text:
Copenhagen København |
From upper left: Christiansborg Palace, Marble Church, Tivoli Gardens, City Hall Square | ||
Coordinates: 55°4034N 12°3406E / 55.67611°N 12.56833°ECoordinates: 55°4034N 12°3406E / 55.67611°N 12.56833°E | ||
Country | Denmark | |
Region | Capital (Hovedstaden) | |
First mention | 11th century | |
City Status | 13th century | |
Government | ||
Lord Mayor | Frank Jensen (S) | |
Area[1] | ||
City | 77.20 km2 (29.81 sq mi) | |
Metro | 3,030 km2 (1,170 sq mi) | |
Highest elevation | 91 m (299 ft) | |
Lowest elevation | 1 m (3 ft) | |
Population (1 January 2013: city, metropolitan area. 1 January 2012: urban area)[2][3] | ||
City | 559,440 | |
Density | 7,200/km2 ( 19,000/sq mi) | |
Urban | 1,213,822 (details) | |
Metro | 1,950,522 (details) | |
Metro density | 644/km2 (1,670/sq mi) | |
Ethnicity [4] | 77.8% Danish 22.2% Other |
Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |
Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | |
Postal code | 1050-1778, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2450 | |
Area code(s) | (+45) 3 | |
Website | www.kk.dk |
Copenhagen (IPA /kopnhen/ or /kopnhn/; Danish: København [købmhn] ( listen)) is the capital of Denmark and its most populous city, with an urban population of 1,213,822 (as of 1 January 2012[update]) and a metropolitan population of 1,950,522 (as of 1 January 2013[update]). Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of Zealand and stretches across part of Amager. A number of bridges and tunnels connect the parts of the city together, and the cityscape is characterized by promenades and waterfronts.
Originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre. Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has seen a strong urban and cultural development, partly due to massive investments in cultural facilities and infrastructure. Since the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become increasingly integrated together with the Swedish city of Malmö, growing into a combined metropolitan area, known as the Øresund Region.
Copenhagen is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark; it houses various economic sectors. It is an important centre for maritime industries and maritime trade in Europe, offering marine transportation and shipping lanes in both the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Copenhagen is among the financial centres of Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange and home of many companies such as Maersk, Carlsberg Group and Novo Nordisk. Copenhagen has 89,000 students enrolled in its educational institutions.
A diverse infrastructure allows for a blend of bicycles, cars and public transport while the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen, the S-train connects the outlying boroughs. The Copenhagen Airport is largest airport in the Nordic countries, serving 23.3 million passengers in 2012[5]
Contents |
The city's origin as a harbour and a place of commerce is reflected in its name. Its original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name is derived, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning "merchants' harbour". The English cognate would be Chapman's haven. The English name for the city is derived from its Low German name, Kopenhagen. The element hafnium is also named for Copenhagen, whose Latin name is Hafnia,[6] derived from the city's original name, Hafnæ ("harbour"). The bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, being coined in 1954 by Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen. [7]
Copenhagen's founding has traditionally been dated to Bishop Absalon's construction of a castle on the small island of Slotsholmen in 1167 where Christiansborg Palace stands today. Recent archaeological finds indicate that by the 11th century, Copenhagen had already grown into a small town with a large estate, a church, a market, at least two wells and many smaller habitations spread over a fairly wide area.[8] Many historians believe that the town dates to the late Viking age, and was possibly founded by Sweyn I Forkbeard. From the middle of the 12th century it grew in importance, after coming into Absalon's possession, who fortified it in 1167, the year traditionally marking the foundation of Copenhagen. The excellent harbour encouraged Copenhagen's growth until it became an important centre of commerce. However it did not become the nation's capital until the middle of the 15th century.
As the town rose in prominence, it was repeatedly attacked by the Hanseatic League. In 1254 it received its charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen. During 165859 it withstood a siege by the Swedes under Charles X and successfully repelled a major assault. In 1711 the plague reduced Copenhagen's population of about 65,000 by one-third.[9]
On 2 April 1801 a British fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker defeated a Danish-Norwegian fleet anchored near Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack.[10][11][12] He famously disobeyed Parker's order to withdraw, destroying many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed.[10][13][14] Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at Trafalgar.[10][13][15][16][17] It was during this battle that Lord Nelson famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire.[15]
The Second Battle of Copenhagen (or the Bombardment of Copenhagen) (16 August 5 September 1807) was from a British point of view a preemptive attack on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population in order to seize the Dano-Norwegian fleet.[13][15][18][19] But from a Danish point of view the battle was a terror bombardment on their capital. Particularly notable was the use of incendiary Congreve rockets (containing phosphorus, which cannot be extinguished with water) that randomly hit the city. Few houses with straw roofs remained after the bombardment. The largest church, Vor frue kirke, was destroyed by the sea artillery. Several historians consider this battle was the first terror attack against a major European city in modern times.[19][20] The confiscation of the navy, would later source the term to Copenhagenize.
The British landed 30,000 men and surrounded Copenhagen.[13][15] The attack continued for the next three days, killing some 2,000 civilians and destroying most of the city.[13][15] The devastation was so great because Copenhagen relied on an old defence-line whose limited range could not reach the British ships and their longer-range artillery.[21] Not until the 1850s were the ramparts of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around The Lakes (Danish: Søerne) that bordered the old defences to the west. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, and because of bad sanitation in the old city. Before the opening, central Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 125,000 people, peaking in the census of 1870 (140,000); today the figure is around 25,000. In 1901, Copenhagen expanded further, incorporating communities with 40,000 people, and in the process making Frederiksberg an enclave within Copenhagen.
During World War II, Copenhagen was occupied by German troops along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945. The occupation was not a part of the Nazi German expansion, and in the first years German authorities wanted a kind of understanding with the Danish government. Even a general parliamentary election was granted in 1943, with only the Communist Party excluded. But in August 1943, when the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were scuttled in Copenhagen Harbour by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent their use by the Germans. Around that time the Nazis started to arrest Jews, although many managed to escape to Sweden.
After the Normandy invasion the Germans feared that the Danish police could become a problem, and in early September 1944 the entire Danish police force was meant to be arrested. But a majority of the Danish police managed to either hide or escape to Sweden. Out of 2,000 policemen captured and deported to Germany fewer than half returned after the war. During the last eight months of occupation Copenhagen suffered a high rate of common criminality.
Ole Lippman, the leader of the Danish resistance movement (SOE), asked for RAF assistance in attacking Nazi headquarters in Copenhagen. Accordingly, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Basil Embry drew the plans for a spectacular precision attack on the SD and Gestapo building, the former office of the Shell Oil Company. Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building. The attack came on 22 March 1945, coming in three small waves. All six planes (carrying one bomb each) in the first wave hit their target, but unfortunately one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg girls school. Due to this crash four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the target, and aimed their bombs at the school. 123 civilians (of which 87 were young girls) were killed.[22] However from the Shell-building, 18 of a total of 26 political prisoners managed to escape, the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed,[22] and Hitler became so insecure of the situation that he withdrew only half of the roughly 200,000 soldiers in Denmark to reinforce German forces on the Rhine.[23][24][25]
Since the summer of 2000, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö have been connected by a toll bridge/tunnel (Øresund Bridge), which carries railroad and automobile traffic. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area which spans both nations. The construction of the bridge has led to many changes to the public transport system and extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of Copenhagen.
In December 2009 Copenhagen hosted the worldwide climate meeting COP15. When US President Barack Obama participated in the end of this meeting it was the fourth time an American President had visited Copenhagen during his term (Obama also visited Copenhagen in October 2009, George W. Bush in 2005 and Bill Clinton in the 1990s).
Copenhagen is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand, partly on the island of Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two. Copenhagen faces the Øresund to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden, and which connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. The Swedish towns of Malmö and Landskrona lie on the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen.
Copenhagen is part of the Øresund region, which consists of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm in Denmark and Scania in Sweden.
Copenhagen Municipality is an administrative unit which covers the central part of the actual city of Copenhagen. It is a fairly small part of the actual city which falls within the municipality both because it covers a confined area and because the enclave of Frederiksberg is an independent municipality. Since a reform in 200608, Copenhagen is divided into 10 official districts (Danish: bydele).[26]
Official districts[26] | Other areas | |
The suffix -bro in the names Østerbro, Nørrebro, Vesterbro and Amagerbro should not be confused with the Danish word for bridge, which is also 'bro'. The term is an abbreviation or short form of the Danish word brolagt meaning paved referring to the roads paved with cobblestones leading to the city's former gates. Today, the Frederiksberg enclave, whilst not part of the Copenhagen municipality (and so administratively independent), is considered to be part of the city of Copenhagen. Frederiksberg became an enclave in 1901 when the former districts of Vanløse and Valby were incorporated into the Copenhagen municipality. These were the last incorporations to date.
The highest population density is no longer found in the city centre, as residential housing has been overtaken by office buildings, department stores, government buildings, etc. Instead, the highest population density is found in the districts immediately surrounding the city centre, where there is a density of 15,000 inhabitants per km2, e.g. at Nørrebro and parts of Østerbro and Frederiksberg.[27]
The lowest population density in the municipality exists in a part of the Amager Vest district. At the western coast of the island of Amager a large area was embanked from the shallow strait of Kalveboderne in the 1930s. The main reason was to provide an occupation for unemployed workers during the Great Depression.[citation needed] As the area was later used as a military training area, the ground contained unexploded ammunition for decades which hampered urban development. In the 1980s, most of the embankment was declared a nature reserve and thus remains uninhabited, although a part now makes up the Ørestad quarter. Also, a golf course has been established a few kilometres from the city centre.[28][29]
The area of Copenhagen has also grown in other places as a result of land reclamation. Thus, all of the present and former harbour areas were gained from the sea, and on eastern Amager, a new beach park with an artificial island was opened in 2008.[30]
The conurbation of Copenhagen consists of several municipalities. After Copenhagen Municipality, the second largest is Frederiksberg Municipality, an enclave inside Copenhagen Municipality. Both are contained in the larger Capital Region of Denmark, containing most of the urban area of Copenhagen. However Danish road authority (Vejdirektoratet) still uses the name Greater Copenhagen (Storkøbenhavn). This area had around 1.45 million inhabitants in the mid 1990s.
Previously, the areas of Frederiksberg, Gentofte and Copenhagen municipalities have been used to define the city of Copenhagen. This definition is now obsolete. To meet statistical needs upon the latest municipal reform, which took place in early 2007, a definitory concept of Danish lands (Danish: landsdele) was introduced. A land is basically a geographical and statistical definition, and the area is not considered to be an administrative unit. The land of Copenhagen City includes the municipalities of Copenhagen, Dragør, Frederiksberg and Tårnby, with a total population of 704,108 at the start of 2012.[31][32]
Copenhagen and Frederiksberg were two of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a county. On 1 January 2007, the municipalities lost their county privileges and became part of the Copenhagen Capital Region.
Suburban Copenhagen (or the Copenhagen metropolitan area) is planned according to the Finger Plan (Danish: Fingerplanen), initiated in 1947, dividing the suburbs into five fingers.[33] The S-train lines are built according to the Finger Plan, while green wedges and highways are built between the fingers.
Copenhagen is in the oceanic climate zone. As the city is in the path of Atlantic low-pressure systems, Copenhagen experiences unstable and changing weather patterns in all four seasons, as well as temperatures about 5 degrees higher than average for its latitude (55 degrees North) worldwide. The main reason for this warmth is the Atlantic Gulf Stream, which moves warm water from around the Gulf Coast area toward Europe, and the low-pressure systems follow with the oceanic stream.
Precipitation is moderate throughout the year, with a small peak during June to August. Snowfall occurs mainly from late December until early March, but snow cover seldom lasts long. Rain during January and February is as common as snow, and the average temperatures for these two winter months is near the freezing point.
During winter, the weather is dependent on which latitude the Atlantic low pressure centre takes. With a stable high-pressure system around the Alps, the low pressure from the southwest moves toward southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, producing above-freezing temperatures day and night. When a stable high-pressure system sits over Denmark or the lands to the northeast (such as Finland or Russia), the mild Atlantic winds from the southwest are blocked, allowing polar winds to cover the area, and the temperature dips to below freezing (rarely below 5 °C (23 °F) during the day and 12 °C (10 °F) during the night). If the European continent experiences cold due to the eastern Russian winds, which rarely occurs, it can "freeze from the south".[citation needed] This was a phenomenon that took several centuries to understand.
Spring is comparable to continental Europe, but delayed about a week because of the cold surrounding water. On the other hand, in late autumn Copenhagen is kept milder due to the same factor, but reversed. In late November and December the surrounding ocean water is generally warmer than the air. From mid-October to February, one or two storms occur. Storms in the summertime are rare.
Summer is a mixture of southwestern mild, windy and rainy low-pressure systems, and periods of stable high pressures. In summer, high-pressure systems usually bring sunny and fairly warm weather. But these warm periods, which can occur any time from late April until mid September, usually last no longer than ten days.[citation needed]
Climate data for Copenhagen (19611990) | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 11 (52) |
15 (59) |
16 (61) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
31 (88) |
26 (79) |
21 (70) |
20 (68) |
12 (54) |
31 (88) |
Average high °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
15.0 (59) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
11.1 (52) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
0.1 (31.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
Average low °C (°F) | 2.0 (28.4) |
2.4 (27.7) |
0.6 (30.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
7.2 (45) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
0.5 (31.1) |
5.0 (41) |
Record low °C (°F) | 18 (0) |
16 (3) |
14 (7) |
5 (23) |
1 (30) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
6 (43) |
0 (32) |
3 (27) |
8 (18) |
13 (9) |
18 (0) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.81) |
30 (1.18) |
39 (1.54) |
39 (1.54) |
42 (1.65) |
52 (2.05) |
68 (2.68) |
64 (2.52) |
60 (2.36) |
56 (2.2) |
61 (2.4) |
56 (2.2) |
613 (24.13) |
Avg. rainy days ( 1mm) | 10 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 113 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 45 | 67 | 110 | 168 | 217 | 218 | 202 | 193 | 133 | 90 | 55 | 42 | 1,539 |
Source #1: Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut | |||||||||||||
Source #2: MyForecast (Record Highs and Lows) |
As of 2012, 77.8% of Copenhagen's population is Danish, 7.5% are immigrants from Western countries and 14.6% of a non-Western background.[34]
Depending on the boundaries used, the population of Copenhagen differs. Statistics Denmark uses a measure of the contiguously built-up urban area of Copenhagen, this means the number of communities included in this statistical abstract has changed several times, in the abstracts latest edition with about 1.21 million (1,213,822 (2012)) inhabitants. Statistics Denmark has never specified the geographical area of urban Copenhagen. However, we know it consists of Copenhagen Municipality, Frederiksberg and 16 of the 20 municipalities in the old counties Copenhagen and Roskilde, though 5 of them only partially.[35]
Statistics Denmark has worked out definitions of so-called lands (landsdele), a definition used to meet statistical needs on a lower level than regions. From this, the land of Copenhagen city (København by) is defined by the municipalities of Copenhagen, Dragør, Frederiksberg and Tårnby, with a total population of 707,591 as of 1 July 2012.[31][32] The surroundings of Copenhagen is defined by another land, Copenhagen suburban (Københavns omegn), which includes the municipalities of Albertslund, Ballerup, Brøndby, Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Glostrup, Herlev, Hvidovre, Høje-Taastrup, Ishøj, Lyngby-Taarbæk, Rødovre and Vallensbæk, and with a total population of 522,768 (1 July 2012).[31][32] This gives a total population of 1,230,359 for these two lands together. The lands of Copenhagen city and Copenhagen suburban can together be used as a definition of the metropolitan area, although an extremely narrow one not even containing all of the urban area.
Based on a 10%-isoline (data from 2002) in which at least 10% commutes into central parts of the Copenhagen area, most of Zealand would be covered and this area has a population of about 2.3 million inhabitants.[36]
Since the opening of the Øresund Bridge in 2000 commuting between and integration of Greater Malmö and Copenhagen have increased rapidly, and a combined statistical metropolitan area has formed. This Copenhagen-Malmö metropolitan area has a population of 2,603,174 inhabitants (1 July 2012).
A high-ranking civil servant of the Interior Ministry, Henning Strøm, who was involved in (i.e. known as "the Father of") a past municipal reform, which took effect on 1 April 1970, said on television, broadcast in connection with the recent Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), that Copenhagen municipality would encompass an area with 1.5 million inhabitants, if the principles of the 1970 municipal reform were also applied on Copenhagen municipality.[37] In other words: in the rest of Denmark the city occupies only part of the municipality, but in Copenhagen the municipality of Copenhagen occupies only part of the city of Copenhagen.
The city's appearance today is shaped by the key role it has played as a regional centre for centuries. Copenhagen has a multitude of districts, each representing its time and with its own distinctive character, making up a dense urban fabric. Other distinctive features of Copenhagen include the abundance of water, the many parks, and the bicycle paths that line most streets.
The oldest section of Copenhagen's inner city is often referred to as "Middelalderbyen" (The Medieval City). However, the most distinctive district of Copenhagen is Frederiksstaden developed during the reign of Frederick V. It has Amalienborg palace at its centre and is dominated by the dome of Frederik's Church (The Marble Church) and several elegant 18th century rococo mansions. The old inner city of Copenhagen includes the small island of Slotsholmen with Christiansborg Palace and Christianshavn. Around the historical city centre lies a band of congenial residential bouroughs (Vesterbro, Inner Nørrebro, Inner Østerbro) dating mainly from late 19th century. They were built outside the old ramparts of the city when the city was finally allowed to expand beyond this barrier.
Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known for its horizontal skyline, only broken by spires at churches and castles. Most characteristic is the baroque spire of Church of Our Saviour with its spiralling and narrowing external stairs that visitors can climb to the very top of the spire. Other important spires are those of Christiansborg Palace, the City Hall and the former Church of St. Nikolaj that now houses a modern art venue. A bit lower are the renaissance spires of Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of Christian IV's former stock exchange, so named because it resembles the tails of four dragons twined together.
Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen[38] both when it comes to Danish architecture and works by international architects. For a few hundred years, virtually no foreign architects had worked in Copenhagen but since the turn of the millennium the city and its immediate sourroundings have seen buildings and projects from international star architects. In the same time, a number of Danish architects have achieved success in Copenhagen and abroad. Buildings in Copenhagen have won RIBA European Awards four years in a row ("Sampension" in 2005,[39] "Kilen" in 2006,[40] "Tietgenkollegiet" in 2007[41] and the Royal Playhouse in 2008.[42]) The last three mentioned projects are all by Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects.[43] At the 2008 World Architecture Festival in Barcelona, Bjarke Ingels Group won an award for the World's Best Residential Building 2008 for a house in Ørestad.[44] The Forum AID Award for Best building in Scandinavia went to Copenhagen buildings both in 2006[45] and 2008.[46] In 2008 British design magazine Monocle named Copenhagen the World's best design city 2008.[47]
The boom in urban development and modern architecture has brought some changes to the city's skyline. A political majority has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings, but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban development. Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development. Located near Copenhagen Airport, it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as the IT University and a high school.
Copenhagen is a green city with many big and small parks. King's Garden, the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most visited park in Copenhagen.[48] Its landscaping was commenced by Christian IV in 1606. Every year it sees more than 2.5 million visitors[49] and in the summer months it is packed with sunbathers, picnickers and ballplayers. It serves as a sculpture garden with a permanent display of sculptures as well as temporary exhibits during summer.[48] Also located in the city centre are the Botanical Gardens particularly noted for their large complex of 19th century greenhouses donated by Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen.[50] Fælledparken is at 58 hectares the largest park in Copenhagen.[51] It is popular for sports and hosts several annual events such as a free opera concert at the opening of the opera season, other open-air concerts, carnival, Labour Day celebrations and Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix, which is a race for antique cars. A historical green space in the northeastern part of the city is Kastellet, a well-preserved renaissance citadel that now serves mainly as a park. Another popular park is the Frederiksberg Garden, a 32-hectare romantic landscape park. It houses a colony of tame grey herons and other waterfowl. The park offers views of the elephants and the elephant house designed by world-famous British architect Norman Foster of the adjacent Copenhagen Zoo, the largest zoo in Denmark. Langelinie, a park and promenade along the inner Øresund coast, is home to one of Copenhagen's most-visited tourist attractions, the Little Mermaid statue.
In Copenhagen, many cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation.[52] Assistens Cemetery, the burial place of Hans Christian Andersen, is an important green space for the district of Inner Nørrebro and a Copenhagen institution. The lesser known Vestre Kirkegaard is the largest (54 hectares) cemetery in Denmark[53] and offers a maze of dense groves, open lawns, winding paths, hedges, overgrown tombs, monuments, tree-lined avenues, lakes and other garden features.
It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that all citizens by 2015 must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes.[54] In line with this policy, several new parks, including the innovative Superkilen, have been completed or are under development in areas lacking green spaces.[55][56]
Copenhagen and the surrounding areas have 3 beaches with a total of approx. 8 km of sandy beaches within 30 minutes cycling from the city centre. This includes Amager Strandpark, which opened in 2005 and includes a 2 km long artificial island and a total of 4.6 km of beaches,[57] located just 15 minutes by bicycle or a few minutes by metro from the city centre.
The beaches are supplemented by a system of Harbour Baths along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge[58] and has won international acclaim for its design.[59]
Apart from being the national capital, Copenhagen also serves as the cultural hub of Denmark and wider Scandinavia. Since the late 1990s, Copenhagen has undergone a transformation from a small Scandinavian capital to a metropolitan city of international scope in the league of cities like Barcelona and Amsterdam.[60] This is due to massive investments in infrastructure as well as culture and a wave of new successful Danish architects, designers and chefs.[38][61] As with the rest of Denmark the inhabitants of Copenhagen tend to be happy.[62]
Copenhagen Fashion Week takes place every year in February and August. It is the largest fashion event in Northern Europe.[63][64]
Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of International standard. The National Museum, Nationalmuseet, is Denmark's largest museum of archaeology and cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures alike. The National Gallery "Statens Museum for Kunst" is Denmark's national art museum and contains collections dating from 12th century and all the way up to present day artists. Among artists represented in the collections are Rubens, Rembrandt, Picasso, Braque, Léger, Matisse, Emil Nolde, Olafur Eliasson, Elmgreen and Dragset, Superflex and Jens Haaning.
Another important Copenhagen art museum is the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation Carlsberg tycoon-philanthropist Carl Jacobsen and is built around his personal collections. Its main focus is classical Egyptian, Roman and Greek sculptures and other antiquities and a collection of Rodin sculptures that is the largest outside France[65] (Glypto-, from the Greek root glyphein, to carve and theke, a storing-place). Besides its sculpture collections, the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek also holds a comprehensive collection of paintings of impressionist and post-impressionist painters such as Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, van Gogh and Toulouse-Lautrec as well as Danish Golden Age painters.
Louisiana is a museum of modern art situated on the coast just north of Copenhagen. It is located in the middle of a sculpture garden on a cliff overlooking Øresund. The museum is included in the Patricia Schultz book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die. The Danish Museum of Art & Design is housed in the 18th century former Frederiks Hospital and displays Danish design as well as international design and crafts.
Other museums include: the Thorvaldsens Museum, dedicated to the oeuvre of romantic Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen who lived and worked in Rome; the Cisternerne museum dedicated to modern glass art, located in former cisterns that come complete with Stalactites formed by the changing water levels; and the Ordrupgaard Museum, located just north of Copenhagen, which features 19th century French and Danish art and is particularly noted for its works by Paul Gaugin.
The new Copenhagen Concert Hall opened in January 2009. It is designed by Jean Nouvel and has four halls with the main auditorium seating 1800 people. It serves as the home of the Danish National Symphony Orchestra and along with the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles is the most expensive concert hall ever built.[66] Another important venue for classical music is the Tivoli Concert Hall located in the historical Tivoli Gardens. The Copenhagen Opera House (in Danish usually called Operaen) that opened in 2005 and is designed by Henning Larsen, is the national opera house of Denmark and among the most modern opera houses in the world. The old Royal Danish Theatre dating from 1748 still works as a supplementary opera scene. The Royal Danish Theatre is also home to the Royal Danish Ballet. Founded in 1748 along with the theatre, it is one of the oldest ballet troupes in Europe. It is home to the Bournonville style of ballet.
Copenhagen has a significant jazz scene that has existed for many years. It developed when a number of American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Thad Jones, Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins, Kenny Drew, Ed Thigpen, Bob Rockwell, Dexter Gordon, and others such as rock guitarist Link Wray came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s. Every year in early July, streets of Copenhagen, squares, parks as well as cafés and concert halls fill up with big and small jazz concerts during the Copenhagen Jazz Festival which is a popular annual event that is the result of Copenhagen's significant jazz scene.[67] It embraces around 900 concerts, 100 venues and over 200,000 guests from Denmark and around the world. It is recognized as one of the leading jazz festivals in the World.[68][69]
The biggest venue for popular music in Copenhagen is Vega in Vesterbro district which has been chosen as "best concert venue in Europe" by international music magazine Live[70] This venue has three concert halls. The great hall, Store VEGA, has a capacity for 1.550 guests, the middle hall, Lille VEGA, has space for 500 people and Ideal Bar Live has a capacity for 250 guests. Yearly in September the Festival of Endless Gratitude (FOEG) takes place in Copenhagen since 2006. This festival focuses on indie counterculture, experimental pop music en left field music combined with visual arts exhibitions.
For free entertainment one can stroll along Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians, magicians, jugglers and other street performers.
As of 2012, Copenhagen has 13 Michelin star restaurants, the most of any Scandinavian city.[71] The city is increasingly recognized internationally as a gourmet destination.[72] The restaurant Noma (short for Danish: nordisk mad, English: Nordic food) was ranked as the Best Restaurant in the World by Restaurant in 2010, 2011 and 2012, sparking interest in the New Nordic Cuisine.[73]
Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants, Copenhagen offers a great variety of Danish, ethnic or experimental restaurants. It is possible to find modest eateries serving open sandwiches, known as smørrebrød a traditional, Danish lunch dish; however, most restaurants serve international dishes.
Danish pastry can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city. The Copenhagen Baker's Association dates back to the 1290s[74] and Denmark's oldest confectioner's shop still operating, Conditori La Glace, was founded in 1870 in Skoubogade by Nicolaus Henningsen, a trained master baker from Flensburg.[75]
Copenhagen has long been associated with beer. Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery's premises at the border between Vesterbro and Valby districts since 1847 and has long been almost synonymous with Danish beer production. However, recent years have seen an explosive growth in the number of microbreweries so that Denmark today has more than 100 breweries,[76] many of which are located in Copenhagen. Some like Nørrebro Bryghus also act as brewpubs where it is also possible to eat at the premises.
Copenhagen has one of the highest number of restaurants and bars per capita in the world. The nightclubs stay open until 5 or 6 in the morning, some even longer. There are plenty of different places in Copenhagen which offer a good night out. Especially the inner city, Istedgade and Enghave Plads in Vesterbro, Sankt Hans Torv in Nørrebro and certain places in Frederiksberg are very vibrant and full of life even during the late hours. Denmark has a very liberal alcohol culture and a strong tradition for beer breweries, however binge drinking is frowned upon and the Danish Police takes driving under the influence very seriously.[77]
Copenhagen has several recurring community festivals, mainly in the summer. Copenhagen Carnival takes place every year since 1982 during the Whitsun Holiday in Fælledparken and around the city. 120 bands, 2000 dancers and 100,000 spectators participate.[78] Copenhagen Pride is a gay pride festival taking place every year in August. Among the events is "Tivoli goes pink" and it ends with a parade.[79] Copenhagen Distortion is a youth culture festival capturing the zeitgeist of the city, gathering every year (5 days up to the first weekend of June) up to 100,000 people in the streets, in shops, galleries, clubs, bars, in boats and buses, with a cultural focus on street culture, art and upfront dance music.[80]
Copenhagen has the two oldest amusement parks in the world.[81][82][83]
Dyrehavsbakken, a fair-ground and pleasure-park established in 1583, is located in Klampenborg north of Copenhagen in a forested area known as Dyrehaven. Having been made into an amusement park complete with rides, games and restaurants by Christian IV, it is the oldest surviving amusement park in the world.[81] Pierrot (Danish: Pjerrot), a nitwit dressed in white with a scarlet grin wearing a boat-like hat while entertaining children, remains one of the park's key attractions. In Danish, Dyrehavsbakken is often abbreviated as Bakken. There is no entrance fee to pay and the Klampenborg Station, via the C-line, is situated nearby.
The Tivoli Gardens is an amusement park and pleasure garden located in central Copenhagen between the City Hall Square and the Copenhagen Central Station. It opened in 1843, making it the second oldest amusement park in the world. Among its rides are the oldest still operating rollercoaster Rutschebanen from 1915 and the oldest ferris wheel still in use, opened in 1943.[84] Tivoli Gardens also serve as a venue for various performing arts and as an active part of the cultural scene in Copenhagen.
Copenhagen is home to a great number of fitness and health clubs owned by numerous, different chains such as Fitness World, fitness dk etc., being popular among all age groups. In the summer, bikers, runners and strollers can be seen at The Lakes which consist of a row of five rectangular lakes with a total distance around the lakes is 6.4 km (4 mi). People are encouraged to use their bicycles as primary form of transportation when moving around the city by the Copenhagen Municipal Council.[85]
Copenhagen has a wide variety of sport teams. The major football teams are F.C. Copenhagen and Brøndby. FC København plays at Parken in Østerbro, Copenhagen, but FCK is actually a merger of two suburban teams, B 1903 (from the suburb Gentofte) and KB (from Frederiksberg). BK Frem are based in the southern part of urban Copenhagen (Sydhavnen, Valby). Other teams are Fremad Amager, B93, AB, Frem, Lyngby and Hvidovre IF.
Copenhagen also has multiple ice hockey teams, of which three are playing in the top league, AL-Bank Ligaen, namely Rødovre Mighty Bulls, Herlev Eagles and Hvidovre Ligahockey. Additionally, Copenhagen has a wide range of handball teamsa sport popular in Denmark. FC København owns both a women's and a men's team, which have the same name and logo. They were formerly known as FIF. Of other clubs playing in the "highest" leagues there are; Ajax Heroes, Ydun, and HIK (Hellerup).
Rugby union is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Business School Sport Rugby and Rugbyklubben Speed. Rugby League is now played in Copenhagen, with the national team playing out of Gentofte Stadion. The Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest Australian rules football competition outside of the English speaking world.
Copenhagen Marathon, Copenhagen's annual marathon event, established in 1980.[86]
Round Christiansborg Open Water Swim Race is a 2 km open water swimming competition taking place each year in late August. This amateur event is combined with a 10 km Danish championship.[87] In 2009 the event included a 10 km FINA World Cup competition in the morning.
Copenhagen hosted the 2011 UCI Road World Championships in September 2011,[88] taking advantage of its bicycle-friendly infrastructure. It was the first time that Denmark had hosted the event since 1956, when it was also held in Copenhagen.
Many Danish media corporations are located in Copenhagen. DR, the major Danish public service broadcasting corporation collected their activities in a new headquarters, DR Byen, in 2006 and 2007. Similarly has Odense based TV2 collected its Copenhagen activities in a modern media house in the Teglholmen.[89] The two national daily newspapers Politiken and Berlingske Tidende and the two tabloids Ekstra Bladet and B.T. are based in Copenhagen. Other important media corporations include Aller Media which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in Scandinavia, the Egmont media group and Gyldendal, the largest Danish publisher of books.
Copenhagen also has a sizable movie and television industry. Filmbyen, The Movie City, which is located in a former military camp in the suburb of Hvidovre and houses several movie companies and studio studios. Among the movie companies are Zentropa co-owned by Danish movie director Lars von Trier who is behind several international movie productions as well as a founding force behind the Dogma Movement.
CPH:PIX is Copenhagen's international feature film festival, established in 2009 as a fusion of the 20-year-old Natfilm festival and the 4-year-old CIFF. The CPH:PIX festival takes place in mid-April.[90]
CPH:DOX is Copenhagen's international documentary film festival, every year in November. On top of its documentary film programme of over 100 films, CPH:DOX includes a wide event programme with dozens of events, concerts, exhibitions and parties all over town.[90]
Copenhagen is the economic and financial centre of Denmark[91] and also a strong business and economic centre in the Scandinavian-Baltic region. Around 3.5 million inhabitants live within a 50 km (31 mi) radius of Copenhagen, making the city centre one of the most dense and populated area in Northern Europe.[92] The region generates approximately 25 per cent of both Sweden's and Denmark's GDP.[93] In 2008, Copenhagen was ranked 4th by Financial Times-owned FDi magazine on their list of Top 50 European Cities of the Future after London, Paris and Berlin.[94] In 2006/07 FDi Magazine named Copenhagen Scandinavian City of the Future[95] and in 2004/05 Copenhagen was named Northern European City of the Future ahead of other cities from Scandinavia, UK, Ireland and Benelux.[96] In the 2008 Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index, published by MasterCard, Copenhagen was ranked 14th in the world and 1st in Scandinavia.[97] Copenhagen is one of the cities in Western Europe attracting most regional headquarters and distribution centres.[98] Among the international companies that have chosen to locate their regional headquarters in Copenhagen is Microsoft. There are 2,100 foreign companies located in the Copenhagen area, of which approx. 500 are Scandinavian head offices, representing a wide range of industries.
Copenhagen has a service oriented economy. An important sector is life science and research & development plays a major role in the economy of the city. The entire Oresund Region is in cooperation with Sweden being promoted as Medicon Valley. Major Danish biotech companies like Novo Nordisk and Lundbeck, both of which are among 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the World, are located in the greater Copenhagen area.[92] The region also boasts the largest IT-cluster in Scandinavia with nearly 100,000 employees.[92] Shipping is also an import business with Maersk, the World's largest shipping company, having their world headquarters in Copenhagen.
Several international companies have established their regional headquarters in Copenhagen, for example, Microsoft. Maersk, the world's largest container shipping company, has their world headquarters in Copenhagen. A substantial number of Danish pharmaceuticals such as Novo Nordisk, Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Bavarian Nordic also operate in the area, having placed their headquarters in or close to Copenhagen.[92]
Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world.[99] High taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction. A beneficial researcher scheme with low taxation of foreign specialists[100] has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour to settle. Copenhagen is however also among the most expensive cities in Europe.[101][102]
Copenhagen is rich in companies and institutions with a focus on research and development within the biotechnology[103] and life science sectors. Two of the 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the World are located in the greater Copenhagen area. The biotech and life science cluster in Copenhagen and the rest of the Oresund Region is one of the strongest in Europe. Since 1995 this has been branded as the Medicon Valley in a Danish-Swedish cooperation. The aim is to strengthen the region's position and to promote cooperation between companies and academia. The German biotech giant Sartorius Stedim Biotech is currently creating a Nordic head office in Tåstrup on the outskirts of Copenhagen. The Øresund region is responsible for 60% of life science production in Scandinavia and is home to 111 biotech companies.[92]
Copenhagen was mentioned by Clean Edge as one of the key cleantech clusters to watch in their 2008 book The Cleantech Revolution. The city is the focal point for more than 300 cleantech companies drawing on 46 research institutions. The cluster employs more than 60,000 people and is characterized by a close collaboration between universities, business and governing institutions. The regions most important cleantech research institutions are the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School,[104] Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the Technical University of Denmark which Risø is now part of.
Copenhagen has 89-thousand students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions: University of Copenhagen (40,000 students), Copenhagen Business School (17,000 students), Metropolitan University College and University College Copenhagen (10,000 students each), Technical University of Denmark (7,000 students), KEA (3,000 students), IT University of Copenhagen (2,000 students.) and Aalborg University Copenhagen (840 students).
Copenhagen's higher-education system relies on public universities. Most prominent among these is the University of Copenhagen. Founded in 1479, it is the oldest university in Denmark. It is a world-renowned research and teaching institution with campuses around the city and forms part of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU), which is a collaboration between international top universities including Oxford, Cambridge, Yale, Berkeley and The Australian National University. The University attracts app. 1500 international and exchange students every year.[105] It is repeatedly ranked as one of the best universities in Europe. At the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2008 list, it was ranked as fourth best in continental Europe.[106] The Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008 placed it as number 43 worldwide and 8th in Europe.[107]
The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, is located in Lyngby at the northern outskirts of Copenhagen. In 2008 it was ranked third highest in Europe on Times Higher Education's list of the most influential technical universities in the World. The Max Planck Institute in Germany was ranked 15, ETH Zurich in Switzerland was ranked 15 and DTU in Denmark was ranked 20.[108] The IT University of Copenhagen is Denmark's youngest university, a mono-faculty institution focusing on technical, societal and business aspects of information technology.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi) has provided a practice-oriented complement to the scholarly investigation of the arts carried out at Danish universities for more than 250 years. It includes the historical School of Visual Arts, and has in later years come to include a School of Architecture, a School of Design and a School of Conservation.
Copenhagen Business School (CBS) is an EQUIS-accredited business school located in Frederiksberg.
Roskilde University was founded in 1972 after student protests and until recently it had student representatives throughout its governing boards. There are also branches of both University College Capital and Metropolitan University College inside and outside Copenhagen.
The greater Copenhagen area has a very well established transportation infrastructure making it a hub in Northern Europe.
Copenhagen has a large network of toll-free motorways and public roads connecting different municipalities of the city together and to Northern Europe.[109] As in many other cities in Europe traffic is increasing in Copenhagen. The radial arterial roads leading to Copenhagen city centre are critically congested during peak hours.[110]
In October 2011, heated, political talks of plans about road tolls around Copenhagen in order to combat the car congestion and improve the air quality arose. Discussions were abandoned in February 2012 due to disagreement of the physical locations of the toll road boundaries and political deadlock.
Copenhagen is known as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world.[111] Every day 1.1 million km are bicycled in Copenhagen.[112] 36% of all citizens commute to work, school or university by bicycle[113] and it is municipal policy that this number should go up to 40% by 2012 and 50% in 2015.[114] The city's bicycle paths are extensive and well used. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems, giving the cyclists a lead of a couple of seconds to accelerate.
The municipality is also developing a system of interconnected green bicycle routes, greenways, the aim being to facilitate fast, safe, and pleasant bicycle transport from one end of the city to the other. The network will cover more than 100 km (62 mi) and will have 22 routes when finished.[114] The city provides public bicycles which can be found throughout the downtown area and used with a returnable deposit of 20 kroner.
Copenhagen's well-developed bicycle culture is reflected in the use of copenhagenize to describe the practice of other cities adopting Copenhagen-style bike lanes and bicycle infrastructure.[115] In 2007, Copenhagen-based Danish urban design consultant Jan Gehl was hired by the New York City Department of Transportation to re-imagine New York City streets by introducing designs to improve life for pedestrians and cyclists.[116] In recognition of Copenhagen's emphasis on bicycling, the city was chosen by the Union Cycliste Internationale as their first official Bike City. Bike City Copenhagen took place from 2008 to 2011 and consisted of large cycling events for professionals as well as amateurs, culminating in the 2011 UCI Road World Championships.[113]
Copenhagen Metro (Danish: Københavns Metro) is a rapid transit system serving Copenhagen, Frederiksberg and Tårnby in Denmark. The 20.5 km (12.7-mile) system opened between 2002 and 2007, and has two lines, M1 and M2. The AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro cars supplements the larger S-train rapid transit system, and is integrated with DSB local trains and Movia buses. Through the city center and west to Frederiksberg, M1 and M2 share a common line. To the south-east, the system serves Amager, with the 13.7 km (8.5-mile) M1 running though the new neighborhood of Ørestad, and the 14.2 km (8.8-mile) M2 serving the eastern neighborhoods and Copenhagen Airport. The Metro has 22 stations, of which 9 are underground. In 2011, the Metro carried 54.3 million passengers.[117]
Under construction is the City Circle Line (Cityringen), an expansion of the Copenhagen Metro. The lines M3 and M4 are scheduled to be completed in 2018 with talks of plans for three additional lines M5, M6 and M7[118]
The S-train (Danish: S-tog) network is an urban rapid transit network mainly serving the urban Copenhagen area. It connects the city center and inner boroughs with the outer boroughs of Copenhagen. A small number of stations reaches a bit further out, due to track extensions. Average station difference is 2.0 km for the entire system.
Copenhagen Central Station provides Copenhagen with Intercity and Express trains across Denmark, as well as services to several international destinations. Re-tog regional trains (stops at major stations within the Greater Copenhagen area) connect the main parts of Zealand to the capital. Intercity trains run half-hourly from Copenhagen during daytime and serve as a link between the major cities and towns in Denmark, including Odense, Aarhus, Aalborg, Esbjerg, Thisted and Sønderborg. Direct international trains connect to Stockholm, Hamburg and Berlin several times a day, and a EuroNight train serves destinations as far as Prague, Amsterdam and Basel. Trains to southern and western Sweden depart every 20 minutes. (A special ticket fare system exists between the Copenhagen local traffic area and the most southern part of Sweden, Skåne county.)
There are 193 rail stations where most of them have connecting bus services. This link shows all lines, stations and fare zones. The Copenhagen local traffic area is divided in 95 zones. Zones 1, 2 and 3 make up the city core of Copenhagen. The same ticket is valid for travel on bus, train, and metro networks. Ticket machines are installed at all stations, and tickets can also be bought on buses and at ticket counters located at major stations. A ticket price inside the Copenhagen local traffic area is distance-dependent and always between two and nine zones (a nine zone ticket goes for all zones). There are a number of tickets that can be bought at different discounts, for instance the 10-trip klippekort, a reduced price ticket valid for several journeys and punched for each (variety in price). The fine for not having a valid ticket is 750DKK. Because of dated machinery and equipment used for controlling tickets, it is to be phased out during 2013 in favour of the Rejsekort.
Rejsekortet (lit. "the travel card") is an electronic ticket system for Danish public transport. The system is a collaborative work between DSB, HUR, Ørestadsselskabet, and various regional bus companies. It is similar to the Oyster card used in Greater London in England. The system will replace the current zone ticket system. Instead, fares will be calculated from the distance made from the beginning of the journey to the end, as the crow flies, so as to give a better correlation between price and distance travelled. However, technical difficulties have been reported on equipment not registering properly and people forgetting to check out after completion of their journey. Online user-friendliness and customer service have also taken criticism.
Copenhagen Airport (Danish: Københavns Lufthavn), officially, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup (Danish: Københavns Lufthavn, Kastrup; IATA: CPH, ICAO: EKCH) is the main airport serving Copenhagen. It is the largest in Scandinavia and the 17th largest in Europe.[119] Located in Kastrup on the island of Amager, it has efficient connections to downtown Copenhagen via metro and regional trains. Its location also makes it the most important international airport for large parts of southern Sweden. Copenhagen Airport is a major hub for SAS and Norwegian, and along with around 60 other airlines, it offers frequent flights to most major cities throughout Europe, as well as intercontinental flights to the United States, China, Thailand, northern Africa and United Arab Emirates.[120]
Roskilde Airport (Danish: Roskilde Lufthavn), officially, Copenhagen Airport, Roskilde (Danish: Københavns Lufthavn, Roskilde); (IATA: RKE, ICAO: EKRK) is located 30 km west of Copenhagen with two runways with ILS equipment. It is primarily used for general aviation traffic, flight schools, business jets and occasional charter flights, but can be used by medium jets - although not always at full take-off weight. Plans for expanding Roskilde Airport have been approved, making it more suitable for regular flights of medium jets, such as those operated by most low-cost airlines and charter operators. However, a lack of firm commitment from airlines has postponed the expansion indefinitely.
Copenhagen has four lines of waterbuses, known as the Copenhagen Harbour Buses, serving ten water bus stops; four on the Amager-side and six on the Zealand-side of the harbour, from Sluseholmen in the South to Holmen in the North.
Copenhagen is served by ferry lines to Oslo in Norway (called "Oslobåden") with a daily connection[121] and to winoujcie in Poland (called "Polensfærgerne") with five weekly connections (Passengers are taken by bus to Ystad (Sweden) and ferry starts there).[122]
The harbour of Copenhagen has largely lost its industrial importance. In 2001, Copenhagen Harbour merged with the harbour in Malmö to create Copenhagen-Malmö Port. It has several functions, the most important being as a major cruise destination. In 2007 a record 286 cruise ships with 420,000 cruise passengers visited Copenhagen. 120 of these ships either started or ended the cruise in Copenhagen.[123] In 2008 these numbers grew further to 310 cruise ships and 560,000 passengers.[124] As a result of the growth in the cruise industry facilities are being expanded and improved.[125] At the World Travel Awards in 2008, Copenhagen Port was named the number one cruise destination in Europe for the fifth year in a row.[126]
Copenhagen is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.[127] Much of the city's success can be attributed to a strong municipal policy combined with a sound national policy, in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973. In 2006 Copenhagen Municipality received the European Environmental Management Award.[128] The award was given for long-term holistic environmental planning. It is municipal policy to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% before the end of 2015.[129] In 2001 a large offshore wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at Middelgrunden. It produces about 4% of the city's energy.[130] Many years of major investments in sewage treatment has improved water quality in the harbour to an extent that the inner harbour can be used for swimming and facilities for this are provided at a number of locations.[131]
Another municipal policy is that 40% of all citizens should bicycle to and from work by 2012 and a number of initiatives are being taken to implement this policy (see "cycling" above).[132]
Copenhagen is the capital in the world where organic food has the largest market share. One in every ten purchases is organic in Copenhagen.[133] Within the municipal sector in Copenhagen, 45% of all food consumption is organic but the target is considerably higher. With the environmental strategy "Environment Metropolis: Our Vision 2015" the politicians wish that solely organic food is to be served in 90 per cent of the Copenhagen old-age homes and residential homes for children and young persons in 2015.[133]
Copenhagen has placed well in a number of international rankings, some of which are mentioned below.
Copenhagen has target to be carbon-neutral by 2025. Commercial and residential buildings are to reduce electricity consumption by 20 percent and 10 percent respectively, and total heat consumption is to fall by 20 percent by 2025. District heating will be carbon neutral by 2025. New buildings must now be constructed according to Low Energy Class ratings and in 2020 near net-zero energy buildings. By 2025, 75% of trips should be made by foot, bike,or public transit. The city plans that 20-30 % of cars will run on electricity or biofuel by 2025. The investment is estimated to be $472 million public funds and $4.78 billion private funds.[150]
Look up Copenhagen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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With its roots in the Austro Hungarian tradition, Zagreb's gastronomic offer consists of so-called "purgerski" cooking with dishes such as "Grenadir marša", pasta with onion and cheese or the "Kajzeršmarn" desert that is very much like a pancake.
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The Zadar region is the northernmost part of Dalmatia, its gate of welcome to all those who travel from the north of the Adriatic. It is full of contrasts, rich in historic heritage and breathtakingly beautiful nature.
Did you know that canoeing is a tradition that has been going on for centuries here? Traditional Croatian canoes, which are called "trupice" are used for fishing and transportation on the river Neretva delta even today.
Croatia offers guests accommodation in numerous hotels, tourist resorts, private houses, village houses, apartments, campsites and nudist campsites with a long tradition.
To enter Croatia, a driver's licence, an automobile registration card and vehicle insurance documents are required. An international driving licence is required for the use of rent-a-car services.

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4/30/2013 Denver, CO Save This JobCompany Overview: Homestead Websites ? Endurance International Group Your Opportunity: The Homestead Websites Team has great opportunities for Sales & Support Consultants in our Englewood (Denver, Colorado) office. We are looking for Homestead customer ambassadors who can live
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Browse the comprehensive database of Banning car dealers online at Autobytel.com. Find your prospective new or used vehicle by brand, year, price, or category. Autobytel.com has a large list of Banning car dealerships and their accompanying stock of new and used vehicles. We will also guide you through the car buying process. Sort through various costs on new and used vehicles, see pics of cars, read informative articles, review vehicle information, and find the actual value of autos at the Banning car dealership. The days of browsing cars at brick and mortar Banning car dealerships have long since passed. Thanks to the world wide web; Banning car dealers have the choice of having all of their stock of vehicles listed at various places like Autobytel.com. More and more consumers have turned to the internet to study-up on new cars. Most car buyers will seek out the inventories of Banning car dealers once they have figured out which automobile is best for them. Odds are they will find themselves located at a viable online automotive resource like Autobytel.com. Get a price quote from multiple Banning car dealers online at our website. Having one Banning car dealership that you can trust is a big deal. Its commonly believed that the only time you'll step foot on a Banning car dealer lot is to purchase your vehicle. There is a good chance that since Banning car dealers offer much more than new or used car sales; you will do business there again. Proper Banning car dealerships will have more than a car sales division; they will also have on the premises: a parts and accessories department, a service and repair center, a collision shop, and a finance and lease department. The possibility is very high that you will again go back to the Banning car dealer establishment if you ever need anything for your vehicle. That's why it is a good idea to form a close bond with the Banning car dealership in the event that you need to use one of their multiple services. Browse the Banning car dealerships catalogue at Autobytel.com to get information and an assessment on a perspective dealer. See what previous customers of Banning car dealers had to say about their experiences. These appraisals of Banning car dealerships can be an effective way to figure out which dealership you should choose.


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Streets Ahead, a leading Estate Agent throughout South East London & Surrey. The Partners at Streets Ahead have successfully run the company with a full hands on approach for more than 20 years. Although Streets Ahead have grown into formidable Estate Agent in Sales, Lettings, Land & New Homes and Commercial customer service and the personal touch have remained the focus and foundations across all departments which each year lead to 1000s of our customers recommending Streets Ahead
Crystal Palace Office Westow Street, London, SE19 3AH


text: Overall it was a pleasant experience. We arrived late on a Friday night and the owner was very kind and got us to our room quickly. It was FSU graduation weekend and we were lucky to get a room at a reasonable rate. The breakfast Sat am was not the usual fair as the owners were attending their daughter's graduation... More


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If you want to be sick this is the place, it leaks, full if mold and mildew plus it is dirty. The view is only thing there. This is worst place I have every stayed. Outside deck has big cracks, just not a nice very outdated and unclean.
- Also Known As:
- Paris Landing Park Hotel Buchanan
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10 Android App Hidden Gems
Heard enough about Angry Birds and Pandora? Check out these 10 lesser-known Android apps to enhance your productivity, well-being, and more.
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Safari Pembroke Corgi with Rawhide Bone
Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 15,000 years ago but new DNA evidence now say that dogs were man's best friend as early as 150,000 years ago. Since then, the dog has developed into hundred of breeds with a great degree of variations. Dogs, like humans, are highly sociable animals when accounts for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit in with man's life style. Man's best friend can now go wherever you go. Great travel companions too. Lends to hours of creative play. These Corgis are hand painted and comes with 5 language educational information.
This Pembroke Corgi measures 2.5" long.
Ages 3+
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Moderator: ZS Global Moderators
squinty wrote:Safety isn't a lever on a gun, a guard on a knife or any other mechanical device. Safety is a behavior.
shrapnel wrote:Dawgboy, please refrain from stirring shit for the sole purpose of stirring shit.
slannesh wrote:I have lettuce!
tripleryder wrote:Lookin good!
Bout another week for me, and it'll be time to start thinning. I maayyyy have overplanted a wee bit
zombiepreparation wrote:(You probably know but I'll post it anyway)
You can eat the lettuce thinnings. Just wash em and eat in your salad or atop your choice of foods.
ZombieGranny wrote:Blossom end rot - it may or may not help, but watch your watering and mix some crushed eggs shells into the ground around the plants.
I'm wondering about those stunted plants.
If as they sound, they are all in the same area, could it be that it was saturated with a herbicide at some time?
Dawgboy wrote:I would also suggest Bone meal. Is the ground plot poorly fertilized? Because Spindly says "No usable Nitrogen" to me.
I don't know about chiggers, but Diatomaceous earth does a great job on earwigs, fleas and other 6 legged pests, and it's cheap. And won't kill you or your pets...
I was slow to add the mulch but when today's blossom rot count hit #6 I got busy. Instead of newspaper I have covered the soil with mylar from a space blanket. I punched lots of holes and will pour the water atop the mylar cover when watering and hope the holes drip the water slower into the container and retain the moisture longer 'under' the mylar.zombiepreparation wrote:**soil doesn't seem to hold water, draining right through in similar amount added. Am adding newspaper mulch today.
**two more tomatoes with blossom rot. Will not afford buying anything but will add newspaper mulch today to see what that does.
Interesting. Both tomato and pepper plants have deepened in color so am thinking the reduced watering was a good move for them.**large tomato plant growing but pale green in color. Will reduce number of times deeply watered. Am sure I've gotten into the habit of watering too often.
**pepper plant also growing but also pale green in color. hmmm... will also reduce number of times watered.
The lettuce and marigold plants in that part of the soil are still less than an inch in size with each plant having only two leaves. I am leaning toward the suggestion there is herbicide in that area.**Oh holy cow. Lettuce still will not grow past less-than-an-inch stunted plants with two leaves in the south part of the soil. I shall just keep treating them like real plants as simply an experiment now.
They are still growing well. There was an accident today. Arrghhh. While using a pair of grade school round nose scissors to clean up leaves from the lower part of one of them I put a big nick in the stalk. I put a band aid on it by wrapping the cut closed with a strip I cut off a plastic grocery bag tied snugly. Man, I hope I haven't ruined the plant.**the two small bush tomato plants in the two feet to the east part of the plot are growing great guns and have started at least a couple of dozen tomatoes.
The lady who gave me the tiny cucumber plants was excited today and took me to look at them (they are in a different plot). They are growing well, have big ole leaves, and there are three cucumbers already good size. The plot next to the cucumber plot has a squash plant attempting to swamp them though. Have to think of a way to stop the encroachment without offending plot neighbor. It's not like I really have any 'rights'. I'm little more than a squatter in the plot my cucumbers are growing and certainly an after-the-fact planter as everyone had growing gardens before I was given the little corner for the cucumbers.**the two cucumber plants in soil donated in another plot look happy and healthy. Growing fast, big leaves.
phenris wrote:The best thing I found for dealing with chiggers mixing yellow sulfur and petroleum jelly and applying it to the bites. Chiggers naturally go for where clothing is tight. (waistbands, socks, etc) The only things I have found for keeping the beasts down is free range chickens and regular mowing.
Wait, where does one find 'sulpher' anyway?
zombiepreparation wrote: P7: And am also liking the way you have planted your buckets; several items in each. I am noticing myself keeping my plants rather small so that would work for me too.
Are you satisfied/pleased with the self-watering system you have? If so that's on my agenda next year. I am displeased with watering the buckets and having the water draining each time.
phil_in_cs wrote: Get your rice and beans now, when you don't have to pay for them in blood.
squinty wrote:You wear "chaps" to break a bronco, you wear "assless chaps" because civilization has collapsed and you've gone feral.
Blacksmith wrote:That is an excellent topic for another thread. You should start one about that. Really.
prepper7 wrote:A word of warning: even if your plan is to harvest often and keep the plants small, follow the recommended spacing for whatever you plant. It won't look as "lush" or "bountiful" as a container crammed full, but having air circulation between the plants will help slow the spread of insects and disease, you'll have room to inspect the plants, you'll be able to harvest without damaging nearby plants, and there will be times when, best intentions aside, you don't keep up with the harvesting.
Ohhhhhhh. I did not know this and I have been worrying worrying "why is the soil so dry?" Ohhhhhhh. OhKAY! Got it(your top two inches of soil are basically a mulch layer -- I use cheap soil or reuse soil from other planters on the top for this reason).
Ever since I changed, my chard has been so beautiful it's like garden porn (downside: I can't buy it at the farmer's market or grocer's, their offerings just don't measure up).
zombiepreparation wrote:Update:
balcony container garden:
No blossom rot!!! I cut watering all but out on the two tomato plants. Instead I heavily mist them as many times a day as I'm home and think of it with heavy enough spraying to allow drips onto mylar covered hole punched soil cover I devised, making small sips of water trickling into soil several times a day.
One plant has flowers that do not grow fruit, the other plant is beginning to burst with tomatoes... with no blossom rot. Yay.
I think I already posted I had moved the plants down to the floor of the balcony where they are only getting two hours of sun a day.
The basil plant keeps plugging happily along and is not giving signs of bolting.
The lettuce I moved out of the sun and against glass wall to apartment is big and fat and sassy!
container plants in down stairs garden
Lettuce growing like weeds.
Pepper plant growing like weeds, fruit beginning to grow.
Tomato plant producing a lot of fruit but is starting to look severely stressed. I moved it to another part of the garden where it will be shaded starting at Noon each day. Will report findings.
in-ground plants in garden downstairs
Bush tomato plants full of growing fruit
Lettuce is there.
Cucumber is big fat sassy and happy AND all but one of my cucumbers were stolen last night. GONE. <swines> <grumble> <fargin iceholes> No sign of animal, cucumbers were nicely and cleanly missing at the correct place. <raggle fraggle bastiges> Only one left for me to pick today.
Last year a few blocks away from here and entire tomato 'garden' was harvested by bandits in one late night picking.
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WEB EXTRA: Asa Hutchinson Talks Governor Bid, NRA and the Republican Party
By: KNWA News
Updated: January 4, 2013
But he is holding off on an official announcement as he wraps up some existing projects, including his work for the National Rifle Association's school safety initiative.
We asked the former Congressman about this and other topics, including his goals for the state and whether he expects the Republican party to come together in the 2014 elections.
Click the video for the entire interview.


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By: Sheba Clarke
To Visiko, Edline Chun, known to her family as "Auntie Eddie," was a kindred spirit.
Visiko said, "When someone is full of the aloha spirit, that person is the most incredible person you want to know in every way."
She says she met 73-year old victim more than ten years ago when Chun took classes at Visiko's Hawaiian performing arts studio.
"She actually almost became a mentor to me because of her upbringing," said Visiko.
She says Chun was born in Hawaii and has no family locally.
She was divorced and the only child of parents who have passed away.
"Well she had us," said Visiko. "We became her Hawaiian family."
On Wednesday, maintenance workers found Chun's body at Tryon Park. Police believe she was shot and killed during a robbery.
"To imagine her first of all in that predicament that someone was taking from her first and foremost and then all of a sudden taking her life too and then Auntie Eddie ending up in a ditch by herself," said Victoria. "I don't know if she was hurting for a long time. It's just unbelievable. It's a concept I can't grasp on to. "
Police took a "person of interest" into custody but have not charged anyone.
"I don't think you know what I'd like to see done but I want justice and I will be there every step of the way," said Visiko.
Chun also taught at RIT as an adjunct professor.
Victoria says she was very involved in her community.
"The light that she had was so bright," Visiko said.
A light that she's determined to keep shining.
"I love her so much and that will go on forever, make aloha," said Visiko. Victoria says she's now searching for Chun's Hawaiian relatives. She hopes to plan a memorial event for her in the near future.
We're hoping to learn more details from Rochester Police on this case on Monday.


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The Tanzania Editors Forum has said the body of Jambo Leo editor Willy Edward who passed away on Saturday in Morogoro Region will be transported on Wednesday to his home village in Serengeti, Mara Region for burial on Saturday.
TEF Chairman Absalom Kibanda said in Dar es Salaam yesterday that after talks with his family members they agreed to bury the deceased body on Saturday. He said last respects will be held today.
He said editors have agreed to contribute 30,000/- each, adding that the money collected will be given to the widow. He however said that other media stakeholders have pledged more than 700,000/-.
He said Serengeti Breweries contributed 1m/- and will print 200 T-shirts and khangas. He added: "We thank them for their continued support and collaboration with journalists."
Edward who was the Chief Editor with Jambo Leo newspaper passed away on Saturday in Morogoro where he was attending a census seminar organised by the National Bureau of Statistic (NBS).
He collapsed when preparing to return to his hotel after paying a visit to his children who are staying in Morogoro.
Relatives in collaboration with TEF, Morogoro Regional Commissioner's Office and journalists on Sunday afternoon transported the body of the deceased to Dar es Salaam, where it is preserved at the Muhimbili National Hospital.
A relative said the doctor's report showed that apart from heart complications, Edward fell and hit the back of his head on the ground leading to his death.


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By: YNN Staff
Police are still investigating the scene where they say William Spengler, 62, lit his house on fire in order to ambush first responders.
Spengler used a rifle to take the lives of firefighters Mike Chiapperini and Tomasz Kaczowka. Police say Spengler also shot and seriously injured firefighters Theodore Scardino and Joseph Hofstetter. Both Hofstetter and Scardino remain in "guarded" condition at Strong Hospital.
Police say once shots were fired, firefighters were asked to stay away from the scene until the SWAT team could catch the gunman. Investigators say Spengler was found dead on the beach from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
Seven houses were destroyed from the blaze. It is unknown if anyone was in the homes at the time of the fire.
Police are also searching for Spengler's sister who is believed to have been in the house when the fire started.


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How the Great Depression, Juan Peron and the brothels of Argentina influenced the creation of one of the world's most vibrant forms of music
Tridip Suhrud is a social scientist from Ahmedabad
Malls in India offer expats a disturbing comfort of familiarity
Sinam Ongbi Chandrajini lost children in a massacre in Malom in 2000. It was the horror of this incident that led Irom Sharmila to begin her fast against AFSPA
The account of a Missing Persons Bureau inspector who went missing trapped in an elevator
How Rama Prasad Goenka got baptised by fire in the acquisitions game to emerge as India's 'takeover specialist'
The second rung of the Congress party, where there is much jostling for power, is the origin of some of the most ridiculous political spin in recent times
It's time they're jolted awake by women who watch
Contrasting SC judgments in the Bhullar and Das cases spell confusion
Let's Not Ask Her Screen Age • Tears of Luck • To Act or Not To Act
On the absurdity of the nude dance of an NSUI president becoming such a big deal
Nawaz Sharif's party won a near majority in Pakistan's National Assembly. But it was Imran Khan's campaign that animated the polls
The JDS shadow over the Congress' Karnataka win made the party High Command partial to Siddaramaiah, but sources say the new CM was imposed, not elected
Private producers want to price it high, users want it kept cheap, and policymakers appear all confused
The parents of S Sreesanth, a devout couple, might be thinking even god can't help their son now.
The first act of Amar Chitra Katha's rescue is over. The brand has survived. But Act Two will be tricky
As cola drinks are shunned by health junkies
Azad Khan, 12, was shot in Manipur, allegedly for being an insurgent. This was one of six extra judicial killings
"Why am in jail? Where is the evidence against me?"
An Old Delhi neighbourhood full of highly skilled craftspeople struggles to survive, to keep some fragment of its poetry in a city whose priorities are far more prosaic.
Nikhil Chopra redraws history in performance
Taiye Selasi's first novel runs circles around the 'African story' you're used to
For years, Mithun Chakraborty has been a victim of elite prejudice—what multiplex goers call a 'downmarket' star.
This home theatre system delivers more than just good sound on a budget
Listening to what you like activates a part of your brain linked with good food and sex
Residents of a housing society in Mumbai have to pay a toll to enter its premises
"There have been deaths in my ambulance, but also births. At the set-up I work for, more than 13,000 babies were born in a vehicle"
The publisher Double Day is printing four million copies of the book to start
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God's gift to the Congress
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Despite adequate laws, hundreds of foreigners are stuck in overcrowded prisons across India
It may not entirely be a sense of duty that is motivating CBI Director Ranjit Sinha
And why India's National Green Tribunal in particular cannot do justice to its stated objective
Kerala's move to turn water over to the private sector promises to complicate the scarcity problem
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I'm Eric, I'm 22 years old, I look like I'm 12 and sometimes act like I am 5. I am a hopeless Romantic that idiotically has a bright outlook on life… I blame Disney. When I realize that life isn't what Disney promised I have sweeping manic depressive states, other than that I am AWESOME!
Every thought that tumbles through my head is so clever it would be a crime for it not to be shared. This is my medium. So enjoy the misadventures of this mischievous vagabond searching for Love, The true meaning of friendship, and adventure all the while trying to be Sickle Smart
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Microsoft Training are in Moab
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The main notes of this symphony of scents are bergamot, mandarine, and grapefruit, displaying the savors of sun-ripened citrus fruits. Then the fragrance reveals more generous, warm, woody, resinous accents, reminiscent of voluptuous hours of farniente. Eau du Sud reflects the heat of the Mediterranean sun...
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