text:
Delhi दिल्ली دهلی ਦਿੱਲੀ |
— National Capital Territory — | |
National Capital Territory of Delhi | |
From top clockwise: Lotus temple, Humayun's Tomb, Connaught Place, Akshardham temple and India Gate. | |
Nickname(s): Dilli (Hindi: दिल्ली, Urdu: دِلّی, Punjabi: ਦਿੱਲੀ) | |
Coordinates: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E / 28.61000°N 77.23000°ECoordinates: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E / 28.61000°N 77.23000°E | |
Country | India |
Settled | 1638 |
Incorporated | 1857 |
Capital formation | 1911 |
Government | |
• Chief Minister | Sheila Dikshit (INC) |
• Lt. Governor | Tejendra Khanna |
Area | |
• National Capital Territory | 1,484.0 km2 (573.0 sq mi) |
• Land | 1,590.0 km2 (614.0 sq mi) |
• Water | 18.0 km2 (6.9 sq mi) |
Elevation | 0–125 m (0–409 ft) |
Population (2011)[1] | |
• National Capital Territory | 12,565,901 |
• Rank | 2nd |
• Density | 29,155/km2 (19,210.88/sq mi) |
• Metro[2] | 16,314,838 |
• Metro rank | 2nd |
• Metropolitan | 21,753,486 (1st) |
Demonym | Delhiite |
Time zone | Indian Standard Time (UTC+5.30) |
Pincode(s) | 110001-110098, 1100xx |
Area code(s) | +91 11 |
Ethnicity | Hindi, Punjabi, Bihari |
Historical names | Indraprastha (around 5000 BC), Hastinapur, Lal Kot (in 736 AD), Qila Rai Pithora (in 1180 AD), Delhi (from 1206 AD) |
Website | delhi.gov.in |
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/, also known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi) is a metropolitan region in India that includes the national capital city, New Delhi. It is India's second-most-populous city after Mumbai, and the largest city in terms of area. With a population of 22 million in 2011, the city is the fourth-largest city in the world.[2][3] The NCT and its urban region have been given the special status of National Capital Region (NCR) under the Constitution of India's 69th amendment act of 1991. The NCR includes the neighbouring cities of Baghpat, Gurgaon, Sonepat, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida and other nearby towns, and has nearly 22.2 million residents.[4]
Although technically a federally administered union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi, and is the capital of the NCT of Delhi.
Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC.[5] Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires. It has been captured, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period, and the modern Delhi is a cluster of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan region. Delhi was the site of ancient Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the Mahabharata.[6] Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain during the Delhi sultanates.[7][8]
In AD 1639, the Mughal emperor Shahjahan built a new walled city in Delhi, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1649 until the Rebellion of 1857.[9][10] The British captured Delhi in 1857 and the city replaced Kolkata as the seat of British government in India in 1911.[11] A new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s.[12] When the British left India in 1947, New Delhi became the national capital and seat of government.
Toponymy and idioms
There are a number of legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One is that it is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king of Mauryan dynasty who built a city at this location in 50 BC and named it after himself.[6][13][14] Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Hindi/Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the Iron Pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved.[14] The coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal.[15] According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithviraj Chauhan, of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali.[16] Some historians believe that the name is derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleez or dehali—both terms meaning 'threshold' or 'gateway'— and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain.[17][18] Another theory suggests that the city's original name was Dhillika.[19]
The people of Delhi are referred to as Dilliwallahs or Delhiites.[20] The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Examples include:
- Abhi Dilli door hai or its Persian version, Hanouz Dehli dour ast, literally meaning Delhi is still far away, which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion.[21][22]
- Dilli dilwalon ka shehr or Dilli Dilwalon ki meaning Delhi belongs to the large-hearted/daring.[23]
- Aas-paas barse, Dilli pani tarse, literally meaning it pours all around, while Delhi lies parched. An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty.[22]
The area around Delhi was probably inhabited before the second millennium BC, and there is evidence of continuous inhabitation since at least the 6th century BC.[5] The city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata.[6] The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period (c. 300 BC); in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273–236 BC) was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of eight major cities have been discovered in Delhi. The first five cities were in the southern part of present-day Delhi. Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty founded the city of Lal Kot in AD 736. The Chauhans conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.
The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by the Afghan invader Muhammad Ghori who made a concerted effort to conquer northern India.[6] By 1200, Hindu resistance had begun to crumble. Muslim dominance in India was to last for the next six centuries. On the death of Muhammad in 1206, the Turkic slave-general, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, broke away from the Ghurid Dynasty and became the first Sultan of Delhi. He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. Qutb-ud-din faced widespread Hindu rebellions and it was his successor, Iltutmish (1211–36), who consolidated the Muslim conquest of northern India.[6][26]
For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and Pashtun dynasties. They built a number of forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi.[28] Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period.[29] The Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320). Under the second Khilji ruler, Ala-ud-din Khilji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India, but by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), the Delhi sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur Lenk in 1398.[30] Near Delhi, Timur massacred 100,000 captives.[31] Delhi's decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan Lodhi dynasty (1451–1526), the Delhi sultanate recovered control of the Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over northern India. However, the recovery was short-lived and in 1526 the sultanate was destroyed by Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty.
In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, from the Fergana Valley in modern-day Uzbekistan, invaded India, defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra.[6] The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reign of Sher Shah Suri, from 1540 to 1556.[32] In 1553, the Hindu king, Hemu Vikramaditya acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556.[33][34][35]Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.[36]
After 1720, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.[37] In 1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the Battle of Karnal, following which the victorious forces of Nader Shah, the Turkic ruler of the Afsharid dynasty, invaded and looted Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne.[38] A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi.[39]
In 1757, the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani, sacked Delhi. He returned to Afghanistan leaving a Mughal puppet ruler in nominal control. The Marathas briefly occupied Delhi before their defeat in 1761 at the third battle of Panipat and the city was captured again by Ahmad Shah. However, in 1771, the Marathas established a protectorate over Delhi when the Maratha ruler, Mahadji Shinde, recaptured Delhi and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was installed as a puppet ruler in 1772.[citation needed] In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi.[41] During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab.[6] In 1911, it was announced that the capital of British held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.[11] The name "New Delhi" was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi, also known as Lutyens' Delhi,[42] was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947.[43] During the partition of India, thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.[44]
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[45] The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.[45] In December 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants, killing six security personnel.[46] India suspected Pakistan-based militant groups were behind the attack, which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[47] There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in October 2005 and September 2008, resulting in the deaths of 62 and 30 civilians respectively.[48]
Delhi is located at 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E, and lies in Northern India. It borders the Indian states of Haryana on the north, west and south and Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the east. During the British Raj, Delhi was part of the province of Punjab and is still historically and culturally connected to the Punjab region.[49] Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna river was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, north-east and north-west parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region.[50]
The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1,484 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban. Delhi has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi). Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities.[51] Delhi was one of the ten most polluted cities in the world during the 1990s, with 70% of the polluting emissions produced by vehicles.[52] In 1996 the Centre for Science and Environment started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on Compressed Natural Gas and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energy's first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".[52]
Delhi is included in India's seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to major earthquakes, but earthquakes have not been common in recent history.[53]
Delhi features an atypical version of the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summers are long and the weather is extremely hot from early April to mid-October, with the monsoon season in between.[54] In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From March to May the weather is hot.[54] The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity.[54] The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.[55]
Temperatures in Delhi range from -2.2 to 48.5 °C (28 to 119.3 °F).[56] The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 °C (55 to 90 °F). The highest temperature recorded in July was 45 °C (113 °F) in 1931.[57][58] The average annual rainfall is approximately 714 mm (28.1 in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August.[6] The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.[59]
Climate data for Delhi | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °C (°F) | 21.1 (70) |
24.2 (75.6) |
30.0 (86) |
36.2 (97.2) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.3 (102.7) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.9 (93) |
32.9 (91.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
Average low °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
12.8 (55) |
8.2 (46.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
Rainfall mm (inches) | 20.3 (0.799) |
15.0 (0.591) |
15.8 (0.622) |
6.7 (0.264) |
17.5 (0.689) |
54.9 (2.161) |
231.5 (9.114) |
258.7 (10.185) |
127.8 (5.031) |
36.3 (1.429) |
5.0 (0.197) |
7.8 (0.307) |
797.3 (31.389) |
Avg. rainy days | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 5.4 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 39.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 213.9 | 217.5 | 238.7 | 261.0 | 263.5 | 198.0 | 167.4 | 176.7 | 219.0 | 269.7 | 246.0 | 217.0 | 2,688.4 |
Source #1: WMO [60] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: HKO (sun only, 1971–1990) [61] |
Civic administration
As of July 2007, the National Capital Territory of Delhi comprises nine districts, 27 tehsils, 59 census towns, 300 villages,[62] and three statutory towns, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) – 1,397.3 km2 or 540 sq mi, the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) – 42.7 km2 or 16 sq mi and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) – 43 km2 or 17 sq mi).[63][64] On 16 July 2012, the Delhi Government decided to increase the number of districts from nine to 11.[65]
The Delhi metropolitan area lies within the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), which has five local municipal corporations; North Delhi Municipal Corporation, South Delhi Municipal Corporation, East Delhi Municipal Corporation, NDMC and DCB. The former MCD was divided into three smaller Municipal Corporations – North Delhi, South Delhi and East Delhi.[66] According to the 2011 census, MCD is among the largest municipal bodies in the world, providing civic services to about 11 million people.[67]
Delhi houses the Supreme Court of India, and the regional Delhi High Court, along with the Small Causes Court for civil cases; the Magistrate Court and the Sessions Court for criminal cases, has jurisdiction over Delhi. The city is administratively divided into nine police-zones, which are subdivided into 95 local police stations.[68]
Government and politics
The National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, council of ministers and Chief Minister. Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished in1956, after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re-established in 1993. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act. The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi, where both bodies are located. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), Cabinet Secretariat and the Supreme Court of India are located in municipal district of New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament's lower house) constituencies in Delhi.[69][70]
The Indian National Congress formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s, when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Madan Lal Khurana, came to power.[71] Since 1998 however, the Congress has retained power in Delhi, with the current Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit in her 3rd term.[71][72] The city's transport services are run by the Delhi government and the police are directly controlled by the Central Government.[73]
Delhi is the largest commercial centre in northern India; it has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of 1,578.17 billion (US$27 billion) in nominal terms and ~6,300 billion (US$110 billion) in PPP terms.[74] As of 2010, the per capita income of Delhi was 135,820 (US$2,300), the third highest in India after Chandigarh and Goa. Delhi's Gross domestic product GDP (at 2004–05 prices), on average, grew by 10.7% between 2007 and 2012, making it one of the fastest growing cities in the region.[citation needed]
As per the Economic survey of Delhi (2005–2006), the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors, with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions respectively.[75] Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[76] Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003.[76] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programs in Delhi.[76]
In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed 219,000.[76] Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.[77] Construction, power, health and community services, and real estate are also important to the city's economy. Delhi has one of India's largest and fastest growing retail industries.[78] Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has attracted foreign investment. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units.[79]
Utility services
Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of 2005–06, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.[80] The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.[80]
In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD.[81] The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.[82] A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.[82]
The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita, but actual demand is higher.[83] In Delhi power distribution is managed by Tata Power Distribution and BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.[84] The state-owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and private enterprises Vodafone, Airtel, Idea cellular, Reliance Infocomm, Aircel and Tata Indicom provide telephone and cell phone service to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM, CDMA and 3G.
Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. It is a private airport, maintained by the GMR Group. In 2006–07, the airport was used by more than 23 million passengers,[87][88] making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost 96.8 billion (US$1.7 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[89]
The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.[90] The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,[90] and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[91]
Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla.[92] The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of August 2011, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189 km (117 mi) and 146 stations, and several other lines are under construction.[93] The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional 216 billion (US$3.7 billion).[94] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.[95]Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[96] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[97]
The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 13th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro is India's first modern public transportation system, which has revolutionized travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83 mi) with 142 stations, of which 35 are underground, five are at-grade, and the remainder are elevated. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad.
As of 2007, private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.[92] Delhi has 1922.32 km of road length per 100 km2, one of the highest road densities in India.[92] It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, 2, 8, 10 and 24. The city's road network is maintained by MCD, NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.[98] The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects Delhi with Gurgaon and the international airport. The DND Flyway and Noida-Greater Noida Expressway connect Delhi with the suburbs of Noida and Greater Noida.[99][100] Delhi's rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport, creating excessive pressure on the city's transport infrastructure. As of 2008, the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, Delhi NCR, is 11.2 million (11.2 million).[101] In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.[102]
In order to meet the transport demand, the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro.[92] In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG).[103] Buses are the most popular means of public transport, catering for about 60% of the total demand.[92] The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider which operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-fuelled buses.[104]Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate.
Population Growth of Delhi | |||
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1901 | 405,819 |
1911 | 413,851 | 2.0% | |
1921 | 488,452 | 18.0% | |
1931 | 636,246 | 30.3% | |
1941 | 917,939 | 44.3% | |
1951 | 1,744,072 | 90.0% | |
1961 | 2,658,612 | 52.4% | |
1971 | 4,065,698 | 52.9% | |
1981 | 6,220,406 | 53.0% | |
1991 | 9,420,644 | 51.4% | |
2001 | 13,782,976 | 46.3% | |
2011 | 16,753,235 | 21.6% | |
source:[1] † Huge population rise in 1951 due to large scale migration after Partition of India in 1947. |
According to the 2011 census of India, the population of Delhi is 16,753,235.[1] The corresponding population density was 11,297 persons per km2, with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively.[105] In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by 215,000 as a result of natural population growth[105] – this made Delhi one of the fastest growing cities in the world. By 2015, Delhi is expected to be the third-largest conurbation in the world after Tokyo and Mumbai.[106]Dwarka Sub City, Asia's largest planned residential area, is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[107]
Hinduism is Delhi's most popular religion, with approximately 81% of Delhi's population. The city has large communities of Muslims (11.7%), Sikhs (5%), Baha'i (0.1%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.94%) in the city.[109][110] Other minority religions include Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Judaism.[111] The principle language in Delhi is Hindustani,[112] and Hindi (Devanagari Script) is the principal written language of the city.[113] There is a sizable Punjabi and Urdu speaking population. Punjabi and Urdu has second language status in Delhi.[114]
According a 1999–2000 estimate, the total number of people living below the poverty line, defined as living on US$11 or less per month, in Delhi was 1,149,000, or 8.23% of the total population, compared to 27.5% of India as a whole.[115] 52% of Delhi residents live in slums[116] without basic services like water, electricity, sanitation, sewage system or proper housing.[117][118] In 2005, Delhi accounted for the highest percentage (16.2%) of the crimes reported in 35 Indian cities with populations of one million or more.[119] The city has the highest rate of kidnapping and abduction cases with 9.3%; the national rate is 2.2%.[120] Delhi accounts for 15.4% of crime against women in Indian cities.[120]
Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city. The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1200 heritage buildings[121] and 175 monuments as national heritage sites.[122] In the Old City, the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings, such as the Jama Masjid – India's largest mosque[123] and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites – the Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Humayun's Tomb – are located in Delhi.[124] Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar – an 18th-century astronomical observatory – and the Purana Qila – a 16th-century fortress. The Laxminarayan temple, Akshardham temple, the Bahá'í Lotus temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture, including the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style. Some regal havelis (palatial residences) are in the Old City.[125]
Lotus Temple, is a Bahá'í House of Worship completed in 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city. The Lotus Temple has won numerous architectural awards and been featured in hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles. Like all other Bahá'í Houses of Worship, is open to all regardless of religion, or any other distinction, as emphasized in Bahá'í texts. The Bahá'í laws emphasize that the spirit of the House of Worship be that it is a gathering place where people of all religions may worship God without denominational restrictions.[126] The Bahá'í laws also stipulate that only the holy scriptures of the Bahá'í Faith and other religions can be read or chanted inside in any language; while readings and prayers can be set to music by choirs, no musical instruments can be played inside. Furthermore no sermons can be delivered, and there can be no ritualistic ceremonies practiced.[126]
Chandni Chowk, a 17th-century market, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.[127] Delhi's arts and crafts include, Zardozi[128] – an embroidery done with gold thread – [129] and Meenakari[130] – the art of enamelling.[131]
Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day, Independence Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.[132] The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military strength.[133][134] Over the centuries, Delhi has become known for its composite culture, and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place in September. Flowers and pankhe – fans embroidered with flowers – are offered to the shrine of 13th century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya temple, both situated in Mehrauli.[135]
Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram and Buddha Jayanti.[134] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop.[136] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show,[137] is held in Delhi biennially. The World Book Fair, held biannually at the Pragati Maidan, is the second largest exhibition of books in the world.[138] Delhi is often regarded as the "Book Capital" of India because of high readership.[139]
As India's national capital and centuries old Mughal capital, Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine, a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents.[140] The dearth of food habits among the city's residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world, with dishes such as Kebab, biryani, tandoori. The city's classic dishes include Butter chicken, Aloo Chaat, chaat, dahi vada, kachori,chole bhature, jalebi and lassi.[140][141]:40–50, 189–196
The fast living habits of Delhi's people has motivated the growth of street food outlets.[141]:41 A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents. High profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years, among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel, the Punjab Grill and Bukhara.[142] The Gali Paranthe Wali (the street of fried bread) is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s, almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors who regularly. It has become almost a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once, and other Indian cuisines are available here.[141]:40–50[143]
Private schools in Delhi – which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction – are affiliated to one of three administering bodies, the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (NCERT (CBSE))[145] or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 2004–05, approximately 15.29 lakh (1.529 million) students were enrolled in primary schools, 8.22 lakh (0.822 million) in middle schools and 6.69 lakh (0.669 million) in secondary schools across Delhi.[146] Female students represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.[146]
Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government or private organisations. In 2006, Delhi had 165 colleges, five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,[146] seven major universities and nine deemed universities.[146] Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi Technological University, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University are the only state universities,[148]Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education and the rest are central universities.[149] As of 2008, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.[150]
As the capital of India, Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many national media agencies, including the state-owned Press Trust of India, Media Trust of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English and regional-language cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television has yet to gain a large quantity of subscribers in the city.[151]
Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. The city's newspapers include Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar and Dainik Desbandhu.[152] Amongst the English language newspapers, The Hindustan Times, with a daily circulation of over a million copies, is the single largest daily.[153] Other major English newspapers include Times of India, The Hindu, Indian Express, Business Standard, The Pioneer and The Asian Age. Regional dailies include Malayala Manorama and Delhi Uptodate (weekly), Eenadu, Vaartha, Sakshi and Andhra Jyothy.[152]
Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has gained popularity[154] since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006.[155] A number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi.[156][157]
Delhi has hosted many major international sporting events, including the first and the ninth Asian Games,[158] the 2010 Hockey World Cup, the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Delhi lost bidding for the 2014 Asian Games,[159] and considered making a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[160] However, sports minister Manohar Singh Gill later stated that funding infrastructure would come before a 2020 bid.[161]
The 2010 Commonwealth Games, which ran from 3 to 14 October 2010, was one of the largest sports event held in India.[162][163] The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi at 7:00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010.[164] The ceremony featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours.[165] It is estimated that 3.5 billion (US$60 million) were spent to produce the ceremony.[166] Events took place at 12 competition venues. 20 training venues were used in the Games, including seven venues within Delhi University.[167] The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games.[167][168] The mess left behind after the Commonwealth Games prompted Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to replace Sports and Youth Affairs minister Manohar Singh Gill with Ajay Maken in the 19 January 2011 Cabinet reshuffle.[169]
Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi.[170] There are several cricket grounds, or maidans, located across the city. The Feroz Shah Kotla Ground (known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches. It is the home ground of the Delhi cricket team, which represents the city in the Ranji Trophy, the premier Indian domestic first-class cricket championship.[171] The Delhi cricket team has produced several world-class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag, Gautam Gambhir, Virat Kohli, Madan Lal, Chetan Chauhan and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few. The Railways and Services cricket teams in the Ranji Trophy also play their home matches in Delhi, in the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Harbax Singh Stadium respectively. The city is also home to the Indian Premier League team Delhi Daredevils, who play their home matches at the Kotla, and was the home to the Delhi Giants team (previously Delhi Jets) of the now defunct Indian Cricket League.
Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in Delhi which holds 20,000 people, was the venue for the Indian football team's World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012.[172] Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007[173] and 2009, in both of which India defeated Syria 1–0.[174] In the Elite Football League of India, Delhi's first professional American football franchise, the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune.[175]Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, a suburb of Delhi, hosts the annual Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix.[176] The Indira Gandhi Arena is also in Delhi.
Sister cities and twin regions
Delhi has the following sister cities[177]
City | Geographical location | Nation | Since |
Seoul | Seoul National Capital Area | South Korea | |
Chicago | Illinois | United States | 2001[178] |
London | England | United Kingdom | 2002[179] |
Sydney | New South Wales | Australia | |
Kuala Lumpur | Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | |
Moscow | Moscow | Russia | 2002[180] |
Tokyo | Kantō region (Honshū island) | Japan | |
Ulan Bator | Mid-East Mongolia | Mongolia | 2002[180] |
Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | Russia | 2002[180] |
Paris (Partner City) | Île-de-France | France | 2006[181] |
Yerevan (Partner City) | Yerevan | Armenia | 2008 |
Fukuoka Prefecture (Twin region) | Kyushu | Japan | 2007 |
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- ^ "Delhi Metro records 10% rise in commuters-Delhi-Cities-The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
- ^ Sunil Sethi / New Delhi 9 February 2008. "Sunil Sethi: Why Delhi is India's Book Capital". Business-standard.com. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
- ^ a b Swamy, M.R.Narayan (2006). New Delhi. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 14–17. ISBN 981-232-996-x Check
value (help). Retrieved 23 June 2012. - ^ a b c Singh, Chetananand (2010). "Commonwealth games guide to Delhi" (PDF). Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ Duncan, Fiona (6 March 2011). "Delhi, India: hotels, restaurants and transport". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ Brown, Lindsay; Thomas, Amelia (2008). Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra (second ed.). Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet. pp. 20–31. ISBN 978-1741046908. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ "Medical Meccas: An Oasis for India's Poorest | Newsweek Health for Life | Newsweek.com". Newsweek.com. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
- ^ "Schools in Delhi".
- ^ a b c d "Chapter 15: Education" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 173–187. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
- ^ "Asiaweek.com | Asia's Best Universities 2000 | Overall Ranking". Cgi.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
- ^ "List of State Universities". Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ "THE INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ACT, 198". Government of India. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "outlookindia.com | wired". Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
- ^ Rediff Business Desk (5 September 2006). "What is CAS? What is DTH?". rediff news: Business. Rediff.com. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
- ^ a b "Delhi Newspapers". http://www.newspapers.co.in. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "Biographical Data of Vir Sanghvi". Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ Naqvi, Farah (14 November 2006). "Chapter4: Towards a Mass Media Campaign: Analysing the relationship between target audiences and mass media" (PDF). Images and icons: Harnessing the Power of Mass Media to Promote Gender Equality and Reduce Practices of Sex Selection. BBC World Service Trust. pp. 26–36. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
- ^ "Delhi: Radio Stations in Delhi, India". ASIAWAVES: Radio and TV Broadcasting in South and South-East Asia. Alan G. Davies. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
- ^ "All India Radio". Indian govt. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ "Radio Stations in Delhi, India". Asiawaves asiawaves.net. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ "India to bid for 2014 Asian Games". South Asia (BBC). 29 March 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
- ^ "New Delhi loses bid". The Hindu (Chennai, India: The Hindu). 18 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Delhi To Bid For 2020 Summer Games". gamesbids.com. Menscerto Inc. 28 April 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
- ^ "India Won't Bid For 2020 Games". Gamesbids.com. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ Burke, Jason (3 October 2010). "'India has arrived': spectacular ceremony opens Commonwealth Games". London: The Guardian, UK. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ Hart, Simon (3 October 2010). "Commonwealth Games 2010: India opens doors to the world at opening ceremony". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ PTI, 3 October 2010, 07.06 pm IST (3 October 2010). "Biggest ever Commonwealth Games begins in Delhi – The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ "CWG: 8,000 artists to show 5,000-year-old culture". One India News. 3 October 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ "The CWG opening show reality: Rs 350 crore". Times of India. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Non-Competition Venues". Commonwealth Games Organising Committee. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ "Commonwealth Games hit by more bad luck after giant scoreboard collapse". http://www.dailymail.co.uk. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "New Sports Minister". Sify.com. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ Camenzuli, Charles. "Cricket may be included in the 2010 Games". Interview. International Sports Press Association. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
- ^ Cricinfo staff. "A Brief History: The Ranji Trophy". Cricinfo. The Wisden Group. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Ambedkar stadium to host India's World Cup qualifier". Times of Inia. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "Bob Houghton's Boys made India proud with a superb victory over Syria". 17 May 2012. http://www.kolkatafootballs.com.
- ^ "India vs Syria Nehru Cup 2009 Football Final Results, Highlights". CLbuzz. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ 'They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed. Newsfeed.time.com (4 August 2011). Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ "India company says on track for 2011 F1 race". Reuters. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ "Delhi to London, it's a sister act". India Times. 7 July 2002. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- ^ "Sister cities of Chicago". Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ^ "Friendship agreement to be signed between London and Delhi". Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ^ a b c "Sister-City Agreements". Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ^ "Paris wants 'sister-city' relationship with Delhi". Retrieved 12 February 2011.
Further reading
- Economic Survey of Delhi 2005–2006. Planning Department. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved on 12 February 2007
- Horton, P (2002). Lonely Planet Delhi (3 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-86450-297-5.
- Rowe, P; Coster, P (2004). Delhi (Great Cities of the World). World Almanac Library. ISBN 0-8368-5197-8.
- Four-part series on Delhi (30 May – 2 June 2012). Metrocity Journal: Delhi's Changing Landscape. The Wall Street Journal. Text "cite web" ignored (help)
External links
Find more about Delhi at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity | |
News stories from Wikinews | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Travel guide from Wikivoyage |
- Government
- Other
- Delhi at the Open Directory Project
Haryana | Uttar Pradesh | |||
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Kildare & Wicklow »For a drive with a difference, check out the luscious landscapes of Kildare and Wicklow on the Grand Tour Touring Routes.
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Hotels Tullamore Court Hotel
TIME-OUT TIME: €140pps - 3 B&B+1 Dinner to the value of €30pp from the Windmill restaurant table d'hôte menu or from the Furlong Bar early bird menu. Children, under 12, share free (room only). This is a midweek offer, valid April 1 to December 30, 2012.
The four star Tullamore Court Hotel is ideally situated in Tullamore Town at the heart of the midlands, County Offaly. Luxury, elegance and style are the distinguishing qualities of this superb hotel. Fine dining is complemented by a wide range of interesting wines. Luxurious accommodation, award winning leisure facilities and friendly staff will complete your stay. Tullamore Court Hotel offers a choice of 104 luxurious guest bedrooms, each one is maintained and serviced to the highest hotel accommodation standards. You can choose from fine dining in the Windmill Restaurant, where only the finest of fresh produce goes into creating a unique dining experience, or a more casual, relaxed menu is available in the lounge bar, where a warm and welcoming décor awaits you. The lounge bar features regular live entertainment and friendly, courteous staff. With a popular and varied entertainment line up every weekend, this is the perfect place to join locals and residents alike for a great night out. There are 8 golf courses within 40 minutes and two within five minutes of the hotel. Tullamore Dew Heritage Centre is also nearby.
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Color BlindnessIntroduction to Color BlindnessWhen we see different colors, we are perceiving differences in the light that is reaching our eyes. The way we see different colors is something like the way we hear different sounds as being "low" or "high." This is called pitch, and it corresponds to the frequency of the sound. The keys on the left side of a piano keyboard make low-frequency sounds, for example, and the frequency of the sound gets higher as one plays keys further to the right. There is a similar order to the colors we see. The colors of every rainbow always appear in the same order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The different colors in each part of the rainbow correspond to a different wavelength of light. Reddish colors are long in wavelength and bluish colors are shorter. And just as there are many notes on the piano, there are many wavelengths of light corresponding to different colors. © 2005-2013 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. |
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Articles Index: Florence Hotels, Piazza della Signoria – The Uffizi Gallery |
Piazza della Signoria is an L-shaped square in front of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy. It was named after the Palazzo della Signoria, also called Palazzo Vecchio.
It is the focal point of the origin and of the history of the Florentine Republic and still maintains its reputation as the political hub of the city. It is the meeting place of Florentines as well as the numerous tourists.
The impressive 14th century Palazzo Vecchio is still preeminent with its crenellated tower. The square is also shared with the Loggia della Signoria, the Uffizi Gallery, the Palace of the Tribunale della Mercanzia (1359) (now the Bureau of Agriculture), and the Uguccioni Palace (16th Century, with a facade probably by Raphael). Located in front of the Palazzo Vecchio is the Palace of the Assicurazioni Generali (1871, built in Renaissance style).
The various eye-catching statues in this square include:
• At the entrance of the Palazzo Vecchio, a copy of David.[2] The original by Michelangelo is being kept at the Gallery of the Academy of Fine Arts.
• The "bronze equestrian statue of Cosimo I" by Giambologna (1594)
• The Fountain of Neptune by Bartolomeo Ammannati (1575)[3]
• "The Lion", referred to as "il Marzocco" with a copy of the "Florentine Lily", originally made by Donatello (copy)
• "Judith and Holofernes", by Donatello (copy)[2]
• "Hercules and Cacus", by Bandinelli (1533)[2]
• "The Rape of the Sabine Women", by Giambologna
• "Perseus with the Head of Medusa", by Cellini (1554)
This splendid open-air museum evokes centuries of greatness and power. It was already a central square in the original Roman town Florentia, surrounded by a theatre, Roman baths and a workshop for dyeing textiles. Later there was a church San Romolo, a loggia and an enormous 5th c. basilica. This was shown by the archaeological treasures found beneath the square when it was repaved in the 1980s. Even remains of a Neolithic site were found. The square started taking shape from 1268 on, when houses of Ghibellines were pulled down by the victorious Guelphs. The square remained a long time untidy, full of holes. In 1385 it was paved for the first time. In 1497 Girolamo Savonarola and his followers carried out on this square the famous Bonfire of the Vanities, burning in a large pile books, gaming tables, fine dresses, and works of poets. In front of the fountain of Neptune, a round marble plaque marks the exact spot where Girolamo Savonarola was hanged and burned on May 23, 1498.
The Uffizi Gallery, is one of the oldest and most famous art museums of the Western world. It's housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a palazzo in Florence, Italy.
Building of the palace was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici as the offices for the Florentine magistrates — hence the name "uffizi" ("offices"). Construction was continued to Vasari's design by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti and ended in 1581. The cortile (internal courtyard) is so long and narrow, and open to the Arno River at its far end through a Doric screen that articulates the space without blocking it, that architectural historians[2] treat it as the first regularized streetscape of Europe. Vasari, a painter as well as architect, emphasized the perspective length by the matching facades' continuous roof cornices, and unbroken cornices between storeys and the three continuous steps on which the palace-fronts stand. The niches in the piers that alternate with columns were filled with sculptures of famous artists in the 19th century.
The Palazzo degli Uffizi brought together under one roof the administrative offices, the Tribunal and the state archive (Archivio di Stato). The project that was planned by Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany to arrange that prime works of art in the Medici collections on the piano nobile was effected by Francis I of Tuscany, who commissioned from Buontalenti the famous Tribuna degli Uffizi that united a selection of the outstanding masterpieces in the collection in an ensemble that was a star attraction of the Grand Tour.
Over the years, further parts of the palace evolved into a display place for many of the paintings and sculpture collected by the Medici family or commissioned by them. According to Vasari, who was not only the architect of the Uffizi but also the author of Lives of the Artists, published in 1550 and 1568, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo gathered at the Uffizi "for beauty, for work and for recreation."
After the house of Medici was extinguished, the art treasures remained in Florence by terms of the famous Patto di famiglia negotiated by Anna Maria Lodovica, the last Medici heiress; it formed one of the first modern museums. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, and in 1765 it was officially opened to the public.
Because of its huge collection, some of its works have in the past been transferred to other museums in Florence — for example, some famous statues, to the Bargello. A project is currently underway to expand the museum's exhibition space by 2006 from some 6,000 metres² (64,000 ft²) to almost 13,000 metres² (139,000 ft²), allowing public viewing of many artworks that have usually been in storage.
In 1993, a car bomb exploded in Via dei Georgofili and damaged parts of the palace, killing five people. The most severe damage was to the Niobe room, the classical sculptures and neoclassical interior of which have been restored, although its frescoes were damaged beyond repair. The identity of the bomber or bombers are unknown, although it was almost certainly attributable to the Sicilian Mafia who were engaged in a period of terrorism at that time.
Today the Uffizi is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Florence. In high season (particularly in July), waiting times can be up to five hours. Visitors who reserve a ticket in advance have a substantially shorter wait.
In the summer 2007, in early August, Florence was caught with a large rainstorm, and the Gallery was partially flooded, with water leaking through the ceiling, and the visitors had to be evacuated.
By: Wikipedia
Filed under: Historical information | Tagged: florence, florence piazza della signoria, florence uffizi, florence uffizi gallery, italy florence uffizi, itinerary florence, palazzo vecchio, palazzo vecchio florence, piazza della signoria, piazza della signoria hotel, travel florence, travel in florence, tuscany, uffizi gallery, uffizi hotel florence | 1 Comment »


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In this photo: Mad Men Joan Holloway Barbie® doll wearing the fabulous Publicity Tour™ Barbie® Doll ensemble.
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Corsets are another exciting choice for lingerie sets. A corset fits close to the body and trims the waist and hips as it lifts the bust. This waist-whittling lingerie is nothing like a girdle, though; most modern corsets are meant to be worn by themselves, not as shape garments under clothing. Playful design elements like lace-up fronts or backs and luxurious fabrics such as velvet and satin make corset sets feel special whether worn with matching panties or petticoat-like underskirts. Some corsets hint at costumes and roleplay, taking their inspiration from burlesque stage outfits, saloon girls' fitted bodices, and Victorian underpinnings. Whether you're wearing it under a killer outfit or just on its own, it's important to select shapewear that compliments your body type. Our buying guide for shapewear can help you find the right girdles, corsets and more to flatter your curves under that hot cocktail dress or elegant evening gown.>
With a range of designs and sizes to flatter every figure, Sears has a underwear for any occasion from casual to romantic. Be sure to find the right one for you with our bra buying guide. Go from racy red lace to pristine white, baby blue to animal prints. Most styles are available in sizes 2 to 26 or XS to 3X. Try a few different styles and see which one feels right for tonight.


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Recreation and paving projects top the list for 2009 improvements in Jacksboro, according to Mayor Jack Cannon.
"The main thing we want to work on this year is our park properties," said Cannon, speaking of two recreation projects that Jacksboro received grant money for last year.
"We have two years to use the money, so it's something we want to work on this year," said Cannon.
He also hopes to get some sidewalk and paving projects accomplished as well.
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Devin Coldewey is a Seattle-based writer and photographer. He has written for the TechCrunch network since 2007.
Some posts he'd like you to read:
The Dangers of Externalizing Knowledge | Generation i | Surveillant Society | Choose Two | Frame Wars | The User's Manifesto | Our Great Sin
His personal website is coldewey.cc.
What is the real issue brought up by this whole PRISM debacle? It's not that the government is willing to overstep its role using national security as an excuse. That's been going on for thousands of years. It's not that companies in a position of power are willing to throw those that rely on them under the bus in order to get ahead. Again, that's nothing new. And… → Read More
It's hard to say with any conviction where we are in the process of, shall we say, crowd-sourcing justice. Like most things, it is a process, not something achieved, and while some question its utility, it's no good to question its existence.
Some see the events of this week as a turning point, and in a way, they were, but there are dark days ahead for digilantes. → Read More
I want a black and white computer, and I don't want it out of sheer, wanton weirdness. I actually think it's a good idea. Here's why. → Read More
The mobile phone is today's PC, but not necessarily in the way you think. They've reached a pleasant plateau hardware-wise, and are poised for a diversification movement like the PC faced in the early 2000s. Pretty soon we're going to stop adding and start subtracting. → Read More
Once, I envisioned Google's destiny as a rich tapestry, obscure services hooking in through engines and tools to a vastness of data, and, at the other end of the telescope, a single point of entry through which one would have instant access to everything from maps to obscure scientific results.
This incredible web of empowerment, resources, and variety. This bright future.
I'm feeling let… → Read More
Here's a rather unfortunate development: The proliferation of recording devices and instant distribution is matched by our ability to falsify the information they produce. While they don't exactly cancel each other out, they do have the awkward effect of turning an age of the most rigorous documentation into an age of jaded (and justified) suspicion. → Read More
There's a funny thing about the way proponents of Apple (I say this without denigration) cheerlead their champion as it enters (supposedly) the gaming world. In a lot of ways, there's already an Apple in the games industry: it's the games industry. Apple is filling the position in the games industry that Android fills in the mobile world. → Read More
Facebook's newest feature adds some much-needed relevance to the huge proportion of its data hoard that no user has seen or, if we're honest, thought about, in days, weeks, or years. But Graph Search is ultimately nothing more than a handy sorting algorithm, and it's indicative of the fact that really, Facebook doesn't understand the first thing about us. → Read More
There's something I've always hoped for but never seems to appear: A hardware switch to disconnect my device from all outside communication. Call me paranoid, but airplane mode just isn't good enough for me. Such a switch for wireless (or for the camera, or the microphone) seems to me an elementary protection against a number of potential dangers, and I doubt I'm the only one who'd appreciate it. → Read More
If we as a country, and indeed we as a global community, are going to seriously address the question of gun control, we need to address the issue of fabricated weapons and weapon plans, or else the discussion will be moot. This is because the proliferation of 3D printed weaponry changes both the definition of "gun" and of what it means to "control" it. → Read More
When our media is filtered and refiltered, bleached by content guidelines and automatic takedown algorithms, we run the risk of living a life with the objectionable and graphic and terrifying, in other words the real, strained out. The pervasion of cameras means the documentation of everything, and this is at odds with the prim, "curated" platforms on which that documentation is most often shared. → Read More
If the Internet, at its most basic level, was built around the idea of one human connecting with another human, is it really changing how this is done? To make it easier and better is no insignificant accomplishment, but are actually changing the way people communicate with one another?
It seems to me that we're not fashioning a thunderbolt, but greasing the lightning that's already there. → Read More
To operate in the 21st century as if it is still the 20th is certain death for most businesses. Not instant, but certain. And it was certainly this practice that led two of the largest publishers to combine their lot. The resulting business will have to change all the same, but it's easier to navigate these waters as a single raft (of the Medusa variety, but a raft nonetheless) than as a flotilla. → Read More
I've greatly enjoyed watching the petty controversies that erupted this week, controversies having to do with what can only loosely be described as buyer's remorse: indignant iPad owners, a mysteriously banished Amazon customer, and a host of people calling foul on Facebook's promoted posts. One of these is a legitimate and productive complaint, the others are nothing but a froth about the mouth. → Read More
The boundaries of our personal rights have been summed up concisely in the observation that they end where those of others begin. And this is a perfectly good lamp by which to guide our actions in many cases. But the Internet has led to the destruction of location and identity as necessary considerations when calculating our rights and privileges.
This week furnishes some examples – and… → Read More
It strikes me as wrong that our most powerful and expensive and familiar objects should be the ones we love the least. We hold them and touch them every day, look at them for hours on end, sleep next to them. But how little we care for them!
Here is the problem: we cannot love an object which knows nothing, which learns nothing, and which says nothing. → Read More
It's a powerful thing, this Internet of ours. The greatest tool for the distribution of knowledge, the administration of compassion, and development of conversation ever created. And the events of this week have shown how it can be a platform for tolerance and understanding, for love and peace.
Particularly touching was the story of a man who, with the assistance of friends and the Internet… → Read More
I was always a smart kid. Did very well on tests all through grade school, didn't have to do much work because the work I did do suggested to my teachers that there wasn't an issue. Just a couple missing worksheets, he'll do fine. When I got to middle school, I took the usual approach to things, which, for me, was always to just do them. That had worked brilliantly before, so I kept right on… → Read More
Depending on who you ask, Jack Dorsey started off the latest Disrupt on either a very controversial or a very non-controversial note. "We need revolution, not disruption," he said, words that would be easy to characterize as platitudes if he were not working hard at uprooting a few global institutions. Even so, the sentiment did not entirely match the tone of the conference that was to… → Read More
The power of the internet lies in its near-infinite mutability. It's an edifice of information being added to and sculpted by as many hands as there are eyes viewing it. Truly democratic and increasingly accessible, it will soon be the vector for most communication that takes place on our world.
But its mutability is also a weakness, as so many great strengths are. The weakness arises from a… → Read More
The 20th century was owned and operated by middle men. Industry began as the creation of something for which would be traded other goods, services, or cash. As production centralized, distribution (as always) rose to close the distance between the product and the consumer. Facilitating consumption became a business unto itself: printing, shipping, packaging, and all the rest. A respectable… → Read More
Suppose you dropped your phone — a real fall, like from the second story — and it broke. You're picking up the pieces, cursing and trying to think of the last time you backed up your contacts, when you notice something. Deep within the phone's hardware, hidden from everyday use, you find a message — etched right onto the chassis.
What kind of message? Let's say you found a Darwin fish, or… → Read More
Magic, they call it. And indeed we may add an appendix to that old saw: any sufficiently advanced, or sufficiently obscure, technology is indistinguishable from magic.
You must know the story of the Mechanical Turk. How princes and tradesmen were amazed by this ingenious device's ability to play chess intelligently. In an age of steam and brass hinges! Yet at the time thousands were fooled. Had… → Read More
We've always been interested in the Notion Ink project, which has always striven to be a true alternative to both the iPad and Android masses. Last time, it was through both a Pixel Qi screen and an interesting custom interface, but delays and yield problems more or less buried it and competitors piled up.
The sequel to Notion Ink's Adam was originally going to have a 10″ screen running at… → Read More
In Ray Bradbury's short story "The Veldt," two children play in their "nursery," a sort of home holodeck where they can conjure up any scene in which to play. Bradbury always had a wonderfully clunky sort of technobabble; in this case, as the father tells the mother, "it's all dimensional superreactionary, supersensitive color film and mental tape film behind glass screens. It's all odorophonics… → Read More
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