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US 3474013 A Description (OCR text may contain errors) Oct. 21, 1969 KIYOSHI INOUE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING OF A CONDUCTIVE WORKPIECE 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 30. 1966 m wE om u muwixmoi Fi uQoEumd m.:xm mo KIYOSHI INOUE INVENTOR. UP JOMFUNJU Attorney Oct. 21. I969 KIYOSHI INOUE I 3,474,013 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING OF A CONDUCTIVE WORKPIECE Filed June 30, 1966 4 Sheets-Sheet KIYOSHI INOUE INVENTOR. Oct 2 1969 KIYOSHI INOUE 3, 74,013 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING OF A CONDUCTIVE WORKPIECE Filed June 30, 1966 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 KI YOSHI INO UE INVENTOR. Oct. 21, 1969 KIYOSHI INOUE 3,474,013 PARATUS FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING OF A CONDUCTIVE WORKPIECE METHOD OF AND AP Filed June 30, 1966 4 Sheets-Sheet 4. KIYOSHI INOUE INVENTOR. ffil' iih. United States Patent 3,474,013 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELEC- TROCHEMICAL MACHINING OF A CONDUC- TIVE WORKPIECE Kiyoshi Inoue, 100 Sakato, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Tokyo, Japan Filed June 30, 1966, Ser. No. 565,670 Claims priority, application Japan, July 17, 1965, JO/43,120; Dec. 10, 1965, 40/75,995 Int. Cl. B23p 1/12 U.S. Cl. 204-143 11 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE My present invention relates to a method of and an electrode for the electrochemical machining of a conductive workpiece and, more particularly, to improvements in techniques for the electrochemical erosion of conductive workpiece surfaces. In my copending application Ser. No. 512,338, filed Dec. 8, 1965 and entitled Method of and Apparatus for the Electrical Removal of Conductive Material, certain subject matter of which has been divided and now appears in application Ser. No. 562,857, since issued as U.S. Patent No. 3,420,759, I disclose and claim a system whereby electrochemical removal of conductive material can be carried out eifectively without concern for the spacing between the electrode and the workpiece when the electrode is constituted of a material within the specific-resistivity range of substantially 0.001 and ohmcm. As the text of this disclosure observes, there have been heretofore many proposals for the electrochemical machining of a conductive workpiece and prior arrangements have included devices for the electrochemical sinking of cavities, the electrolytic honing, grinding or lapping of metallic workpieces and the like. In all of these prior-art systems, however, an electrode, usually of a conductive material such as silver, brass or copper, was spacedly juxtaposed with the workpiece surface to be machined and an electric source was connected across the electrode and the workpiece while the gap between them was supplied with a suitable electrolyte. It was found that such systems were highly sensitive to the width of the electrode/workpiece gap and that fluctuations in this gap width resulted in inefficient material-removal operations or in a poor finish and reproduction accuracy. Thus, it was necessary to provide servomechanisms or the like for controlling the electrode/workpiece gap or to utilize electrode systems which incorporated insulating spacer particles adapted to maintain this gap. Electrodes of the latter type were generally provided of a metal in which diamond particles were embedded to serve as dielectric spacers. This arrangement had the disadvantage that the metal-bonded diamond wheels were relatively expensive and thus could not be readily contoured or adapted to suit various possible applications. The use 3,474,013 Patented Oct. 21, 1969 "ice of servomechanisms, however, permitted less expensive wheels to be employed but involved a considerable expense with respect to instrumentation and apparatus costs. Furthermore, it was discovered that neither prior arrangement was entirely satisfactory unless relatively sophisticated means was provided to interrupt the arc discharges which normally developed between the electrode and the workpiece. Such means generally involved an arrangement for decreasing the potential applied across the electrode and the workpiece and thus led to a reduction in the machining efiiciency. In all cases, moreover, it was necessary to mount the workpiece upon a holder or the like so that the workpiece could be immersed in the electrolyte and held at a predetermined distance from the electrode support or electrode surface. In the aforementioned earlier filed copending application, I have observed that most of these disadvantages can be obviated by the use of an electrode structure whose specific resistivity, at least in the region of the machining surface, is within the indicated range and the electrolyte employed as the machining medium has essentially a corresponding resistivity so that, when the electrode is urged toward the workpiece surface, it can contact and/or approach the latter from time to time without creating short circuits which interrupt the electrolytic process. Even at moments of contact between the electrode and the workpiece, therefore, machining continues at intervening locations through the pockets of electrolyte. Because of the corresponding specific resistivities of the surface region of the electrode and of the electrolyte within these pockets, the current flow between the regions of closest approach of the electrode to the workpiece and through these electrolyte pockets is proportional to the relative cross-sectional areas thereof and electrolytic machining by ion currents continues even if there is actual engagement of these regions of closest approach with the workpiece. Even this system, however, requires electrical connection of the workpiece with one terminal of the power source. Thus it can be stated that there has hitherto been no truly effective method whereby machining of a workpiece by an electrolytic process can be carried out without the aid of relatively complex and bulky apparatus requiring the connection of the workpiece to the source. It may also -be observed that, while others have proposed that the electrode structure itself may be made up of a plurality of electrode surfaces, it has not been possible heretofore to avoid the difficulties involved in mounting the workpiece in place in the apparatus. It is, therefore, an important object of the present invention to provide a system for the electrochemical machining (e.g. grinding, honing, lapping, boring) of metallic workpieces and, more generally, for the electrochemical erosion of conductive bodies, whereby the aforementioned disadvantages can be avoided and the method can be carried out with relatively lightweight and compact apparatus and even without the need for mounting the workpiece for machining upon an intricate workpiecesupport assembly. A further object of this invention is to provide an improved method of machining a conductive workpiece which is not only capable of improving the finish by comparison with earlier methods but which can make use of relatively inexpensive electrode systems and can be carried out at relatively high rate. Yet another object of this invention is to provide an improved electrode for the electrochemical machining of conductive workpieces which electrode has a relatively low rate of deterioration, can be employed at relativly high speed, and is relatively inexpensive by comparison with earlier electrode systems. Still another object of this invention is to provide a method of making an improved electrode structure of the character described. Yet another object of my present invention is the provision of an apparatus for the electrochemical machining of a conductive workpiece which does not require the connection of the workpiece itself in the supply circuit. I have discovered that, when a pair of closely spaced electrode surfaces (separated by a resistive region) are juxtaposed with a conductive workpiece and an electrolyte is introduced between these surfaces and the workpiece, the application of an electric potential across the surfaces (rather than between the workpiece and the electrode) is capable of inducing an ion current in the electrolyte which erodes the workpiece opposite at least one of these surfaces. While applicant does not wish to be bound by any theory in this regard, it may be hypothesized that the high conductivity of the workpiece by comparison with the electrode structure and/or the electrolyte permits the work piece to form a low-resistance path along the normal ion current between the electrode surfaces such that a major portion of the current flow between these surfaces in volves a bypass of the total electric current flow to surface areas of the workpiece. If this is indeed the case, a portion of a workpiece surface opposite one of these electrode surfaces will have a relatively anodic character and be subject to electrolytic oxidation in the electrolyte. Thus a steel, titanium, tungsten carbide or other generally metallic workpiece appears to undergo an electrolytic and generally irreversible transformation of the metallic ions of the workpiece surface into the corresponding oxide which is then carried away by solubilization in or mechanical entrainment by the electrolyte upon the sweep of the electrode over the workpiece surface. Even if the workpiece surface Zone does not itself form an electric-current bypass as indicated, it is possible that there is an induced potential at the workpiece surfaces which are juxtaposed with the electrode surfaces and that this induced potential sustains the electrolytic-erosion action. In any event, electrolytic erosion of the workpiece surface occurs as a practical matter and when consumption of power or power efliciency in terms of quantity of material eroded per unit of power consumed is concerned, the machining rate or efiiciency approaches that obtainable when the electrode and the workpiece are connected across the electric supply means. The method of the present invention thus involves the steps of juxtaposing a pair of closely spaced electrode surfaces with the workpiece, introducing an electrolyte between these surfaces and the workpiece, and applying an electric potential (preferably pulsating) across these surfaces to induce an ion current in the electrolyte and erode the workpiece opposite at least one of these surfaces. Advantageously, these electrode surfaces are provided by a unitary electrode body which is displaced with respect to the workpiece at a relatively high rate to ensure a uniformity of the machining operation. The pulsating electric potential is, moreover, periodically reversed so that the effective polarity of each electrode surface is interchanged at least once during each period whereby the machining of the workpiece opposite each electrode sur' face is carried out uniformly. When, in accordance with another feature of this invention, three such surfaces are closely juxtaposed, each can be energized with one phase of a three-phase alternating current with excellent results. I have discovered that the closely-spaced electrode surfaces can be separated by a highly resistive material of relatively small and even practically molecular spacing. Advantageously, the electrode surfaces are formed respectively on a face of a unitary body composed of graphite and having grain planes extending transversely to the workpiece. This facet of the present invention is based upon my discovery that graphite can be compacted and sintered or fused into a coherent body whose grain runs parallel to the plane of the graphite crystal structure; alternatively the respective portions can be interfitted or interleaved. This discovery involves the fact that the electrical conductivity of graphite in planes parallel to its hexagonal and planar crystallographic structure is relatively high and its between one-tenth and one-thousandth of the resistivity of the graphite transversely to its crystal plane. Thus, according to another aspect of this invention, the electrode body is formed by orienting graphite particles with its platelets (crystal units) in planes perpendicular to the working face of the electrode body, then applying pressure to these particles transversely of these planes, and sintering the particles into a monolithic body. The various electrode surfaces can then be formed by rendering certain of these graphite grain planes conductive by disposing them in conductive relationship with a respective electrode terminal whereby the spacing between the electrode surfaces can have a width not significantly greater than the molecular thickness of a single graphite plane in an ideal case. Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention, an electrode for the electrochemical machining of a conductive workpiece can comprise a monolithic body having at least two conductive portions in closely spaced relationship forming at least a pair of electrode surfaces at a machining face of this body, and at least a pair of terminals each conductively connected to one of these portions for applying an electric potential across these surfaces. The conductive portions of the electrode body are separated by an intervening portion resistive to the passage of an electric current between these conductive portions, all of the portions consisting essentially of the same material, namely, graphite. The terminals described above can be of any desired type, although it will be understood that best results are obtained when the terminals are constituted as strips applied to the graphite body and extending transversely to the grain of the graphite but remote from the working face The terminal strips can thus be contact members embedded in the graphite body during the sintering operation or fused thereto in a subsequent operation. Alternatively, the terminal members can be applied to the graphite body by printed-circuit methods (e.g. by chemically etching or removing intervening portions) and, when a pair of terminal strips are provided, in an intertwined or spiral pattern so that a pair of substantially continuous terminal strips form a multiplicity of alternating electrode polarities across the working face. In general, the electrode surfaces at the working face will be substantially coextensive with the areas of the terminals remote therefrom. The terminals may also form slip rings or annular contact members mechanically implanted in the electrode body or fused thereto with the current distribution to the electrode, which is preferably rotatable against the workpiece surface, being effected by means of brushes or the like. The apparatus for electrochemical machining of a conductive workpiece thus comprises, in addition to the monolithic electrode body and terminal structure described above, means for supplying an electrolyte to the working face of the electrode (e.g. by discharging a continuous stream of electrolyte at this working face), electric supply means connectable to the terminals for applying a preferably pulsating and periodically reversed electric potential to the conductive portions of the electrode body; and means for relatively displacing the electrode and the workpiece, the last-mentioned means preferably including a motor for driving the electrode at a speed between 5 and 50 meters/second at contact with the workpiece. Thus the apparatus, according to this invention, may include a tool rest or the like juxtaposed with a rotatable electrode surface and upon which the workpiece (e.g. a lathe-turning tool or the like) can be held in engagement with or urged against the electrode surface as described in my copending application Ser. No. 512,338 mentioned above. There is no need to connect the work piece to an electric source and the present invention, therefore, also contemplates the provision of a portable apparatus designed to effect electrochemical machining of a workpiece surface in place at a region remote from any ability to mount the workpiece in a proper support as has hitherto been required for electrochemical machining operations. It will also be understood that the use of a pair of closely spaced electrode surfaces in the manner indicated precludes the undesirable development of continuous-arc discharges between the machining face of the electrode and the workpiece and thus there is no need to provide electronic means for the suppression of such discharges as has been required heretofore. Moreover, inasmuch as the graphite electrode of this invention has a specific resistivity or conductivity approaching that of the electrolyte employed in accordance with the principles initially set forth in the aforementioned copending application, there is no need to provide special means adapted to maintain a predetermined gap between the electrode and the workpiece and, in fact, best results are obtained when the workpiece is continuously urged against the electrode (or vice versa) with a pressure of substantially 0.1 to 5 kg./cm. In fact, the electrochemical machining process results in an evolution of gases at the interface between the electrode and the workpiece, which gases (consisting essentially of the products of electrolytic decomposition of the electrolyte solution and steam) urge the workpiece away from the electrode against the inwardly applied forces to form a minute gap (generally on the order of hundredths of a millimeter). Due to the inherent irregularities of the electrode and the workpiece, actual contact is experienced from time to time without detrimental effect. The source of electric current, according to this invention, may have a frequency ranging between substantially 50 cycles/second and kilocycles/ second and can include a unidirectional or DC. component. Advantageously, the specific resistivity of the electrolyte ranges between substantially 2 and 10 ohm-cm. with the electrolyte being composed of an aqueous solution of an inorganic compound (eg potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium silicate, sodium silicate, potassium fluosilicate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium acetate, sodium acetate and oxidizing inorganic acids). The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following description, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which: FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic elevational view of a portable electrochemical machining apparatus in accordance with this invention; FIG. 2 is an end view of the terminal end of an electrode for such an apparatus; FIG. 3 is an axial cross-sectional view through an electrode similar to that of FIG. 2; FIGS. 4 and 5 are diagrams for facilitating the explanation of the principles of this invention; FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of another type of an electrochemical machining apparatus, partially in axial cross-section; FIG. 7 is a perspective exploded view of an electrode in accordance with this invention; FIGS. 8 and 9 are diagrammatic views of other devices for effecting electrochemical machining of a conductive workpiece; and FIG. 10 is an exploded view of an electrode of another type suitable for use in accordance with the principles of this invention. Referring first to FIG. 4, it will be seen that an electrode body 40 can be composed of sintered graphite whose crystal planes run perpendicularly to the working face 41 of the electrode, this face being shown to be spaced from the surface 42 of a workpiece 43 to be machined. The resistance R, of the electrode body 40 transverse to its crystal planes can be six or more times greater than the resistance R longitudinally along the planes or grain. Terminal strips 44 and 45 can be applied to the surface 46 of the electrode body 40 remote from the working face 41, by printed-circuit methods as described earlier. Thus, for example, a layer of copper, silver, their alloys, or another highly conductive metal may be printed onto this surface 46 in strip form as metal lic bands and thereafter fused to the graphite body or, alternatively, a metallic layer may be fused or pressed onto this body and the individual strips 44, 45 (which extend perpendicularly to the crystal planes of the graphite) formed by etching or otherwise solubilizing intervening zones. Inasmuch as the conductivity of the graphite along its crystal planes is many times greater than its conductivity transversely thereto, the terminals 44 and 45 form in the monolithic body 40, respective conductive portions 47 and 48, here shown diagrammatically to be bounded by dot-dash lines 47', 48. Between the conductive portions 47 and 48 (i.e. between dot-dash lines 47 and 48') there is an intervening portion 49 which is integral therewith (i.e. monolithically formed from the body 40) but serves to insulate the conductive portions 47 and 48 from one another. While the thickness of this intervening portion 49 has been enlarged for purposes of illustration in FIG. 4, it will be understood that in practice a single graphite crystal plane may form the resistaive shield between the conductive portions because of the significantly greater resistance across such a plane by comparison with resistance parallel thereto. The body 40 is produced by compressing the oriented laminar mass of graphite particles transversely to their respective planes as represented at arrows A, A with subsequent sintering of the body as described in my copending application Ser. No. 512,338. Thus the graphite flakes can be compressed in a mold shaped in accordance with the desired contours of the electrode at a pressure of 5x10 kg./cm. in the direction of arrows A, A, i.e. transversely to the grain and perpendicularly to the planes of the platelets. Thereafter, the electrode can be sintered at a temperature between 1000 and 1700 C. with best results being obtained at a temperature of about l200 C. Each of the conductive portions 47 and 48 defines at the working face 41 of the electrode body 40, respective electrode or machining surfaces 47s and 48s which are juxtaposed with surface regions 47w and 48w of the workpiece face 42 and are, in FIG. 4, shown to be spaced therefrom although best result are obtained when the electrode and workpiece are urged together with only the gases generated in situ preventing actual engagement. The surface zone 49s between the electrode surfaces 47s and 48s is substantially nonconductive since it is not associated with a terminal. An electrolyte E fills the space between the electrode 40 and the workpiece 43 and is adapted to sustain an ion current. Thus when an electric potential is applied to the terminals 44 and 45, the electrode surfaces 47s and 48s are of corresponding polarity and an ion current (hereinafter referred to as a non-load component) passes between the conductive portions 47 and 48 as represented by the dot-dash line C Another portion of the current, constituting the axial machining component, appears to flow as diagrammatically illustrated by dot-dash lines C and C between the juxtaposed surfaces 47s, 47w, and 48s, 48w of the electrode and workpiece, an equivalent electric current flowing through the workpiece body 43 between the surfaces 47w and 48w. Moreover, surface 47w appears to develop a negative charge when its electrode face 47s is relatively positive whereas surface 48w can be considered as having a positive potential with respect to the surface 48s of the electrode. In a practically irreversible manner, anodization of the workpiece material occurs at surface 48w with the metal oxides being swept away by the electrolyte stream passing along this surface as a consequence of a corresponding displacement of the electrode 40 with respect to the workpiece 43 and/or high-velocity injection of the electrolyte between the electrode and the workpiece. It appears that optimum machining results can be obtained when the current flow (C between the electrode surfaces through the electrolyte only, is relatively small by comparison with the current flow (C C which passes in part through the workpiece. Thus, the resistance of the electrolyte between the surfaces 47s and 48s and the corresponding surfaces 47w and 48w should, when taken with the resistance of the workpiece 43 between the surfaces 47w and 48w, be substantially less than the electrolyte resistance between the surfaces 47s and 48s. Moreover, the resistance of the intermediate portion 49 should be substantially greater than this latter electrolyte resistance. It will be understood that generally the polarity at the electrode surfaces 47s, 48s continuously reverses so that anodization takes place alternately at the surfaces 47w and 48w, thereby ensuring a uniform machining of the workpiece 43 as the electrode body 40 sweeps thereacross. In FIG. 5, I show a diagrammatic graph of the potential at surfaces of the electrode corresponding to the electrode surfaces 47s and 48s as well as the polarity observed at the workpiece surfaces 47w and 48w, respectively. In this illustrated system, it is assumed that the amplitude of the applieda voltage V is represented by the dot-dash line 50. Inasmuch as the graphite conductive portions of the electrode have finite albeit small resistivities, the maximum voltage delivered at the electrode faces during each half cycle or pulse can be represented by the peak heights 51 at the conductive surfaces 47s and 48s. Across the electrode, however, these conductive surfaces are spaced apart by nonconductive portions at which the potential falls sharply to form the troughs 52. The thicknesses d, d, d" and d, respectively, are identical with the widths w, w, w" and w' of the initial terminal strip 53, the gap 54, a further terminal strip 55 and the subsequent gap 56 of the electrode body 58, respectively. It will be understood that the conductive strips forming terminal zones of the body and defining the conductive portions and electrode surfaces, which are substantially coextensive with these terminal strips, can have any desired configuration, although it is preferred to provide strips 44, 45; 53, 55, etc. with annular portions engageable by slip rings so that the electrode can be rotated for a machining operation. In FIG. 1, therefore, I show a tubular graphite electrode of the general character described wherein the terminal strips can be generally spiroidal as illustrated in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. The tubular electrode body 10 whose grain runs parallel to the axis of the body in this instance, is mounted upon a shaft 14 which, in turn, is rotatably driven by a motor 17 carried on a portable support 18 and having a handle 19 whereby the machinist can support the motor 17 and the electrode 10 in contact with a workpiece 20. It will be evident that the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 can be carried directly to the workpiece inasmuch as there is no need either to mount this workpiece for predetermined location with respect to the electrode or to connect the workpiece in the supply circuit. In this case, the supply circuit is represented at 11 diagrammatically and is shown to have brushes 12 and 13 adapted to deliver the alternating electric current to the two sets of electrode surfaces of the body 10. An electrolyte is here delivered to the interface between the electrode and the workpiece by means of a fitting 16 connectable to a conventional electrolyte-circulation pump or the like and communicating with a central bore running along the interior of the electrode. While machining is here shown to occur at the end face of the electrode 10, it will also be understood that the cylindrical surfaces of this electrode can likewise be used for machining with suitable modification to form the closely spaced electrode surfaces (see 8 FIG. 10). With the aid of handle 19, the assembly 18 etc. can be displaced back and forth to form a relatively large cavity in the workpiece 20 and to surface the latter or, alternatively, the assembly may even be maintained in place so that under the weight of the motor 17 and the housing or support structure 18, the electrode can descend to sink a smaller cavity in the workpiece. Moreover, the mass of the assembly may be selected so that, without the need for the application of additional pressure, a force corresponding to the desired pressure of substantially 0.1 to 5 kg./cm. is sustained at the interface. In FIG. 2, I illustrate a modified electrode structure in which the graphite body is mounted upon a shaft 26 provided with a central bore 27 for delivery of electrolyte to the machining face and is provided at its end remote from the working face with terminal strips 23 and 24 of intertwined and spiroidal configuration by the etching or printed-circuit methods described above. The spiroidal strips 23 and 24, here shown as two partial and widely spaced turns, can be relatively narrow and multiturned current-delivery networks whose spacing may be of a fraction of a millimeter or of the order of millimeters. The spiroidal space between the strips 23 and 24 is illustrated at 21; each of these strips is shown to be integral with or in electrical connection with a respective annulus 22, 25 of the same or similar metal. The annuluses 22 and 25 thus serve as slip rings whereby current can be delivered from a source (e.g. as represented at 11) to the electrode via suitable brushes. It will be understood that the term brushes as used herein is intended to designate current-delivery elements of the type making slida ble or rolling contact with a slip ring in electromechanical devices of conventional types. Such brushes may, therefore, be carbon blocks, rods or rotatable elements; alternatively actual filament-type brush structures may be employed for this purpose. In the case of the electrode illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, the brushes apply themselves to the slip rings 22 and 25 in a generally axial direction as represented by the arrows 25 which represent brushes supplied with electric current from the alternating-source 34. The brushes 35 thus engage slip rings 33 and 32 along the inner and outer boundaries of the tubular electrode body 30. As has been previously described with reference to FIG. 4, the terminals 33 and 32 respectively define electrode surfaces 36 and 38 at the working face 31 of the electrode body, these surfaces being separated by a nonconductive region 37. In the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3, the electrode body is rotated and the spiroidally intertwined electrode surfaces sweep alternately over every point within the axially projected outlines of the electrode body. In the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 6, however, the closely spaced electrode surfaces 60a, 60b and 60c of the cylindrical disk-shaped electrode body 60 can be defined by generally annular disk-shaped graphite elements sintered axially into coherency or merely applied together, the graphite platelets lying generally in crystal planes perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the body 60. Current distribution to the respective portion 60a, 60b and 60c can be effected by rings embedded into the graphite bodies along their inner peripheries and electrically connected, respectively, to bus bars 61a, 61b and 610, extending through a support tube 62 of an electrically insulating material. The electrode body 60 is mounted upon the tubular support 62 which also carries slip rings 63a, 63b and 63c respectively connected to the bus bars 61a, 61b and 61c for delivering the machining current to the electrode surfaces 60a, 60b and 600. The tube 62 is rotatably journaled in a support 64 which can be shifted parallel to the workpiece 65 to sweep the electrode 60 thereacross'or can be mounted in place at any desired location. A nozzle 66 delivers a stream of elec trolyte between the electrode body 60 and the workpiece 65, the latter being held in place by hand or mounted upon a longitudinal or cross-slide in the manner of a surface grinder. Current delivery to the slip rings 63a, 63b and 63c is effected by means of spring-loaded brushes 67a, 67b and 670 each of which is supplied with electric current from one phase terminal of a Y-type 3-phase transformer 68. The primary winding 68p of this transformer is energized by conventional 3-phase supply current. Between each terminal of the secondary winding 68s of the transformer and the respective brush 67a, 67b and 67c, I provide a saturable reactor control means (represented at 69') for regulating the supply power. The saturable reactor means includes a plurality of saturable reactors 69a, 69b and 69c, each connected in series with the respective brush 67a, 67b and 670, whose control windings are tied in series with a DO. biasing battery 69d and a manually adjustable variable resistor 69c. Thus, each electrode surface 60a, 60b and 600 of the electrode body 60 will be energized 120 out of phase with the others whereby one or another of these surfaces will be relatively anodic and the other or others relatively cathodic. Opposite the relatively cathodic surface or surfaces, anodization of the workpiece occurs and, inasmuch as the electric supply is an alternating current, the anodization operation is effectively carried out opposite each of the electrode surfaces 60a, 60b, 60c and across the face of the electrode, in a progressive manner. The electrode body 60 is rotated via a motor 62m coupled with the support tube 62. In the system of FIG. 7, a pair of electrode disks 70 and 71 are axially joined together via pin-and-bore formations 72, 72 and have respective slip rings 73 and 74 for current distribution by means of brushes in the manner previously described. Each of the disk-shaped electrode bodies 70 is composed of a plurality of radial layers of graphite whose crystal planes run in axial planes along radii of the body and are alternately supplied with electric current from respective distribution rings 75 and 76 which simultaneously insulate the metal sectors conductively connected to alternate graphite layers from one another. The terminals 75 and 76 are connected with the slip rings 73 and 74 via conductors diagrammatically represented at 77 and 78. It will be understood that the disks 70 and 71 are assembled in angularly offset relationship so that the conductive portion" of 1 disk abuts against the nonconductive portion of the other disk and an alternating current is applied to the slip rings 73 and 74 to eifect electrochemical machining of the workpiece across the proximal electrode surfaces of the two disks immersed in the electrolyte in the region of the workpiece. In the system of FIG. 8, the electrode comprises a plurality of graphite members 80a, 80b and 800 which are longitudinally shiftable in a support carriage 81 by automatic or manual reciprocation means. The secondary winding 82s of a three-phase Y transformer (not otherwise shown) has its terminals connected to the electrode 80a, 80b and 80c respectively. In this case, the electrodes 80a, 80b and 800 are shown to be relatively widely spaced merely for purposes of descrpition and it will be understood that best results are obtained when these electrodes are brought together as illustrated in FIG. 9. The electrode bodies 80a, 80b and 800 are composed of carbon whose graphite platelets lie in planes perpendicular to the plane of a paper and thus parallel to the axis of rotation of the workpiece here shown as a disk 83. This disk, which is faced by the electrodes 80a, 80b and 800, is mounted upon a shaft 84 and rotated about its axis by drive means not otherwise illustrated. A saturable reactor control means can be provided between the secondary winding 82s of the three-phase transformer and the electrodes 80a, 80b and 80c as diagrammatically illustrated at 85 and shown in greater detail at 69' in FIG. 6. Electrolyte is discharged from a nozzle 86 between the electrodes 80a, 80b, 80c and the workpiece 83. In the modification of FIG. 9, the workpiece 93 is again rotated about its axis on a shaft 94 and is juxtaposed with six closely adjoining electrode portions a- 90 forming a unitary body shiftable parallel to the face of the disk 93 by a carriage 91. In this case, the polyphase alternating current source includes a Y-wound network 92, each of whose branches is respectively constituted as one branch of the further three-phase networks 92', 92" and 92. The six output terminals of these further threephase branches, which together constitute a six-phase system, result in a symmetrical output of six-phases each 60 out of phase with the adjustment phases. The electrode of FIG. 10 represents a modified structure adapted to be used along its cylindrical outer periphery or its transverse face. This electrode comprises a starshaped outer member which is interleaved with the protuberances 101 of a complementary inner member 102. The latter is mounted upon a tube 103 which carries a pair of slip rings 104, 105, the latter being mounted upon an inner tube member 106 insulatingly received within the tube 103 and connected directly to the central portion 108 of the outer members. Both members are composed of graphite and are bonded together, as is set forth below in connection with Example I, the bonding agent forming an insulating layer between the sections. An electrolyte can be directed against the face of the electrode body at which the projections 101 and the starshaped formations 109 are coterminous by means of a nozzle 110. Example I Using a rotating electrode consisting of two 12-section star-shaped electrode bodies of the type illustrated in FIG. 10 of the drawing, and fused together into a unitary electrode structure so that 24 electrode sections .or surfaces were angularly ottset about the axis of rotation of the electrode, which had a diameter of approximately 15 cm., a potential of 10 volts was applied between the adjacent sections at 50 cycles/second via slip rings as illustrated in FIG. 10. The no-load current with an electrolyte spray across the working face was approximately 8 amperes and the electrolyte was an aqueous solution of 10% by weight potassium nitrate and 5% by weight potassium carbonate. With a tungsten carbide workpiece the total current determined when the workpiece was juxtaposed with the electrode was 88 amperes, thereby indicating that the machining current flow was approximately 80 amperes. The workpiece was machined at a rate of approximately 0.75 gram/minute over a machining area of approximately 1.2 cm. and with an applied force of about 2.2 kg. urging the workpiece against the rotating electrode. An electrolyte flow rate sufficient tokeep the interface in a constant spray of electrolyte was employed at room temperature. The finish was found to be comparable to that obtained when the tungsten-carbide workpiece was connected in the supply circuit. The same results were obtained when the electrode bodies were bounded together with an electrically insulating epoxy resin (Araldite). Example H Using a generally cylindrical electrode of the type illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 and composed of homogeneous graphite particles with axially extending crystal planes, an axial length of 5 mm., a pair of spiroidally intertwined terminals having a width of 2 mm. with a gap of 5 mm. between the adjecent turns and printed onto the disk-shaped electrode by copper-printing techniques used in printed circuitry, the resistance of the electrode Was determined to be 2 10- ohm-cm. along the axis and about 8.5 l0- ohm-cm. in the radial direction. The electrode had a diameter of approximately 20 cm. and was rotated with a peripheral speed of 50 m./second and the workpiece applied thereagainst with a pressure of 1.5 kg./cm. at the end of the electrode remote from the terminals. The electrolyte was an aqueous solution containing 3% by weight sodium nitrate and 2% by weight sodium nitrite, while the workpiece structure was tungsten carbide. Machining was effected with the use of a single-phase alternating current (10 volts peak-to-peak) at 50 cycles/second. The system was capable of sinking a cavity into the tungsten carbide workpiece at a rate of about 0.6 min/min. The invention described and illustrated is believed to admit of many modifications within the ability of persons skilled in the art, all such modifications being considered within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. I claim: 1. A method of electrochemically machining a conductive workpiece, comprising the steps of (a) forming a pair of closely spaced electrode surfaces with an intervening insulating barrier surface on a face of a unitary body integrally composed of graphite by providing said body with grain planes associated with each of said surfaces extending transversely to said face whereby said grain planes of said electrode surfaces sandwich said grain plane of said insulating barrier surface between them, all of said grain planes being substantially similar in composition and having greater electrical conduc, tivity in the direction of the planes than transversely thereto; ' (b) juxtaposing said face with said workpiece whereby said electrode surfaces are spaced apart therealong by said insulating barrier surface; (c) introducing an electrolyte between said electrode surfaces and said workpiece; (d) applying an electric potential across said electrode surfaces by connecting an electrical source across the grain planes thereof remote from said face to induce an ion current in said electrolyte and erode said workpiece opposite at least one of said electrode surfaces; and (e) relatively displacing said face and said workpiece during the erosion of said workpiece. 2. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said body is rotated in step (e). 3. The method defined in claim 2 wherein said electrode surfaces have a specific resistivity between substantially 0.001 and 10 ohm-cm, said method further comprising the step: (f) of urging said electrode surfaces and said workpiece together with a pressure ranging between substantially 0.1 and 5 kg./cm. whereby only gas evolution in situ prevents actual engagement of said surfaces with said workpiece. 4. The method defined in claim 3 wherein said electrolyte is introduced in step (b) between said electrode surfaces and said workpiece by directing a stream of said electrolyte against said electrode surfaces. 5. The method defined in claim 3 wherein said body is formed by orienting graphite particles with platelets in planes perpendicular to said face, applying pressure to said particles transversely to said planes, and sintering saidparticlcs into a monolithic body. 6. The method defined in claim 3 wherein said electric potential is a pulsating electric field. 7. The method defined in claim 6 further comprising the step of periodically reversing the electric field applied across said electrode surfaces at a rate of substantially 50 and 10,000 cycles per second. 8. An apparatus for the electrochemical machining of a conductive workpiece, comprising: an electrode formed with a body having at least two conductive portions in closely spaced relationship and constituting a pair of electrode surfaces at a machining face of said body, and a pair of terminals each conductively connected to one of said portions; means for applying an electrolyte to said face for interposition between said workpiece and said surfaces; and electric means connectable to said terminals for applying an electric potential to said conductive portions, thereby to induce an ion current in said electrolyte and erode said workpiece opposite at least one of said surfaces, said body being composed of graphite with the grain of the graphite running longitudinally along said portions perpendicular to said surfaces. 9. An apparatus as defined in claim 8, further comprising support means; means for journaling said body on said support means for rotation about an axis of said body, said terminals including sliprings connected with said body for the application of said electric potential thereto, said electric means including brush means engageable with said sliprings; and motor means for driving said body. 10. An apparatus as defined in claim 9 wherein said electric means includes a polyphase source of alternating current connected across said electrode surfaces. 11. An apparatus as defined in claim 8 wherein said terminals are metallic strips printed onto said electrode body. References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,526,423 10/1950 Rudorolf 204143 2,746,917 5/1956 Comstock 204-143 2,974,215 3/ 19-61 Inoue 219-68 3,214,361 10/ 1965 Williams 204224 ROBERT K. MIHALEK, Primary Examiner U.'S. Cl. X.R. Patent Citations
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Your search for World Economic Forum in Immigration and Emigration returned 2 articles
Germany's Finance Minister Praises Progress Made in Crisis Countries
Wolfgang Schäuble, the German finance minister, offered unusually generous praise for efforts being made in Greece, and also cited progress in Portugal and Ireland.
January 24, 2014, FridayMight Davos Be a Layover for Chinese 'Migratory Birds'?
Some of the wealthy Chinese entrepreneurs attending the World Economic Forum this week might well be conducting their due diligence before emigrating. A survey of 980 Chinese millionaires revealed that 60 percent had already left China or were considering it.
January 24, 2012, TuesdaySEARCH 2 ARTICLES ABOUT IMMIGRATION:
Arizona's Immigration Bill
Gov. Jan Brewer of Arizona signed the nation's toughest bill on illegal immigration into law on Friday.
- The Science of Older and Wiser
- Wealth Matters: For Boarding Schools, an Evolving Financial Aid Philosophy
- Op-Ed Columnist: The Deepest Self
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our mailing list. It's so wizard.
To celebrate the upcoming Company Flow reunion show happening July 16th, 2011 at Santos House, NYC, El Producto releases this lost remix of "End To End Burners" from 1998, for stream or download.
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Asia and the Pacific
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Policy Papers - September 14, 2002
Tiptoeing Through Afghanistan: The Future of UN Statebuilding, Simon Chesterman
A report from the Transitional Administrations Project, examining UNAMA's involvement in statebuilding activities in Afghanistan.
Meeting Notes - July 13, 2002
2002 Vienna Seminar: Central Asia's First Decade of Independence
The seminar examined how successfully the states of Central Asia have managed the challenges of peace and security, economic development, and governance in the first decade of their independence. The seminar also explored the prospect of enhancing cooperation both at the intra- and inter-regional level with the objective of strengthening the institutions entrusted with the task of tackling the critical issues confronting the countries in the Central Asian space.
The Global Observatory
Aid Workers, More on the Front Lines, Suffer Increased Attacks: Interview with Abby Stoddard
Aid worker attacks were at their highest levels last year.
Key Global Events to Watch in March
A list of key upcoming meetings and events with implications for global affairs.
2014 Top 10 Issues to Watch in Peace & Security: The Global Arena
A list of ten key issues to watch that are likely to impact international peace and security in 2014, compiled by IPI's Francesco Mancini.
The Global Observatory, produced by IPI, provides timely analysis on peace and security issues, interviews with leading policymakers, interactive maps, and more.
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January 13, 2014
IPI's Francesco Mancini Discusses Syria and Crisis in the Middle East [Arise TV, skip ahead to minute 26]
December 03, 2013
IPI Editor Adam Lupel Quoted on the Politics of Genocide [IRIN News]
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Take the weather with me:
Mostly clear with temperatures rising to near 19F. Winds light and variable. Hourly Details
A mix of clouds and sun early, then becoming cloudy later in the day. High 41F. Winds ESE at 5 to 10 mph.
Overcast. Low 29F. Winds NE at 5 to 10 mph.
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Purple Paw & Crystal Unconditional Love Ring
The perfect pairing of pleasing purple paws on stainless steel and sparkling crystal is just about as lovely as the unconditional bond between human and companion animal.
- Stainless steel, Swarovsky crystals, & enamel
- Inside reads: "Unconditional love"
- Imported
For bulk pricing on these and other items, please contact our Customer Service department at email@example.com.
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January 19, 2014 - update to below: I emailed them and they sent me a replacement and told me to do what ever I wanted with the one missing stone. After the email I received in 7 days. Thumbs up now The ring is beautiful, only had it for a month and three stones have already fallen out. It disappointing that my other ring I have never taken off my finger has never lost its stones
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Media coverage of mass shootings increases readers' negative attitudes towards mental illness
Washington, Mar. 21 : News stories about mass shootings involving a shooter with mental illness heighten readers' negative attitudes towards persons with serious mental illness, according to a new report by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The researchers also examined how such news stories impact support for policies to reduce gun violence.
Reading an article describing a mass shooting raises readers support for both gun restrictions for persons with serious mental illness and for a ban on large-capacity ammunition magazines.
The results are published in the April issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry and have important implications for advocates and policy makers who promote gun safety policy.
"The aftermath of mass shootings is often viewed as a window of opportunity to garner support for policies to reduce gun violence, and this study finds public support for such policies increases after reading news stories about a mass shooting," lead study author Emma (Beth) E. McGinty, MS, a PhD candidate with the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, part of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said.
"However, we also found that the public's negative attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness are exacerbated by news media accounts of mass shootings involving a shooter with mental illness," Emma said.
Research shows most persons with serious mental illness are not violent, and the relationship between serious mental illness and gun violence is complex and influenced by factors such as substance use.
The stigmatization of people with mental illness may lead to a reluctance to seek treatment or raise other barriers to care.
News stories describing a mass shooting perpetrated by a person with mental illness heightened negative attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness, as well as raised support for gun restriction for persons with mental illness and policies to ban large-capacity magazine.
Among study respondents that read a news story describing a mass shooting, 79 percent supported gun policy measures with restrictions for the mentally ill, compared to 71 percent in the control group.
Nearly 54 percent of respondents who read a news story of a mass shooting thought persons with serious mental illness were likely to be dangerous, compared to 40 percent in the control group.
Including information about proposed gun restrictions for persons with serious mental illness or a ban on large-capacity magazines in a news story did not affect attitudes towards the mentally ill compared with the story describing a shooting that didn't mention a policy response.
"While our study confirms news stories on mass shootings involving a shooter with mental illness contribute to negative perceptions of mental illness, our study results indicate that discussions of gun policies designed to keep firearms from individuals who have a serious mental illness do not lead to greater stigma," study author Daniel Webster, ScD, MPH, director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, said.
"As states across the U.S. consider restrictions on gun access among those with serious mental illness, future research should examine whether such policies deter people with mental illness from seeking treatment," he added.
--ANI (Posted on 21-03-2013)
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So You Think You Can Dance
So You Think You Can Dance 9
'So You Think You Can Dance' cuts four ninth-season dancers, determines Top 10
By Elizabeth Kwiatkowski, 08/16/2012
So You Think You Can Dance
eliminated four dancers and determined the ninth season's Top 10 contestants during Wednesday night's live show on Fox.
Amelia Lowe, an 18-year-old contemporary dancer from Butler, NJ; Janelle Issis, a 24-year-old belly dancer from Birmingham, AL; Dareian Kujawa, a 20-year-old contemporary dancer from St. Paul, MN; and Matthew Kazmierczak, a 21-year-old contemporary dancer from Peoria, AZ, were eliminated by
So You Think You Can Dance
judges Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy and guest judges Michael Nunn and Billy Trevitt after they found themselves in the week's bottom-six dancers based on home viewer votes cast immediately following the show's last pre-Olympic broadcast on July 25, which had featured the season's Top 16 finalists performing and concluded with the ouster of two dancers.
Lindsay Arnold
, an 18-year-old Latin ballroom dancer from Provo, UT, and George Lawrence II, a 19-year-old contemporary dancer from Decatur, GA, were the other two bottom-six vote-getting dancers still in danger of elimination during Wednesday night's broadcast, but they were saved by the
So You Think You Can Dance
Reality TV World: SYTYCD 9
More SYTYCD 9 News
The judges were required to eliminate four individuals, two males and two females, from the Top 14 last night based upon their performances from the July 25 show (
So You Think You Can Dance
last before its London Olympics hiatus) but also their new routines performed Wednesday night. The judges asked all six dancers to each perform a solo routine and "dance for their lives" to help them determine which two contestants should remain on the show.
After watching the six "dance for your life" performers and evaluating other criteria -- such as what the dancers' choreographers had to say about their talent, progress and potential in the competition -- the judges decided to send Amelia, Janelle, Dareian, and Matthew home.
Amelia was paired with Will Thomas. Janelle and Dareian danced together, while Matthew took the stage alongside Audrey Case. Lindsay was paired up with Cole Horibe, and George danced with Tiffany Maher.
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Cat Deeley marries Patrick Kielty in quiet ceremony in Rome
Eliana Girard discusses more about her 'So You Think You Can Dance' win
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Eliana Girard opens up about her 'So You Think You Can Dance' win
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RALEIGH (WTVD) -- North Carolina educational leaders have agreed to support new rules in the process teenagers go through to get their driver's licenses.
Officials want teenagers to spend more hours in the classroom for driver's ed instead of the current 30 to 45 hours. They also want students to have more time behind the wheel.
"Ultimately, we want to reduce the number of fatalities with our young people who drive and of course, nothing beats experience," State Superintendent June Atkinson said.
It is now up to the North Carolina General Assembly to decide on changes, if any.
The General Assembly also has to decide on corporal punishment after leaders passed a resolution Thursday opposing paddling children -- saying that the punishment is outdated and doesn't work.
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I want to be an art teacher. Or an astronaut!
Here is my portfolio You can also find me on:facebookinstagram etsy
Check out these two very different second grade zebras!
I never did an assignment with zebras, but I found a lot of zebras in my landscape assignments for some reason. I thought this was very interesting.
here's two of my displays for two first grade lessons I've been doing! I wish I could post pictures of the kids working because they are so adorable! They just finished abstract Picasso portraits and I'm going to hang them in the hall later this week. :D
I have a teacher nametag on the door of an art classroom. :Dlook at my dreams all coming true and stuff.
(of course I'm just a student teacher but STILL!)
I just made my own lunchbag for student teaching in the fall. It's laminated fabric so I can wipe up anything that gets on it and the strap to hold it is the monster holding its own hand. AND his belly is chalkboard fabric so I can doodle on it. Also, the hands can come apart so I can just strap it onto my bag/purse if need be.
I feel pretty damn clever right now. Not to mention excited for future lunchtimes. :D
accidental-misogyny: y'all need this in NY and LA and Florida above all else. SHIIIIIIIIIT
y'all need this in NY and LA and Florida above all else.
I understand that desire to...
spectacularuniverse: I've seen this photograph very frequently on tumblr and Facebook, always with the simple caption, "Ghost...
I've seen this photograph very frequently on tumblr and Facebook, always with the simple caption, "Ghost...
Page 7 of Electric Candyland.
Let the rivalry begin!
Mural collab with @reggalado
A little girl at the restaurant i always go to. I showed her a picture of a cat and she laughed forever. #addisababa #lijj
By teconlene on Etsy
Ping Pong Ball Cafe Lights via Say Yes
Take old string lights to the next level with ping pong balls!
While talking with a friend, I jokingly gave this as an example of the sort of thing I would draw. She asked me if I had ever actually drawn that...


text:
I'm developing a Windows service that has to print some labels on a network printer. Here http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/5ekk3hse.aspx it says that printing in Windows service using System.Drawing.Printing classes is not supported (or rather shouldn't be done).
This Print html document from Windows Service in C# without print dialog seems like the solution, but they say there that it requires .Net Framework 4.0, and I have to use 2.0 (or I can change it to 3.5 if I really, really have to, but then the client will have to upgrade which I want to avoid).
I also read that to print from Windows service on network printer the domain account is required for the service, which I'm using anyway, so that's not the problem.
Every setting for the printer will be set in .config file and I hope that because of this no user dialog will be appearing/needed.
My questions:
Will I be able to print directly from Windows service using BackgroundWorker? Or do I need to call another app (for example console application) from inside of my service and do the printing there (I've read on the net that some people use this solution but I didn't found any code example)
Also I'm not good with threading and working with BackgroundWorkers so can someone give me some example how can I do it (I have requests to print coming asynchronously. How can I print them without loosing any?). Is the BackgroundWorker the best solution or are there some better ways to do it?


text:
Hard Drive showing Half Capacity after Reinstall of Windows Vista
Last response: in Storage
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Coppermill Park Apartments in Apartment Rentals in Stoughton, MA
30 Stagecoach Rd
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Property Description:
Coppermill Park Apartments Description
Coppermill Park Apartments...a step up in contemporary living. Let us show you how Coppermill Park Apartments is redefining life in Stoughton. Exceptionally finished apartment homes. Unsurpassed resident amenities. Extraordinary customer service. Why wait any longer for the lifestyle you desire? Please call for an appointment today.
Pet Policy:
Cats and Dogs are allowed. Maximum number of pet(s): 2.
- High Speed Internet Available
- BBQ/Picnic Area
- Controlled Access
- Outdoor Fire Pit with Plenty of Seating
- Cyber Café with Coffee Bar with WiFi
- 24-hour-Access Fitness Center
- Preferred Employee Program Available
- State-of-the-art Equipment
- Restricted Access Buildings
- Interior Corridors and Elevators
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Apartment Rentals Near Stoughton, MA
- Highland Glen 1055 Highland Glen Rd Westwood, MA 02090 Phone Number: (781) 995-2137
- Avana Abington 12 Forsyth Drive Abington, MA 02351 Phone Number: (339) 469-2056
- Avalon Station 250 250 Station Circle Dedham, MA 02026 Phone Number: (617) 333-8135
- Rosecliff 790 Willard St Quincy, MA 02169 Phone Number: (617) 440-3201


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+ Write Your Own Quiz
What Despicable Me character are you?
The name says it all
1. What is your favorite animal?
Mutant dog
2. If you saw someone crying what would you do?
Walk away and pretend not to notice
Try to comfort them the best that you can
Try to help but make it worse
Laugh at them for crying
Try to make them smile with a silly face :P
3. What is your favorite color?
Dark colors
4. What do you do in your spare time?
Play with your stuffed UNICORN!
Get into stuff that your not suppost to
Spend time with family and friends
Come up with evil plans
5. What would you rather wear?
Overalls :)
Skirt, T shirt, Jacket, converse
Orange Jumpsuit
Beanie, Sweater, Tights
Scarf, Jacket, Pants
6. Waht is your favorite food?
Coffee and donuts
7. Who is your best friend?
My stuffed animal
My sibling
My best friend duh :P
My minions
My Dad
8. What do you want to steal?
The Moon!
Whats Stealing?!?!?
Stealing is wrong!
What ever my rival is trying to steal
Ooooo so many choices
9. If you promised to show up at something you would...
I would go
Show up of course
Question if you should really go
I was the one who got the promise
Blow it off
10. The quiz is over!
Well im just bored so whatever
Could be longer
Awww already :'(
More Quizzes
What color rose are you?
What Does 2011 Hold For You?
What color is your soul?
Who am I really?
What color is your Aura?
What fighting style are you?
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What Age do you act?
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What Eminem song are you??
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When Will You Die?
What ONE word describes you?
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what age will you have your first child ?
Who were you in a past life?
What is Your Personality?
Which musical instrument are you?
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What Ancient Goddess Are You?
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What is your future career?
Which "NCIS" Character Are You?
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Which NFL Team are you?
Which Horror Movie Killer Are You?
What is your calling?
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what country song are you?
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what age do you act
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Relevant offers
The funeral service for Bill Freeman, the man who coached Wellington to its greatest ever rugby victory, will be held at Old St Paul's, Murphy Street at 10am on Friday morning.
Freeman, 90, coached the Wellington team to a 23-6 victory over the Springboks at Athletic Park on July 3, 1965.
The 1965 humiliation of the Springboks still ranks as the province's finest ever rugby outing.
Under Freeman's guiding hand, not only was the win achieved against the ultimate international rugby opponent, South Africa, but it was also obtained with control in the backline and ruthless power in the forwards.By 1965 Wellington had recorded notable victories on Athletic Park over the Anglo-Welsh (1908), Great Britain (1930) and went on to achieve other significant international wins against the British Isles (1966), England (1973), Wales (1988), France (1989) and Western Samoa (1996).
But none of these victories could match the Freeman coached Wellington team's victory over the old foe South Africa.Bill Freeman assumed the coaching of the Wellington team from another book and newspaper seller, Clarrie Gibbons, in 1964.
Freeman's tenure as coach also saw his side demolish the touring British Isles side by 20-6 in 1966.
Freeman held on to the Wellington coaching job until the end of the 1970 season, the same year his late understudy Ivan Vodanovich coached the All Blacks in South Africa.
Freeman died in the Cashmere Home, Newlands on February 20.
He will be cremated at a private family service following his funeral service at Old St Paul's on Friday.
He is survived by sons Tony and Russell and seven grandchildren.
See Saturday's Dominion Post for Bill Freeman's full life story.
- © Fairfax NZ News
Sponsored links
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Do you think Wellington deserves its spot in CNN's list of top coffee cities?
Related story: CNN rates Wellington coffee among best


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My first blunt, how'd I do? (i.imgur.com)
submitted 10 months ago by dyldi
[–]MrACL 7 points8 points9 points 10 months ago
I think you're full of shit.
[–]garbonzobean 5 points6 points7 points 10 months ago
I call bs
But still enjoying my time [7]
[–]Rough_Operator 6 points7 points8 points 10 months ago
If this is actually your first blunt then its pretty damn good. If not then shame on you for lying to the internet
[–]juhtuh 2 points3 points4 points 10 months ago
not at all, orange out of 3
[–]BluntmansGotChronic 3 points4 points5 points 10 months ago
It honestly looks like you pulled a Swisher straight out of the pack and lit it. Either you're a natural, or you're a big fat phony!
[–]eg2300 3 points4 points5 points 10 months ago
You didn't
[–]0kush 1 point2 points3 points 10 months ago
looks like a blunt wrap to me.. which is super easy to roll a straight cylinder with.
[–]2000airplanes 0 points1 point2 points 10 months ago
You did well.
[–][deleted] 0 points1 point2 points 10 months ago
lets see the seam. anyone can roll a shitty blunt and fluff out the backside of the blunt for a picture. looks nice but cant ever really tell with out seeing the seam
[–]MellowEffect 0 points1 point2 points 10 months ago
Seriously that's your first try!? I feel so inferior
[–]Sheentoken7 -1 points0 points1 point 10 months ago
props, bro
[–]Filth090 -1 points0 points1 point 10 months ago
blow the ash off the top from where you burnt the wrap down to where the weed starts and actually light the weed, and take a few puffs and show us and we will find out. i bet you used a pen to pack the end and it made it flat.
if this is midway thru than boss roll
all it takes is a username and password
for more information, see our privacy policy.
create account
is it really that easy? only one way to find out...
already have an account and just want to login?
π Rendered by PID 24326 on app-13 at 2014-03-17 00:44:04.980299+00:00 running a7f927f.


text:
Striker Sergeant GTX 4
From DANNER
Product From DANNER
Striker adds the waterproof Striker Sergeant GTX slip-on boot to its Striker line of uniform boots. In addition to being lightweight and agile, the Sergeant is an easy slip on-and-off, comfortable station boot, making it particularly well suited for detective and investigation field work. It is built on the TERRA FORCE platform that consists of five components: an insole plate, midsole, internal and external shanks, and the durable and slip-resistant Radical TF outsole. The Striker Sergeant is built with a 2.0-2.2mm waterproof full-grain leather. With its Gore-Tex liner, the Sergeant will keep wearers dry and comfortable all day long. This boot style is available in men's sizes 7-12, 13, 14D and 8-12, 13EE. It will be available to consumers in July 2004. -
Expand for more details on this Product
Safariland 6004 Tac Holster GLOCK 17/22 STX RH
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Armor T-Shirt II (Men's and Women's Cut)
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text:
Originally published on Tue October 2, 2012 6:14 pm
Parliamentary elections in Georgia, the former Soviet republic, delivered a resounding defeat for the ruling party of President Mikheil Saakashvili on Monday. Preliminary election results showed the opposition winning 57 percent of the vote.
A day later, the president conceded defeat. In a televised address, Saakashvili said he respected the decision of the voters, and that he would clear the way for the opposition Georgian Dream party to form a new government, a move that would install opposition leader Bidzina Ivanishvili as prime minister.
In 1988, 13-year-old Joe Coutts is thrust into adulthood after his mother, Geraldine Coutts, is sexually assaulted. His story is at the center of Louise Erdrich's latest novel, The Round House.
Originally published on Sun October 7, 2012 8:23 am
As the bloodletting in Syria carries on, President Bashar Assad's government doesn't have a lot of allies left.
Originally published on Tue October 2, 2012 4:55 pm
You can believe this latest poll result if you'd like. Or not.
A survey released Tuesday that was conducted by Public Policy Polling asked people if they thought pollsters were rigging their results to show President Obama leading Mitt Romney (h/t Josh Voorhees at The Slatest).
Large crowds of anxious Iranians gathered in Tehran on Sunday and Monday at foreign exchange offices — some of which had shuttered their doors — as Iran's currency continues its free fall.
From Sunday to Monday, the rial lost nearly one-third of its value against the dollar — and the decline appears to have continued Tuesday.
President Obama and Mitt Romney had no public events on their campaign schedules today. They're both busy preparing for tomorrow's big event: a prime-time debate that could be one of their last opportunities to sway undecided voters. Yesterday, we heard from NPR's Ari Shapiro about Mitt Romney's preparations. And today, we get a scouting report on President Obama from NPR's Scott Horsley.
In Pennsylvania, a judge has issued a preliminary injunction against the state's controversial voter ID law. In effect, the judge's ruling will allow registered voters to cast ballots in the upcoming election, without showing the government-issued ID required by the law.
The same could be said for another feature of the president's Affordable Care Act: the state health exchange. That's the online marketplace where individuals and small businesses can buy private health insurance. The law requires every state to have an exchange up and running by 2014.
Originally published on Tue October 2, 2012 4:00 pm
The 37-year-old search for Teamsters boss Jimmy Hoffa will continue.
As Mark reported last week, the search for Hoffa turned to a driveway in Roseville, Mich. Police took "soil core" samples after they received a "credible" tip that someone was buried there right around the time Hoffa went missing.


text:
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Morgan Spurlock says it's important to teach kids to cook & to eat healthy.
Morgan Spurlock supports Food Day and hopes it inspires healthy eating.
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text:
User Review: REI Men's Spirit III GTX
Materials: Leather, Gore-tex
Use: Backpacking
Price Paid: $189
This boot fits me extremely well and is the most stable backpacking boot I have worn...However, I bought a pair and the next morning hit the trail with a very light load for a short 5 mile hike to start breaking them in. In that first five miles the vibram soles on both boots split and started to separate from the soles.
I took that pair back to REI and of course they graciously let me exchange them. So the next day I took my new brand new pair on a 7 mile hike, hoping against all hope that the first pair was a fluke...lo-and-behold, the same result. This pair is also going back to REI and I will be switching to another heavy backpacking boot...I just hope whatever other brand I end up getting fit as well as these did.