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Get posting in the Star Forums!
You can join the debate and post your own views in the lively Daily Star Forums!
Becks pal Tony Lane
ICONIC street artist Bambi has turned David Beckham scoffing pie and mash into her latest painting.
And the mysterious graffitist has given Goldenballs the mash-piece for free.
Its currently waiting to be picked up by the football idol, 37, in his favourite eating hole Tonys Pie and Mash shop in Essex.
We spoke to owner Tony Lane to find out why Bambi is giving a painting worth a fortune to Becks, now with Paris St Germain.
Becks pal Tony told us: The delivery guy told me it was a gift of appreciation from Bambi for all the hard work Davids done as an ambassador of Britain.
I couldnt believe it when it came, this mysterious van just pulled up with it. I think its really, really good.
Davids going to pick it up next time hes in, and I know hell love it.
But Tony said he is worried at having the piece of metal-painted art in his Waltham Abbey eatery.
He told Goss: People are stunned by it, and they keep asking me if they can buy it but have no idea of its value.
Im so terrified to leave it here so I take it home and sleep with it by my bed. My missus said Cant we have it? But I had to tell her there wasnt a chance!
Bambis celeb paintings sell for huge amounts to stars such as Rihanna, Adele, Brad Pitt and Robbie Williams.
Hollywood hunk Brad, 48, even paid £75k for an oil painting of him, fiancée Angelina Jolie, 37, and their six kids in a bright red and yellow Noddy car last year. But thats nothing compare to their marriage this May.
Their wedding florist Lucille Michele said: Guests will travel past water fountains and fl oral Shetland ponies leaping on the two-mile drive to their estate in France.
And theyll see a family of topiary elephants. Brad hopes it will make them smile.
Not on your Nelly...


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Budget Accommodation Asia Sri Lanka
Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
one of the best place we stayed in Sri lanka (feb 2013) !!!
it's a new place
everyone is kind and professionnal
clean and nice
breakfast and meals are very good
prices ok
calm and beautiful garden
far away from town noises, very important for a good sleep
to go and visit Anuradhapura old city : rent bicycles (don't forget a map), take a tuktuk or simply get in the bus just in front of the gate.
Pick up from Negombo airport if you need, even early in the morning.
Everything is perfect, if you want to stay in Anuradhapura choose Gamodh Citadel Resort !!!
only 4 rooms for the moment, but more rooms in a few months.
Colombo, Sri Lanka
For just an overnight stay, this location is fair enough. It's very centrally located and close to the train station.

subset: commoncrawl


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What's Tampa Bay Saying?
Gay Marriage: How Should the Supreme Court Decide?
An anti-gay marriage case goes before the highest court in the land this week, and we'd like to get your take on how justices should decide.
Can a state ban gay marriage? That's the question going before the United States Supreme Court this week as opponents of California's Proposition 8, which effectively bans gay marriage, take their arguments to the highest court in the land. That proposition was approved by California voters in 2008, which was the same year Floridian's passed a state constitutional amendment that prohibits gay marriage here. The premise of the challenge is that the United States Constitution's Equal Protection clause found in the 14th Amendment effectively prohibits states like California (and Florida) from defining marriage as solely a union between man and woman. If the case makes it through a technical hurdle, justices are expected to hear arguments this…
In this Article:
James S
6:26 pm on Tuesday, April 2, 2013
Tiff left an excellent comment but must have deleted it. What a shame.   more ›


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Why don't you refresh and try a new search?
Find our CD's at CDBaby Find Ben's books and Robin's books at Amazon Find all our digital albums at iTunes Find most of our videos at YouTube For bulk CD orders over 30 units contact us by email.
Copyright 2012 Enter the Worship Circle


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Alfred Russel Wallace co-discovered the theory of evolution by natural selection. The Wallace Collection brings together a remarkable selection of digitised letters, notes, articles and even some of the insect specimens he collected on his travels.
Transcriptions and interpretations complement items in the collection and give a rare and personal insight into the extraordinary life and work of Wallace, the naturalist, collector, spiritualist and family man.
Find out about the Wallace Collection at the Museum and discover the importance of the insect specimens.
Explore the online collection and gain insight into Wallace's life and work.
Looking for something specific? Can't find what you are looking for? Try the search.
For enquiries about the Wallace Collection please email the library


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She has all her shots ears cropped friendly get along great with kids but i must sell her because i just dont have time for her i just started a new job if u have any questions contact me
I have one presa puppy female she is 14 weeks and already potty trained & working on obedience training. She Already has her ears cropped and utd on all vacs. She will come with ukc registration and health grantee for more info call 313-575-2205
13 month old U.k.C purple ribbon registered (with all paper work). Champion twin oaks blood line. Very loving, very well manored, highly inteligent, and loyal animal. Great with all people (kids included) and animals. Needs more room to run than i can give her. She has not been fixed. Was planning on breeding at some point, but no longer an option. This dog needs and deserves a good loving home. Have a large crate kennel to go with her. Will negotiate on price.
Grandepresacanario.com Presa Canario, muy grande presa canario, Presa Canario, grande presa canario, presa canario for sale, toledo presa breeder Muy Grande Presa Canario Breed Description Introduction The Presa Canario, or Canary Dog, was historically a guardian and cattle driving dog. The breed originated on the Canary Islands, a group of Spanish volcanic islands that sit about 100 miles northwest of Africa. The Presa Canario was developed by crossing ...
3 canary mastiff pups need homes. I have 1 male and 2 females. They were born on January 16th 2013. They are all black with small white markings. Please call or text anytime. Pics avail upon request. 260-739-8365
I'am a breeder in detroit mi I have a female presa pup utd on everything ears cropped dew clawed great temperament and very smart ukc reg for more info call 313-575-2205
my mom has a male presa canario stud will take 500 or pup back deal
I have a male fawn presa canario ukc reg up to date on all shots if your looking for a stud hes the one i will send u pics pick me
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Kameleon Allison Kaufman Citizen Watches Gents Citizen Watches Ladies Diamond Semi Mountings
Online Diamond Inventory
Sort By: Ascending Descending
Click here to browse galleries full of our latest styles and selections.
Click here to find many of our popular designs at reduced prices.
Click here to confirm the status of your jewelry repair.
Abbott Jewelry Systems
� Copyright 2005. All rights reserved.


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On the heels of a park rental fee schedule in Garland, a similar fee for use of the park's concession stand has been approved by the town board.
"We had already approved the park rental fee schedule," said Mayor Winifred Murphy. "This is for vendors, if they want to use the concession stand. This is only a draft, for the building itself."
Commissioner Matthew Register made a motion to adopt the concession stand rental, which is $100 per event, plus 15 percent of the receipts. Concessions for vendors will be assessed a $50 fee per event and $25 per week for non-event times. The vote by the Garland Board of Commissioners was unanimous.
The town board implemented a park rental fee schedule in October with the aim of offsetting needed maintenance and upkeep at the park, while ensuring the facilities can be kept to a standard that would promote future use. Such rental fees for the park, fields and the concession stand were considered for months. While the park fees were approved in principal in October, the board held off on concession fees until this month.
Murphy said the goal is to simply "break even" and improve the facilities little by little.
"We want to continue to be able to improve this field and maintain it, but we can't do that without generating some revenue," Murphy has said. "We've got to get this field going so that we can enjoy it, the kids can enjoy it and families can enjoy it. We are not trying to make a profit, we are just trying to break even. We need to generate some funds."
The funds would assist in purchasing needed equipment and accessories, including picnic tables, shelters and soccer nets.
According to the draft approved in October, field rentals (hourly rate, eight hour maximum) would be $20 for baseball, softball and soccer for in-town residents, and $40 for non-residents. Long-term rentals (six hours per week, 3 month maximum) would be $40 per week for baseball, softball and soccer fields and $25 per week for open space.
The town wanted to encourage activity at the park, but also needed to generate funds from regular users for maintenance and upkeep. Board members agreed that there should be no charges for a group of children who spontaneously go to the park and play a pick-up game. However, if it is teams, especially leagues who regularly use the facilities, they should be subjected to those fees, board members said.
The approved draft states that half the fees are due as a security deposit upon reservation. Groups are responsible for cleaning trash and ensuring that the park is in good condition. A $50 cleanup fee will be assessed for each time the park is not cleaned and priority will be given to agencies located inside the Garland town limits, the approved fee schedule states.
All rates are doubled for profit events. Groups charging admission to events will be required to verify their receipts and remit 15 percent of the receipts to the town of Garland in addition to the rental fees. No group will be allowed to charge entry fees without approval prior to renting a facility, even those under long-term agreements.
Paving bids
Attorney Joel Starling spoke to Garland town officials about the bid process for paving, a project the board previously discussed and agreed to bid out last month.
Starling talked about formal bidding processes, through which projects were advertised and sealed bids accepted. A minimum of one week had to be allowed, with a minimum requirement of three bids. Statute states that the award goes to the "lowest, responsible bidder," Starling said, noting the board was not required to take the lowest bid.
However, that formal bid process was not a must with the Garland paving project, which the attorney said fell in the $30,000 to $500,000 cost category and could be subjected to a more informal bidding if the board wished.
Under that informal bidding process, Starling said, it was not a requirement that the project bidding be advertised or that a minimum number of bids be received. It is additionally not required that the bids be sealed, but the bids must be recorded and not disclosed publicly until after the bid process is over, he noted. The board also does not have to award the contract.
"You have the right to reject any and all bids," he told the board. "You could get five bids and reject every single one of them. You have the right to do that."
The board could follow either process.
"The standard is the same as the lowest, responsible bidder, not necessarily the lowest bidder," Starling noted. "If you chose to do so, you could always elect to voluntarily follow the formal bidding process even though your project amount if less than the half a million dollar threshold. When you do that, if you do it, you have to stick to it … just as if your contract price was over the threshold amount. With the informal bidding process, it's more flexible and less expensive to the town."
Commissioner Ralph Smith said he felt the informal bidding process would be acceptable. Register did state that the town should get as many bids as it could. The board ultimately chose to go forward with an informal bid process, but adding the stipulations that the town will advertise the project and a minimum of three bids are to be received. Those bids will be sealed.
"You're going to get more than three anyway," said Register.
The board agreed to advertise the bid process and accept bids through January, opening them up at the board's February meeting.
Chris Berendt can be reached at 910-592-8137 ext. 121 or via email at email@example.com.


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Collections of Recipes
Grandma's Selections
Recipes by Course
Recipes by Season
Ask Betty!
Do you have any cooking questionsor need a cooking tip?
Send a question and I will try to answer.
Ask Betty
Search results
Recipes with Prep Time 30 Minutes+Summer Season+Dinner Course+Hearty Meat Dishes
Honey-Grilled Pork Chops
Grandma saved money by buying a boneless pork loin roast when it was on sale and cutting it into 1-inch chops in her own kitchen. Any leftover chops could easily be...


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Congress's retroactive elimination of whistleblower actions against companies that falsely label products as patented did not violate the Constitution, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has ruled.
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Federal Circuit Sustains Bar to Whistleblower Claims
The National Law Journal
December 18, 2012
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Fetish Goes Formal With Couture Rubber Lingerie & Fashions From HMS Latex
above: Cage dress and Valentina gown
In 2006, Sophie Richardoz founded a Paris-based company that sells women's fashions crafted from rubber. Usually reserved for kinky creations, HMS latex has turned the clingy fabric into couture -- chic and sexy lingerie, dresses, gowns, skirts, tops, pants and accessories.
With bold colors, feminine details and a retro feel, the fashions move away from fetish and into more fashionable formal wear. Whether you want downright naughty or frilly and coquettish, their large selection of items can provide you with whatever fits your mood.
Here's a look at the smokin' hot 2010-2011 collection:
Milky Way and American Polka Dot:
Ivy and Illusion:
Victoria and Heartfelt:
Circle Halter and Fading Seams:
Lou Lou Fringe and Cage:
Valentine and Perrine:
Poison and Alice:
Aniqa and Lush:
Skirts and tops:
Pedrolino top and Overstitch skirt:
Viennetta top and Swirl skirt:
Charm High-waisted Skirt:
Ribbon Top and Reserved For Ms Smart top:
Rib Cage front/Spine back shirt:
Lush skirt and Illusion skirt:
Illusion skirt, detail:
Devil Mini skirt and Frilly Mini skirt:
Pants (capri and jeans):
Lingerie (bras, panties, girdles and teddies):
Zahira Torsolette:
Lush panties:
Cage bra:
Cage panties:
Ribbon Girdle:
Shop for these items and more at the HMS Latex online store or at their etsy store.
A big shout out to Thom Cordner for bringing this to my attention.
all images courtesy of HMSlatex, their etsy store and their facebook page
6 comments:
- AFare24Get said...
Very cool images & ideas. Love it - love 'em!
- Saturday, July 03, 2010
- fatal woman said...
yes, images just stunning. it is a way not for everyone, but looks very attractive and have its own charm.
- Thursday, July 08, 2010
- Lingerie said...
very nice images
- Friday, July 29, 2011
- Anonymous said...
Ya, letex panties may look good... but how comfortable are they?
- Wednesday, December 07, 2011
- sumera said...
stunning and elegant ideas in images
- Sunday, March 04, 2012
- Anonymous said...
It all looks wonderful in the photos but, be warned, this stuff is terribly unhip if you fart.
Anything too tight downstairs, with a bit of sweat, is going to have you quacking like a whoopee cushion.
Remember, hot gas only knows how to rise which means it can only find its way out via your cleavage or neckline which mean you and only you are going to experience the full benefit of anything you emit. - Wednesday, June 20, 2012
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Winged Warriors - Michigan 06/70
Even that Olds 88 is beautiful if for no other reason that I one can ID it as an Olds 88 in a second without having to look at the decals.
BTW, the street Olds 88 and Buick LeSabres with the 3800 V-6 engines were bad fast cars.
The Ayn Rand of Indycar
No one had to badge the Offy.
How about these big old Olds!
Scott Stovall. ARCA 1982
Bob Brevak. ARCA 1983
Bob Dotter. ARCA 1982
Marvin Smith. ARCA 1983. This car is in the International Motorsports Hall of Fame & Museum at Talladega.
Last edited by kkoether; 03-05-2011 at 09:34 PM.
Keith Koether http://www.kkraceshots.com
Ex ARCA, ASA and local bullring crewdog. I remember when racing was really racing and the Talladega Express!!!
The fans should be the absolute last people considered on any decision that could effect a participant. Doc Austin
Lying was a no-brainer for me. Robin Miller
"I thought they booed [Danica] because she was being a complete jerk, but then they applauded for A.J. Foyt. Now I'm just confused."
That Cutlass #0 is stunning.
That Cutlass body remains my favorite body style.
I love photos from Daytona made early the first weekend before the contingency decals are applied.
Looks like you and I were on opposite side of the fence in 1983.
Spectacular photos Calhoun.
The driver of the #53 was none other than Tom Sneva. That #57 is in M.C. Anderson Valvoline colors. Obviously they didn't re-paint the car after they bought it. The #73 Pontiac looks nasty. It has "DNQ" written all over it.
Sure were!!! If that's the Clash lineup then that's Cale Yarborough in AJ's car for the Clash and Ricky Rudd in Bud Moore's #15 before he wadded it up coming into the tri-oval. As you can see I was a couple of stalls up pit road from Tim Richmond's pit for the Clash. If that's qualifing I could be anywhere. EDIT. Did it again and got my years screwed up. That's Dale in the 15. Ricky and Dale switched teams in 1984. GOOD GRIEF this getting old SUCKS!
Last edited by kkoether; 03-03-2011 at 11:34 PM. Reason: Fixed mistake!
Here's Cale in M.C. Andersons car in 1982.
The photos were taken Saturday during practice.
If you'll notice the #50 on the right side of the third photo, this was the last day for those colors. Overnight, the 50s were peeled off and the #88 and Gatorade decals were applied. That's Geoffrey Bodine in the Cliff Stewart car.
Then of course Sunday it rained and Quals, Clash, and ARCA all happened Monday.
Steve Moore, started 26th and finished 31st in 1st qualifier, listed as out with Engine problems after 23 laps. DNQ for 500.awful looking #73 Pontiac
El Grillo Cantor
Thanks for jogging the memory. Now I remember having to call in sick for work because we raced on Monday. This was the year we hit a nasty snow storm in somewhere in Tennesee or southern Kentucky and it took us till Tuesday afternoon to get back to Dayton, OH. I climbed out of the motorhome and went straight to work. I worked 5:00PM TO 2:30AM in those days.
O/T @ Keith -
Since you were associated with ARCA, here's a little tidbit. The driver of our sprint car won the first ARCA (MARC) race ever held (Dayton, OH) and was ARCA (MARC) champion in its second year. His name was Buckie Sager.
I checked Moore's record. Looks like he mostly ran Daytona, Dega, and some of the other big tracks in whatever low buck hand me down the family could afford. I just wonder if they didn't make an effort to spruce up the car for qualifying and the 125, and make it look like a halfway professional effort.
Check out this website. http://wthompson4.sports.officelive....ceresults.aspx Scroll down the page for ARCA / MARC stuff. If you have any pictures or info I'm sure Mickey would appriciate anything you could provide. Spent a LOT of Sundays at Dayton Speedway.
You already did. See post #33.
That was the year he demolished two cars before Tuesday afternoon. They had to scramble to get a third car down for the final practice before the 125s.
And I had forgot the details about the Gatorade car, but that is the aftermath of the quick conversion to Gatorade. Just the logo and numbers - no green stripes at all. Very cool pics.
A couple of other things I noticed about the '83 Daytona photos. Notice in mine there are two #27 Old Milwaukee cars. The Pontiac (that from the other pics they obviously ran in the Clash) and a Monte Carlo over against the wall in my first photo. And from my last photo you see an '83 'Bird for Dale. Then the ones from the Clash he's in the '82 Square Bird model. Lots of experimenting going on during practice Saturday!


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Go to m.barnard.edu for the Mobile Barnard web app or download it from the App Store or Google Play.
Go to m.barnard.edu for the Mobile Barnard web app or download it from the App Store or Google Play.
Barnard has long welcomed transfer students from colleges and universities in this country and abroad. Some of our most well-known alumnae, such as Margaret Mead '23, Zora Neale Hurston '28, and Lauren Graham '88, entered Barnard as transfer students. About 80 transfer and visiting students matriculate to Barnard each fall, and 20–50 enter in the spring.
Transfers find Barnard a welcoming community both because of the flexibility of our curriculum and because of the type of student we attract - goal-oriented and eager to make their mark on the world, articulate without being unapproachable, confident without being arrogant, and ambitious without being ruthless. Transfers find us a wonderful match for their goals and interests. With a supportive community, flexible general education requirements, and a diverse student body, there are many ways for students to fit in quickly.
We accept applications for both the fall and spring semesters.
A student who has completed 24-60 transferable credits at another institution following high school is considered a transfer applicant. If you anticipate completing fewer than 24 credits, you must apply as a first-year student. The number of transfer credits accepted by Barnard will be determined by the Office of the Registrar and students will be notified of their credit status at the time of admission. A maximum of 60 points can be transferred from another college or university toward a degree at Barnard College. Applicants who are currently first-year students in college may not apply for Spring transfer admission.
In general, any admissions officer should be able to answer your questions about the process -- if you are visiting the campus, be sure to let the admissions officer leading the information session know you are a prospective transfer student. Once you apply, if you have more specific questions about your application or transfer of credits, contact the Coordinator of Transfer Admissions and Associate Director, Jessica Lee at email@example.com.
Are you a degree candidate at another college planning to spend a semester or two at Barnard? Visiting Students love spending time at Barnard for much the same reasons as their degree-seeking peers. They join a small community within a large university and city and are able to choose from more than 3000 classes and reap all the benefits of being in a dynamic urban setting, including internships, co-curricular activities, or simply taking a bite of the Big Apple.
Undergraduate degree candidates at other colleges may apply for admission as visiting students for one or two semesters. Applicants to the Fall or Spring program must complete the Transfer/Visiting Student version of the Common Application, present a satisfactory college record and a submit a letter of approval from the dean or major adviser from the degree-granting institution.
› Application Requirements for Transfer and Visiting Students
› Transfer and Visiting Students Application
Similar to Transfer Students, while we do our best to assign housing for those who wish to live on campus (and are often very successful), we cannot guarantee placement for every visiting student. That being said, we prioritize housing placement for any student who would be outside of commutable range and work closely with students for whom placements cannot be made to help them find appropriate accommodations locally.
Visiting Students are eligible to take any class a degree-seeking Barnard student would be eligible to take as long as she meets any stated prerequisites for that course (ie, an introductory course may be required before taking an advanced course or certain seminars may be reserved for majors.) Visiting students are assigned an adviser to assist with navigating registration procedures and to act as a general resource during the student's stay at Barnard.
The Office of Career Development (OCD) is a tremendous resource for Barnard students and is a hub for not only internship and career advice, but also for volunteer and civic engagement work and on campus employment. Visiting Students may work with OCD to best prepare themselves for any of these opportunities. (Also, note that most Barnard students do not have classes scheduled for Fridays, giving students a full day to devote to gaining practical experience.)
As part of Barnard College's broad initiative to internationalize its campus, the College created the Visiting International Students Program (VISP) for the spring semester only. Through a limited number of collaborative relationships with international universities, our partners send cohorts of 3-15 undergraduate students to Barnard to spend the spring semester as full-time visiting students in residence.
› For more information visit VISP
Copyright © 2013 Barnard College | Columbia University | 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 | 212.854.5262


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Price For Both: $34.90 Add to Wishlist |
Get maximum penetration and pleasure in one ultra-powerful large vibrator! This 8" red vibrator's velvety-coated surface feels so good massaging your tender skin – and even better when you slide it into your hot pussy! Tailor the thigh-quaking vibrations perfectly by twisting the vibrator's multi-speed base, then thrill your G-Spot and clit with pinpoint tip-focused vibrations! Powered by 2 C batteries (sold separately).
• Large vibrator with velvety coated surface
• 8" total length, 6½" insertable
• 1" wide
• Made from ABS
• In deep red
• Velvety coating for amazing slide
• Penetrates deep for G-Spot pleasure
• Multi-speed twist base
• Powerful tip-focused vibrations
• 2 C batteries (sold separately)
Pleasure is just a twist away with this gorgeous velvety vibrator! The Velvet Vibe Me 8" Vibrator comes in a deep crimson red, making this large vibrator the perfect gift for lovers. And since this sex toy is coated for velvety-softness AND is powered by C batteries, this hot red vibrator assures you the perfect blend of pleasure and power.
Just add a little lube (try Adam & Eve's Vibrator Lube!) and you're ready to use your Velvet Vibe Me 8" Vibrator. Twist the control dial at the vibrator's base to customize the vibrations, then enjoy getting all your hot zones fired up. This vibrator's ABS surface is firm, but the sex toy's velvety coating is silky and sleek for an amazing slide.
And not only is the Velvet Vibe Me 8" Vibrator fantastic for penetration, but it's got a tip-focused motor. That's a great feature in a vibrator because it'll hit your G-Spot more efficiently (for faster, more intense internal pleasure), plus the Velvet Vibe Me 8" Vibrator can be used for clitoral and nipple stimulation.
Clean your Velvet Vibe Me 8" Vibrator with mild soap and water or sex toy cleaner. Do note that this is not a waterproof vibrator, so take extra care not to immerse your sex toy.
The Velvet Vibe Me 8" Vibrator makes a fantastic Valentine's Day gift, anniversary gift, Christmas gift, or special occasion present for red vibrator fans and passionate lovers.
Colors |
Red | |
Material |
Plastic | |
Length |
6.5 inches | |
Function |
Multiple Speeds | |
Width |
1.00 inches | |
Gender |
Female | |
Batteries |
2 C batteries (sold separately) | |
Power Source |
Uses Batteries |


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This party decoration is blooming with brilliance! Sold individually in one of two color combinations, our flowerpot centerpiece unfolds into a beautiful table decoration. No assembly is needed, just unfold and enjoy!
(based on 1 reviews)
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these r awesome..!
By geetha
from New jersey
Comments about ... Flowerpot Centerpiece (each):
they r so bright in colors.good gift item too..
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Apple releases iOS 6.1; new features, kills bugs
0. phoneArena posted on 28 Jan 2013, 20:23
Apple has released iOS 6.1, the latest version of its mobile operating system and the first update for iOS 6 since September and brings a number of new features and some bug fixes as well; among the new features is LTE support for more carriers and the ability of voice-activated personal assistant Siri to purchase movie tickets...
This is a discussion for a news. To read the whole news, click here
3. wendygarett posted on 28 Jan 2013, 20:40 3
At least you should give a reasonable credit to apple tho :(
7. Nathan_ingx posted on 28 Jan 2013, 20:56 5
Take a joke as a joke...never meant any harm Wendy.
8. wendygarett posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:05 0
Ok, shouldn't take that serious tho lol :p
10. Nathan_ingx posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:08 6
Er...Yes, that's what i said.
50. hajyhajy posted on 30 Jan 2013, 09:37 1
all of you are wrong ..ios is the best best there is best there ever was
53. Nathan_ingx posted on 30 Jan 2013, 23:52 1
So there's more...i thought there was just one.
See comment #12. It's for you too...
63. iami67 posted on 11 Feb 2013, 12:52 0
based on what please tell
17. Nadr1212 posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:31 3
I don't think that I should care about this update
32. darkkjedii posted on 29 Jan 2013, 04:09 0
And yet u chose to find, open, read the article, or at least the heading...and post that hmmmmm.
23. idroidequis posted on 28 Jan 2013, 22:34 1
As nuch as I love apple... The next firmwear for android 6.0 should be Apple Pie.. Harhar. As someone who uses both devices i think it would be funny.
24. Alan01 posted on 28 Jan 2013, 23:19 0
Apple suggests that you have 1GB of storage for the update.
Alan F.
4. Mxyzptlk posted on 28 Jan 2013, 20:40 5
The most advanced mobile operating system continues to improve every day. Can't wait to see what 6.1 brings and then onwards to iOS 7.
6. blingblingthing posted on 28 Jan 2013, 20:48 12
"Can't wait to see what 6.1 brings and then onwards to 7." We just got android 4.1, you are ready for Android 6.1? Take it easy man.
9. tedkord posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:07 7
Yes it does. And if you think it's impressive now, just wait til key lime pie.
12. Nathan_ingx posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:13 14
"The most advanced mobile operating system continues to improve every day."
You do have a thick face typing and posting that...
If iOS is the world's most advanced operating system for you, you must be the most meaningless person i've ever seen here.
33. darkkjedii posted on 29 Jan 2013, 04:11 0
Wow Nathan, and u told me my post was irrelevant. Hmmm
42. Nathan_ingx posted on 29 Jan 2013, 08:46 2
And you find my comment irrelevant on the thread i'm replying to?
13. PhoneArenaUser posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:13 14
"The most advanced mobile operating system..."
Even without a multitasking... :D
15. Mobilephile posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:17 11
No, Apple has trained and conditioned their brains to think like that. They're in a happy ignorant bliss. Let them be.
34. darkkjedii posted on 29 Jan 2013, 04:12 0
It actually has full multitasking. I prefer it to androids to b honest.
37. Berzerk000 posted on 29 Jan 2013, 05:43 5
Are you sure iOS has full multi-tasking? I thought apps go into a suspended state after a few seconds of background time when you hit the home button to go out of the app. Certain apps can be given extensions of 10 minutes, but that's it. MacWorld did an article on that.
43. windy posted on 29 Jan 2013, 09:16 0
Who cares "non multitasking" when you get notifications from apps such as skype, whatsapp and mail?
Also you can switch between apps just like you get on an android.
You need to be clear that what you cannot do in terms of multitasking in android and not in ios.
44. PhoneArenaUser posted on 29 Jan 2013, 09:20 2
Look at my comment #41.
41. PhoneArenaUser posted on 29 Jan 2013, 08:43 2
Get some knowledge!
65. iami67 posted on 11 Feb 2013, 12:56 0
please explain how it has full mulit tasking especially since the website says it does not.
25. rusticguy posted on 28 Jan 2013, 23:38 4
Advanced? Looks like you cracked a joke :D
Here's the next one:
36. Berzerk000 posted on 29 Jan 2013, 05:36 2
Most advanced? Hardly. Most simple, yes. Most polished, maybe. Most advanced, no.
40. thelegend6657 posted on 29 Jan 2013, 07:01 2
Most fluid probably .
iOS isn't advanced at all , even my 70 year old Asian grandma knows how to use it properly . (This ain't a joke , I'm serious )
52. hajyhajy posted on 30 Jan 2013, 09:42 1
it is a joke ..f**k u
46. Reluctant_Human posted on 29 Jan 2013, 09:43 2
Further proof that you can polish a turd heheh
45. Reluctant_Human posted on 29 Jan 2013, 09:42 1
Did you read the article? It does practically nothing..
58. sportbiker posted on 06 Feb 2013, 08:22 2
"The most advanced mobile operating system"
the most advanced but can't customize, no widgets, fake multitasking.
64. iami67 posted on 11 Feb 2013, 12:54 1
Advanced how? Because it needs updates to correct itself on a monthly basis. 6.1 doesnt bring anything new if you read correctly all it does is fix old bugs while making new bugs
11. e.wvu (unregistered) posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:12 4
..... It actually takes about 4-5 minutes to download on wifi, not 30; plus it's 107 MB, not 1GB.
14. e.wvu (unregistered) posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:14 3
Oh come on! I get thumbed down for stating the facts?
16. BattleBrat posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:24 15
Because Apple is PURE EVIL And we flog evil things with red thumbs around these parts.
You're right, it only took 4 min for that to download on my 4s, Thank god I have a RAZR, if I only had the iPhone I'd hurt myself. MAN THIS Phone is BORING!
22. e.wvu (unregistered) posted on 28 Jan 2013, 22:30 1
Well, I had Android for 3 years, but went back to iOS and got the iPhone 5 after owning the GSII/III and Note 2. Yeah, not the most enjoyable OS, but works better for me....
35. darkkjedii posted on 29 Jan 2013, 04:15 2
BattleBrat has several iOS devices according to him. He likes apple more than he wants to admit. He's scared the true hardcore droiders will attack him with their vicious red thumbs of flame war if he lets on that he really prefers apple.
39. Berzerk000 posted on 29 Jan 2013, 06:16 4
Or maybe, he legitimately doesn't like the experience he's had with his iOS devices and thus bashes Apple for it. No one should care about red thumbs.
I've owned 3 iOS devices; an iPad 2, iPhone 4, and iPod Touch 4th gen. The only one I still use is my iPod, since I like to separate my music from my phone. The iPhone 4 was honestly just boring compared to my old Sensation, even the Radar (WP) I had was more enjoyable than the iPhone.
The iPad I found to be kind of useless, though I didn't really find tablets in general (regardless of OS) to be that much useful in the first place. But aside from that, the things I did actually use it for I found not as enjoyable as when I used a Xyboard 10.1 for the same tasks.
As for my iPod, I just use it because I'm kind of odd and like to keep my music separate from my phone, even though I do like the Holo theme of Android's music player better.
iOS is just boring, man. Why do you think Apple's market share is dropping all around the world, even just 4 months after the iPhone 5's release? It's kept the same basic look for 6 years, people are tired of it.
I personally do hope iOS 7 is the first aesthetic overhaul of iOS. I want Apple to do well, because that will compel Google and Microsoft to make their software even better, then the consumers are the winners. Let's just hope if that happens, Apple will actually compete back with them instead of suing for no legitimate reason.
60. nick5454 posted on 06 Feb 2013, 15:25 0
Their market share is dropping? You're confused with Blackberry.
Apple has a stable market share and iPhone 5 sold more copies than any other generation.
More serious apps for enterprise companies are moving to iPads...I.e, used on oil rigs, presentations. I've witnessed this on many contracts as we created software to monitor the systems via the ipad from the control deck.
The market share is one sided because most of the non-smart phones use an Android OS, so 40% of their market share is of no choice to the user and doesn't have any effect on phone sales in china.
Tables: using Air share, docs to go, jump etc you can link real documents to your work and home pc to actually use a tablet as it was intended ( a portable laptop ). And games for the kids. It just takes the vision
66. iami67 posted on 11 Feb 2013, 13:01 0
What in the world are you talking about nick5454 go to wallstreet check it out. Apple has been on a decline while android has been on a climb. This holiday android tablets outsold apple tablets more then 3to1 check you facts before you post. Ill gladly go to wallstreet page and post a link here if you to lazy too
59. nick5454 posted on 06 Feb 2013, 15:16 0
Your on drugs, right. Razr is the best phone for grandpa's like you to use. Get a real phone instead of last years news...oh and stop sleeping in your bob shelter and get off your anyone copr is evil crap...
If it took 4 mins, get a real connection or a router. Oh year you have the $8 bucks a month data plan
61. BattleBrat posted on 07 Feb 2013, 22:05 1
1. One year I buy a Phone, the next year I buy a tablet 2011 Phone (RAZR, 4S) 2012 tablet (Sony Xperia Tablet S, iPad 4, worthless giant ipod touch AFAIC) 2013 (Moto X and ?) Got it?
2. I gave Apple a fair shake, it let me down. Apple did innovate, until about 2010, then Android got BADASS. Android got stable, then Android got smooth. People are now starting to notice.
3. I'm 27 My Grandmother uses an iPad, my Dad uses an iPhone and an iPad. I bounce between the iPhone and the RAZR, but I usually stick with the RAZR the OLD people I know use iOS, my friends are about 70% Android packing (GS3's mostly) , because iOS got BORING.
4. I have unlimited data on Verizon, but I used the Wifi router at work with the iPhone plugged into the wall, If 4min is slow than blame Apple, We have Fiber here at work and it is FAST.
27. 9thWonderful posted on 29 Jan 2013, 00:15 2
There's no rhyme or reason to the thumbing down in this place bro...you'll find that android users show up to more Apple articles than their own just to share their empty sentiments.
28. 9thWonderful posted on 29 Jan 2013, 00:19 0
Oh yea...& if you're not saying you hate Apple at every turn then you are pretty much a citizen of the damned
57. sithvenger (banned) posted on 02 Feb 2013, 13:20 0
Well spoken words bro.
20. quakan posted on 28 Jan 2013, 22:15 1
The whole process took about 30 minutes for my phone.
18. pccapso posted on 28 Jan 2013, 21:50 2
And there is a large chance that the 6.1 jailbreak will be out this week also. if not i will be soon after. A jailbreak does make owning an ios device slightly more practical.
67. iami67 posted on 11 Feb 2013, 13:03 0
The jailbreak is alright out. And honestly jailbreaking your iphone just makes it work more like an android. Apple doesnt let you do all the features jailbreaking does because it makes the iphone unstable and use more battery which it can not handle.
29. dkreventon posted on 29 Jan 2013, 01:12 0
It requiers 1GB to extract and install, then delete any temporary files.
31. neurobiologist posted on 29 Jan 2013, 03:43 5
Apple is a mess. Products line and software. Most users do not use their products as they supposed to be used. A lot macs do have windows, iToys has jailbreaks. Thats ridiculous. All that wrapped by public margin, so users do realize they pay so much to get a mess and do gift the rest money to greedy apple. They have old computer games, and happy with being in past :\ Here in Europe, apple slowly becoming a joke and looser sing, if you wanna do mock somebody.
38. takay0 posted on 29 Jan 2013, 05:53 0
what about the poor battery life? is it last longer with this update
48. bransablan posted on 29 Jan 2013, 09:47 0
to me IOS is not the best operating system, atleast on ice cream sandwich all your apps can work together and are given functionality such as sharing to all apps on facebook twitter instagram and many others.... Rather than just put on home screen, or email, or message, or just facebook and twitter... Another thing too is widgets, without widgets youre missing something


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Clyde the Golden CatBy: Diane Buyers for Stormy'z Crochet Clyde the Golden Cat is a super cool crochet cat. Use this free crochet pattern to make this crochet amigurumi doll for the cool kids in your life. Materials:
Gauge: 4 sc = 1 inch. 4 sc rows = 1 inch. Instructions:
Rnd 1: Starting at bottom of body, ch 2, 6 sc in 2n ch from hook. (6 sc)
Rnd 1: With CC, ch 2, 6 sc in 2nd ch from hook. (6 sc) Holding the 2 muzzle sections side by side with wrong sides facing, sew the 2 muzzle sections together over 4 sc only to form the muzzle. Sew the muzzle to rnds 9 - 12 of center of face under eyes (if attached). Stuff muzzle sections equally before closing. With length of yarn, embroider nose and mouth onto muzzle.
Row 1: Starting at top of ear ch 2, 2 sc in 2nd ch from hook, ch 1, turn. (2 sc) Joining ears: Place one CC ear section over one MC ear piece section and sc them together by working through both pieces. Join MC yarn at side edge of row 9 of ear, ch 1, sc in same place as joining, sc evenly up side edge of ear to top point, 5 sc in top point, sc evenly down side of ear to opposite side of row 9, sl sl in same place as last sc made, leaving a length of yarn for sewing, fasten off. With remaining length of yarn, sew opening at bottom of ear closed, sew ears to top of head.
Rnd 1: Ch 4, 2 sc in 2nd ch from hook, sc in next ch, 3 sc in last ch, working Stuff feet firmly and sew them over rnds 5 - 9 of front of body.
Rnd 1: Ch 2, 6 sc in 2nd ch from hook. (6 sc) Stuff arm firmly. With the remaining length of yarn, sew opening closed. Sew arms to rnds 14 - 18 at sides of body.
Rnd 1: Starting at tip of tail with CC yarn, ch 2, 6 sc in 2nd ch from hook. (6 sc) Add more stuffing to tail to complete stuffing. With the remaining length of yarn, sew tail to center of back over rnds 4 - 10. Related ProjectsRelated Products to Buy from CutRateCrafts.com - save 15-30% |
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Kingdom of Mercia Miercna rīce Merciorum regnum |
The Kingdom of Mercia.
Capital | ||||||
Languages | Old English, Latin | |||||
Religion | Paganism, Christianity | |||||
Government | Monarchy | |||||
King | ||||||
- | 527–? | Icel (first) | ||||
- | 918 | Ælfwynn (last) | ||||
Legislature | Witenagemot | |||||
Historical era | Heptarchy | |||||
- | Established | 527 | ||||
- | Disestablished | 918 | ||||
Currency | Pound sterling |
Mercia (/ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/)[1] was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Contents |
Early history[edit]
Mercia's exact evolution at the start of the Anglo-Saxon era is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms.[2] Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
While its earliest boundaries will never be known, there is general agreement that the territory that was called "the first of the Mercians" in the Tribal Hidage covered much of south Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire and northern Warwickshire.[3][4][5]
The earliest person named in any records as a king of Mercia is Creoda, said to have been the great-grandson of Icel. Coming to power around 584, he built a fortress at Tamworth[citation needed] which became the seat of Mercia's kings. His son Pybba succeeded him in 593. Cearl, a kinsman of Creoda, followed Pybba in 606; in 615, Cearl gave his daughter Cwenburga in marriage to Edwin, king of Deira whom he had sheltered while he was an exiled prince.
Penda and the Mercian Supremacy[edit]
The next Mercian king was Penda, who ruled from about 626 or 633 until 655. Some of what is known about Penda comes through the hostile account of Bede, who disliked him both for being an enemy king to Bede's own Northumbria and for being a pagan. However, Bede admits that it was Penda who freely allowed Christian missionaries from Lindisfarne into Mercia, and did not restrain them from preaching. Edwin, who had become ruler not only of the newly unified Northumbria, but bretwalda, or high king, over the southern kingdoms, was defeated and killed by Penda and his ally Cadwallon of Gwynedd in 633. When another Northumbrian king, Oswald, arose and again claimed overlordship of the south, he also was defeated and killed by Penda and his allies in 642 at the Battle of Maserfield. In 655, after a period of confusion in Northumbria, Penda brought 30 sub-kings to fight the new Northumbrian king Oswiu at the Battle of Winwaed, in which Penda in turn lost the battle and his life.[6]
The battle led to a temporary collapse of Mercian power. Penda was succeeded first by his son Peada (who converted to Christianity at Repton in 653), and who was set up by Oswiu as an under king, but in the spring of 656 he was murdered and Oswiu assumed direct control of the whole of Mercia. A revolt in 658 threw off Northumbrian domination and resulted in the appearance of another son of Penda, Wulfhere, who ruled Mercia as an independent kingdom (though he apparently continued to render tribute to Northumbria for a while) until his death in 675. Wulfhere was initially successful in restoring the power of Mercia, but the end of his reign saw a serious defeat by Northumbria. The next king, Æthelred defeated Northumbria in the Battle of the Trent in 679, settling once and for all the long disputed control of the former kingdom of Lindsey. Æthelred was succeeded by Cœnred son of Wulfhere, and both these kings are better known for their religious activities than anything else, but the king who succeeded them (in 709), Ceolred, is said in a letter of Saint Boniface to have been a dissolute youth who died insane. So ended the rule of the direct descendants of Penda.[2]
At some point before the accession of Æthelbald, the Mercians conquered the region around Wroxeter, known to the Welsh as Pengwern or "The Paradise of Powys". Elegies written in the persona of its dispossessed rulers record the sorrow at this loss.
The next important king of Mercia was Æthelbald (716–757). For the first few years of his reign he had to face the obstacles of two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex. But when Wihtred died in 725, and Ine abdicated his throne the following year to become a monk in Rome, Æthelbald was free to establish Mercia's hegemony over the rest of the Anglo-Saxons south of the Humber. Æthelbald suffered a setback in 752, when he was defeated by the West Saxons under Cuthred, but he seems to have restored his supremacy over Wessex by 757.
In July 2009, the Staffordshire Hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold was discovered in a field near Lichfield in Staffordshire. Lichfield was the religious centre of Mercia. The artefacts have tentatively been dated to around AD 600–800. Whether the hoard was deposited by Anglo-Saxon pagans or Christians is debated, as is the purpose of the deposit.[7]
Reign of Offa and rise of Wessex[edit]
After the murder of Æthelbald by one of his bodyguards in 757, a civil war broke out which was concluded with the victory of Offa. Offa was forced to build anew the hegemony over the southern English of his predecessor, and he did this so successfully that he became the greatest king Mercia had ever known. Not only did he win battles and dominate Southern England but also he took an active hand in administering the affairs of his kingdom by founding market towns and overseeing the first major issues of gold coins in Britain; he assumed a role in the administration of the Catholic Church in England (sponsoring the short-lived archbishopric of Lichfield), and even negotiated with Charlemagne as an equal. Offa is credited with the construction of Offa's Dyke, marking the border between Wales and Mercia.
Offa exerted himself to ensure that his son Ecgfrith of Mercia would succeed him, but after his death in July 796, Ecgfrith survived for only five more months, and the kingdom passed to a distant relative named Coenwulf in December 796. In 821, Coenwulf was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf, who demonstrated his military prowess by his attack on and destruction of the fortress of Deganwy in Powys. The power of the West Saxons under Egbert was rising during this period, however, and in 825 Egbert defeated the Mercian king Beornwulf (who had overthrown Ceolwulf in 823) at Ellendun.
The Battle of Ellendun proved decisive. Beornwulf was slain suppressing a revolt amongst the East Angles, and his successor, a former ealdorman named Ludeca, met the same fate. Another ealdorman, Wiglaf, subsequently ruled for less than two years before being driven out of Mercia by Egbert. In 830, Wiglaf regained independence for Mercia, but by this time Wessex was clearly the dominant power in England. Wiglaf was succeeded by Beorhtwulf.
Arrival of the Danes[edit]
In 852, Burgred came to the throne and with Ethelwulf of Wessex subjugated North Wales. In 868, Viking invaders (from Denmark) occupied Nottingham. The Vikings drove Burgred from his kingdom in 874 and Ceolwulf II took his place. In 877 the Vikings seized the eastern part of Mercia, which became part of the Danelaw.[8] Ceolwulf, the last king of Mercia, was left with the western half, and he reigned until 879.[9] From about 883 until 911 Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians ruled Mercia under the overlordship of Wessex. All coins struck in Mercia after the disappearance of Ceolwulf in c.879 were in the name of the West Saxon king.[10] Æthelred had married Æthelflæd, daughter of Alfred the Great of Wessex, and she assumed power when her husband became ill at some time in the last ten years of his life.[11]
After Æthelred's death 911 Æthelflæd ruled as 'Lady of the Mercians' but Edward took control of London and Oxford, which Alfred had placed under Æthelred's control. She and her brother continued Alfred's policy of building fortified burhs, and in 917-18 they were able to conquer the southern Danelaw in East Anglia and Danish Mercia.[11]
Loss of independence[edit]
When Æthelflæd died in 918, Ælfwynn, her daughter by Æthelred, succeeded as 'Second Lady of the Mercians', but within six months Edward had deprived her of all authority in Mercia and taken her into Wessex.[11]
References to Mercia and the Mercians continue through the annals recording the reigns of Æthelstan and his successors. In 975 King Edgar is described as "friend of the West Saxons and protector of the Mercians".
A separate political existence from Wessex was briefly restored in 955–959, when Edgar became king of Mercia, and again in 1016, when the kingdom was divided between Cnut and Edmund Ironside, Cnut taking Mercia.
The last reference to Mercia by name is in the annal for 1017, when Eadric Streona was awarded the government of Mercia by Cnut. The later earls, Leofric, Ælfgar and Edwin, ruled over a territory broadly corresponding to historic Mercia, but the Chronicle does not identify it by name. The Mercians as a people are last mentioned in the annal for 1049.
Mercian dialect[edit]
This section requires expansion. (September 2012) |
The dialect thrived between the 8th and 13th centuries and was referred to by John Trevisa, writing in 1387:[12]
For men of the est with men of the west, as it were undir the same partie of hevene, acordeth more in sownynge of speche than men of the north with men of the south, therfore it is that Mercii, that beeth men of myddel Engelond, as it were parteners of the endes, understondeth better the side langages, northerne and southerne, than northerne and southerne understondeth either other...
J. R. R. Tolkien is one of many scholars who have studied and promoted the Mercian dialect of Old English, and introduced various Mercian terms into his legendarium – especially in relation to the Kingdom of Rohan, otherwise known as the Mark (a name cognate with Mercia). Not only is the language of Rohan actually represented as[13] the Mercian dialect of Old English, but a number of its kings are given the same names as monarchs who appear in the Mercian royal genealogy, e.g. Fréawine, Fréaláf and Éomer (see List of kings of the Angles).[14]
Mercian religion[edit]
The first kings of Mercia were pagans, and they resisted the encroachment of Christianity longer than other kingdoms in the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.
Mercian rulers remained resolutely pagan until the reign of Peada in 656, although this did not prevent them joining coalitions with Christian Welsh rulers to resist Northumbria. The first appearance of Christianity in Mercia, however, had come at least thirty years earlier, following the Battle of Cirencester of 628, when Penda incorporated the formerly West Saxon territories of Hwicce into his kingdom.
The conversion of Mercia to Christianity occurred in the latter part of the 7th century, and by the time of Penda's defeat and death, Mercia was largely surrounded by Christian states. Diuma, an Irish monk and one of Oswiu's missionaries was subsequently ordained a bishop – the first to operate in Mercia. Christianity finally gained a foothold in Mercia when Oswiu supported Peada as sub-king of the Middle Angles, requiring him to marry Oswiu's daughter, Alchflaed, and to accept her religion.[15]
Decisive steps to Christianise Mercia were taken by Chad (Latinised by Bede as Ceadda), the fifth[16] bishop to operate in Mercia. This controversial figure was given land by King Wulfhere to build a monastery at Lichfield. As in other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, the many small monasteries established by the Mercian kings allowed the political/military and ecclesiastical leadership to consolidate their unity through bonds of kinship.[17]
Subdivisions of Mercia[edit]
For knowledge of the internal composition of the Kingdom of Mercia, we must rely on a document of uncertain age (possibly late 7th century), known as the Tribal Hidage – an assessment of the extent (but not the location) of land owned (reckoned in hides), and therefore the military obligations and perhaps taxes due, by each of the Mercian tribes and subject kingdoms by name. This hidage exists in several manuscript versions, some as late as the 14th century. It lists a number of peoples, such as the Hwicce, who have now vanished, except for reminders in various placenames (see map at the head of this article). The major subdivisions of Mercia were as follows:[18]
- South Mercians
- The Mercians dwelling south of the River Trent. Folk groups within included the Tomsæte around Tamworth and the Pencersæte around Penkridge (approx. S. Staffs. & N. Warks.).
- North Mercians
- The Mercians dwelling north of the River Trent (approx. N. Staffs., S. Derbys. & Notts.).
- Outer Mercia
- An early phase of Mercian expansion, possibly 6th century (approx. S. Lincs., Leics., Rutland, Northants. & N. Oxon.).
- Once a kingdom in its own right, disputed with Northumbria in the 7th century before finally coming under Mercian control (approx. N. Lincs.).
- A collection of many smaller folk groups under Mercian control from the 7th century, including the Spaldingas around Spalding, the Bilmingas and Wideringas near Stamford, the North Gyrwe and South Gyrwe near Peterborough, the West Wixna, East Wixna, West Wille and East Wille near Ely, the Sweordora, Hurstingas and Gifle near Bedford, the Hicce around Hitchin, the Cilternsæte in the Chilterns and the Feppingas near Thame (approx. Cambs., Hunts., Beds., Herts., Bucks. & S. Oxon.).
- Once a kingdom in its own right, disputed with Wessex in the 7th century before finally coming under Mercian control. Smaller folk groups within included the Stoppingas around Warwick and the Arosæte near Droitwich (approx. Gloucs., Worcs. & S. Warks.).
- A people of the Welsh border, also known as the Westerna, under Mercian control from the 7th century. Smaller folk groups within included the Temersæte near Hereford and the Hahlsæte near Ludlow (approx. Herefs. & S. Shrops.).
- A people of the Welsh border under Mercian control from the 7th century. Smaller folk groups within included the Rhiwsæte near Wroxeter and the Meresæte near Chester (approx. N. Shrops., Flints. & Cheshire).
- An isolated folk group of the Peak District, under Mercian control from the 7th century (approx. N. Derbys.).
- A disorganised region under Mercian control from the 7th century (approx. S. Lancs.).
After Mercia was annexed by Wessex in the early 10th century, the West Saxon rulers divided it into shires modelled after their own system, cutting across traditional Mercian divisions. These shires survived mostly intact until 1974, and even today still largely follow their original boundaries.
Modern uses of the term 'Mercia'[edit]
The term 'midlands' is first recorded (as 'mydlande') in 1555.[19] It is possible therefore that until then Mercia had remained the preferred term, as the quote from Trevisa above would indicate.
John Bateman, writing in 1876 or 1883, referred to contemporary Cheshire and Staffordshire landholdings as being in Mercia.[20] The most credible source for the conceit of a contemporary Mercia is Thomas Hardy's Wessex novels. The first of these appeared in 1874 and Hardy himself considered it the origin of the conceit of a contemporary Wessex. Bram Stoker set his 1911 novel, The Lair of the White Worm, in a contemporary Mercia that may have been influenced by Hardy, whose secretary was a friend of Stoker's brother. Although 'Edwardian Mercia' never had the success of 'Victorian Wessex', it was an idea that appealed to the higher echelons of society. In 1908 Sir Oliver Lodge, Principal of Birmingham University, wrote to his counterpart at Bristol, welcoming a new university worthy of:
the great Province of Wessex whose higher educational needs it will supply. It will be no rival, but colleague and co-worker with this university, whose province is Mercia….[21] At this period, prior to World War I, regional identities within England were being debated with the prospect of separate Home Rule parliaments being established.
The British Army has made use of regional identities in naming larger formations. After the Second World War, the infantry regiments of Cheshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire were organised in the Mercian Brigade (1948–1968). Today "Mercia" appears in the titles of two regiments, the new Mercian Regiment (which recruits in Cheshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire and parts of Greater Manchester and the West Midlands) and the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry.
The West Mercia Constabulary was created in 1967, combining the police forces of Herefordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire.
Telephone directories across the Midlands reveal a large number of commercial and voluntary organisations using 'Mercia' in their names. In the early 1980s, Mercia Television was an unsuccessful contender for the Midlands franchise, then owned by ATV. It was won by Central Independent Television. Mercia (formerly Mercia FM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting from Coventry founded in 1980 as Mercia Sound.
In 2012 a new football league was formed called the Mercian Regional Football League.[22]
There are currently two main organisations campaigning for Mercian self-determination. Sovereign Mercia seeks independence for Mercia as a modern technological state,[23] whereas the Acting Witan of Mercia advocates a return to an agrarian subsistence economy.[24]
The Kingdom of Mercia predated the emergence of heraldry, so there is no authentic Mercian heraldic device. However, later generations have ascribed a variety of devices to the rulers of Mercia or to the land itself.
The silver double-headed eagle surmounted by a golden three-pronged Saxon crown has been used by several units of the British Army as a heraldic device for Mercia since 1958. It is derived from the attributed arms of Leofric, Earl of Mercia in the 11th century.[25] It is worth noting, however, that Leofric is sometimes attributed a black, single-headed eagle instead.[26] The examples on the left are the official devices of the Mercian Regiment and the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry respectively. The latter, being a merged unit, also sports the Lancastrian red rose and crown.
By the 13th century, the saltire had become the attributed arms of the Kingdom of Mercia.[27] The arms are blazoned Azure, a saltire Or, meaning a gold (or yellow) saltire on a blue field. The arms were subsequently used by the Abbey of St Albans, founded by King Offa of Mercia. With the dissolution of the Abbey and the incorporation of the borough of St Albans the device was used on the town's corporate seal and was officially recorded as the arms of the town at an heraldic visitation in 1634.[28]
As a flag, the Cross of St Alban is flown from Tamworth Castle, the ancient seat of the Mercian Kings, to this day. It was also flown outside Birmingham Council House during 2009 while the Staffordshire Hoard was on display in the city before being taken to the British Museum in London. The cross has been incorporated into a number of coats of arms of Mercian towns, such as Tamworth, Leek and Blaby.
The wyvern, a dragon with two legs, has since its adoption as an emblem by the Midland Railway in the mid-19th century, been associated with Mercia.
The Leicester and Swannington Railway, which opened in 1832, adopted as a badge the silver (white) wyvern that forms the crest of the Borough of Leicester as recorded at the heraldic visitation of Leicestershire in 1619: a wyvern sans legs argent strewed with wounds gules, wings expanded ermine (the term sans legs does not imply that the wyvern was legless; rather, that its legs are not depicted, being hidden or folded under).[29][30][31] This was inherited by the Midland Railway in 1845, where it became the crest of its unofficial coat of arms.[32] The company asserted that the "wyvern was the standard of the Kingdom of Mercia", and that it was a "a quartering in the town arms of Leicester".[33][34][35][36] However, in 1897 the Railway Magazine noted that there appeared "to be no foundation that the wyvern was associated with the Kingdom of Mercia".[34]
The wyvern in Leicester's crest was derived from that of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster. The seal of Thomas, who was executed in 1327, included a wyvern.[37]
A similar theme was later taken up by Bram Stoker in his 1911 novel, The Lair of the White Worm, which was explicitly set in Mercia (see above). The word "worm", derived from Old English wyrm, originally referred to a dragon or serpent. "Wyvern" is derived from Old Saxon wivere, also meaning serpent (and etymologically related to viper).
The ultimate source for the symbolism of white dragons in England would appear to be Geoffrey of Monmouth's fictional History of the Kings of Britain (c. 1136), where an incident occurs in the life of Merlin in which a red dragon is seen fighting a white dragon which it overcomes. The red dragon was taken to represent the Welsh and their eventual victory over the Anglo-Saxon invaders, symbolised by the white dragon. However, there is no archaeological or artefactual evidence that the early Anglo-Saxons used a white dragon to represent themselves.
The cap badge of the 2nd Mercian Battalion of the Territorial Army in the 1980s was a wyvern.[citation needed]
Regional government[edit]
With more restricted boundaries than the Kingdom of Mercia at its greatest extent and the traditional area known as the Midlands, two former Government Office Regions together cover the latter: West Midlands and East Midlands. These are also constituencies of the European Parliament.
The West Midlands comprises the shire counties of (1) Staffordshire, (2) Warwickshire and (3) Worcestershire (with their respective districts), the unitary counties of (4) Herefordshire and (5) Shropshire, the metropolitan boroughs of (6) Birmingham, (7) Coventry, (8) Dudley, (9) Sandwell, (10) Solihull, (11) Walsall and (12) Wolverhampton, and the unitary boroughs of (13) Stoke-on-Trent and (14) Telford and Wrekin. The East Midlands comprises the shire counties of (15) Derbyshire, (16) Leicestershire, (17) Lincolnshire, (18) Northamptonshire and (19) Nottinghamshire (with their respective districts), the unitary county of (20) Rutland, and the unitary boroughs of (21) Derby, (22) Leicester and (23) Nottingham. The two regions have a combined population of 9,439,516 (2001 census), and an area of 11,053 sq mi (28,630 km2).
See also[edit]
- Lichfield
- List of monarchs of Mercia
- List of Anglo-Saxon Mercians
- Mercian – Anglo-Saxon dialect
- Mercian Trail
- Old English
- Repton Abbey
- Staffordshire Hoard
- Tamworth
- Wessex
- ^ Roach & Hartman, eds. (1997) English Pronouncing Dictionary, 15th edition. (Cambridge University Press). p. 316; see also J.C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary and Upton et al., Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English.
- ^ a b Fouracre, Paul ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History v.I, Cambridge (2005) pg. 466
- ^ Brooks, Nicholas Anglo-Saxon myths: state and church, 400–1066
- ^ Hill, D. Atlas of Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford (1981), map 136
- ^ Hooke, Della Anglo-Saxon Territorial Organisation: The Western Margins of Mercia, University of Birmingham, Dept. of Geography, Occasional Paper 22 (1986) pp.1–45
- ^ Fouracre, Paul ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History v.I, Cambridge (2005) pg. 465
- ^ "Huge Anglo-Saxon gold hoard found". News.bbc.co.uk. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 254
- ^ Miller, Sean (2004). "Ceolwulf II (fl. 874–879), king of the Mercians". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39145. Retrieved 7 August 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Stewart Lyon, The coinage of Edward the Elder, in N. J. Higham & D.H. Hill, Edward the Elder 899–924, London 2001, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Costambeys, Marios (2004). "Æthelflæd (Ethelfleda) (d. 918), ruler of the Mercians". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8907. Retrieved 7 August 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Elmes (2005)
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings. Houghton-Mifflin. pp. 1133–1138. ISBN 978-0-618-64561-9. For more on Tolkien's "translation" of the language of Rohan into Old English, see especially page 1136.
- ^ Shippey, Prof. Tom (2005 (1982)). The Road to Middle Earth. HarperCollins. pp. 139–140. ISBN 0-261-10275-3. Shippey notes that Tolkien uses 'Mercian' forms of Anglo-Saxon, e.g. "Saruman, Hasufel, Herugrim for 'standard' [Anglo-Saxon] Searuman, Heasufel and Heorugrim" Footnote page 140
- ^ Bede. Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 3, chapter 21.
- ^ Bede. Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 3, chapter 24.
- ^ Fletcher, Richard (1997). The Conversion of Europe, p. 172-174, 181–182. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255203-5.
- ^ Sarah Zaluckyj & Marge Feryok. Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England (2001) ISBN 1-873827-62-8
- ^ McWhirter (1976)
- ^ Bateman (1971)
- ^ Cottle & Sherborne (1951)
- ^ The Mercian Regional Football League
- ^ Sovereign Mercia (website)
- ^ Acting Witan of Mercia (website)
- ^ A.L. Kipling and H.L. King, Head-dress Badges of the British Army, Vol. 2, reprinted, Uckfield, 2006
- ^ Arms of the City of Coventry
- ^ College of Arms Ms. L.14, dating from the reign of Henry III
- ^ Civic Heraldry of England and Wales – Hertfordshire, accessed 15 January 2008
- ^ Geoffrey Briggs, Civic & Corporate Heraldry, London 1971
- ^ C. W. Scot-Giles, Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, 2nd edition, London, 1953
- ^ A. C. Fox-Davies, The Book of Public Arms, London 1915
- ^ Cuthbert Hamilton Ellis, The Midland Railway, 1953
- ^ Frederick Smeeton Williams, The Midland Railway: Its rise and progress: A narrative of modern enterprise, 1876
- ^ a b The Railway Magazine, Vol. 102, 1897
- ^ Dow (1973)
- ^ Clement Edwin Stretton, History of The Midland Railway, 1901
- ^ John Hewitt, Ancient Arms in Modern Europe, Vol II: The Fourteenth Century, 1860
Further reading[edit]
- Ian W. Walker. Mercia and the Making of England (2000) ISBN 0-7509-2131-5 (also published as Mercia and the Origins of England (2000) ISBN 0-7509-2131-5)
- Sarah Zaluckyj & Marge Feryok. Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England (2001) ISBN 1-873827-62-8
- Michelle Brown & Carol Farr (eds). Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe (2005) ISBN 0-8264-7765-8
- Margaret Gelling. 'The Early History of Western Mercia'. (p. 184–201; In: The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. S. Bassett. 1989) (Western Mercia and the upper Trent being the probable cradle of early Mercia).
- Simon Schama. A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World? – 3000 BC–AD 1603 Vol 1 BBC Books 2003
- Elmes, Simon (2005). Talking for Britain: A Journey Through the Nation's Dialects. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-051562-3.
- Baxter, Stephen (2007). The earls of Mercia: lordship and power in late Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-923098-6.
- McWhirter, Norris (1976). The Guinness Book of Answers. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. ISBN 0-900424-35-4.
- Bateman, John (1971). The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland. Leicester University Press. SBN 391 00157 4.
- Cottle, Basil; Sherborne J.W. (1951). The Life of a University. University of Bristol.
- Dow, George (1973). Railway Heraldry.
External links[edit]
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Janeane GarofaloJaneane, the petite woman with the acerbic wit, was born in Newton, New Jersey, in 1964, and had many jobs before breaking into show biz. She worked as a bike messenger, a shoe salesperson (no doubt with Al Bundy's disposition), waitress and temp secretary. Watching David Letterman on TV inspired her to write comedy... See full bio » |
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The sporadic rainy season has begun, and our cakes don't fit into the standard pink bakery box. We were lucky to deliver this 1998 Porsche GT1 cake to Spencer's at the DoubleTree Hotel that has a covered valet entrance.
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McDonald's McRib contains over 70 ingredients.
Last year marked the "McRib's" 30th anniversary. The idea for it was conceived during McDonald's Executive Chef Rene Arend's trip to Charleston, South Carolina.
After trying a variety of pulled pork sandwiches from throughout the city, he thought the flavor combination "should really go over."
And it kind of had to, because McNuggets were so popular that McDonald's couldn't keep up with demand, and they needed a new product. The sandwich's 70 different ingredients includes "pig tripe, heart, and scalded stomach" as well as azodicarbonamide, ammonium sulfate, ethoxylated mono, etc.
If it's any consolation however, contrary to the urban legend, the sandwich does not contain Kangaroo meat.


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