text:
University of Michigan
University of Michigan | |
Latin: Universitas Michigania | |
Motto | Artes, Scientia, Veritas |
Motto in English | Arts, Knowledge, Truth |
Established | 1817 |
Type | Flagship Public Sea grant Space grant |
Endowment | $7.691 billion[1] |
President | Mary Sue Coleman |
Academic staff | 6,615[2] |
Admin. staff | 18,524[3] |
Students | 43,426[4] |
Undergraduates | 27,979[4] |
Postgraduates | 12,714[4] |
Location | Ann Arbor, MI, US 42°16′59″N 83°44′06″W / 42.2830°N 83.7350°WCoordinates: 42°16′59″N 83°44′06″W / 42.2830°N 83.7350°W |
Campus | 3,177 acres (12.86 km2) Total: 20,965 acres (84.84 km2), including arboretum |
Sports | Wolverines |
Colors | |
Nickname | Wolverines |
Website | umich.edu |
The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, UMich, or U of M), frequently referred to as simply Michigan, is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.[6] It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan. It is one of the original eight Public Ivy universities and is one of the founding members of the Association of American Universities. It has been ranked among the top five research universities in the US,[7] and among the top 20 universities in the world.[8][9][10][11] U-M also has satellite campuses in Flint and Dearborn.
The university was founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, about 20 years before the Michigan Territory officially became a state.[12] What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now known as Central Campus.[13] Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the university has physically expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 31 million gross square feet (712 acres or 2.38 km²),[14] and transformed its academic program from a strictly classical curriculum to one that includes science and research.[15] U-M was the site of much student activism in the 1960s.[16] When presidential candidate John F. Kennedy visited the University on October 14, 1960, he gave an impromptu speech on the steps of the Michigan Union that led to a University of Michigan student movement which contributed to the establishment of the Peace Corps.[17] The University was also a focal point in the controversy over affirmative action within higher education admissions.[18]
Michigan has one of the world's largest living alumni groups at more than 500,000 in 2012.[19] U-M owns the University of Michigan Health System[20] and has one of the largest research expenditures of any American university, passing the $1.24 billion mark during the 2010-2011 academic year.[21] The university has very high research activity and its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, social work and dentistry.[22]
Its athletic teams, called the Wolverines, are members of the Big Ten Conference and the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. The athletic program is known for its success in ice hockey, football, and Men's Basketball.[23] The football team plays in Michigan Stadium, also known as "The Big House," the largest football stadium in the world, with a stated capacity of 109,901.[24]
Contents |
The University of Michigan was established in Detroit in 1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. The Rev. John Monteith was one of the university's founders and its first President. Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 ha) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capitol, but it offered this land to the university when Lansing was chosen as the state capital. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to governor Stevens T. Mason. The original 40 acres (160,000 m2) became part of the current Central Campus.[13] The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845.[12] By 1866 enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870.[25] James Burrill Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded U-M's curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. U-M also became the first American university to use the seminar method of study.[26]
From 1900 to 1920 the university constructed many new facilities, including buildings for the dental and pharmacy programs, chemistry, natural sciences, Hill Auditorium, large hospital and library complexes, and two residence halls. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a favored choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s when the Ivy League schools had quotas restricting the number of Jews to be admitted.[27] As a result, U-M gained the nickname "Harvard of the West," which became commonly parodied in reverse after John F. Kennedy referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in his speech proposing the formation of the Peace Corps while on the front steps of the Michigan Union.[28] During World War II, U-M's research grew to include U.S. Navy projects such as proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming.
By 1950, enrollment had reached 21,000, of whom more than one third: 7,700 were veterans supported by the G.I. Bill. As the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M became a major recipient of government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy. Much of that work, as well as research into alternative energy sources, is pursued via the Memorial Phoenix Project.[29]
Lyndon B. Johnson's speech outlining his Great Society program was given during U-M's 1964 spring commencement ceremony.[12] During the 1960s, there were numerous protests against the Vietnam War and related to other issues at the U-M. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.[30][31] In response to a series of sit-ins in 1966 by Voice–the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society, U-M's administration banned sit-ins. In response, 1,500 students had a one-hour sit-in the LSA Building, which housed administrative offices.
Former U-M student and noted architect Alden B. Dow designed the current Fleming Administration Building, which was completed in 1968. The building's plans were drawn in the early 1960s, before student activism prompted a concern for safety, but the Fleming Building's narrow windows, all located above the first floor, and fortress-like exterior led to a campus rumor that it was designed to be riot-proof. Dow denied those rumors, claiming the small windows were designed to be energy efficient.[32]
During the 1970s, severe budget constraints challenged the university's physical development; but, in the 1980s, the university received increased grants for research in the social and physical sciences. The university's involvement in the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa caused controversy on campus.[33][34] During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. In its 2011 annual financial report, the university announced that it had dedicated $497 million per year in each of the prior 10 years to renovate buildings and infrastructure around the campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus.
In the early 2000s (decade), U-M also faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping tuition costs affordable. There were disputes between U-M's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.[35] The university is currently engaged in a $2.5 billion construction campaign.[36]
In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush took the unusual step of publicly opposing the policy before the court issued a ruling.[37] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding. But, it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.
The debate continues because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.[38] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the passed proposal soon after that election, and this has allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the election results. The university has stated it plans to continue to challenge the ruling; in the meantime, the admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.[38]
The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South Campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings,[39] with a combined area of more than 31 million square feet or 712-acre (2.88 km2).[40] The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River.[41] There is also leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus has recently been developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.[42]
In addition to the U-M Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course called "Radrick Farms Golf Course" on Geddes Road. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff, and alumni.[43] Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the board of regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.[44] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.[45]
All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central Campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central Campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.[46]
Central Campus[edit]
Central Campus was the original location of U-M when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on forty acres of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original forty acre campus.[13] Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings.[47] Residence halls located on Central Campus are split up into two groups: the Hill Neighborhood and Central Campus.[48]
Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business, the Law School and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library which are connected by a skywalk, are also on Central Campus,[49] as well as museums housing collections in archaeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry, and art. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the Burton Memorial Tower and nearby Hill Auditorium.[50]
North Campus[edit]
North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farm land—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km2)—that the university bought in 1952.[51] It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modern architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[52] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower.[53] The University of Michigan's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is located on North Campus.[48]
North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.[54] The campus is served by the Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.[55] Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library.
South Campus[edit]
South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Center, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,[56] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.[57] The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.[56]
U-M's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia (home of The Masters Tournament).[58] The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what Sports Illustrated calls "golf's greatest course architect." The U-M Golf Course's signature No. 6 hole—a 310-yard (280 m) par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers—is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion Nick Faldo and golf course architect Tom Doak. The listing of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" is featured in SI's Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters on April 4, 2006.[59]
Organization and administration[edit]
College/school founding[60] | |
College/school | Year founded |
---- | |
College of Literature, Science, and the Arts | 1841 |
School of Medicine | 1850 |
College of Engineering | 1854 |
School of Law | 1859 |
School of Dentistry | 1875 |
School of Pharmacy | 1876 |
School of Music, Theatre & Dance | 1880 |
School of Nursing | 1893 |
A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning | 1906 |
Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies | 1912 |
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy | 1914 |
School of Education | 1921 |
Stephen M. Ross School of Business | 1924 |
School of Natural Resources & Environment | 1927 |
School of Public Health | 1941 |
School of Social Work | 1951 |
School of Information | 1969 |
School of Art & Design | 1974 |
School of Kinesiology | 1984 |
The University of Michigan consists of a flagship campus in Ann Arbor, with two regional campuses in Dearborn and Flint. The Board of Regents, which governs the university and was established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837, consists of eight members elected at large in biennial state elections[61] for overlapping eight-year terms.[62][63] Between the establishment of the University of Michigan in 1837 and 1850, the Board of Regents ran the university directly; although they were, by law, supposed to appoint a Chancellor to administer the university, they never did. Instead a rotating roster of professors carried out the day-to-day administration duties.[64]
The President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer of the university. The office was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1850, which also specified that the president was to be appointed by the Regents of the University of Michigan and preside at their meetings, but without a vote.[65] Today, the president's office is at the Ann Arbor campus, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's House, the university's oldest building located on Central Campus in Ann Arbor.[66] Mary Sue Coleman is the 13th president of the university and has served since August 2002.[67] Her compensation for 2008–2009 totaled $783,850.[68]
There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[69] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[70] At the graduate level, the Rackham Graduate School serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[71] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges, the largest of which are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, the Law School, and the Ross School of Business. Professional degrees are conferred by the Schools of Public Health, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, and Pharmacy.[70] The Medical School is partnered with the University of Michigan Health System, which comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.
U-M's financial endowment (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $7.57 billion in NACUBO's 2008 ranking.[72] It was the seventh largest endowment in the U.S. and the third-largest among U.S public universities at that time, as well as the fastest growing endowment in the nation over the last 21 years.[73] The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, U-M embarked on a massive fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference," which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million designated for the permanent endowment.[74] Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.[75] Ultimately, the campaign raised $3.2 billion over 8 years. Over the course of the capital campaign, 191 additional professorships were endowed, bringing the university total to 471 as of 2009.[76] Like nearly all colleges and universities, U-M suffered significant realized and unrealized losses in its endowment during the second half of 2008. In February 2009, a university spokesperson estimated losses of between 20 and 30 percent.[77] As of June 2010, the endowment was estimated to be $6.7 billion.[78] On April 18, 2013, the University of Michigan announced the single largest gift in its history, a $110 million gift from Munger to fund a new state-of-the-art residence designed to foster a community of scholars, where graduate students from multiple disciplines can live and exchange ideas.[19] The gift includes $10 million for graduate student fellowships.
Student government[edit]
Housed in the Michigan Union, the Central Student Government (CSG) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, the CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus. In recent years CSG has organized airBus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.[79] CSG has also been successful at reviving Homecoming activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007.[80]
There are student governance bodies in each college and school. The two largest colleges at the University of Michigan are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A) and the College of Engineering. Undergraduate students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG).[81] The University of Michigan Engineering Council (UMEC) manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government (RSG). In addition, the students that live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association (RHA).[82]
A longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.[83] Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the state-wide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.[84] Although none of these campaigns has been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.[83] A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.[85]
University rankings | |
National | |
Forbes[87] | 57 |
U.S. News & World Report[88] | 29 |
Washington Monthly[89] | 10 |
Global | |
Times[92] | 18 |
The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.[6][93][94] The four year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the "comprehensive" graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[6] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.[95] With over 200 undergraduate majors, 100 doctoral and 90 master's programs,[96] U-M conferred 6,490 undergraduate degrees, 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011-2012.[97]
National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[98] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors," "with High Honors," or "with Honors."[98] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[98]
Out-of-state undergraduate students pay between US $36,001.38 and $43,063.38 annually for tuition alone while in-state undergraduate students paid between US $11,837.38 and $16,363.38 annually.[99] U-M provides financial aid in the form of need-based loans, grants, scholarships, work study, and non-need based scholarships, with 77% of undergraduates in 2007 receiving financial aid.[100][101] For undergraduates in 2008, 46% graduated with about $25,586 of debt in 2008.[101] The university is attempting to increase financial aid availability to students by devoting over $1.53 billion in endowment funds to support financial aid.[102][103][104]
Student body[edit]
In fall 2012, the university had an enrollment of 43,426 students: 27,979 undergraduate students, 12,714 academic degree-seeking graduate students, and 2,733 first professional students[4][70] in 600 academic programs. Of all students, 36,650 (87.4 percent) are U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 5,274 (12.6 percent) are international students. Each year, some 30,000 people apply for admission to the university; almost 42 percent are admitted and some 5,400 new students enroll.[105] Students come from all 50 U.S. states and more than 100 countries.[106] Some 97 percent of the university's incoming class of 2009 earned a high school GPA of 3.0 and higher. The average GPA of accepted applicants in the 2011 class was 3.8. The middle 50 percent of admitted applicants reported an SAT score of about 1990-2200 (Critical Reading 630-730, Math 670-770, Writing 650-750) and an ACT score of 29-33, with AP credit granted to over 3000 freshmen students.[107] Full-time students make up about 96 percent of the student body. Among full-time students, the university has a first-time student retention rate of 96 percent.[108]
Undergraduate | Graduate | Michigan | U.S. Census | |
African American | 5.8% | 4.2% | 14.1% | 12.4% |
Asian American | 12.1% | 8.8% | 2.3% | 4.3% |
European American | 65.0% | 48.5% | 79.6% | 74.1% |
Hispanic American | 4.1% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 14.7% |
Native American | <1% | <1% | 0.5% | 0.8% |
International student | 5.7% | 30.9% | N/A | N/A |
In 2012, undergraduates were enrolled in 12 schools: About 62 percent in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts; 21 percent in the College of Engineering; 4 percent in the Ross School of Business; 3 percent in the School of Kinesiology; 3 percent in the School of Music, Theatre & Dance; and 2 percent in the School of Nursing. Small numbers of undergraduates were enrolled in the colleges or schools of Art & Design, Architecture & Urban Planning, Dentistry, Education, Pharmacy, and Public Policy.[70] Among undergraduates, 70 percent graduate with a bachelor's degree within four years, 86 percent graduate within five years and 88 percent graduating within six years.[108]
Of the university's 12,714 non-professional graduate students, 5,367 are seeking academic doctorates and 6,821 are seeking master's degrees. The largest number of master's degree students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business (1,812 students seeking MBA or Master of Accounting degrees) and the College of Engineering (1,456 students seeking M.S. or M.Eng. degrees). The largest number of doctoral students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (2,076) and College of Engineering (1,496). While the majority of U-M's graduate degree-granting schools and colleges have both undergraduate and graduate students, a few schools only issue graduate degrees. Presently, the School of Information, School of Natural Resources and Environment, School of Public Health, and School of Social Work only have graduate students.[70]
In fall 2010, 2,709 Michigan students were enrolled in U-M's professional schools: the School of Dentistry (439 students), Law School (1,182 students), Medical School (802 students), and College of Pharmacy (439 students).[70]
The university is one of the founding members (1900) of the Association of American Universities. With over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy and 471 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline,[111] the university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States, totaling about $1 billion in 2009.[112] The Medical School spent the most at over US $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.[112] U-M also has a technology transfer office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests. In 2009, the university consummated a deal to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 feet (490,000 m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of administrative space. As of the purchase date, the university's intentions for the space were not announced, but the expectation is that the new space will allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.[113]
The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG,[114] gastroscope,[115] and the announcement of Jonas Salk's polio vaccine. The university's 13,000-acre (53 km2) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.[116]
In the mid-1960s U-M researchers worked with IBM to develop a new virtual memory architectural model[117] that became part of IBM's Model 360/67 mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the "M" stood for Michigan).[118] The Michigan Terminal System (MTS), an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at U-M, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.[119]
U-M is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The Institute for Social Research (ISR), the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,[120] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[121]
The U-M library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly 13.3 million volumes.[122] U-M was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google.[123] The University of Michigan Press is also a part of the U-M library system.
In the late 1960s U-M, together with Michigan State University and Wayne State University, founded the Merit Network, one of the first university computer networks.[124] The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by U-M. Another major contribution took place in 1987 when a proposal submitted by the Merit Network together with its partners IBM, MCI, and the State of Michigan won a national competition to upgrade and expand the National Science Foundation Network(NSFNET) backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.[125] In 2006, U-M joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.[126] The three universities are electronically interconnected via the Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR, pronounced 'MY-lar'), a high-speed data network providing 10 Gbit/s connections between the three university campuses and other national and international network connection points in Chicago.[127]
The University of Michigan is a participant in the Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), an academic consortium of the universities in the Big Ten Conference plus former conference member the University of Chicago. The initiative also allows students at participating institutions to take distance courses at other participating institutions and forms a partnership of research.[128] Students at participating schools are also allowed "in-house" viewing privileges at other participating schools' libraries.[129][130]
Student life[edit]
Residential life[edit]
The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate up to 10,900 people, or nearly 30 percent of the total student population at the university.[131] The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,240 students,[132] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.[133] A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas.
The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the Michigan Research Community, medical sciences, community service and the German language.[134] The Michigan Research Community and the Women in Science and Engineering Residence Program are housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall. The Residential College (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. Also housed in East Quad is the Michigan Community Scholars Program, which is dedicated to civic engagement, community service learning and intercultural understanding and dialogue.[135] The Lloyd Hall Scholars Program (LHSP) is located in Alice Lloyd Hall. The Health Sciences Scholars program (HSSP) is located in Couzens Hall. The North Quad complex houses two additional living-learning communities: the Global Scholars Program[136] and the Max Kade German Program.[137] It is "technology-rich," and houses communication-related programs, including the School of Information, the Department of Communication Studies, and the Department of Screen Arts and Cultures.[138][139] North Quad is also home to services such as the Language Resource Center and the Sweetland Center for Writing.[140]
The residential system also has a number of "theme communities" where students have the opportunity to be surrounded by students in a residential hall who share similar interests. These communities focus on global leadership, the college transition experience, and internationalism.[141] The Adelia Cheever Program is housed in the Helen Newberry House.[142] The First Year Experience is housed in the Baits II Houses, Northwood Houses, and Markley Hall.[143] The Sophomore Experience is housed in Stockwell Hall and the Transfer Year Experience is housed in Northwood III.[144] The newly organized International Impact program is housed in North Quad.[145]
Groups and activities[edit]
The University lists 1,438 student organizations.[146] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights. One group is Students for a Democratic Society, which recently reformed with a new chapter on campus as of February 2007. Another student labor campaign organization recently established on campus is the United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS). This group seeks to hold accountable multinational companies that exploit their workers in factories around the world where college apparel is produced. Though the student body generally leans toward left-wing politics,[147] there are also conservative groups, such as Young Americans for Freedom, and non-partisan groups, such as the Roosevelt Institution.
There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times.[148] Michigan Interactive Investments, the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society[149] are also affiliated with the university.
The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,[150] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,[151] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.[152]
Fraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately 18 percent of undergraduates are involved in Greek life. Membership numbers for the 2009-2010 school year reached the highest in the last two decades. Four different Greek councils - the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association - represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.[153]
The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.[154] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.[155] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.
The Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,[156] is the university's marching band. Over 100 years old,[157] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.[158] Its eight member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.[159]
Media and publications[edit]
The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publications Gargoyle and the The Michigan Every Three Weekly are also published by Michigan students.
WCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system.
Several academic journals are published at the university:
- The Law School publishes the well-regarded Michigan Law Review and five other law journals: The University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law, and Michigan Journal of Gender & Law.[160]
- The Ross School of Business publishes the Michigan Journal of Business
- Several undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies.
The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the Wolverines. They participate in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except men's ice hockey, which is a member of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, men's lacrosse, which is a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference, and woman's water polo, which is a member of the Collegiate Water Polo Association. U-M boasts 27 varsity sports, including 13 men's teams and 14 women's teams.[161] In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 14 of the award's sixteen seasons and has placed in the top six in 9 of the last 10 seasons.[162]
The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in both total wins (884 through the end of the 2010 season) and winning percentage (.735).[23] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.[163] The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships. The program has eleven national championships, most recently in 1997,[164] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson.[165]
Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of more than 109,901[166] (the extra seat is said to be "reserved" for Fritz Crisler[24]) though attendance—frequently over 111,000 spectators—regularly exceeds the official capacity.[167] The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium, especially since the arrival of head coach Bo Schembechler. U of M has fierce rivalries with many teams, including Michigan State, Notre Dame, and Ohio State; ESPN has referred to the Michigan-Ohio State rivalry as the greatest rivalry in American sports.[168] U-M has all-time winning records against Michigan State University, University of Notre Dame, and Ohio State University.[169]
The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships,[170] while the men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in four Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. However, the program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.[171]
Through the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, 178 U-M students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in every Summer Olympics except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. U of M students have won a total of 133 Olympic medals: 65 gold, 30 silver, and 38 bronze.[172]
School songs[edit]
The University of Michigan's fight song, "The Victors," was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the University of Chicago that won a league championship. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa as "the greatest college fight song ever written."[173] The song refers to the university as being "the Champions of the West." At the time, U-M was part of the Western Conference, which would later become the Big Ten Conference. Michigan was considered to be on the Western Frontier when it was founded in the old Northwest Territory. Although mainly used at sporting events, the fight song can be heard at other events. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "Hail to the Chief"[174] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation on the fight song at his funeral.[175] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "The Yellow and Blue." A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!," had a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.[176]
Before "The Victors" was officially the University's fight song, the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" was considered to be the school song.[177] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song "Varsity" was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.[178] In 2011, the Band Pop Evil wrote and recorded a rock and roll anthem for the Wolverines called "In the Big House."[179]
Notable people and alumni[edit]
In addition to the late U.S. president Gerald Ford, the university has produced twenty-six Rhodes Scholars,[Note 1] numerous Marshall Scholars, seven Nobel Prize winners, 116 Olympic medalists,[172] 20 MacArthur Foundation award winners, 18 Pulitzer Prize winners including Ann Marie Lapinski who was named Pulitzer board co-chair in 2011, and Fields Medal winner Stephen Smale. The university routinely has led in the number of Fulbright Scholars including a nation-leading 40 scholars in the 2010-2011 academic year.[180]
More than 250 Michigan graduates have served as legislators as either United States Senator (40 graduates) or as a Congressional representative (over 200 graduates), including former House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt[181] and U.S. Representative Justin Amash, who represents Michigan's Third Congressional District.[182] U-M's contributions to aeronautics include aircraft designer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson of Lockheed Skunk Works fame,[183] Lockheed president Willis Hawkins, and several astronauts including the all-U-M crew of Gemini 4[184] and the all-Michigan crew of Apollo 15.[185] U-M counts among its matriculants nineteen billionaires and prominent company founders and co-founders including Google co-founder Larry Page[186] and Dr. J. Robert Beyster who founded Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in 1969.[187] Several U-M graduates contributed greatly to the field of computer science, including Claude Shannon (who made major contributions to the mathematics of information theory),[188] and Turing Award winners Edgar Codd, Stephen Cook, and Frances E. Allen.
Notable writers who attended U-M include playwright Arthur Miller,[181] essayists Susan Orlean[181] and Sven Birkerts, journalists and editors Mike Wallace,[181] Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Daniel Okrent,[181] and Sandra Steingraber, food critics Ruth Reichl and Gael Greene, novelists Brett Ellen Block, Elizabeth Kostova, Marge Piercy,[181] Brad Meltzer,[181] Betty Smith,[181] and Charles Major, screenwriter Judith Guest,[181] Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Theodore Roethke, National Book Award winners Keith Waldrop and Jesmyn Ward, composer/author/puppeteer Forman Brown, and Alireza Jafarzadeh (a Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator).
In Hollywood, famous alumni include actors James Earl Jones,[181] David Alan Grier,[181] actresses Lucy Liu[181] and Selma Blair,[181] and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan.[181] Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including Gavin Creel,[181] Andrew Keenan-Bolger, and his sister Celia Keenan-Bolger attended U-M for musical theatre. The creators of A Very Potter Musical, known as StarKid Productions, also graduated from the University of Michigan. A member of Starkid, actor and singer Darren Criss, is a series regular on the television series Glee.
Musical graduates include operatic soprano Jessye Norman,[181] singer Joe Dassin, jazz guitarist Randy Napoleon, and Mannheim Steamroller founder Chip Davis.[181] Classical composer Frank Ticheli and Broadway composer Andrew Lippa attended. Pop Superstar Madonna[181] and rock legend Iggy Pop[181] attended but did not graduate.
Other U-M graduates include Donald Kohn (past Vice Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System), Temel Kotil (president and CEO of Turkish Airlines), current Dean of Harvard Law School Martha Minow, assisted-suicide advocate Dr. Jack Kevorkian,[181] Weather Underground radical activist Bill Ayers,[189] activist Tom Hayden,[181] architect Charles Moore,[190] Rensis Likert (a sociologist who specialized in management styles and developed the Likert scale), the Swedish Holocaust hero Raoul Wallenberg,[191] and Benjamin D. Pritchard (the Civil War general who captured Jefferson Davis).[192] Neurosurgeon and CNN chief medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta attended both college and medical school at U-M.[193] Clarence Darrow attended law school at U-M at a time when many lawyers did not receive any formal education.[181] Frank Murphy, who was mayor of Detroit, governor of Michigan, attorney general of the United States, and Supreme Court justice was also a graduate of the Law School.[181] Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is another U-M graduate.[181]
Vaughn R. Walker, a federal district judge in California who overturned the controversial California Proposition 8 in 2010 and ruled it unconstitutional, received his undergraduate degree from U-M in 1966.[194]
Some more notorious graduates of the University are 1910 convicted murderer (though perhaps wrongfully so)[195] Dr. Harvey Crippen,[181] late 19th-century American serial killer Herman Mudgett,[181] and "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski.[181]
U-M athletes have starred in Major League Baseball, the National Football League and National Basketball Association as well as other professional sports. Notable among recent players is Tom Brady of the New England Patriots.[181] Three players have won college football's Heisman Trophy, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: Tom Harmon (1940), Desmond Howard (1991) and Charles Woodson (1997).[165] Professional golfer John Schroeder and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also attended the University of Michigan, with the latter studying Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for Club Wolverine, a swimming club associated with the university.[196] NHL players Marty Turco, Chris Summers, Max Pacioretty, Carl Hagelin, Brendan Morrison,[181] Jack Johnson, and Michael Cammalleri[181] all played for U-M's ice hockey team. Barry Larkin of the Cincinnati Reds played baseball at the university.[181]
The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the moon, established in 1971 when the crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.[181] The plaque reads: "The Alumni Association of The University of Michigan. Charter Number One. This is to certify that The University of Michigan Club of The Moon is a duly constituted unit of the Alumni Association and entitled to all the rights and privileges under the Association's Constitution." According to the Apollo 15 astronauts, several small U-M flags were brought on the mission. The presence of a U-M flag on the moon is a long-held campus myth.[185]
- ^ U-M saw its 24th Rhodes Scholar on December 6, 1997. The university saw its 25th and 26th Rhodes Scholars in 2004 and 2008, respectively.
- Paddock, Travis (December 17, 1997). "Fiona Rose is U's 24th Rhodes Scholar". University Record. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
- Bates, Karl Leif (December 6, 2004). "Engineering student wins prestigious Rhodes Scholarship". The University Record Online. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- Serwach, Joe (November 24, 2008). "U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar". University of Michigan News Service. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ As of June 30, 2012. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2012 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2011 to FY 2012" (PDF). 2012 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. National Association of College and University Business Officers.
- ^ "University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Faculty Headcount by Rank, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity". University of Michigan. November 7, 2012. p. 15. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Staff Headcounts by Gender, Race/Ethnicity & Job Family". University of Michigan. December 3, 2012. p. 3. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ a b c d "University of Michigan-Enrollment by School and College, Gender, and Class Level For Term 1662 (Fall 2012)" (PDF). University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^ "University of Michigan Identity Guidelines". Regents of the University of Michigan. 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Carnegie Classifications - University of Michigan". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "The Top American Research Universities". The Center for Measuring University Performance at Arizona State University. 2010. p. 16. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2011| Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2011 | World University Ranking - 2011". Shanghai Ranking. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
- ^ "World's Best Universities; Top 400 Universities in the World". US News. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings". Topuniversities. 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "Top 400 - The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011-2012". The World University Rankings. Thompson Reuters. 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ a b c "University of Michigan Timelines: General University Timeline". Bentley Historical Library. July 5, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c "The Central Forty and The Diag (1837)". University of Michigan History and Traditions Committee. 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- ^ "Environmental Stewardship at the University of Michigan" (PDF). University of Michigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health. 2006. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- ^ "Presidents of the University of Michigan". Bentley Historical Library. November 15, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ "A Decade of Dissent: Student Protests at the University of Michigan in the 1960s". Bentley Historical Library. December 23, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ "50th Anniversary and Commemoration of JFK's Peace Corps Speech at the Michigan Union". 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
- ^ "Split Ruling on Affirmative Action". National Public Radio. June 23, 2003. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
- ^ "About the Association". University of Michigan Alumni Association. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Best Hospitals 2010-11: The Honor Roll". U.S. News and World Reports. July 14, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "U-M annual research spending grows 8.5 percent to $1.24 billion". University of Michigan News Service. September 20, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
- ^ "Carnegie Classifications | Institution Profile". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ a b "2011 Individual and Team Collegiate Records" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletics Association. 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ a b "Michigan Stadium". MGoBlue. University of Michigan Athletic Department. 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ "Suggested Research Topics - Gender and Social Space on the University Campus, 1870-1970". Bentley Historical Library. September 26, 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ Brubacher, John Seiler (July 1, 1997). Higher Education in Transition. Transaction Publishers. p. 187. ISBN 1-56000-917-9.
- ^ "Getting In". The New Yorker. October 10, 2005. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
- ^ "Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy". Peace Corps. October 14, 1960. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "MMPEI–History". Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute. 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Newman, Matthew (October 1995). "Vietnam teach-in 30 years ago". Michigan Today. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "A Decade of Dissent:Teach-Ins". Bentley Historical Library. December 22, 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Holmes, Jake (April 6, 2007). "Explained: Coleman's castle". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "This Week in Daily history". The Michigan Daily. September 23, 2003. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ The Michiganensian Yearbook (Class of 1984). University of Michigan. 1984-1985. p. 164.
- ^ Saini, Kjyot (March 25, 2005). "GSIs walk out". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ Schneider, Keith (December 31, 2008). "A Rust Belt Oasis, the University of Michigan Is Spending Billions to Grow". New York Times (The New York Times Company). pp. B6. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ "President Bush Discusses Michigan Affirmative Action Case". Office of the Press Secretary, White House. January 15, 2003. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
- ^ a b Goodman, David N. (January 11, 2007). "University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ "Environmental Protection Management Practices: Flood Control". University of Michigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health. 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "2009 Annual Environmental Report". The Regents of the University of Michigan. 2009. p. 7. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "Ann Arbor Map". University of Michigan, MM&D. 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "Street Map to Rachel Upjohn Building". University of Michigan Health System. 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2008.—The linked map shows the entire East Medical Campus.
- ^ "Welcome to Radrick Farms Golf Course". University of Michigan. 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ Duderstadt, Anne (2007). "The Inglis House Estate at the University of Michigan". University of Michigan. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ "Campus Planning - Overview Report 1998 (Introduction and Summary)". University of Michigan - Architecture, Engineering and Construction. April 22, 1998. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "Bus Routes and Schedules". University of Michigan Parking & Transportation Services. 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "2008 Annual Environmental Report". The Regents of the University of Michigan. 2008. p. 9. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ a b "Undergraduate Housing Overviews". University of Michigan Division of Student Affairs. 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "The University of Michigan Campus". University of Michigan School of Information. 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ "A Chronology of University of Michigan Buildings, 1840-1999". Bentley Historical Library. July 5, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Migliore, Greg (January 31, 2008). "Contest seeks U-M North Campus hub designs". Ann Arbor Business Review. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Carter, Brian (2000). "Eero Saarinen-Operational Thoroughness A Way of Working". Dimensions Volume Fourteen: 32–39.
- ^ Duderstadt, Anne (2003). The University of Michigan College of Engineering. Millennium Project, University of Michigan. p. 83.
- ^ "North Campus Map". University of Michigan Division of Student Affairs. August 16, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ "Welcome to the James and Anne Duderstadt Center". The Regents of the University of Michigan. February 1, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ a b "South Campus Map". University of Michigan Division of Student Affairs. 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ "Student Theatre Arts Complex". University of Michigan Division of Student Affairs. August 16, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ "University of Michigan Golf Course". MGoBlue. University of Michigan Athletic Department. 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "U-M Golf Course Hole Listed Among MacKenzie's Best". MGoBlue (University of Michigan Athletic Department). April 5, 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "University of Michigan Timelines: Departmental History". Bentley Historical Library. November 4, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ Hebel 2004
- ^ "About the Board of Regents". University of Michigan Board of Regents. 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "Regents of the University of Michigan: Historical Background". Bentley Historical Library. October 3, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ Hinsdale 1906, p. 37
- ^ State of Michigan 1850, Article 13, section 8
- ^ "President's House". Bentley Historical Library. October 3, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ "About Mary Sue Coleman". University of Michigan. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
- ^ "Presidents' Pay and Benefits at Public Institutions". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
- ^ "Undergraduate Studies". University of Michigan. 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f "Enrollment by Degree Level" (PDF). UM News Service. November 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "What is Rackham?". University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School. 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "2008 NACUBO Endowment Study" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Keenan, Matthew (November 22, 2005). "Yale Posts Highest Endowment Returns, Topping Stanford, Harvard". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Leaders & Best - Philanthropy at Michigan" (PDF). The University of Michigan Office of Development. 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Gershman, Dave (May 18, 2007). "U-M's Michigan Difference campaign hits goal". Ann Arbor News. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ "2009 Financial Report - The Michigan Difference {Campaign Summary}". The Regents of the University of Michigan. 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Andy Kroll (December 7, 2008). "'U' estimates endowment losses of 20 to 30 percent since end of June". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ Morgan, Mary (June 22, 2010). "UM Raises Tuition 1.5%, Budget Grows 6.75%". The Ann Arbor Chronicle. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "About Voice Your Vote". University of Michigan CSG. 2007. Archived from the original on October 3, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Shubert, Cathe (September 19, 2007). "Homecoming parade, carnival to return". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Who We Are". Retrieved 2/11/13.
- ^ "Residence Hall Government". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2/11/13.
- ^ a b "Denied again: University should have a student regent". The Michigan Daily. June 29, 1998. Archived from the original on April 29, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ^ "Regent candidates discuss tuition, health care issues at forum". The University Record Online. October 21, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ Holmes, Erin (September 8, 1998). "Board of regents says no to MSA student regent campaign fee". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: National". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
- ^ "America's Best Colleges". Forbes. 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
- ^ "National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- ^ "The Washington Monthly National University Rankings". The Washington Monthly. 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: Global". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
- ^ "World University Rankings 2012-2013". The Times Higher Education. 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
- ^ "U-M Accreditation 2010". University of Michigan. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "Directory of HLC Institutions - University of Michigan". The Higher Learning Commission, North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
- ^ Moll, Richard. (1985). The Public Ivys: America's Flagship Undergraduate Colleges. New York: Viking Adult. p. 61. ISBN 0-670-58205-0.
- ^ "The University of Michigan - Degrees and Areas of Study". U-M Provost's Office. 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Degrees Conferred by Degree Level & School/College". University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. October 16, 2012. pp. 1–2. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Honors And Awards For Superior Academic Achievement". University of Michigan College of LS&A. 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
- ^ "Academic Year Tuition and Fees for Full-Time Students (1) By Degree Level, Academic Unit, and Residency". University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. June 18, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "The University of Michigan - Financial Aid Awarded to Undergraduates (Fall 2007)". U-M Provost's Office. 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ a b "Project on Student Debt: Michigan". The Institute for College Access & Success. 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ Kroll, Andy (March 3, 2008). "'U' defends financial aid endowment spending". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ Serwach, Joe (August 14, 2006). "M-PACT expansion replaces some loans with grants". The University Record Online. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
- ^ May, Jerry (September 15, 2011). "Report to the Regents". Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "Freshman Class Profile" (PDF). University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ "Undergraduate Admissions - Prospective Students". University of Michigan Office of Admissions. 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "About Michigan - 2011 Freshman Class Profile". University of Michigan Office of Admissions. 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ a b "College Navigator - University of Michigan-Ann Arbor". National Center for Education Statistics. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
- ^ "University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Enrollment" (PDF). University of Michigan. December 3, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ See Demographics of Michigan and Demographics of the United States for references.
- ^ "The Top American Research Universities" (PDF). The Center (University of Florida). December 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2007.
- ^ a b "Annual Report on Research and Scholarship FY2009 Financial Summary" (PDF). University of Michigan Office of the Vice President for Research. January 21, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "U-M to buy Pfizer's former Ann Arbor property". University of Michigan News Service. December 18, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "History". University of Michigan Health System. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2008). Inventors and Inventions. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 928. ISBN 0-7614-7761-6.
- ^ "United States of America - Focal point for biosphere reserves". United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. November 1, 2000. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "B. W. Arden , B. A. Galler , T. C. O'Brien , F. H. Westervelt, Program and Addressing Structure in a Time-Sharing Environment, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.13 n.1, p.1-16, January 1966". Portal.acm.org. doi:10.1145/321312.321313. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Topol, Susan (May 13, 1996). "A History of MTS — 30 Years of Computing Service". University of Michigan Information Technology Digest. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Mills, David (January 23, 2005). "Michigan Terminal System". Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Frantilla, Anne (September 1998). "Social Science in the Public Interest: A Fiftieth-Year History of the Institute for Social Research" (PDF). Bentley Historical Library. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "About UROP". University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program. 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Statistical Highlights 2011-2012". Regents of the University of Michigan. 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "Michigan Digitization Project". University of Michigan Library. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ "Merit's History". Merit Network. 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2008.—A university press release called a demonstration of the network (with a connection between U-M and Wayne State University) on December 14, 1971, as "a milestone in higher education" and an "historic event."
- ^ "Merit Network: History". Merit Network. 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Serwach, Joe (September 22, 2008). "URC fuels new industries". University of Michigan News Service. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "What is Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR)?". MiLR, Michigan LambdaRail. 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Sharing Access to Courses". Committee on Institutional Cooperation. 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "Reciprocal Library Borrowing - Introduction". Committee on Institutional Cooperation. 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "Purchasing and Licensing". Committee on Institutional Cooperation. 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "About University Housing". University of Michigan Housing. 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Residence Hall Overviews Bursley Hall". University of Michigan Housing. 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Residence Hall Overviews Henderson House". University of Michigan Housing. 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Michigan Learning Communities". UM Undergraduate Housing. 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Michigan Community Scholars Program". Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ "North Quad to feature study of media, information technology". University of Michigan News Service. January 26, 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ "Max Kade Residence". Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures. 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
- ^ Huston, Caitlin (July 25, 2010). "North Quad to showcase state-of-the-art technology, international programs". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
- ^ Maughan, Linsey (September 3, 2009). "New North Quad residence hall complex on track for opening in fall 2010". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "North Quadrangle". University of Michigan Housing. 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
- ^ Theme Communities. UM Undergraduate Housing. 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ Adelia Cheever Program. UM Undergraduate Housing. 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ First Year Experience. UM Undergraduate Housing. 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ Sophomore Year Experience and Transfer Experience. UM Undergraduate Housing. 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ International Impact. UM Undergraduate Housing. 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ "University of Michigan Directory of Student Organizations - Maize Pages". University of Michigan Student Assembly. 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ Bakopoulos, Dean (April 17, 1997). "Places I'll remember: A farewell to Ann Arbor". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "About Us - Past Teams". UM Solar Car Team. 2010. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "About Us". Michigan Economic Society. 2009. Retrieved Marcg 5, 2013.
- ^ "Meet DMUM". Dance Marathon, Inc. 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "UM Habitat for Humanity". UM Habitat for Humanity. 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
- ^ "About Our Facilities". UM Department of Recreational Sports. January 22, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ "Welcome to Greek Life". Division of Student Affairs - Greek Life at the University of Michigan. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "About the Trotter Multicultural Center". University of Michigan Division of Student Affairs. 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "About UAC". University Activities Center. 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
- ^ "Sections". The Michigan Marching Band. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "History". The Michigan Marching Band. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Shattuck, Kathryn (April 7, 2011). "Yale Glee Club at 150, at Carnegie Hall". The New York Times.
- ^ "Our History". The University of Michigan Friars. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Journals and Student Organizations". The University of Michigan Law School. 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ "University of Michigan Athletics Varsity Sports". MGoBlue. University of Michigan Athletic Department. 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ "Learfield Sports Directors' Cup Previous Scoring". National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "University of Michigan Athletics History: All-Time University of Michigan Football Record 1879-2007". Bentley Historical Library. May 31, 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "University of Michigan Football - National Championships". Bentley Historical Library. April 10, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ a b "Heisman Winners". Heisman Trophy at Heisman.com. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Lapin, Andrew (July 14, 2010). "Renovated Big House opens its doors, new capacity announced". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "The Michigan Stadium Story – Once Again the Biggest House, 1998". Bentley Historical Library. 2007. Archived from the original on March 13, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ "The 10 greatest rivalries". ESPN. January 3, 2005. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ "University of Michigan Football All-Time Records vs. Opponents". MGoBlue. University of Michigan Athletic Department. 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ "Men's Ice Hockey (Division I): Championship History". NCAA. 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ Cnockaert, Jim (March 22, 2002). "Accident's effects still felt six years later: Roberson: It changed the athletic department". Ann Arbor News.
- ^ a b "Michigan in the Olympics". Bentley Historical Library. June 15, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Michael Hondorp, Fabrikant Alexis (January 1, 2005). University of Michigan College Prowler Off the Record. College Prowler, Inc. p. 118. ISBN 1-59658-163-8.
- ^ Rozell, Mark J. (October 15, 1992). The Press and the Ford Presidency. University of Michigan Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-472-10350-4.
- ^ Michelle Singer (January 3, 2007). "Gerald Ford Returns Home For The Last Time". CBS News. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
- ^ Stieg, Bill (May 21, 1984). "A Catchy Intro To A Cheer Became Music To The Ears Of Myriad Fans". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "The Michiganesian Yearbook". 1999. p. 186.
- ^ "The Eugene Fischer Years: 1906-1914". Michigan Marching Band website. Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ Ransom, Kevin (November 14, 2011). "Pop Evil bringing Michigan football anthem 'In the Big House' to Blind Pig". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ For the 2000s (decade):
- "U-M national leader for 2007-2008 Fulbright Scholars". University of Michigan News Services. October 22, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- "Fulbright fellowships: 29 U-M students awarded". University of Michigan News Services. November 14, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- Seguine, Joel (November 15, 2004). "18 students receive Fulbright award". The University Record Online. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- Powell, Stephanie (September 17, 1996). "23 'U' Fulbright scholars to learn in foreign lands". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Famous U-M Alumni". Alumni Association University of Michigan. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "About Justin Amash". Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ "Biographical Memoirs-Clarence Leonard (kelly) Johnson". The National Academies Press. 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Shayler, David (2001). Gemini. Springer. p. 103. ISBN 1-85233-405-3.
- ^ a b Leah Graboski (March 28, 2006). "Debunking the Moon Myth". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ "Corporate Information - Google Management: Larry Page". Google, Inc. 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Dr. J. Robert Beyster and Peter Economy (2007). The SAIC Solution: How We Built an $8 Billion Employee-Owned Technology Company. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0-470-13931-5.
- ^ "Shannon Statue Dedicated at the University of Michigan". University of Michigan EECS. November 9, 2001. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Ayers, Bill (2003). Fugitive Days: A Memoir. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-8070-7124-2.
- ^ "Who". Charles Moore Foundation. 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Schreiber, Penny (2008). "The Wallenberg Story". The Wallenberg Foundation (University of Michigan). Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ Greenm James J. (1979). The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard. Allegan: Allegan County Historical Society. p. 2.
- ^ "Sanjay Gupta". CNN. 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "History of the Federal Judiciary - Biographical Directory of Federal Judges: Walker, Vaughn R.". Federal Judicial Center. 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
- ^ Hodgson, Martin (October 17, 2007). "100 Years on, DNA casts doubt on Crippen case". The Guardian (London). Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ Michaelis, Vicki (February 13, 2007). "Phelps' dominant pool dream still alive". USA Today. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
- Fiske, Edward B. (2004). Fiske Guide to Colleges 2005 (Twenty-first Edition). Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 1-4022-0229-6.
- Fleming, Robben W. (1996). Tempests into Rainbows: Managing Turbulence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10674-0.
- Hebel, Sara (October 15, 2004). "State Regents: Should They Be Elected or Appointed?". The Chronicle of Higher Education 51 (8): A1.
- Hinsdale, Burke A. (1906). Demmon, Isaac, ed. History of the University of Michigan. University of Michigan. ISBN 0-932212-33-6. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- Holtzer (editor), Susan. (1990). Special to the Daily: The 1st 100 Years of Editorial Freedom at the Michigan Daily. Caddo Gap Press. ISBN 0-9625945-2-0.
- Peckham, Howard H. (1994). The Making of The University of Michigan 1817–1992. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06594-7.
- "Facts & Figures". University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- Nelson, Greg. (2009). M is for Michigan Football University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03387-4.
- Duderstadt, Anne. Karels, Liene. (editors). (2003). The University of Michigan: A Seasonal Portrait. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-1-85841-107-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: University of Michigan |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: University of Michigan |
- Official website
- Official athletics website
- University of Michigan at the Open Directory Project
- University of Michigan Press
- MLibrary
- W. B. Shaw (1922). "Michigan, University of". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
- "Michigan, University of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- Association of American Universities
- Committee on Institutional Cooperation
- University of Michigan
- Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities
- North Central Association of Colleges and Schools
- Universities and colleges in Michigan
- Educational institutions established in 1817
- Flagship universities in the United States
- Schools of public health in the United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities
- Forestry education
- Universities and colleges in Washtenaw County, Michigan
- Visitor attractions in Ann Arbor, Michigan


text:
Seeking Health Optimal Protein is ideal for those with food sensitivities, and can be used as part of an elimination diet. Each serving contains 17 g of high quality, vegan protein from pea protein isolate and rice protein concentrate. 9.88 oz/ 280 g
This sugar-free source of vegetable protein sourced from non -GMO peas and rice provides 17 grams of high quality protein in every scoop. Optimal Protein is an excellent choice for those with sensitivities to gluten, sugars (including lactose), sweeteners, flavors, milk, egg, soy, or wheat.
Pea Protein isolate provides a protein content of 90%, excellent digestibility, and a well-balanced amino-acid profile. It is also high in lysine, arginine, and branched-chain amino acids.
Optimal Protein may support feelings of hunger satisfaction.
Suggested Use
Blend, shake, or briskly stir one level scoop (20 g) into 8-12 oz room temperature or chilled, pure water; or use as directed by your healthcare practitioner. Keep tightly closed in a cool, dry place.
9.88 oz/ 280 g
Dr. Ben Lynch, founder and Chief Medical Officer of Seeking Health, is a naturopathic physician. While majoring in Cell and Molecular biology at the University of Washington, Dr. Ben took a trip through the South Pacific and Southeast Asia that changed his outlook on traditional medicine, and his life.
During this trip, Dr. Ben hiked through the forests, mountains and coasts of Tasmania, worked a cattle ranch in the Outback of Australia, and volunteered with Mother Theresa in Calcutta. He lived in Fiji with a family having no electricity or plumbing, experienced the Himalayan Mountains of Northern India, worked a fruit orchard in New Zealand, and returned to America with an impression of a different form of medicine than he had ever experienced with his mainstream medical education.
This profound experience led Dr. Ben to Bastyr University, and he studied the Mind-Body Connection, Environmental Medicine, Functional Medicine, and Epigenetics.
Dr. Ben saw the huge need for people to obtain foundational nutrients, and Seeking Health was born. Without foundational nutrients, biochemical dysfunction occurs and causes symptoms. Doctor after doctor and person after person do not understand the absolute requirement for our bodies to have the tools to maintain function.
"If one supports their bodily systems, especially their digestion and mental health, with pure, highly absorbable, well-formulated nutrients, the ability to remain healthy and vital significantly increases. We want your foundation rock solid and we provide the tools to do so."
-Dr. Ben Lynch, founder of Seeking Health
Seeking Health believes that the root cause for many health conditions and supplements stem from ineffective digestion, environmental exposures, poor diet, and lack of a healthy social outlet and inlet.
Seeking Health is here to see you get better, and stay better. Their true passion is prevention.
Seeking Health is based in Bellingham, Washington and operated and managed by a team dedicated to bringing you better health through the best quality supplements, prebiotics, probiotics, and multivitamins.
Seeking Health brings you effective formulas produced without preservatives, colors, titanium dioxide, coloring, or gluten.
Cost Per Serving: $1.43
Brand: Seeking Health
Delivery type: Powder
Made In: USA
Serving size: 1 scoop (20g)
Servings per container: 14
Calories | 70 | - |
Calories From Fat | 0 | - |
Total Fat | 0 | 0 |
Saturated Fat | 0 | 0 |
Sodium | 120 mg | 5% |
Potassium | 23 mg | 1% |
Total Carbohydrates | 0 g | 0% |
Dietary Fiber | 0 g | 0% |
Sugar | 0 g | - |
Protein | 17g | % |
Optimal Protein (proprietary blend of pea protein isolate, rice protein concentrate, L-glutamine, L-glycine, and taurine). Optimal Protein Meets or Exceeds cGMP Standards.
Suggested Use
Blend, shake or briskly stir 2 level scoops (50 g) into 8-12 oz chilled water and consume one to two times daily, or as directed by your healthcare practitioner. Adjust amount of water to desired sweetness and thickness.
Keep Out Of Reach Of Children
No questions asked yet

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On the trail of Cockermouth's watermills
Last updated at 21:20, Thursday, 15 March 2012
A booklet and a guide celebrating Cockermouth's watermills have been produced by the town council and the team who led archaeological digs last year.
The council and NP Archaeology have produced The Watermills of Cockermouth, an illustrated historical account of the mill industry in the town.
They have also produced the Cockermouth Mill Trail guide, which will encourage tourists and townspeople to explore 25 points of interest.
Sites include Fitz Mill, which was demolished in 1980, Derwent Mills, which closed in the early 1990s, Wharton's Woollen Mill, which ran alongside the banks of the River Derwent, and Rubbybanks Mill, which is believed to have been in existence since the 1500s.
Sheila Brown, town clerk, said: "Following the floods in 2009, Cockermouth Town Council was successful in obtaining a Heritage Lottery Grant to develop an archaeological project centred on the Mill Race and water mill sites around Cockermouth.
"Both publications will assist in exploring the mills of the town in a pleasant and informative way."
NP Archaeology carried out digs behind the Lakes Home Centre and in the Memorial Gardens last year.
Copies of the booklet and guide are in local schools, hotels, bed and breakfasts, the library on Main Street and other organisations. They are available free from the Tourist Information Centre in the Town Hall.
First published at 19:22, Thursday, 15 March 2012
Published by http://www.timesandstar.co.uk
Have your say
Be the first to comment on this article!
Make your comment
More news
- Don't forget to pick up this week's Times & Star!
- You look like that man off the TV!
- Farmer keeps 260ft turbine bid in motion with appeal (3 comments)
- Workington arson victim fears mistaken identity
- June 11 launch for West Cumbria flood defences
- Workington store closing (1 comment)
- Fish factory axes 40 jobs after loss of key contract (1 comment)
- Wedding guest left for dead after Workington hit and run
- Obituary - Richard Wimpress, of Cockermouth
- Herdwick given EU protected status


text:
Where you can book a cheap self storage unit for free!
Our commitment to you: the cheapest self storage units available
Finding the best price is important for anyone looking for a long-term investment in storage space. Filtering through different options like the size of your unit, climate control, and 24 hour access can be a hassle, so let us do the work for you. By typing in your zip code, you can gain access to our database of facilities, including their pricing and availability data for each unit.
Renting a storage unit is an investment. We allow you to look at the location and reviews before settling on the facility for you. We strive to make this decision as quick and simple as possible.
So use SelfStorageDeals.com to prevent the tedious task of collecting, calling, and comparing the storage facilities in your area. Find the best rate for your budget, reserve your unit, and spend the time you saved by focusing on other parts of your life. Whether you're planning your next move or just looking for a space to hold your items during home renovations, you have other things to worry about.
Find Cheap Self Storage in Your State
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- District Of Columbia
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri


text:
In the study, Norwegian epidemiologists analyzed data on birth order, health status and I.Q. scores of 241,310 18- and 19-year-old men born from 1967 to 1976, using military records. After correcting for factors that may affect scores, including parentsââ¬â¢ education level, maternal age at birth and family size, the researchers found that eldest children scored an average of 103.2, about 3 percent higher than second children (100.3) and 4 percent higher than thirdborns (99.0).
To view links or images in this forum your post count must be 10 or greater. You currently have 0 posts.
There is something to be said (apparently) about being born first. :wink:


text:
bakirtzief, z
previous next
1 of 1
1 |   | Do self-reported changes in life situations have a role in screening for individuals at risk of participation restrictions? P.G. Nicholls, Z. Bakirtzief, W.H. van Brakel, R.K. Das-Pattanayak, G. Norman, M.S. Raju, R.K. Mutatkar, in: Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal (2006) Article |
Use this url to link to this page: http://www.search4dev.nl/author/bakirtzief%2C%20z


text:
Home | RSS Feeds |
Funny Pictures | Funny Videos |
Funny GIFs | YouTube Videos |
Text/Links | Comic Editor |
User Rankings | Channels |
Copyright Removal Request | |
#171596 to #171523
Hypochef ONLINE (10/10/2012) [-]
Best book I've ever read has to be the His Dark Materials series, ever since I read it back in the 2000 I've had to read the series every year. The ending to that book still makes me tear up like a little girl. Oh and Slaughter House Five, love the insane books.
Recently my "guilty pleasure" read right now would be the Dresden Files, stuff is so crazy that it can't help but be awesome.
Recently my "guilty pleasure" read right now would be the Dresden Files, stuff is so crazy that it can't help but be awesome.
#171623 to #171622
Hypochef ONLINE (10/10/2012) [-]
Agreed, they are just so fun to read! I'm currently trying to buy first editions of them all but the first five are all hard to find =/. What did you think of the last two?! I haven't properly read Ghost Stories yet but damn was the one before it was awesome!
#171629 to #171626
Hypochef ONLINE (10/10/2012) [-]
Yeah I was upset by teh ending of it as well but I checked the wiki (Ghost Stories was out at the time so I cheated) and was relieved to figure out that stuff, but it makes you think, what the hell is he going to do to end this series?
#171554 to #171523
bigleaguechew (10/10/2012) [-]
Probably The Stranger by Albert Camus, easily his best book.
#171530 to #171523
fivewordminimum ONLINE (10/10/2012) [-]
1. The Percy Jackson Series
2. The Septimus Heap Series
3. Metro 2033
2. The Septimus Heap Series
3. Metro 2033
#171568 to #171566
fivewordminimum ONLINE (10/10/2012) [-]
It is goddamn amazing, it's one of the first books that I read through without stopping.
#171570 to #171569
fivewordminimum ONLINE (10/10/2012) [-]
I read MoA as an ebook because fucking Barnes and Noble got robbed the day it came out..
#171574 to #171571
fivewordminimum ONLINE (10/10/2012) [-]
I still went and bought it after but the actual book is definitely better.


text:
hi ive been doin kendo for about a month now, and my sensei says that i'll be ready to wear bogu in a week... my question is should i buy the bogu in advance, or wait for my sensei to tell me what to get..? also... does anyone know where i buy cool tengui?
thanks in advance


text:
It's Friday night at 10 p.m., and about a dozen people sit at two green-felt-topped tables at the Camelback Card Club when John Schnaubelt walks in. He's a large guy in his mid-40s and would have been noticeable even if he hadn't stared at the players and said, "Hello, ladies and gents!" in a suspiciously loud,... More >>>
8 Images
Find everything you're looking for in your city
Find the best happy hour deals in your city
Get today's exclusive deals at savings of anywhere from 50-90%
Check out the hottest list of places and things to do around your city


text:
By: Raag. Posted Mar 19, 2013 at 3:03 PM.For two weekends in a row, Sam Raimi's Oz The Great and Powerful took the number one spot at the box office. It's earned over $144.1 million domestically in it's first 10 days!
yU+co is proud to have worked on such a fantastic project. The title sequence we created is also turning heads. You can check out some frames of the design at the link below.
The movie is now playing in theaters everywhere. Go see it!
"Life of Pi" and Ang Lee Win Big at VES Awards
By: . Posted Feb 6, 2013 at 4:28 PM.Congratulations to "Life of Pi" director Ang Lee who took home the "Visionary award" at the the 11th Annual Visual Effects Society awards. His film also took home four other major awards to make it the biggest winner of the night including: Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects-Driven Feature Motion Picture, Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture, Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture, and Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture.
By: Latoria ortiz. Posted Jun 28, 2012 at 2:50 PM.The debut trailer for the latest game in Ubisoft's hit Splinter Cell franchise, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist was unveiled at E3 2012 to riotous applause. yU+co had the pleasure of creating the graphics package for the exciting, action packed trailer. If you're as stoked for this game as we are, look forward to the games release in Spring 2013!
By: Latoria ortiz. Posted Apr 24, 2012 at 6:36 PM.For this stylish campaign directed by Tarsem, yU+co was responsible for design and animation of the title graphics along with a new take on the T-Mobile logo animation.
By: Johnny Ellsworth. Posted Oct 28, 2011 at 7:48 PM.Get in the Halloween spirit with this thrilling yU+co horror montage. It'll melt your face off!!
By: Latoria ortiz. Posted Sep 29, 2011 at 7:07 PM.For Pacific Standard Time, yU+co. partnered with TBWA\Chiat\Day to create two, expressive documentary-styled pieces to help kick off the Southern California event. Utilizing archive photography, footage and landmark L.A. artwork, the two unique segments span the history of the L.A. art scene, celebrating its most storied artists while inviting viewers to experience the event first hand.
By: Garson Yu. Posted Sep 17, 2010 at 4:52 PM.I was asked by my friend Ahn Sang Soo to create an opening piece for the LG Optimus Launch Conference. I was thinking of visual music when I created this piece. Jason Sikora our sound/picture editor did a great job of placing the sound to accentuate each drop of punctuation. The Animation was done by Java Scripter Josh Nimoy and was choreographed by Etsuko Uji . Enjoy.
Dora the Superstar...Happy Birthday!
By: . Posted Aug 10, 2010 at 3:30 PM.Brad and Angie move over! Dora the Explorer has become such a worldwide celebrity that her series is now broadcast in more than 100 countries and has been dubbed in 30 languages. Not only is she beating out all of her animated competitors, her global celebrity status has earned her a place in the Macy's Thanskgiving Day parade with her own balloon! To help Nickelodeon celebrate Dora's tenth anniversary, we created a 40-second stop motion animated show open for Nick's TV movie, "Dora's Big Birthday Adventure", which will premiere on Sunday night, 8/15.


text:
Username: Password:
Undy 5000 SponsorsWhen your company makes a decision to be an advocate for colorectal cancer prevention, people will pay attention. Colorectal cancer is just starting to receive the long overdue attention it deserves. This is an opportunity for you to get involved with an issue that is gaining national attention. Your support will make a true impact and save thousands of lives.
Why Should We Sponsor the Undy 5000?
Position your company as a leader in colorectal cancer prevention: Your sponsorship support has the potential to save more than 50,000 lives and prevent more than 130,000 colorectal cancer diagnoses each year. Few companies can say they have that type of impact.
Find A Sponsorship That is Right for You


text:
Top Stories
2013 Students Graduate In Style
8TH GRADE GRADUATION On May 11, 2013, Lonedell proudly graduated the 2012-2013 class of 8th graders. These 39 students took part in commencement in front of a large crowd of family, staff, and friends. Guests enjoyed a presentation of memories collected throughout their 8th grade year. Hailey H. recited a poem written for her class. Awards were given to students with high academic standing and who were . . . read more
7TH/8TH TRACK DAY Lonedell 7th and 8th grade students again ruled at the annual Track Day. Students from Kingston, Spring Bluff, . . .
Ms. Connell Retires
Sharon Connell has finally decided to take a break. When I say 'finally', I really mean it. Between her schooling and career, Ms. . . .