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The A-2 Flight Jacket was made famous by U.S. Army airmen who wore them as a testament to their bravery, independence and skill. Service tested in 1930, the A-2 was adopted as the regulation Army Air Corps flying jacket on May 9, 1931. Its style continues to be a perfect example of form following function.
The A-2 jacket is available and true to the original design in russet or seal brown horsehide or medium brown goatskin.
True to the original Air Corp Spec:
One piece back, 2 piece sleeves. Talon nickel finish zipper with leather puller tabs, single entry pocket with luxurious curved shape flaps. Epaulets boxed stitched, 1 3/4" tapering down to 1 1/2". Hanger loop boxed stitch through and through. Stand up collar, snapped down collar tips. 8-10 stitches per inch, reinforced pockets corners and wind flap, provide solid construction that backed by life time warrantee.
Its lining of 100% cotton and 100% wool knit cuffs & waistband is also true to the original. Finish touch of A/N inspection stamp and Air Corp stamp on the lining.
If you like to create your personal specifications or modified colors, shape or components please visit the A-2 custom made jacket page.
You may also be interested in the following product(s)
Flying Tigers A2 Jacket
Custom Lining
G-1 Custom Jacket
A-2 Custom Jacket
A2 RAAF Flight Leather Jacket
Impeccable leather Review by J.W.
I have spent most of my life in one type of flight jacket on another. I started a company so that I could get better products and give the public the benefit of my years of searching for the perfect A2. I have owned cheap ones, expensive ones (Eastman), and many in between (McCoy). During this time I found that it wasn't the 8 to 11 stitches per inch or the five piece cut of the leather that was important. I think what mattered to me the most was the leather itself. Having worked on many of the original A2's repairing and restoring them I found that the texture and feel of the leather was not being duplicated in the newer copies of the originals. When I first read your ad I though here we go again! It is probably a spin-off of Clymans AVIREX or another of the good but not perfect copies. Well I was wrong. When the jacket arrived I found the quality and workmanship to be excellent. The leather is the most outstanding part of the jacket...You have actually captured the feel of the W.W.II jackets. The color and texture of the smooth horsehide is almost perfect. When I hold your jacket next to an original it is possible to see what the jacket may have looked like new! So from the owner of many A2's thank you for making a superb jacket and I fully plan to wear hell out of it. (Posted on 7/21/10)
Fits like a glove and looks great Review by Scott Salley
My new Horsehide A-2 came a few days ago and it is fantastic. I have had two other jackets in the past from different manufacturers (Sporty's) and they don't even come close to the quality of this new one. If you shop around you'll find many manufacturers with jackets in the $300 range, but if you look closely at the details, there will be a cost cutting measure going on somewhere. Everything on mine seems to be first rate. I even paid an extra $100 to have some custom sizing done. I also had the epaulettes narrowed to 1-1/2" wide. The result is a jacket that fits like a glove and looks great. Only two minor flaws that I can see are: 1) A small but noticeable indentation in the leather on the front quarter. This could be a natural flaw but could also be the result of improper handling, 2) One of the epaulets uses thicker leather than the other. The result is that even after a few wearings, the thinner one is wrinkled while the thicker one remains flat. Overall though, this remains a great jacket for the price and I would definitely recommend it to those who are shopping. (Posted on 7/21/10)
Only great things to say Review by Mike Boody
I recently purchased an A-2 flight jacket from US Authentic Mfg. and I have only great things to say about the company. I had purchased an A-2 from Sporty's, but was not satisfied with the color. With so many choices in sizing, color, and material, I was unsure of exactly what I wanted without seeing, in person, several different A-2 jackets. US Authentic found time to schedule me for a visit to their New York office and see for myself the different types of A-2 jackets available. I was able to select the material, color and try on different size A-2's for a proper fit. They went out of their way to help me in every aspect of the selection and purchasing of the jacket. I even had a custom made "non-standard" name tag sent directly to their company, where they applied it to my jacket, so that it would be guaranteed to be done correctly. The people at US Authentic are truly professionals and care about both their products and their customers. (Posted on 7/21/10)
I am quite impressed Review by Marc Frattasio
I received your catalog in the mail a few days ago. I'm quite impressed by what you offer. The attention to detail looks very good and the prices are excellent. I have a few suggestions to offer.You might want to consider adding a silk screened or iron-on color Army Air Forces emblem to the left shoulder of your A2 jackets as an option. Many of the original jackets had a water decal of this emblem in this position and most of the high quality reproduction A2 jacket makers like Eastman and McCoy Sportswear offer this feature as an option. It would also be nice if you could offer customized proper style leather name tags for your A2 (Army style thin brown leather strip with embossed name) jacket and G1 (Navy style rectangular brown leather with foil embossed wings and name) jacket. Any chance you could add an authentic B3 sheepskin jacket to your product line at a good price? When I say authentic, I mean with the proper single patch pocket and all the other proper details with none of the extra 'frills' (extra pockets and things) that other US made (like Avirex) B3s have. How about adding a B1 cap to your line? To the best of my knowledge, nobody in the USA offers a B1 cap. I have seen them advertised in Japanese magazines but never over here. The B1 cap is similar in design to the B2 cap that you offer except that it was made out of cotton fabric. It was the Army Air Forces standard summer flying cap. Nobody over here in the USA offers accurate reproductions of the WW2 vintage B15 and B10 aviators jackets. These were made of a cotton fabric shell with an 'alpaca' (artificial fiber that resembled alpaca wool) lining. How about it? Once again, I have seen these things advertised in Japanese magazines (like Combat magazine) at very reasonable prices but nobody over here carries them. The last thing on my list are boots. Nobody makes a decent sheepskin lined flying boot. Since many US aviators wore the English 1936 or 1941 pattern shearling flying boot, these would be nice to see. It would also be nice to see replicas of the US A6 type though the British boots would probably be easier to manufacture and more stylish to wear. (Posted on 7/21/10)
Couldn't be happier Review by Craig Schofield
Just received my A2.Couldn't be happier.Ordered on Monday ,received on Friday.I live in Australia.Top product,top service. (Posted on 7/5/10)
Customer Reviews
- Best jacket so far. Review by Russell
- First of all, the company is fantastic. I made the order on a Monday and it was at my house on Wednesday. Shipping is very fast and so are e-mails. Secondly, the jacket itself is amazing! I've owned two A2's before this one and they didn't fit, or feel quite right. They were both too big, and the leather was fairly unsatisfactory. I ordered the A2, in horsehide russet, in my sport coat size. When I pulled it out of the box, the smell filled the room and I could immediately tell the leather was of good quality, because it was extremely stiff. I've worn it few times at the airport and when I ride my motorcycle. It fits me very well, and is now starting to break in. Overall I would definitely recommend buying from this company, as well as spending the extra money for the horsehide russet. A fantastic company with a fantastic product. I will definitely buy from here again. (Posted on 5/20/13)
- A2 Horsehide Seal Brown Review by xray63
Very beautiful jacket, size fits perfectly.
I have ordered the jacket 3 march end received it in italy 11 march, very good service.
This Company is by far the best internet Company that I have dealt with.
(Posted on 3/11/13) - Medium Brown Goatskin Review by CW3PA
- This jacket is excellent. Two emails & timely responses were all it took to get the correct size. I looked at other sites, but couldn't see any reason to go with them considering the product offered and the steep prices. The fit and workmanship are superb. There have been many complements, and I've recommend your products to any that are interested purchasing a flight jacket. Your web site is easy to navigate & informative. Shipping was fast & the UPS tracking was right on. (Posted on 2/19/13)


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Gay Men and HIV/AIDS Around the World
This article was provided by TheBody.com. It is a part of the publication The XVII International AIDS Conference.
Comment by: Bryan
(San Diego, CA)
Sun., Jun. 9, 2013 at 4:12 am EDT Be good, Ladies and Gentlemen. Gay, negative myself but it's life changing and seriously expensive. Condoms every time.
Comment by: Linda
(Cincinnati, Oh)
Sat., Apr. 13, 2013 at 10:03 am EDT Why do you have the specification -Gay Men in the headline? For 25 years this heterosexual grandmother has been infected. Why are we continually propping up the media bias by putting Gay Men in the headline? It's NOT a gay disease! If it's about being gay in other countries say so, but leave HIV/AIDS out of it.
Comment by: CWW
(Stonington, CT)
Fri., Apr. 5, 2013 at 9:24 am EDT Why the countless regulations and tax penalties about smoking cigarettes and the secondary effects of smoking yet nothing is said about HIV and drinking alcohol which costs us far more. Think of the secondary effects of those behaviors? Far higher cost, emotionally and monetarily.
Comment by: cosmo
(new york )
Sat., Mar. 30, 2013 at 5:29 am EDT hiv aids is not the only std. Not shareing fluids is most recommended until trying to conceive.
Comment by: Bina
Fri., Mar. 29, 2013 at 2:25 am EDT It is now 2013. HIV is considered a chronic disease and not necessarily a death sentence. Staying positive is one of the most important aspects of any disease. However, would it not be expedient to avoid the risk factors for contracting HIV? I'm a celibate (by choice) heterosexual for the simple reason that you don't know who has the virus. Sure, the man can wear condoms all day, but that would not make me feel comfortable having sex with someone who may be HIV positive. In addition, whom ever you go to bed with puts you in bed with every other person your partner has been with. That can be a bed full of 200 or more people. Not cool. Somewhere in that 200+ people is a link to disease. Not worth it. I love sex as much as the next one, but not enough to put my life in jeopardy. Sex just is not that freaking important to risk my life. Back in the early 80's when we were just beginning to hear about HIV, my husband went missing for 3 days. He came back with his right arm full of needle holes. Immediately I stopped having sex with him and left him after 15 months of marriage. I never looked back. HIV is preventable if we just stop and think deep before we leap. Replies to this comment:
Comment by: Bottle Man
Fri., Mar. 29, 2013 at 3:26 pm EDT Like Bina, I have stayed celibate for the same reasons. Toooooo many things to catch. Not cool to go through life like this, but better than what can and will happen.
Comment by: James S.
Sat., Mar. 30, 2013 at 8:40 am EDT Bina, that is SO refreshing to hear from someone who can see the big picture. Today, we are addicted to everything...sex just being one of them. People need to step back, like you have, and see the reality...wanton sex can get you maimed or killed. But there's nothing you can do if you are addicted to it. You obviously aren't fooled by the pop culture and you obviously have more to live for than constantly getting laid!!
Comment by: l j
Wed., May. 8, 2013 at 3:03 am EDT Bina. You are a very smart gal. I raised two children that are celibate heterosexuals by choice. The reasons are what you have stated. It is not worth it until you can be sure of that person and their health and commitment to the relationship. Believe me not all Young people are smart enough to make that decision . That decision could very well save their lives. They grew up in a small town where STD's were rampant in their High Schools. Seems that to many Young people are not learning anything at all from the escalation of STD's and way to many of them are engaging in unprotected sex and are passing STD's around like a plate of cookies. Fortunately Aids has not been an STD to make its way around our small town High School YET. Hopefully it never will. More people need to think of the Possible Problems and not of the five minutes of pleasure
Comment by: Humberto Ruiz
(Calexico C.A)
Tue., Mar. 26, 2013 at 10:50 pm EDT Ola saben megustaria conoser per sonas con el mismo problema que yo me siento muy solo bueno bay
Comment by: mark
(guyana at stjohn bosco orphanage in plaince)
Sat., Mar. 23, 2013 at 11:44 pm EDT I will pray for all of you I am a gay too and I don't whant to have that. God bless you all and keep you well ok from mark
Comment by: DEB F
Tue., Mar. 12, 2013 at 9:03 pm EDT I DONT BELIEVE HIV HASNT TOUCHED ONE FAMILY OR FORIEND IN OUR LIVES.IT SEE NOT COLOR.NOT ETHNENTICITY,AGE,NO SEXUAL PREFERENCE OR GENDER.IT BELONGS TO EACH AND EVRYONE OF US.WE SHPOULD NOT JUSDGE.WE SHOULD BE CAUTIOS,TAKE PREVENT MESSSURE YET.BE RESPONSIBLE.WE KNOW ALL THE PROS AND CONS ON HOW ITSTRANSMITTED AND WE SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE IN OUR HABITS OR SEXUAL PERMISQUITY.JUST TAKE PRECAUTIONS AND TIME TO KNOW YOUR PATNERS,AND IF POSITIVE IT'S OUR RESPOSNIBLITY TO BE FORTHCOMING WITH ANYONE WE SHARE OUR BED OR LIVES WITH.THE REAL CULPRIT IS THOSE THAT HIDE IT AND DONT TAKE PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AS WELL AS OTHERS.HIV IS NOT A CRIME,NOT A SHAME,IT JUST IS WHAT IT IS.A TERRIBLE TRAGIC DISEASE.AND I PRAY GOD GUIDES THE MEDICAL RESEARHERS TO A CURE SOON.
Comment by: jb
(United States)
Thu., Mar. 7, 2013 at 1:30 pm EST People with HIV are asked about their lifestyle because of statistics. Statistics tell us where to focus the effort to find a cure and do away with disease once and for all. Those who say it shouldn't be about homosexuality need to be more educated on the facts. According to the CDC homosexuality is the biggest factor when talking about HIV. There is a risk involved in everything we do in life, HIV is the risk for the HS lifestyle and others as well but primarily the HS lifestyle. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/basic.htm#hivest I have nothing against how a person chooses to live their life. For myself, I do not partake in the HS (homosexual) lifestyle nor do I dislike anyone who does. I am a bible believing Christian and with that said "LOVE" must be at the center of everything or my witness to Christ is null and void. The Gospel is the answer to every problem in this world. It may not solve your current issue(s) but in the end all will be just fine. I hope I offended no one, if I did, I surely didn't mean it. Replies to this comment:
Comment by: wisegal
Thu., Dec. 13, 2012 at 3:20 pm EST i am a nurse for the past 23 years and started my career taking care of hiv and aids patient's at a hospital in houston, texas. i can honestly say that it was a profound and loving experience for me as a nurse. i love the patient's and their partners. gay men have the biggest hearts and i love to spend time with them. i do remember the suffering back then before the modern cocktails of drugs or multi-drug therapy became popular. i gave a lot of hugs and there were a lot of tears shed at that time by me and their partners when they passed away. my best friend was also one of the first victims in the united states when i was 15 years old and before they knew the term hiv. he was my best friend and i still love and try to remember him always. right now, i am not working with hiv patient's but as a nursing supervisor where we do have a couple of hiv patient's mixed in with the general population. i have to say that working with hiv and aids patient's has been a pleasure and i don't have one bad memory except for the passing of men at a premature age. i just wanted to make a post on here and let everyone know that where i live now, the nurse's have told me they love working at the aids foundation inpatient unit and that they are even taking a cut in pay to work there because they love it so much. i just want the gay men to know that THEY ARE LOVED BY THEIR NURSE'S and don't ever doubt that. Take care. Wisegal
Comment by: tonya
(las vegas )
Mon., Dec. 7, 2009 at 1:42 pm EST i have a brother that has hiv and i still luv him the same no matter what i dont care that he has hiv @ all and 2 every one who has aids/hiv we are all the same no matter what and remeber that somebody luvs u Replies to this comment:
Comment by: Sam B.
(Galion Oh)
Tue., Oct. 11, 2011 at 10:40 pm EDT Thats true...no matter how they got the virus....they shouldnt be discriminated against...they deserve treatment...
Comment by: Kailee
(Marion, Ohio)
Tue., Nov. 27, 2012 at 9:25 am EST Tonya & Sam B., God bless both of you! While I don't know anyone with HIV/AIDS, what I DO know, is that the world would be a magically wonderful place if it were filled with people like the two of you! Your comments give me hope for humanity!
Comment by: Leigha
Wed., Apr. 29, 2009 at 12:25 pm EDT People do need to realize the reality of what's going on and some people need to grow up and stop viewing homosexuality as a problem because it isn't one. I have homosexuals in my family and they are no different than someone who is straight in my family. I thank those who are trying to help and stop the discrimination against homosexuality. I am bi so I know what it feels like to be discriminated against. I also thank those who are trying to help others that have become positive. Thank you very much.
Comment by: Augustine Komba Mends
(Banjul -The Gambia and Dakar-Senegal)
Fri., Oct. 24, 2008 at 12:55 pm EDT Profound thanks to everyone at The Body for making it a reality for global AIDS awareness at all levels work just right. Specifically, I would like to add my viewpoints from of vagrant (possibly homeless) adolescents walking the streets of cities of the Mano River Union and those of Senegal and The Gambia -- as these are the pieces I can relate to very because of work or leisure. AIDS for a long time back had been taken for granted in many localities until some some four years ago when hard hitting consequences of this epidemic forced many at top leadership levels to reign in help from local and international CSOs/actors to combat this scourge. In The Gambia, UNV Mary Rose-Charles Santa Yalla org saved many an AIDS-orphaned or AIDS-ravaged child from premature death. In Sierra Leone, Guinea (Conakry), Liberia actors played a pivotal role in adequately sensitizing marginalized communities about the best practices in prevention, particularly focusing on former combattants and gang-rape victims who ended up as HIV/AIDS patients. In Dakar-Senegal, a careful observation observation at HIV/AIDS diagnosing and treatment centres like Institute Pasteur and Hopital Fahn will show that victim discrimination/stigmatisation is almost non-existent; far lower than the lowest in all these countries mentioned above.As recently as six weeks ago, an AIDS patients (name and gender withheld for obvious reasons) showed up at my home and after careful coaxing and cajoling,finally consented to be taken to Hopital Fahn were she presently receiving treatment.This patients condition has been medically tagged by authorities as stable. One thing about the HIV/AIDS pandemic that demands a continual drive in every community is an unprecedented scaling down of stigmatization , especially of young girls or women.There is is still a belief among a vast number of youngmen that the females are not only the major carriers but are (proportionately) also the largest. This misleading idea must be stopped!
Comment by: Lilbit
Fri., Oct. 24, 2008 at 9:34 am EDT HIV is not really talked about in my community. Ever since hearing about this disease I always got scared that I would catch it and die. I thought if I did catch it, I wouldn't tell anyone I wouldn't get tested. I just wouldn't want to know that type of news. But that was when I was very ignorant towards HIV. I figured I would pass it along so I wouldn't be an outcast. Yes, that sounds cruel but I'm sure I'm not the only one that has had that thought pass through my mind. Some even flirt with the thought and eventually do so. When I first got my HIV test, i was so scared. It was the most hardest experience I had ever had to deal with. It wasn't like I could run from it or make it go away with medicine like other std's. I knew once I had it I had it. I"m not gay or anything like that. But as a teen I was very promiscious. Thinking back on my sex partners and the risk I took not using protection was what frightened me the most. I mean I couldn't help but talk about it to my boyfriend, and sisters, my father and who ever listened to me. Everyone said it would never happen to me and GOD has plans for my life, and how that's the devil's disease. I believed only parts of that. I knew GOD had plans for my life but He has plans for everyone's life. He also gives us choices to. So if i make the choice to sleep around without protection and catch HIV that was my choice. Yes, he can heal me but I have to pay the consequences for my sinful acts. When I finally got tested, I had to wait two weeks for the results. In those two weeks my boyfriend got tested, so did my sisters and even my father and his girlfriend. That made me feel very good because I wasn't alone and I wasn't the only one who needed to know my status. I came back negative. It was a happy day for me. I still now get tested just to make sure I'm healthy, but I have a newfound love to help people with this disease. Replies to this comment:
Comment by: Phillip Lake
Thu., Mar. 28, 2013 at 2:22 pm EDT You mention God in almost every breath, but you twist the Bible and use only those parts that make you feel good and ignore the parts that make you feel guilty. The BIBLE is the words of God and Jesus. If what you do is right then I can take out the parts I want to so I can make it Biblically correct. Let's see; I am now free to commit adultery, murder, steal, or, or, or ...Does the word "Blaspemy" mean any thing to you. You either accept EVERY word of the Bible or accept none of it. You can't have the cake and ....There are going to be many who call his name but HE is still going to say "I know you not".
Comment by: The Advocater
(New York,NY)
Sun., Oct. 5, 2008 at 12:20 am EDT I am having a time trying to understand what is the point of identifying a persons who has been infected sexual preference/activity... Why is this always a question that has to be noted during the test session. IT DOESN'T MATTER AT THIS POINT. The real focus should be on identifying and making public the statistics of how close medical science is to finding a cure... I mean there is all this focus on "Know your Status, Prevention and Early Detection" and after that there isn't much more in terms of information. Where's the information America??? Information on progress to identify A CURE!!! All this attention addressing sexual activity and orientation is a needless distraction, who cares if the sex is MSW, WSW, MSM. I must ask - just what is this statistical finding supposed to demonstrate... The only information to be derived from this question is "Wow world look at the number of same sex -vs- oppisite sex activity thats really happening today". Well, I have news for all the people of the world today -- this sexual activity has been going on since people have drawn breath and existed on this rock we call earth. Now if you are that percentage of the ignorant people who are waiting -- hoping -- and wishing know this -- MSM & WSW ain't gonna ever change. It not an abomination, it ain't disappearing or dying out. No one can beat it out or kill it off. So please stop wasting time. Remember this issue was not ever a main concern before the HIV/AIDS epidemic (unless there was that percentage of people who just had to point out that someone was Gay/Lesbain to throw attention away from themselves). In closing, I must stress the real concern should be on what is the latest progress is in identifing A CURE. Replies to this comment:
Comment by: DEBBIE
Fri., Dec. 14, 2012 at 6:21 pm EST GAY OR NOT GAY. LOVE MEN OR LOVE WOMEN, AS LONG AS YOU LOVE AND NOT DISCRIMINATE. HOMOSEXUALITY IS NOTHING NEW. BEING GAY IS NOT A DISEASE. HIV/AIDS IS THE DISEASE! I BELIEVE THAT PERSONS WITH HIV/AIDS SHOULD NOT HIDE THEIR DISEASE SO THEY CAN KEEP THOSE THAT THEY LOVE AND THOSE WHO LOVE BACK UNAFFECTED. TO LET MEDICAL TEAMS RESEARCH AND HELP FIND A CURE THAT AFFECTING SO MANY. THERE IS A POINT TO IDENTIFYING THOSE WITH THE DISEASE. THAT IS TO TAKE EXTRA PRECAUTIONS TO NOT SPREAD THE DISEASE THROUGH BODILY FLUIDS ESP IN A MEDICAL SETTING! IT IS ONLY FAIR TO THE EMPLOYEES TRYING TO FIND A CURE TO HELP TREAT! HEALTH WORKERS DESERVE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES ESP IN A HIGH RISK SETTING.
Comment by: Moses
(North York, ON)
Sun., Sep. 7, 2008 at 1:50 pm EDT Great work Dr. Paul from Uganda and the like from Nigeria, Jamaica, Grenada and the rest that make a difference in this fight against HIV/AIDS. I am from Uganda and know the kuchu (Gay) community well. It saddens me that the efforts within the community are stifled by the governments and cultures that still believe that no attention should be given to the individuals with this sexual orientation deeming it "foreign influence and immoral habit". We will fight with you...
Comment by: Peter John SaSellu
(New York City, USA)
Sun., Aug. 31, 2008 at 5:10 am EDT First, great and many thanks to The Body for creating such an opportunity where people of all class, age, sex, national and historical background, and sexual orientation or race or culture, can share their plights concerning the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, as an international AIDS activists, it is really a very sad to understand that HIV positive people, in particular those in poor or resource limited setting, to face excessive discrinimation. I strongly believe, and I will continue to carry this believe with me, that the HIV epidemic either in industralized nations or poor countries or communities, is being driven my an institutionalized "culture of silence". To break this culture of silence many factors, such as public education, community advocacy, lobbying for policy and public practice change, etc. come into play. Also, it is not very strange to hear about countries like Nigeria, Uganda or Jamaica to discriminate against people living with the epidemic. There are many contributing factors to this attitude. Thats why strong community advocacy and public education are some of the remedies to some of the challenges facing people living with, and communities affected by the epidemic. We must continue this effort and especially holding our political, community and religious leaders accountable. They must act to bring about change in our respective communities. Only through this that AIDS/HIV shall be a history and not another pandemic legacy for future generations. My emails addresses: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, and firstname.lastname@example.com. Thanks for your own individual contribution towards making AIDS/HIV a history. Jean Pierre SaSelluno a.k.a. "Peter John SaSellu" "Whatever the mind conceive and believe the mind can achieve" - Napoleon Hill
Comment by: email@example.com
Sat., Aug. 30, 2008 at 7:04 am EDT Hello. How are you? I am Aminu From Ghana. I am 20. Yes, I'm Gay. And you?
Comment by: Ken
(Indianapolis, IN)
Fri., Aug. 29, 2008 at 7:53 pm EDT Being HIV is not the meaning of Death, its the meaning of a new life to serve the community in this crisis. As the Founder of Positive Faith Ministries and Hope Center Ministries here in Indianapolis, In. currently an online ministry, and now a church service. Brings others in all walks of life to come together and except others for who they are, not what they have. Excepting your status was the hardest thing in my life, who knew God would use what I know about him and about myself to continue the work Christ first started here on earth. Being positive to me is not my death sentence its a reality check to help others like myself looking for answers to many questions and continueing the work set forth for us to do as PozChristians all over the World. Ministries and Missionaries spend their entire life helping others all over the World for the Aids Crisis and these individuals have been working for Christ for many years. Why don't we here about what they have been doing? Pozitive Faith for Positive People! Thats what Positive Faith Ministries used to stand for, and today, we continue to reach out to the Pozitive Community and show them a more Positive and full filling meaning through their life through the Word of God and teaching, preaching and Healing through prayer of Jesus Christ. Yes, God still loves everyone, whether they are infected or affected by HIV/AIDS. Jesus healed a women with a blood condition, who is it to say that she wasn't HIV+ or had AIDS? The bible doesn't say what she had, just that she had a blood condition? And Jesus touched and healed her! Who isn't to say that the Lord can't heal you, uplift your CD4 cell counts or lower your viral loads by faith. I have been positive for 13 years and as of today still maintain a healthy lifestyle and in the Lord, when its time for me to be put on meds; I'll except them just as I would except the lord in my life and the continued blessings that he has held on my life this far. Replies to this comment:
Comment by: scooby
Fri., Aug. 22, 2008 at 10:16 am EDT I am glad to finally see that people are seeing AIDS/HIV as being a killer and there are those caring people out there willing to step forward and let it be known (the truth about HIV/AIDS). Thank goodness for the International AIDS conference. My hat off to all of you
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Rachel Welte is the Weekend News Anchor and a General Assignment Reporter.
COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO. -- Nearly a week after President Obama revised his controversial contraception mandate, local organizations are voicing their thoughts and concerns on the issue.
The president now says religious universities, hospitals and other affiliated institutions will not have to pay for the actual coverage.
Instead, insurance companies will foot the bill.
Obama has received heavy backlash from critics, who have accused his administration of attacking American's religious freedoms.
"It was certainly disturbing to us that one of the ways you could get out of this requirement is to hire only Catholics, and restrict your services to only Catholics, and that is contrary to the way the church has operated since its very early days," Mark Rohlena said.
Rohlena is the President and CEO of Catholic Charities of Central Colorado, which employs about 40 people.
He said even if the promises of "accommodation" are fullfilled, religious institutions will still be forced to violate their beliefs.
"Not everyone realizes that some of the items that are covered in this mandate are abortion types of drugs," Rohlena said.
Equally concerning to Rohlena, and the Diocese of Colorado Springs, the apparent violation of First Amendment rights.
"As a country we very much value religious freedom, and regardless if you are Catholic or not, that principal needs to remain," he said.
But the local Planned Parenthood office said President Obama's contraceptive mandate should be viewed simply as a matter of health.
"We do see this as a decision that is a public health issue and a medical one, and not just about maternal health, but children's health," Planned Parenthood Spokesperson Monica McCafferty said.
McCafferty said the mandate is a "win" for women's health, and added it is important for all women to have access to contraceptives without a costly co-pay.
"Women, regardless of where they work, should have access to preventative care," McCafferty said. "That includes birth control."
When asked about the First Amendment, McCafferty said Planned Parenthood believes the President's "exemptions" account for religious freedoms.
"There is nothing in here that is forcing a woman to take birth control, or distribute it or dispense it," she said.
An official at Centura Health, the management company for Penrose-St .Francis Health Services in Colorado Springs, said right now they are still analyzing the mandate. and it is premature to issue a position.


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Blooming Basket
The Blooming Basket is a delightful and cheerful arrangement of yellow, pink, red and white gerber daisies bursting with color and life from a charming white basket. This array of vibrant flowers is an ideal gift for a close friend or loved one in your life.
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Height: | 5-5 |
Year: | Senior |
Hometown: | Uzice, Serbia |
High School: | Uzicka Gimnazija |
Career at UB
Fall 2012: Went 2-3 in singles and 3-3 in doubles during the fall, picking up victories in both singles and doubles against Niagara.
2011-12: Finished the season with a 14-12 singles record and a 10-14 mark in doubles...played the majority of the season at third singles, where she went 5-3 in conference play... won the "C" singles draw at the Cornell Invitational... joined partner Kira Golenko in doubles, taking third in their flight at the Cornell Inviational and then making to their flight finals at the NYC Invitational.
2010-11: Finished the season with a 9-8 record and a 2-7 mark in doubles...went 6-3 at ffith singles, including an outstanding 5-1 mark during Mid-American Conference play...also went a perfect 2-0 at fourth singles...played matches at both third and sixth singles as welll.
2009-10: Selected as the team's freshman of the year. She led the team with a 20-10 overall record in singles as well as 6-1 in the MAC playing number six for the Bulls. Markovic defeated Jessica Azoulay of Toledo 6-0, 6-1 clinching the quarterfinal MAC Championship match to UB. She was the only player to win her match in straight sets against Miami in the semifinals of the Championship, where she defeated Sydnee Bridger 6-2, 6-1.
Prior to UB
Lettered in tennis at Uzicka Gimnazjia for coach Milos Dedic.
Born February 10, 1990. Daughter of Mico and Radmila Markovic. Has two brothers (Nikola, Djordje). Favorite athletes include Andre Agassi and Roger Federer. Favorite foods are Greek salad, fruits and her mother's cooking. Favorite TV shows include House and Grey's Anatomy. Favorite movie is A Beautiful Mind. Majoring in pharmacology.


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Related Content
Morningstar's Rick Summer sees Facebook and Google dominating the Internet advertising market as Facebook finds better ways to monetize its massive user base.
We think the professional networking site has a narrow moat and strong prospects, but the current share price is beyond stretched.
It will be a volatile ride, but Facebook's strong competitive advantages and growth opportunities could be the recipe for a hefty valuation, says Morningstar's Rick Summer.
Morningstar markets editor Jeremy Glaser gives the blow-by-blow on recent showdowns between Coke and Pepsi, Apple and Google, Facebook and Twitter, and more.
Social media is great for marketing. For customer authentication, not so much.
Likes of Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn used for investing, adviser research.
Many busy advisors find it tough to run their businesses and stay active across multiple social media channels. Here's some helpful strategies.
©2012 Morningstar Advisor. All right reserved.


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Mood Disorder Management Affects Professionals Needing Life Insurance!
Some years ago I had a client who really hit on a hot button for professionals like her as a physician and others who wore hats from CEO's to attorneys, dentists and even psychiatrists. In the original case it had to do with a physician who had taken an anti anxiety drug for a fairly ...read more


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Sara Knick
I am an envisioner of ideas.
I have been studying photography through the New York Institute of Photography since October 2008. Before then, I used a Kodak C310 digital camera to take pictures of what I saw in daily life, but for me, this could only take me so far. Currently, I use a Canon Rebel T1i. As of October 8, 2010, I am now a graduate of the New York Institute of Photography.
Find me at: http://www.facebook.com
Butterfly and Bee
3 May 2013 — 11 views, 4 favorites, 2 comments
In "Photo Challenge: Act of Sharing"
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24 Mar 2013 — 27 views, 5 favorites, 4 comments
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Sara's votable photos
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Dreams To Stars
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Q: How to get better at portraits?
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Jerry White, 72, of Coolville, Ohio, died Thursday, December 13, 2012, at his residence.
Funeral services will be held at 1 p.m. on Sunday, December 16, 2012, at White-Schwarzel Funeral Home in Coolville, with Michael Moore officiating. Burial will be in the White Cemetery where military graveside services will be conducted.
Friends may call at the funeral home Saturday from 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 p.m.


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Review the list of all online business services offered by the Office of the Secretary of State. Online business services include the online business database, One Stop business registration system, trademark search, and UCC online services.
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SOURCE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among US Hispanics
ATLANTA, Feb. 20, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Educational resources to help Hispanics take control of their heart health is available from Million Hearts, a national public-private partnership that works to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes by 2017.
"Cardiovascular disease is the leading killer in every racial and ethnic group in America, and Million Hearts is committed to ensuring that everyone understands their risk," said Janet Wright, M.D., executive director of Million Hearts. "These new resources will help Spanish-speaking Americans calculate their risk and, more importantly, take steps to reduce it."
A recent survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that high blood pressure among Hispanic groups is a particular concern. More than a quarter (26.1 percent) of Hispanics reported having high blood pressure, and nearly a third (30.4 percent) with high blood pressure weren't taking medication that could reduce their risk for heart attack and stroke. Just 40.7 percent of Hispanics said their blood pressure was under control.
"Our message to Hispanics is clear: If you have high blood pressure, work with your doctor to get it controlled and keep it controlled," said Thomas Frieden, MD, MPH, CDC director. "Take care of your heart for yourself, and for your family."
The new educational resources provide action steps and tips:
The National Alliance for Hispanic Health, a non-profit science-based organization that focuses on improving the health and well-being of Hispanics, provided guidance on translation for cultural integrity during development of the materials. The Alliance will distribute the Four Steps for Heart Health factsheet through its network of clinics and community health professionals.
"The Alliance is committed to the prevention of 1 million heart attacks and strokes by collaborating with Million Hearts to develop, promote, and distribute these new materials in the communities we serve," said Jane L. Delgado, Ph.D., M.S., president and CEO of the Alliance. "We consider this outreach a critical component of our ongoing efforts to improve the health of Hispanic communities and our work with others to secure health for all."
For additional information, visit http://espanol.millionhearts.hhs.gov.
NEW: Broadcast quality clips featuring CDC Director Tom Frieden, M.D., M.P.H. on this topic are available here: http://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/audioVideo.htm
About Million Hearts
Million Hearts is a national initiative to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes by 2017. Million Hearts™ brings together communities, health systems, nonprofit organizations, federal agencies, and private-sector partners from across the country to fight heart disease and stroke.
About the National Alliance for Hispanic Health
The National Alliance for Hispanic Health (the Alliance) is a network of health and human service providers serving Hispanics throughout the U.S. The Alliance's mission is "to improve the health and well-being of Hispanic communities and work with others to secure health for all." The National Hispanic Family Health Helpline, 1-866- SU FAMILIA (1-866-783-2645), is a consumer resource for additional heart disease and stroke information, including resources on the Million Hearts website. For more information, visit www.hispanichealth.org.
CDC works 24/7 saving lives and protecting people from health threats to have a more secure nation. Whether these threats are chronic or acute, manmade or natural, human error or deliberate attack, global or domestic, CDC is the U.S. health protection agency.
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Posts Tagged 'platform relevance'
5 Things More Important Than Page Engagement
There's a large misconception that engagement is the most significant aspect of a Facebook business page. This common message is so far-reaching that most online sources claim that high page engagement will result in increased brand awareness, stronger customer relationships and hopefully, perked profits. While engagement is imperative, it's not everything. Every marketer and page administrator knows the importance and value of engagement, but few recognize what other components take precedence.
Here are 5 things that are often overlooked, but vastly more important than any Like or comment a page or post could receive. Read the rest of this entry »


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If luxury is your weakness then the Grand Plaza Hotel Beachfront Resort & Conference Center will be your undoing. The Grand Plaza Beachfront hotel & beach resort is located on St. Petersburg Beach, Florida on the sandy whtie beaches of the Gulf of Mexico.
The Resort is the tallest and closest hotel to the Gulf of Mexico and the white sandy beach. When you enter the Resort you will feel like you are entering a sophisticated tropical boutique hotel.
Also provided is a refrigerator, microwave, coffee maker with complimentary coffee, in-room safe, hairdryer, AM/FM clock radio, 32' color cable TV with free HBO, DVD/MP3/CD players, and pay per view movies, iron and ironing board, wireless internet access, telephone with data ports and voice mail.
One Bedroom Suites are available with two private balconies that open to the beautiful Gulf of Mexico. Each Suite has one king bed and one double bed in the sleeping area. The Parlor to the suite includes a pull-out sleeper sofa & a dining table with seating for four.
Luxurious Penthouses are also available for that romantic moment or for that Corporate V.I.P.
Grand Plaza can also provide for conference centers, corporate getaways, meetings, tradeshows, beach weddings, reunions or parties in a casual, serene and upscale atmosphere. Whether the event is large, small, indoors, outdoors, casual or elegant, we can accommodate your every need.
Grand Plaza Hotel Check-in time 4 p.m. Grand Plaza Hotel Check-out time 11 a.m.
Family Plan: Children 17 & under stay free when accompanied by an adult.
Pet Policy: Pets are not permitted. Service animals are permitted, and no deposit is required.
Cancellation Policy: All reservations must be cancelled within 72 hours prior to arrival date to have advance deposit of one night room rental plus tax refunded. Rates subject to change without notice.
Deposit Policy: All reservations require an advance deposit of one night room rental plus tax. Rates subject to change without notice. Hotel room deposit paid at time of reservation.
Other Beach Hotel Amenities Include:
Three full service restaurantsCocktail lounge Beach bar and grilleRoom service Fitness centerGuest laundry room Kids game roomHeated swimming pool Gift shopConcierge staffBell staff Same day dry cleaningLaundry service Baby cribsFree parking Business servicesComplimentary unlimited wireless Internet
The Tampa Bay area has much to offer for all age groups. From St. Petersburg Beach to Clearwater Beach, your Florida vacation can be as relaxing or fun filled as you desire. Pirate cruises sailing from St. Petersburg Beach are a local favorite along with speed boat cruises that feature dolphins racing along the huge wake from these screaming fast Clearwater charters.


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yeahbah wrote:Sa lahat.
Matsalam Bossing!
Moderator: tarantrader
yeahbah wrote:Sa lahat.
sure no problemrhipolito wrote:IZEE. Thanks. This helps a lot.
glad u found it helpful.. the chart was a lightbulb moment for meAnaklupa wrote:Salamat sa inyong lahat! All of your input would benefit me as well as any other investor or trader.
Izee, Galing! salamat sa graph. That graph plainly states that cutting loss and buying back is mathematically advantageous than holding and waiting for a bounce. It makes so much sense....
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Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema (pronounced "EK-zema"), is a skin condition that causes dry, scaly, red, and itchy skin. It can occur at any age, and is more frequent in some families.
Eczema affects 10-20% of children and 1-3% of adults. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but genetic factors play a strong role. The symptoms are secondary to a dysfunctional outer layer of the skin known as the epidermis. Normally, an intact epidermis keeps out environmental irritants, allergens, and microbes. Because the skin is not working properly, these substances get into the body which lead to inflammation. In children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, up to 2/3 of them may have some underlying food allergy.


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Your home is too unique not to be displaying this beautiful one of a kind miniature head bust.
dimensions // 4 inches long, 2.75 inches wide, 6 inches high
original material // resin
paint // Rustoleum glossy spray paint
Our items are handpicked and rescued from local Nashville thrift shops. Then they are lovingly hand painted, and upcycled into pop colored home decor. Wanna see more?
ceramics: http://www.etsy.com/shop/nashpop?section_id=10744276
wall hangings: http://www.etsy.com/shop/nashpop?section_id=10776271
nashpop began when two friends, Sara + Evey, found themselves living in the same city again. Both are addicted to thrift shopping, full of creative energy and oh so artistically inclined. They decided to join forces and thrift unique + rejected housewares. You know, those cheesy cat ceramics and fugly picture frames. The misfits are hand-painted in fresh pop colors, and reborn as one of a kind home decor.
Please feel free to convo us about custom paint jobs, item requests and any other pop dreams you may have.
Our items are handpicked and rescued from local Nashville thrift shops. They are structurally sound, and in good thrifted condition. Every item is lovingly hand painted, and therefore may contain small imperfections. None of our items are meant to eat or drink out of.
Please read our shop policies: http://www.etsy.com/shop/nashpop/policy
Thanks for looking!
Have any questions?
Contact the shop owner.


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Purdy® Brush and Roller Spinner
The Purdy® Brush and Roller Spinner is easy to use and extends the life of paint brushes and rollers by cleaning them thoroughly.
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To personalize this site and manage your bookings
305,292 properties worldwideLoading Other Accommodations Different ways to stay in Tartu:More Hotel Themes Different ways to stay in Tartu:See how Booking.com rates
Rent the perfect Tartu apartment at Booking.com. Find cozy, spacious, or modern rental apartments in Tartu to share with family and friends. Make yourself at home in our apartments and simply relax or plan trips to explore Tartu. With good availability and great rates, you can live like a local in an apartment for rent. Booking.com has your home away from home covered with our Tartu apartments. |
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RUHPOLDING, Germany (March 3, 2012) - Tim Burke (Paul Smiths, NY) led Team USA today with a 10th place finish in the Men's 10K Sprint with a time of 25:17.4 (0+1), 58.8 seconds back from today's winner Martin Fourcade (FRA) with 24:18.6 (1+1). Norway's Emil Hegle Svendsen placed second (24:33.7/1+1) and Carl Johan Bergman was third (24:36.3/0+0).
"Today was a solid start for me but of course I am hoping for more in the next races, said Burke. "I was happy with my shooting, but did not feel in top form on the skis. I have a good start for tomorrow's race and I am hoping that with a little better feeling on the track, I can challenge for a top spot. Maybe the best part today was competing in front of 30,000 enthusiastic fans. It was so loud in some places on the track that it was impossible to hear the coaches," he added.
Lowell Bailey (Lake Placid, NY) posted a time of 25:33 with clean shooting to take 20th today. "I was happy with the shooting today but disappointed with my skiing," said Bailey. "I felt confident about my shape going into today. Preparation has gone well over the last two weeks. But, for whatever reason, I didn't have the ski speed today. Hopefully that will improve as the days go forward from here."
Russell Currier (Stockholm, ME) finished 63rd with a time of 27:07 (1+2) and Jay Hakkinen (Kasilof, AK) was 91st (28:37/4+1). Extended results from the men's 10K Sprint are available at http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCH__SMSP
Sara Studebaker (Boise, ID) lead Team USA's women in the 7.5K Sprint with a 49th place finish (24:15.8/1+1), 3:08.8 back from Germany's Magdalena Neuner, winning the sprint with a time of 21:07.0 and clean shooting. Darya Domracheva (BLR) was second at 21:22.2/0+0, and Vita Semerenko (UKR) was third with a time of 21:44.6 and clean shooting.
"Today was a better day for me than the relay," said Studebaker. " It was super tough skiing, and a little tricky with the sun in the range. Overall, I was happy with how I handled the conditions and am looking forward to the opportunity to improve in the pursuit!"
Susan Dunklee (Barton, VT) finished 55th (24:23.8/3+1), and Annelies Cook (Saranac Lake, NY) was 62nd with a time of 24:43.2 (2+1).
Extended results from the women's 7.5K Sprint are available here: http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCH__SWSP
Competition continues tomorrow with the Men's 12.5K Pursuit (13:15/CET) and the Women's 10K Pursuit (16:00/CET). Both events will be webcast live at http://www5.biathlonworld.com/en/. Please visit here for a link to the complete 2012 IBU World Championship schedule and results.


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Contact us today Save when you buy dickssportinggoods.com Gift Certificates for yiour employees and clients.
Group Sales and volume dicounts on gift-certificates are great for corporate incentives and promotional give aways.
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International Journal of New Computer Architectures and their Applications (IJNCAA)
A Peer Reviewed Journal that guarantees reviewing within two months
Published by The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications
Miramar Tower, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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SOURCE: AddShoppers
AddShoppers teams up with PrestaShop to help online retailers optimize their shops for social sharing.
Charlotte, NC (PRWEB) November 27, 2012
AddShoppers is proud to announce their partnership with PrestaShop to integrate their powerful, free social commerce platform with PrestaShop's global eCommerce software. The partnership brings easy social product sharing, social ROI tracking, incentivized sharing, and more to PrestaShop's 125,000+ active stores worldwide.
The integration was designed so all PrestaShop users can install the AddShoppers module with a single click in PrestaShop v1.5+. PrestaShop users running earlier versions can install AddShoppers in under five minutes.
Using AddShoppers, PrestaShop store owners can easily add sharing buttons to their shop, measure the value of social sharing with ROI-focused social analytics, increase sharing by offering incentives and more. AddShoppers' apps make these benefits possible:
ROI Tracking: AddShoppers tracks shares to sales so retailers can see which social networks drive the most revenue, which orders were socially influenced, which users are influential in driving sales and more. The insights provided help retailers optimize and plan their social marketing strategy.
Pre-Purchase Rewards: Increases sharing by allowing shoppers to receive a coupon in return for sharing a product over a social network. Retailers already using AddShoppers' Pre-Purchase Rewards are seeing their share count double by using this feature.
Pre-Purchase Rewards also have a powerful side-effect: lowering shopping cart abandonment (and thus increasing conversion rates). By putting a coupon in a customer's hands before they hit the checkout page, they have no reason to leave the checkout process in search of a coupon. Less abandoners, more orders.
eCommerce-Specific Sharing Buttons: Let your customers 'Want' and 'Own' your products. These custom Facebook-integrated sharing buttons are ideal for eCommerce and product-sharing. They allow users to express purchase intent that influences their friends.
PrestaShop v1.5+ users can immediately integrate AddShoppers with their store for free by installing the built-in AddShoppers module. Users of PrestaShop v1.4 or lower can install AddShoppers in under 5 minutes with 3 simple copy/paste steps.
About AddShoppers
AddShoppers provides social commerce apps that boost revenue, track the ROI of social media, identify top influencers, and more. The base product is free and a white-label Enterprise plan is available for brands. For more information, please visit http://www.addshoppers.com.
About PrestaShop
PrestaShop is the world's leading Open-source e-commerce solution powering more than 125,000 stores worldwide. Backed by the industry's leading partners, PrestaShop ensures easy online selling by providing more than 310 advanced features that can all be customized to fit the needs of every online business. The growing Success of PrestaShop's software is thanks to countless code contributions, suggestions and encouragement from its ever-expanding 350,000 member Community. PrestaShop is the winner of the 2010 and 2011 Best Open-source Business Application awards, and its passion for pursuing excellence is fueled by business owners who desire a free, powerful and easy e-commerce solution.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prwebaddshoppers/prestashop-social-sharing/prweb10136428.htm


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John McAfee Arrested in Guatemala
John McAfee's life on the lam may be over, for now. The antivirus software pioneer was arrested by Guatemalan police Wednesday for entering the country illegally. Just hours earlier, he had sought asylum in the country after leaving Belize, where he claimed that he was being persecuted by Belize officials.
With the help of Interpol agents, McAfee was taken into custody at a hotel in a posh part of Guatemala City and moved to a building that houses migrants who have entered illegally, according to the Associated Press.
Along the way, he has penned a personal blog detailing his exploits, including elaborate disguises he donned and claims of government corruption, though it remains unclear how much of the self-proclaimed prankster's accounts are true. Belize officials have said that McAfee is not a suspect in the murder and have denied that they are persecuting him.
It's unclear how McAfee and his entourage -- consisting of two writers from Vice magazine and a 20-year-old girlfriend -- entered Guatemala, but one of the writers quoted McAfee saying, "We have passports, but we have no entry stamps into Guatemala or exit stamps from Belize."
Upon his arrival, McAfee acquired a new suit and a lawyer, and held a press conference proclaiming his innocence. "Now that I'm here I can speak freely. I can speak openly," he said.
Guatemalan Interior Minister Mauricio Lopez Bonilla told Reuters on Wednesday that they would seek to expel McAfee from the country, but it was not yet clear where he would be sent.
McAfee founder surfaces in Guatemala after giving Belize the slip
McAfee blogs about love, justice and life on the run in Belize
McAfee proclaims innocence, alters look to evade Belize police


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These are the stories of just a few of the many PA Lottery winners who have claimed Lottery prizes of all sizes, and the whole state wins because of the ways PA Lottery benefits older Pennsylvanians. Click here and then scroll down to search monthly lists of all winners in all counties.
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Winner Charles Givens, Jr. Read Story ››
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Buy a Mercury Monterey in Riverton
Find new, certified, or used Mercury Monterey Models
Find a new car on AutoTrader.com. Use our resources to research new cars, get new car prices, and configure a vehicle. You can also choose from any of the following links to help in your search for a new car.
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Search millions of cars to find the best used car, new car or certified car for you. From private sellers to dealers, your gateway to the car you need and want is a button away. Shop from your entire range of options with one search.
A carry-over from 2006, the Monterey is only available in the Luxury trim level. The Monterey is a seven-passenger four-door mini-van that offers a 4.2Liter V6 engine that produces 201HP and is linked to a front-wheel-drive configuration and a four-speed automatic transmission.


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Fs Pioneer Laserdisc Player And Discs
Posted 06 February 2011 - 12:05 PM
Posted 07 February 2011 - 12:30 PM
Buttonpusher, on Feb 6 2011, 01:05 PM, said:
Posted 07 February 2011 - 01:54 PM
Buttonpusher, on Feb 7 2011, 01:30 PM, said:
maybe, maybe not, without knowing what discs you have it's hard to say, attaching your spreadsheet with the list of the movies might be a good start
I've got about 3 times as many discs as you have and I wouldn't have thought what I have here is worth that much but as I said, without knowing what titles you have it's hard to say
Posted 08 February 2011 - 08:58 AM
Posted 08 February 2011 - 11:05 AM
give it a few more days and then try ebay, after that you may need to consider separating to sell, several of us here are now buying certain discs but more as memorabilia than for playing purposes as in mine and Chopsus case we don't have players so my thinking is for wall plaques, etc.............
good luck in any case........
Posted 08 February 2011 - 02:15 PM
Edited by SDL, 08 February 2011 - 02:16 PM.
Posted 08 February 2011 - 04:21 PM
For instance, I usually find myself interested in music discs, as there were lots on LD that didn't make it to other formats. Movies I'm generally not that keen on because I stopped the willy-nilly impulse purchasing and only buy if I really *really* want something that I know will be a repeat viewer, and that'll be a BD purchase.
Posted 09 February 2011 - 01:32 PM
Here is a link to the spreadsheet
http://members.ozema...../Laser Discs/
Edited by Buttonpusher, 09 February 2011 - 01:36 PM.
Posted 11 February 2011 - 03:16 PM
Buttonpusher, on Feb 9 2011, 01:32 PM, said:
Here is a link to the spreadsheet
http://members.ozema...../Laser Discs/
G'day Steve
I am a 30 year veteran of the Video collection hobby. VHS, Betamax, LD, DVD, Blu ray, V2000
Own a Pioneer CLD 2950 in mint condition and about 80 titles including some of the most prized releases and boxed sets
Wanting to slowly but surely add more players and discs to my video shed aka retro room
However I'd prefer to purchase selected titles not everything in one big lump as I only want the very best stuff on Laserdisc as its my fav format
Am an ebay australia LD buyer as well
All the sellers I've dealt with including DA Dons on Ebay USA rate me extremely highly as a buyer
will PM you once I've made a few more posts
Posted 27 April 2011 - 05:41 PM
Buttonpusher, on Feb 6 2011, 12:05 PM, said:
Not sure if you've already sold the player and discs due to the last post being feb? If not i'd be interested in making an offer.
Posted 27 April 2011 - 08:30 PM
Mckie1, on Apr 27 2011, 05:41 PM, said:
Posted 28 April 2011 - 08:35 PM
Edited by Musical, 28 April 2011 - 08:41 PM.
Posted 30 April 2011 - 10:39 PM
Musical, on Apr 28 2011, 08:35 PM, said:
If i can get my hands on a reasonable quality ld player then i may be interested in acquiring some ld's. Already have plenty of bd's and hd-dvd's and wouldn't mind adding a ld player if the price is right (no pun intended).
Posted 05 May 2011 - 09:52 PM
Mckie1, on Apr 30 2011, 10:39 PM, said:
Posted 07 May 2011 - 10:42 PM
Buttonpusher, on May 5 2011, 09:52 PM, said:
Thanks for letting me know. I had just assumed you'd gone to ebay. I would definitely like to make an offer but need to do one more post after this one so i can pm.
Posted 08 May 2011 - 10:35 AM
Mckie1, on May 7 2011, 10:42 PM, said:
Are You in Melbourne?
Posted 13 September 2011 - 05:21 PM
Musical, on Apr 28 2011, 08:35 PM, said:
I will take them off your hands if they are NTSC and the price is right.
Call me. Mark 0401932688
PS. That goes for anyone else. I am in Sydney and will arrange a courier (37KGs cost $30)
Posted 13 September 2011 - 06:36 PM
ukexpat71, on Sep 13 2011, 05:21 PM, said:
Call me. Mark
PS. That goes for anyone else. I am in Sydney and will arrange a courier (37KGs cost $30)


text:
Transliteration `amam |
Pronunciation ä·mam'
(Key) | |
Part of Speech
verb |
Root Word (Etymology) A primitive root | |
TWOT Reference |
Printed from the Blue Letter Bible
Lexicon Results
Strong's H6004 - `amam
Outline of Biblical Usage
1) to dim, darken, grow dark a) (Qal) to dim, eclipse, be held dark b) (Hophal) to be dimmed, grow dark
Authorized Version (KJV) Translation Count — Total: 3
Concordance Results Using KJV
Strong's H6004 - `amam
Learn More About Our Word Search Tools Strong's Number H6004 matches the Hebrew עָמַם (`amam).(More Info)
Cite This Page: Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for `amam (Strong's 6004)". Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2013. 20 Jun 2013.
< http:// www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm? The English language concordance used by the Blue Letter Bible team started with the King James Version of the Bible, 1769 edition. We wrote a program to build the concordance files, indexing 790,881 words. We hope you enjoy the results! Blue Letter BibleLoading...
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text:
terrorist attack
Posted 29 December 2009 - 12:50 AM
it aint fatal.. its wen ur dreams are born/ spittin so hard sometimes i think ma teeth are gone/
am runnin this shit yet theres no shoes on ma feet at all/
u may not see me, but i kno u feel the heat involved/
the african son, yea a play with words is wat ma speech will cause/ see me soar/
above all the greed n all/ see me shinning like i used a whole bunch o grease n oil/
we got stabbed in da back, now watch me heal da sores/
as i stab them face to face so the can see the war/ rior/ in this griot/
we shine the the brightest not with all diamonds da we got/ its our heart, our resilience/
is jus brilliant/ our warmth is in our villages/ but b4 i get carried away let me finish dis/
da sickest spit/ in-credible lyricist/ beat yall upside da head with ma barz/ n come claim ma place up in AHH/
Posted 31 December 2009 - 09:43 PM
leave ya '*asping for air and screamin' from tha top of ya *un*s
Posted 04 January 2010 - 11:39 PM
yall cant see it, yall standing to close to the junk eaters/ u need to stand back and pan out like young peter/
da slums teacher/ some o yall need a hand like some greeter/ old geezers and young fools/
come through n listen up to kung fu/ killer rhymes being kicked out by ma gums shoes/ ma fingers hum tunes/ from the scribble of ma writtens harnessed from the monsoon/ more screws loose, but i havent lost ma noodles/ cuz i stay ramen/ sending shots to ur face n i dont even bartend/ i'm a jedi but in ma hands are darth pen/
an archive of darkside written in ma pads den/ ma rhymes are sky high like i live in a ganja garden/
barz infinit i should become jail builder/ ma manes bigger/ untamed killer/
cage ripper so i'm free to chase dinner/ma claws are metaphors, ma canines are great rhymes... rain spitter/ watch ma raise da bar like and olympic weight lifter/ the better folks? Many/ ma shit is telescope ready/
one best, one king... like i made to the other side of the checkers board 'ready/
Posted 06 January 2010 - 03:29 AM
Posted 08 January 2010 - 06:06 AM
Posted 15 January 2010 - 06:22 AM
theres no chink in this brethren/ hiz a terror-wrist with his pen hand/
no suicide, ma dross is dry, yea, no liquid is in them/..not a bomb? is it an invincible weapon!/
Guilty as charged/ feel the barrage/ of the filthiest barz/ wrapped in the silkiest scarves/
u cant tell ma words and motion pictures apart/ n its out of this world like I'm filming in mars/
The simple is scrapped/ the complex is compressed and built in ma heart/
I'm sharp headed like da kid in the Simpsons called bart/ or the fatal end of an arrow/
yall stay point less wit ur barz flow/ I tried to show u what the point b, like where cars go/
but yall jus rappin huh?/ you don't get the point like a broken pencil sharpener/ it is larger dan/
a few words, looking cool with dark glasses and/ rhyming words together to sound like the stars in Am/ Erica,
this is hiphop, their ears are shut/ this is the key, let them hear of us/
then their eyes'll see and tears'll drop/ its hard to stare at your sins, but we'll force them to stare at us/
build trust to break us up/ the only thrusting will be the spears we clutch/
make so no one will eva dare to touch wats dear to us/
make fun of our traditions, take our cultures and smear it up/
be proud of where you're from, only us can take care of us/
Posted 19 January 2010 - 12:47 PM
advice though... get in the battle forum.. u get more props.. and you grow more.
Posted 20 January 2010 - 08:18 AM
Posted 16 February 2010 - 04:06 AM
Part 1
Da bullets were raining see/ I kept shootin em aimlessly/
I dint care if I got hit or maimed u see/
cuz ma bride to be was slain indeed/ she waz harmless… an angel seed/
ma name-waz-deep in da hood, but I dint become great until da strength of a woman came to me/
I gave half of me to her, n filled da void wit half of her in me to cause da change in me/ dat made it we/
da woman who believed in me, dat woman who made sure ma sanity stayed in me/ is dead…
her last breath has brought bak da pain in me/ da anti-virus for wat tainted me/ is dead…
n it creeps bak in ma blood as da purity drowns leaving ma veins besieged/
yet da only person to blame is me/ wit dat thought, da rage increased/ 'murder, kill!!'
"No!!! its da fault of those whoz bodies lye cold by dis heinous heat"/
da frozen corpses from da flames I squeeze/
I bust dem to dust still in da tux ma mother made for me/ murder, kill!!!
Posted 18 February 2010 - 09:33 AM
Part 2
"head shots, make dem drop, left chest, not reckless, fuk it just make dem bleed/
make dem feel an ounce of da pain in me/
streets lookin like a canvas, n I da artist wit only one colour for dis painting piece/
I converse wit ma self, all I wanna do is drain their lifes, so I reload everytime I drain ma steel/
"u got an open shot on ur far right take it me/
go ahead slugs, go fetch souls wit head shots, refrain from refraining. Squeeze/
stop crying dawg wipe ur eyes don't smudge da frame to see/
make sure da loss of sight in ur peripheral is minimal make sure your vision is plain for me"/
I haven't even taken proper cover, dint give a fuk, I don't even kno where I got hit/
All I kno is a number of heated kids baked ma flesh and couple o ma nerves where busted/ but I just clutched it/
both ma gat n ma life… not ma mind though, she took it wit her cuz it waz clear dat I'd lost it/
Posted 18 February 2010 - 10:58 AM
Posted 23 February 2010 - 01:53 AM
Part 3
but did I really? All I kno is da only loosing being done here is dem loosing their pulses/ fuk it!
dis is clint east wood verses dick chainee, it waz like automatics verses muskets/
but jus den, I heard her voice, singing… loud n clear ova da rounds dat I busted/
I guess da end was near as I coughed n/ quickly felt betrayed by the thoughts I had trusted/
must've got hit pretty bad. As I try to figure out where I got ripped , another shot hit/
ma left knee cap got smashed ma right leg wobbled… so I used ma will n her song as crutches/
still I stood..., da song got louder, couldn't hear or see no more but I adjusted/
only a handful is left, so ma hand empties more slugs n, bullets remain gushing/
in another situation I mighta been thankfull for death but dis time I lusted/
for jus a lil more I got da broom in ma hand just let dis dirt get dusted/
n just den *PAK* PAK*.... I get hit again... ma heart beats dim as ma veins get interupted/
Posted 01 March 2010 - 11:09 PM
Last Part
get hit in the hand dat had reserved so many bodies for boxes/
arm hanging, dangling staining the floor with dark red droplets/
ma trigger hand limp, only 3 of dem left, ma right hand grabs da gun n/
took ma last inhale of this dirty worlds substance/
I only had 3 slugs left/ I squeeze… ma hand not steady, ma lungs thinned/
squeeze again… even less steady, ma feeling is lost wit/
all ma other senses, ma grip loose, yet I still let off da last shot as ma hand does dis/
2 dead, the third stood no more on his legs cuz he only had one left/
he had to die, so i headed towards him, took one step/
fell to the ground den drag maself closer to the culprit/
i was blind, but could hear him screaming, please! please! stop it!/
felt for his face as he sobbed still, "i was jus following orders, from...." *THUD* i punched him/
pounded his face till it was skull bits/ i exhale for the last time, ma body sunk stiff/
i get a split second of sight and see my mom with/
my wife standing ova me with their gun tips/
pointed at ma dome, "dodge dis!" *BLAM*
The End. hehe
Posted 02 March 2010 - 05:36 AM
Nur said:
pounded his face till it was skull bits/ i exhale for the last time, ma body sunk stiff/
i get a split second of sight and see my mom with/
my wife standing ova me with their gun tips/
pointed at ma dome, "dodge dis!" *BLAM*
The End. hehe
Man, I tell ya .. this is some vivid, made-for-movies theme kinda ish!! Hopefully it's not a mimic of truth. Nice lines, real nice!!
Posted 02 March 2010 - 09:24 AM
Posted 02 March 2010 - 01:21 PM
Posted 17 March 2010 - 01:38 PM
Posted 19 March 2010 - 10:38 PM
Posted 19 March 2010 - 10:55 PM
u knew we where coming wat da fuk is wrong wit u/
u shuda had all da shit we need out in da Lawn in due/
time to avoid wastage of time, u just scorned ur crew/
da ghosts been haunting u/ since da beginning we been on to u/
call ur family n tell em to start mourning u by morning dude/
by da time da light comes bak its lights out on da floor wit u/
da Law is who? Yes exactly y couldn't u understand dis, ur just a pawn in truth/
u only move wen ur told to move/ u only dance wit da song in tune/
ur da fawn we spoon/ ur still wobbling on ur feet, tryna trip da dawning Bulls/
we never flinch never stagger, never cringe, never *raggal*, born to rule/
only ma spit, n wat holds ma bladder..,
da reason for all da rips and wat brings tears to ur father.., all in 2/ offspring dudes/
whyyy… hehehe stupidity? ghost u pity him? Hiz wrong to do/
wat he thought he could/ pull off, once again wats wrong wit u/ u *doff*?
or even better wats right wit u hehe start praying right now is wat u ought to do/
yowe stick a fork in dude/ I kno he aint done yet… I like ma meals raw uncooked/ *raka*!
Posted 22 March 2010 - 09:37 AM
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text:
Parsing or syntactic analysis is the process of analysing a string of symbols, either in natural language or in computer languages, according to the rules of a formal grammar. The term parsing comes from Latin pars (ōrātiōnis), meaning part (of speech).[1][2]
The term has slightly different meanings in different branches of linguistics and computer science. Traditional sentence parsing is often performed as a method of understanding the exact meaning of a sentence, sometimes with the aid of devices such as sentence diagrams. It usually emphasizes the importance of grammatical divisions such as subject and predicate.
Within computational linguistics the term is used to refer to the formal analysis by computer of a sentence or other string of words into its constituents, resulting in a parse tree showing their syntactic relation to each other, which may also contain semantic and other information.
The term is also used in psycholinguistics when describing language comprehension. In this context, parsing refers to the way that human beings analyze a sentence or phrase (in spoken language or text) "in terms of grammatical constituents, identifying the parts of speech, syntactic relations, etc." [2] This term is especially common when discussing what linguistic cues help speakers to interpret garden-path sentences.
Within computer science, the term is used in the analysis of computer languages, referring to the syntactic analysis of the input code into its component parts in order to facilitate the writing of compilers and interpreters.
Contents |
Human languages[edit]
Traditional methods[edit]
The traditional grammatical exercise of parsing, sometimes known as clause analysis, involves breaking down a text into its component parts of speech with an explanation of the form, function, and syntactic relationship of each part.[3] This is determined in large part from study of the language's conjugations and declensions, which can be quite intricate for heavily inflected languages. To parse a phrase such as 'man bites dog' involves noting that the singular noun 'man' is the subject of the sentence, the verb 'bites' is the third person singular of the present tense of the verb 'to bite', and the singular noun 'dog' is the object of the sentence. Techniques such as sentence diagrams are sometimes used to indicate the relation between elements in the sentence.
Parsing was formerly central to the teaching of grammar throughout the English-speaking world, and widely regarded as basic to the use and understanding of written language. However the teaching of such techniques is no longer current.
Computational methods[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2013) |
In some machine translation and natural language processing systems, written texts in human languages are parsed by computer programs[how?]. Human sentences are not easily parsed by programs, as there is substantial ambiguity in the structure of human language, whose usage is to convey meaning (or semantics) amongst a potentially unlimited range of possibilities but only some of which are germane to the particular case. So an utterance "Man bites dog" versus "Dog bites man" is definite on one detail but in another language might appear as "Man dog bites" with a reliance on the larger context to distinguish between those two possibilities, if indeed that difference was of concern. It is difficult to prepare formal rules to describe informal behaviour even though it is clear that some rules are being followed.
In order to parse natural language data, researchers must first agree on the grammar to be used. The choice of syntax is affected by both linguistic and computational concerns; for instance some parsing systems use lexical functional grammar, but in general, parsing for grammars of this type is known to be NP-complete. Head-driven phrase structure grammar is another linguistic formalism which has been popular in the parsing community, but other research efforts have focused on less complex formalisms such as the one used in the Penn Treebank. Shallow parsing aims to find only the boundaries of major constituents such as noun phrases. Another popular strategy for avoiding linguistic controversy is dependency grammar parsing.
Most modern parsers are at least partly statistical; that is, they rely on a corpus of training data which has already been annotated (parsed by hand). This approach allows the system to gather information about the frequency with which various constructions occur in specific contexts. (See machine learning.) Approaches which have been used include straightforward PCFGs (probabilistic context-free grammars), maximum entropy, and neural nets. Most of the more successful systems use lexical statistics (that is, they consider the identities of the words involved, as well as their part of speech). However such systems are vulnerable to overfitting and require some kind of smoothing to be effective.[citation needed]
Parsing algorithms for natural language cannot rely on the grammar having 'nice' properties as with manually designed grammars for programming languages. As mentioned earlier some grammar formalisms are very difficult to parse computationally; in general, even if the desired structure is not context-free, some kind of context-free approximation to the grammar is used to perform a first pass. Algorithms which use context-free grammars often rely on some variant of the CKY algorithm, usually with some heuristic to prune away unlikely analyses to save time. (See chart parsing.) However some systems trade speed for accuracy using, e.g., linear-time versions of the shift-reduce algorithm. A somewhat recent development has been parse reranking in which the parser proposes some large number of analyses, and a more complex system selects the best option.
In psycholinguistics, parsing involves not just the assignment of words to categories, but the evaluation of the meaning of a sentence according to the rules of syntax drawn by inferences made from each word in the sentence. This normally occurs as words are being heard or read. Consequently, psycholinguistic models of parsing are of necessity incremental, meaning that they build up an interpretation as the sentence is being processed, which is normally expressed in terms of a partial syntactic structure. Creation of the wrong structure can lead to the phenomenon known as garden-pathing.
Programming languages[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2013) |
=== Parser ===
In computing, a parser is one of the components in an interpreter or compiler that takes input text and builds a data structure (often some kind of parse tree, abstract syntax tree or other hierarchical structure) giving a structural representation of the input, checking for correct syntax in the process. The parsing may be preceded or followed by other steps, or these may be combined into a single step. The parser is often preceded by a separate lexical analyser, which creates tokens from the sequence of input characters; alternatively, these can be combined in scannerless parsing. Parsers may be programmed by hand or may be (semi-)automatically generated (in some programming languages) by a tool.
The most common use of a parser is as a component of a compiler or interpreter. This parses the source code of a computer programming language to create some form of internal representation, and the parser is a key step in the compiler frontend. Programming languages tend to be specified in terms of a deterministic context-free grammar because fast and efficient parsers can be written for them. Parsers are written by hand or generated by parser generators, and can be done in one pass or multiple passes – see one-pass compiler and multi-pass compiler.
Context-free grammars are limited in the extent to which they can express all of the requirements of a language. Informally, the reason is that the memory of such a language is limited. The grammar cannot remember the presence of a construct over an arbitrarily long input; this is necessary for a language in which, for example, a name must be declared before it may be referenced. More powerful grammars that can express this constraint, however, cannot be parsed efficiently. Thus, it is a common strategy to create a relaxed parser for a context-free grammar which accepts a superset of the desired language constructs (that is, it accepts some invalid constructs); later, the unwanted constructs can be filtered out at the contextual analysis step.
Overview of process[edit]
The following example demonstrates the common case of parsing a computer language with two levels of grammar: lexical and syntactic.
The first stage is the token generation, or lexical analysis, by which the input character stream is split into meaningful symbols defined by a grammar of regular expressions. For example, a calculator program would look at an input such as "12*(3+4)^2
" and split it into the tokens 12
, *
, (
, 3
, +
, 4
, )
, ^
, 2
, each of which is a meaningful symbol in the context of an arithmetic expression. The lexer would contain rules to tell it that the characters *
, +
, ^
, (
and )
mark the start of a new token, so meaningless tokens like "12*
" or "(3
" will not be generated.
The next stage is parsing or syntactic analysis, which is checking that the tokens form an allowable expression. This is usually done with reference to a context-free grammar which recursively defines components that can make up an expression and the order in which they must appear. However, not all rules defining programming languages can be expressed by context-free grammars alone, for example type validity and proper declaration of identifiers. These rules can be formally expressed with attribute grammars.
The final phase is semantic parsing or analysis, which is working out the implications of the expression just validated and taking the appropriate action. In the case of a calculator or interpreter, the action is to evaluate the expression or program, a compiler, on the other hand, would generate some kind of code. Attribute grammars can also be used to define these actions.
Types of parser[edit]
The task of the parser is essentially to determine if and how the input can be derived from the start symbol of the grammar. This can be done in essentially two ways:
- Top-down parsing- Top-down parsing can be viewed as an attempt to find left-most derivations of an input-stream by searching for parse trees using a top-down expansion of the given formal grammar rules. Tokens are consumed from left to right. Inclusive choice is used to accommodate ambiguity by expanding all alternative right-hand-sides of grammar rules.[4]
- Bottom-up parsing - A parser can start with the input and attempt to rewrite it to the start symbol. Intuitively, the parser attempts to locate the most basic elements, then the elements containing these, and so on. LR parsers are examples of bottom-up parsers. Another term used for this type of parser is Shift-Reduce parsing.
LL parsers and recursive-descent parser are examples of top-down parsers which cannot accommodate left recursive production rules. Although it has been believed that simple implementations of top-down parsing cannot accommodate direct and indirect left-recursion and may require exponential time and space complexity while parsing ambiguous context-free grammars, more sophisticated algorithms for top-down parsing have been created by Frost, Hafiz, and Callaghan[5][6] which accommodate ambiguity and left recursion in polynomial time and which generate polynomial-size representations of the potentially exponential number of parse trees. Their algorithm is able to produce both left-most and right-most derivations of an input with regard to a given CFG (context-free grammar).
An important distinction with regard to parsers is whether a parser generates a leftmost derivation or a rightmost derivation (see context-free grammar). LL parsers will generate a leftmost derivation and LR parsers will generate a rightmost derivation (although usually in reverse).[4]
Examples of parsers[edit]
Top-down parsers[edit]
Some of the parsers that use top-down parsing include:
- Recursive descent parser
- LL parser (Left-to-right, Leftmost derivation)
- Earley parser
Bottom-up parsers[edit]
Some of the parsers that use bottom-up parsing include:
- Precedence parser
- BC (bounded context) parsing
- LR parser (Left-to-right, Rightmost derivation)
- CYK parser
Parser development software[edit]
Some of the well known parser development tools include the following. Also see comparison of parser generators.
This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2012) |
Lookahead establishes the maximum incoming tokens that a parser can use to decide which rule it should use. Lookahead is especially relevant to LL, LR, and LALR parsers, where it is often explicitly indicated by affixing the lookahead to the algorithm name in parentheses, such as LALR(1).
Most programming languages, the primary target of parsers, are carefully defined in such a way that a parser with limited lookahead, typically one, can parse them, because parsers with limited lookahead are often more efficient. One important change[citation needed] to this trend came in 1990 when Terence Parr created ANTLR for his Ph.D. thesis, a parser generator for efficient LL(k) parsers, where k is any fixed value.
Parsers typically have only a few actions after seeing each token. They are shift (add this token to the stack for later reduction), reduce (pop tokens from the stack and form a syntactic construct), end, error (no known rule applies) or conflict (does not know whether to shift or reduce).
Lookahead has two advantages.
- It helps the parser take the correct action in case of conflicts. For example, parsing the if statement in the case of an else clause.
- It eliminates many duplicate states and eases the burden of an extra stack. A C language non-lookahead parser will have around 10,000 states. A lookahead parser will have around 300 states.
Example: Parsing the Expression 1 + 2 * 3
Set of expression parsing rules (called grammar) is as follows,
Rule1: E → E + E Expression is the sum of two expressions. Rule2: E → E * E Expression is the product of two expressions. Rule3: E → number Expression is a simple number Rule4: + has less precedence than *
Most programming languages (except for a few such as APL and Smalltalk) and algebraic formulas give higher precedence to multiplication than addition, in which case the correct interpretation of the example above is (1 + (2*3)). Note that Rule4 above is a semantic rule. It is possible to rewrite the grammar to incorporate this into the syntax. However, not all such rules can be translated into syntax.
- Simple non-lookahead parser actions
Initially Input = [1,+,2,*,3]
- Shift "1" onto stack from input (in anticipation of rule3). Input = [+,2,*,3] Stack = [1]
- Reduces "1" to expression "E" based on rule3. Stack = [E]
- Shift "+" onto stack from input (in anticipation of rule1). Input = [2,*,3] Stack = [E,+]
- Shift "2" onto stack from input (in anticipation of rule3). Input = [*,3] Stack = [E,+,2]
- Reduce stack element "2" to Expression "E" based on rule3. Stack = [E,+,E]
- Reduce stack items [E,+] and new input "E" to "E" based on rule1. Stack = [E]
- Shift "*" onto stack from input (in anticipation of rule2). Input = [3] Stack = [E,*]
- Shift "3" onto stack from input (in anticipation of rule3). Input = [] (empty) Stack = [E,*,3]
- Reduce stack element "3" to expression "E" based on rule3. Stack = [E,*,E]
- Reduce stack items [E,*] and new input "E" to "E" based on rule2. Stack = [E]
The parse tree and resulting code from it is not correct according to language semantics.
To correctly parse without lookahead, there are three solutions:
- The user has to enclose expressions within parentheses. This often is not a viable solution.
- The parser needs to have more logic to backtrack and retry whenever a rule is violated or not complete. The similar method is followed in LL parsers.
- Alternatively, the parser or grammar needs to have extra logic to delay reduction and reduce only when it is absolutely sure which rule to reduce first. This method is used in LR parsers. This correctly parses the expression but with many more states and increased stack depth.
- Lookahead parser actions
- Shift 1 onto stack on input 1 in anticipation of rule3. It does not reduce immediately.
- Reduce stack item 1 to simple Expression on input + based on rule3. The lookahead is +, so we are on path to E +, so we can reduce the stack to E.
- Shift + onto stack on input + in anticipation of rule1.
- Shift 2 onto stack on input 2 in anticipation of rule3.
- Reduce stack item 2 to Expression on input * based on rule3. The lookahead * expects only E before it.
- Now stack has E + E and still the input is *. It has two choices now, either to shift based on rule2 or reduction based on rule1. Since * has more precedence than + based on rule4, so shift * onto stack in anticipation of rule2.
- Shift 3 onto stack on input 3 in anticipation of rule3.
- Reduce stack item 3 to Expression after seeing end of input based on rule3.
- Reduce stack items E * E to E based on rule2.
- Reduce stack items E + E to E based on rule1.
The parse tree generated is correct and simply more efficient[citation needed] than non-lookahead parsers. This is the strategy followed in LALR parsers.
See also[edit]
- Backtracking
- Chart parser
- Compiler-compiler
- Deterministic parsing
- Generating strings
- Grammar checker
- LALR parser
- Lexing
- Pratt parser
- Shallow parsing
- Left corner parser
- Parsing expression grammar
- ^ "Bartleby.com homepage". Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ a b "parse". dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ^ "Grammar and Composition".
- ^ a b Aho, A.V., Sethi, R. and Ullman ,J.D. (1986) " Compilers: principles, techniques, and tools." Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. Boston, MA, USA.
- ^ Frost, R., Hafiz, R. and Callaghan, P. (2007) " Modular and Efficient Top-Down Parsing for Ambiguous Left-Recursive Grammars ." 10th International Workshop on Parsing Technologies (IWPT), ACL-SIGPARSE , Pages: 109 - 120, June 2007, Prague.
- ^ Frost, R., Hafiz, R. and Callaghan, P. (2008) " Parser Combinators for Ambiguous Left-Recursive Grammars." 10th International Symposium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages (PADL), ACM-SIGPLAN , Volume 4902/2008, Pages: 167 - 181, January 2008, San Francisco.
- ^ shproto.org
Further reading[edit]
- Chapman, Nigel P., LR Parsing: Theory and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-521-30413-X
- Grune, Dick; Jacobs, Ceriel J.H., Parsing Techniques - A Practical Guide, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Originally published by Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England, 1990; ISBN 0-13-651431-6
External links[edit]
Look up parse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |