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June 9, 2008
by Paulina Mis
June 11, 2008
Affording a college education is becoming increasingly difficult, but help is available. Students who demonstrate financial need can look to numerous sources for assistance in paying for tuition and living expenses. Even those who do not demonstrate exceptional merit can qualify. Below is a list of financial aid resources students may be eligible to receive based on financial need. Additional need-based awards may be found by conducting a free college scholarship search.
Federal Grants The Federal Student Aid office oversees programs that comprise the nation's largest source of student aid. Each year, billions in aid are awarded to college students across the country. The best of these, federal grants, do not have to be repaid. Students can look to federally-run need-based grants such as the Pell and the FSEOG to help pay for college expenses. Grants that are based on both merit and financial need—the SMART and the Academic Competitiveness Grant—are also a good option.
Federal LoansThough less attractive than grants, federal loans tend to have lower interest rates and better, more flexible, repayment options than private loans. This holds particularly true for need-based subsidized Stafford Loans and need-based Perkins Loans. Students interested in taking out a federal loan will first have to submit a FAFSA.
Sallie Mae Scholarships The Sallie Mae Fund is one of the largest sources of non-federal college aid. All awards offered by the organization have a need-based component. Since 2001, the Sallie Mae Fund has given away $12.7 million in scholarships to more than 5,000 college students.
College Scholarships Students may be eligible for need-based aid offered by their college or university. Elite colleges such as Harvard, Northwestern and Stanford have been particularly gracious with their awards—Harvard students whose parents make less than $60,00 do not have to pay for tuition, room and board or expenses—but others are following in their footsteps.
June 16, 2008
As a means of promoting diversity and developing talent, Scholarships.com has created a new set of scholarships for high school students and undergraduate students. The "Fund Your Future" Area of Study College Scholarship consists of thirteen $1,000 prizes to be granted to students who pursue a postsecondary education in one of thirteen designated fields and 185 related majors.
Among them is the Scholarships.com Engineering Scholarship, an award for students who plan to or are already majoring in engineering and related areas of study. To ensure that current and future engineering students receive the funds they need to afford a quality education, we have created a scholarship especially for them.
If you're interested in applying for the Scholarships.com College Engineering Scholarship, respond to the following question in 250 to 350 words (entries that fall outside of this word range will be disqualified):
"What has influenced your decision to pursue a career in engineering?"
1. Applicant must be a registered Scholarships.com user. Creating an account is simple and free of charge. 2. Applicant must be a US citizen 3. Applicant must be undergraduate student or a high school senior who plans to enroll in a college or university in the coming fall 4. Applicant must have indicated an interest in one of the following majors:
• Chemical Engineering • Civil Engineering • Concrete Engineering • Electrical Engineering • Engineering • Engineering Management • Environmental Engineering • Fire Protection Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • Mining Engineering • Railway Engineering
September 30, 2008
Required Material:
A 250 to 350 word response to the following question: "What has influenced your decision to pursue a career in engineering?"
Further details about the application process can be found by conducting a free college scholarship search. Once the search is completed, students eligible for the award will find it in their scholarship list.
June 23, 2008
The True Patriot Network, publisher of "The True Patriot" pamphlet, is awarding a college scholarship to students who write the best response to the question, "What does true patriotism mean to you?" The providers of this award are dedicated to instilling in current politics the founding moral framework of America—regardless of party association---and hope to increase student involvement in politics. High school students interested in furthering their knowledge of the government, and in applying for this essay scholarship, may be eligible to win $25,000 for their postsecondary education.
1. $25,000
1. Applicant must be a high school student. 2. Applicant must be residing in the US. 3. Applications must be submitted in MS Word, in 12 point type, and must be double spaced. 4. Each essay page must include a name, title and contact information.
September 1, 2008
1. An essay of no more than 1500 words answering the question, "What does true patriotism mean to you?"
Further details about the application process can be found by conducting a free college scholarship search. Once the search is completed, students eligible for the award will find it in their scholarship search results.
June 24, 2008
On February 14, 2008, five students were killed in a shooting at the Northern Illinois University in DeKalb. It was the fourth-worst university shooting in the history of the United States, following the Virginia Tech massacre, the University of Texas Clock Tower shooting, and the California State University massacre. As surprising and mystifying as the crime was, donors from across the country have made one thing clear—the victims will not be forgotten.
To honor those who were killed, scholarship providers large and small have pulled together $500,000 to create a scholarship for students of NIU, and more donations are expected. The new scholarship fund will be called "Forward, Together Forward," a line from the university's Huskie Fight Song, stated the Associated Press. Nearly 1,500 donors have pitched in to establish the fund—without solicitations.
The university plans to award five scholarships each year, to be granted on the annual anniversary of the shooting. The first scholarships will be awarded on Valentines Day of 2009. According to The Northern Star, Northern University's student newspaper, winners are expected to receive about $4,000 each and will be selected by a provost-designated scholarship board.
The new scholarship fund will help students significantly decrease the costs of their education, especially now that an increase in NIU tuition has been announced. During the 2008-2009 school year, college rates will increase by about 9.5 percent.Those who receive the scholarships will be able to both meet and exceed the increase. Further details about the award are expected in the coming months.
July 7, 2008
The Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), a free-market organization that studies and advances the freedom of philosophy, is administrating the $2,000 Eugene S. Thorpe scholarship essay award for writers of all ages. The award was established in memory of Eugene S. Thorpe, a supporter of FEE and a firm believer in hard work, free trade, small government and self-reliance.
Students, writers, educators and business professionals of all ages and locations are eligible to apply. Interested individuals must submit a 2,000 to 3,000 word-essay addressing Adam Smith's claim that, "The division of labor is limited by the extent of the market." The essay must answer the following questions: 1. "What light does this shed on the current movement toward globalization?" 2. "Are the dangers in having government facilitate it in any affirmative way?"
Prize: 1. $2,000 2. Winner's article will be published in The Freeman.
Eligibility: 1. The competition is open to writers of all ages, including students, freelance writers, educators and business professionals. (Students need not be majoring in journalism or political science to apply.) 2. Applicants cannot be FEE employees or their immediate family members, trustees or editors or columnists of The Freeman.
Deadline: August 15, 2008
Required Material: 1. A 2,000 to 3,000 word essay that is written in English, titled, double spaced and typed in 12-point font. Essays must be nonfiction, and citations should be included within the text. Submissions must be the original work of the writer or writers and may not have been previously published. 2. Essays must be submitted as an email attachment to FEE. The email should include the author's first and last name, address, and phone number.
July 10, 2008
Each year, thousands fall victim to scholarship scam artists. With the costs of a college education rising annually, it should come as no surprise that certain individuals choose to take advantage of the situation by establishing fraudulent financial aid organizations and competitions.
Students who visit our site can rest assured knowing that the information provided to them at Scholarships.com is completely free of charge. We will never ask visitors to pay for the college scholarship search, and our financial aid information is completely cost free. Before posting award details on our site, we screen scholarship providers carefully; any scholarships deemed suspicious are immediately removed from the Scholarships.com database.
The federal government is also working to crack down on scholarship crime, regularly monitoring scholarship abuse. The Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act of 2000 has made more severe the punishments for scammers, and it has called for a mandatory report of scholarship scams to be prepared annually by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Secretary of Education. This report, including the names of current defendants in scholarship scam allegations, may be found on the FTC website.
Be on the lookout for the signs of scholarship scams listed below and report any suspicious behavior to the provided contacts.
Scholarship Scam Warning Signs
o Organizations promise scholarships for an upfront fee.
o Organizations ask students for a scholarship application fee.
o Organizations promise to complete applications and obtain scholarships for the student.
o Organizations say their scholarship information cannot be found anywhere else (most reputable awards are listed publicly; providers want you to apply!)
Report Suspicious Scholarship Behavior to: US Department of Education Office of the Inspector General 1-800-MIS-USED; Better Business Bureau (BBB) 1-703-525-8277; Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 1-202-FTC-HELP
July 14, 2008
The Voice of Democracy Scholarship is an annual competition administered by the Veterans of Foreign Wars' (VFW's). Since 1947, the organization has been helping students pay for school, giving away more than 2.5 million in prizes each year. To compete, students will have to write and record a broadcast script that addresses the following theme: "Service and Sacrifice by America's Veterans Benefit Today's Youth by..."The applications will be judged on originality, content and delivery.
Prize: 1. Up to $30,000 in scholarship money 2. An expense-paid trip to Washington, D.C.
Eligibility: 1. Applicant must be a student in grades 9-12 2. Applicant must be enrolled in a public, private or parochial high school or home school in the U.S., its territories and possessions, or in an overseas U.S. military/civilian dependent school. 3. Foreign exchange students, those over 20 and previous first place Voice of Democracy winners are not eligible to compete.
Deadline:November 1, 2008
Required Material: 1. A 3-5 minute essay recorded on a neatly labeled cassette tape or CD. The reading must address this year's theme and must be recorded in the student's voice. 2. A typed version of the essay. 3. A completed entry form.
July 21, 2008
The National Peace Essay Contest, a scholarship sponsored by the United States Institute of Peace, gives students the chance to voice their opinions on matters regarding international peace and conflict. By administering this award, the institute hopes to promote thoughtful discussion between youth, educators and national leaders alike.Students interested in this year's scholarships will have to write a 1500-word essay discussing the steps international entities such as the UN, governments and government or non-government organizations can take to protect individuals from crimes against humanity during times of warfare. An example of two foreign conflicts and possible measures that could be taken to promote their peace will have to be identified.
Applicants should also designate a coordinator such as a teacher, parent or youth leader to act as a contact between them and the US Institute of Peace. Coordinators will be responsible for reviewing the entries and ensuring that scholarship essays are the original work of the applicant.
Prize: 1. National first place award $10,000 (includes state awards) 2. National second place award $5,000 3. National third place award $2,500 4. Fifty-three state awards $1,000
Eligibility: 1. Students must be in grades nine through twelve in any of the fifty states, the District of Columbia or, if they are U.S. citizens, abroad. 2. Applicants may not have been previous first-place state winners or immediate family members of the institute. 3. Students may participate with the sponsorship of an essay coordinator.
Deadline: February 1, 2009
Required Material: 1. Two registration forms, one filled out by the student and one by the teacher 2. A 1500-word essay addressing this year's topic
March 12, 2008
Women may have equal rights under the law, but their movement is far from over. According to the American Association of University Women Education Foundation, one year after graduating, women who work full time earn 80 percent of what men do. Ten years later, that percentage rises to 69 (with work hours, occupation and parenthood taken into account). Even as women continue to outperform men in every academic college major, this gap persists.
But there's no room for self pity. Being proactive is the best solution, and many scholarship providers are here to help women reach their full potential. With the help of numerous internships, fellowships, scholarships and grant opportunities, colleges, foundations and private donors are helping females afford the education and training they need to succeed.
If you're a current or future female student, or if you know someone who is, check out the women's scholarships below. For additional scholarship and grant opportunities, try conducting a free college scholarship search.
AAUW American Fellowships
Each year, the American Association of University Women offers fellowships to assist women pursuing a doctoral degree. Winners are chosen based on academic record, teaching experience and commitment to helping women in the community. A $30,000 postdoctoral research leave fellowship as well as a $20,000 dissertation fellowship are available.
APS/IBM Research Internship for Undergraduate Women
Undergraduate females have the chance to win a paid, ten-week internship at one of three IBM locations. In addition to the pay, winners will receive a $2,500 grant and the opportunity to work with an IBM employee. The American Physical Society (APS) and IBM will award this internship to sophomore and junior college women interested in pursuing a graduate education in science or engineering.
Executive Women International Scholarship Program (EWISP) Eligible high school juniors will have the chance to win a $10,000 college scholarship by applying for the Executive Women International Scholarship. Application rules and deadlines will vary based on local Executive Women International program chapters.
Women in Business Scholarship Women who pursue an undergraduate business degree and demonstrate potential in their field may be able to win a $5,000 scholarship for college. Applicants will have to submit a scholarship essay of 500 words or less as well as two letters of recommendation.
Talbots Women's Scholarship Fund
The Talbots Women's Scholarship Fund will award five $10,000 scholarships and fifty $1,000 scholarships to women who return to school to pursue a two or four-year college degree. Women must have earned their high school diploma or GED at least ten years ago. Six judges including five-time Olympic champion Evelyn Ashford, Judge Milian of "The People's Court" and More Magazine's Editor-in-Chief Peggy Northrop will judge applications.
Microsoft Women Scholarship
Microsoft is awarding scholarships to women interested in pursuing an education in the computer sciences and related fields. To be eligible, students must maintain a 3.0 GPA and be enrolled in a full-time bachelor's degree program at a college or university in the US, Canada or Mexico at the time of submission.
Copyright © 1998 - 2014 Scholarships.com, LLC Scholarships.comTM All Rights Reserved Scholarships.com, LLC, Publisher www.scholarships.com


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subset: commoncrawl


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Hollywood Chooses Sides
It's Eisner vs. Katzenberg again as the city's donor elite lavish rare attention on the campaign and two insiders duke it out for buzz and money.
It seems that Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg are fighting again. The former Disney rivals are backing competing candidates for Los Angeles mayor in a race that is attracting rare attention from Hollywood ahead of the March 5 primary.
City Controller Wendy Greuel and Councilman Eric Garcetti, the front-runners among declared candidates, have stepped up their entertainment industry fund-raising efforts to provide a financial firewall if multimillionaire mall developer Rick Caruso enters the race as a self-financed candidate.
Former Disney chairman Eisner is raising money for Garcetti, who sources say will name a Hollywood advisory council, while Greuel enjoys the support of DreamWorks Animation chief Katzenberg as well as his associates Steven Spielberg and David Geffen. Historically, Hollywood politicos focus on national contests, not city races, but this time around is different for several reasons -- principally the deep, long-term industry ties cultivated by Greuel, 51, and Garcetti, 41.
By midsummer, both candidates had raised more than $2 million, much of the funds coming from entertainment donors. If, as seems increasingly likely, Caruso enters the race to replace Antonio Villaraigosa, Greuel and Garcetti will tap Hollywood's support as no other mayoral hopefuls ever have.
Greuel, a former DreamWorks executive, enjoys the solid support of her former bosses as well as that of such blue-chip Hollywood names as Roy Disney, Norman and Lyn Lear, writer-producer Roberto Orci and The Hunger Games director Gary Ross. WME's Ari Emanuel, Disney's Alan Horn, former Paramount exec Sherry Lansing, producer Peter Chernin, The Walking Dead producer Gale Anne Hurd and Tobey Maguire also are supporters.
Greuel, who has served on the California Film Commission for more than a decade, has been one of the industry's go-to local officials in efforts to make the city's business and tax policies more Hollywood-friendly. When she won the endorsement of IATSE in June, the below-the-line union praised her work to slow runaway production. "Wendy understands our issues because she's lived them," says union vp Mike Miller Jr.
Garcetti, whose district includes Hollywood, has been meeting with supporters in backyards and venues all over town. The result is a network of backers including writer-producer Steven Bochco, actress Salma Hayek and Sony executive Eric Paquette. On Sept. 20, Eisner and his wife, Jane -- whose children attended the Harvard-Westlake School with Garcetti -- hosted a fund-raiser for 150 invited guests at their mansion. Co-hosts included Heather Thomas and Skip Brittenham, designer Diane Von Furstenberg and Barry Diller, and Sony's Michael Lynton and his wife, Jamie. And in early September, Garcetti supporter Jake Gyllenhaal held a raffle in which backers could donate $50 for a chance to attend a private screening of his new film End of Watch, in which the councilman -- in true Hollywood form -- makes a cameo appearance.
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Amid a growing food crisis in the Sahel that is putting millions at risk of hunger, FAO has started providing quality seeds to 100 000 vulnerable farmers in Burkina Faso, as part of an EUR 18 million operation funded by the European Union (EU).
According to FAO's Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) the food situation is of grave concern in parts of the Sahel, where more than 10 million people are at risk of hunger. In Burkina Faso, poor rains led to an estimated 17 percent decline in cereal production in 2009.
"This drought exacerbates an already difficult food security situation caused by persisting high food prices," said FAO's Emergency Coordinator in Burkina Faso, Jean-Pierre Renson. FAO has started distribution of improved seeds to 100 000 farmers for the coming planting season, benefiting about 700 000 people.


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In this era of on-demand viewing, DVRs and Netflix, it's hard to keep track of when your favorite TV shows are coming back in 2014. We take a look at when some of the most popular shows out there will make their way back to your TV (and computer) screen.
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Dear Allegany County Commissioners,
As taxpayers of Allegany County and residents of Harwood Subdivision located adjacent to the proposed Dan's Mountain Wind Project, we respectfully request continued support of Code Home Rule Bill Number 2-09 and the wind farm zoning requirements contained within the bill.
The Code Home Bill was enacted in response to the threat of unregulated industrial wind farm development in Allegany County with input from Allegany County Citizens, Allegany County Planning and Zoning, the Allegany County Commissioners (James J. Stakem, Robert M. Hutcheson, and Dale R. Lewis) as well as representatives from U.S. Windforce.
This bill is the only line of defense against inconsiderate placement of wind turbines with respect to established homes in the county and must be defended at all costs in order to protect property values and most importantly, quality of life for the residents of Allegany County.
Any reductions, modifications, or allowed variances to the established zoning requirements contained within Code Home Rule Bill Number 2-09 will undoubtedly be taken advantage of by wind farm companies, and the residents of Allegany County will be forced to suffer the consequences for many years afterwards.
With this in mind, we respectfully request that the Allegany County Commissioners uphold the current wind farm zoning requirements and resist any industry pressure to reduce or accept variances to the present zoning protections afforded to the citizens of Allegany County.
Randy and Elaine Ridenour
Zoning requirements only defense against wind farms
- Opinion
Recharge them
Daylight Saving Time is now in effect, and if you haven't already set your clock ahead one hour, you're behind the 8-ball.
Some good may come of this
This is a time in our history when nuance defines us and causes pain, as is evident in letters written in reaction to Commissioner McKay's request that a portion of money from a marriage license tax be given to the local Cumberland Historic Cemetery Organization.
Goal: Make NBCI most secure Md. maximum security prison
The top priority of the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services is to ensure the safety of our staff and the incarcerated offenders in our care.
Some senators must believe vets aren't worth the money
Our legislators have no qualms sending our men and women in uniform into harms way.
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One of my companions excused herself and said she wanted to go to the toilet and wash her hands before our lunch arrived.
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Tough, old bird
The third gobbler I killed was in 1990 while hunting on Pond Hill near McCoole. Relatively early in the morning I sent out a couple yelp calls. Immediately, 75-100 yards away, what sounded like three gobblers got into a fight. -
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I'd like to respond to the article, "Administrative hurdles make getting salt supplies difficult," Feb. 20 Times-News, Page 1A.
Sick leave bill would benefit Marylanders
The Cumberland Times-News Feb. 27 article, "Chamber of Commerce opposes bills for required paid sick leave" (Page 1A) presented a one-sided account of a measure that could improve the lives and communities of more than 700,000 Marylanders.
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Recharge them


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Reviews for House Renovations |
Clockwork Mockingbird chapter 12 . 8/1/2013 Oh don't mind me. I'm just over here drowning in feels. AMAZING I LOVE IT *DIES* |
LexiPlexi chapter 12 . 7/7/2013 A wonderful and believable deviant ending for the series. And it brought the two in a realistically new light. An eager House and a guarded Cameron... I really think that's how it would have played if the two ever got a real second chance in the show. You also showed me another point of the their relationship that I never thought of before: House HAS been the one person to actually seek out Cameron in the show. Seeking her, the person. Not the prize. I love love love this story to bits. You write them so damn well. :) |
shulesaddict77 chapter 12 . 1/19/2013 I really enjoyed this. Very well written, especially very in character. I'm sure writing House's character is quite a challenge. So thank you for writing him so well. :-) |
Bakerstreet Blues chapter 12 . 9/24/2012 Nice. I really liked this story...it was very Wilson/Cuddyless...Those two tend to ruin ANY story...I know they ruined House MD for me...haha |
Bakerstreet Blues chapter 2 . 9/24/2012 You made some REALLY interesting points that I had not thought about...Cameron always did move too fast. She made quick emotional decisions then spent her time living with those decisions...no matter if they were right or wrong, judgmental or open minded, responsible or not...I also think that as 'manipulative' as Cameron thought House was (in canon), she was actually the most manipulative fellow House ever had and was only 'outdone' by Wilson and Cuddy. However, with all that said, I still think that Cameron would have been a much better 'partner' for House from season 4 on. OBVIOUSLY much better than the pairing that will remain nameless... I really hope that Cameron realizes that blaming House for her marriage failure is a mistake...after all Chase had not worked for House for over 2 years, had grown into a fine doctor and learned to stand on his own...his decisions were his alone. Also hope that House realizes that he did NOT ruin Cameron's marriage...her ability to judge others and 'selectively' forget her own shortcomings is what ruined her 'doomed' marriage. I like this story and where it is going... |
DayDreamer077 chapter 12 . 12/12/2011 this was a cute story. aw! that was messed up what that man did to Cameron's mom. wow! Psychopath! lol. |
Savior Emma Swan chapter 12 . 12/11/2011 That was an absolutely fantastic fic. The events are all plausible and the characterization is perfect. I love your unique way of getting them together and your infusion of a backstory for Cameron. I applaud you on a job phenomenally done. Thank you for sharing. |
Kanpuu chapter 12 . 12/27/2010 The reason I like the TV-show is mainly because of the characters and their reactions toward each other and you took these characters and bend them slowly to your liking in a very good way! Often writers have a specific mindset about the figures they write and normally this mindset doesn't change. What I especially like about your story is the journey House and Cameron share and your ability to subtly alter their mindset because of the situation they are in to lead them where many (me inclueded!) want them . . . together and willingly so! Thank you very much for this story! _ |
Alece chapter 12 . 12/13/2010 While bringing her mother's killer in near the end seemed a little odd, I love the progression of their relationship! And you write house really well :) I like that Cameron is handy, makes her more than just a pretty face. Awesome story! Thanks for sharing :) |
AmberEye57 chapter 12 . 12/9/2010 This was an absolute joy to read. Like you, I'm a big fan of House and Cameron (not so much House and Cuddy). This was sweet and wonderful and lovely, and I thank you for writing it. Can't wait to read more of you. : ) |
hcficawardsmods chapter 12 . 9/3/2010 Hi, This fanfic has been nominated for an award at the LiveJournal community hc_fanficawards. Please see http: hc_fanficawards/10281 . html (take out the spaces) for details and to collect your nominee banner. Voting begins October 1st. Good luck! |
linelm chapter 12 . 7/23/2010 This story is absolutely wonderful. I really enjoyed reading it! |
A.House chapter 12 . 7/16/2010 GREAT STORY! Much inspiration. I loved it |
catgrl chapter 12 . 7/10/2010 Chapters 4-12 were really good.. I'm glad things work out for House and Cameron.. For a min there i thou Chase was going to try and get Cameron back... Very good ending glad they got the guy that killed Cameron's mom... |
AllegraDante chapter 12 . 6/26/2010 First, this is now canon for me. Whatever is going on in the show can bite me. I will always think of House and Cameron in their lovely home, enjoying the rooms they worked so hard on, and loving each other. Bless you for cheesy endings! 3 Your descriptions once again, are so vivid. I can picture the house in my mind (and I want to live there, like you don't even know how bad)! I really enjoyed the juxtaposition between Cameron and House 'mending' the house and their relationship at the same time. I completely related to Cameron trying to protect herself from getting hurt again. I believe that is something that could have happened on the show (if they had continued to explore House/Cam). I know a relationship between them would be difficult, but I think it would work and you illustrated that perfectly in this fic. It's beautiful K, and don't let anyone tell you otherwise. *hugs* |


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nichollmcguire followed Simon Hall
24 April 2013
A happy guy who looks at the cup of life as always being half full, keen to make the dreams of today reality tomorrow. From Rat Catcher 2 Entrepreneur -
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23 May 2012
180.0April 2012 - Confirmation for the Prophets re: Visions about our nation
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23 May 2012
23 May 2012
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23 May 2012
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play0:003:00Nicholl McGuire is an author and poet. She shares her personal testimony online via three books on Amazon. In this audio, McGuire talks...
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text:
US 6545244 B1 Abstract A welding arrangement comprises first and second parts to be welded with an edge portion of the first part and an edge portion of the second part juxtaposed to form a weld zone. An electrically-conductive sheet(s) with a higher melting temperature than a melting temperature of the first and second parts are placed over the weld zone and a force application device is used to apply a lateral compressive force to the weld zone. First and second electrodes are placed in contact with the electrically conductive sheet(s) which are resistively heated and in turn conductively heat the weld zone.
Claims(22) 1. A welding arrangement comprising:
a) a first part;
b) a second part;
c) a portion of said first part and a portion of said second part juxtaposed one to the next to form a weld zone;
d) a first, resistively heated and electrically-conductive sheet material:
1) having a higher melting temperature than a melting temperature of said first part and a melting temperature of said second part,
2) placed on a first side of said weld zone, and
3) conductively heating said weld zone to weld said first part and said second part together;
e) a first electrode placed in contact with said first sheet material;
f) a second electrode positioned and aligned with said first electrode to heat resistively said sheet material with an electrical current with subsequent conductive heating of said weld zone to produce sufficient heat to weld said first part and said second part together; and
g) a force producing device for applying a force to at least one of said first part and said second part so as to produce a lateral compressive force at said weld zone during said conductive heating of said weld zone.
2. The welding arrangement of
3. The welding arrangement of
4. The welding arrangement of
5. The welding arrangement of
6. The welding arrangement of
7. The welding arrangement of
8. The welding arrangement of
9. The welding arrangement of
10. The welding arrangement of
11. The welding arrangement of
12. The welding arrangement of
13. A welding stack comprising:
a) a pair of roller electrodes;
b) a pair of resistively heated and electrically conducting sheets placed between said roller electrodes;
c) a first part and a second part of which at least a portion of each is placed between said pair of resistively heated sheets to form a weld zone with said weld zone located between said roller electrodes so as to pass an electrical current therethrough to heat resistively said cover sheets with subsequent conductive heating of said weld zone to weld said first part and said second part together; and
d) a device for applying a lateral force to said weld zone by means of at least one of said first part and said second part.
14. The welding stack of
15. The welding stack of
16. A welding method comprising:
a) providing a pair of electrodes;
b) placing a portion of a first part and a portion of a second part next to each other to form a continuous-seam weld zone;
c) providing an electrically-conducting and resistively heated cover sheet between one of said electrodes and said weld zone;
d) applying a compressive lateral force to said weld zone with a force application device;
e) resistively heating said cover sheet by passing a current between said electrodes;
f) conductively heating said first part and said second part in said weld zone to form a melt of said first part and said second part in said weld zone;
f) constraining said melt in said weld zone with said electrically-conducting sheet while applying said compressive lateral force; and
h) cooling said constrained melt with said applied compressive lateral force to join said parts.
17. The method according to
18. The method according to
19. The method according to
20. The method according to
21. The method according to
22. The method according to
Description This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/508,708 filed Mar. 14, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,467) which is the U.S. national phase of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application no. PCT/US98/19077 filed Sep. 15, 1998 (Published Application No. WO 99/14008), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/059,058 filed on Sep. 16, 1997, all of which are incorporated here by reference as if completely written herein. 1. Field This invention pertains to a welding arrangement and process for joining parts in various weld configurations. More particularly, the process relates to the use of a resistively heated cover sheet that provides conductive heating of the weld zone of the parts to be welded and a lateral compressive force device that constrains the molten weld pool to the weld zone and ensures complete filling of the weld zone with non-porous weld material. 2. Background As consumer demand for more fuel efficient vehicles increases, as well as increased government regulation of fleet fuel economy, the use of light-weight materials such as aluminum for automotive components is becoming more attractive. As part of this effort, aluminum parts with continuous joints are of interest; however, the processes used to fabricate these joints are expensive. These processes include laser welding, gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding, and electron beam welding. Meadowcroft (U.S. Pat. No. 1,560,080) uses a method of conductive spot welding in which aluminum arranged in a lap joint configuration is spot welded by placing two steel sheets on opposite sides of the lap joint configuration. Electrodes placed in contact with the steel sheets are used to resistance heat the steel sheets which in turn conductively heat a spot in the aluminum lap joint configuration and join the aluminum by means of one or more welded spots along the lap joint configuration. Such a technique is effective in that the molten aluminum in the spot configuration is confined on all sides, i.e., on the top and bottom by the steel sheets and on all sides by the relatively cold aluminum sheet. It is specifically noted that the welding does not occur at the edges of the aluminum sheet but inward from all edges so as to afford a lateral constraint about the aluminum weld pool. When the Meadowcroft technique is applied to continuous seam welding, i.e., a weld configuration in which the edges of the sheets are butted against each other to form a bond line and the edges welded together, the weld tends to be less than satisfactory. In a seam welding configuration, the bond line becomes a discontinuity in the constraining material which causes a progressive separation of the sheets at the bond line as the welding progresses and subsequent loss of joint quality. Such loss in joint quality includes (progressively) reduction in weld (joint) thickness, loss of joint material, severe internal weld porosity, and finally total failure of the ability to form a bond. Thus it is an object of the present invention to provide a high quality, continuous seam weld by means of conductive heating. It is an object of the present invention to provide a lateral compressive force to the weld zone of a seam weld. It is an object of the present invention to maintain joint thickness. It is an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive continuous weld. It is an object of the present invention to provide conductive heating of a weld zone. It is an object of the present invention to prevent metal expulsion from the weld. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method of welding aluminum. It is an object of the present invention to provide a weld of good weld integrity. It is an object of the present invention to reduce electrode wear rates. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a weld with minimal evidence of cracking or porosity. To meet these objects, the present invention features placing two electrically-conducting parts to be joined, typically metals although electrically conductive plastics may also be used, juxtaposed one to the next to form a weld zone. One or more covering sheets of a higher-melting, electrically-conductive material than the parts to be joined is placed next to the weld zone. Oppositely charged electrodes are positioned and aligned to cause a current to flow through the covering sheet and the weld zone of the materials to be joined. Resistance heating of the cover sheet(s) with subsequent conductive heating of the weld zone produces sufficient heat to melt and weld the parts together. The covering sheet(s) not only provides conduction heating of the weld zone but it also provides constraint to the molten metal to prevent expulsion of molten part materials from the weld pool. For butt weld type configurations, the use of a force applying device to apply a compressive lateral force to the weld zone during conductive heating substantially increases the weld efficiency of the joint. In a common arrangement used with the present invention, the weld zone of the parts to be joined is sandwiched between two covering sheets with oppositely charged electrodes then placed in contact with the covering sheets. By using rotating circular electrodes, the parts can be joined in a continuous seam weld. However, it is to be realized that the method may also be used for intermittent and spot welds using appropriate electrode configurations. A wide variety of materials can be joined including aluminum, lead, copper, brass and other alloys provided the materials to be joined melt are at a lower temperature than the covering material. The cover sheet typically is a steel such as SAE 1010/1008 but can include various other covering materials including cobalt, nickel, and titanium based alloys that melt at a temperature greater than the parts to be joined. Various weld-zone configurations may also be used including butt, tee, lap and mash configurations. For butt joint and similar edge-joining, continuous-weld configurations, it has been found especially beneficial to use a force application device to apply a lateral force to the weld so as to urge the edges of the sheets to be joined together at the bond line(weld zone) during the welding process. Such a feature has the advantages of: 1) preventing separation of the sheets at the bond line, i.e., failure of the ability to form a bond, 2) reducing the internal porosity of the resulting joint, 3) preventing loss of joint material, 4) preventing a reduction in joint thickness, and 5) substantially improving the joint efficiency of the resulting weld. The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following disclosure in which one or more preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It is contemplated that variations in procedures, structural features and arrangement of parts may appear to a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of or sacrificing any of the advantages of the invention. FIG. 1. is a perspective view, partially broken away, showing a butt weld arrangement of parts to be joined, their upper and lower covering sheets, and rotating circular electrodes as used in the present invention. FIG. 2. is a front elevation view of the present invention showing the parts to be joined, the covering layers, and the circular rotating wheel electrodes. FIGS. 3a-c are partial schematic views of the present invention showing the stages of the welding process with FIG. 3a illustrating the initial resistive heating of the covering sheets with heat conduction to the weld zone of the parts to be joined, FIG. 3b showing the formation of a molten pool of the part material to be joined enclosed in a die composed of the covering sheets and the solid portion of the parts to be joined, and FIG. 3c illustrating the solidified weld (cast-type structure). FIG. 4 is a partial schematic view illustrating a welding arrangement for producing lap joints according to the conductive heat resistance seam welding method of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a partial schematic view illustrating a welding arrangement for producing butt joints with multiple sheets (parts) according to the conductive heat resistance seam welding method of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a partial schematic view illustrating a welding arrangement for producing tee-section joints according to the conductive heat resistance seam welding method of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a partial schematic view illustrating a welding arrangement for producing lap joints using a pair of electrodes contacting a single cover sheet and the conductive heat resistance seam welding method of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a partial schematic view illustrating a welding arrangement for producing mash joints according to the conductive heat resistance seam welding method of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a partial schematic view illustrating the use of a device to apply a lateral compressive force to the weld zone during conductive heating of the weld zone. FIG. 10 is a partial schematic view showing the application of a lateral compressive force to the weld zone during conductive heating of the weld zone using a clamping arrangement in conjunction with a pneumatic piston. FIG. 11 is a partial schematic view demonstrating the application of a lateral compressive force to the weld zone during conductive heating of the weld zone by means of cambered wheels that provide inward pressure to the weld zone. In describing the preferred embodiment of the invention which is illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, it is not intended that the invention be limited to the specific terms and materials so selected and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been herein described, it is understood that various changes and modifications in the illustrated and described structure can be affected without departure from the basic principles that underlie the invention. Changes and modifications of this type are therefore deemed to be circumscribed by the spirit and scope of the invention, except as the same may be necessarily modified by the appended claims or reasonable equivalents thereof. As shown in FIGS. 1-3c, the present invention is a process for joining materials (parts) 4 a and 4 b such as those made from automotive-gauge (0.040 in. (1.0 mm) and 0.080-in. (2.0 mm) ) aluminum alloys. Resistance heating of one or more cover sheets 2, 6, e.g., steel, with a higher melting temperature than the parts 4 a, 4 b to be joined, e.g., aluminum, with subsequent conductive heating of the parts 4 a, 4 b in a weld zone, is utilized to join parts 4 a, 4 b in a butt weld or similar configuration. As illustrated in FIGS. 9-11, a force application device 40 is used to apply a compressive inward directed force 20, 20′ to the weld zone 8 c in the plane of parts 4 a, 4 b, i.e., a lateral compressive force. Such a force application device 40 substantially improves the joint efficiency of butt joint-type weld configurations. A schematic of a typical material stack-up configuration 10 is presented in FIG. 1. The materials (parts) to be joined, 4 a and 4 b, are placed so that an edge 8 a and edge 8 b are juxtaposed one to the next (adjacent to each other and typically in contact with each other) to form a weld zone. An upper cover sheet 2 is placed on top of the edges 8 a and 8 b (the weld zone) and a lower cover sheet 6 is placed under the weld zone (8 a, 8 b). Rotating circular electrodes 12 and 14 travel on the outer surfaces of cover sheets 2 and 6 with current passing through cover sheets 2 and 6 and the weld zone in the region of 8 a, 8 b. Standard resistance seam welding equipment typically is employed to make the joint with a number of process factors influencing the process including, but not limited to: weld current, weld force, electrode travel speed, weld schedule, power (either AC or DC), electrode geometry, part thickness, cover thickness, and part material surface condition among others. In the following examples, a 5154 aluminum alloy was used for all weld trials. Both 0.040 in. (1.0 mm) and 0.080 in. (2.0 mm) aluminum sheet were investigated. The low carbon steel employed for the cover sheets was 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) or 0.060 in. (1.5 mm) thick. All welds were made using a National 200-kVA resistance seam welder. The electrodes utilized were standard Class II Cu with an approximate 0.300 in. (0.76 mm) face width and various face radii. Current levels were monitored using a Miyachi MM-326B weld checker. Tensile samples were tested using a 5-kip standard tensile testing machine. The conductive heat resistance welding process of the present invention is a process that can be used for many applications such as continuously joining aluminum alloys with a butt joint configuration. The process utilizes resistance heating of one or more cover steel cover sheets 2, 6 with subsequent conductive heating of the aluminum parts 4 a, 4 b. Although this process is termed �conductive heat resistance seam welding�, it is important to realize that this process is significantly different than standard resistance seam welding. With the conductive heat resistance seam welding process of the present invention, formation of the joint is similar to a continuous casting process. As such, this process incorporates both the fundamental aspects of heat generation through resistive heating and joint formation through casting. Heat generation with traditional conductive resistance welding, as with all resistance welding processes, is based upon I2rt heating (I=current, r=resistance, t=time). The traditional process effects of material bulk resistance, interface resistance, material stack-up, etc. in conventional resistance seam welding are well understood. When considering the conductive heat resistance seam welding process of the present invention, many of the same process effects are present; however, their influences on the process are quite different. With the conductive heat resistance seam welding process, heat generation is the result of resistive heating. Heat generation occurs due to the respective bulk resistances of the covers 2, 6 (e.g., steel) and material of the parts to be welded 4 a, 4 b (e.g., aluminum), along with all of the interface resistances. Those factors which promote resistive heating of the steel (i.e., bulk resistive heating) and decreased interface resistances (i.e., interface heating), improve the conductive heat resistance seam welding process. This is attributable to (1) the somewhat narrow temperature range between through thickness melting of the parts 4 a, 4 b and that which allows for the part to bond to the cover sheets 2, 6 and (2) the consistency of the applied heat. Some of the factors which influence the above include cover sheet thickness, weld force, part material surface coatings, e.g., aluminum oxide, etc. The generation of heat in conventional resistance seam welding is based upon the reaction of current with the workpiece resistance. Formation of the joint is dependent upon achieving sufficient heating to promote melting of the parts. During this process of the present invention, constraint is provided by the welding electrodes acting under a force as it is applied to the outer surface of the cover sheets. As shown in FIGS. 3a-c, the formation of the joint weld with a conductive heat resistance seam welding process can be compared to a casting process. The resistive heating (I2rt) produces heat conduction to the weld region 8 a, 8 b (FIG. 3a; arrows). As shown in FIG. 3b, the heat conduction provides the energy required for the solid to liquid transformation in the weld region 8 a, 8 b. The two steel cover sheets 2 and 6 along with the surrounding solid aluminum 4 a and 4 b comprise the die which encases the molten aluminum 8 c. As shown in FIG. 3c, upon solidification, the separate sheets of aluminum become joined by weld 8 d. In all welding processes there is a range over which �acceptable� welds are achieved. Typically with conventional resistance seam welding, this range has a lower applied heat (i.e., current) level which produces a weld of adequate width and spot overlap and an upper applied heat level which results in expulsion. Similarly with the conductive heat resistance seam welding process of the present invention, there exists a lower and upper �applied heat� level. The lower level is defined as that which results in complete through thickness melting of the aluminum. The upper level is defined as that applied heat level where the molten parts bond with the cover sheet. A number of process factors effect the conductive heat resistance seam welding process. Similar to all welding processes, these factors are not entirely free-standing, but rather, they interact with one another. As such, control of the conductive heat resistance seam welding process is a matter of balancing various aspects of the process and the process factors so as to achieve a satisfactory joint. It is important to note that although presented here in relation to travel speed, the conditions mentioned can not be solely attributed to travel speed. Rather they are a function of balancing heat input versus heat removal. Any factor which influences heat transfer may also cause similar results. Similar to the formation of a hermetic joint using resistance seam welding, the conductive heat resistance seam welding process involves localized melting and re-solidification of the parent material. When this occurs in an over-lapping manner, it is possible to produce a continuous joint. Continuous joints can be produced with travel speeds up to 150 in/min (380 cm/min). Achieving a desired travel speed is dependent upon balancing both heat input and constraint. Considering the input and removal of heat, if the travel speed is too fast for an insufficient supply of heat, through thickness melting of the aluminum parts does not occur. If the supply of heat is sufficient to produce through thickness melting and the travel speed is too fast, the electrode wheels move off of the area of molten aluminum prior to solidification, resulting in cracking and other discontinuities. In contrast, if the input of heat is sufficient to produce through thickness melting and the travel speed is too slow, a number of situations are observed. First, increases in the applied heat increase joint width. The effect of having wider joints is not completely understood; however, it appears that there are benefits to having narrower joints. Second, with too much heat, the aluminum forms a bond with the steel. When this occurs, it becomes more difficult to remove the consumable steel cover sheets and, in some instances, such removal results in removal of aluminum from the joint. Third, with increases in the amount of heat present, heat conducts down the aluminum ahead of the seam welding wheels. Conduction of heat ahead of the wheels decreases the yield strength of the upcoming non-bonded aluminum. As such, as the electrode wheels progress forward, instead of �stepping up� onto a solid stack-up of steel and aluminum, the electrode wheels (acting through the steel cover sheets) �plow� forward into soft, formable aluminum. This separates the joint and completely prevents joint formation. For the conductive heat resistance seam welding process, the effect of current is similar to that of any resistance welding process. The applied current is the source of energy which allows generation of heat. The optimal amount of current corresponds to production of sufficient heat to promote full thickness melting of the material to be joined, e.g., aluminum, without subsequent bonding of the aluminum to the steel cover sheets. The effect of weld force on the conductive heat resistance seam welding process is first associated with its effect on interface resistance. High interface resistances (i.e., low weld forces) promote rapid heat generation and increased fluctuations in temperature. Such conditions decrease the ability to achieve a satisfactory joint. Second, the welding force, translated through the cover sheets, provides constraint to the weld process. In this way, higher forces allow larger welds to form. Continuous power, along with a number of various pulsation weld schedules, can be used. The results suggest there is not a single preferential weld schedule. It is evident that for a given set of process conditions, the preferential weld schedule is that which provides sufficient weld time to allow for full thickness melting of the aluminum, and, just as importantly, allows sufficient cool time for re-solidification of the aluminum prior to loss of constraint. With regard to the type of power utilized, satisfactory joints are achieved with both AC and DC power. The most significant difference between the two types of power is the differential heating associated with direct current. This differential heating is identical to that which exists with all DC resistance welding processes. For the conductive heat resistance seam welding process, compensation for differential heating is achieved by utilizing a thicker steel cover sheet on the upper surface (the upper surface corresponds to that which has the greater amount of heat due to the passing of the direct current). Both flat and various radii-faced electrodes can be utilized. With flat-faced electrodes, any changes in material thickness, electrode roundness, or electrode alignment which results in a variation in pressure along the electrode contact area, also results in a variation in applied heat to the butt joint. Variation in pressure along the face allows for a preferential current path which is located at the outer edge of the electrode, away from the butt joint. With radiused electrodes, the occurrence of improper current concentration along the butt joint is minimized. However, too small of electrode face radii results in increased separation of the butt joint. As such, the best results are obtained with large radii electrodes which focus the current towards the center of the electrode (i.e., the region of the buff joint), but minimize the stresses which promote separation of the aluminum butt joint. Both 0.040 in (1.0 mm) and 0.080 in (2.0 mm) aluminum sheet (part) material was used. The primary difference between these two gauges was that the process factor levels for the thicker material were typically higher. With regard to weldability, both the materials showed the process characteristics which have been previously discussed. The steel cover sheets utilized were either 0.030 (0.75 mm) or 0.060 in (1.5 mm) thick. Selection was based solely upon availability and therefore no correlations can be drawn between the gauges of aluminum and the gauges of steel utilized. When comparing the two gauges of steel, the process favors the thicker steel. This is primarily due to the thicker steel's ability to provide increased constraint. This increased constraint is beneficial when using electrodes with tighter face radii and when running at higher travel speeds. As noted, factors which promote bulk and reduce interface heating improve the conductive heat resistance seam welding process. Unclean steel surfaces with rust, scale, and dirt, along with the presence of aluminum oxide (on the part material to be joined) all increase interface heating. As such, from a heat source aspect, they are unfavorable for producing consistent conductive heat. Another aspect of contaminants and oxides is the effect on weld formation. Contaminants result in welds with poorer surface appearance and mechanical performance which is attributable to the process of forming the joint. As formation involves a fusion process, all of the oxides and contaminants which are present prior to melting, become entrapped in the weld upon re-solidification. Representative joints were evaluated using a standard tensile shear test. Table 1 present the results from evaluating a single conductive heat resistance seam welding joint. The joint from which the samples of Table 1 were taken was made using 0.080 in (2.0 mm) aluminum. The process conditions included 100 in/min (254 cm/min) travel speed, 1050 lbs (4670 N) weld force, 13.0 kA weld current, and a 5-on/0-off weld schedule. Examination of the test samples showed failure occurred along the joint. Similar to electrode indentation with standard resistance seam welding, the final joint geometry for the conductive heat resistance seam welding process shows a reduction in thickness. Typically, this reduction was down to 85% of the parent sheet thickness. Partial overlap of the sheet material to be joined or use of a filler material can be used to improve the final joint geometry and mechanical performance.
The conductive heat resistance seam welding process is also adaptable to a range of weld configurations as shown in FIGS. 4-8. FIG. 4 refers to a lap joint configuration. In this configuration, the parts (sheets) 4 a, 4 b are lapped a distance substantially greater than the width of the weld zone itself. Cover sheets 2, 6 are then provided on both the top and bottom surfaces and joined in the manner described above for butt welds. In this case, melting extends from the cover sheets 2, 6, lapping at the center and effecting the joint (weld). Parts (sheets) 4 a, 4 b can be of dissimilar thickness with differences in cover sheet thicknesses effecting the proper heat balance. As shown in FIG. 7, if the parts 4 a, 4 b are thick enough, it is also possible to accomplish joining from only one side; that is, using only a single cover sheet 2. In this case, the melt zone extends only from a single side effecting the joint as it crosses the bond line. A multiple sheet configuration is presented in FIG. 5. In this case, two thinner sheets 4 b, 4 c are attached (in a butt configuration) to a thicker sheet 4 a. This approach can be done in either butt or lap configurations. For this application, two (top and bottom) cover sheets 2, 6 are used. Another configuration, for joining tee sections, is shown in FIG. 6. For the tee configuration, a single cover sheet 2 is used to create and constrain the molten pool on the base component part 4 a. Various means of conducting current into the attached component part 4 b such as a pair of circular rolling electrodes 14 a, 14 b can be used to complete the electrical circuit. Melting occurs on the back side of 4 a and extends into the attached part 4 b to effect the joint. FIG. 8 shows a mash-type joint. In this case, the sheets (parts 4 a, 4 b) to be joined are lapped slightly and mechanically pre-mashed to form an angled weld zone with very tight fit-up. This is done to create a joint area with slightly more metal volume for welding. Joining is done in a manner consistent with the butt welds described previously. FIGS. 9-11 illustrate the application of a lateral compressive force 20, 20′ to the weld zone during the welding process, that is, during conductive heating and cooling of the weld zone 8 c. As can be seen, force 20, 20′ is in the plane of parts 4 a, 4 b and produces an inwardly directed lateral compressive force on weld zone 8 c. Compressive force 20 can be produced in a variety of ways of which a few illustrative examples are shown. This lateral compressive force is an active applied force, that is, a force produced apart from the normal hydrostatic pressures produced as a result of the conductive heating of the weld zone and the force of the electrodes 12, 14 on the resistively heated sheet materials 2, 6 or the force of both electrodes on a supporting surface such as might be used in the welding arrangement shown in FIG. 7. A typical lateral compressive force is in the range of about 2 to about 150 M Pa. The upper figure is not limiting but it is to be realized that if the lateral compressive force 20 exceeds the confining pressure of electrodes 12, 14 and covering sheet material 2, 6, the molten weld pool 8 c will have a tendency to �bulge� upward and downward from the weld zone 8 c. Typically the tensile strength of a lap joint made with an applied compressive force often has a tensile strength that is more than two times the tensile strength of a weld made without a compressive lateral force. Such joints are non-porous and have ample joint thickness and joint material. Although FIG. 9 illustrates a positive force 20, 20′ being applied from both sides of the weld zone, it is to be realized that one end of the part, e.g., 4 b, can be placed against a stationary stop such as 32 in FIG. 10 and the entire lateral compressive force applied to the other work piece, e.g., 4 a. In its basic form, force 20 can be applied in a pre-loaded form. Thus in FIG. 9 the distal ends of 4 a and 4 b can be placed in a screw clamp or similar vice-type or pre-loaded clamping device that produces a resulting compressive force along the entire length of the weld zone (along 8 a, 8 b in FIG. 1) prior to the conductive heating process. Alss shown in FIG. 9, a stream of liquid 38, typically water, from nozzle 36 can be used to flood the weld-zone region about electrodes 12, 14 including cover plates 2, 6 and parts 4 a, 4 b. While not necessary, flooding increases electrode life by reducing the inherent sticking that occurs between cover sheets 2, 6 and electrodes 12, 14 and improves the overall economics of the process. The weld appears to be of better quality in that the heat affected area of parts 4 a, 4 b is smaller in width and, because cooling of the molten weld zone 8 c occurs more rapidly, the welding process can be conducted at a much higher rate. In FIG. 10, a a pneumatic device 40 comprises clamp 24 that secures an end of work piece 4 a and in turn is attached to piston 26 of a pneumatic cylinder 28. Pressurized gas 30 is applied to piston 26 resulting in a compressive lateral force being applied to weld zone 8 c. As illustrated, a stop block 32 is used to prevent motion of the distal end of 4 b with the entire lateral compressive force applied to the weld zone 8 c by means of pneumatic piston 26. However, it is to be realized that a second pneumatic device 40 can also be used with part 4 b or even a different force applying device could also be used. FIG. 11 illustrates the use of cambered wheels 22 a-d to produce a lateral compressive force on weld zone 8 c. As illustrated, the cambered wheels 22 a, b and 22 c, d produce both a downward and upward clamping force at the junction of the wheels 22 a, b and 22 c, d with work pieces 4 a and 4 b, respectively, and an inner-directed lateral compressive force on weld zone 8 c. Although illustrated with four cambered wheels 22 a-d, it is to be realized that only one wheel need be used. Thus rather than using wheels, 22 c, d, a stop block 32 (FIG. 10) could be used and a platen (not shown) could be used to replace wheel 22 b with the entire compressive force generated by cambered wheel 22 a. Or a platen with an open center to accommodate cover plate 6 and electrode 14 could be used to replace cambered wheels 22 b, 22 d, with cambered wheels 22 a, 22 c producing the compressive lateral force in the weld zone 8 c. It is possible that changes in configurations to other than those shown could be used but that which is shown if preferred and typical. Without departing from the spirit of this invention, various other arrangements of parts to be welded, covers, electrodes, and lateral compressive force application devices may be used. It is therefore understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed with the preferred embodiment and examples, modifications to the design concerning sizing and shape will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such modifications and variations are considered to be equivalent to and within the scope of the disclosed invention. Patent Citations
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Manual internet address input ftw
45 00:01:47
EA Sports Shows Off its In-Game UFC Fighters
Posted by Alex Navarro | Feb. 10 9:27am
Video game dudes fighting video game dudes has never looked more like actual dudes fighting actual dudes.
51 00:01:45
Final Fantasy X/X-2 HD Remaster Reminds Us That Valentine's Day Is About Love
Posted by Alex Navarro | Feb. 10 9:08am
Also, Valentine's Day is about buying things. Things like Final Fantasy X/X-2 HD Remaster! Which is about love? I think?
204 01:20:47
Quick Look: Bravely Default
Posted by Drew Scanlon | Feb. 8 6:00am
Fate has chosen Vinny to receive elemental crystals and an exhaustive lesson from Brad in 3DS JRPGs.
209 Premium 02:18:14
Unprofessional Fridays: 02/07/2014
Posted by Vinny Caravella | Feb. 7 8:00pm
We're joined by special guest Danny O'Dwyer and his zany, non-American take on video games.
35 01:17:07
Spelunkin' With Scoops: 02/07/2014
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 7 3:16pm
Will the Spelunky gods favor us or smite on this precious day of birth?
25 01:10:21
Bombin' the A.M. With Scoops and the Wolf: 02/07/2014
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 7 11:43am
There aren't many times where we can talk about Airplane! on a video game show.
155 00:18:17
Worth Playing: 02/07/2014
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 7 6:00am
Let's run the gauntlet today. Interactive music videos? Endless ninjas? Bikes in space? Tributes to Ryan Davis?
31 02:10:33
Rorie's Puppy Chat - Part 02
Posted by Vinny Caravella | Feb. 6 8:15pm
We continue with a love of canines, barbarians, zombies, and Hueys!
31 01:18:21
Rorie's Puppy Chat - Part 01
Posted by Vinny Caravella | Feb. 6 8:00pm
We spend an afternoon viewing puppies, destroying ships, and getting up to speed on the state of the website.
38 00:57:24
Spelunkin' With Scoops: 02/06/2014
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 6 12:28pm
Ropes? Where we're going, we don't need ropes.
157 00:01:15
Sega Finally Gets Around to Calling a Sonic Game 'Sonic Boom'
Posted by Alex Navarro | Feb. 6 12:07pm
More importantly, now your Sonic/Skrillex fan fiction has been at least partially validated.
43 00:01:51
Child of Light Remains Absolutely Freakin' Gorgeous
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 6 11:08am
Keep making this crazy high-res 2D stuff, Ubisoft. Please don't stop.
27 00:02:30
This Trailer Tries to Answer "What is FRACT?"
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 6 8:35am
The answer is simple: synths. Lots and lots and lots and lots of synths. All of 'em.
176 00:31:20
Quick Look: Jazzpunk
Posted by Drew Scanlon | Feb. 6 6:00am
Vinny infiltrates the Soviet consulate with the aid of pigeon-scented perfume. Then things get weird.
124 Premium 01:00:10
Vegas Is A Jar-Free Zone 02/05/2014
Posted by Jeff Gerstmann | Feb. 5 10:00pm
Jeff stands up and mills about for an hour, taking your questions, talking about what this DICE stuff is all about, and that iPad game everyone's all up in arms over.
61 Premium 02:24:56
Breaking Brad: Demon's Souls: Part 07
Posted by Vinny Caravella | Feb. 5 8:15pm
Brad attempts to conquer the Valley of Defilement, but will it finally break our poor hero?
69 Premium 02:01:35
Breaking Brad: Demon's Souls: Part 06
Posted by Vinny Caravella | Feb. 5 8:00pm
The man may have a big shield but will it be enough to block Floogan's unstoppable rampage?
34 00:01:47
Freedom Cry's Being Released as a Standalone Game
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 5 2:04pm
The acclaimed DLC won't require Assassin's Creed IV in a few weeks.
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Spelunkin' With Scoops: 02/05/2014
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 5 1:36pm
When there's no more room in Hell, the thwomps will walk the earth.
85 00:01:23
Lara Croft Costume DLC in Lightning Returns: FF XIII? Sure, Why the Hell Not
Posted by Alex Navarro | Feb. 5 1:14pm
I mean, I'm sure there are any number of good reasons why the hell not, but eh. What are you gonna do?
127 00:46:52
Quick Look: Fable Anniversary
Posted by Drew Scanlon | Feb. 5 6:00am
Brad and Vinny return to an HD Albion to chase its chickens and fart upon its populace.
28 Premium 02:45:46
The Daily Dota Chat Test Bonanza
Posted by Brad Shoemaker | Feb. 4 7:30pm
"We need to test the new chat servers," they said. "I know just the thing!" I said.
41 00:55:45
Spelunkin' With Scoops: 02/04/2014
Posted by Patrick Klepek | Feb. 4 12:29pm
Y'all can't touch this treasure! Unless, that is, I'm dead. Oops.
39 00:01:57
Murdered: Soul Suspect Is Coming to PlayStation 4 and Xbox One
Posted by Alex Navarro | Feb. 4 11:21am
Every time I see the title of this game, it's all I can do to resist yelling "It's Murderrrrrrrrrred!" in my best (worst) Ja Rule voice.
- SirThirdFilms
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Did they get the item from beating the Sauna boss? [EDIT] I see now they did, cool.
Shame they wasted a decent amount of SP there. They could have easily gone up a couple of floors in Rise's dungeon.
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Another nice long ep! I guess they found a solution to the problem of long videos corrupting...or they just don't feel like doing dungeons in 20 minute bites.
nothing like a good glass of OJ, 4 Chocolate Chip Eggo Waffles and an episode of endurance run in the morning.
Those red boxes by Daidara and Tatsumi Textiles are the mailboxes where you mail the prize stickers.
The circles on the right at the fusion screen show you what can be combined successfully. There are cases where you can't combine things (likely they both have the same arcana)
The Fool Arcana Chance will randomly change into a different card. So, you could end up getting something really good, like upright Judgment or Moon, or something horrible, like reversed Death. And you mail the prize stickers in at any of the red mailboxes in the shopping district. There's one right by the metalworks shop and the Velvet Room.
A fox wearing a luchador mask? that's almost as absurd as a deer wearing a luchador mask, like that would ever happen.
Wow, they picked up apt pupil on Ares...that's pretty good!! It boosts the critical hit chances and its a passive skill, and as we all know, critical hits are SEXY!
I've never liked the skill change days because they were kinda random, but I'm aware that you can pick up skills that aren't normally learned or can't be learned anywhere else.
But yeah...that Ares is a pretty bitchin' persona at the moment, combine that with power charge and man...you've got a pretty sweet death dealer right there.
- RabidSquirrel89
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Having a dream about the fox is very strange. When you have a dream, it adds more points to the next rank of a social link. But the fox works differently in that you just rank up every time you finish one of his quests.
So in other words...you guys got ripped off.
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DUDES! MIND SLICE!!! Did you read that ability properly? Medium phys to multiple foes with a chance of confusion, wasn't it. That sounded awesome. You should totally fuse that persona next time you get the chance. I think that was Incubus that had that.
The whole beginning discussion on whether to keep exploring or not due to SP is exactly why you should switch in characters. Kanji can take the place of Yukiko and Charlie can take up healing, which works great because you have invigorate 2 on Sarasvati which will keep your SP up. I've found that invigorate and growth are two of the most important skills you should keep as you fuse new persona.
What's even better is at low SP, a right-side-up death or judgment would fill your SP to 100% immediately!
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Mixed bag on the fusing this ep.
Ares was good.
But why the hell did you fuse that piece of crap Titania, which had nothing but low level trash abilities you already had, yet you refused to make the Kusi Mitama, which has BOTH medium wind and medium lightning, AND had level 4 s-link.
You should be trying to get the medium spells as much as possible now. Don't forfeit them for trashy low level spells you have multiple times already.
These hour long episodes are getting more frequent. Of course I like them, but I worry that making them too long takes up more of your time and eventually you might decide to give up.
Oh wait, nevermind...I just remembered Jeff saying "nothing stops Endurance Run" in a recent episode.
I'm going to say it: BEST GAME EVER! EVER!
Great episode with lot of good WHAT?! moments. Like the Fool arcana one. That's just crazy.
And yeah, the Mind Slice looked very capable on battle.
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Well, if you think about the fact that they record many episodes at once, I don't think they realize or even care if a single episode is long or short.
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Titania is from Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare, along with Oberon who is another Persona. They're the king and queen of the faeries.it's pronounced Tee-Tanya. :)
With all that money, I'd upgrade everyone's armour at least, for example screw the 24SP for the sake of having 50% more armour, you can always use SP recoup items, which you won't need to much because you won't keep getting decimated and having to heal all the time.
- Reverseface
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The funny thing is that my name is actually Gideon... :P (almost Gdon as the persona)
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Listening to Wolfmother and watching this creates a great mix of intensity and relaxation.
Download the new Wolfmother song "Backround" on there site, it rocks.
Vinny... learn the buttons! Hahaha.
P.S. You don't really need TaPs anymore. Those are really for the beginning of the game.
You have Snuff Souls now for that.
TIP: You shouldn't ignore those physical skills just because they take a little HP. They're quite powerful. (especially ones that hit all enemies)
TIP: Also, don't ignore the instant kill skills (Light/Dark). If an enemy is weak against it (which many are), it'll kill them 100% of the time.
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The mail box is that big red box between the Shiroku Store and the Metalworks, or between the shrine and the textile shop.
When buying stuff you should prioritize armor, but if you decide to buy a weapon, avoid the stuff that reduces your accuracy too much. Anything lower than 80-85 should be sold or dropped, because it really sucks to waste a turn on a miss. Also, don't even bother with the items that raise your critical rate. There are spells that do that and even then they don't trigger often enough to justify the SP cost.
When fusing the only thing you really need to care about is what skills you can get through a fusion and its particular level. You could also keep track of its resistances. After all, the thing you'll do most often in dungeons is try to hit the weaknesses, so it's not completely useless for a persona to have a relatively weak spell, as long as it's got the "ma" version as well as its regular single-hit version. The only real time you have to care about the particular strength of a spell is when fighting bosses, since they usually don't have weaknesses.
Try to have a persona for each element. Yes, even the hama/mudo, since there are some enemies that are a pain to fight but have an instant-kill weakness to some of that stuff. That way you can finish fights more quickly and don't have to rely completely on your party. Having a Charge skill like Power Charge and Mind Charge are great for increasing damage output, especially since it stacks with the attack-boosting buffs.
The numbers beside the name only indicate what number the persona is in your lineup.
You guys worry too much about fuse results. Pick skills you want to pass on(invigorate, growth) and then just go to it. One 24 level persona you don't use is better than 3 15 level ones you don't use. And new personas mean future discounts on recalling them.
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The more you complete your compendium the more discount you'll get in the velvet room. There is no downside to making new persona, so why waste it by releasing them?
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I highly recommend just fusing junk Personas you don't want to use, it makes more powerful personas you can then use in fusions later and makes space. Also, a fused persona is always a bit better than one you might pick up because it will have inherited skills from all the personas fused in it. AND for every 25% of the compedium you complete you get a discount on pulling future personas.
Otherwise keep running it!
PS, again before you get to the end boss, I highly reccomend either removing Yukiko or giveing her something to reduce Ice Damage, tust me.
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Nice Episode 64 is up
And its 57 minutes long again!! Thats fucking awesome, I love the long episodes, keep them up :)
The basics of fusing are explained in the Talk option(which you never even looked at), and the game assumes that new players will be checking out all the options at least once, so there's no real excuse for going THE GAME NEVER TOLD ME ANY OF THIS. The 1-10 thing is just showing if it's possible to fuse a given persona with another(the 1-10 on the top corresponding with the personas in slots 1-10). Light circles mean that fusion is possbile, dark circles mean that fusion is impossible; you won't see many impossible fusions except when fusing two low-level personas of the same arcana or when going into triangle fusions. Aside from that, the game assumes that you'll be doing some trial and error to find out what works for you, and it's not the type of game that'll hold your hand and flat-out tell you what fusions would be the best. Although with that said, it's really hard to miss the best personas since most of them are 4/5/6-way fusions(which tell you what personas you need to fuse into a new one).
Also, your obsessive registering in the compendium is really not a good idea; you'll rarely, if ever, want to re-summon something you just used in fusion(since the whole point is that you're fusing outdated personas to make a better, more powerful persona), so all you're doing by re-registering everything all the time is making it more expensive to re-summon a persona later if you need it for a special fusion.
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Hey, Jeff finally remembered Yukiko's name. She is no longer "What's her face."


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