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Thread: Airflow problem in the basement
Thanks for taking the pictures. Those pictures are like going to an art gallery and taking a picture of Mona Lisa's nose. LOL. Reminds me of some of the pictures I took when I started this job. Any chance of getting some non-close ups?
How to define the problem. Hmmm. The better defined, the clearer the solution, right? Can you go deeper than "stuffy in the basement"? Is that the whole and only problem?
You certainly don't want to cure one problem then "oh yeah, I forgot - we have this problem too". Sometimes multiple problems indicate a whole different course of action.
Really the house is a system of systems. If you focus the way you took those pictures, you may find yourself going around in circles throwing money at problems.
You don't list your location in your header, so the advice you get will not be location specific. It's best to step back and get an understanding of the whole house, then drill in on problems. (Ie: sometimes an issue in the basement is caused by a problem in the attic, but if you never leave the basement you'll never figure that out.)
Some places you can find knowledgeable energy auditors, in other you can find energy raters that can help.Which makes more sense to you?
CONSERVATION - turning your thermostat back and being uncomfortable. Maybe saving 5-10%
ENERGY EFFICIENCY - leaving your thermostat where everyone is comfortable. Saving 30-70%
DO THE NUMBERS! Step on a HOMESCALE.
What is comfort? Well, it AIN'T just TEMPERATURE!
Energy Obese? An audit is the next step - go to BPI.org, or RESNET, and find an auditor near you.
12-05-2012, 03:18 PM #15Professional Member*
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- The Quad-Cities area (midwest).
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Thank you for the pictures. The return air drop looks funky. What is the size of it? What size is the filter?What is the size of the A/C?
I need you to step back and take pictures of the rectangle duct off the plenum. From your earlier thread you sorta indicated that you had seperate ducts going to each area. Hopefully this is so, although probably unlikely if your luck is like mine.
12-06-2012, 10:48 PM #16Regular Guest
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George2 and all others who responded - thank you! Your expertise is highly appreaciated.
I had an HVAC contractor look over the furnace and the ducts today. He recommends to install a return specifically for the basement, i.e. hook up the duct from the other side of the furnace (there is already a main return hooked up to the other side). So he recommends to install a dedicated return for the basement as well as repositioning ceiling registers - moving them closer to the exterior basement wall. He also suggested fixing one flex duct that connects adjacent bathroom.
He did not perform any tests or measurements, but said that according to his experience - there will be some airflow improvement.
Another option I have is for $$$$ to have a comprehensive energy audit and duct analysis done.
$$$$ - energy audit per system = $$$$ ($$$$ subsidized by my local utility co.) My cost $$$$
$$$$ - duct analysis for the downstairs unit/ducts only.
$$$$ total
Should I get both done or since this appears to be airflow problem, just get the duct analysis and then, based on the findings, make impovements?
Thanks again!Last edited by jpsmith1cm; 12-07-2012 at 05:57 AM. Reason: pricing
12-07-2012, 01:23 AM #17Professional Member*
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You have Not mentioned
________________ size of house,
............................ nor what city,
+++++++++++++ whether there is a temperature issue,
--------------------- or what the relative humidity is.
........................... size of the diffuser (vent)
AND now you say there are "two" systems. _ ONE Furnace = 1 System.
I am confused and probably everyone else is probably just not clear on the objectives of an analysis and then a repair actually might be.
Stuffy and low air flow are not descriptive enough to get a handle on the overall system issues.
Record Temperature and Humidity 4 times a day for a couple weeks upstairs and each end of basement.
AcuRite Digital Weather Station
Item #: 263101 | Model #: 00609
Adding a return in the basement does not take an analysis.
What size vents throughout the residence?
Air flow velocity for each?
Home Depot
Handheld Anemometer
Model # EA-3010U Internet # 203455797Designer Dan
It's Not Rocket Science, But It is SCIENCE with "Some Art".
Define the Building Envelope and Perform a Detailed Load Calc: It's ALL About Windows and Make-up Air Requirements. Know Your Equipment Capabilities
Pricing discussions aren't permitted here. I've edited your post.
If pic 6 is of the supply duct for the basement. having turning vanes installed in that ell along with additional return being added for the basement would help a lot.
12-07-2012, 06:41 AM #20Professional Member*
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Like Darling (design) Dan, I,m confussed. But, what intriques me most is this post. I don't know how to highlight these points so I'll have to re-type them:
Energy audit per system $$$$...what is this? Is this a simple furnace-A/C check? Subsidized by the utility company (really)?
Here's the best one......duct(work) analysis $$$$? Someone charges money for
this? Who does the "analysis"? Please write soon........I gotta know!
12-07-2012, 07:19 AM #21Professional Member*
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Pictures are unnecessary unless I'm the contractor bidding the job.
You need advise, then take dan sw fl advise. That would be the most logical way of determining proper air flow.
The airflow requirement needs to be determine first (Heat Load), than readings of actual airflow needs to be measured, then compared.
Anything else is just a guest; even pictures!!
12-07-2012, 07:35 AM #22Professional Member*
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Since other -fiscal cliff- things from the small-minded boys in Washington DC
already got me " Really torqued up" this AM,
let's simply tell it like it is.
Post #16, if accurately written, describes the actions of a less-than-honest contractor.
_ OP { stant_98} obviously needs to "help himself" by moving on and continuing to learn of an appropriate path to BOTH DESCRIBE and resolve
_ whatever issues he has with comfort in his "new" residence.
I could use a much, much stronger [editable ] words but I think
I have used them All in blasting off a letter
to my Senator$ and congre$$man
who wish to $teal-my-wallet.
From a normally calm , thoughtful person.
Sorry.Designer Dan
It's Not Rocket Science, But It is SCIENCE with "Some Art".
Define the Building Envelope and Perform a Detailed Load Calc: It's ALL About Windows and Make-up Air Requirements. Know Your Equipment Capabilities
pMost basements are a little stuffy at the end of a summer unless they have a dehumidifier that is able to maintain <50%RH. Also most most homes need enough fresh air to purge indoor pollutants in 4-5 hours. The remains of a little mold growth throughout the summer could be described as stuffy. This odor will slowly subside as the space dries out. It is not a air circulation but rather a matter of +65%RH in the basement through the summer. The moisture level decline as the outside air dew point declines.
HOw much fresh air are you putting into your home? A good measure is the inside dew point of your home compared to the outside dew point. Is this home in a green grass climate? Measure the temp/%RH in the home and tell us where you live, how many occupants, and humidifier. Fresh air infiltration can be estimated. During cold windy weather, most homes get more fresh air naturally. During the summer, basements should be <50%RH to avoid the stuffy smell.
Regards TBBear Rules: Keep our home <50% RH summer, controls mites/mold and very comfortable.
Provide 60-100 cfm of fresh air when occupied to purge indoor pollutants and keep window dry during cold weather. T-stat setup/setback +8 hrs. saves energy
Use +Merv 10 air filter. -Don't forget the "Golden Rule"
12-07-2012, 09:50 AM #24Professional Member*
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Designer Dan
It's Not Rocket Science, But It is SCIENCE with "Some Art".
Define the Building Envelope and Perform a Detailed Load Calc: It's ALL About Windows and Make-up Air Requirements. Know Your Equipment Capabilities


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1. | arrogance | ||
what offends liam neeson your arrogance offends me
2. | arrogance | ||
The assumption that ones self-worth is far superior to others. A false sense of pride. Foolishly believing that everyone is inferior to you, looks up to you, and should bow down to your graces. Some famous figures with a great deal of arrogance; Tom Cruise, Oprah, Hitler.
3. | arrogance | ||
The assumption that ones self-worth is far superior to others. A false sense of pride. Foolishly believing that everyone is inferior to you, looks up to you, and should bow down to your graces. Vegeta's arrogance blinds him from the truth, that Kakarot(Goku) will always be stronger than him.
4. | arrogance | ||
A common accusation after one is right, but no one likes the answer.
5. | arrogance | ||
The act or habit of making statements based on pride, self-importance, conceit, or the assumption of intellectual superiority and the presumption of knowledge that is not in evidence or supported by any facts or experience. "The War in Iraq is similar to the War in Vietnam" stated by Howard Dean is based on Dr. Dean's arrogance and self-importance, and not based on any understanding of current events or direct knowledge of the situation in Iraq.
Senator Kennedy repeating "Lie after Lie after Lie..." is evidence of his arrogance that seems to derive from little more than his family name, and not from his knowledge of the subject matter, or his understanding of events. Contrast this to ignorance -- for example, claiming that Islam is a Peaceful Religion when in fact the religion is only peaceful to others who submit to it (the meaning of "Islam") and even then it is not peaceful to other "believers" who belong to different Islamic sects. This is not an example of arrogance as much as an example of ignorance, but the act of making such claims is similar to arrogance. |
6. | Arrogance | ||
A false and offensive display of overbearing superiority or self-importance. Williamsville IL- full of people who think they're better than everyone else at everything and the have the most arrogance in central IL. When in accuality they lose at quite a few activities. While they might have some good programs, they refuse to see that they are not better at everything. They feel as though they have a right to win and if they lose it couldn't have been a "good game." They proceed to say that they lost because they "were asleep," or they "weren't playing their best," or "the calls weren't fair" or "the other team cheated." They all just need to understand to try to learn from their mistakes and try to get better rather than complain and complain and complain. They also create the illusion that they are the most phenomental school that has ever walked the face of the earth. What they fail to realize is that, while winning regionals a lot is very good, rarly ever getting to State does not mean you're the best school in the entire universe. The bottom line is that the Williamsville Bullets need to get put in their place to get them to pop their HUGE air-filled heads.
7. | Arrogance | ||
A drinking game for which you need:- 1) A coin 2) An empty pint glass 3) Any alcoholic beverage 4) Players You then sit around a table in a large group. The first person must pour an amount of alcohol into a glass, depending on how confident they are that they can predict the outcome of the coin toss and how much they can drink they pour more or less into the glass, hence the name of the game. They must then toss a coin and call heads or tails, if they are correct then the glass is passed to the next person. If they call wrong they have to down the contents of the glass. Tom: 'I can predict the outcome of a coin toss every time'
Chris: 'Really, you should be good at Arrogance then' Tom: 'I'm good at everything, me' Chris: 'Cool' Tom: 'Right, *pours half litre of vodka into pint glass*, tails never fails, I predict it will be tails' *tosses coin* *coin lands on heads* Chris: 'Haha consume you bastard' |


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Property law |
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A condominium, or condo, is the form of housing tenure and other real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate (usually of an apartment house) is individually owned, while use of and access to common facilities in the piece such as hallways, heating system, elevators, exterior areas is executed under legal rights associated with the individual ownership and controlled by the association of owners that jointly represent ownership of the whole piece. Colloquially, the term is often used to refer to the unit itself in place of the word "apartment". A condominium may be simply defined as an "apartment" that the resident owns as opposed to rents.
Condominium is the legal term used in the United States and in most provinces of Canada. In Australia, New Zealand and the Canadian province of British Columbia it is referred to as strata title. In Quebec the term "divided co-property" (French: co-propriété divisée) is used, although the colloquial name remains 'condominium'. In France the equivalent is called copropriété (co-ownership), usually managed by the syndic. In South Africa, this form of ownership is called Sectional Title, with the owners constituting the Body Corporate.[1]
Contents |
The difference between a "condominium" and an "apartment" complex is purely legal: there is no way to know a condominium from an apartment simply by looking at or visiting the building. What defines a condominium is the form of ownership. The same building developed as a condominium (and sold in individual units to different owners) could actually be built someplace else as an apartment building (the developers would retain ownership and rent individual units to different tenants). As a practical matter, though, builders tend to build condominiums to higher quality standards than apartment complexes because of the differences between the rental and sale markets.
Technically, a condominium is a collection of individual home units and common areas along with the land upon which they sit. Individual home ownership within a condominium is construed as ownership of only the air space confining the boundaries of the home (Anglo-Saxon law systems; different elsewhere). The boundaries of that space are specified by a legal document known as a Declaration, filed of record with the local governing authority. Typically these boundaries will include the wall surrounding a condo, allowing the homeowner to make some interior modifications without impacting the common area. Anything outside this boundary is held in an undivided ownership interest by a corporation established at the time of the condominium's creation. The corporation holds this property in trust on behalf of the homeowners as a group–-it may not have ownership itself.
Condominiums have conditions, covenants, and restrictions, and often additional rules, that govern how the individual unit owners are to share the space.
It is also possible for a condominium to consist of single-family dwellings: so-called "detached condominiums" where homeowners do not maintain the exteriors of the dwellings, yards, etc. or "site condominiums" where the owner has more control and possible ownership (as in a "whole lot" or "lot line" condominium) over the exterior appearance. These structures are preferred by some planned neighborhoods and gated communities.
A homeowners association (HOA), whose members are the unit owners, manages the condominium through a board of directors elected by the membership. The concept exists under various names depending on the jurisdiction, such as "unit title", "sectional title", "commonhold," "strata council," or "tenant-owner's association", "body corporate", "Owners Corporation", "condominium corporation" or "condominium association." Another variation of this concept is the "time share" although not all time shares are condominiums, and not all time shares involve actual ownership of (i.e., deeded title to) real property. Condominiums may be found in both civil law and common law legal systems as it is purely a creation of statute. Among other things, the HOA assesses unit owners for the costs of maintaining the common areas, etc. That is, the HOA decides how much each owner should pay and has the legal power to collect that.
The description of the condominium units and the common areas and any restrictions on their use is established in a document commonly called a "Master Deed" (also known as the "Enabling Declaration", the "Declaration of Conditions", or the "Condominium Document"). Among other things, this document provides for the creation of the HOA. Rules of governance for the association are usually covered under a separate set of bylaws which generally govern the internal affairs of the condominium. Condominium bylaws usually establish the responsibilities of the owners' association; the voting procedures to be used at association meetings; the qualifications, powers, and duties of the board of directors; the powers and duties of the officers; and the obligations of the owners with regard to assessments, maintenance, and use of the units and common areas. Finally, a set of rules and regulations providing specific details of restrictions on conduct of unit owners and residents are established by the HOA.[2] These are more readily amendable than the declaration or association bylaws, typically requiring only a vote of the HOA board. Typical rules include mandatory maintenance fees (perhaps collected monthly), pet restrictions, and color/design choices visible from the exterior of the units. Generally, these sets of rules and regulations are made available to residents and or as a matter of public record via a condominium or homeowners association website or through public files, depending on the state and its applicable laws. Condominiums are usually owned in fee simple title, but can be owned in ways that other real estate can be owned, such as title held in trust. In some jurisdictions, such as Ontario, Canada or Hawaii USA, there are "leasehold condominiums" where the development is built on leased land.
In general, condominium unit owners can rent their home to tenants, similar to renting out other real estate, although leasing rights may be subject to conditions or restrictions set forth in the declaration (such as a rental cap for the total number of units in a community that can be leased at one time) or otherwise as permitted by local law.
Non-residential uses[edit]
Condominium ownership is also used, albeit less frequently, for non-residential land uses: offices, hotel rooms, retail shops, group housing facilities (retirement homes or dormitories), and storage. The legal structure is the same, and many of the benefits are similar; for instance, a nonprofit corporation may face a lower tax liability in an office condominium than in an office rented from a taxable, for-profit company. However, the frequent turnover of commercial land uses in particular can make the inflexibility of condominium arrangements problematic.
Similar concepts[edit]
There are many forms of real estate ownership that are similar to condominiums but not identical.
Classic privately owned detached houses on privately owned lots may be part of a community that has a homeowner's association. Such an association may administer a common park area, for example, or an access road, or architectural standards for the houses.
In a townhouse complex, multiple physical houses are combined into a single architectural building. Each unit owner owns an identified plot of land and the building affixed to it, but that building is physically part of a larger building that spans lots. There is a continuous roof and foundation and a single wall divides adjacent townhouses. If there is an apartment below not owned by owner of townhouse it is not a townhouse just a bi-level apartment, condominium. Legally, this is very similar to detached houses, but because of the intertwining of interests in the single architectural building, a homeowner's association is required. It would be impractical, for example to replace the roof of just one townhouse. But unlike the condominium, the townhouse complex's HOA owns none of the building or the land under it. It is essentially under contract to the townhouse owners to maintain the parts of the building that are hard to divide. Even the walls between townhouses are usually outside the purview of the HOA, being jointly owned and maintained by the owners of the townhouses on either side. Like the condominium, the townhouse complex often has common areas for roads, parking, clubhouses, and such.
A rowhouse is like a townhouse except that the houses are not physically connected. They are independent structures that simply have no space between them. Technically, they are detached.
A building with multiple residential units may simply be owned in common by multiple people, with each having specific rights to a particular unit and undivided interest in the rest. This is like a condominium, but there is no HOA with legal powers. It is much harder to govern, as the individual unit owners often have to agree unanimously or court intervention is required.
California statutes recognize three kinds of "common interest developments": condominium, townhouse, and community apartment, with the latter being the owned-in-common concept described above.
By jurisdiction[edit]
In Australia, condominiums are known as "strata title schemes".[3]
Condominiums exist in most parts of Canada though more common in larger cities. They are regulated under provincial or territorial legislation and specific legal details vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most parts of Canada, they are referred to as Condominiums, except in British Columbia where they are referred to as a strata and in Quebec where they are referred to as syndicates of co-ownership.[4] A townhouse complex called Brentwood Village in Edmonton, Alberta was the first condominium development in Canada (registered in 1967. With regular condominiums, the unit owner usually owns the internal unit space and a share of the corporation; the corporation owns the exterior of the building land and common area; in the case of a freehold condominium the owner owns the land and building and the corporation owns common shared roadways and amenities.[4] The Canadian Condominium Institute is a non-profit association of condominium owners and corporations with chapters in each province and territory.[4]
The first high-rise condominium development was Horizon House built by Minto in Nepean, Ontario (now Ottawa) and registered in 1967.[5]
In Ontario, condominiums are governed by the Ontario Condominium Act, 1998[6] with each development establishing a corporation to deal with day-to-day functions (maintenance, repairs, etc.). A board of directors is elected by the owners of units (or, in the case of a common elements condominium corporation, the owners of the common interest in the common elements) in the development on at least a yearly basis. A general meeting is held annually to deal with board elections and the appointment of an auditor (or waiving of audit). Other matters can also be dealt with at the Annual General Meeting, but special meetings of the owners can be called by the board and, in some cases, by the owners themselves, at any time.
In recent years, the condominium industry has been booming in Canada, with dozens of new towers being erected each year. Toronto is the centre of this boom, with 17,000 new units being sold in 2005, more than double second place Miami's 7,500 units.[2] Outside of Toronto, the most common forms of condominium have been townhomes rather than highrises, although that trend may be altered as limitations are placed on "Greenfields" (see Greenfield land) developments in those areas (in turn, forcing developers to expand upward rather than outward and to consider more condominium conversions instead of new housing). Particular growth areas are in Kitchener/Waterloo, Barrie, and London. In fact, after Toronto, the Golden Horseshoe Chapter of the Canadian Condominium Institute is one of that organization's most thriving chapters.[3]
The Ontario Condominium Act, 1998 provides an effectively wide range of development options, including Standard, Phased, Vacant Land, Common Element and Leasehold condominiums. Certain existing condominiums can amalgamate, and existing properties can be converted to condominium (provided municipal requirements for the same are met). Accordingly, the expanded and expanding use of the condominium concept is permitting developers and municipalities to consider newer and more interesting forms of development to meet social needs.[citation needed]
On this issue, Ontario condominium lawyer Michael Clifton writes, "Condominium development has steadily increased in Ontario for several years. While condominiums typically represent attractive lifestyle and home-ownership alternatives for buyers, they also, importantly, introduce a new approach to community planning for home builders and municipal approval authorities in Ontario. …[There are] opportunities for developers to be both creative and profitable in building, and municipalities more flexible and imaginative in planning and approving, developments that will become sustainable communities."[7]
Contrary to other jurisdictions such as Alberta, Ontario does not provide flexibility for small condo corporations to conduct their own reserve fund study, or to update it less frequently than required for large corporations. Managers of small condominium corporations have asked the Ontario Ministry of Consumer Services to review this requirement as it becomes burdensome for the management of smaller buildings, by contacting: http://www.sse.gov.on.ca/mcs/Pages/AskAQuestion.aspx
In Saskatchewan, condominiums are registered as a special type of non-profit corporation that is owned by the unit owners; the owners elect a board of directors; the operation of the corporation is governed by The Condominium Property Act, 1993.[8]
Apartments (Danish ejerlejlighed, literally "owner-apartment") comprise some 5% of Danish homes.[9] They are traded and mortgaged on the same markets as free-standing houses, and are treated legally much like other forms of real estate. Each owner-tenant directly owns his own apartment; the rest of the building and the ground on which it stands is owned jointly by the apartment owners who execute their joint ownership through an owner's association. The expenses of maintaining the joint property is shared pro rata among the owners.
Another 5% of Danish homes are in housing cooperatives (Danish andelsbolig), which occupy a legal position intermediate between condominiums and housing associations. The entire property is legally owned by a non-profit corporation in which the tenants own shares; each share carries the right and duty to lease an apartment from the cooperative. Shares can be bought and sold, but often the cooperative's rules strictly limit the price for which they may change hand. (In contrast, condominiums are traded on a free market). Because the official share prices are often lower than the market value and sellers often retain freedom to select whom to sell to, under-the-table payments are common.[9]
Current public policy favors condominiums over housing cooperatives, and recent legislation have aimed at making the latter more condominium-like. For example, since 2005, cooperative shares may be used to secure bank loans. (However, Danish mortgage banks still may not mortgage individual housing cooperative apartments).
England and Wales, UK[edit]
In England and Wales, the equivalent of condominium is commonhold, a form of ownership introduced in September 2004. As of 3 June 2009, there were 12 commonhold residential developments comprising 97 units in England and one commonhold residential development, comprising 30 units, in Wales.[10]
In Finland, a condominium is a common form of home ownership. Owning shares that correspond to one apartment in a housing company is generally considered as much owning your own home as actually directly owning a (single family) house.
Finnish condominiums are incorporated as (non-profit) limited-liability companies (Finnish: asunto-osakeyhtiö, Swedish: bostadsaktiebolag), where one share usually represents one square meter (sometimes ten) of the apartment.
Membership of a condo is obtained by buying the shares on the open market, most often through a real estate agent. No board approval is needed to buy shares. There is usually no requirement for the owner(s) to live in the condo. Owning of apartments for rent is a common form of saving and private investment in Finland.
Hong Kong[edit]
Condominiums are known as "private housing estates" (as opposed to "public housing estates") in Hong Kong.
This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2013) |
Condominiums (Hungarian: "társasház") were formally introduced in 1924. Condominium properties are traded and mortgaged on the same markets as free standing houses, and treated much like other forms of real estate. The condominium acts as a non-profit legal entity maintaining the common areas of the property, and is managed by a representative elected by the owners' convention.
Decisions that involve changes to the terms and conditions, or larger common expenses need to be approved by the convention, where voting power is based on the percentage of property owned.
The condominium is the most common form of housing in Hungarian cities since the collapse of communist dictatorship in 1989, with the vast majority of city-dwelling Hungarians owning condominium flats, since during the democratic transition state owned property was privatized to the tenants at prices as low as ten percent of market value.
This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2013) |
Condominiums (Norwegian Eierseksjon) was formally introduced in 1983. Some 19% of Norwegian homes are condominiums, as approximately 50% of the owner-occupied flats and duplexes, approximately 30% of the rowhouses and 2.5% of the detached houses are organised as condominiums.
This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2013) |
In Singapore, "Condo" or "Condominium" are terms used for housing buildings with some special luxury features like security guards, swimming pools or tennis courts.
Most housings without such features are built by the governmental Housing Development Board (HDB), and such HDB units can be possessed for rent or individually bought from the government. Condominiums and HDB flats make up the overwhelming majority of available residential housing in the country.
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, condominiums are known as "Sectional Title" properties, and are governed by the Sectional Titles Act No. 95 of 1986.[11] Town-house complexes and many apartment blocks typically have this form of title. The owners of the complex constitute the Body Corporate, and the Body Corporate elects a group of Trustees to manage the day-to-day management of the complex, who often hire a company specialising in complex management, known as a Managing Agent.
On 1 May 2009, condominiums (ägarlägenheter) became available for the first time under Swedish law.[12] Of the 14,447 newly built apartments completed in 2009, only six were condominiums. A majority of production, 7,723 units, were apartments in housing cooperatives (bostadsrättslägenheter), the traditional form of owner occupied apartment housing.[13]
United States[edit]
The first condominium law passed in the United States was in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1958.[14] In 1960, the first condominium in the Continental United States was built in Salt Lake City, Utah. Attorney Keith B. Romney, hired by the developers of the 120-unit Greystone Manor apartment complex (2730 South 1200 East) to do the legal work to make the building a housing cooperative, suggested instead an ownership structure based on evidence of joint-ownership residential buildings in ancient Rome, where he had seen the word "condominio" etched in marble in a ruin. He then successfully lobbied for the passage of the Utah Condominium Act of 1960.[15] Romney also played an advisory role in the creation of condominium legislation with other state legislatures, and formed a condominium consulting firm with Don W. Pihl, Keith Romney Associates.[16]
Section 234 of the 1961 National Housing Act allowed the Federal Housing Administration to insure mortgages on condominiums, leading to a vast increase in the funds available for condominiums, and to condominium laws in every state by 1969. Many Americans' first widespread awareness of condominium life came not from its largest cities but from south Florida, where developers had imported the condominium concept from Puerto Rico and used it to sell thousands of inexpensive homes to retirees arriving flush with cash from the urban Northern U.S.[citation needed]
The primary attraction to this type of ownership is the ability to obtain affordable housing in a highly desirable area that typically is beyond economic reach. Additionally, such properties benefit from having restrictions that maintain and enhance value, providing control over blight that plagues some neighborhoods. Major American cities, including Miami, San Francisco, Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C., have abundant condominium development.
In recent years, the residential condominium industry has been booming in all of the major metropolitan areas such as Miami, San Francisco, Seattle, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York City. It is now in a slowdown phase.[17] According to Richard Swerdlow, CEO of Condo.com, "You're not going to see this giant overbuild again. It's hard to imagine that you'd see in the next decade what we just saw. Real estate brokers and the developers were in almost a ticket-collecting mode. They were processing orders because there was so much business to go around. Now that sort of investor phenomenon has gone away." He added, "That phenomenon has stopped."
An alternative form of ownership, popular in the United States but found also in other common law jurisdictions, is the "cooperative" corporation, also known as "company share" or "co-op", in which the building has an associated legal company and ownership of shares gives the right to a lease for residence of a unit. Another form is leasehold or ground rent in which a single landlord retains ownership of the land on which the building is constructed in which the lease renews in perpetuity or over a very long term such as in a civil law emphyteutic lease. Another form of civil law joint property ownership is undivided co-ownership where the owners own a percentage of the entire property but have exclusive possession of a specific part of the property and joint possession of other parts of the property; distinguished from joint tenancy with right of survivorship or a tenancy in common of common law.
In the United States, there are several different styles of condominium complexes.
A garden condominium complex consists of low-rise buildings built with landscaped grounds surrounding them. A townhouse condominium complex consists of multi-floor semi-detached homes. In condominium townhouses, the purchaser owns only the interior, while the building itself is owned by a condominium corporation. The corporation is jointly owned by all the owners, and charges them fees for general maintenance and major repairs. Freehold townhouses are exclusively owned, without any condominium aspects. In the United States this type of ownership called fee simple.
Aqua waterfront condominiums in Long Beach, California, United States
A historic mansion converted into condominiums in Chicago, United States
See also[edit]
- Canadian Condominium Institute
- Car condo
- Community Associations Institute
- Condo conversion
- Condop
- Dockominium, a water-based version
- Housing cooperative
- Private housing estates in Hong Kong
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Understanding the Government of a Community Association". Kaman & Cusimano. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "Community title schemes". ACT Planning and Land Authority. ACT Planning and Land Authority's (ACTPLA) website.
- ^ a b c "Condominium Buyers Guide ISBN 0-662-33517-1". Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation]. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ "Highrise condo a Canadian first". Ottawa Sun Sun Media. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ "Condominium Act, 1998, S.O. 1998, c. 19". Queen's Printer for Ontario. Version in force as of access date. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ In, A Comment about Condominiums, Community Planning and Sustainability, Forum Magazine, Dec 06/Jan 07, p. 28.
- ^ "The Condominium Property Act, 1993 being Chapter C-26.1* of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1993". Queen's Printer. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ a b Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut og Amternes og Kommunernes Forskningsinstitut. "Det danske boligmarked - udvikling i boligforsyning og boligønsker" (pdf). Retrieved 2009-10-12.
- ^ House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Michael Wills Written Questions, 9 June 2009 col. 792W Commonhold
- ^ "SECTIONAL TITLES ACT NO. 95 OF 1986". Chief Surveyor General of the South African Government. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ^ Landes, David (11 November 2008). "Owner-occupied flats coming to Sweden". The Local.
- ^ "Få ägarlägenheter i nyproduktion, korrigerad 2010-10-26" (Press release) (in Swedish). Statistiska Centralbyrån. 6 May 2010.
- ^ Poliakoff, G: Law of Condominium Operations, §1.2. 2009.
- ^ Benson, Lee (November 15, 2012). "About Utah: Father of Modern Condominiums will never live in one". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ Condominium Development Guide (published by Warren, Gorham & Lamont)[page needed]
- ^ "Reality Check: US Home Resales Firm Feb Vs Jan, Drop y/y". iMarketNews.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Condominiums |
Look up condominium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |


text: | I'm BackOctober 3, 2012 - Rick BurdtAfter a wonderful but busy summer, I decided to once again sharpen my pencil and continue to share some conservative logic, better known as 'common sense'. The hardest part has been 'where to start' as there has been so much happening in the news and I certainly didn't want this to drone on and on going off in all directions. So I decided to keep this one short and ask one simple question: How is it possible that President Obama even has a chance at winning this election? I certainly do understand that every presidential candidate makes promises that they will never be able to completely fulfill but in President Obama's case, I'm not sure he's even come close to being in the same ballpark as any of his promises. Let's start with Guantanamo Bay Detainment Camp. That was supposed to be long shuttered by now. Thankfully that never happened. How about his claim that he was going to cut the national debt in half in three years. I knew that was a huge reach even for a Republican with experience, but he didn't cut it at all. In fact, he has raised the debt more than half again, spending far more than any president in history. How about those jobs. The numbers speak for themselves. He's had plenty of time for those plans to, at the very least, start showing some progress. But sadly there is none. Within his first couple months as president, he hopped on Air Force One and flew around the world bowing and apologizing to world leaders on America's behalf. He imagined this would make everyone like us again. Now terrorists can attack our embassies without fear of any repercussions and our 'likability' is lower than ever. According to the president, the Benghazi attack was just a 'bump in the road'. I'll bet the families of those four Americans take comfort in those words. The president continues to say that he is not going to raise taxes on the middle class but with the Bush tax cuts expiring, taxes on many, if not most, middle class will certainly be going up. To add to that, his 'affordable' health care is going to kick in. The Supreme Court has deemed that it is a tax, yet he still claims that he's not raising them. Correct me if I'm wrong, but if my federal tax liability increases while my income remains the same, and Obama is the president at the time this happens, doesn't that mean he is responsible for raising my taxes? It makes me wonder if McCain had won back in '08 and had done the same job President Obama has, would the main stream media be so forgiving as they have been to Obama? I think we all know the answer to that one. Article CommentsNo comments posted for this article. Post a Comment | in: News, Blogs & Events Web |


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Go | New | Find | Notify | Tools | Reply |
I want to redo my basement flooring. I have the old 9x9 tiles that has asbestos in it. I want to just cover it, but have seen so many different things. I want to do the cheapest but most efficient way of covering the tile. I have seen that you can paint it or cover it with laminate flooring. I also do not want to put wood down because of moisture. Can you help?????!!! | |||
Cover it with vinyl tiles. Not VCT, not linoleum, but vinyl tiles. They are relatively inexpensive and are now made without the high gloss, and can even be grouted. Hope this helps./ | ||||
thanks - but what do I do before the tiles, I have some missing tiles and some cracked - is there a certain product that is better to use to level it all. I have seen many different things. | ||||
Home improvement stores have a material called underlayment. It is about 3/16" and is a very thin version of plywood. As for the missing tiles, find something to just fill in the spaces before putting down the underlayment. Home Depot has it for about $10 for a 4 x 8 sheet. | ||||
Use a leveling compund. Available everywhere. Mix with water. Pour it on. It levels itself. | ||||
Hi, I've read other readers suggestions, but I am concerned because you're initial post said you had moisture in your basement. Just leveling your floor is not going to be your best route. A moist floor at a minimum needs to breath so you don't get mold. I would suggest that you get the raised subfloor panels that have plastic grooves on the bottom and subflooring on the top. It will be spendy, but your basement flooring choice will last for years - after all, you don't want to be redoing this project over and over. Once you have this "breathing" base for your flooring, you can have anything in your basement you would like, including carpet! Good luck! | ||||
Yes water can leak up through the basement floor " but first is there any chance the carpet is on top a old floor drain it may be backing up .. if that's not you may have a crack in the floor it's Pushing up through ,,the biggest problem with older homes is that the ground settles at the foundation causing the water to run towards the wall instead of away from it and if that happens you get water coming up through the floor.. HEAT RESISTANT SILICONE | ||||
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Men and Women that cause me pain and/or will, ultimately, be the death of me.
Top however many I think of (in alphabetical order)
- Mat Baynton
- Benedict Cumberbatch
- Arthur Darvill
- Zooey Deschanel
- Robert Downey Jr
- Nathan Fillion
- Martin Freeman
- Tom Hiddleston
- Scott Hutchison
- Frank Iero
- Simon Neil
- Matt Smith
- David Tennant
Most likely to be revised and made into a list of 20 (probably more) but this is who I thought of first. Yup. The reason behind this was that I was going to sleep and this just popped into my head. My sleepy brain, blame it.
(Revisions in bold)


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Surely I can't be the only one!
(am I going to lose friends over this?)
In every dyke/leftwing/feminist circles for the last 7 or 8 years it seems that everyone adores her..
I go to a party and someone puts a CD of hers on, there goes the mood..
On a regular basis on my lj friends pages I am subjected to her 'meaningful' lyrics cut&pasted. I've had cute girls stop talking to me in pubs cause I didn't share their enthusiasm.
Even my lovely wife used to be an Ani fan, I bought her a ticket to her concert back in '98. Thankfully she got over it and so I no longer have to hear it in my own house.
She is not the messiah, she is a half-rate folk singer with an annoying voice.
(And I'm saying this as a fan of folk music)


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The Virginia record tog, caught by Ken Neill III, at 24 pounds 3 ounces, has been aged to be a 19 year old female. Tautog are generally long-lived, slow growing fish, but studies show the oldest fish have been in the teen class weight range.
Dr. Ken Neill, III
IGFA Representative
President, Peninsula Salt Water Sport Fisherman's Association, Inc.
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Test this and get more details on how you can arrive up with your very own is effective of art to display in your household or workplace.modifying coloration, density, contrast, and saturation on each individual layer to a different intensityThe last of the primary sources in the chapter, "The Mahayana Tradition: The Compassion of a Bodhisattva" signifies the objective of the Buddhist religion and how those who reach the ultimate phase of Nirvana would come back to earth and assist other individuals to reach enlightenment in the form of a bodhisattva.The source does a very good work in describing the philosophical and religious ideals of Buddhism, "I shall turned out to be the savior of all beings, and set them totally free from their sufferings" (p.38).
The supply connects quite perfectly with the Indian theme of enlightenment by actually describing the procedure of enlightenment and the final mission of numerous Indians.Also, be sure to give on your own some support.Beds that have the headboard to a window give the couple small assistance.If this is the very best (or only) situation for the bed, destination a wooden display screen between the mattress and the window to simulate a wall.
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Really good design relies upon upon how one particular orders the essential pattern features.The check had 3 stages: immediately after viewing the 3.000 shots, exam subjects then experienced to opt for the precise goods initial from photo pairs of wholly various merchandise, secondly from a pair of pictures representing an merchandise and a several case in point of the very same item sort (like 2 unique watches) and thirdly from photos of an merchandise and of a further a little modified instance of the same product (like a comprehensive cup and a 50 %-entire cup).ninety two% gave the suitable remedy in the 1st phase, 88% in the second and 87% in the 3rd phase."Photography manipulation, which is also referred to as -photoshopping' is primarily executed with many image editing application.These types of software system in most cases performs a full large amount of capabilities bundled into an individual.
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Visual Theology - The Books of the Bible
- 02/06/12
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I have now released the first two infographics in a series I am titling "Visual Theology." Just as there are many words that can be used to describe any one fact, there are also many ways to display facts. I have been working with a few graphic designers in an attempt to display theological realities in infographic form. If you scroll down a little bit you can find links to infographics dealing with The Ordo Salutis and The Attributes of God.
Today I have the third entry in this series and it looks at the books of the Bible. Our inspiration for the way they are displayed was the periodic table of elements. I guess that means that you can consider this the periodic table of the books of the Bible.
Note: Click on the graphic to see it full-size.
You can also download this infographic in a high-quality PDF (1.2 MB). As with all of the inforgraphics in this series, you are free to print it, copy it, distribute it, and so on. Just don't sell it, please. (Be careful printing it as that black background will gobble up your toner!)
Also, as a bonus, we've made up some desktop wallpapers if you'd like to use it for that purpose:
iPhone, iPad, 1440x900, 1920x1200, 2560x1600
And as a further bonus, you can also download it with a white background so it's easier to print.
If you have other ideas for theological infographics, please feel free to leave a comment.
Posts in this Series:
- Visual Theology - The Order of Salvation
- Visual Theology - The Attributes of God
- Visual Theology - The Books of the Bible
- Visual Theology - Think On These Things
- Visual Theology - Awaiting the Messiah
- Visual Theology - The Trinity
- Visual Theology - To the Glory of God
- Visual Theology - The Tabernacle
- Visual Theology - The Fruit of the Spirit
- Visual Theology - Reformed Theology
- Visual Theology - One Another
- Visual Theology - The Atonement


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Washington, Sept 16 (ANI): Scientists from Virginia Commonwealth University have identified a gene that may contribute to male infertility.
The research team hopes that the new findings would lead to new approaches to male contraception.
Sperm are produced in the testicles through a three-step process called spermatogenesis.
During the final stage, known as spermiogenesis, a lot of changes take place, including the packaging of DNA into the sperm head and the formation of the sperm tail, which propels the sperm cell toward the egg.
The study conducted using mouse model showed that mice lacking a protein called meiosis expressed gene 1, or MEIG1, were sterile as a result of impaired spermiogenesis – the process that encompasses changes in the sperm head and the formation of the tail.
The team also found that MEIG1 associates with the Parkin co-regulated gene protein, or PACRG protein, and that testicular PACRG protein is reduced in MEIG1-deficient mice.
PACRG is thought to play a key role in assembly of the sperm tail, and the reproductive phenotype of PACRG -deficient mice mirrors that of the MEIG1-mutant mice.
"We discovered that MEIG1 is essential for male fertility. Moreover, our findings reveal a critical role for the MEIG1/PACRG partnership in the function of a structure that is unique to sperm, the manchette. The absence of a normal manchette in mice lacking MEIG1 totally disrupts the maturation process of sperm," said Dr Jerome F. Strauss III, dean in the VCU School of Medicine.
"In addition to having an impact on fertility, the discovery identifies a new target for drug discovery for a much needed reversible male method of contraception," he added.
The study is published in the Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (ANI)


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March 3, 2013
North Salmon Creek: The achievements of Skyview High School's Reign dance team won them an invitation to April's Winter Guard International Color Guard World Championships in Dayton, Ohio.
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A wind-up alarm clock would do. Doesn't require batteries, just wind it up, set the time you ant it to go of at, and throw it. Might want to wrap it up in something so it doesn't break when you throw it, but make sure you don't cover the bells.
You could also use a panic alarm. Just push the button and throw it. It should make a loud enough sound to distract the zeds.
those are hard to come by now and they seam pretty sensitive any damage to the fragile ringing mechanism and it wont work. basically the ring is just a pendulum arm hitting two bells. also if you wrap it up the wrapping might jam the ringing arm. better to go with digital alarm clock. harder to break cause it has less parts and yes it needs a battery but that one battery will last a long long time. just get it now per-outbreak.
I have this homemade distraction grenade, its a small electric siren and some flashing lights housed with in a sturdy hard plastic case. it ways next to nothing and if you throw it away from you it should draw the zombies away from you.
(PROS: small, light weight, can carry more then more one easily, uses little energy, easy to make, few parts to break.
CONS: non controllable, limited range, may not draw away zombies that have already seen you, doesn't kill zombies.)
There's also the classic rc car with an IED strapped to it. maybe strap one of my distraction grenades to it for good measure. draw the zombies away and take them out once you do.
(PROS: controllable, longer range, kill's zombies.
CONS: large, hard to carry, requires more power to use, harder to make, more parts to break.)
An RC helicopter not on of those little toy room ones the big model can fly out side ones. strap a detraction grenade to it, or a walk talky with an external speaker and you got a good zombie lour. you can also turn it into a surveillance drown by attaching a camera or two to it with a video transmitter.
(PROS: controllable, longest range, can be used as a surveillance platform.
CONS: very large, probably not man portable, or very bulky to carry. uses most power, very hard to make, most parts to break. probably can't be used to kill zombies.)
A rolling zombie distraction and pipe-bomb on wheels, this modified RC car is the ultimate Zombie Be-Gone! the ultra loud siren draws in zombies, the RC platform lets you lead them where you want and the remote detonation pipe-bomb lets you take them out when you get enough.
(while this should go with out saying that is not a real pipe-bomb or any kind of explosive on it. it is merely a mock up to show what it would look like. i am not a terrorist and i really don't need homeland security breaking down my door over this video. and i may or may not be actually capable of constructing such a bomb for ordinary house hold chemicals.; D)
"A little know-how, and few house hold chemicals in the proper proportions"!
My buddy Shane says shoot whoever is next to you and run like hell. Preferably someone named Otis lol
I was in the street and i saw a woman tie her dog to a fence and run while they were feasting on her poor poodle... sad times, but hey... she did what she had to do.
now that i dont even think is human. you might as well just call yourself a zed then, you have no right to continue living.
Wrong person was tied to the fence.
Mice - you can carry a LOT of mice in a knapsack.
© 2013 Created by Skot (Lost).


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2WD 4dr 1500 SLT w/4SA
Starting at $27,575 | Starting at 14 MPG City - 20 MPG Highway
Provided by NADAguides.com
In 2007, the GMC Yukon received badly-needed interior improvements � improvements that were lauded by many auto industry folks. It stands to reason, then, that the 2008 GMC Yukon remains virtually the same as last year�s version. Available in SLE and SLT trim levels, with your choice of two or four wheel drive, the Yukon features four doors and seating capacity for up to five passengers. The standard engine is a 295 horsepower 4.8-liter gas-powered V8 with a 4-speed overdrive-enabled automatic transmission. The Yukon comes equipped with plenty of amenities.
The new Yukon family, which was introduced last year, can fill a wide range of roles, domestic or professional, with its capable packaging and tow rating of up to 9700 pounds. It also has a much more stylish, accommodating interior than the vehicle that preceded it--and much of the full-size truck competition--along with a nice, smooth ride. For 2008, the new Hybrid model presents an alternative for those who would prefer a full-size SUV but are torn about the fuel economy.
The big news for 2008 is that a new Hybrid model, with GM's new 2-Mode hybrid system and a fuel economy improvement of up to 25 percent, joins the Yukon lineup.
The Yukon and Yukon XL (a longer version for carrying more passengers or cargo) come in a rather wide range of models in regular 1500 (half-ton) or heavy duty 2500 (3/4-ton) spec, with several different trim levels, engines, and equipment packages, to suit a wide range of purposes from soccer-mom tasks to cross-country towing. The Yukon XL is about 20 inches longer than the Yukon overall.
Safety Ratings |
Driver Crash Grade |
Passenger Crash Grade |
Rollover Resistance |
Braking & Traction |
4-Wheel ABS | Std |
Traction/Stability Control | Std |
Tire Pressure Monitoring System | Std |
Passenger Restraint |
Driver Air Bag | Std |
Passenger Air Bag | Std |
Side Head Air Bag | Std |
Rear Head side Air Bag | Std |
Road Visibility |
Fog Lamps | Std |
Electrochromic Rearview Mirror | Std |
Intermittent Wipers | Std |
Accident Prevention |
Rear Parking Aid | Std |
Back-Up Camera | Opt |
Security |
Anti-theft System | Std |
Telematics | Opt |
Original Warranty |
Miles |
Months |
Basic | 36,000 | 36 |
Drivetrain | 100,000 | 60 |
Corrosion | 100,000 | 72 |
Roadside Assistance | 100,000 | 60 |
GMC Certified Pre-Owned Warranty |
2-year/30,000-mile¹ CPO vehicle maintenance plan. 12-month/12,000-mile² bumper-to-bumper warranty. 5-year/100,000-mile ³ powertrain limited warranty. ¹Whichever comes first. See participating dealer for details. ²Whichever comes first from date of purchase. See participating dealer for limited warranty details. ³Whichever comes first from original in-service date. See participating dealers for limited warranty details.> |
Age/Mileage Eligibility | 2008-2013 model year / Under 75,000 miles |
Lease Term Certified | No |
Point Inspection | 172-Point Vehicle Inspection and Reconditioning Download checklist |
Return/Exchange Program | 3-Day 150-Mile Satisfaction Guarantee |
Roadside Assistance | Yes |
Transferrable Warranty | Yes |
Warranty Deductible | $0 |
Please enter your ZIP code to find vehicles for sale in your area.
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ANOTHER talented Tasmanian musician will step into the national spotlight this week, with young Hobart performer Jed Appleton to appear on The X-Factor.
Appleton is following in the footsteps of Tassie's other recent TV talent-show success stories, among them Australia's Got Talent runners-up The Wolfe Brothers, former Australian Idol contestant Dewayne Everettsmith and The Voice competitor Cameron Tapp.
A skilled songwriter, singer and guitarist, 17-year-old Appleton has made it through to The X-Factor's "boot camp" stage after impressing judges Guy Sebastian, Ronan Keating, Natalie Bassingthwaighte and Mel B with his audition.
While appearing on TV talent shows helps boost a performer's profile, Hobart promoter and musician Charles Touber says it can be just as lucrative working behind the scenes as a songwriter, especially in an era when album sales have plummeted as downloads skyrocket.
Better known these days as a concert promoter, Touber first tasted success with his '80s pop band The Innocents. He signed a songwriting contract with Shock on the strength of The Innocents' popular single Sooner or Later and went on to write material for children's show The Saddle Club and its soundtrack albums.
He has spent the past two years focusing on making his own music, and has just had three of his songs placed in Australian TV shows.
Wrong Galaxy and Come Tonight are being used in Puberty Blues, while Nothing Succeeds Like Success will feature in an upcoming episode of Winners and Losers.
Touber said Tasmanian songwriters should not be discouraged if they or their band never get the big break, as there are many other outlets for good songs -- music is always needed for TV shows, movies, and theatre productions.
"There's a whole other set of opportunities out there, such as writing songs for other artists, but nobody talks about it down here because there's no publishing industry in Tasmania," Touber said.
See today's Mercury for more details on Tasmania's rising stars.


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Smalto Adviser is at your disposal at
+33 (0)1 .220.127.116.11
- Contact
- +33 (0)1 .126.96.36.199 Monday to Friday, from 9:30 AM to 6:30 PM
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Tie with thin stripesS10-AI-AI0085
This tie with its narrow, ton-sur-ton stripes will give your outfit a touch of elegance and refinement. It comes in three colours, and easily adapts to your businessman's look or you could achieve a less formal look by wearing it with a plain shirt. The House of Smalto recommends pairing it with a grey suit.
Width: 7.5cm
Composition: 100% silk
We advise you not to clean your silk tie at home. It is recommended that you take it to a proffessional cleaner who will take care of the fabric. A silk tie washed in water can lose its original shape, the various folds having different reactions to water and shrinking in different ways.
Express delivery to France – 15€ : Your parcel will be carefully delivered in hand and signed-for, through an Express 24hr to 48hr service to France, as soon as your items are available to ship. If you are not present when delivery is attempted, your parcel will be available for pickup at the post office closest to your home.
Same day delivery to France – 25€ : Your order placed before midday will be delivered in the evening between 5.00pm and 9.00pm, at the destination of your choice, by courier driving an electric vehicle.
Delivery to the euro zone - 15 € : Your parcel will be delivered in hand signed-for within 5 days, as soon as your items are available to ship. A note will be left in your letterbox and a second delivery will be attempted if you are not present the first time, in order to ensure the good reception of your goods. Deliveries are carried out Monday to Friday.
Return conditions : You may return any Smalto item that does not suit you, within 7 days of receiving your order by request by email to the customer service. Items must be returned in their original packaging and unworn. Postage costs are at the charge of the customer, however if your order is refunded, initial delivery costs will be refunded.
Packaging : Your Smalto items will be carefully wrapped in soft paper, and individually packed in a giftbox baring the colours of the House of Smalto.


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Once The fastest growing sport in America, NASCAR is now threatened by an imploding car business and shrinking sponsorship budgets that are the sport's very lifeblood.
CNBC's Darren Rovell has the inside track on the sponsors, superstar drivers and fans that have made NASCAR a multi-billion dollar business.
- Visit the website for show times
- Darren's Sports Biz Blog