall value of the CTE of a sample is small. The accuracy of the CTE for samples with large CTE's is therefore not greatly influenced by the clamp displacement contribution. [0025] However, clamp displacement can be a considerable portion of the dimensional change observed for samples with small CTEs. The present invention, as disclosed herein, eliminates, minimizes, or adjusts for the clamp expansion in order to obtain accurate CTEs. [0026] The present invention discloses a plurality of ways to eliminate the influence of clamp dimensional changes on the displacement measurement during the measurement of the CTE of samples in tension using the TMA apparatus. [0027] In one embodiment, clamp dimensional changes are eliminated by making clamps from a material with a CTE at or close to zero. [0028] In a second embodiment, clamp dimensional changes, i.e. expansion or contraction, during the process are accounted for by fabricating the clamps from a material with a known CTE, thereby eliminating the influence of the CTE of the clamp material. Alternatively, the clamps can be fabricated from a material that possesses a CTE that is identical for heating and cooling. [0029] In another embodiment, the clamps are fabricated from a material having a CTE that is linear in the range of operation. In this embodiment, actual clamp dimensional changes during the measurement procedure are taken into account. This is achieved by subtracting a predetermined and prerecorded baseline (value) from the test measurement results; or it is achieved by conducting the CTE measurement for various sample lengths and obtaining the slope of a straight line through points on a MD (measured displacement) / ΔT (temperature range of displacement measurement) vs. sample length plot. The slope is the corrected CTE. [0030] Finally, clamp dimensional changes can also be taken into account indirectly by obtaining a clamp contribution factor (CDC) which allows one to correct measured displacements to result in the correct CTE. [0031] The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of the disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages, and specific objects attained by its use, reference should be had to the drawing and descriptive matter in which there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention. [0032] Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description of the invention when read in conjunction with the figures comprising the drawings, in which: [0033]FIG. 1A is a general depiction of a prior art TMA. [0034]FIG. 1B is a more specific depiction of an existing TMA apparatus. [0035]FIG. 2A is a sideview schematic of the tension mounted sample for the measurement of the CTE of a thin sample in a TMA. [0036]FIG. 2B) is a front view schematic of the tension mounted sample for the measurement of the CTE of a thin sample in a TMA [0037]FIG. 3 is a schematic of the TMA set up to measure the CTE in tension. [0038]FIG. 4 is a graph depicting a baseline measured with a quartz sample using commercial clamps. [0039]FIG. 5 is a graph showing the CTE measurement of the clamps in compression showing clamp expansion during heating, and shows a hysteresis between heating and cooling. [0040]FIG. 6 is a plot of overall displacement, OD (in centimeters), divided by the temperature range over which the measurement was taken, (ΔT), versus the sample length. [0041]FIG. 7 shows a plot of measured displacement, MD (in 100 micrometers), divided by the temperature range over which the measurement was taken, (ΔT), versus the BPDA-PDA sample length in centimeters for a sample with unknown CTE. [0042]FIG. 8 shows the displacement vs temperature curve for a strip of quartz in tension after baseline correction. [0043] A first embodiment of the invention eliminates or minimizes the expansion of the clamps used in a TMA apparatus such as is depicted in FIG. 1B. The material from which the clamps are fabricated has a coefficient of thermal expansion between about 0 and 20 ppm/� C. The object of the present invention is achieved by making the clamps out of a very low CTE material such as quartz or Invar which is an alloy having about 63.8% Fe, 36% Ni and 0.2 C. Other materials which may conveniently be used are ceramic, stainless steel, molybdenum, platinum, silver and aluminum. When such material(s) is used, the measured CTE is virtually the actual CTE of the measured material. In general, under ideal conditions, a clamp material is chosen which possesses a CTE value that is zero during heating and cooling. [0044] Within the purview of the first embodiment, and as a related feature of that aspect of the invention, the clamps in the TMA apparatus are made from materials with known CTE values. In this feature, a clamp material is chosen which possesses a linear CTE over the temperature range of the measurements taken. [0045]FIG. 5 shows the CTE behavior of currently used clamps which exhibit a transition thus having dimensions that are not identical during heating and cooling. It is preferable to use a clamp material which possesses a small CTE. [0046] Referring to the drawings, the clearly visible metal phase transition is responsible for the difference in the heating baseline and the cooling baseline found in FIG. 4. Clamps made from such materials with the specified phase transition are not desirable. FIG. 5 depicts the difference between heating and cooling which is due to a metal phase transition in the clamps. [0047] In a second embodiment of the invention, the influence of the clamp expansion is taken into account during the analysis of the raw data. Optionally, this can be done externally or internally. [0048] In the external case, the user measures a baseline and prepares a functional relationship as shown in FIG. 4, which is used to correct each subsequent measurement. Preferably, the user-measured baseline becomes part of an internal baseline correction routine. [0049] In the �internal� case, the data is analyzed by the TMA manufacturer and included in the software provided with the machine prior to the sale to the user. For example, the baseline is measured by the manufacturer using silicon or quartz. The resulting information is stored in the software and is automatically subtracted when the CTEs are calculated. [0050] In another embodiment of the invention, the user or equipment manufacturer determines a clamp displacement contribution (CDC) factor. Once determined, this factor is used to correct all measured displacement values or to correct the overall displacement measured in a given temperature range. The CDC factor can be used subsequently to modify the CTE measurement by the user; or it can become part of an internal correction applied to all CTE measurements obtained by tensile mode. In the latter case the user does not need to be aware of the procedure. [0051] The method of present invention for increasing the accuracy in determining the coefficient of thermal expansion of a silicon sample material using a thermal mechanical analyzer apparatus (TMA) was employed on a sample having dimensions of 20 mm length, 3 mm width and 1 mm thickness. The TMA was of the type depicted in FIG. 1B and possessed a probe, sample holder, heater, micrometer, thermocouple, differential transformer, core, force generator, analysis software and had top clamp and bottom clamp elements. The clamps were made from stainless steel; the CTE behavior is shown in FIG. 6. The silicon sample to be measured was held between the top and bottom clamps, applying a tensile force to said top clamp so that said sample film is under light tension, i.e. about 10 g., and the displacement was measured. [0052] With respect to the tensile force applied to the sample, the load needs to be chosen such that the sample will not deform within the given temperature range. In general, the load applied is between about 2g. and about 100g., preferably between about 10g. and 20g. This range is preferred because it has been found to be the range at which the force is sufficiently large not to cause displacement by vibrations and is not large enough to cause permanent sample deformation. A specific example is that a sample having a thickness of 10μis placed under a load of 10g. [0053] Thereafter the silicon sample was heated and cooled and the displacement of said sample was measured. In a separate operation, the silicon sample length was changed and the measurement steps were repeated. Taking the data generated from both experiments, the overall displacement over the temperature range was recorded and plotted against the sample length. [0054] More particularly, as noted, the CTE measurement is performed for at least two sample lengths (L1, L2, etc. . . . ) of a material over an identical temperature range (ΔT). The measured overall displacement (MD1, MD2, etc. . . . ) divided by the temperature range (ΔT), for which the displacement was measured, is plotted against the sample length (L1, L2, etc . . . . ). The slope of the straight line through the points of this plot is the correct CTE of the sample. The slope from this operation is depicted in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is a plot of 100*(OD) /(ΔT) versus the silicon strip length in cms. The slope can also be obtained by linear regression analysis. The slope as determined from the plot in FIG. 6 obtained pursuant to this Example 1 record the CTE of silicon as 2.4 ppm/� C. This measured result is substantially identical to the literature value of silicon which is 2.6 ppm/� C. [0055] In another example of an embodiment of the present invention, using the apparatus and procedure described above in Example 1, a sample BPDA-PDA strip with an unknown CTE was measured using sample length variations. Again, MD/ΔT values are measured for a variety of sample lengths and plotted against the latter. FIG. 7 shows a plot of measured displacement, MD (in 100 micrometers), divided by the temperature range over which the measurement was taken, (ΔT), versus the BPDA-PDA sample length in centimeters for a sample with unknown CTE. FIG. 7 also shows the CTE values that were obtained for each sample length using the prior art instruments/procedure without any corrections. These are indicated for each sample length. This demonstrates that the errors in CTE values can exceed 100% in the example at hand. [0056] Another method was used wherein a baseline was measured using a quartz standard and the current stainless steel clamps. Using the apparatus and procedure described above in Example 1, a quartz sample, 0.8 mm thick, 3 mm wide and 20 mm long, was mounted in the clamps and loaded into the TMA and a load of 10 g. was applied. The sample was heated at a low heating rate (2� C./min to insure that the sample was in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings and was cooled at the same low rate. It is noted that heating rate is not significant when samples are only 10 μm thick as long as the rate is below 2� C./min. The measurement of this standard was continued until subsequent runs were identical. The displacement versus temperature curve of the last run was stored to be used as a baseline. FIG. 8 shows the displacement vs temperature curve for a strip of quartz in tension after baseline correction. There is a 0.2μdifference start and end; and between low and high temperature. [0057] This baseline is also conveniently described by a polynomial and a TMA signal is output after these effects are deducted, is used. A sample with unknown CTE and of the same length as the previously measured standard is now measured over the same range of temperature. The previously recorded baseline is subtracted from the displacement versus temperature plot of the unknown sample. Prior art methods to extract the CTE from this corrected plot are used to obtain the correct CTE value as shown in FIG. 8. [0058] From the length variation measurements described in Example 3 above, the clamp displacement contribution (CDC) can be extracted. As shown hereinafter, the CDC factor can be used to obtain the correct CTE of unknown samples. [0059] The straight line in the MD/ΔT versus L (observed displacement vs. sample length) plot of FIG. 6 is described by: MD/ΔT=CTE*L+CDC [0060] From this equation it is apparent that several methods exist to obtain the CDC factor. The CDC factor can be used to correct the displacement data and to obtain the correct CTE for any given sample. [0061] One way to obtain the CDC factor is by determining the intersection of the line in the MD/ΔT versus L plot, with the MD/ΔT axis, i.e., the point at which L=0. The value of MD/ΔT is also the value of the CDC. [0062] Another way to obtain the CDC value is by measuring a standard with a linear CTE having a known value, wherein the measurement is taken in the tensile mode. After the length L is recorded, measurements are run until reproducible results are achieved. The measured sample displacement (MD) in the temperature range of interest is divided by said temperature range (ΔT. From the resulting value, the product of the CTE of the standard and L is subtracted to obtain the Clamp Displacement Contribution (CDC) factor according to the equation: (MD/ΔT)−CTE*L=CDC [0063] Corrected CTE's for samples with unknown CTE can be obtained with the knowledge of the CDC factor using the following calculation. [0064] The MD of the unknown sample is divided by the DT in which the MD was measured. The CDC factor is subtracted and the resultant value is divided by sample length, L, according to: (MD/ΔT)−CDC)/L=corrected CTE of unknown sample [0065] Clamp correction factors can also be calculated from runs with a sample having known CTE. The equation used is then: CDC=(CTE(known)−CTE(measured))*L/1000 [0066] CDC factors were calculated from the experiments using a fused quartz standard. The CDC values for various temperature ranges are given in Table 1 hereinafter. It can be seen that the variation of CDC factors is between 4 - 5%. This indicates that this method will give CTE values with an acceptable accuracy of below 5% for samples with a CTE of above 2 ppm/� C. as long as the sample length is about 20 mm. For shorter samples, the error will increase. [0067] This method can be incorporated into the software of the instrument to obtain corrected CTE's of unknown samples. The results of the experiments are set forth in Table 1. [0068] While the present invention has been described with respect to preferred embodiments, numerous modifications, changes, and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The [0069] Thus, while there have been shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to currently preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the method and apparatus illustrated, and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. In addition it is to be understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale but that they are merely conceptual in nature. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended herewith. Referenced by
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Questions FOR Aliens...............................
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Ye shall know them by their fruits. You have strayed to far and are now encouraging others to stray. Repent and seek the truth lest ye be among the lost sheep who hath gone atray. Hold fast to the iron rod and you shall be able to partake of the fruits of the tree of life.
REPLY: Sadly you are most confused. Out of one mouth you speak of God, then you support aliens, then again you attempt to speak from the bible. You cannot have both God and Satan. You must make a choice or the choice will be made for you at the end. Jesus states:
Rev 3:15 I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot.
Rev 3:16 So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spew thee out of my mouth.
Thanks for commenting.......
You misunderstand again. I feel sad for you who do not understand God's divine plan. I feel pity for you who claim to speak for God. You say I lack knowledge of God, but take a look at yourself. Look at your name, and look at your attitude and the way you speak. I have seen those who speak with the Holy Spirit in their heart, they speak simply and with an eloquance and humility that can only come from God. They do not tell the person they are speaking to how sad that person is or how more knowledgeable in things they are. God speaks to those who are broken hearted and contrite of spirit because they are humble and are willing to listen and do whatever God asks them too. You have not shown yourself to be humble and you have not shown yourself to be understanding.
I also was not making any attempt to speak from the bible. You is trained by God should have known what it was and what it meant. But you didn't. You naively assumed that I was trying to quote the bible.
I probably won't reply to any comments you make afterward for it is not good for people to immerse themselves in darkness and lies.
Also. I am neutral when it comes to aliens. But it is misleading to say that satan has a body and he is able to clone. I already told you why it was not possible for satan to have a body. To ascribe that sort of power to satan is doing him more of a favor. We are the only ones who give him power to do anything he does. And also you can be knowledgeable about the enemy infact it's good to know about it. But it is unhealthy to immerse yourself in that knowledge. It is better to immerse yourself in the light.
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MILLER: Hate-the-rich hypocrisy
Obama is against capitalists, unless he wants their money
Taxing millionaires and billionaires is at the top of President Obama's agenda. He plans to use money extracted from "the rich" to pay for his big government - but not until he's used their cash to fuel his campaign. Mr. Obama is also all too willing to break bread with the vilified hedge-fund owner or raise a glass with the awful private-equity investor as long as their wallets are open to his billion-dollar quest for re-election. The public should see through this hypocrisy.
On Monday, Mr. Obama flew Air Force One to Manhattan for an evening of big-dollar fundraising with singer Jon Bon Jovi. Former President Bill Clinton warmed up the crowd at each event, the first of which was a $40,000 per-person reception at the home of billionaire Marc Lasry, founder of the Avenue Capital Group hedge fund.
Mr. Obama used to bash this profession with lines like, "Let's ask hedge-fund managers to stop paying taxes that are lower on their rates than their secretaries." His tone changes when he wants access to their deep pockets. This week, he thanked his hosts for being "great supporters and great friends."
Next, the two Democratic presidents were whisked from 5th Avenue to the Grand Ballroom at the Waldorf Astoria hotel, where 500 people who could afford to plunk down $2,500 enjoyed a luxurious dinner surrounded by red velvet curtains, golden drapes and glittering chandeliers. Bon Jovi performed the apt "Living on a Prayer" and the more wishful "Here Comes the Sun."
Mr. Obama didn't mention his promise to raise taxes on everyone in the room at the end of the year, but he subtly told the assembled plutocrats how he planned to spend their money on another stimulus. "The agenda that we've put forward - which says let's put people to work right now rebuilding our roads and our bridges and putting teachers back in the classroom to accelerate growth now at the same time as we couple it with long-term spending restraint - that's a recipe that works."
Mr. Obama's trillion-dollar stimulus was supposed to lower unemployment, but it's been stuck over 8 percent since it took effect. No matter, the president's song and dance culminated with a concert modestly entitled "Barack on Broadway" at The New Amsterdam Theater.
Some 1,700 high-falutin' Democrats paid up to $1,000 each to hear performances by Patti LuPone, James Earl Jones, Stockard Channing, Neil Patrick Harris and Angela Lansbury. Throughout the glitzy night, Mr. Obama's teleprompter was wiped clean of his favorite phrases "millionaires and billionaires," "it's not fair" and the "Buffett Rule."
This was just the latest stop in a chi-chi national fundraising tour that started last month with a $15 million evening at movie star George Clooney's Los Angeles home. Next week, Air Force One will shuttle Mr. Obama back to the Big Apple for a dinner co-hosted by "Vogue" magazine editor-in-chief Anna Wintour at the home of "Sex and the City" actress Sarah Jessica Parker.
Mr. Obama pretends to be the voice of the 99 percent, but he feels most at home with the 1 percent. Voters aren't likely to fall for the act. The struggling working and middle classes will look at the president's actions, rather than his rhetoric, when they decide which lever to pull in November.
Emily Miller is a senior editor for the Opinion pages at The Washington Times.
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Emily Miller
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Emily Miller is senior editor of opinion for The Washington Times. She is the author of "Emily Gets Her Gun … But Obama Wants to Take Yours" (Regnery 2013). Miller won the 2012 Clark Mollenhoff Award for Investigative Reporting from the Institute on Political Journalism.
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New Orleans Fall Jewelry, & Bead Show
September 12, 13, & 14, 2014
Hours: Friday & Saturday 10 til 6, Sunday 10 til 4
Open to the general public ~ Admission is still only $5 for the entire weekend for retail shoppers. Wholesale buyers who preregister will receive free admission.
We've got a great show lined up for this Fall; Jewelry, Beads, Beading supplies, Charms, Gemstone beads, Pearls, Silver, Saints & LSU jewelry, "vintage jewelry" and more!
Make your plans today to attend. Parking, as always, is FREE!
Wholesale buyers who preregister will be admitted free of charge.
We have a great line up of exhibitors selling everything from fine jewelry, fashion jewelry, beads, beading supplies, gold, silver, pearls, findings, cabochons, and more.
Exhibitor List
Baby Boomers ~ distinctive beaded finished jewelry. Barbara Wolf ~ handcrafted beaded jewelry and more. Beads & Crafts ~ Swarorvski crystal beads Beading House ~ beads, pearls, tools, seed beads, findings, and more. Beadiful ~ beads Beads & Crafts ~ Swarovski crystal beads Best One International ~ Costume jewelry Choy International ~ pearls, beads, & jewelry D'Artes Gem & Mineral ~ gemstones Dhorjee ~ handcrafted jewelry Everlasting Gems ~ beads House of Tam Jewelry ~ finshed jewelry J & M Gems & Things ~ beads Jade House ~ beads, findings, chain, and more. Lisa Hammerlee ~ gemstone beads, chain, and more. Mat Collection ~ beads MeMe's Beads ~ beading & jewelry classes New Century ~ beads, beading supplies Ramlah Enterprises ~ gemstone beads. Pearl Girls ~ antique jewelry. Premier Treasure ~ finished jewelry Ro~A~Beads ~ beads and pearlsSilver Dreams ~ fine silver jewelry & charms SongLily ~ beads & costume jewelry Southern Gem Supply ~ natural gemstone beads Unique Creations ~ Charms, Charms, Charms Retail admission is still only $5 for the entire weekend for the general public. Discounts and vendor coupons are available to those on our email list. Join up below!
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- The scheme of Grand Theft Auto 5
- Mar 11,2014
A botched robbery in Ludendorff, North Yankton took place and after it, nine years elapsed. This incidence brought two dead and third one became in the disguise form. The earlier bank robber, Michael Townley is staying beneath the witness guard with his family in Los Santos, San Andreas while taking on the alias Michael De Santa. This is initial plot of Grand Theft Auto 5. Franklin Clinton working as a repo man for a car dealership alongside his friend Lamar Davis is propelled to regain a car from the twenty years old son of Michael. The son is Jimmy that is passing through the car loan trouble as it has gone overdue. It is deduced that his son is going to be victimized of the credit deception. Michael tackles Franklin and places the order to Franklin as he can crash the car via the dealership. Franklin becomes fired. However, they turn out to be the pals. When Michael explores his wife Amanda in the bed with her tennis coach both run after the man towards a house. In anger, Michael devastates it. Conversely, the house is owned by the Mexican drug lord Martin Madarzo demanding the compensation. They agree as they pay their debt to Madrazo. The money is to be gained from a jewelry shop. It is to be theft with the aid of friend of Michael, Lester Crest. There is only survivor of the Ludendorff burglary and it is Trevor Philips. There is a hue and cry about the theft and it is realized that the doer is only to be Michael. It is reunited with his previous partner after hunting down to Los Santos. The personal living styles of the protagonist start changing and it is out of control. The unexpected recurrence of Trevor activates the reckless and erratic manner from Michael. It makes his family leave promptly. The attempt of Michael is to make something and it introduces the conflict with Devin Weston. There is a self-made billionaire venture entrepreneur along with the corporate thief that develops a grudge against him and vows the vengeance. Franklin is upset because of the falling of Lamar under the persuasion of Harold Stretch Joseph. It is a gangster that imperfects a rival gang in jail. And it is who tries to slay Lamar to establish himself to his new brethren. The effort of Trevor is to merge his direction over the market of methamphetamine in Blaine County to find out him in waging battle against the San Andreas chapter of The Lost outlaw motorcycle club. It is a sign of the street gangs of Latin America. It is also meth dealers of foe. There is a government-sponsored mercenary along with a Triad directed by Wei Chang. Chang is one of the most senior people in the gangland of China. FIB agent propelled Michael against Steve Haines and Dave Norton to deal with a sequence of processes with Franklin along with Trevor with the aim of undermining a foe agency. It is IAA. Get into Grand Theft Auto 5 with your vigor as you can disclose all these happenings.
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- [Dec 25,2013]


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COMMERCIAL DESCRIPTION Woodchuck Amber Draft Cider was the first style of cider produced under the Woodchuck label. It is made from a blend of apples and fermented with champagne yeast to produce a great tasting and refreshing product.
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Junior and Kyle have made their way back from both ends of the spectrum to form The DevilDoves. The deities and goblins of arts and shiftlessness have dubbed their music........."clusterfolk".
Aside from family, playing their unique brand of uptempo, offensive, and insightful Americana is the on...
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Be the first to ask The DevilDoves a question!
Song Plays 595 +4
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This great product in white from our department Men and T-Shirt category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design heart_stars_26 was created by goldshirt and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a T-Shirt. Next to a host of other great designs, you can find this heart_stars_26 design in Spreadshirt's Miscellaneous category. If you are interested in topics like B2B World War Champs or Keep Calm and Graduate, then you'll love heart_stars_26 designs by goldshirt. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of t-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Miscellaneous as well as top 'Merica clothing. goldshirt's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your address for great designs of all kinds – whether it's B2B World War Champs, Keep Calm and Graduate or 'Merica. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing Miscellaneous t-shirts, hoodies or accessories for you to find!Tags: Design ID: 10173812
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Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia |
For population 25 years and over in Bailey's Crossroads:
For population 15 years and over in Bailey's Crossroads CDP:
10,477 residents are foreign born (25.3% Latin America, 18.5% Asia, 6.9% Africa).
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2011: $2,924 (0.9%) Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Arlington, VA (2.4 miles , pop. 189,453). Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Washington, DC (7.7 miles , pop. 572,059). Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Philadelphia, PA (132.5 miles , pop. 1,517,550). Nearest cities: Seven Corners, VA (1.2 miles ), Lake Barcroft, VA (1.2 miles ), Lincolnia, VA (1.4 miles ), Arlington, VA (1.6 miles ), Jefferson, VA (1.8 miles ), Falls Church, VA (1.9 miles ), Alexandria, VA (2.0 miles ), Rose Hill, VA (2.1 miles ). Latitude: 38.85 N, Longitude: 77.13 W Daytime population change due to commuting: +1,617 (+7.4%) This place's Wikipedia profile Unemployment in July 2013:
Unemployment by year (%) Historical population Historical housing units
Work and jobs in Bailey's Crossroads: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute |
(lower is better) Air Quality Index (AQI)
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2011: 14.1% (8.9% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 14.7% for Black residents, 17.7% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 8.0% for American Indian residents, 15.6% for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander residents, 15.7% for other race residents, 21.2% for two or more races residents) Average household size:
Percentage of family households:
Percentage of households with unmarried partners:
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Bailey's Crossroads, VA People in group quarters in Bailey's Crossroads in 2010:
60 people in nursing homes in 2000 Bailey's Crossroads compared to Virginia state average:
Most commonly used house heating fuel:
1996 Presidential Elections Results 2000 Presidential Elections Results 2004 Presidential Elections Results 2008 Presidential Elections Results 2012 Presidential Elections Results Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results Food Environment Statistics:Number of grocery stores: 182
Number of supercenters and club stores: 3
Number of convenience stores (no gas): 130
Number of convenience stores (with gas): 163
Number of full-service restaurants: 693
Adult diabetes rate:
Adult obesity rate:
Low-income preschool obesity rate:
9.86% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($58,935 average adjusted gross income)
0.41% of residents moved from foreign countries ($2,540 average AGI) Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:
11.53% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($70,546 average adjusted gross income)
0.26% of residents moved to foreign countries ($1,670 average AGI) Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:
Strongest AM radio stations in Bailey's Crossroads:
Strongest FM radio stations in Bailey's Crossroads:
TV broadcast stations around Bailey's Crossroads:
FCC Registered Paging Towers:2
Detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: 4515.00 , 4516.00, 4527.00, 4528.00
Detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: 4515.00 , 4516.00, 4527.00, 4528.00 Businesses in Bailey's Crossroads, VA
Bailey's Crossroads on our top lists:
Back to Bailey's Crossroads, VA housing info, Fairfax County, Virginia, VA smaller cities, VA small cities, All Cities.


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Wooden Kaleidoscope
See the world in a whole new way! Our handmade kaleidoscopes provide a dazzling experience combining science and artistry.
Invented in the early nineteenth century, kaleidoscopes contain pieces of glass that are reflected by mirrors set at different angles to create various symmetrical patterns when viewed through one end of the tube. The name kaleidoscope comes from Greek, meaning "beautiful form to see."
Fair-trade imported through a non-profit organization dedicated to providing a stable and gainful source of employment for underprivileged artisans in Bangladesh.
- Wood & mirrors
- 7.75" L x 1.6" dia. (19.6 cm x 3.8 cm)
- Fairly traded from Bangladesh
Warning: like all kaleidoscopes, the interior contains mirrors and should not be used by children under the age of 13.
For bulk pricing on these and other items, please contact our Customer Service department at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Recent reviews:
December 12, 2012 - I bought 2 of these as gifts and could not be more pleased. I have an antique kaleidoscope, and with the good weight and solid construction of these, I am sure they will be around a long time, too. There is a nice variety of beads that are colourful and move easily as you rotate the scope. The wood is lovely and feels good in the hand. They come in a sturdy papier mache'-like box with a window-lid. I am really thrilled with this item and am trying to think of more people to buy them for!
October 29, 2012 - I bought two of these as gifts. I sent one to my dear friend who is going through stage 4 breast cancer because I wanted her to have some beauty in her life. I'm a kaleidoscope fanatic and I was anxious to see what they looked like. I ordered the tri-colored one and it is nice looking, but it doesn't turn to change the design. You have to either shake it or manually turn it. Needless to say, I'm really disappointed.
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Christmas comes early when adopted special needs girls from China arrive at their new Herriman home
HERRIMAN — Lexi and Sophi traveled thousands of miles to be part of the Green family's live nativity this year.
In fact, their parents Jeremy and Christianne Green traveled to China to bring them home. They are the fourth and fifth special needs children adopted by the Herriman couple. Sophi, 2, was born without arms and has no fibula in her right leg. Lexi, 4, is blind.
As the family prepares to observe yule traditions, such as
driving through the elaborate light displays at Thanksgiving Point on Christmas Eve followed by a meal at Arby's, the actual holiday may be somewhat anticlimactic for Jeremy and Christianne.
Christmas came early when the couple brought home their new additions last week. Christianne said the enormity of the events hit her when the family piled into its van Friday evening at Salt Lake City International Airport after the couple's 30-hour trip from China.
"I was overwhelmed and exhausted. We hadn't slept the entire time. My favorite moment was when we got into the van, turning around and seeing all eight of our kids buckled in. I thought, 'We're all here.' It just felt so good," Christianne said.
The Greens were accompanied on the trip by their daughter Graci, who traveled to China to welcome her new sisters and to visit the foster parents who cared for her before she was adopted by the Greens in November 2007. She speaks Mandarin and interprets for her Chinese siblings.
Jeremy's father, Allen, also made the trip.
"It was a very happy experience but you miss the kids that are at home," Jeremy said.
"Adoption is a very spiritual experience, and it's very exciting, much like it is when you give birth. It's also very exhausting."
The family's immediate goals are to recover from jet lag and attempt to get their brood on the same schedule. "When you take a child from China and change everything around them, there's a huge adjustment period," Jeremy said.
Caseworker Suzanne Stott of Families for Children, which handled the adoption, says the Greens are up to the challenge.
The couple knows to seek help before becoming overwhelmed, said Stott. They make their marriage and personal wellness priorities, she said. Plus, they have demonstrated that they know how to meet the varied needs of six other children. The couple takes each child on a regular "date" with each parent. They set aside Friday nights for one-on-one time.
"They understand what the long haul is. I applaud it because that's my value, too," Stott said.
Between the births of three biological children and the adoption of five from China, the Greens have experienced great joy and many challenges in recent years. They also grieved two stillborn babies.
After the loss of their second child, the Greens began to research adoption. "We knew we wanted more children," Christianne said, explaining that the family entered the adoption process seeking a healthy infant.
"Special needs totally overwhelmed me when I first heard of it."
But that changed when the Greens learned about Elli, who is blind and has cognitive deficits.
"I had this feeling come over me, this motherly feeling toward her. She just kind of had my heart," Christianne said.
Elli was adopted in February 2007. That experience opened Jeremy's and Christianne's eyes to other "waiting children," as Stott puts it. The couple adopted their son Xander in 2009.
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text:
Jan. 31--This January reminded Detroit resident Galina Glyshaw of winters where she grew up -- in Siberia.
Glyshaw moved to Michigan 14 years ago from Novosibirsk, Russia's largest city in its Siberian region, where temperatures average 4 below in the winter.
"In Siberia, I used to walk 40 minutes one-way to work, and I was fine," she said. "Here, I'm outside 15 minutes to clean the car and I'm already cold. ... This winter has really kicked me. I think I need my Siberian winter clothes again."
This was the month that brought "polar vortex," unrequested, into our understanding. An area of high atmospheric pressure in northeastern Canada, and a low pressure area in western North America, steered the jet stream -- the Earth's natural air currents in the upper atmosphere that move along weather -- plunging much more to the south than normal. That created a four-lane highway for air from the North Pole region, typically trapped in the far north of Canada, down over Michigan.
"What we're seeing is very unusual, to say the least," said Jeffrey Andresen, an associate professor of geography at Michigan State University and climatologist for the State of Michigan.
Not only is it rare to have the perfect storm of factors to cause such a powerful polar vortex, the way it has hung around is extraordinary, Andresen said. Jet stream changes typically last days, maybe a week, he said.
"The pattern we have now has persisted, with a couple of breaks in it, all the way back into late November," he said.
And the short-term forecast calls for more cold air and below-normal temperatures into February, said Matt Mosteiko, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in White Lake Township. That includes 3-4 inches of snow forecast for Saturday, with 4-5 inches possible farther north, in Genesee and Lapeer counties and the Thumb.
The good news? Temperatures are likely to be in the mid-20s, at least.
"Especially if we have some calm winds and sunshine, it will feel really warm compared to what we've been having," Mosteik said.
But January's conditions shouldn't become a cringe-worthy annual reality, he said.
"This is not the new normal," he said. "This is breaking records that occurred over 120 years of data."
Snow, cold and desperation
Twin polar blasts, two weeks apart, had much of southeast Michigan dumped with its snowiest January on record. Snow forecast for Thursday evening and today was expected to push the Detroit area to its snowiest month of any, ever, exceeding the record of 38.4 inches from February 1908, according to the National Weather Service.
And then there was the cold.
A record-setting first wave of subzero temperatures socked Michigan and much of the eastern U.S. for nearly a week in early January. Then a second wallop of frigid northern air over the last week led to Detroit breaking a record Tuesday with a temperature of 10 below. Nome, Alaska, was 48 degrees warmer.
A few people loved this snowy, bone-chilling, polar vortex-ed January in metro Detroit.
As car batteries failed across the area earlier this week, customers trudged into the Complete Battery Source store in Brighton, Vice President Rob Hohman said. Business is up 30% over last January, he said.
"It's been like Christmas after Christmas," he said. "It has been unlike anything we've seen in 15 years."
Henderson Towing in Detroit is giving jump-starts and haul-aways to disabled cars at a record rate, as well.
"We're four to five times busier" than at this time last year, owner De'Angelo Henderson said.
The weather and demand for roadside assistance have led to further inconvenience for stranded motorists, who often face long waits because so many need help all over the metro region, Henderson said.
"There's a lot of people who will hang up on you -- 'I'm not waiting five hours,' " he said. "Then five minutes later they call back and say, 'Can I still have that five-hour slot?' "
Patching and plowing
The snow has wreaked havoc on the region's road commissions.
The Oakland County Road Commission has used 56,000 tons of salt to deice roads so far this winter, most of the 70,000 tons it buys to last through March, spokesman Craig Bryson said. At this point last year, it had used only 15,000 tons, he said.
Oakland, Wayne and Macomb road commissions all report skyrocketing overtime for plow drivers and other support staff.
"Our crews haven't had a weekend off since before Christmas, and weekends are overtime," Bryson said. "We've worked every holiday, and that's double-time."
The temperatures between the two polar vortices were above-normal, into the 40s, and the weather changed from record snowfall into rain -- "the perfect recipe for making potholes," Bryson said.
"We literally went from plowing snow around the clock to patching potholes on at least a 12-hour-a-day basis, and then back to plowing," he said.
The Wayne County Road Commission has spent more than $7 million so far this season, compared to its five-year average of $8.2 million for entire winters, said Cindy Dingell, deputy chief operating officer for the county Department of Public Services.
"It's a crazy storm season and, of course, we've got more on the horizon," she said.
The road commissions' best efforts to keep roadways clear couldn't prevent a messy month for commuters. The number of accidents on metro Detroit highways is up 49% over this point last winter, according to the Michigan Department of Transportation.
Small silver lining
If the cold and snow weren't jarring enough, try looking at a recent energy bill.
Consumers Energy estimates that its typical home or business customer has used 26% more natural gas to heat their home or business than at this time last winter, spokeswoman Debra Dodd said.
"The silver lining is that Consumers Energy's natural gas prices are the lowest they've been in a decade," she said.
DTE Energy spokesman Alejandro Bodipo-Memba said ratepayers' energy use from November to January is up about 13% compared with the same time a year ago. A typical ratepayer paying $370 over that time this winter is paying about $420, he said.
Contact Keith Matheny: 313-222-5021, firstname.lastname@example.com or on Twitter @keithmatheny. Staff writer Eric D. Lawrence contributed to this report.
(c)2014 Detroit Free Press
Visit the Detroit Free Press at www.freep.com
Distributed by MCT Information Services
Original headline: How the polar vortex has left Michigan frozen
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News Column
Polar Vortex Leaves Mich. Frozen
January 31, 2014
Keith Matheny, Detroit Free Press
Source: (c)2014 Detroit Free Press
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