text: Patent ReferencesMethod and apparatus for measuring modulation accuracy Method and apparatus for demodulation with adaptive phase control in quasi-coherent detection System and method for maintaining network synchronization utilizing digital phase comparison techniques with synchronous residual time stamps In-band-on-channel (IBOC) system and methods of operation using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with timing and frequency offset correction Preamble formats for MIMO wireless communications Patent #: 7423989 InventorsAssigneeApplicationNo. 10870404 filed on 06/17/2004US Classes:370/467Conversion between signaling protocolsExaminersPrimary: Rao, Seema SAssistant: Duong, Christine Attorney, Agent or FirmInternational ClassesH04J 3/16H04J 3/06 DescriptionBACKGROUNDIn order for electronic devices to communicate, a wireless or wired protocol (i.e., standard) may be used to define hardware and software parameters such that the devices are able to send, receive, and interpret data. For example, the 802.11family of standards is provided by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and describes, among other features, medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications that may be used to implement wireless local areanetworks (WLANs). Some wired and wireless protocols define a guard interval (e.g., 0.8 μs) that prefixes transmitted information symbols. The guard interval reduces interference between information symbols by providing time for multi-path reflections of apreviously transmitted symbol to attenuate. However, using a fixed guard interval to prefix each information symbol may unnecessarily and undesirably increase data transmission duration implying a reduced data rate. Therefore, devices that implement aplurality of guard interval lengths (e.g., long interval, medium interval, and short interval) and/or selectively switch between implementing a guard interval and not implementing a guard interval are desirable. Additionally, devices that are able tocorrectly interpret transmitted information symbols prefixed by different guard interval lengths are desirable. SUMMARY In at least some embodiments, a system may comprise one or more devices configured to communicate according to a first protocol that permits interpretation of transmitted symbols associated with a first time duration. The system may furthercomprise one or more devices configured to communicate according to a second protocol that permits interpretation of transmitted symbols associated with multiple time durations. The one or more devices configured to communicate according to the secondprotocol are operable to communicate using transmitted symbols associated with the first time duration and to communicate using transmitted symbols associated with a time duration that is not supported by the one or more devices configured to communicateaccording to the first protocol. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a detailed description of various embodiments of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless system in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention; FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration of transmitting information symbols in accordance with embodiments of the invention; FIG. 3 illustrates a graph 300 showing phase error as a function of a series of transmitted symbols; FIG. 4A illustrates a wireless receiver in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention; FIG. 4B illustrates offset adjust logic of the receiver of FIG. 4A in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention; and FIG. 5 illustrates a method in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention. NOTATION AND NOMENCLATURE Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, companies may refer to a component by different names. This document does not intend todistinguish between components that differ in name but not function. In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms "including" and "comprising" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "including, but notlimited to . . . ". Also, the term "couple" or "couples" is intended to mean either an indirect or direct electrical connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct electrical connection, orthrough an indirect electrical connection via other devices and connections. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Electronic devices that communicate wirelessly may use a variety of techniques to prepare, send, receive, and recover data. For example, data preparation techniques may comprise data scrambling, error correction coding, interleaving, data packetformatting, and/or other techniques. The data to be transmitted may be first converted into bits which have been appropriately prepared (see data preparation above). These bits may be split into blocks of various lengths. Each block of bits isassociated with a complex amplitude from a constellation. In this stream of complex amplitudes, the modulator may insert at specific positions some additional complex amplitudes that may be associated with synchronization or other important aspects ofthe transmission. If the transmitting device is using N sub-carriers to transmit information, then the total number of complex amplitudes (K) is an integer multiple of the number of subcarriers (N). The first N complex amplitudes may enter an inverse DiscreteFourier Transform (IDFT) module whereby a new set of N complex amplitudes is obtained. The subcarriers modulated from the information bits may comprise this set of N complex amplitudes which is herein referred to as a modulated "information symbol." Finally, the last q elements of the modulated information symbol are appended at the beginning of the symbol (as a prefix), where q is the length of the Guard Interval expressed in samples. If the time interval between two adjacent complexamplitudes is Ts, then the duration of the information symbol is N*Ts, and the duration of the guard interval is q*Ts. The combination of the information symbol and its associated guard interval is referred to herein as the "transmitted symbol" and itsduration is (q+N)*Ts. The resulting transmitted symbol comprises a set of N+q complex amplitudes that are further prepared for transmission (e.g., using digital to analog conversion, modulation to a carrier radio frequency for wireless transmission, or straighttransmission in a wire or cable). In a multi-carrier transmission as described above, the number of complex amplitudes composing an information symbol is constant and equal to N. As described herein, embodiments of the invention may implementinformation symbols associated with N complex amplitudes and transmitted symbols having varied lengths. The length of the transmitted symbol may vary due to changes in guard interval length. For example, in 802.11a compliant systems, the information symbol includes N=64 complex amplitudes and the guard interval includes q=16 complex amplitudes, yielding a total of 80 complex amplitudes for the transmitted symbol. The time durationTs mentioned previously is the time period by which each complex amplitude is clocked in the digital to analog converter for transmission into the physical medium. This time period is referred to herein as the transmitting device's sample period and thequantity fs=1/Ts is referred as the transmitter's sample frequency. As an illustration, a transmitting device may implement 8 sub-carriers, each of angular frequency ωk,=2*π*k*fs/8, (k=0, 1, . . . , 7), to send 8-bits of data at a time and a guard interval of length q=3 samples. Assuming thetransmitting device is using an antipodal constellation (e.g., a constellation that associates the bit value "1" with the value A(1)=1 and the bit value "0" with the value A(0)=-1 or vice versa). The k-th bit is therefore associated with the signalA(k-th bit)*cos(ωk*t) and the sum of all those 8 signals is transmitted for a duration of T=(8+3)*Ts=11*Ts seconds (T is the transmitted symbol duration). The operation is repeated for the next 8 bits of data, and so on, until all the bitsare transmitted. To receive data, one or more antennas may "pick up" the wireless signal, after which data may be recovered by sampling the received signal and decoding each information symbol. To recover data, a receiving device may implement techniques such assignal amplification, digitization, sample rate conversion, equalization, demodulation, de-interleaving, de-coding, and/or de-scrambling. The processes of preparing, sending, receiving, and recovering data as described above may be organized to permit multiple devices to interactively communicate in real-time. During this interaction between multiple devices, it may be desirableto transmit information symbols having different lengths (i.e., durations). For example, the data transfer rate of a wireless system may increase by reducing the guard interval length of at least some transmitted symbols and/or by eliminating guardintervals (i.e., by reducing the time delay between information symbols). To decode information symbols, the receiver samples the incoming signal at a rate (hereafter called the receiver's sampling rate) that is the same as the rate at which the samples are clocked out of the transmitter. Although no sampling occursat the transmitter the clocking rate will be referred to herein as the transmitter's sampling rate. If the receiver's sampling rate and the transmitter's sampling rate are different, a sampling frequency offset exists. The frequency offset causes thetransmitted and the received symbols to have different durations thereby causing the sub-carriers to eventually lose orthogonality and causing loss of data. In the frequency domain the difference in the transmitter and receiver sampling frequenciesyields a phase offset that grows as an affine transform of the index of the transmitted symbol (that is, of the form i*A+B, where A and B are parameters related to the sampling frequency offset). When the length of each transmitted symbol is fixed, butthere is a sampling frequency offset, there is a phase offset (in frequency domain) that is affecting the output of the receiver's FFT. This linear phase offset can be easily computed and compensated for in the receiver. However, if transmitted symbolsof multiple lengths are used to transmit data, the phase shift between subsequent information symbols changes such that fixed compensation schemes are not effective. Embodiments of the invention preferably provide systems and methods that estimate and correct varying timing offsets and/or varying phase shift offsets that occur between information symbols associated with different guard interval lengths. Suchembodiments may allow at least some devices of a wireless system to communicate using multiple guard interval lengths. Also, preferred embodiments may allow the devices that implement multiple guard interval lengths to communicate with devices that donot implement multiple guard interval lengths and vice versa. FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless system 100 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the wireless system 100 may comprise the devices 102, 110A, and 110B. The device 102 may comprise a transceiver 104 havinga data link layer 106 and a physical (PHY) layer 108. In at least some embodiments, the device 102 may implement a first wireless protocol (e.g., 802.11a, 802.11g). Similarly, each of the devices 110A and 110B also may comprise a transceiver 112A, 112Bhaving a data link layer 114A, 114B and a PHY layer 116A, 116B. In at least some embodiments, the devices 110A and 110B may implement a second wireless protocol (e.g., 802.11 n). In order for the devices 102, 110A, and 110B to communicate wirelessly, the PHY layers 108, 116A, 116B and the data link layers 106, 114A, 114B may perform several functions such as preparing, transmitting, receiving, and decoding wirelesssignals. For example, the PHY layers 108, 116A, 116B may each implement a physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) sub-layer and a physical medium dependent (PMD) sub-layer. The PLCP sub-layer may provide an interface whereby carrier sense and clearchannel assessment (CCA) signals are provided to the data link layer 106, 114A, 114B indicating whether the PHY layer 108, 116A, 116B is in use. The PMD sub-layer may provide encoding, decoding, modulation, and/or demodulation of wireless signalinformation symbols. For example, the PMD sub-layer may permit the devices 102, 110A, 110B to implement modulation techniques such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The PMD sub-layers also may provide analog-to-digital and/ordigital-to-analog data conversion. The data link layers 106, 114A, 114B may implement a logical link control (LLC) and a medium access control (MAC). During transmission of data, the LLC may assemble data into a frame with address and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) fields. Duringreception of data, the LLC may disassemble a data frame, perform address recognition, and perform CRC validation. The MAC may function, at least in part, to coordinate transmission of data between the electronic devices 102, 110A, and 110B. As shown in FIG. 1, the PHY layers (116A, 116B) of the devices 110A and 110B also may comprise offset adjust logic 118A, 118B. The offset adjust logic 118A, 118B may permit the devices 110A and 110B to estimate and compensate for phase offsetsor timing offsets (or both) that occur between the carrier frequencies and/or the sampling frequencies of different devices 102, 110A and 110B. As used herein, a carrier frequency refers to the frequency at which the spectrum of the baseband signal(signal conveying information) is centered (e.g., the carrier signal may equal to 2.4 GHz or 5.4 Ghz) and a sampling frequency refers to the frequency associated with the original band (baseband) of frequencies of a signal (e.g., 20 MHz, 40 MHz or 80MHz) before it is modulated for transmission at a higher frequency. As mentioned above, preferred embodiments may allow devices (e.g., the devices 110A and 110B) that implement multiple guard interval lengths to communicate with devices (e.g., the device 102) that do not implement multiple guard interval lengthsand vice versa. Accordingly, all of the devices 102, 110A, and 110B may transmit and interpret information symbols according to the communication protocol implemented by the device 102. This communication protocol may implement a predetermined guardinterval (hereafter referred to as "the legacy interval") as a prefix for each information symbol. To transmit and interpret information symbols prefixed with the legacy interval, each of the devices 110A and 110B may operate in a first mode. Additionally, each of the devices 110A and 110B may operate in a second mode. For example, the second mode may be activated when the device 110A intends to transmit a "data field" of a data packet to the device 110B or vice versa. Whenconfigured in the second mode, the devices 110A and 110B are preferably operable to prefix some information symbols with the legacy interval and prefix other information symbols with a guard interval that is shorter than the legacy interval. Forexample, the devices 110A and 110B may prefix one or more information symbols with the legacy interval when the information symbols are associated with a "signal field" of a data packet. By prefixing one or more information symbols of the signal fieldwith the legacy interval, the device 102 may interpret the information of the signal field and, at least, calculate a duration of data transmission between the devices 110A and 110B. For more information regarding how wireless devices that implementdifferent protocols may coexist, reference may be made to U.S. Ser. No. 10/744,864, filed Dec. 23, 2003 and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-PROTOCOL COMMUNICATION," which is hereby incorporated by reference. Still referring to operation while in the second mode, after transmitting the one or more information symbols prefixed by a guard interval (e.g., the legacy interval) and associated with the signal field, the devices 110A and 110B may communicatewith information symbols that are prefixed by shorter guard intervals (i.e., shorter than the legacy interval). The information symbols having shorter guard intervals may be associated with, at least, a data field of a data packet. Because the data isintended for one of the devices 110A and 110B, the capabilities of the device 102 do not need to be considered. However, the intended recipient device of the data field needs to accurately interpret information symbols associated with the shorter guardinterval. Therefore, the devices 110A and 110B may implement offset adjust logic 118A, 118B to compensate for the change in guard interval length. Additionally, the devices 110A and 110B may operate in a third mode. In the third mode, the devices 110A and 110B may transmit some information symbols prefixed with a first time interval and other information symbols prefixed with a second timeinterval, where neither the first time interval nor the second time interval is the legacy interval described above. In both the second and third modes, the devices 110A and 110B may switch the length of guard intervals in real-time with little or no delay (i.e., a first information symbol may be prefixed by a first guard interval and a subsequent informationsymbol may be prefixed by a second guard interval). Additionally, the devices 110A and 110B may switch back and forth between multiple guard intervals. For example, the devices 110A and 110B may transmit and/or receive training sequences withinformation symbols each prefixed by a first guard interval length, then a signal field with information symbols each prefixed by a second guard interval length, then a data field with information symbols each prefixed by a third guard interval length. The first, second and third guard interval lengths may each be distinct. FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram 200 of a transmission of information symbols 202 in accordance with embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the symbols 202 may each comprise a plurality of sub-carriers 204. The sub-carriers 204 of eachsymbol 202 are separated from each other according to a sub-carrier frequency spacing 212. The sub-carrier frequency spacing 212 preferably allows a maximum number of sub-carriers 204 over a bandwidth 214 without causing unacceptable interferencebetween the sub-carriers 204. However, embodiments of the invention may implement symbols 202 having any functional sub-carrier frequency spacing 212 and any number of sub-carriers 204. As shown in FIG. 2, a symbol "SYMBOL N" may be transmitted an amount of time "TIME1" 206 after a symbol "SYMBOL N-1" is transmitted. Additionally, a symbol "SYMBOL N+1" may be transmitted an amount of time "TIME2" 208 after SYMBOL N istransmitted. In at least some embodiments, the TIME1 206 and the TIME2 208 may be representative of guard intervals, which differ in length. For example, the difference between TIME1 206 and TIME2 208 may be representative of when SYMBOL N implements alonger guard interval than SYMBOL N+1. In at least some embodiments, a transmitting device may implement any of a variety of sampling frequencies to encode information symbols. If a sampling frequency of 20 MHz is implemented, the time period to transmit 64 modulated complex tones(e.g., an OFDM symbol) may be 3.2 μs (i.e., 64* 1/20 MHz). In addition, a guard interval comprising, for example, 0.8 μs (i.e., 16 clock periods at 20 MHz) or 0.4 μs (i.e., 8 clock periods at 20 MHz) may prefix each OFDM symbol to prevent orreduce inter-symbol interference. The clock periods applied during the guard interval may be used to repeat values of the ODFM symbol in order to have a quasi-periodic signal at the input of the channel. Assuming the channel duration does not exceedthe duration of the Guard Interval, the output of the channel may look like a cyclic convolution process instead of a linear convolution. Therefore, when a 20 MHz sampling frequency is implemented, an OFDM symbol with a 0.8 μs guard interval prefixmay have a duration of 4.0 μs and may be described by 80 clock periods (i.e., 64 complex amplitudes plus 16 complex amplitudes). While OFDM symbols may be used in exemplary embodiments, the invention is not limited to OFDM symbols. As described previously, a receiving device may implement the same sample frequency as the transmitting device in order to maintain orthogonality between the subcarriers used to convey the information symbols. Therefore, if the transmitterdevice's sample frequency is 20 MHz, the receiving device's sample frequency also may be 20 MHz. In exemplary embodiments, in which OFDM information symbols are transmitted (each prefixed by a 0.8 μs guard interval) the receiving device may samplethe carrier signal 80 times over a span of 4.0 μs to decode each complex amplitude of an OFDM symbol. The repeated complex amplitudes described above may be thrown out, or otherwise ignored, by the receiving device. To compensate for sample rate and carrier frequency offsets, the receiving device may determine an initial phase offset and compensate for the initial phase offset accordingly. Additionally, the receiving device may estimate a phase offset pertransmitted symbol value as will be described below. In at least some embodiments, the initial phase offset may be determined as the initial difference between a first phase vector associated with constellation points representing the OFDM symbol at thetransmitting device and a second phase vector associated with constellation points representing the same OFDM symbol at the receiving device. The receiving device may compensate for duration offsets between sampling frequency clock periods and carrier frequency clock periods by periodically tracking and compensating for the rotation of constellation points at the receiving device. Thefrequency at which the rotation of the second phase vector may be tracked and compensated for will hereafter be called the "integration period." In at least some embodiments, the integration period may correspond to the number of clock cycles associatedwith sampling each transmitted symbol (including the information symbol and guard interval). For example, if the receiving device samples the carrier signal 80 times to decode each transmitted symbol, the integration period may be once every 80 samples. If the transmitting device changes the guard interval in real-time or "on the fly," the receiving device should also change the integration period. Otherwise, orthogonality between the subcarriers may be lost. As an example, suppose atransmitting device transmits an OFDM symbol prefixed by a first guard interval using 80 sample clock cycles. Subsequently, the transmitting device transmits each OFDM symbol prefixed by a second guard interval using 72 sample clock cycles (i.e., theguard interval is reduced from 16 to 8 sample clock cycles). If the receiving device is not aware of the change in the guard interval length, the integration period will remain once every 80 samples. Therefore, while the receiving device may continueto implement phase and duration offset compensation techniques every integration period, the data of subsequent OFDM symbols will not be interpreted correctly (i.e., the data bits of a first symbol will be confused with the data bits of a second symboland vice versa). Therefore, in embodiments of the invention, the receiving device is able to detect when the transmitting device is going to implement a change of guard interval length. For example, the devices 110A and 110B may implement the communicationtechniques described in U.S. Ser. No. 10/744,864, filed Dec. 23, 2003 and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-PROTOCOL COMMUNICATION" and U.S. Ser. No. 10/779,131, filed Feb. 13, 2004 and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR IMPLEMENTING APSEUDO-NOISE SIGNALING MECHANISM IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION," which are hereby incorporated by reference. Once the receiving device has determined that the transmitting device will change the guard interval, the integration period may be adjustedaccordingly. FIG. 3 illustrates a graph 300 showing phase error 304 as a function of a series of transmitted symbols 302. In particular, the graph 300 illustrates varying amounts of phase error when transmitted symbols 302 have different durations (e.g.,when guard intervals vary in duration). As shown in FIG. 3, at transmitted symbol "0," the phase φ0 may be equal to an initial value θ0. As previously mentioned, the initial phase offset, θ0, may represent an initialphase error between the sampling frequencies and/or carrier frequencies of a transmitting device and a receiving device. FIG. 3 further illustrates a first group of transmitted symbols 310 for which the phase error 304 increases at a constant ratedefined by slope1 306. The first group of transmitted symbols 310 (i.e., symbols 0 to N-1) may be associated with a first guard interval as described previously. FIG. 3 further illustrates a second group of transmitted symbols 312 for which the phase error 304 increases at a constant rate defined by slope2 308. The second group of transmitted symbols 312 may each be associated with a second guardinterval as previously described. As shown, the slope1 306 is steeper than the slope2 308 (i.e., after the transmitted symbol N, the amount of phase shift per transmitted symbol decreases). Therefore, FIG. 3 illustrates that the amount of phase errorper transmitted symbol may decrease when transmitted symbols implement shorter guard interval lengths. In at least some embodiments, the change in slope may by attributed to a change in the integration period (i.e., there is less phase error pertransmitted symbol when the integration period is once every 72 samples rather than once every 80 samples). There is not necessarily an undesirable amount of phase error 304 per OFDM symbol 302. However, a receiving device needs to accurately compensate for the amount of phase error 304 per OFDM symbol 302 so that the data transmitted with eachinformation symbol can be recovered. Therefore, if the amount of phase error 304 per OFDM symbol 302 changes (as shown by slope1 306 and slope2 308 in FIG. 3), a receiving device needs to implement a mechanism to estimate and correct such changes. FIG. 4A illustrates a block diagram of a receiver 400 in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 4a, the receiver 400 may comprise offset adjust logic 406 coupled between a frequency equalizer 404 and aconstellation de-mapper 408. The receiver 400 may further comprise cyclic prefix remover 409 coupled to an FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) block 402. The FFT block 402 may provide input to the frequency equalizer 404. As shown, the cyclic prefix remover 409 may receive carrier signal samples. The carrier signal samples may comprise a discrete time representation of the transmitted sub-carrier signals. The cyclic prefix remover 409 may be configured to removea predetermined number of samples for each transmitted symbol according to a cyclic prefix control signal 407. Preferably, the cyclic prefix control signal 407 may be adjusted when changes are made to the guard interval length associated with eachtransmitted symbol. If the cyclic prefix remover 409 is not configured correctly, an incorrect amount of samples may be thrown away. In at least some embodiments, the cyclic prefix control signal 407 is operable to update the cyclic prefix remover 409such that the samples associated with neighboring transmitted symbols having different guard intervals are "trimmed" correctly. After the extraneous samples have been removed, the remaining samples are forwarded to the FFT block 402 which extractsfrequency spectrum data from the wireless signal samples and outputs the frequency spectrum data to the frequency equalizer 404. The frequency equalizer 404 removes interference caused by the communication channel and outputs "equalized" frequencyspectrum data to the offset adjust logic 406. The offset adjust logic 406 estimates the initial and continuing phase error caused by the sample frequency offsets and carrier frequency offsets described previously. The offset adjust logic 406 alsopreferably compensates for these offsets. The offset adjust logic 406 may then output the frequency spectrum data (including adjustment and compensation) to a constellation de-mapper 408 which converts the frequency spectrum data to information symbolsthat can be decoded by a decoder. FIG. 4B illustrates an embodiment of the offset adjust logic 406 that may be implemented with the receiver 400 of FIG. 4A. As shown in FIG. 4B, the offset adjust logic 406 may comprise a processor 410 coupled to a memory 412. The memory 412 maystore offset estimation instructions 414 and offset correction instructions 416. When executed by the processor 410, the offset estimation instructions 414 preferably cause the processor 410 to measure or estimate a phase (φi) associated with each transmitted symbol. The phase associated with each information symbolmay be described in equation (1) shown below: Φθαƒθ×××≤≤.- times.×≥ ##EQU00001## In equation (1), φi is a phase (φ) associated with a symbol index (i). The SLOPE variable may be representative of aphase shift per transmitted symbol slope value such as value of SLOPE1 306 shown and described for FIG. 3. The TIME variable may be representative of a time duration of each transmitted symbol. The i variable may be a number value (0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)associated with each transmitted symbol. The θ0 variable may comprise an initial phase offset between sample frequency clock periods or carrier frequency clock periods of a transmitting device and a receiving device as previously described. The a variable may comprise the time duration per transmitted symbol starting at sample N divided by the time duration per transmitted symbol before the sample N (e.g., TIME2/TIME1). The N variable may comprise the wireless signal symbol index value atwhich the time duration per transmitted symbol changes. In at least some embodiments, the processor 410 may measure the phase offsets (φ1 and φ2) associated with the transmitted symbols 1 and 2. Using φ1 and φ2, an initial phase error per transmitted symbol (e.g.,the value of SLOPE1 306) may be calculated as (φ2-φ.sub.1)/(2-1)=Δφinitial/symbol. The Δφinitial/symbol value may then be used to determine the initial phase offset (θ0) shown as the location wherethe SLOPE1 306 intersects the y-axis in FIG. 3. The Δφinitial/symbol value may also be used to predict future phase error. If the error between a predicted phase error and a measured phase error of a subsequent symbol (e.g., φ3) is less than a threshold amount, the processor 410 does not need to execute the offset correction instructions 416. However, ifthe error between a predicted phase error and a measured phase error is greater than or equal to a threshold amount, the offset correction instructions 416 may cause the processor 410 to calculate a new phase error per transmitted symbol value (e.g., theSLOPE2 308 value). For example, the processor 410 may detect that a predicted value of φN+1 based on the SLOPE1 306 (shown in FIG. 3) value is offset from a measured value of φN+1 by more than a threshold amount: Therefore, the offsetcorrection instructions 416 may cause the processor 410 to calculate a new phase error per symbol value such as Δφnew/sample=(φN+1-φ.sub.N)/1. The Δφnew/sample value may then be implemented in equation (1) topredict future phase error (e.g., φN+2). For example, the value of φN+2 may be calculated as φN+(i-N)*Δφnew/symbol. The above illustration is exemplary only. There are many possible ways to calculate changes in the phase error per symbol. Preferred embodiments of the invention may implement weighting schemes that give more weight to the most recent errorsbetween predicted phase error values and measured phase error values. For example, an exponentially decaying window (sometimes referred to as a "forgetting factor") may be applied when calculating the phase error per symbol. In such embodiments a newphase error per symbol slope may be calculated by giving more weight to current errors (e.g., errors associated with the last two or three samples) and "forgetting" more distant errors. To calculate a changing slope, several mathematical operations may be performed. For example, embodiments of the invention may implement least squares (LS) error calculations, linear regression models, matrix operations (e.g., matrixmultiplication, matrix inversion, matrix transformations), vector and scalar calculations, linear interpolation, recursive processor and/or iterative processes to calculate changing amounts of phase error between subsequent transmitted symbols. Therefore, the offset estimation instructions 414 and the offset correction instructions 416 may comprise instructions that cause the processor 410 to perform mathematical operations such as those described above. In still other embodiments, phaselocked loop circuitry may be implemented to track and correct changing phase error per transmitted symbol values. In some embodiments, a hardware "state machine" may be implemented in addition to or in place of the processor 410 and the memory 412. In such embodiments, the state machine may sequence through opcodes or instructions that simulate theexecution of instructions 414, 416 by the processor 410 as described above with respect to FIG. 4B. FIG. 5 illustrates a method 500 in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 5, the method 500 may comprise receiving a transmitted symbol associated with a first time duration (block 502). The method furthercomprises receiving a transmitted symbol associated with a second time duration (block 504). Thereafter, a phase offset per transmitted symbol value is adjusted based on a difference between the first time duration and the second time duration (block506). Once the phase offset per transmitted symbol value is adjusted at block 506, phase offset may be corrected using the adjusted phase offset per transmitted symbol value (block 508). The method 500 described above may permit wired or wirelessdevices to communicate using guard intervals of multiple lengths. Accordingly, new or proprietary devices may implement information symbols having shorter guard intervals (or no guard intervals). The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles and various embodiments of the present invention. Numerous other variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fullyappreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications. Field of SearchCOMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR INFORMATION CARRIED IN PLURAL CHANNELSAdaptive Converting between protocols Conversion between signaling protocols Synchronizing Mutual (reciprocal) synchronization Using synchronization information contained in a frame Synchronization information is distributed within a frame Plural synchronization words Adjusting for phase or jitter Including delay device Provide plural phases of a clocking signal Delay based upon propagation delay time |


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With temperatures reaching into the negatives this week and more winter still to come, heating bills can climb higher than in other months.
For low-income residents in West Virginia, there is help for handling those high utility bills.
The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) will be accepting applications for its Low Income Energy Assistance Program (LIEAP) from Jan. 21 through Jan. 31. The LIEAP is a federally funded program that helps low-income households with their heating costs.
Karen Bowling, cabinet secretary of the DHHR, said the winter months are when the help is needed most.
"Many West Virginia families struggle with high utility bills during the winter months," she said. "This is a great way to help them cover those costs."
Last year the LIEAP served 91,119 people with help on the heating bills. The program can serve as many residents as funds allow with up to $500.
The requirement for the LIEAP depend on the monthly household income and number of residents. Residents must also be paying for their own heating bills.
Household income must be at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty guideline.
For a one-person household, the monthly income must be $1,245 or below. For each additional person in the household, $436 is added to the requirement. For example, a two-person household's monthly income must be $1,681 or below, three person, $2,117.
To pick an application for the LIEAP, visit a local DHHR including the Marion County location at 9083 Middletown Mall, Fairmont, WV 26554. Applications can also be obtained at DHHR community action agencies or senior centers operated by any Area Agency on Aging.
Applications as also available at www.wvinroads.org. Mailed applications should be mailed or delivered to the DHHR office in the applicants county of residence.
For more about the LIEAP, call 304-356-4619.
Email Emily Gallagher at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow her on Twitter @EGallagherTWV.
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Right now you can buy & watch Disney's Frozen in HD on Amazon Instant Play - you will own it and be able to watch it as many times as you like. We'll see better prices on this later, but I know a lot of people really want to buy & watch this now so I thought I'd post it.
"When you buy a video, your viewing rights do not expire. You can download a video you own to 2 locations (TiVo DVRs and Windows PCs). You can also transfer a video you own to 2 portable devices."
OR it will be available to buy on DVD on March 18th - if you can wait. I will post any and all coupons I find for this too.


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I need to get to Dresden from NYC. All flights involve a connection thru Munich or Frankfurt. I was thinking, instead of flying direct to Berlin on Continental (I have enough miles for an upgrade) then taking the two hour train ride to Dresden. Way more leisurely and I'll give myself a day in Berlin at the end. How difficult is it to get from Tegel (sp?) to the train station? Any advice, also on airport hotels, would be appreciated. Thanks!
Berlin Airport/Tegel to Dresden by Train
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Bus #X9 and #109 go every 10 min from Tegel Airport to the Zoo train station - there are direct trains every two hours from the Zoo station to Dresden - lockers in Zoo station but sometimes can be full.
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Berlin Tegel to Dresden isn't too difficult, although total travel time flying through Frankfurt or Munich will probably be less than flying through Berlin.
In Berlin, you can take the X9 express bus from Tegel to Berlin Zoo Bahnhof, then catch a 2hr 30min train to Dresden. I think the bus runs every 15-20min, and there is a good train every couple of hours. You'll want a train with 0 changes if possible. Such a train will stop at Berlin Ost, Berlin Schonefeld airport then on to Dresden. Check www.bahn.de.
If the train you want to take from Berlin to Dresden doesn't pass through Zoo Bahnhof, you'll have to get yourself to Ostbahnhof (from which all trains to Dresden depart). I believe there's a Tegel express bus to Ost as well, but not exactly sure.
I stayed in Hotel Alsterhof in Berlin last mo before catching an early flight out of Tegel and it was quite easy. The hotel is right off the K'damm, about a 20min walk or 5min subway ride from Zoo Bhf. Booked the hotel through priceline for $60/night.
Gotta run now. If you have specific questions I'll see if I can answer. Maybe our resident Dresden expert Ingo will chime in as well.
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I'd agree that you do not necessarily need to stay at an airport hotel prior to your departure from Tegel; it is easy to reach both by bus and by taxi.
A lot of the trains going to Dresden start out at the Zoo Station and there are many hotels within that vicinity for when you return.
Some of us here actually like that part of Berlin although generally everyone here insists that you "stay in Mitte" which I agree with.
Let us know your budget, etc. -
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Ooops, sorry..not to confuse you...I should have written that I do NOT agree that you "have" to stay in the Mitte district.
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tegel to Zoo station is easy.the airport is quite small. at the entrance is the BVG bus ticket counter.a one way ticket to zoo should be under €2. you wait for the bus a few steps outside the airport door.a bus arrives around every 10min. i caught the 109 but the others previously mentioned are good too.
on DB's bahn.de i found that trains from zoo to dresden are quite frequent, this night in berlin for instance there will be 3 trains to dresden,21:30, 00:40 and 01:06
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This has been so helpful. Thank you. One more question. How much time should I allow to get from the airport to train station?
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Me again... Intrepid, I've got a pretty good budget for one night in Berlin... Any 4 or 5 star hotels in the area. Thanks.
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the hotel i listed above was classified as a 4*, although it seemed more like a 3* to me. Got it for $60/nt (incl tax) when lowest rate I could find for same hotel was 2x that.
I recommend bidding for a hotel on priceline. Visit the web site biddingfortravel.com to familiarize youself with hotels by area, recent winning bids etc. There are a couple of 4* or 5* hotels right near the Zoo Bhf or K'damm area.
The great thing about Berlin is the excellent subway, bus and tram system. As interpid points out, there is no need to stay in the Mitte - just about any hotel you stay in will be 5min walk to a subway station and with at most 1 or 2 connections you can be anywhere in the city quickly.
It's about a 15-20min bus ride from Tegel to Zoo Bhf. The bus stops right outside the bhf, so it's a quick walk to the tracks.
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Talk hoops all year long in Luke Winn's blog, a journal of commentary, news and reader-driven discussions about the college game.
The Oden Effect
They'd obviously love to activate Oden sooner if he's ready; and on the flipside there's still a remote chance he could come back even later if the rehab isn't on schedule. OSU had been taking weekly X-rays of Oden's wrist, and when I talked with Buckeyes coach Thad Matta a few weeks ago, he said that if one indicates his prize center has miraculously healed, "you'll be able to hear me yelling." He was well aware that I was on the East Coast. There's a different Oden question that I'm more interested in, though -- and it's one that's bound to come up in March: How will his late arrival affect OSU's NCAA tournament seed? I recently posed a couple of hypothetical scenarios to a trusted tourney source to get an idea of how they might be addressed by the selection committee. The first had Oden returning on Jan. 2 to an 11-2 team that had been killed by North Carolina and Florida, but with the big guy in the lineup, went on to win the Big Ten regular-season title. Would those early losses be completely forgiven by the committee because Oden wasn't involved? And would the Buckeyes be cut some slack in consideration for a No. 1 seed? The feeling I got was that while early losses wouldn't be entirely ignored, OSU would get special consideration as long as it's clear that Oden had a measurable impact on its success down the stretch. If he changes games and puts up big numbers, than the Buckeyes will be evaluated as a different team. The Oden Effect could end up being the reverse of the Kenyon Martin Injury from 2000, where Cincinnati was demoted from a No. 1 seed after losing their Wooden Award winner to a broken right fibula during the C-USA tournament. The Buckeyes could get a minor promotion, perhaps from a 3 to a 2, or a 2 to a 1. If (by chance) Oden turns out to just be a role player, than OSU's entire body of work is more likely to be evaluated on the same level. The second scenario is more improbable: What happens if Oden's wrist doesn't heal as quickly as expected, and as a cautionary measure, OSU waits until midway through Big Ten play -- say, 23 games into a 30-game regular season -- for his unveiling? If the Buckeyes were .500 in the league at that point, but went on to win their last seven games and finish strong in the Big Ten tournament, how much impact could a run such as that have? The committee, my source assured, would have to evaluate Ohio State's whole season -- especially since Oden would only have played in one-third of the games. A couple of important factors would come into play, though: First, a team's last 10 games are used, for seeding and selection purposes, as a "snapshot" of how well it's playing heading into the dance -- and the Buckeyes could finish strong with Oden. Second, the committee also considers factors such as how much a good young team has gelled down the stretch, and therefore might be more willing to overlook early losses. The Buckeyes would probably be looking at a bump in this scenario, too -- although more like from a 5 to a 4, or a 4 to a 3. Fans of other NCAA tournament teams shouldn't get upset. The committee has been using the same set of rules to deal with injury cases for years. No unique exceptions will be made for Oden. And believe me, it's better off if Ohio State gets seeded in the right place. Do you think some unlucky major-conference champ wants to get stuck with Oden's Buckeyes in their region as a No. 5?
posted by Luke Winn | View comments (21) |
21 Comments:He should be back now. Good players play through the pain.
Perhaps we should wait until Ohio State actually plays a game until we speculate on where they will be seeded in the tournament. My bet is they don't even win the Big Ten (with or without Oden) with a much more experienced and deeper Wisconsin Badger team lurking.
jesus, oden looks like he's 35 already. somebody draft him before he goes bald. that guy is a monster.
The G-unit will make a big impact on their team, and it will definitely favor the buckeyes in their seed. Oden is such a weapon that he could vault them even farther than they may deserve, but that all depends on his wrist.
It's going to be just like it was last year, just like it is all the time. The Big-Ten teams, including Ohio State, are going to crash and burn in the tourney. Their brand of basketball just does not stack up to the game being played in the ACC, the Big East, or heck even in the Missouri Valley!
Ummm, looking at the picture there, how old is Ogden claim to be? Just asking...
I'm sure Oden is an extraordinary talent and if he would've had the opportunity to play and practice with team USA he would've come into Big Ten play and dominated. But that didn't happen. If he were joining a veteran squad and were the missing catalyst, they would be cream of crop elite. But, aside from Butler, who can ball, they are not veteran.
All the hype is making me ill. Tell me he's basketball Jesus after he's dominated a couple conference road games, then I will listen. In the meantime, the Wisconsin Badgers are finally getting the respect they deserve. Experience, quality depth, versatility, and a battle tested go-to guy in Alondo Tucker. They have some tough games before conference play begins, and their identity has already begun to take shape from their Italian swing. Hands down, the team to beat in the Big Ten. Can we forget about the seeding question for the moment, and talk about the fact that you posted the wrong picture. I don't know who that is, but he is at least 30 years old, if not more, by the looks of him. I have seen many and 18-year old, and that man is NOT 18-years old. Not even close.
is it me or does Oden look like he's 36 years old..fishy
This is terrible. Who cares about what their seed MIGHT be, the season hasn't even started. You must be desperate for stories to write about.
Look Out! That guy is a beast!
oden is a stud.
oh, sorry! we put an old photo of robert parish in there by mistake....turns out he has 18 months of college eligibility left!
Oden looks older now than Charles Oakley did when he retired. He's been going Danny Almonte on highschoolers for the last four years as a 28-year-old.
Play through pain and risk further injury to your body, and the millions of dollars you will be making in a year? hmm, what would I do? (besides take the year off and wait to be drafted)
For all the people commenting on the picture, particularly "Ive seen alot of 18 year olds and that isn't one" The question is, how many 7' 240 pound 18 year olds do you know? Also, I hate to say it, because I despise all teams who are not in connecticut and have a Husky for their mascot, If this kid were playing a full season, they would be my pick for the championship. There is not one center in college basketball who will be able to stop him. Gray at Pitt is way too slow, as is Hibbert at Georgetown. Noah? Please, hes a twig. Living in FL now and seeing Florida games alot (including the first round of the 06 tourney in person) I can say that he is the most overrated player Ive seen since Dunleavy was at Duke. (Do you think Golden state is glad they drafted him ahead of Caron Butler and others?) I guess my point is that even with him not there a full season, they very well may end up good enough to win it. People talk about teams like Ohio St., UConn, Duke etc. being too young this year. The thing is, those schools get top line recruits. by the end of the season these players will likely evolve into dominating figures. You could see any of those 3 in the last game of the season this year. And with Uconn and Duke star players tendency to stick around for 2 or 3 years, Im gonna go ahead and pick them for next years final four already. Youth doesn't matter in college basketball like it used to. Coaches play players if they have the talent. That's all there is to it, and this kid has NBA starter talent, and as you will all see soon, college DOMINATION talent. Play through pain. Laughable.
Probably the most ignorant comment I have ever scene regarding sports in my life and I have scene my fair share. Greg Oden will likely have his bumps and bruises along the way and the hype will be hard to live up to, but LeBron was able to do it why not Oden? Despite the fact that Oden sat in front of my buddies at the Borat show last weekend (thus impeding their view of the entire screen), he seems like a great kid. I just moved to Columbus from Indy last year, and I can't wait to watch the Buckeyes rip through the tourney this year, and cut down some nets (the regional ones at least). Also, much is said about Oden due to his freakish size and athleticism, but wait until you see the rest of the team...Butler and Lewis (and Terwilliger??)providing the leadership, and Conley, Cook, Lighty, Hunter, etc. lighting teams up. It's a good year to be a Buckeye, that's for sure.
GO BUCKS!!!! And as for the "Big Ten always loses in the tourney anyway" argument, check your facts:
Participant breakdown, by conference, of last 8 Final Fours: SEC - 3 ACC - 8 BIG12 - 5 PAC10 - 2 (New expanded) BIG EAST - 5 OTHER - 1 (George Mason) and, drumroll please... BIG10 - 8 Mmm, does your foot taste good?? damn his hands are huge the ball looks so small in his hands
those people who criticized the look of an individual is racist..greg oden is a down to earth person with exceptional God-given talent.
actually those people who criticize the color or race of a person are racist. This would be better classified as freakist.
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Having stayed in one 4,and one 5 star hotel on this particular trip to Spain, this last minute substitute for our last 5 star hotel in Granada made us feel a little apprehensive. We need not have worried! This is a real gem of a hotel, unpretentious but absolutely charming. Beautifully restored with original materials, it has great character. Staff were very helpful without being pushy. Breakfast was very enjoyable and our room had lovely views over the Alhambra.
Stray dogs in this part of Granada made it difficult to sleep on one night, but that was not an issue with this hotel. All in all, a lovely experience!
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Toronto Mayor Rob Ford stops by Jimmy Kimmel Live. Jimmy had Rob sweating bullets when he showed photos and video of the mayor's silly behavior.
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Jimmy Kimmel struggles for responses in this interview with Morgan Freeman…
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Indiana Pacers All-Star Paul George made his late night debut Monday, appearing on "Jimmy Kimmel Live."
Paul George appears cool, calm, and collected on the Jimmy Kimmel Show. Late night talk shows = more exposure. Paul George is transitioning into a mega superstar very gracefully. He's definitely ready for prime-time.
Watch the video below.
Watch part 2 of 'Paul George Makes Appearance on Jimmy Kimmel!' after the jump.
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Queen Latifah on Jimmy Kimmel.
Queen Latifah talks some hip-hop history and promotes her new talk show. Watch the videos after the jump!
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David Blaine is out of his mind! Check out David Blaine performing a kerosene trick on Jimmy Kimmel Live!
David Blaine instructed Jimmy Kimmel to douse a trash bin of old clothing with lighter fluid, then he set it on fire! You won't believe what David Blaine did next…
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Jimmy Kimmel and the parents who participated in this prank is wrong! lol… smh! Jimmy Kimmel gets parents to pull a prank on their kids and pretend they ate all of their Halloween candy.
Check out Jimmy Kimmel's YouTube Challenge – "I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy 2013″ below.
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Here's the Kanye West Jimmy Kimmel Interview from last night. Kanye had a lot of interesting stuff to get off his chest (especially towards the end) during this Jimmy Kimmel Show interview.
Related: Kanye West RIPS Jimmy Kimmel… and Rightfully So!
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By the end of 2013 A Life Under Russian Serfdom has been adopted for courses at no fewer than 33 universities and colleges of the United States. It is followed by Prague Tales with 17 adoptions. Professors at University of Maryland and University of North Carolina have advised the reading of CEU Press titles in the greatest number, followed by Harvard and Carleton. Download our 2014 Spring/Summer Catalogue ...........................
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This book interrogates the nature of anti-Americanism today and over the last century. It asks several questions: How do we define the phenomenon from different perspectives: political, social, and cultural? What are the historical sources and turning points of anti-Americanism in Europe and elsewhere? What are its links with anti-Semitic sentiment? Has anti-Americanism been beneficial or self-destructive to its "believers"? Finally, how has the United States responded and why?
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Natalie McNeal Featured on Anderson Live + More!
Natalie McNeal of The Frugalista was a guest on Anderson Cooper's show Anderson Live for the "Frugal Friday" segment.
Susan Goldberg of Mama Non Grata recently received a grant from the Ontario Arts Council to work on "Overflow," a performance piece that deals with breast cancer, bodies and bras.
Jennifer Hannux, blogger at Vermont Cabin Fever, has one of her photographs featured as the cover of the northern Vermont and New Hampshire phone directory.
On August 23-26, Nadia of Justice Jonesie & The Niche Mommy, hosted the first annual Niche Mommy Conference in New Orleans, LA. The conference included a workshop style agenda and hosted keynote speakers such as Karen Walrond, Ted Rubin and more!
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...that Charles Goodyear performed some of his experiments on rubber while in debtor's prison? He was there so often he referred to it as his "hotel". Chronically in debt because of poor business sense and ill health, Goodyear depended on the generosity of friends and family. Even after he unlocked the secret to vulcanizing rubber, he was unable to improve his financial situation. When he died, his estate was $200,000 in debt.
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20130193569 | Integrated Circuit Die And Method Of Fabricating Integrated circuit dies and methods of fabricating the dies are disclosed. An embodiment of a method includes providing a die having a redistribution layer fabricated thereon. The redistribution layer has a surface located thereon that is free of any seed layers. An und... | 08/01/2013 |
20130193573 | METHODS OF STRESS BALANCING IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE WAFER PROCESSING Systems, apparatuses, and methods related to the design, fabrication, and manufacture of gallium arsenide (GaAs) integrated circuits are disclosed. Copper can be used as the contact material for a GaAs integrated circuit. Metallization of the wafer and through-wafer via... | 08/01/2013 |
20130196507 | Method Of Depositing Metals Using High Frequency Plasma Methods for depositing metal layers, and more specifically TaN layers, using CVD and ALD techniques are provided. In one or more embodiments, the method includes sequentially exposing a substrate to a metal precursor, or more specifically a tantalum precursor, followed ... | 08/01/2013 |
20130187264 | LOW OHMIC CONTACTS A method for forming a device is disclosed. A substrate with a contact region is provided. Vacancy defects are formed in the substrate. The vacancy defects have a peak concentration at a depth DV. A metal based contact is formed in the contact region. The met... | 07/25/2013 |
20130161718 | INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DIE AND METHOD OF MAKING Integrated circuit dies and methods of making dies are disclosed. An embodiment of a die includes at least one transistor gate, wherein the gate has an area. A conductor is connected to the gate, and wherein the conductor has an area. The area of the conductor is propor... | 06/27/2013 |
20130154100 | METHOD OF PATTERNING A SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE HAVING IMPROVED SPACING AND SHAPE CONTROL AND A SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE A pattern on a semiconductor substrate is formed using two separate etching processes. The first etching process removes a portion of an intermediate layer above an active region of the substrate. The second etching process exposes a portion of the active region of the ... | 06/20/2013 |
20130154060 | WAFER AND METHOD OF PROCESSING WAFER A wafer including a substrate, a dielectric layer over the substrate, and a conductive layer over the dielectric layer is disclosed. The substrate has a main portion. A periphery of the dielectric layer and the periphery of the main portion of the substrate are separate... | 06/20/2013 |
20130146951 | CROSS-HAIR CELL WORDLINE FORMATION Methods and devices depicting fabrication of non-planar access devices having fins and narrow trenches, among which is a method that includes wet etching a conductor to form a recessed region and subsequently etching the conductor to form gates on the fins. The wet etch... | 06/13/2013 |
20130134391 | Reducing Contact Resistance for Field-Effect Transistor Devices A method and an apparatus for doping a graphene and nanotube thin-film transistor field-effect transistor device to decrease contact resistance with a metal electrode. The method includes selectively applying a dopant to a metal contact region of a graphene and nanotube... | 05/30/2013 |
20130134576 | SEMICONDUCTOR APPARATUS, SEMICONDUCTOR-APPARATUS MANUFACTURING METHOD AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT A method for manufacturing the semiconductor apparatus includes an anchor process of forming a barrier metal film and carrying out physical etching making use of sputter gas. The anchor process is carried out at the same time on a wire connected to the lower portion of ... | 05/30/2013 |
20130130490 | COMBINATORIAL APPROACH FOR SCREENING OF ALD FILM STACKS In some embodiments of the present invention, methods of using one or more small spot showerhead apparatus to deposit materials using CVD, PECVD, ALD, or PEALD on small spots in a site isolated, combinatorial manner are described. The small spot showerheads may be confi... | 05/23/2013 |
20130119382 | Plating Process and Structure A system and method for plating a contact is provided. An embodiment comprises forming protective layers over a contact and a test pad, and then selectively removing the protective layer over the contact without removing the protective layer over the test pad. With the ... | 05/16/2013 |
20130099851 | SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE HAVING STRAIN MATERIAL A semiconductor device having strain material is disclosed in a particular embodiment, the semiconductor device includes a first cell including a first gate between a first drain and a first source. The semiconductor device also includes a second cell adjacent to the fi... | 04/25/2013 |
20130094287 | SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY DEVICES AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME A semiconductor device includes a bit line, a first cell string and a second cell string. The first cell string includes a first selecting transistor connected to the bit line in series and having a threshold voltage greater than a first reference voltage, a second sele... | 04/18/2013 |
20130095649 | Chemical Bath Replenishment Ions depleted from a chemical bath by a reaction such as plating are continually replenished by production and moving of ions through selectively permeable membranes while isolating potential contaminant ions from the chemical bath.... | 04/18/2013 |
20130048972 | Method of Manufacturing Laminated Body and Laminated Body A laminated body includes a lower electrode formed on a substrate and a basic insulating film which is formed above the lower electrode and covers the lower electrode on the substrate, in which the lower electrode has a film thickness reduction section in which the film... | 02/28/2013 |
20130052812 | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, includes a wafer grinding step of, by means of a revolving grinding stone, forming a thinned portion in a wafer while at the same time forming a slope surrounding said thinned portion, wherein during said formation of sa... | 02/28/2013 |
20130040451 | METHOD FOR PERMANENT CONNECTION OF TWO METAL SURFACES A process for the production of a permanent, electrically conductive connection between a first metal surface of a first substrate and a second metal surface of a second substrate, wherein a permanent, electrically conductive connection is produced, at least primarily, ... | 02/14/2013 |


text:
A Baby in the Woods
She was left in the woods to die, but when an "angel" took her in, she needed another miracle.
She was left in the woods to die, but when an "angel" took her in, she needed another miracle.
Something extraordinary happened when you joined hands with a village to rebuild 55 homes destroyed by an earthquake.
Brothers in Nepal struggled to better their lives when friends across the globe brought them a new source of...
A group of wounded Marines get a respite from their long hospital stay, thanks to friends like you.
The graffiti on a building in Belgium says it all: "Welcome to 'Belgistan." In fact, some are now calling...
A renowned artist depicts Christianity in murals. For more information about Ron's artwork, go to: www.ResurrectionMural.com .
France's Reckoning: Rich, Young Flee Welfare State
Gordon Robertson takes a look at some of the medical breakthroughs that have come from Israel, including cancer and...


text:
Clockwork's rise from recent non-existence into darlings of bouncy, reverb-heavy house has been well documented since their breakthrough Hot Creations release back in 2011. Fellow Italian Avatism hasn't had quite the same levels of press attention that a Jamie Jones-affiliated release now seems to guarantee, but the three producers seem to have a demonstrably similar outlook on the kind of music we should all be listening to, an outlook brought to life by this, their first collaborative effort on Berlin's Dumb Unit.
Not quite as sleazy as Clockwork's "It's You Again" nor set in such free-flowing dreamscapes as Avatism's "Taking it Too Seriously," the majority of Archetypes occupies a dusty groove between dejection and optimism; on the one hand you have the tightly-wrung claustrophobia of "One Trick Pony," on the other, the soothing caress of "Archetype." Crucially, though, these elements are not exhausted on a single track; despite having very different tonal outcomes, it's still obvious they've been made from the same base stock.
Depending on how you like your house served, "Hail" will be either a high or low point. Its eerie pads and sultrily reluctant vocals bring to mind a few too many records that have done the same with more satisfying results, but Avatism's remix is unquestionably excellent, with a dominant bassline and occasional, lethargic keys combining with undeniable class.
- Published /
Sun / 13 May 2012 - Words /
Greg Sawyer


text:
Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP Launches An Investigation Against The Toro Company (TTC) For Potential Breaches Of Fiduciary Duties By Its Board Of Directors
* Reuters is not responsible for the content in this press release.
http://pdf.reuters.com/htmlnews/8knews.asp?i=43059c3bf0e37541&u=urn:newsml:reuters.com:20130130:nBw306156a NEW YORK--(Business Wire)-- Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP, a leading national securities firm headquartered in New York City, is investigating the Board of Directors of The Toro Company ("Toro" or the "Company") (NYSE: TTC) for potential breaches of fiduciary duties in connection with their conduct in seeking shareholders` approval for an amendment to the Company`s Restated Certificate of Incorporation. Specifically, in the Proxy Statement filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 29, 2013, the Board of Directors recommends that Toro`s shareholders vote to approve an amendment to restate the Company`s Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 100,000,000 to 175,000,000. The issuance of the additional shares could have a substantial dilutive effect on the shares of Toro common stock. Request more information now by clicking here: www.faruqilaw.com/TTC. There is no cost or obligation to you. Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP is a national law firm which represents investors and individuals in class action litigation. The firm is focused on providing exemplary legal services in complex litigation in the areas of securities, shareholder, antitrust and consumer litigation, throughout all phases of litigation. The firm has an experienced trial team which has achieved significant victories on behalf of the firm`s clients. If you own common stock in Toro and wish to obtain additional information and protect your investments free of charge, please visit us at www.faruqilaw.com/TTC or contact Juan E. Monteverde, Esq. either via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or by telephone at (877) 247-4292 or (212) 983-9330. Contact: Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP 369 Lexington Avenue, 10th Floor New York, NY 10017 Attn: Juan E. Monteverde, Esq. email@example.com Toll Free: (877) 247-4292 Phone: (212) 983-9330 Attorney Advertising. (C) 2013 Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP. The law firm responsible for this advertisement is Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP (www.faruqilaw.com). Prior results do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome with respect to any future matter. We are happy to discuss your particular case. Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP Juan E. Monteverde, Esq. (877) 247-4292 or (212) 983-9330 email@example.com Copyright Business Wire 2013
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Comments about 'Toone family settles lawsuit in pesticide-related deaths'
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Manti, UT
What a sad situation. No matter what their settlement, those two beautiful
little girls in that picture have been taken from their family's arms. No
amount of settlement can give the same love and warmth that could have been when
the family was whole. May God bless that family with the courage to continue in
this life until they can be reunited with their little ones who are in
Des News should make it more plain that the photo in the
article is a file photo of the family prior to the death of their children. I
believe the photo and headline together are misleading.
- 8:29 a.m. Dec. 8, 2011
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text:
Age 37
To access the Abigail Glock you are looking for, browse our people search tools. PeopleFinders.com has an information database to help you find a person based on age, past residences, relatives, aliases, and more. Abigail Glock was born in 1976 and is 37 years old. Known relatives include Virginia M Glock, Michael Jl Glock, Jennifer Cl Schuett, Ronald J Glock, Philip R Lglock, Ronald J Laglock, Philip R Laglock.
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text:
You aren't allowed off the Internet. Besides, you don't even like cake. posted on
This post was created by a user and has not been vetted or endorsed by BuzzFeed's editorial staff. BuzzFeed Community is a place where anyone can post awesome lists and creations. Learn more or post your buzz!


text:
Yes, but I'm mad at her for not punching Kanye West in the face.
I dont listen to her music, but I dont dislike her either
Don't know what all the fuss is about. She has average looks & an average voice.
In my opinion, she has a terrible voice.
At first I didn't. She's alright now if the media would stop putting out her business
yea....love her voice...
Yes. Hot.
I like two songs!
Don't know her.
No.. well, I liked her song 'safe and sound' . it's really soothing. And of course, it had to do with the Hunger Games. lol.
But honestly, it's not that i don't like her, it's her music. And hearing my sister replay her music isn't helping either.
No, shes too needy and she dates every guy form 18-30 years old
so when is it my turn?
you have to be rich
Yeah i do , shes talented and gorgeous
Not particularly. Very overrated....
sure I have a thing for tall blondes though for whatever reason
Very attractive and innocent looking lady


text:
CAIRO // An Egyptian court today acquitted Hosni Mubarak's two sons and his last prime minister of corruption charges.
The Cairo criminal court found Gamal and Alaa Mubarak and Ahmed Shafiq innocent of corruption in a case that arose from the 1995 sale of a plot of land to Mubarak's sons by an association led at the time by the former prime minister, judicial officials said. Prosecutors claim the land was sold to the two at a price lower than its market value.
Also acquitted were four retired generals who served as board members of the association.
Alaa, a wealthy businessman, and Gamal, Mr Mubarak's one-time heir apparent as Egyptian president, are facing a separate trial on other corruption charges. They have been held in detention since April 2011, two months after their father resigned in the face of a popular uprising.
A small group of Mubarak supporters in the courtroom cheered the verdict. "Oh Gamal Mubarak, the presidency awaits you," they chanted.
Mr Shafiq, a career air force officer like Mr Mubarak, has lived in exile abroad since he was narrowly defeated by Islamist Mohammed Morsi in a presidential runoff in June last year.
It is not clear whether Mr Shafiq plans to return to politics.
A statement by the court said that the irregularity committed by Mr Mubarak's sons and Mr Shafiq is no more than an "administrative violation" that is not criminal. It also said that Alaa and Gamal Mubarak have given back the plot. It did not say whether the two could face any other penalties.
Mr Morsi was removed from power in July after massive protests against his rule. He is on trial for inciting murder while awaiting a separate trial on charges of conspiring with foreign militant groups.
Mr Mubarak was sentenced to life in 2012 for failing to stop the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising that ended his 29-year rule. He was acquitted on appeal and is now being retried.
Meanwhile, authorities arrested Mohammed Adel of April 6, one of several youth movements that led the 2011 uprising.
Lawyer Gamal Eid said Mr Adel and five others from The Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights in Cairo were seized along with computers during the raid early on Thursday. All six were blindfolded and handcuffed when taken to an unknown location where they were kept for seven hours.
Mr Eid said the six were later taken to a police station before all but Mr Adel were released.
The lawyer claimed security officers pushed a gun inside the mouth of one of the five during their detention to quieten him, and beat up another.
Already in detention are three of the 2011 uprising's best known youth leaders: Alaa Abdel-Fattah, Ahmed Douma and Ahmed Maher. They are accused of breaking a recent law that places conditions on street protests and of assaulting police.
Associated Press


text:
Personalized Hershey's Kisses Baby Shower Favors
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