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Some photos from the CreateAthon reception last night! It was amazing!
I'm really sad now that it's over, but what an amazing experience.
How will I carry the CreateAthon torch?
I've been avoiding this post.
This is the one post that I don't want to write in any way, because it means that CreateAthon is over. It is the last assigned blog post for this semester.
Now how will I spread the word about CreateAthon?
Well, in part, I believe that I've already done this. I've talked to the Creative director, art directors, and others at the agency that I intern with. I've also talked with local Richmond business people, those that are extremely tech-savvy. I and another CreateAthon-er (Alana) talked to the founder of tumblr, David Karp, about CreateAthon.
Pretty much any chance that I get to talk about CreateAthon, and introduce what it is to someone, I take that chance. This is an idea that I believe everyone should know about, so because of that I want to talk about it as much as I possibly can. I'm sure to some people, it gets annoying, but I think that CreateAthon is a brilliant way to simply give back.
(This person is amazing by the way, she's the one that got me hooked on CreateAthon)
I'm most likely going to talk to some of my old high school teachers as well, and see if there could possibly be a mini-CreateAthon that could be established at the high school level. Maybe they help just one client, instead of breaking into teams and helping 12 different clients, but I think with all the different electives offered in high school (or my high school at least) with students learning business skills, art, yearbook, newspaper, management, automotive, etc., that there could possibly be a class dedicated to giving back to the community. Or maybe it's not a class, maybe it's a club set up in high school. Either way, I think it's a great way for students to see how they could be helping the community around them, and having that kind of experience on your college application, really helps. It shows that you've done something real. I realize that the CreateAthon event for them would be a little bit different when it comes to set up, but maybe it's a 12 hour event during the day, instead of the full 24. Like I said, an intro to CreateAthon events out there for the younger audience.
How would I make CreateAthon better?
This is a difficult question. I mean, already I think CreateAthon is great.
The only thing I could think to make it better, is set break times. Maybe it's different times for each team, or an event game of kickball, but there should be some break times where we're out having fun definitely instilled. Those small moments of fun help us relax, and in turn, help us pump out even more creative ideas.
Going without breaks, which I almost did, results in not as nearly creative ideas, as well as stress and tension. Neither of those are good with CreateAthon.
(also, honestly, I think students in high school would work better if they had a set time during the middle of the day where they could be outside and just go crazy or relax, just give them some time to not think about school, and then they'll most likely be more productive)
Maybe it's bringing back jump rope, or having a crazy coloring contest, sidewalk chalk even.
But with the large majority of us being creative, we definitely need to make sure we have crazy creative outlets that relate to absolutely nothing.
I wish we could help out more nonprofits during the semester, but already we produce so much work for the one nonprofit each team is assigned, but at least it's awesome work.
I'm a little late with this, but…..
My reflection on the field trip to Carter Printing:
About how I work
I can't say that I learned this during CreateAthon, but I did learn how much this attribute affects how I work with others.
I am a control freak. I like to be in charge. I'm pretty organized with my work, not as much for the sake of organization, but more to make sure that I know where I am, to know where everyone stands that I'm working with. I have to make sure I have everything planned out ahead of time, that I have all the information I could possibly need. I don't mean to make it sound like I'm completely obsessive about being in control either. Im just someone who's ambitious (to put it lightly), yet independent. I like to stay on top of things.
Being a team leader means that I had to let others take charge of certain projects, trust them to do things correctly, and trust their judgement. That is not easy for me. While I did check in on what everyone was doing constantly, and gave some feedback, I had to let my team members do their own thing as well.
I'm pretty sure anyone who knows me, knows that I like things done my way. I like to be in control of how things are done. I'm extremely independent, which may factor into all this as well.
What does creativity mean to CreateAthon?
"Creativity, the pulsating orb of light that resides in the back of a designer's mind feeding them with vision, innovation and contagious ideas. It puts reins on a wildly running imagination, giving it direction and production; making thought reality. The degree of thought and process put into a design is what really sets it apart from the rest of the crowd. You could say that a designer's purpose is to ignite and set off its audiences' imaginations into a wild running frenzy. Although, as we all know some ideas come at the click of one's fingers, while others play a desperate game of hide and seek in the back of our minds. Inspiration can work like the electrodes of a defibrillator, shocking and bringing back to life a once dying idea. The flow of creation can bring an evolution of thought and imagination, superseding anything concocted beforehand."
Now what does creativity mean to CreateAthon?
CreateAthon means helping real clients, real people.
Taking a campaign that is either close to nothing, or is not really working at all, and transforming it to create something amazing.
Creativity. With CreateAthon, you take the foundation of the client, what they need, and find a way to create something completely amazing. This can be website design, posters, brochures, a new logo, anything. The amount of creative brainpower that comes through during CreateAthon is unlike anything else. Perhaps it's the pressure, or maybe the amount of time, possibly the knowledge that you're doing something for good.
Whatever the reason may be, creativity is essential. Thinking outside the norms, coming up with crazy ideas.
Creativity during CreateAthon means pushing the limits. This can be a video spot, showing television sets being thrown or even some crazy new website design to draw in the audience. Guidelines are set, of course, saying who we need to target, what is essential to get done, what problems need to be solved; but going beyond those guidelines is where creativity comes in.
How do you take what needs to be done and then push that even further?
And all of this within 24 hours.
Working with clients is..?
There's no argument about that.
Don't think of working with clients in a bad way though. The stressful part comes from the constant changing of the mind, wants and needs, and trying to figure out what it is that the client needs.
(the following is an example of client/designer interaction, not my interaction with my client)
Communication is essential, but can be frustrating. Each party involved, the client as well as myself, has different areas of specialty. While the client's specialty is their nonprofit, what it does and how it helps people, my specialty is design and seeing things from a graphics point of view. I think in terms of, how will this help my client, but how will it pull in the audience that we need?
Because of the differing points of view, this is where the needs can get confusing, so communication is essential to help clarify ideas, as well as what will work out best for both the client and you.
Why is CreateAthon good?
There's so many answers to this question.
First off, the obvious. CreateAthon helps out the local community by providing thousands of dollars worth of advertising and deliverables to non-profits free of charge.
Secondly, CreateAthon onCampus helps out students. It does this in many different ways. It helps students get real world experience dealing with real clients. Through school, many students deal with imaginary clients answering only to the professor. The professor judges the work, deciding whether or not it is what the client needs. With CreateAthon, students deal with real clients, and with this, students deal with real needs and problems.
An example can be taken from my experience this year with CreateAthon. My client is VASS, or Virginia Advanced Study Strategies. I worked with the president and the board of VASS, narrowing down what it was they were essentially looking for, as well as what they truly needed. With my client, there was a lot of emails exchanged back and forth, probably 2-3 times weekly at first, and then as it got closer to the event, anywhere from 2-6 times daily. There were many different ideas exchanged, as well as other various needs that arose at different times.
After the event had occurred, we received information from VASS that the direction that we had initially gone in was not the one that worked best for them. They had decided after seeing the work that they needed to focus less on the youth audience, and focus more on the corporate audience so that they could receive more funding.
This was frustrating to hear, no doubt at all. But it's a situation that you have to deal with in the real world. Clients constantly change their mind about what they want and need.
This kind of experience, interacting with the clients, going through the needs and wants, and dealing with sudden changes of direction is amazing to have. It may not be the ideal situation, but it prepares you for the real world.
And lastly, why CreateAthon is good. The process of brainstorming, creating, and executing condensed into 24 hours is a time period which is exhausting, yes, but leaves you feeling with an amazing feeling of accomplishment. You just stayed up for 24 hours, helping out a real client, a real organization. The thanks and gratitude that you receive for all the work you put in as well are overwhelming. They leave you with a feeling of warmth, a feeling of knowing that you did something good, that you helped someone who truly needed it. Giving up your time to help someone move forward.
If nothing else, that last reason for why CreateAthon is good for students is one that I would recommend to anyone.
Collaboration is essential.
I think everyone knows this already.
But working in a nonstop creative environment for at least 24 hours, how does one keep from basically wanting to kill the other members that they're working with?
-Simple Answer: Respect.
-Long Answer: Listening to others' ideas as well as your own. You have to be willing to listen (not necessarily agree) and be open to other's ideas. You may not like the ideas, and you may not always agree with them, but being open to the ideas is essential. Your ideas aren't always going to be the best, and you have to be willing to accept that.
During CreateAthon, as a team leader, I can say that my ideas were not always the best. Thank goodness for my team members. They definitely saved me, and not just with the work, but they critiqued my ideas and concepts efficiently in a way that actually helped us to move forward as a group. Because of the honest critiques, and accepting of other's ideas, our group functioned a lot more efficiently and effectively, and were able to really pump out some strong pieces. I can definitely say that if we had kept back all our thoughts and worked more on our own individually, we would definitely not have gotten as far as we did with the deliverables.
Collaboration during CreateAthon is more than just the ideas as well. Collaboration is knowing who you're working with. Knowing that everyone needs a break, takes criticism differently, and that everyone functions differently. Yet in the end, you take all of the different factors about each individual person, and you make it all work together.
I miss my CreateAthon team. I really miss how we worked together to create something new and awesome.
If I could do this again with them, you better believe I would jump on that opportunity ASAP.
Adrienne, Carl, Katie, Ken, Travis… I miss you guys.


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10 points if you guessed paint splat!! I was splashing paint around on a big canvas outside a while back and when I got done I saw this little splat - it is less than 1" big but it looked just like a bird. Go figure!
How serendipitous!! I had some background papers that I made on a slow day for fun (squirt three colors of acrylic paint onto paper and then scrape around with an old credit card for an interesting background) and the aqua/yellow/peach one called out to me. I drew on a bird/branch silhouette with a pencil and then painted all around with white paint. Thick right by the silhouette and lighter toward the edges so that the texture of the background would show through. A fun technique that I will definitely revisit sometime in the future!
Linking to: Artists in Blogland June theme - DREAM and
Paint Party Friday.


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Cabell wanted his team to slow down the tempo and keep the final score in the fifties, he said before the game against Fairmont Senior began. In the final analysis, Scott held the high-flying Polar Bears to a 55-48 final decision.
Fairmont Senior led 12-8 at the end of the first quarter and held an 20-18 halftime advantage. It was 32-27 after three. The teams played evenly, 23-23, in the final stanza.
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Travon Horton and Jarin Hilson led Fairmont Senior with 17 apiece.
The loss ended Scott's season at 15-11.


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Orchestral Bars & Clubs in Foggy Bottom/ GWU / West End
Places (34)
Showing 1 - 10 of 34
Skye Lounge
1919 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W., Washington DC 20006Trendy and upscale martini lounge in downtown Washington.
Shadow Room
2131 K St. N.W., Washington DC 20037Top-of-the-line club where luxury amenities are paired with the latest technologies to create an unbelievable experience.
High concept lounge in downtown Washington.
Eden, formerly known as Eye Bar, is currently one of DC's hottest clubs around!
Whether you like it chill and intimate or bustling and happening, 19th is a place you should definitely check out!
Black Rooster Pub (bar closes day after Oct. 16)
1919 L St. N.W., Washington DC 20036The kind of pub where everybody knows your name, with some of the best ribs in town.
Bravo! Bravo!
1001 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington DC 20036Great food and Latin music keep them coming back to Bravo! Bravo!
The Exchange Saloon
1719 G St. N.W., Washington DC 20006The Exchange Saloon next to the White House is a hit among GWU students and tourists..
The Art Gallery Bar & Grille
1712 I St. N.W., Washington DC 20006Mediterranean and world cuisine in downtown Washington.
The Rookery - CLOSED
2519 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W., Washington DC 20037Foggy Bottom's invite-only restaurant and bar.
Events (1)
Showing 1 - 1 of 1
Bars & Clubs / Lounge
Ciao at Cities
Cities - 919 19th St. NW - Washington (Northwest)Ciao is a weekly supper-club event held every Thursday night at Cities Restaurant and Lounge
Event dates:
Thursdays : 8 p.m. - 2 a.m.


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This hotel was a great experience from start to finish; the hotel is beautiful; the location is perfect and the staff could not be more accommodating, friendly and charming! I prefer a small, quiet hotel and this was a great choice. It is beautifully designed with a lovely rooftop terrace; two blocks from the main square. The staff is amazing;... More
- Also Known As:
- l`Otel Hotel
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- Oasis San Miguel De Allende
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Seductive and mysterious. An address located geographically and emotionally in the heart of San Miguel de Allende. The Suites are luxury-filled spaces and all have charming details everywhere. Limited Edition Experiences are designed to pamper the guest at every moment of the stay: from the gourmet breakfast to the High Tea; with beds in Italian linens, silk coverlets and goose down dovets; as well as exclusive and refined amenities to acompany the hot showers. ... more less


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The Swan Revived Hotel is a former Coaching Inn dating back to the 15th century, situated in the heart of the quaint Buckinghamshire town of Newport Pagnell; just two miles from junction 14 of the M1and 5 miles from central Milton Keynes. Accommodation is available in one of our 40 comfortable guests rooms.


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All of this I completely agree with 99. The competition ended as soon as it became apparent that Carimi may need some help over there. So yeah, there was no "victor" because there was no competition and Webb remains at LT with no one to immediately push him out.
None of this is good news and even Tice's comments indicate he's more than a bit disappointed with what is right now. Gabe is healing slower than anticipated and we still have a mental midget unchallenged at LT. I think we can all be a little disappointed ourselves. Just when you think things may change for the better it's back to DDSOS.
I do agree that CWill needs to be the swing guy. He has the experience and the maturity to play anywhere on the line so it just makes good common sense to make him first off the bench. It should also allow him to take snaps on both sides of the ball with the second string during the preseason and that should get him more prepared to play wherever he's needed.
It's the smart move and I can't find any fault in it.


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We stayed there in March 2013 for only 1 night which was to short. Very well located i.e. only a few minutes to get to the old part of the city Staff is very friendly and excellent breakfast near the swimming pool Room is clean and spacious with refrigerator Recommended
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- Pousada Valhacouto Paraty, Brazil
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Showing 1-33 of 33 items found in Places to Stay
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KeyLime Cove Indoor Waterpark Resort
KeyLime Cove, the official resort of nearby Six Flags Great America, offers a year round tropical resort experience. The massive indoor water park features a wave pool, body and tube slides, a lazy river, waterfalls and whirlpools. Besides the splashy fun, KeyLime Cove offers a variety of restaurants and entertainment options geared to both kids and parents. Grab a little "me" time and indulge in the luxurious Paradise Mist Spa, or pamper your princess at The Enchanted Lagoon Kids Spa.
CITY: Gurnee
CoCo Key Water Resort - Rockford
CoCo Key, one of Illinois' largest indoor water parks, is Rockford's home for any-weather family water park fun. Attached to the Best Western Clock Tower Resort and Conference Center, CoCo Key Water Resort makes for a perfect tropical family getaway. Explore over 60,000 square feet of indoor water park fun with three giant waterslides, Coconut Grove Adventure River, Parrot's Perch interactive Play Island, indoor/outdoor spa, kiddie pool with zero depth entry, 10,000 square foot Key Quest Arcade, private cabanas, birthday party rooms, and more
CITY: Rockford
Chestnut Mountain Resort
Full-service, 120-unit resort 8 miles southeast of Galena on a wooded palisade overlooking the Mississippi. One of the Midwest's top-rated ski/snowboard resorts: 19 trails, 475-foot vertical drop, half-mile runs, nine lifts, seven-acre terrain park. Indoor pool, whirlpool, sauna, miniature golf, Alpine slide, Mississippi cruises, skiing/snowboard programs, on-site restaurants, lounge.
CITY: Galena
The Champagne Lodge & Luxury Suites
The Champagne Lodge is an independent boutique hotel featuring luxury spa suites that offer seclusion and privacy while pampering you with all of the contemporary conveniences of modern design. Private, irresistibly convenient, yet a world away from the everyday.
CITY: Willowbrook
Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa
At Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa go golfing on one of four championship courses, horseback riding along hilly wooded trails, boating on the sapphire waters of Lake Galena, or soaring over the countryside in a hot air balloon with Galena on the Fly. Relax in the luxury of the resort's Stonedrift Spa with a pampering massage. Eagle Ridge offers a wide variety of lodging that ranges from traditional inn rooms to golf villas and distinctive homes.
CITY: Galena
Harrah's Joliet Casino & Hotel
Hottest casino action in Chicagoland. Las Vegas style, one level casino, hotel, restaurants and more. 8:00 AM - 6:00 AM daily.
CITY: Joliet
Jumer's Casino & Hotel - Rock Island
Jumer's Casino & Hotel is one of the largest land-based casinos in the state of Illinois. Jumer's is where Art Deco meets 21st Century gaming. The all on one level casino floor features the latest in gaming fun. Over 1,000 slots, 25 table games, and a live Poker Room. In addition, you will enjoy a night club, sports bar, and four distinct restaurants featuring everything from steak and seafood, to outstanding buffets, and deli-style menus. The luxurious hotel offers 205 hotel rooms, an indoor pool, fitness center, and a full-service Spa. We're the perfect place for leisure travel and for meetings, conventions, parties, or banquets. Our luxurious hotel has all the modern amenities guests expect. Oh! What a feeling! You are going to love the new Jumer's Casino & Hotel.
CITY: Rock Island
Stone Creek Golf Club & Resort
Nestled in the Shawnee National Forest, Stone Creek features an 18 hole-championship course and beautiful cabins. Stone Creek also offers a restaurant, clubhouse, and a scenic area for hiking and fishing.
CITY: Makanda
Aaron's Cottages & Cabins at the Goldmoor
Luxurious cottages and cabins on the magnificent Goldmoor estate overlooking the Mississippi River and featuring elite amenities, dining, spa services and beautiful gardens.
CITY: Galena
Lincolnshire Marriott Resort
A full service resort, located on 175 naturally wooded acres of Chicago's North Shore, offering an ideal setting for retreat-style meetings, romantic getaways, weddings and fun-for-the-whole-family vacations or reunions. Enjoy the 18-hole PGA championship golf course, award-winning Marriott Theatre, tennis club, along with several on-site restaurants, a lounge and Starbucks. While staying in one of the 383 rooms or 6 suites, enjoy a swim in the indoor or outdoor pool, work out in the fully equipped fitness center and relax in the whirlpool. There are also 26 meeting rooms totaling 40,000 sq ft. available for any planned event.
CITY: Lincolnshire
Chicago Oak Brook Hills Marriott Resort
Recent $15 million renovation of all public spaces, guest & meeting rooms. Overlooking expansive grounds and waterways, the IACC-certified resort features 386 guest rooms, over 42,000 sq ft of meeting space and an 18-hole championship golf course on site.
CITY: Oak Brook
Hilton Chicago/Indian Lakes Resort
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - This resort has 308 newly renovated rooms & suites, 27-hole championship golf course with practice facility, 50,000 sq ft. of indoor and outdoor meeting/banquet space, indoor and outdoor pools, Precor fitness center, Spa Vargas, restaurants, lounges and more.
CITY: Bloomingdale
Eaglewood Resort & Spa
Eaglewood Resort & Spa offers a luxurious retreat whether you arrive for a conference or relaxing getaway. The architecturally stunning resort, constructed in Frank Lloyd Wright- influence Prairie-style architecture, features upscale hotel accomodations, luxurious amenities, sophisticated technology, and a myriad of recreational options.
CITY: Itasca
Sweden House Lodge
The Sweden House Lodge prides itself on offering guests the ultimate experience in Swedish hospitality, making your stay comfortable in a lodge-like setting. We cater to business and pleasure travelers, offering affordable, pleasant rooms. On-site full service spa.
CITY: Rockford
Illinois Beach Resort and Conference Center
Nestled along the coastline of Lake Michigan on 4,100 acres of natural beauty in a protected state park, the Illinois Beach Resort and Conference Center will sweep you away from the hustle and bustle of metropolitan life and into a scenic paradise. The resort is the only hotel in the state of Illinois located directly on Lake Michigan. Many of the 92 guestrooms and suites, have lakeviews. We also offer 12,000 square feet of meeting and event space, a full-service restaurant and lounge, a full-service health club and Jacuzzi.
CITY: Zion
Blue Ambience Spa
We offer a variety of high-quality services. An exclusive environment created to quench your relaxation needs: Massage, skin care, body treatments, manicure, pedicure, waxing, group party, couples massages with lunch and gift certificate.
CITY: Long Grove
The Herrington Inn & Spa
Nestled in to the banks of the Fox River, The Herrington offers romantic getaways, executive events, weddings, corporate events, and riverside dining 45 minutes from downtown Chicago.
CITY: Geneva
Timmerman's Hotel & Resort
At Timmerman's Hotel & Resort, we provide the little comforts that make you feel at home. Conveniently located to nearby attractions; such as, shopping, skiing, golfing, gambling casinos and more. Come see our newly-renovated property.
CITY: East Dubuque
Oak Terrace Resort & Spa
The Inn overlooks a championship golf course with each room featuring a private balcony overlooking the course. Offers 37 rooms, indoor pool, and hot tub. This 3-story full service resort and day spa is a Chalet nestled in the woods overlooked Lake Beyers. With 2 fireplaces, 9 treatment rooms, nail salon, full service hair salon, hydrotherapy tubs. Oak Terrace has meeting and banquet facilities, bar and restaurant, 18-hole golf course, fitness center, Zumba classes, tennis, hiking, and boating, hotel and villa accommodations. Also houses Lakeview Spa with a full compliment of services and a Boutique. There is a 66 acre fishing lake and easy access to boat parking. Wi-Fi.
CITY: Pana
Pheasant Run Resort
With 473 luxurious guest rooms, two championship golf courses, a renowned spa, award-winning dining and entertainment, three pools and extensive meeting and conference facilities, Pheasant Run hotel in St Charles IL is the perfect setting. And, while you're getting that special spa treatment or enjoying a romantic dinner or play, your children can have a great time in our Kid's Klub. This special program offers supervised activities for children ages 3 to 11 years. Activities include playing games, watching movies, and making crafts to take home. Plus, every Saturday you can visit the craft corner where Mom and Dad can join in on the fun and make some seasonal themed crafts with their kids. Board games are also available for check-out through the Activity Desk.
CITY: St. Charles
Hilton Chicago Indian Lakes Resort
308 newly renovated rooms and suites. Full-resort amenities: 27-hole championship golf course, 50,000 sq ft. of indoor and outdoor meeting/banquet space, indoor/outdoor pools, Precor Fitness Center, Spa Vargas, restaurants, lounges and much more.
CITY: Bloomingdale
Illinois Beach Resort & Conference Center
Resort located on the shores of Lake Michigan. 92 guestrooms and suites, many with Lakeviews. 12,000 square feet of Meeting and Event space. Full-service Restaurant and Lounge serving Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. Full-service Health Club with heated
CITY: Zion
Herrington Inn & Spa
Nestled in to the banks of the Fox River, The Herrington offers romantic getaways, executive events, weddings, corporate events, and riverside dining.
CITY: Geneva
The Heartland Spa
Escape to a country estate on a private lake surrounded by acres of wood and miles of farmland. Once a busy dairy farm this award-winning destination spa stays true to its roots by providing a welcoming, unpretentious, and nurturing environment for guests to relax, unplug and focus on their individual lifestyle goals.
CITY: Gilman
Rend Lake Resort and Conference Center
Situated on Rend Lake in Wayne Fitzgerrell State Park, this modern resort offers cabins and boat rental suites, courtesy boat docking slips, restaurants and more. Guests can enjoy golfing, hiking, horseback riding, swimming and other water sports.
CITY: Whittington
Ruby Room
The Ruby Room includes a spa, salon, and two distinctive boutiques selling skincare, haircare and wellness products. And, if you're looking for rest and rejuvenation, overnight guest rooms are available.
CITY: Chicago
W Chicago City Center
Located in the Loop, the W Chicago is close to downtown theaters, the Willis Tower, Millennium Park and The Art Institute. The hotel offers in-room spa treatments and the 24-hour Sweat Fitness Center.
CITY: Chicago
Quail Creek Country Club and Resort
Doubling as an 18-hole golf course and resort, Quail Creek offers visitors cabins to choose from and many activities during your stay.
CITY: Robinson
Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago
Soaring 92 stories above the Loop and North Michigan Avenue, Trump International Hotel & Tower® Chicago is a showcase of bold style and engaging design, polished stainless steel and iridescent-tinted glass. It is the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world, and downtown Chicago's most enviable address.
CITY: Chicago
The Lotus Suites
This affordable, extended stay hotel is situated on a 200 acre Championship Golf Estate. An 80-room all-suite hotel, some with full kitchens and fireplaces, offering great amenities including in-room microwaves, mini refrigerators, cable television with HBO, Nintendo games and coffee maker. Relax in the heated indoor pool or Jacuzzi, work out in the fitness area, play a game of tennis or practice on the driving range and wake up to a complimentary full hot breakfast buffet.
CITY: Wadsworth
Dana Hotel and Spa
This chic hotel offers a beautiful spa, the Asian-inspired Aja cafe, and the 26th- floor Vertigo Sky Lounge, with breathtaking city views, nightly DJs and cool cocktails. Dana is close to River North's gallery district.
CITY: Chicago
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How are the ages of the Earth and universe calculated?
Many independent measurements have established that the Earth and the universe are billions of years old. Geologists have found annual layers in glaciers that can be counted back 740,000 years. Using the known rate of change in radio-active elements (radiometric dating), some Earth rocks have been shown to be billions of years old, while the oldest solar system rocks are dated at 4.6 billion years. Astronomers use the distance to galaxies and the speed of light to calculate that the light has been traveling for billions of years. The expansion of the universe gives an age for the universe as a whole: 13.7 billion years old.
(Updated April 16, 2012)
How is BioLogos different from Evolutionism, Intelligent Design, and Creationism?
We at BioLogos believe that God used the process of evolution to create all the life on earth today. While we accept the science of evolution, we emphatically reject evolutionism. Evolutionism is the atheistic worldview that says life developed without God and without purpose. Instead, we agree with Christians who adhere to Intelligent Design and Creationism that the God of the Bible created the universe and all life. Christians disagree, however, on how God created. Young Earth Creationists believe that God created just 6,000 to 10,000 years ago and disagree with much of mainstream science. Supporters of Intelligent Design accept more of evolutionary science, but argue that some features of life are best explained by direct intervention by an intelligent agent rather than by God's regular way of working through natural processes. We at BioLogos agree with the modern scientific consensus on the age of the earth and evolutionary development of all species, seeing these as descriptions of how God created. The term BioLogos comes from the Greek words bios (life) and logos (word), referring to the opening of the Gospel of John. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. Through him all things were made."
(Updated on March 1, 2012)
What is the "fine-tuning" of the universe, and how does it serve as a "pointer to God"?
Fine-tuning refers to the surprising precision of nature's physical constants, and the beginning state of the Universe. To explain the present state of the universe, even the best scientific theories require that the physical constants of nature and the beginning state of the Universe have extremely precise values.
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Beverly Ann Chin enjoys working with teachers and students at all levels of education around the world. As Director of the English Teaching Program at the University of Montana, she teaches undergraduate and graduate courses for beginning and experienced English language arts teachers. Beverly is the author of On Your Own: Writing (Prentice Hall, 1990) and On Your Own: Grammar (Prentice Hall, 1991); Senior Program Advisor for The Reader's Choice (Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 2000) and Senior Series Consultant for Grammar for Writing (William H. Sadlier, 2000). She appears on The Expanding Canon, a video program sponsored by the Annenberg Foundation and NCTE (WNET-13, 2003). As a past president of NCTE and a former board member of National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, Beverly consults on nearly all aspects of English language arts instruction across all grade levels.
View Beverly Ann Chin's Resume/Vita, Publictions and Workshops.
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Frye Jenna Studded Short
- 5 stars 71%
- 4 stars 10%
- 3 stars 20%
- 2 stars 0%
- 1 star 0%
- View the Video Description for this product! (Please note that the color shown in the video may no longer be available.)
- Bask in the shine and glimmer of the fanciful Frye® Jenna Studded Short boot.
- Soft vintage leather upper polished to a shine.
- Smooth and comfortable leather lining.
- Metal hammered stud hardware details.
- Adjustable strap with buckles.
- Debossed logo on the heel.
- Long-lasting leather outsole with rubber inserts.
- Imported.
- Measurements:
- Heel Height: 1 in
- Weight: 1 lb 5 oz
- Circumference: 13 in
- Shaft: 8 1⁄2 in
- Product measurements were taken using size 7.5, width B - Medium. Please note that measurements may vary by size.
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Frye's current Harness Boots are rooted in tradition and continue to draw influence from the Cavalry. Today the classic Harness Boot holds a place in American culture. The Frye Harness Boot has been pictured in fashion spreads internationally. In 1938, on a trip to Washington, D.C., John A. Frye's grandson and namesake met a U.S. Navy Admiral who confided that he had trouble finding the Wellington boots he liked so much. As a favor, John agreed to make him a pair. Frye continued to fill requests for these boots through the Second World War. During World War II, Frye supplied thousands of servicemen with Frye Wellington boots, known as Jet Boots, by mail order.
In the 1960's, Frye reintroduced the Campus Boot, from its 1860 original, featuring a bulky toe and chunky heel that came to epitomize the attitude and the style of the 60's and 70's. There was nothing like these "new" Frye Boots on the market, and consumers began to demand "Original Fryes." When searching for items to represent the America of the 60's, the Smithsonian Institute chose a pair of Frye Boots.
The quality of all Frye shoes is timeless. For almost 150 years, Frye leather products have continued to be benchcrafted from the finest full grain leather uppers. It takes over 190 steps to make one pair of Frye boots. Frye remains dedicated to the commitment of craftsmanship for which Frye boots and Frye shoes have been known for more than 100 years.
Fit Survey:
- 5% Full size too large
- 30% Half size too Large
- 55% True to size
- 5% Half size too small
- 5% Full size too small
- 82% Felt true to width
- 12% Felt narrower than marked
- 5% Felt wider than marked
- 15% Excellent arch support
- 70% Moderate arch support
- 15% No arch support
Customer Reviews
Frye Jenna Studded Short
- Sort by:
- Most Helpful
- Newest
I own lots of Fryes and I love them all. These are special though - Frye is focusing on trends and expanding their classic lines. The foot bed is soft and comfy, the leather is soft and buttery and the studs are bang on trend. So comfortable and stylish. Love them. All my Fryes are 8 and these were no different.
I'd also recommend: Sam Edelman, Nine West, Vince Camuto
Runs Small
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Felt true to size
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Felt true to width
- Joanna - customer
- from Atlanta
- September 17, 2012
I've never owned a pair of Fryes before, but after reading all the glowing reviews of the brand I decided to splurge on this cute pair of boots. I had been on a months-long search for the perfect pair of brown leather boots, so you can imagine my excitement when they finally arrived. The appearance is pretty much exactly like the picture. The quality, however, was mildly disappointing to me and I wonder if I got boots from two different batches, as the left one seems better made than the right. I mean, they're well-made and will clearly last a long time, but I have a few complaints about the details. 1. One boot is slightly darker than the other. 2. On the right boot's strap, the light colored lining was wider than dark leather on the outside so it showed and looked sloppily made. It was pretty easy for me to trim off the excess lining, but for the price I shouldn't have to. 3. All of the studs on the left boot are neatly molded into a shape like the rivets on jeans, while many of the studs on the right boot are only lightly molded and more smooth in appearance as though someone were applying them in a hurry. 4. The Frye logo is nicely embossed in the left boot so it is clear and visible. In the right boot, it's only lightly embossed, so the boundaries are fuzzy and you can only really make out half the logo. I debated sending them back at this point, but I convinced myself that all these flaws were the result of the boots being individually handmade and not really that noticeable. My other minor complaint is about the fit. When I first put them on, they were so comfortable that I didn't realize that they were too big. I always wear a 7.5 and they seemed to fit pretty well. However, after walking around in them for a few days (making them unreturnable) I realized that I constantly felt as if I might accidentally step right out of them. I wish I had at least tried a pair a half-size down. It being too late to return them however, I added insoles and the problem is solved. So, overall, I would say that I'm fairly happy with these. They're comfortable, they look great and I've gotten a lot of compliments on them. However, they run big and quality seems inconsistent.
Runs Small
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Felt a half size larger than marked
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- Carina L - customer
- from Portland, OR
- October 25, 2012
I love Frye boots and I now own six pairs. I bought two of them 10 years ago. This year I went crazy and got four more. I got these is the cognac color which is beyond beautiful. All my Fryes are size 8½ but I had to go with the 8 in this style. I do not know why, but they are working out fine. I absolutely love these. I receive tons of compliments, which you do not even need because you know they are awesome. They are very comfortable. Get them!
Runs Small
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Felt a half size larger than marked
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Felt wider than marked
- Anonymous - customer
- from Ventura, CA.
- February 23, 2012
Once again Frye does not disappoint. These boots are gorgeous! I purchased mine in black, they are shinier than I expected, could be dressed up or down. Either way these are comfortable and fashionable. Will definitely lend an edge to any outfit. Felt comfortable (if a little snug) from the get go...will be amazing once they are broken in. High quality boot that will last for years.
Runs Small
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Felt true to size
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Felt true to width
- Anonymous - customer
- December 24, 2011
These are amazing boots, they are even better in person. Frye boots usually start out pretty narrow, but after you break them in, they will form to your foot. I always size down for Fryes, so even though I usually wear an 8, I ordered a 7 and although they are a little narrow, they do fit fine. Tough it out for the break in period and you won't be sorry. These boots are very rock and roll and will last forever!
- Green T - customer
- from Humboldt CA
- December 16, 2011


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Plan your Summer holidays to European cities. Visit open air concerts and beer gardens! More flights from Larnaca via Frankfurt or Munich to all European cities as of 29th March 2013! More destinations in Germany
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Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 772012
Metadata Summary
Problem Reports
Data Access Policy
Narrative Documents
Project Information
Data Activity or Cruise Information
Fixed Station Information
BODC Quality Flags
Metadata Summary
Data Description |
Data Identifiers |
Time Co-ordinates(UT) |
Spatial Co-ordinates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parameters |
Problem Reports
The quality of measurements obtained with the Satlantic ISUS UV in-situ nitrate sensor were considered highly unreliable by the data originators and it was suggested that these data should be dropped from the series. It was confirmed that these data were questionable following in-house screening at BODC. Since the data were not fit for future purpose the channel was deleted from the series.
Data Access Policy
Public domain data
These data have no specific confidentiality restrictions for users. However, users must acknowledge data sources as it is not ethical to publish data without proper attribution. Any publication or other output resulting from usage of the data should include an acknowledgment.
The recommended acknowledgment is
"This study uses data from the data source/organisation/programme, provided by the British Oceanographic Data Centre and funded by the funding body."
Narrative Documents
Satlantic and MBARI In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer ISUS, ISUS V2 and ISUS V3
The ISUS series of instruments are submersible sensors that use ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy to measure in situ dissolved chemical species. Absorption spectra are measured by illuminating a sample of seawater with UV light and analysing the signal with a UV spectrometer. The calibration process embedded in the system creates a library of absorption spectra for the main absorbing species in this region of the spectrum. An optimization process adjusts the concentrations of the calibrated species spectra until the computed spectrum matches the measured one.
The original ISUS was developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) as a means of measuring nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean using in situ ultraviolet spectrometry, as described in Johnson and Coletti (2002). This prototype was superseded by the commercially available Satlantic MBARI-ISUS V2, which was developed jointly by MBARI and Satlantic, and was specifically designed to measure nitrate concentrations. The latest version is the Satlantic ISUS V3, which is also designed for nitrate measurements.
The ISUS V2 provides multiple interfaces and the data can be output in analog (for easy interface with CTD systems), digital telemetry (concentration only; the full spectral output is in ASCII or binary) or digital (stored on an internal flash card) format. This instrument can be powered internally or from external sources. The ISUS V3 has full USB capability and a Windows-based program to download files, setup schedules, log and view data. Specifications for the V2 and V3 are presented below and are the same for both models, unless otherwise stated.
Resolution | ± 0.05 µM |
Accuracy | V2: ± 2 µM or 2% of reading, whichever is larger V3: ± 2 µM (0.028 mg l-1) or 10% of reading, whichever is larger |
Range | V2: up to 2000 µM V3: 0.5 to 2000 µM (0.007 to 28 mg l-1) |
Sample rate | 1 Hz |
Depth rating | 1000 m (200 m optional for V3 only) |
Operating temperature | V2: 0 to 35°C V3: 0 to 40°C |
Path length | 1 cm |
Wavelength range | 200 to 400 nm |
Lamp type | Deuterium |
Lamp life time | V2: 1000 hours to 50% intensity at 240 nm V3: 900 hours |
Thermal compensation | 0 to 40°C (V3 only) |
Salinity compensation | 0 to 40 psu (V3 only) |
Johnson, K.S. and Coletti, L.J., 2002. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep-Sea Research I, 49, 1291-1305.
Further information can be found in the manual for the ISUS V2 and the manufacturer's specification sheet for theISUS V3.
Sea-Bird Dissolved Oxygen Sensor SBE 43 and SBE 43F
The SBE 43 is a dissolved oxygen sensor designed for marine applications. It incorporates a high-performance Clark polarographic membrane with a pump that continuously plumbs water through it, preventing algal growth and the development of anoxic conditions when the sensor is taking measurements.
Two configurations are available: SBE 43 produces a voltage output and can be incorporated with any Sea-Bird CTD that accepts input from a 0-5 volt auxiliary sensor, while the SBE 43F produces a frequency output and can be integrated with an SBE 52-MP (Moored Profiler CTD) or used for OEM applications. The specifications below are common to both.
Housing | Plastic or titanium |
Membrane | 0.5 mil- fast response, typical for profile applications 1 mil- slower response, typical for moored applications |
Depth rating | 600 m (plastic) or 7000 m (titanium) 10500 m titanium housing available on request |
Measurement range | 120% of surface saturation |
Initial accuracy | 2% of saturation |
Typical stability | 0.5% per 1000 h |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
Benthos Programmable Sonar Altimeter (PSA) 916 and 916T
The PSA 916 is a submersible altimeter that uses the travel time of an acoustic signal to determine the distance of the instrument from a target surface. It provides the user with high resolution altitude or range data while simultaneously outputting data through a digital serial port. A wide beam angle provides for reliable and accurate range measurements under the most severe operational conditions. The instrument is electronically isolated to eliminate any potential signal interference with host instrument sensors. The PSA 916 is an upgrade of the PSA 900.
The standard model (PSA 916) has an operational depth range of 0 - 6000 m, while the titanium PSA 916T has a depth range of 0 - 10000 m. All other specifications for the two versions are the same.
Transmit frequency | 200 kHz |
Transmit pulse width | 250 µs |
Beam pattern | 14° conical |
Pulse repetition rate | internal selection: 5 pps external selection: up to 5 pps- user controlled |
Range | 100 m full scale 1.0 m guaranteed minimum 0.8 m typical |
Range | 1 cm for RS232 output 2.5 cm for analog output |
Operating depth | 6000 m (PSA 916) or 10000 m (PSA 916T) |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheets for the PSA 916 and the PSA 916T.
Instrument Description
CTD Stainless Steel Unit and Auxiliary Sensors
Instrument/Sensor | Serial Number | Manufacturer's Calibration Date | Comments |
Sea-Bird 911plus CTD | 0636 | ||
Sea-Bird SBE 9plus Digiquartz primary pressure sensor | 83008 | 13 May 2005 | |
Sea-Bird SBE 3 primary1 temperature sensor | 4383 | 1 May 2007 | Vane-mounted |
Sea-Bird SBE 3 secondary1 temperature sensor | 4782 | 12 April 2007 | CTD-mounted |
Sea-Bird SBE 4 primary1 conductivity sensor | 2164 | 1 May 2007 | Vane-mounted |
Sea-Bird SBE 4 secondary1 conductivity sensor | 3258 | 27 March 2007 | CTD-mounted |
Sea-Bird SBE 43 oxygen sensor | 0619 | 5 October 2006 | |
Benthos PSA-916T altimeter | 1040 | repaired December 2006 | |
Chelsea Aquatracka Mk III (chlorophyll a) fluorimeter | 088095 | 4 January 2007 | |
Chelsea Alphatracka Mk II (25cm, 660 nm) transmissometer | 161-2642-002 | 4 September 1996 | |
2π PML (Chelsea) PAR sensor (down-welling) | 09 | 23 March 2005 | removed from casts greater than 1000 m |
Satlantic ISUS nitrate sensor | 60 | removed from casts greater than 1000 m 25 July 2007 (Laboratory calibration) | |
Sea-Bird SBE 32 carousel | 32-37898-0518 | ||
Ocean Test Equipment water bottles (20 L) | 32-37898-0518 | positions 1-24 | |
RDI Workhorse Monitor 300 kHz ADCP (master) | 5415 | ||
RDI Workhorse Monitor 300 kHz ADCP (slave) | 9414 |
1The primary temperature and conductivity sensor pair (described here) are referred to as secondary sensors in all files produced from Sea-Bird Software processing. The names were swapped during NOCS PSTAR processing where the Sea-Bird named, secondary sensors became the primary sensor pair.
Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911 and SBE 917 series CTD profilers
The SBE 911 and SBE 917 series of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) units are used to collect hydrographic profiles, including temperature, conductivity and pressure as standard. Each profiler consists of an underwater unit and deck unit or SEARAM. Auxiliary sensors, such as fluorometers, dissolved oxygen sensors and transmissometers, and carousel water samplers are commonly added to the underwater unit.
Underwater unit
The CTD underwater unit (SBE 9 or SBE 9 plus) comprises a protective cage (usually with a carousel water sampler), including a main pressure housing containing power supplies, acquisition electronics, telemetry circuitry, and a suite of modular sensors. The original SBE 9 incorporated Sea-Bird's standard modular SBE 3 temperature sensor and SBE 4 conductivity sensor, and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. The conductivity cell was connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit that could include auxiliary sensors. Each SBE 9 unit was custom built to individual specification. The SBE 9 was replaced in 1997 by an off-the-shelf version, termed the SBE 9 plus, that incorporated the SBE 3 plus (or SBE 3P) temperature sensor, SBE 4C conductivity sensor and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. Sensors could be connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit or stand-alone.
Temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors
The conductivity, temperature, and pressure sensors supplied with Sea-Bird CTD systems have outputs in the form of variable frequencies, which are measured using high-speed parallel counters. The resulting count totals are converted to numeric representations of the original frequencies, which bear a direct relationship to temperature, conductivity or pressure. Sampling frequencies for these sensors are typically set at 24 Hz.
The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, pressure-protected inside a stainless steel tube, while the conductivity sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. Thermistor resistance or conductivity cell resistance, respectively, is the controlling element in an optimized Wien Bridge oscillator circuit, which produces a frequency output that can be converted to a temperature or conductivity reading. These sensors are available with depth ratings of 6800 m (aluminium housing) or 10500 m (titanium housing). The Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor comprises a quartz crystal resonator that responds to pressure-induced stress, and temperature is measured for thermal compensation of the calculated pressure.
Additional sensors
Optional sensors for dissolved oxygen, pH, light transmission, fluorescence and others do not require the very high levels of resolution needed in the primary CTD channels, nor do these sensors generally offer variable frequency outputs. Accordingly, signals from the auxiliary sensors are acquired using a conventional voltage-input multiplexed A/D converter (optional). Some Sea-Bird CTDs use a strain gauge pressure sensor (Senso-Metrics) in which case their pressure output data is in the same form as that from the auxiliary sensors as described above.
Deck unit or SEARAM
Each underwater unit is connected to a power supply and data logging system: the SBE 11 (or SBE 11 plus) deck unit allows real-time interfacing between the deck and the underwater unit via a conductive wire, while the submersible SBE 17 (or SBE 17 plus) SEARAM plugs directly into the underwater unit and data are downloaded on recovery of the CTD. The combination of SBE 9 and SBE 17 or SBE 11 are termed SBE 917 or SBE 911, respectively, while the combinations of SBE 9 plus and SBE 17 plus or SBE 11 plus are termed SBE 917 plus or SBE 911 plus.
Specifications for the SBE 9 plus underwater unit are listed below:
Parameter | Range | Initial accuracy | Resolution at 24 Hz | Response time |
Temperature | -5 to 35°C | 0.001°C | 0.0002°C | 0.065 sec |
Conductivity | 0 to 7 S m-1 | 0.0003 S m-1 | 0.00004 S m-1 | 0.065 sec (pumped) |
Pressure | 0 to full scale (1400, 2000, 4200, 6800 or 10500 m) | 0.015% of full scale | 0.001% of full scale | 0.015 sec |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
Aquatracka fluorometer
The Chelsea Instruments Aquatracka is a logarithmic response fluorometer. It uses a pulsed (5.5 Hz) xenon light source discharging between 320 and 800 nm through a blue filter with a peak transmission of 420 nm and a bandwidth at half maximum of 100 nm. A red filter with sharp cut off, 10% transmission at 664 nm and 678 nm, is used to pass chlorophyll-a fluorescence to the sample photodiode.
The instrument may be deployed either in a through-flow tank, on a CTD frame or moored with a data logging package.
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
Chelsea Technologies Group ALPHAtracka and ALPHAtracka II transmissometers
The Chelsea Technologies Group ALPHAtracka (the Mark I) and its successor, the ALPHAtracka II (the Mark II), are both accurate (< 0.3 % fullscale) transmissometers that measure the beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm. Green (565 nm), yellow (590 nm) and blue (470 nm) wavelength variants are available on special order.
The instrument consists of a Transmitter/Reference Assembly and a Detector Assembly aligned and spaced apart by an open support frame. The housing and frame are both manufactured in titanium and are pressure rated to 6000 m depth.
The Transmitter/Reference housing is sealed by an end cap. Inside the housing an LED light source emits a collimated beam through a sealed window. The Detector housing is also sealed by an end cap. A signal photodiode is placed behind a sealed window to receive the collimated beam from the Transmitter.
The primary difference between the ALPHAtracka and ALPHAtracka II is that the Alphatracka II is implemented with surface-mount technology; this has enabled a much smaller diameter pressure housing to be used while retaining exactly the same optical train as in the Mark I. Data from the Mark II version are thus fully compatible with that already obtained with the Mark I. The performance of the Mark II is further enhanced by two electronic developments from Chelsea Technologies Group - firstly, all items are locked in a signal nulling loop of near infinite gain and, secondly, the signal output linearity is inherently defined by digital circuitry only.
Among other advantages noted above, these features ensure that the optical intensity of the Mark II, indicated by the output voltage, is accurately represented by a straight line interpolation between a reading near full-scale under known conditions and a zero reading when blanked off.
For optimum measurements in a wide range of environmental conditions, the Mark I and Mark II are available in 5 cm, 10 cm and 25 cm path length versions. Output is default factory set to 2.5 volts but can be adjusted to 5 volts on request.
Further details about the Mark II instrument are available from the Chelsea Technologies Group ALPHAtrackaII specification sheet.
Chelsea Technologies Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Irradiance Sensor
This sensor was originally designed to assist the study of marine photosynthesis. With the use of logarithmic amplication, the sensor covers a range of 6 orders of magnitude, which avoids setting up the sensor range for the expected signal level for different ambient conditions.
The sensor consists of a hollow PTFE 2-pi collector supported by a clear acetal dome diverting light to a filter and photodiode from which a cosine response is obtained. The sensor can be used in moorings, profiling or deployed in towed vehicles and can measure both upwelling and downwelling light.
Operation depth | 1000 m |
Range | 2000 to 0.002 µE m-2 s-1 |
Angular Detection Range | ± 130° from normal incidence |
Relative Spectral Sensitivity | flat to ± 3% from 450 to 700 nm down 8% of 400 nm and 36% at 350 nm |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
BODC Processing
The data arrived at BODC in PSTAR format files representing all of the stainless steel CTD casts taken during the cruise. These were reformatted to the internal NetCDF format using standard BODC data banking procedures. The following table shows how the variables within the .2db files were mapped to appropriate BODC parameter codes:
Originator's Variable | Units | Description | BODC Parameter Code | Units | Comment |
press | decibar | Pressure (spatial co-ordinate) exerted by the water column | PRESPR01 | decibar | |
temp | deg C | Temperature (ITS-90) of the water column (primary sensor) | TEMPS901 | deg C | |
cond | mS cm-1 | Conductivity of the water column (primary sensor) | CNDCST01 | S m-1 | Conductivity ÷ 10 |
temp2 | deg C | Temperature (ITS-90) of the water column (secondary sensor) | TEMPS902 | deg C | |
cond2 | mS cm-1 | Conductivity of the water column (secondary sensor) | CNDCST02 | S m-1 | Conductivity ÷ 10 |
alt | m | Height above seabed in the water column | AHSFZZ01 | m | |
oxygen | µmol Kg-1 | Calibrated (independent samples) dissolved oxygen concentration measured with Sea-Bird SBE 43 sensor | DOXYSC01 | µmol L-1 | |
t2-t1 | deg C | Temperature difference between sensors (temp2 - temp) | Not transferred - not environmental measurement | ||
c2-c1 | deg C | Conductivity difference between sensors (cond2 - cond) | Not transferred - not environmental measurement | ||
ptemp | deg C | Temperature of CTD internal electronics | Not transferred - not environmental measurement | ||
fluor | µg L-1 | Calibrated (manufacturer) concentration of chlorophyll a by in-situ fluorimeter | CPHLPM01 | mg m-3 | µg L-1 = mg m3 |
nitrate | µmol | Calibrated (laboratory) concentration of dissolved nitrate by in-situ UV sensor | Dropped due to unreliability | ||
trans | % | Transmittance of the water column by transmissometer | POPTDR01 | % | |
lat | deg | Latitude north by GPS receiver | Not transferred | ||
lon | deg | Longitude east by GPS receiver | Not transferred | ||
PAR | W m-2 | Photosynthetically active radiation in the water column (down-welling) by 2π radiometer | DWIRPP01 | W m-2 | |
UPAR | W m-2 | Photosynthetically active radiation in the water column (up-welling) by 2π radiometer | UWIRPP01 | W m-2 | In-house screening showed sensor was not present on CTD, therefore channel was deleted |
flag | None | Not transferred - unknown flag channel | |||
salin | psu | Calibrated (independent samples) salinity of the water column (primary) | PSALCC01 | psu | Derived from pressure, primary temperature and conductivity |
salin2 | psu | Calibrated (independent samples) salinity of the water column (secondary) | PSALCC02 | psu | Derived from pressure, secondary temperature and conductivity |
potemp | deg C | Potential temperature with respect to the surface (primary) | Not transferred - derived | ||
potemp2 | deg C | Potential temperature with respect to the surface (secondary) | Not transferred - derived | ||
sigma0 | kg m-3 | Potential density with respect to the surface | Not transferred - calculated at BODC | ||
sigma2 | kg m-3 | Potential density with respect to 2000 m | Not transferred - derived |
Four new channels were generated from the originator's parameters during transfer and are described below:
BODC Parameter Code | Units | Description | Comment |
OXYSSC01 | % | Saturation of oxygen {O2} in the water column [dissolved phase] by Sea-Bird SBE 43 sensor and calibration against sample data and computation from concentration using Benson and Krause algorithm2 | |
SIGTPR01 | Kg m-3 | Sigma-theta of the water column by CTD and computation from salinity and potential temperature using UNESCO algorithm1 | Computed from pressure, primary potential temperature and primary salinity |
SIGTPR02 | Kg m-3 | Sigma-theta of the water column by CTD and computation from salinity and potential temperature using UNESCO algorithm1 | Computed from pressure, secondary potential temperature and secondary salinity |
TOKGPR01 | L Kg-1 | Conversion factor (volume to mass) for the water column by CTD and computation of density reciprocal from pressure, primary temperature and primary salinity |
The reformatted data were visualised using the in-house EDSERPLO software. Suspect data were marked by adding an appropriate quality control flag, missing data by both setting the data to an appropriate value and setting the quality control flag.
1Fofonoff N.P. and Millard R.C., Jr. (1983). Algorithms for computations of fundemental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 44., 53pp.
2Benson, B.B. and Krause D., Jr. (1984). The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnology and Oceanography, 29:620-632.
Originator's Data Processing
Sampling Strategy
A total of 84 CTD stations1 were carried out during the cruise in the areas of the Extended Ellett Line and Icelandic Basin. From these, a total of 92 CTD downcast profiles of 2 decibar data were collected2, of which, 75 profiles were obtained using the instruments associated to the stainless steel CTD. Using this unit, 21 profiles of data were collected as part of CTD survey 1 (C1), 3 as part of CTD survey 2 (C2), 16 as part of SeaSoar survey 1 (S1), 30 as part of SeaSoar survey 2 (S2) and 6 profiles of data were collected in the area of the Extended Ellett Line. General information regarding CTD sampling strategy can be found in the cruise report from p137.
1Please note that a total of 84 CTD 'profiles' were reported to have been carried out during the cruise on p137 of the cruise report, however, this actually refers to the number of CTD stations visited during the cruise.
2Please note that the collection of 94 profiles was attempted during the cruise but data were corrupted from cast 16220A and the CTD malfunctioned during cast 16295A. Therefore, only 92 profiles of data were collected.
Data Processing
Raw CTD files were initially processed through Sea-Bird software (SBEDataProcessing-Win32) using a modified protocol from Discovery cruise D306. The resulting files were then processed through NOCS Unix scripts into PSTAR format using slightly modified versions of execs used on cruise D306. Separate NOCS Unix scripts were used for stainless steel unit casts and titanium unit casts. Full processing details can be found in the cruise report from p138.
Field Calibrations
CTD salinity and oxygen were calibrated following the protocol described for salinity in the cruise report (p149, p150-151). Values obtained from the stainless steel CTD were calibrated using independent salinity and oxygen bottles samples, collected via the unit's OTE bottle rosette. Bottle samples were determined using an autosalinometer for salinity and the Winkler titration for oxygen. Further information regarding the collection and measurement of bottle samples can be found in the cruise report from p172 for salinity and p198 for oxygen. Prior to calibration, data points outside 2 standard deviation's of the mean offset (bottle value minus CTD value) were removed. The mean offset was found to vary for different periods of the cruise. Therefore, the cruise was split into two periods of calibration for salinity and three periods for oxygen. These were pre- and post-station 16224 for salinity and stations 16195-16202, 16203-16240 and 16243-16287 for oxygen. Due to time constraints, not all of the independent bottle samples had been processed at the time of writing the cruise report and revised calibrations are as below:
Stainless steel CTD
- Salinity (primary sensor)
- calibrated salinity = (-0.0752 + 1.0022) multiplied by raw (for casts 16195A to 16222A)
calibrated salinity = (0.3462 + 0.9904) multiplied by raw (for casts 16224A to 16287A)
where 'raw' is CTD primary salinity
- Salinity (secondary sensor)
- calibrated salinity = (-0.1914 + 1.0056) multiplied by raw (for casts 16195A to 16222A)
calibrated salinity = (0.2754 + 0.9926) multiplied by raw (for casts 16224A to 16287A)
where 'raw' is CTD secondary salinity
- Oxygen
- calibrated = (-13.0507 + 1.1583) multiplied by raw (for casts 16195A to 16202A)
calibrated oxygen = (-12.4329 + 1.1370) multiplied by raw (for casts 16203A to 16240A)
calibrated oxygen = (-8.6379 + 1.1346) multiplied by raw (for casts 16243A to 16287A)
where 'raw' is CTD oxygen
Project Information
Oceans 2025 - The NERC Marine Centres' Strategic Research Programme 2007-2012
Who funds the programme?
The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funds the Oceans 2025 programme, which was originally planned in the context of NERC's 2002-2007 strategy and later realigned to NERC's subsequent strategy (Next Generation Science for Planet Earth; NERC 2007).
Who is involved in the programme?
The Oceans 2025 programme was designed by and is to be implemented through seven leading UK marine centres. The marine centres work together in coordination and are also supported by cooperation and input from government bodies, universities and other partners. The seven marine centres are:
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS)
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
- Marine Biological Association (MBA)
- Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Marine Science (SAHFOS)
- Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL)
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
- Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)
Oceans2025 provides funding to three national marine facilities, which provide services to the wider UK marine community, in addition to the Oceans 2025 community. These facilities are:
- British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), hosted at POL
- Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), hosted at POL
- Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), hosted at SAMS
The NERC-run Strategic Ocean Funding Initiative (SOFI) provides additional support to the programme by funding additional research projects and studentships that closely complement the Oceans 2025 programme, primarily through universities.
What is the programme about?
Oceans 2025 sets out to address some key challenges that face the UK as a result of a changing marine environment. The research funded through the programme sets out to increase understanding of the size, nature and impacts of these changes, with the aim to:
- improve knowledge of how the seas behave, not just now but in the future;
- help assess what that might mean for the Earth system and for society;
- assist in developing sustainable solutions for the management of marine resources for future generations;
- enhance the research capabilities and facilities available for UK marine science.
In order to address these aims there are nine science themes supported by the Oceans 2025 programme:
- Climate, circulation and sea level (Theme 1)
- Marine biogeochemical cycles (Theme 2)
- Shelf and coastal processes (Theme 3)
- Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (Theme 4)
- Continental margins and deep ocean (Theme 5)
- Sustainable marine resources (Theme 6)
- Technology development (Theme 8)
- Next generation ocean prediction (Theme 9)
- Integration of sustained observations in the marine environment (Theme 10)
In the original programme proposal there was a theme on health and human impacts (Theme 7). The elements of this Theme have subsequently been included in Themes 3 and 9.
When is the programme active?
The programme started in April 2007 with funding for 5 years.
Brief summary of the programme fieldwork/data
Programme fieldwork and data collection are to be achieved through:
- physical, biological and chemical parameters sampling throughout the North and South Atlantic during collaborative research cruises aboard NERC's research vessels RRS Discovery, RRS James Cook and RRS James Clark Ross;
- the Continuous Plankton Recorder being deployed by SAHFOS in the North Atlantic and North Pacific on 'ships of opportunity';
- physical parameters measured and relayed in near real-time by fixed moorings and ARGO floats;
- coastal and shelf sea observatory data (Liverpool Bay Coastal Observatory (LBCO) and Western Channel Observatory (WCO)) using the RV Prince Madog and RV Quest.
The data is to be fed into models for validation and future projections. Greater detail can be found in the Theme documents.
Oceans 2025 Theme 2: Marine Biogeochemical Cycles
Marine biogeochemical cycles are the key processes that control the cycling of climate-active gases within the surface ocean; the main transport mechanisms governing the supply of nutrients from deeper waters across the pycnocline; and the flux of material to deep water via the biological carbon pump. The broad aim of this Theme is to improve knowledge of major biogeochemical processes in the surface layer of the Atlantic Ocean and UK shelf seas in order to develop accurate models of these systems. This strategic research will result in predictions of how the ocean will respond to, and either ameliorate or worsen, climate change and ocean acidification.
Theme 2 comprises three Research Units and ten Work Packages. Theme 2 addresses the following pivotal biogeochemical pathways and processes:
- The oceans and shelf seas as a source and sink of climate-active gases
- The importance of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in the regulation of microbial communities and hence export and biogenic gas cycling
- The biological pump and export of carbon into the ocean's interior
- Processes that introduce nutrients into the euphotic zone
- The direct impact of a high CO2 world (acidification) on mixed-layer biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks to the atmosphere via sea/air gas fluxes and the biological pump
- The indirect impact of a high CO2 world (increased stratification and storminess) on the supply of nutrients to the surface layer of the ocean and hence on the biological carbon pump and air-sea gas fluxes
- Cellular processes that mediate calcification in coccolithophores and how these are impacted by environmental change with a focus on elevated CO2 and ocean acidification
- Inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity and inter-specific physiological plasticity in coccolithophores and the consequences of rapid environmental change
The official Oceans 2025 documentation for this Theme can be found using the following link: Oceans 2025 Theme 2
Oceans 2025 Theme 2, Work Package 2.5: Physical Processes and the Supply of Nutrients to the Euphotic Zone
The emphasis behind this Work Package is to gain a better understanding of the ocean's biological carbon pump (OBP), an important process in the global carbon cycle. Small changes in its magnitude resulting from climate change could have significant effects, both on the ocean's ability to sequester CO2 and on the natural flux of marine carbon. This work package is concerned with the effect of physical processes and circulation on nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. Many physical pathways influence nutrient supply, such as winter overturning, Ekman pumping, small-scale turbulent mixing and mesoscale ageostrophic circulations, (of which, eddy pumping is but one example). Increased stratification will change patterns of winter overturning and dampen small-scale mixing. Shifts in wind patterns will perturb Ekman pumping. Changes in gradients of ocean heating and wind-forcing will alter the distribution of potential energy released through baroclinic instability of eddies and fronts. The combined effect of change on total nutrient supply will therefore be complex. Such physically-mediated changes, coupled to changes in aeolian dust deposition, may profoundly alter upper ocean plankton communities, biogeochemical cycling and carbon export.
This Work Package will be primarily coordinated by the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOC). Specific objectives are:
- To determine the relative importance of mechanisms affecting nutrient supply to the photic zone by quantifying them in the three major biomes of the North Atlantic
- To establish how representative process studies are for the basin scale and thus define operators to scale up the individual process study results
- To determine the sensitivity to future climate change of the mechanisms sustaining total nutrient supply to the photic zone over the three major biomes of the North Atlantic
Aspects of this work will link to Oceans 2025 Theme 9 and 10, and Theme 2 WP 2.6.
More detailed information on this Work Package is available from pages 13-15 of the official Oceans 2025 Theme 2 document: Oceans 2025 Theme 2
Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/
Oceans 2025 Theme 5: Continental Margins and the Deep Ocean
The deep ocean and the seafloor beneath it are the largest yet least known environments on our planet. They profoundly influence the way in which the Earth reacts to climate change, provide vital resources, and can cause natural catastrophes (with significant risks to the UK). A better understanding of the biodiversity and resource potential of the deep ocean, its geophysics and its complex interactions with the global carbon cycle are all urgently required.
The overall aim of Theme 5 is to deliver coordinated, multidisciplinary research on the functioning of the deep ocean from the photic zone to the sub-seabed, encompassing biology, physics, geology, chemistry and mathematical modelling. Such an integrated deep-sea programme is unique in the UK and will ensure the provision of knowledge essential for underpinning UK policy in conserving marine biodiversity, controlling the effects of global change, managing ocean resources in a sustainable manner, and mitigating the effects of geohazards.
The specific objectives of Theme 5 are:
- To understand the processes controlling the vertical flux of carbon between the base of the photic zone and the seabed and to quantify this flux.
- To quantify fluxes of carbon and fluids from the sub-seabed into the deep ocean and their contribution to global carbon budgets.
- To determine how the carbon flow interacts with deep-ocean pelagic and benthic communities in the open ocean and on the continental slope.
- To investigate how benthic ecosystems on continental margins and in the deep ocean respond to spatial and temporal variation in environmental parameters.
- To understand the causes, frequency and predictability of submarine geohazards.
- To apply scientific knowledge to the sustainable management of the ocean and its resources.
Theme 5 combines two Research Units, on Continental Margins and on the Biochemistry of the Deep Ocean. Ultimately the science of the two activities will be combined, but because the methods of study and the resources needed are largely different, the work has been planned within two groups.
In Continental Margins, the physical processes regulating the transport of sediment is investigated as well as the transport of hydrocarbons and aqueous fluids from the seafloor. The effect of both of these major processes on the landscape ecology of the continental slope will be assessed. In addition, the causes, mechanisms and frequency of submarine geohazards will be studied, particularly those that potentially could have a devastating effect on coastal communities, such as earthquake and landslide-induced tsunamis. Carbon flux from the geosphere into the ocean will be assessed. The information will be used to advise on whole ecosystem management strategies, including policy issues relating to Marine Protected Areas and international treaties on the development of open ocean resources.
In Biogeochemistry of the Deep Ocean, the flux of particles through the 'twilight zone' in order to reduce the large uncertainties in our knowledge of the magnitude of the downward flux in various biogeochemical provinces of the global ocean will be studied. The twilight zone is a large biogeochemical reactor influencing the supply of nutrients to the euphotic zone and the fate of materials consigned to the deep seafloor. Theme 5 will study how zooplankton and microbes repackage and breakdown particles, and how these processes influence carbon transfer. Direct observations and experimental approaches will provide data to drive stoichiometric models of heterotrophic OM utilisation. The impact on the deep-sea benthos of repackaged OM, and the of part of surface production that by-passes twilight zone processes, will be assessed by analysing global patterns and through ROV in situ experimentation. Proven modelling expertise in upper ocean systems will be extended to benthic ecosystems utilising the information generated by bentho-pelagic coupling observations and experimental approaches.
The official Oceans 2025 documentation for this Theme is available from the following link: Oceans 2025 Theme 5
Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/
Oceans 2025 Theme 5, Work Package 5.7: Twilight zone dynamics
The surface ocean has been partitioned into discrete functional provinces with particular biogeochemical characteristics. In the Atlantic between 50° N and 50° S, Longhurst (1998) identified six provinces based on physical forcing and primary production. Links between these contrasting production regimes and the underlying deep ocean have not been studied in any detail. Some conceptual approaches, e.g. the bifurcation model, show how surface water production might relate to export, but this is complicated by evidence for strong decoupling between the magnitude of production and particulate export.
Physical dynamics of twilight zone (TZ). We will combine the latest technology and observational techniques to tackle the physically driven pathways to, from and through the deep ocean. On transects, we will test the hypotheses that the TZ is dominated by 3D eddy transports stirring the TZ and exchanging water across the permanent thermocline, while below there is a more quiescent weakly stratified environment dominated by slow mode barotropic flows, interrupted by topographic features over which increased velocity shear leads to enhanced diffusive mixing.
Particle flux through the twilight zone. Our understanding of deep ocean biogeochemistry, community structure and function can be improved by reducing uncertainties in the magnitude of downward flux, and how this changes with depth, region and time. In addition to carbon, this improved understanding must include all limiting elements and the wide variety of complex organic molecules that support life in the deep ocean. Large uncertainties in published data make such quantification a major challenge.
Twilight zone biogeochemistry. For comparison with the microbial community, we will address the role of zooplankton in the TZ by measuring biomass and size spectra using a video plankton camera system and laser optical plankton counter, verified with physical samples from closing nets. Community energy demand will be estimated from the size spectra and allometric relationships to quantify the role of zooplankton in TZ C flux.
Modelling the twilight zone system. For the TZ zone, our modelling approach will focus on particles and their utilisation by zooplankton and bacteria, and on comparing model output with data. Particulate OM will be divided into size classes corresponding to the size spectra of sinking particles, which has consequences for their depth penetration into the ocean. Production and consumption of dissolved OM will also be represented. Both C and N will be included as model currencies, using appropriate stoichiometric models of heterotrophic OM utilisation. Ecosystem models will be tested and analysed in 1D using ecosystem testbeds (Theme 9). The most appropriate will then be used in 3D using the Harvard Ocean Prediction System model, focussed on the fine-scale survey work proposed around the PAP site. Pelagic biology, which provides the export flux, will be developed in this model as part of Theme 2 then extended to the TZ to determine the relationship between TZ processes and variability in the euphotic zone. Climate sensitivity (wind forcing, heating) tests will also be undertaken to examine their impact on export.
More detailed information on this WP is available on page 14-16 of the official Oceans 2025 Theme 5 document: Oceans 2025 Theme 5
Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/
Longhurst, A.R. (1998) Ecological Geography of the Sea, Academic Press, 398pp
Data Activity or Cruise Information
Cruise Name | D321 (D321A) |
Departure Date | 2007-07-24 |
Arrival Date | 2007-08-23 |
Principal Scientist(s) | John T Allen (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton) |
Ship | RRS Discovery |
Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here
Fixed Station Information
No Fixed Station Information held for the Series
BODC Quality Control Flags
The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:
Flag | Description |
Blank | Unqualified |
< | Below detection limit |
> | In excess of quoted value |
A | Taxonomic flag for affinis (aff.) |
B | Beginning of CTD Down/Up Cast |
C | Taxonomic flag for confer (cf.) |
D | Thermometric depth |
E | End of CTD Down/Up Cast |
G | Non-taxonomic biological characteristic uncertainty |
H | Extrapolated value |
I | Taxonomic flag for single species (sp.) |
K | Improbable value - unknown quality control source |
L | Improbable value - originator's quality control |
M | Improbable value - BODC quality control |
N | Null value |
O | Improbable value - user quality control |
P | Trace/calm |
Q | Indeterminate |
R | Replacement value |
S | Estimated value |
T | Interpolated value |
U | Uncalibrated |
W | Control value |
X | Excessive difference |


text:
Announcing 'Arrrgh!'...
Come fight 'tis new platform battle featurin' a ruckas band 'o pirates! ye can decide if ye want to be a lass or a jim laddie scurvy pirate 'n then swab th' decks 'n sword fight th' bad guys to get back all 'o th' gold 'n treasures! Practice ye math facts while havin' a blast!
addition | subtraction | multiplication | division
Come visit Murb and meet Tory Tools and Sasha!!
Tory Tools!
Tory Tools has opened his shop! Help Tory as he starts building home for some of the pets around Murb. Practice your math facts while making cement, hammering in nails, and building a new home for Rascal. Take the Murb bus to First Avenue to find Tory Tools.
Sasha's Grocery Delivery
Sasha delivers all the orders for Murb Grocery. Practice your math facts while flying through the town and delivering the groceries to the right house. Take the Murb bus to First Avenue to find the Murb Grocery and Sasha!
New Game - Deep Dive!
Deep Dive
You have gotten a job as an marine photographer! Practice your math facts while taking some amazing pictures of some silly underwater friends in the new fun game.
addition | subtraction | multiplication | division
Summer Contest Winners are Announced!
Come check out the winners and hear their stories.
Fun4theBrain Summer Contests are now about over. Thank you so much for all of the great entries. Winners have been chosen for this first batch of contests, so check out their fun stories and delicious recipes!
Chubz Went on an Adventure!
Chubz has written a blog post about her fun adventure!
Last week, Chubz went on an exciting trip! He had some of his favorite foods and got to relax with friends. Chubz has shared his picture and story on the Fun4theBrain blog. Can you guess where he went?
Zizi's New York City Adventure!
Zizi has written a blog post about her fun trip to New York City!
This past weekend, Zizi took a trip to New York City to see a broadway play! She had quite an adventure and even met a famous monster! Can you guess which one? Zizi has shared her pictures and story on the Fun4theBrain blog. Come check it out to hear about her exciting day in NYC!
Did you guess it? Meet the Murbies!
Were you able to follow the clues,
To figure our what we would do?
Perhaps you were able to solve with ease,
that now you can buy your own Murbies!!
Come visit the Murb Adoption Agency and order your own PLUSH TOY!
Hammy the Hamster
Website Pet
Have fun feeding and taking care of Hammy the Hamster. Click on the button in the center of his wheel to get him to run. Click anywhere on his page to feed him.
Bringing education and fun together
All games here were made by Exuberant Games. Each game goes through important information for a certain subject matter for grades Kindergarten through 6th grade. The math games are great if you need to review your math facts for addition, subtraction , or division. Be sure to check out our new games for other subjects.
- English games to review parts of speech
- Reading games to help learn sight words
- Science tutorials and games are coming soon!
More information about Exuberant Games
Games do more than just make fun!
Exuberant Games was created based on a passion and belief that kids can most certainly learn while they play. Math facts have to be reviewed in order to be mastered, so why not master your facts with games.
Once the math games became fairly popular, I decided that additional games were needed for other subjects. This site will continue to grow with the different games, at least one a month!
If you want to learn more about me, Natasha Oliver, check out my personal webpage at Exuberant Eye!


text: An introduction to the theory and practice of GIS, with applications to environmental planning and resource management. Classes will address basic cartography, creation and interpretation of computerized maps, use of aerial photographs and remote sensing data, and the analysis and modeling of spatial data. Labs will familiarize students with the management and analysis of spatial data using ArcView GIS software. A brief introduction to outdoor use of global positioning systems will occur at the end of the semester. Class and labs will emphasize group projects of practical and local application.