text:
Just you and me, baby. Let's show Shitlan and Flop Gayth how it's done.
Curb Stompers
A Coming of Age Tale About a Group of Urban Heroes
IC | Character Bin | OOC | Free Runners Plot OOC | Joint-OOC
GMed by: Myself and Teen Idle
Vice-GM: Vonghese
A sister RP to Free Runners
Coral Cove City, California, U.S.A.: A large city located on the western shores of the United States of America just south of Gulf Bay City. Coral Cove City University has recently joined in with Gulf Bay University's research division, becoming the leading schools in self sustaining power sources as well as protection field technology. Like Gulf Bay, Coral Cove is home to numerous beautiful beaches. They are also blessed to have a giant coral reef, that acts as somewhat of a barrier to natural threats. The coral reef is beautiful vibrant color that is often a hot spot to many tourists. The city is a fashion center, with many boutiques and fine dining throughout. You would never be hard-pressed to find a nice restaurant or a delicious mom-and-pop restaurant to dine at. Of course, the city can also meet your junk food needs easily as well. Not as well known for their sports teams in the past, Coral Cove has recently been on the rise with their Coral Cove Tiger Sharks. Like Gulf Bay, Coral Cove is a warm city, with near year round sunshine, but also heavy rain months. Their coral reef however, helps stave off the multitude of tidal waves that Gulf Bay suffers.
But like most cities, Coral Cove has a crime populations that has recently been on the rise. It didn't start until a few years back, and hasn't necessarily permeated the entire city, but citizens are still growing concerned. The gang scene is also on the rise, some of them being sister gangs of those in Gulf Bay. It is also rumored that some of the police force is in the pocket of some of the gangs in the Coral Cove, further leading to some of the dysentery seen in the city.
Our characters have a few requirements.
Requirement 1)
They must be powerless at the start. No showing of anything superhuman, so they cannot be alien or born with powers, as no one else in history have shown to have any superpowers. However, you may call dibs on a power before the game starts, and I'll see to it that that's the power your character gets, that way ,you're free to change your power till the actual plot point begins.
Requirement 1.5) Their power will develop overtime. Immediately after gaining them, you would hardly pull off amazing feats. You're not gonna go from increasing your track time by a second to outspeeding bullets over night.
Requirement 2)
Your character must be written so that he or she is driven into heroism before the start of the RP. Imagine something akin to Kick-ass. Of course, I'm expecting some originality here, everyone can't be nerds tired of getting bullied, or orphans who watched their parents getting shot.
Requirement 2.25)
No Batmen. The person who makes a character even relatively similiar to Batman. (I.E, trained by Assassin's, rich, Genius) Will get a kick in the crotch.
Requirement 2.5)
Their morale limit is not some 'Hero-Code' But rather their own personal compass. They will be teens, mid - late teens, and I for one cannot imagine there being many Teenagers who are able to commit homicide.
Requirement 3)
To keep with a good dynamic and one where the players are still learning about themselves, I'd like to keep the maximum age at 19. If you're going to be 19, you better have a damn good reason for it. The reason being because I want to character interaction. Putting them in their teens, not only gives them some commonality, but also increases the chance that their in high school together, thus making interaction far more likely due to shared experiences.
Also, as a general rule, Teen and I won't TELL you what to change, but if you have SPECIFIC concerns, or specific ideas you'd like to run by us to ask us if they're no fly, then go ahead. You are at liberty to change your sheet around as much as you please until Thursday.
Don't be a dick.
GM word is law.
Remember the first two rules and have fun.
GM Updates:
Dramatis Personae
[GM]Stein as...Kylie Phoebe Saunders
[GM]Teen Idle as...Cavan Radford
Blazion as...Zoey Kasimir
Bluemoon227 as...Juliet Renea Laws
DawnKnight as...Luke Hunter
HaikuFrenzy as...Darren McCoy
KeaShell as...Cassandra Sophia Turelle
Mastermind001 as...Arthur Eames
Taka Uchiha as...Kristopher Green
Last edited by Stein; 03-28-2013 at 10:24 PM.
[[This Signature is brought to you by the wonderful talent of Genkai.]].
Just you and me, baby. Let's show Shitlan and Flop Gayth how it's done.
✰✰✰ As American as a fly shitting on your apple pie ✰✰✰
- - - Updated - - -
FULL NAME: Greyson Knight
NICKNAMES: Grey, Paladin, Pally (Bastardization of his first nickname. Only tolerates his closest friends calling him that)
ALIAS: Paladin/The Mystic Knight
AGE: 19 (Senior year, entered school a little late)
HEIGHT: Before: 5' 4" After: 6' 2"
WEIGHT: Before: 120 Lbs After: 210 Lbs
BUILD: Before: Scrawny, a bit short. After: Tall, well muscled. (After. NOTE: these 'after' values are the maximum, this does not happen overnight, though the first night after acquiring it he get's a bit bigger, enough for him to notice.)
EYE COLOR: Before: Brown, requires glasses. After: Violet, good vision, but not astounding.
HAIR COLOR: Before: Dark brown. After: Black.
APPEARANCE: Before: A short scrawny kid with fairly shifty features, never goes outside without his trademark baseball cap and sweatshirt. fairly dark hair and brown eyes, as well as a hint of facial hair coming in. After: Tall, moderately pale, and well muscled. All in all, A pretty big guy. He has Violet eyes that allmost seem to glow, as well as midnight black hair.
COSTUME: A suit of armor, as well as a cape at some point. But for the time being, a White hoodie and a bandana around his mouth.
EQUIPMENT: A suit of Plate armor he stole from his Father's Museum, as well as a War-Axe and a shield. He doesn't believe he needs anything else. Early in his career as a vigilante he won't have the strength to use such equipment, But for the time being, a frying pan and a board he drilled a handle in.
SKILLS: He can maintain and repair medieval arms and armor, due to his father's teachings. He is reasonably good with computers, but he's no hacker. Fairly intelligent, great knowledge of various mythologies, fantastic topics, science fiction, and Military tactics (Personal Interests).
ABILITIES: Mystic arts: Grey has the power to Imbue materials (usually weapons) with various elemental properties relating to the six basic elements of Fire, Water, Earth, Air, Light and Darkness. As such, It makes his attacks much more devastating, but he cannot 'throw' the energy (eventually he learns how to expel the energy as short-ranged concussive bursts) This includes his armor as well. Unfortunately, whilst 'Channeling' a specific element of some sort he always becomes less resilient to other ones. By enhancing his armor, he is even capable of resisting ballistic weaponry! But bullets still hurt, and enough of them will kill anything. It should also be noted that his powers seem to work REALLY well on metals, which have a habit of holding a charge for longer.
Physical Paragon: Grey is also physically enhanced, eventually growing to an impressive stature and gaining great strength and resilience. this transformation is slow, but the rewards are great if he can survive long enough. And while it is a result of his other power, his body is very resistant to energy, as almost all non-kinetic energy passes through his body much easier, allowing him to shrug off lightning bolts eventually, but he doesn't reach that point for quite a while. Unfortunately, his bulkier frame does not do wonders for his agility.
To sum it up; big, strong, tough, slow, and weak at range.
Grey is also under the impression that this is the result of Magic, and that he is some sort of chosen one.
PERSONALITY: Grey has a slightly egotistic personality (which is only magnified once his powers set in.) He will become quite arrogant and a bit of a jerk when his powers set in, probably because he believes himself invincible and is getting MUCH more testosterone than he used to. Absolutely detests injustice and people preying on the weak. In school, he is known for his tendency to attack bullies in an effort to protect whichever victim that particular bully had chosen, and get his ass kicked in the process. This set of behaviors is mostly a result of his rash nature and suicidal bravery. Often has bouts of depression, the prime issue that he feels useless.
HISTORY: Grey is essentially your average socially awkward nerd. Wait, scratch that, Grey isn't your average nerd. Years ago, he came to Coral Cove with his father, who was finally fulfilling his dream of opening up a little museum. He had a hard time in school what with his uncommon interests, and was tormented for years by various bullies, the usual. However, Grey's brash nature led him to develop an immense disdain for the supposedly strong tormenting the weak, and resolved to never allow it to happen whenever he was present. He found himself tired of allowing people to torment him and others. he was sick to death of just sitting there and taking it, and he vowed he would never just let it happen again. Granted, he was still subject to the beatings and insults, but he always resisted, always tried to stop it.
He spent the rest of his life in school as normal, but found himself unable to stand by while people were made to suffer and felt compelled to intervene. These practices proved unhealthy and he found that he was on the receiving end of more beatings then when he just took it! His suicidal bravery resulted in some of his friends jokingly refer to him as 'Paladin' and lo and behold, the name stuck. Lately he's been wondering how what he does after school will matter, since he simply isn't physically cut out for any job that would allow him to protect the helpless like he so desires.
He has lately come into a severe depression, mostly as a result of his repeated failures. As a bit of a daydreamer, he always imagined what it would be like to be the hero, as opposed to just trying to act like one. He is starting to believe that there isn't a damn thing he can do about anything, and is starting to retreat more and more into his various kinds of escapist media. Which isn't bad, but he has begun to completely forsake the real world, and refuses to deal with people more than he has too. He still tries to help people whenever he can, but he's become much more apathetic about it.
None at present.
Just figured I should put it here, you know.
Last edited by Freeshooter92; 03-19-2013 at 10:51 PM.
jus something to listen to whole reading. Think of it as a theme song .
Juliet Renea Laws
Jewels, Jelly Bean (by her mother)
Queen Bee
117 pounds
She has an athletic build, but she is slim.
*A pair of brass knuckles ( could be subject to change. )
Kick Boxing (but she is not the greatest fighter in the world or anything. Flexibility,Dancing,*Mild Singing, Acting but this is a skill that Juliet does not knowingly have. *(I'll try to explain a bit in the personality)
Through out the course of the roleplay Juliet wil grow bee wings. They will probably start as something that resembles a rash, and then they will grow from there. Once they are fully grown her wings will be able to wrap around herself to better hide them.
Juliet will be able to "sting" people with touch. It will start as a light pain like a pinch, and grow in pain as Juliet's powers do.
Control over all bees-
The power is self explanatory. At the beginning though it will probably start as her being followed by bees.
Juliet is incredibly social. Walking down the hallways she says "hi" over fifty times probably. Juliet is very popular, and as more of a front then anything exudes confidence. Juliet is regularly focused when she needs to be, and has no problem being serious. For the most part though, Juliet is a fun person. Juliet blends in with a crowd of girls for the most part accept for her hair. On the outside Juliet likes everything everyone else does, and does her best to be "normal". On the inside there are many thing in her mind that never come out of her mouth. Juliet enjoys things that are regularly described to be dark or strange. She likes punk rock, and can't get enough of oddities. When she's all alone Juliet is almost a different person.*
Juliet was born in Chicago originally. Her mother and father had differences that they couldn't work through. Juliet's mother got custody of Juliet without much of a fuss from her father. She was then moved to Coral Cove. After a year of living there Juliet's mother found someone else. Eventually she got re-married. At this time Juliet was only six, and with in a year Juliet fully accepted her stepfather (John) as her new dad. In fact they have a very strong relationship in which Juliet tells John almost everything. *
Juliet had no trouble making friends being about the age where children are first creating ties anyway. Juliet soon had a baby half-brother on the way. Juliet fell in love with him instantly. They were inseparable, and Juliet's mother often noted thatJuliet was the best big sister ever. Juliet grew up normally *through elementary, and it was only *until she started her second year of middle school when she was faced with her first at all serious problem.*
Juliet had decided to tryout for cheer leading. Upon making it she was bursting with happiness. Through the duration of the first month she realized that she didn't get along very well, or have much in common with her fellow cheerleaders. The main problem came from Juliet's friends. Her team didn't like them. They thought that her friends were weird and generally annoying. Juliet's friends thought the same of her team. Throughout the rest of the year Juliet spent more time with her cheer team, and less with her friends. They started to grow apart because of the things Juliet would pick up from her cheer team. Nothing was ever said about it. There was never any giant fight, and in some ways this was worse to Juliet. Even after Juliet had grown apart from her friends older cheer leaders still thought Juliet herself was strange. She would say things, and they would all give her a strange look. So, Juliet stopped saying as many things like she used to.
By the time Juliet entered her first year in high school she had completely changed on the outside. Juliet never said anything she didn't know the general populous wouldn't accept. As she morphed more and more into the stereotypical cheer leader Juliet found she got more and more popular. Almost everyone knew Juliet's name, and either hated her or loved her. Juliet felt that she had found her place in the world. Though, with every passing day Juliet *started to realize she didn't like who she was. Juliet noticed people she would much rather be then herself. People didn't supposedly love them like they did Juliet, but they loved themselves. They didn't need someone to tell them how great they were because they already knew. Juliet couldn't help to star to feel envious of them. She often wonder and wished to know how they had the courage to d something like that.*
Recently Juliet had started to volunteer to help people who went through traumatic situations. Juliet hated the feeling she began getting from this. She wasn't helping anyone. She was simply picking up the aftermath. While looking over a comic book her little brother was reading Juliet decided that she wasn't going to sit by and watch this happen to people.
-Juliet is captain of her cheer leading squad, and a flyer.*
-Juliet kick boxes as a work out for cheer leading.
- - - Updated - - -
I am a bit confused so do pardon me if I screw something up. xD
Last edited by Bluemoon277; 03-19-2013 at 06:52 PM.
"Bitch." - Dean Winchester
FULL NAME: Arthur Eames
NICKNAMES: Art
ALIAS: Literature Defender
BUILD: Out of shape, but not overweight.
EYE COLOUR: Blue
HAIR COLOUR:Brown
No tattoos inked on Arthur's body, but he does have a scar on the back of his right hand and on the left side of his chin. No piercings on any part of his body. Arthur tends to keep his brown hair short, and parted to the right. Will wear black shades if he has the chance, the style depends on what is affordable.
Outfits consist of short sleeve dress shirts, colors vary, but the design always seems to be a cross with the center on the left breast and a pocket on the right with a white t shirt underneath. The short pants are baggy shorts, six pockets in total, but with the same black belt and silver buckle. The shoes are sneakers and the color scheme is light grey, black, and dark grey with white laces, name brand with short white socks.
- Cooking Italian: Arthur isn't an expert chef with Italian cuisine, but he gets by with the little tricks he learned from his grandfather and mother. Knows how to make own unique sauce and has made created different versions. Works part time at a local Italian restaurant, but as a waiter or a dish washer, depends on the schedule.
-Metal Wielding: One of the classes, Arthur attended and discovered he had a knack for was metal shop, especially with handling a blowtorch. Would always take his time, wear the proper gear, enjoy the peculiar scent given off by wielding different metal objects together, and if Arthur could create bizarre figures.
- The Power of Observation: Arthur tends to pay attention to small details. Not always with his sight, sometimes with hearing and smelling, but this doesn't mean Arthur is some sort of super sleuth. This has always helped him with studying as well as for certain social functions. It has also aided Arthur with gambling specifically poker, but that doesn't mean he's a card shark.
-Yo Yo Tricks: Arthur in his early childhood, had a keen interest with yo yos. Over the years, he learned how to do a few tricks here and there, but this is mostly used to calm himself down, ease his boredom, or simply for relaxation.
-Creative Writing: Because all work and no play makes Arthur a dull boy. If there is no assignments and he actually has free time, he will spend it writing. It doesn't matter the genre, through in some way and in some form it will probably have a masked hero at some point that either saves the day or lives another day.
-Speed Reading
Literature Defender
As long as Art has a bunch of books, paper, and ink, on his person or around in his general area, then he has access to his bizarre ability. He could move said mentioned items with his mind, making them float in the air and go where he wills it. Reinforce them to become stronger to become actual weapons and even repair on the spot (however, burnt to ashes, there is no repair). He can even store real world objects inside books, specifically a notebook. With a simple touch on a book or a piece of paper, Art will be able instantly absorb the information written inside or on for himself to use whenever he needs it.
-> (1) Ink Writer
Art is able to generate ink from his body (small amounts, 2 cup's worth), change the color of it, and manipulate it to a certain degree, making small constructs at best. The created ink itself is much like regular ink, certain chemicals and water can reduce the ink's efficiency and Art tends to get a nose bleed easily as he manipulates it and the more he tries to control it the more he bleeds. Very cold temperatures and very hot temperature will also effect Art's usage of his ink as freezing ink or making it gaseous, it will make it too difficult for Art to manipulate it for the time being. Later on, once it starts to develop better, Art might able to manipulate it without a nosebleed thus create much more complex constructs of ink, possibly produce different types of ink (sticky and acidic), and more much control of the states of the ink.
[Locked]-> (2) Knowledge Replication
As mentioned before, Art will be able to absorb all the information written on any books and papers with just a simple touch of it. How long he retains this newly acquired information is for a few days and then it fades away from Arthur's memory unless he has repeated contact with said items.
[Locked]-> (3) Books and Papers
They can and will bend to Art's will. Manipulating them to create actual items made of material or just simply making them move and hit things with books or paper much like if he had telekinesis except he can only affect books and papers, and not other items like people or cars. Still very useful, but fire will effectively burn and water will weakened said items.
[Locked]-> (4) Repair and Reinforcement
Later on Art will be able to repair any paper or book, no matter the damage (unless completely reduce to ash) and restore said items back to their prime condition as if it was fresh off the printing press (or what have you). He'll also able to at this point, make said books and paper into much more threatening items, reinforce them to become actually offensive/defensive weapons for Art to actually use against stronger enemies ( enemies with powers and enemies with guns).
[Locked]-> (5) Dimensional Storage
Mostly Art will be able to store smaller items into notebooks, and much later, he will be able to store much larger items.
Arthur has a sense of justice, follows the rules as he best he can and tries not to make trouble with others. If someone was getting mugged in front of Arthur, he would use his cellphone to call for help and try to memorize features of the mugger, but in honestly he wouldn't really get involved. Arthur can be considered a logical man, he comes to a situation and tries to think of a solution for it. Most of the time, he weighs the pros and cons, before he gets involved or involved any further. Curiosity is endless and his passion for science is the same, unfortunately his only vice seems to be gambling and making bets.
However, as much as Arthur prefers to stay on the straight and narrow path, this doesn't mean he hasn't indulge a few evil deeds. Mostly thinking of ways to cheat and swindle, when Arthur is only in a gambling situation. The best part, he likes to encourage the other party to cheat as well, but with one rule, don't get caught, but this mostly applies to people he knows or people he's comfortable with. Thing is, he's not going to gamble with a random strange, cause to Art, things could get out of hand or worst.
At best Arthur is a regular guy, he's passionate about his own things, he's chatty with people he knows, and tries to be helpful to others. He tries to be careful with what he says and does, as he doesn't like to cause confusion. He's gets irked majorly by people doing evil deeds, especially with those that reason they are in the right, he doesn't care for rudeness, or for violence. And as much as he would love to help everyone and set things right, Art realizes he's a regular and there is little he can actually do in the world. If he actually tried something, Art would reason he's likely to get hurt badly or worst.
Arthur Eames hails from Ocean City, Maryland and was born on May 13. His family moved to Coral Cove City when he reached middle school, apparently his mother had family there, specifically an uncle and it also helped that the father was transferred over to California for a certain company. The later years of his time in high school is when Arthur finally reached a turning point in life, an actual career that he wanted to pursue, which is in the field of energy. Originally, Arthur wanted to do something involving machinery and this sudden change was due to a science exhibit at a particular university. The one Coral Cove City had, which has one of the leading research schools concerning "self sustaining power sources" compared to the Gulf Bay City University.
Within Cove City High school, Arthur is neither very popular, but he is also neither a social outcast either. Some people know his name and his social circle is very small, which is how Arthur likes it.
-Is obsessed with japanese programs that refer themselves as Kamen Rider and a huge fan of Jojo's bizarre adventure.
-Enjoys a lot of the programs on the USA Network.
-Megaman is his favorite gaming icon
Last edited by Mastermind001; 03-21-2013 at 12:30 AM.
- Let's go build some dinobots.
Every bee ever? That's just a little silly, isn't it? Wait... I will be running around hitting gang-bangers in the nuts with a frying pan... well alright then.
FULL NAME: Luke Hunter
ALIAS: Faceless
WEIGHT: 200lbs
BUILD: Lean and muscular, he clearly takes the time to work out and keep in shape
EYE COLOUR: Green
HAIR COLOUR: Blonde hair
Luke is boyishly handsome, and he knows it, his hair is always carefully sculpted and he's very obviously spent a lot of time in the gym, looking after how he looks. He's always been a very outdoorsy person so it's not all simply image, a lot of it's come from sports and is useful rather than simply image. He's usually got an uncaring and laidback smile on his face and a casual, relaxed way of gliding through life, probably as a result of his not unfortunate background.
With the mesh removed. He usually wears a balaclava underneath the mask to cover the rest of his head.
And a pair of well worn, but still resilient cargo pants and a pair of lightweight boots.
EQUIPMENT [IF APPLICABLE]: A few handfuls of change for distraction and a long maglight torch which can double as a bat if necessary.
SKILLS: He's the schools star quarterback, so he's got good stamina and he's pretty quick on his feet.
Motocross, he's got his own bike now, and when he can get away with it, races it down the streets and up and down the beach.
Basic survival skills, he did a lot of camping with his father when he was younger, and his dad made sure he knew all the basic survival skills he would need, they are often pretty useful, he can stitch, bandage, clean a wound and everything else he might need to keep his night time activities a secret.
About a years experience of Parkour
ABILITIES: Luke's muscles though it is not yet noticeable, are becoming significantly denser and more developed than any boy of his age. If they continue to develop at their current rate they will soon defy common biological expectations, and even believed limits. His skin, bone and tissue too are slowly but steadily becoming more and more dense, though not to the same extent or at the same rate as the development of his muscles. The benefit of this is of course that if his muscles continue to develop like they are, Luke will develop strength far greater than humanly possible. Strength that could allow him to throw full grown men across rooms, lift vehicles and punch holes in walls. In turn, the development of his tissue density will enhance his resilience to the level where he can punch through a wall without hurting himself. His enhanced muscles have other advantages other than simply allowing him to lift heavier objects, his stronger leg muscles allow him to jump higher than normal people and the strength of his denser tissue allows him to survive falls from greater heights. He's not going to be jumping out of planes, but a few stories isn't much of a problem.
This strength extends to other aspects of his physiology, because of his greater stores of strength and endurance he can exert himself for longer without tiring, at first only to the level of being incredibly fit, but later to the point where even a marathon would barely have him breaking a sweat, of course, greater levels of exertion will drain him quicker. His enhanced muscle density requires a far greater calorie intake to maintain, typically five to six thousand calories a day once his abilities have fully developed, but steadily increasing as his strength grows.
This power is not an active one, it is always there, he can't turn it off. Luke will have to be careful, controlling, not using this power might be the greater challenge.
PERSONALITY Honestly? He's a bit of a cocky shit. He's had a relatively privileged life and has never really been in a situation where he has had to fight for anything. On the other hand he's impatient and arrogant, with a pumped up concept of his own importance and indestructibility. He's a popular kid and just seems to float into being the most popular guy in school, dating the hot girls and living a nice life. He's smart enough and friendly, but rarely stops to think before he opens his mouth and sometimes is unintentionally what one might call insensitive.
HISTORY: No dead relatives, no rocky divorces, no debilitating injuries. In fact he's incredibly lucky, his father was a not-so-successful musician who made a living as a jingle writer for adverts, his mother a doctor with a private surgery. They live in one of the nicer area's of Coral Cove City, in a large spacious house. His parents have a good relationship, they love each other, rarely argue and dote on Luke as their only son. Whatever he wanted he got, they paid for outdoor activities, equipment, his bike. Sure they were affected by the gangs, his father had a car stolen, and his mother often treated many drug users or people who had somehow gotten involved and regretted it. Honestly, his family probably made more money out of it than they lost, the car was insured after all and his mother made a fortune from those who visited her surgery or ended up calling her out suffering from drug use or broken limbs courtesy of the dealers and loan sharks run by the gangs.
He's lived in Coral Cove City all his life, his parents often considered moving away to get away from the real issues at the heart of the city but Mrs Hunter had built up quite a clientele in the local area, she didn't want to sacrifice that for the uncertainty of a new city. He grew up a relatively average kid, though of course his parents spoiled him rotten, buying him whatever he wanted, paying for any activities he showed an interest in. He always preferred being outside to spending his time indoors, and of course his parents indulged his every whim, his father would often take him camping, and it was a past time they engaged in frequently, less so now, but they still take the occasional weekend trips away every so often. In High School he quickly set himself apart as a sportsman, and before long he was a member of the football team, he was also swiftly a heartbreaker, one of those guys most of the girls talk about, whether he deserves it or not.
If anything, he has almost no motivation to go out and help others, in fact, he doesn't even go out to help others anyway. He's a thrill seeker, and when your parents pay for your every whim there's not much left to do to reveal the boredom. Equipped with a mask bought off eBay and his paintball armour he started going out at night, but he wasn't a bad kid, he didn't feel like preying on the innocent for a thrill, but preying on those who did, at least that wasn't morally reprehensible. He caught a bag snatcher a few nights in, just as he was about to give up on the idea, tackled him and cracked the guy's shin and found the gratefulness of the woman he returned it to an added bonus on top of the actual thrill of catching the guy. He's grown quick, and he's a big lad, so he can look after himself, though he's had to run a few times when he's bit off more than he can chew. When someone pulled a switchblade on him he took to taking out the maglight with him. It's bright enough he can use it to disorientate people and long and heavy enough to knock a blade out of someone's hand. He's had a few close shaves, and beatings, but so far he's been fairly lucky and got away without anything more than a few bruises and a couple of scrapes and cuts, one from falling off a building. Not that it's managed to dissuade him, if anything it only builds the adrenaline rush into a near addictive experience.
Last edited by DawnKnight; 03-19-2013 at 08:38 PM.


text:
Hulu, the privately held Internet streaming TV service, will generate about $695 million in revenue in 2012 and finish the year with more than 3 million paying subscribers, the company's CEO said on Monday.
The company's revenue increased 65 percent from 2011, Chief Executive Jason Kilar said in a blog post on the company's website. Subscribers to its paid service, Hulu Plus, doubled from a year ago to 3 million. Hulu Plus costs $7.99 a month, the same price as the Internet streaming service offered by its biggest rival, Netflix (NFLX).
The company said it invested more than $500 million in content in 2012 and now offers 50,000 hours of video. It also said it has more than 1,000 advertisers. The company said it tripled its paying subscribers for its TV service in Japan without providing specifics.
"We are closing on a big 2012," Kilar said.
A company spokeswoman declined to comment on whether the company was profitable.
Hulu is owned by media companies Disney, News Corp. and Comcast NBC Universal. Private equity firm Providence Equity Partners said in October it had sold its 10 percent stake.
Hulu started five years ago primarily as a free site for users to catch up with many of their favorite shows on broadcast television. It is now building its own library of original content
Hulu put itself up for sale in 2011, with suitors including Google (GOOG), Amazon.com, DirecTV and Dish Network, Reuters reported at the time. But the talks collapsed over the price of the deal.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Add Promo or Package Code: If you have Promo or Package code, click to enter it here to receive your discount.
About The Pool
At a first-class resort like Harrah's Ak-Chin, you'll find a first-class Phoenix pool. The courtyard swimming pool complex at Harrah's is lined with palm trees and features luxurious amenities like a Jacuzzi, our swim-up bar that even serves lunch items. Pull up a lounge chair, enjoy the sunshine and splash down into fun!
MAY 5 to SEPTEMBER 1
It's a pool-side party every Sunday!
Enjoy live music, great food, cool drinks, and the most luxurious resort pool around!
$10 cover charge for adults includes two drinks.
$10 charge for children when accompanied by a parent or guardian.


text:
Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL) Design & Test Solutions
Agilent's Mobile HDMI Link (MHL) solution set is a combination of instrumentation and broad expertise built on our early and ongoing involvement with industry experts. The Agilent test solution addresses four sectors: source testing, sink testing, media physical layer evaluation and protocol test. Agilent's MHL solution is unique in the market due to its full automation software, which speeds up testing. It allows testing the performance of MHL devices efficiently and with fast test throughput, thus increasing productivity.
1-2 sur 2
Agilent Method of Implementation (MOI) for MHL Cables Compliance Tests
Agilent Method of Implementation (MOI) for MHL Cable Compliance Tests Using Agilent E5071C ENA Network Analyzer Option TDR
Notes d'application 2013-02-14 |
Crossing the Digital-Analog Divide - White Paper
This white paper helps to better understand how to cope with the physical nature of signals that we might prefer to think of as bits, nibbles and bytes, let's start with an ideal digital waveform.
Notes d'application 2012-05-02 |


text:
This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Chromium (disambiguation).
Chromium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
silvery metallic |
General properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name, symbol, number | chromium, Cr, 24 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pronunciation | /ˈkroʊmiəm/ KROH-mee-əm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Element category | transition metal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group, period, block | 6, 4, d | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight | 51.9961(6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d5 4s1 2, 8, 13, 1 |
History | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discovery | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1797) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First isolation | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1798) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Density (near r.t.) | 7.19 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liquid density at m.p. | 6.3 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Melting point | 2180 K, 1907 °C, 3465 °F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Boiling point | 2944 K, 2671 °C, 4840 °F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of fusion | 21.0 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of vaporization | 339.5 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molar heat capacity | 23.35 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxidation states | 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2 (strongly acidic oxide) |
Electronegativity | 1.66 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 652.9 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd: 1590.6 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd: 2987 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic radius | 128 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Covalent radius | 139±5 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miscellanea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | body-centered cubic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Magnetic ordering | AFM (rather: SDW[1]) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 125 nΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | 93.9 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 4.9 µm·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 5940 m·s−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Young's modulus | 279 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shear modulus | 115 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulk modulus | 160 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poisson ratio | 0.21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mohs hardness | 8.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vickers hardness | 1060 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brinell hardness | 1120 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS registry number | 7440-47-3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Most stable isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Main article: Isotopes of chromium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal[2] which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. It is also odorless and tasteless. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word "chrōma" (χρώμα), meaning colour,[3] because many of its compounds are intensely coloured.
Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2,000 years ago to coat metal weapons found with the Terracotta Army. Chromium was discovered as an element after it came to the attention of the western world in the red crystalline mineral crocoite (lead(II) chromate), discovered in 1761 and initially used as a pigment. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated chromium metal from this mineral in 1797. Since Vauquelin's first production of metallic chromium, small amounts of native (free) chromium metal have been discovered in rare minerals, but these are not used commercially. Instead, nearly all chromium is commercially extracted from the single commercially viable ore chromite, which is iron chromium oxide (FeCr2O4). Chromite is also now the chief source of chromium for chromium pigments.
Chromium metal and ferrochromium alloy are commercially produced from chromite by silicothermic or aluminothermic reactions, or by roasting and leaching processes. Chromium metal has proven of high value due to its high corrosion resistance and hardness. A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel. This application, along with chrome plating (electroplating with chromium) currently comprise 85% of the commercial use for the element, with applications for chromium compounds forming the remainder.
Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion is possibly required in trace amounts for sugar and lipid metabolism, although the issue remains in debate.[4] In larger amounts and in different forms, chromium can be toxic and carcinogenic. The most prominent example of toxic chromium is hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Abandoned chromium production sites often require environmental cleanup.
Contents |
Chromium is remarkable for its magnetic properties: it is the only elemental solid which shows antiferromagnetic ordering at room temperature (and below). Above 38 °C, it transforms into a paramagnetic state.[1]
Chromium metal left standing in air is passivated by oxygen, forming a thin protective oxide surface layer. This layer is a spinel structure only a few atoms thick. It is very dense, and prevents the diffusion of oxygen into the underlying material. This barrier is in contrast to iron or plain carbon steels, where the oxygen migrates into the underlying material and causes rusting.[5] The passivation can be enhanced by short contact with oxidizing acids like nitric acid. Passivated chromium is stable against acids. The opposite effect can be achieved by treatment with a strong reducing agent that destroys the protective oxide layer on the metal. Chromium metal treated in this way readily dissolves in weak acids.[6]
Chromium, unlike metals such as iron and nickel, does not suffer from hydrogen embrittlement. However, it does suffer from nitrogen embrittlement, reacting with nitrogen from air and forming brittle nitrides at the high temperatures necessary to work the metal parts.[7]
Chromium is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm.[8] Chromium compounds are found in the environment, due to erosion of chromium-containing rocks and can be distributed by volcanic eruptions. The concentrations range in soil is between 1 and 300 mg/kg, in sea water 5 to 800 µg/liter, and in rivers and lakes 26 µg/liter to 5.2 mg/liter.[9] Chromium is mined as chromite (FeCr2O4) ore.[10] About two-fifths of the chromite ores and concentrates in the world are produced in South Africa, while Kazakhstan, India, Russia, and Turkey are also substantial producers. Untapped chromite deposits are plentiful, but geographically concentrated in Kazakhstan and southern Africa.[11]
Although rare, deposits of native chromium exist.[12][13] The Udachnaya Pipe in Russia produces samples of the native metal. This mine is a kimberlite pipe, rich in diamonds, and the reducing environment helped produce both elemental chromium and diamond.[14]
The relation between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) strongly depends on pH and oxidative properties of the location, but in most cases, the Cr(III) is the dominating species,[9] although in some areas the ground water can contain up to 39 µg/liter of total chromium of which 30 µg/liter is present as Cr(VI).[15]
Main article: Isotopes of chromium
Naturally occurring chromium is composed of three stable isotopes; 52Cr, 53Cr and 54Cr with 52Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance). 19 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 50Cr with a half-life of (more than) 1.8×1017 years, and 51Cr with a half-life of 27.7 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 minute. This element also has 2 meta states.[16]
53Cr is the radiogenic decay product of 53Mn. Chromium isotopic contents are typically combined with manganese isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology. Mn-Cr isotope ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the solar system. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that suggests Mn-Cr isotopic composition must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence 53Cr provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the solar system.[17]
The isotopes of chromium range in atomic mass from 43 u (43Cr) to 67 u (67Cr). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 52Cr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.[16] 53Cr has been posited as a proxy for atmospheric oxygen concentration.[18]
Oxidation states[note 1][19] |
−2 | Na 2[Cr(CO) 5] |
−1 | Na 2[Cr 2(CO) 10] |
0 | Cr(C 6H 6) 2 |
+1 | K 3[Cr(CN) 5NO] |
+2 | CrCl 2 |
+3 | CrCl 3 |
+4 | K 2CrF 6 |
+5 | K 3CrO 8 |
+6 | K 2CrO 4 |
Chromium is a member of the transition metals, in group 6. Chromium(0) has an electronic configuration of 4s13d5, owing to the lower energy of the high spin configuration. Chromium exhibits a wide range of possible oxidation states, where the +3 state is most stable energetically; the +3 and +6 states are most commonly observed in chromium compounds, whereas the +1, +4 and +5 states are rare.[19]
The following is the Pourbaix diagram for chromium in pure water, perchloric acid or sodium hydroxide:[9][20]
A large number of chromium(III) compounds are known. Chromium(III) can be obtained by dissolving elemental chromium in acids like hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. The Cr3+
ion has a similar radius (63 pm) to the Al3+
ion (radius 50 pm), so they can replace each other in some compounds, such as in chrome alum and alum. When a trace amount of Cr3+
replaces Al3+
in corundum (aluminium oxide, Al2O3), the red-colored ruby is formed.
Chromium(III) ions tend to form octahedral complexes. The colors of these complexes is determined by the ligands attached to the Cr centre. The commercially available chromium(III) chloride hydrate is the dark green complex [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl. Closely related compounds have different colours: pale green [CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2 and the violet [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. If water-free green chromium(III) chloride is dissolved in water then the green solution turns violet after some time, due to the substitution of water by chloride in the inner coordination sphere. This kind of reaction is also observed with solutions of chrome alum and other water-soluble chromium(III) salts.
Chromium(III) hydroxide (Cr(OH)3) is amphoteric, dissolving in acidic solutions to form [Cr(H2O)6]3+, and in basic solutions to form [Cr(OH)
. It is dehydrated by heating to form the green chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), which is the stable oxide with a crystal structure identical to that of corundum.[6]
Chromium(VI) compounds are powerful oxidants at low or neutral pH. Most important are chromate anion (CrO2−
4) and dichromate (Cr2O72-) anions, which exist in equilibrium:
- 2 [CrO4]2- + 2 H+ [Cr2O7]2- + H2O
Chromium(VI) halides are known also and include the hexafluoride CrF6 and chromyl chloride (CrO
Sodium chromate is produced industrially by the oxidative roasting of chromite ore with calcium or sodium carbonate. The dominant species is therefore, by the law of mass action, determined by the pH of the solution. The change in equilibrium is visible by a change from yellow (chromate) to orange (dichromate), such as when an acid is added to a neutral solution of potassium chromate. At yet lower pH values, further condensation to more complex oxyanions of chromium is possible.
Both the chromate and dichromate anions are strong oxidizing reagents at low pH:[6]
- Cr
+ 6 e− → 2 Cr3+
2O (ε0 = 1.33 V)
They are, however, only moderately oxidizing at high pH:[6]
- CrO2−
2O + 3 e− → Cr(OH)
(ε0 = −0.13 V)
Chromium(VI) compounds in solution can be detected by adding an acidic hydrogen peroxide solution. The unstable dark blue chromium(VI) peroxide (CrO5) is formed, which can be stabilized as an ether adduct CrO
Chromic acid has the hypothetical formula H
4. It is a vaguely described chemical, despite many well-defined chromates and dichromates being known. The dark red chromium(VI) oxide CrO
3, the acid anhydride of chromic acid, is sold industrially as "chromic acid".[6] It can be produced by mixing sulfuric acid with dichromate, and is a strong oxidizing agent.
Chromium(V) and chromium(IV)
The oxidation state +5 is only realized in few compounds but are intermediates in many reactions involving oxidations by chromate. The only binary compound is the volatile chromium(V) fluoride (CrF5). This red solid has a melting point of 30 °C and a boiling point of 117 °C. It can be synthesized by treating chromium metal with fluorine at 400 °C and 200 bar pressure. The peroxochromate(V) is another example of the +5 oxidation state. Potassium peroxochromate (K3[Cr(O2)4]) is made by reacting potassium chromate with hydrogen peroxide at low temperatures. This red brown compound is stable at room temperature but decomposes spontaneously at 150–170 °C.[21]
Compounds of chromium(IV) (in the +4 oxidation state) are slightly more common than those of chromium(V). The tetrahalides, CrF4, CrCl4, and CrBr4, can be produced by treating the trihalides (CrX
3) with the corresponding halogen at elevated temperatures. Such compounds are susceptible to disproportionation reactions and are not stable in water.
Many chromium(II) compounds are known, including the water-stable chromium(II) chloride, CrCl
2, which can be made by reduction of chromium(III) chloride with zinc. The resulting bright blue solution is only stable at neutral pH.[6] Many chromous carboxylates are also known, most famously, the red chromous acetate (Cr2(O2CCH3)4), which features a quadruple bond.
Most Cr(I) compounds are obtained by oxidation of electron-rich, octahedral Cr(0) complexes. Other Cr(I) complexes contain cyclopentadienyl ligands. As verified by X-ray diffraction, a Cr-Cr quintuple bond (length 183.51(4) pm) has also been described.[22] Extremely bulky monodentate ligands stabilize this compound by shielding the quintuple bond from further reactions.
Main article: organochromium chemistry
Many chromium(0) compounds are known. Most are derivatives of chromium hexacarbonyl or bis(benzene)chromium.
Weapons found in burial pits dating from the late 3rd century B.C. Qin Dynasty of the Terracotta Army near Xi'an, China have been analyzed by archaeologists. Although buried more than 2,000 years ago, the ancient bronze tips of crossbow bolts and swords found at the site showed unexpectedly little corrosion, possibly because the bronze was deliberately coated with a thin layer of chromium oxide.[23][dubious ] However, this oxide layer was not chromium metal or chrome plating as we know it.
Chromium minerals as pigments came to the attention of the west in the 18th century. On 26 July 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann found an orange-red mineral in the Beryozovskoye mines in the Ural Mountains which he named Siberian red lead. Though misidentified as a lead compound with selenium and iron components, the mineral was in fact crocoite (lead chromate) with a formula of PbCrO4.[24]
In 1770, Peter Simon Pallas visited the same site as Lehmann and found a red lead mineral that had useful properties as a pigment in paints. The use of Siberian red lead as a paint pigment then developed rapidly. A bright yellow pigment made from crocoite also became fashionable.[24]
In 1797, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin received samples of crocoite ore. He produced chromium trioxide (CrO3) by mixing crocoite with hydrochloric acid. In 1798, Vauquelin discovered that he could isolate metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven, making him the discoverer of the element.[25] Vauquelin was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious gemstones, such as ruby or emerald.[24][26]
During the 1800s, chromium was primarily used as a component of paints and in tanning salts. At first, crocoite from Russia was the main source, but in 1827, a larger chromite deposit was discovered near Baltimore, United States. This made the United States the largest producer of chromium products till 1848 when large deposits of chromite were found near Bursa, Turkey.[10]
Chromium is also known for its luster when polished. It is used as a protective and decorative coating on car parts, plumbing fixtures, furniture parts and many other items, usually applied by electroplating. Chromium was used for electroplating as early as 1848, but this use only became widespread with the development of an improved process in 1924.[27]
Metal alloys now account for 85% of the use of chromium. The remainder is used in the chemical industry and refractory and foundry industries.
Approximately 4.4 million metric tons of marketable chromite ore were produced in 2000, and converted into ~3.3 million tons of ferro-chrome with an approximate market value of 2.5 billion United States dollars.[28] The largest producers of chromium ore have been South Africa (44%) India (18%), Kazakhstan (16%) Zimbabwe (5%), Finland (4%) Iran (4%) and Brazil (2%) with several other countries producing the rest of less than 10% of the world production.[28]
The two main products of chromium ore refining are ferrochromium and metallic chromium. For those products the ore smelter process differs considerably. For the production of ferrochromium, the chromite ore (FeCr2O4) is reduced in large scale in electric arc furnace or in smaller smelters with either aluminium or silicon in an aluminothermic reaction.[29]
For the production of pure chromium, the iron has to be separated from the chromium in a two step roasting and leaching process. The chromite ore is heated with a mixture of calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate in the presence of air. The chromium is oxidized to the hexavalent form, while the iron forms the stable Fe2O3. The subsequent leaching at higher elevated temperatures dissolves the chromates and leaves the insoluble iron oxide. The chromate is converted by sulfuric acid into the dichromate.[29]
- 4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
- 2 Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 → Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
The dichromate is converted to the chromium(III) oxide by reduction with carbon and then reduced in an aluminothermic reaction to chromium.[29]
- Na2Cr2O7 + 2 C → Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO
- Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2 Cr
Main article: Chrome plating
The strengthening effect of forming stable metal carbides at the grain boundaries and the strong increase in corrosion resistance made chromium an important alloying material for steel. The high-speed tool steels contain between 3 and 5% chromium. Stainless steel, the main corrosion-proof metal alloy, is formed when chromium is added to iron in sufficient concentrations, usually above 11%. For its formation, ferrochromium is added to the molten iron. Also nickel-based alloys increase in strength due to the formation of discrete, stable metal carbide particles at the grain boundaries. For example, Inconel 718 contains 18.6% chromium. Because of the excellent high-temperature properties of these nickel superalloys, they are used in jet engines and gas turbines in lieu of common structural materials.[30]
The relative high hardness and corrosion resistance of unalloyed chromium makes it a good surface coating, being still the most "popular" metal coating with unparalleled combined durability. A thin layer of chromium is deposited on pretreated metallic surfaces by electroplating techniques. There are two deposition methods: Thin, below 1 µm thickness, layers are deposited by chrome plating, and are used for decorative surfaces. If wear-resistant surfaces are needed then thicker chromium layers are deposited. Both methods normally use acidic chromate or dichromate solutions. To prevent the energy-consuming change in oxidation state, the use of chromium(III) sulfate is under development, but for most applications, the established process is used.[27]
In the chromate conversion coating process, the strong oxidative properties of chromates are used to deposit a protective oxide layer on metals like aluminium, zinc and cadmium. This passivation and the self-healing properties by the chromate stored in the chromate conversion coating, which is able to migrate to local defects, are the benefits of this coating method.[31] Because of environmental and health regulations on chromates, alternative coating method are under development.[32]
Anodizing of aluminium is another electrochemical process, which does not lead to the deposition of chromium, but uses chromic acid as electrolyte in the solution. During anodization, an oxide layer is formed on the aluminium. The use of chromic acid, instead of the normally used sulfuric acid, leads to a slight difference of these oxide layers.[33] The high toxicity of Cr(VI) compounds, used in the established chromium electroplating process, and the strengthening of safety and environmental regulations demand a search for substitutes for chromium or at least a change to less toxic chromium(III) compounds.[27]
Dye and pigment
The mineral crocoite (lead chromate PbCrO4) was used as a yellow pigment shortly after its discovery. After a synthesis method became available starting from the more abundant chromite, chrome yellow was, together with cadmium yellow, one of the most used yellow pigments. The pigment does not photodegrade, but it tends to darken due to the formation of chromium(III) oxide. It has a strong color, and was used for school buses in the US and for Postal Service (for example Deutsche Post) in Europe. The use of chrome yellow declined due to environmental and safety concerns and was replaced by organic pigments or alternatives free from lead and chromium. Other pigments based on chromium are, for example, the bright red pigment chrome red, which is a basic lead chromate (PbCrO4·Pb(OH)2). A very important chromate pigment, which was used widely in metal primer formulations, was zinc chromate, now replaced by zinc phosphate. A wash primer was formulated to replace the dangerous practice of pretreating aluminium aircraft bodies with a phosphoric acid solution. This used zinc tetroxychromate dispersed in a solution of polyvinyl butyral. An 8% solution of phosphoric acid in solvent was added just before application. It was found that an easily oxidized alcohol was an essential ingredient. A thin layer of about 10–15 µm was applied, which turned from yellow to dark green when it was cured. There is still a question as to the correct mechanism. Chrome green is a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow, while the chrome oxide green is chromium(III) oxide.[35]
Chromium oxides are also used as a green color in glassmaking and as a glaze in ceramics.[36] Green chromium oxide is extremely light-fast and as such is used in cladding coatings. It is also the main ingredient in IR reflecting paints, used by the armed forces, to paint vehicles, to give them the same IR reflectance as green leaves.[37]
Synthetic ruby and the first laser
Natural rubies are corundum (aluminum oxide) crystals that are colored red (the rarest type) due to chromium (III) ions (other colors of corundum gems are termed sapphires). A red-colored artificial ruby may also be achieved by doping chromium(III) into artificial corundum crystals, thus making chromium a requirement for making synthetic rubies.[38] Such a synthetic ruby crystal was the basis for the first laser, produced in 1960, which relied on stimulated emission of light from the chromium atoms in such a crystal.
Wood preservative
Because of their toxicity, chromium(VI) salts are used for the preservation of wood. For example, chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is used in timber treatment to protect wood from decay fungi, wood attacking insects, including termites, and marine borers.[39] The formulations contain chromium based on the oxide CrO3 between 35.3% and 65.5%. In the United States, 65,300 metric tons of CCA solution have been used in 1996.[39]
Main article: Tanning
Chromium(III) salts, especially chrome alum and chromium(III) sulfate, are used in the tanning of leather. The chromium(III) stabilizes the leather by cross linking the collagen fibers.[40] Chromium tanned leather can contain between 4 and 5% of chromium, which is tightly bound to the proteins.[10] Although the form of chromium used for tanning is not the toxic hexavalent variety, there remains interest in management of chromium in the tanning industry such as recovery and reuse, direct/indirect recycling,[41] use of less chromium or "chrome-less" tanning are practiced to better manage chromium in tanning.
Refractory material
The high heat resistivity and high melting point makes chromite and chromium(III) oxide a material for high temperature refractory applications, like blast furnaces, cement kilns, molds for the firing of bricks and as foundry sands for the casting of metals. In these applications, the refractory materials are made from mixtures of chromite and magnesite. The use is declining because of the environmental regulations due to the possibility of the formation of chromium(VI).[29]
Several chromium compounds are used as catalysts for processing hydrocarbons. For example the Phillips catalysts for the production of polyethylene are mixtures of chromium and silicon dioxide or mixtures of chromium and titanium and aluminium oxide.[42] Fe-Cr mixed oxides are employed as high-temperature catalysts for the water gas shift reaction.[43][44] Copper chromite is a useful hydrogenation catalyst.[45]
Other use
- Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2) is a magnetic compound. Its ideal shape anisotropy, which imparts high coercivity and remnant magnetization, made it a compound superior to the γ-Fe2O3. Chromium(IV) oxide is used to manufacture magnetic tape used in high-performance audio tape and standard audio cassettes.[46] Chromates can prevent corrosion of steel under wet conditions, and therefore chromates are added to drilling muds.[47]
- Chromium(III) oxide is a metal polish known as green rouge.
- Chromic acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and is a useful compound for cleaning laboratory glassware of any trace of organic compounds. It is prepared in situ by dissolving potassium dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid, which is then used to wash the apparatus. Sodium dichromate is sometimes used because of its higher solubility (50 g/L versus 200 g/L respectively). Potassium dichromate is a chemical reagent, used in cleaning laboratory glassware and as a titrating agent. It is also used as a mordant (i.e., a fixing agent) for dyes in fabric.
Biological role
Main article: Chromium deficiency
Trivalent chromium (Cr(III) or Cr3+) occurs in trace amounts in foods and waters, and appears to be benign.[48] In contrast, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI) or Cr6+) is very toxic and mutagenic when inhaled. Cr(VI) has not been established as a carcinogen when in solution, although it may cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).[49]
Chromium deficiency, involving a lack of Cr(III) in the body, or perhaps some complex of it, such as glucose tolerance factor is controversial, or is at least extremely rare. Chromium has no verified biological role and has been classified by some as not essential for mammals.[50] However, other reviews have regarded it as an essential trace element in humans.[51]
Chromium deficiency has been attributed to only three people on long-term parenteral nutrition, which is when a patient is fed a liquid diet through intravenous drips for long periods of time.[52]
Although no biological role for chromium has ever been demonstrated, dietary supplements for chromium include chromium(III) picolinate, chromium(III) polynicotinate, and related materials. The benefit of those supplements is questioned by some studies.[53] The use of chromium-containing dietary supplements is controversial, owing to the absence of any verified biological role, the expense of these supplements, and the complex effects of their use.[4] The popular dietary supplement chromium picolinate complex generates chromosome damage in hamster cells (due to the picolinate ligand).[54] In the United States the dietary guidelines for daily chromium uptake were lowered in 2001 from 50–200 µg for an adult to 35 µg (adult male) and to 25 µg (adult female).[55]
Main article: Chromium toxicity
Water insoluble chromium(III) compounds and chromium metal are not considered a health hazard, while the toxicity and carcinogenic properties of chromium(VI) have been known for a long time.[56] Because of the specific transport mechanisms, only limited amounts of chromium(III) enter the cells. Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium(III) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.[57] Acute oral toxicity ranges between 1.5 and 3.3 mg/kg.[58] The proposed beneficial effects of chromium(III) and the use as dietary supplements yielded some controversial results, but recent reviews suggest that moderate uptake of chromium(III) through dietary supplements poses no risk.[57]
The acute oral toxicity for chromium(VI) ranges between 50 and 150 µg/kg.[58] In the body, chromium(VI) is reduced by several mechanisms to chromium(III) already in the blood before it enters the cells. The chromium(III) is excreted from the body, whereas the chromate ion is transferred into the cell by a transport mechanism, by which also sulfate and phosphate ions enter the cell. The acute toxicity of chromium(VI) is due to its strong oxidational properties. After it reaches the blood stream, it damages the kidneys, the liver and blood cells through oxidation reactions. Hemolysis, renal and liver failure are the results of these damages. Aggressive dialysis can improve the situation.[59]
The carcinogenity of chromate dust is known for a long time, and in 1890 the first publication described the elevated cancer risk of workers in a chromate dye company.[60][61] Three mechanisms have been proposed to describe the genotoxicity of chromium(VI). The first mechanism includes highly reactive hydroxyl radicals and other reactive radicals which are by products of the reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III). The second process includes the direct binding of chromium(V), produced by reduction in the cell, and chromium(IV) compounds to the DNA. The last mechanism attributed the genotoxicity to the binding to the DNA of the end product of the chromium(III) reduction.[62]
Chromium salts (chromates) are also the cause of allergic reactions in some people. Chromates are often used to manufacture, amongst other things, leather products, paints, cement, mortar and anti-corrosives. Contact with products containing chromates can lead to allergic contact dermatitis and irritant dermatitis, resulting in ulceration of the skin, sometimes referred to as "chrome ulcers". This condition is often found in workers that have been exposed to strong chromate solutions in electroplating, tanning and chrome-producing manufacturers.[63][64]
Environmental issues
As chromium compounds were used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in soil and groundwater at abandoned industrial sites, now needing environmental cleanup and remediation per the treatment of brownfield land. Primer paint containing hexavalent chromium is still widely used for aerospace and automobile refinishing applications.[65]
In 2010, the Environmental Working Group studied the drinking water in 35 American cities. The study was the first nationwide analysis measuring the presence of the chemical in U.S. water systems. The study found measurable hexavalent chromium in the tap water of 31 of the cities sampled, with Norman, Oklahoma, at the top of list; 25 cities had levels that exceeded California's proposed limit.[66] Note: Concentrations of Cr(VI) in US municipal drinking water supplies reported by EWG are within likely, natural background levels for the areas tested and not necessarily indicative of industrial pollution (CalEPA Fact Sheet), as asserted by EWG. This factor was not taken into consideration in their report.
See also
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- ^ a b Fawcett, Eric (1988). "Spin-density-wave antiferromagnetism in chromium". Reviews of Modern Physics 60: 209. Bibcode:1988RvMP...60..209F. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.60.209.
- ^ Brandes, E. A.; Greenaway, H. T.; Stone, H. E. N. (15 September 1956). "Ductility in Chromium". Nature 178 (587). doi:10.1038/178587a0. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ χρώμα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ a b Cronin, Joseph R. (2004). "The Chromium Controversy". Alternative and Complementary Therapies 10 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1089/107628004772830393.
- ^ Wallwork, G. R. (1976). "The oxidation of alloys". Reports on the Progress Physics 39 (5): 401–485. Bibcode:1976RPPh...39..401W. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/39/5/001.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1985). "Chromium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1081–1095. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
- ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Coatings (1970). High-temperature oxidation-resistant coatings: coatings for protection from oxidation of superalloys, refractory metals, and graphite. National Academy of Sciences. ISBN 0-309-01769-6.
- ^ Emsley, John (2001). "Chromium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 495–498. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.
- ^ a b c Kotaś, J.; Stasicka, Z (2000). "Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation". Environmental Pollution 107 (3): 263–283. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00168-2. PMID 15092973.
- ^ a b c National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants (1974). Chromium. National Academy of Sciences. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-309-02217-0.
- ^ Papp, John F. "Commodity Summary 2009: Chromium". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ^ Fleischer, Michael (1982). "New Mineral Names". American Mineralogist 67: 854–860.
- ^ Chromium (with location data), Mindat
- ^ Chromium from Udachnaya-Vostochnaya pipe, Daldyn, Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field, Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia, Mindat
- ^ Gonzalez, A. R.; Ndung'u, K; Flegal, AR (2005). "Natural Occurrence of Hexavalent Chromium in the Aromas Red Sands Aquifer, California". Environmental Science and Technology 39 (15): 5505–5511. doi:10.1021/es048835n. PMID 16124280.
- ^ a b Georges, Audi; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. (2003). "The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center) 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- ^ Birck, J. L.; Rotaru, M; Allegre, C (1999). "53Mn-53Cr evolution of the early solar system". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (23–24): 4111–4117. Bibcode:1999GeCoA..63.4111B. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00312-9.
- ^ Frei, Robert; Gaucher, Claudio; Poulton, Simon W.; Canfield, Don E. (2009). "Fluctuations in Precambrian atmospheric oxygenation recorded by chromium isotopes". Nature 461 (7261): 250–253. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..250F. doi:10.1038/nature08266. PMID 19741707.
- ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.
- ^ Puigdomenech, Ignasi Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software (2004) KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- ^ Haxhillazi, Gentiana. "Preparation, Structure and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Tetraperoxo Complexes of CrV+, VV+, NbV+ and TaV+ (PhD thesis, University of Siegen, 2003)". University Siegen.
- ^ Nguyen, T. et al. (2005). "Synthesis of a Stable Compound with Fivefold Bonding Between Two Chromium(I) Centers". Science 310 (5749): 844–847. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..844N. doi:10.1126/science.1116789. PMID 16179432.
- ^ Cotterell, Maurice. (2004). The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army. Rochester: Bear and Company. ISBN 1-59143-033-X. Page 102.
- ^ a b c Guertin, Jacques; Jacobs, James Alan and Avakian, Cynthia P. (2005). Chromium (VI) Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 7–11. ISBN 978-1-56670-608-7.
- ^ Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas (1798). "Memoir on a New Metallic Acid which exists in the Red Lead of Sibiria". Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Art 3: 146.
- ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Chromium". Retrieved 2008-08-24.
- ^ a b c Dennis, J. K.; Such, T. E. (1993). "History of Chromium Plating". Nickel and Chromium Plating. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-1-85573-081-6.
- ^ a b c Papp, John F. "Mineral Yearbook 2002: Chromium". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
- ^ a b c d Papp, John F; Lipin Bruce R. (2006). "Chromite". Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses (7th ed.). SME. ISBN 978-0-87335-233-8.
- ^ Bhadeshia, H. k. d. h. "Nickel-Based Superalloys". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Edwards, Joseph (1997). Coating and Surface Treatment Systems for Metals. Finishing Publications Ltd. and ASMy International. pp. 66–71. ISBN 0-904477-16-9.
- ^ Zhao, J.; Xia, L.; Sehgal, A.; Lu, D.; McCreery, R.L.; Frankel, G.S. (2001). "Effects of chromate and chromate conversion coatings on corrosion of aluminum alloy 2024-T3". Surface and Coatings Technology 140 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01003-9.
- ^ Sprague, J. A.; Smidt, F. A. (1994). ASM Handbook: Surface Engineering. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-384-2. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Worobec, Mary Devine; Hogue, Cheryl (1992). Toxic Substances Controls Guide: Federal Regulation of Chemicals in the Environment. Washington, D.C.: BNA Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-87179-752-0.
- ^ Gettens, Rutherford John (1966). "Chrome yellow". Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-486-21597-6.
- ^ Gerd Anger et al. "Chromium Compounds" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_067
- ^ Marrion, Alastair (2004). The chemistry and physics of coatings. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 287–. ISBN 978-0-85404-604-1. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^ Moss, S. C.; Newnham, R. E. (1964). "The chromium position in ruby". Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 120 (4–5): 359–363. Bibcode:1964ZK....120..359M. doi:10.1524/zkri.1964.120.4-5.359.
- ^ a b Hingston, J. et al. (2001). "Leaching of chromated copper arsenate wood preservatives: a review". Environmental Pollution 111 (1): 53–66. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00030-0. PMID 11202715.
- ^ Brown, E. M. (1997). "A Conformational Study of Collagen as Affected by Tanning Procedures". Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 92: 225–233.
- ^ Sreeram, K; Ramasami, T (2003). "Sustaining tanning process through conservation, recovery and better utilization of chromium". Resources, Conservation and Recycling 38 (3): 185–212. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00151-9.
- ^ Weckhuysen, Bert M.; Schoonheydt, Robert A (1999). "Olefin polymerization over supported chromium oxide catalysts". Catalysis Today 51 (2): 215–221. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00046-2.
- ^ Twigg, M. V. E. (1989). "The Water-Gas Shift Reaction". Catalyst Handbook. ISBN 978-0-7234-0857-4.
- ^ Rhodes, C; Hutchings, G.J.; Ward, A.M. (1995). "Water-gas shift reaction: Finding the mechanistic boundary". Catalysis Today 23: 43–58. doi:10.1016/0920-5861(94)00135-O.
- ^ "Organic Syntheses Prep". Orgsyn.org. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- ^ Mallinson, John C. (1993). "Chromium Dioxide". The foundations of magnetic recording. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-466626-9.
- ^ Garverick, Linda (1994). Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-505-1.
- ^ Mertz, Walter (1 April 1993). "Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review". Journal of Nutrition 123 (4): 626–33. PMID 8463863.
- ^ "ToxFAQs: Chromium". Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ Bona, Kristin R.; Love, Sharifa; Rhodes, Nicholas R.; McAdory, Deana; Sinha, Sarmistha Halder; Kern, Naomi; Kent, Julia; Strickland, Jessyln; Wilson, Austin; Beaird, Janis; Ramage, James; Rasco, Jane F.; Vincent, John B. (2011). "Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: Effects of a "low-chromium" diet". JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 16 (3): 381. doi:10.1007/s00775-010-0734-y.
- ^ Moukarzel A (November 2009). "Chromium in parenteral nutrition: too little or too much?". Gastroenterology 137 (5 Suppl): S18–S28. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.048. PMID 19874946.
- ^ Vincent, John B. (2010). "Chromium: Celebrating 50 years as an essential element?". Dalton Transactions 39 (16): 3787–94. doi:10.1039/B920480F. PMID 20372701.
- ^ Stearns, D. M.; W; P; W (1 December 1995). "Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells". Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 9 (15): 1643–8. PMID 8529845.
- ^ Vincent, J. B. (2007). "Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1079/PNS2003315. PMID 15070438.
- ^ Barceloux, Donald G.; Barceloux, Donald (1999). "Chromium". Clinical Toxicology 37 (2): 173–194. doi:10.1081/CLT-100102418. PMID 10382554.
- ^ a b Eastmond, David A.; MacGregor, JT; Slesinski, RS (2008). "Trivalent Chromium: Assessing the Genotoxic Risk of an Essential Trace Element and Widely Used Human and Animal Nutritional Supplement". Critical Reviews in Toxicology 38 (3): 173–190. doi:10.1080/10408440701845401. PMID 18324515.
- ^ a b Katz, Sidney A.; Salem, H (1992). "The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: A review". Journal of Applied Toxicology 13 (3): 217–224. doi:10.1002/jat.2550130314. PMID 8326093.
- ^ Dayan, A. D.; Paine, A. J. (2001). "Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: Review of the literature from 1985 to 2000". Human & Experimental Toxicology 20 (9): 439–451. doi:10.1191/096032701682693062. PMID 11776406.
- ^ Newman, D. (1890). "A case of adeno-carcinoma of the left inferior turbinated body, and perforation of thenasal septum, in the person of a worker in chrome pigments". Glasgow Medical Journal 33: 469–470.
- ^ Langard, Sverre (1990). "One Hundred Years of Chromium and Cancer: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence and Selected Case Reports". American Journal of Industrial Medicine 17 (2): 189–214. doi:10.1002/ajim.4700170205. PMID 2405656.
- ^ Cohen, M. D.; Kargacin, B.; Klein, C. B.; Costa, M. (1993). "Mechanisms of chromium carcinogenicity and toxicity". Critical Reviews in Toxicology 23 (3): 255–281. doi:10.3109/10408449309105012. PMID 8260068.
- ^ "Chrome Contact Allergy". DermNet NZ.
- ^ Basketter, David; Horev, L.; Slodovnik, D.; Merimes, S.; Trattner, A.; Ingber, A. (2000). "Investigation of the threshold for allergic reactivity to chromium". Contact Dermatitis 44 (2): 70–74. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440202.x. PMID 11205406.
- ^ Baselt, Randall C. (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City: Biomedical Publications. pp. 305–307. ISBN 978-0-9626523-7-0.
- ^ "US water has large amounts of likely carcinogen: study". Yahoo News. 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2010-12-19.[dead link]
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chromium |
Look up chromium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Chromium Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- IARC Monograph "Chromium and Chromium compounds"
- It's Elemental – The Element Chromium
- National Pollutant Inventory – Chromium (III) compounds fact sheet
- The Merck Manual – Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Chromium Page
- Chromium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
1 | H | He | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |||||||||||||||
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |||||||||||||||
6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |
7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Fl | Uup | Lv | Uus | Uuo | |
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Grindmaster Cecilware GNB 20H Airpot Grind-n Brew Dual Hoppers
Dual Bean Grind'n Brew System - 3-Function capability: Grind only; Brew only; Grind'n Brew, full and half brew capabilities. Digitally controlled with PRECISIONBREW Technology. Space-saving design eliminates the need for both brewer and grinder. Bean Usage Counter - Controller records volume of beans used from the hoppers. Grind Time - Grind time for half and full batch, righ and left hopper can be set from front of brewer. Shutter mechanism keeps water vapor separated from grind head. Precise Brew Temperature - The brewer will hold the brew temperature to +/- 1°F during the complete brew cycle. Brew Volume - Can be set by 'teach' mode to eliminate trial-and-error set-up. Pulse brewing/pre-infusion - Allows the brew sequence to extract up to 20% more dissolved solids per batch of coffee. Programmable: number of pulses, pulse-on time and pulse-off time. Changing the pulsing sequence does not affect the brew volume. Low Temp/No Brew - Allows the brew cycle to begin only when the water has reached the optimum brew temperature. Programming Lock-Out - The brewer settings can be "locked" to prevent tampering.
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The California Highway Patrol officer who was wounded during a shootout near Walnut Creek succumbed to his injuries Wednesday, according to police.
The CHP said Officer Kenyon Youngstrom died at 6:05 p.m.
Officials said Youngstrom was shot by a suspect without warning during a traffic stop.
Timeline: CHP officer responds to dead deer call before shooting
In a news conference, officials said the suspect was 38-year-old Christopher Boone Lacy of Corning. He was also shot in the head and died.
On Wednesday, the officer's family and dozens of officers kept vigil at John Muir Medical Center in Walnut Creek.
The shooting prompted the closure of the Interstate 680 in both directions as traffic came to a standstill.
The incident occurred shortly before 8:30 a.m. Tuesday after the officer conducted a traffic stop, CHP and Contra Costa County sheriff's officials said.
Youngstrom was reporting to a call of a dead deer, and was nearby when his beat partner made a traffic stop. Youngstrom assisted in the call.
Lacy, the sole occupant of the vehicle, had a short talk with Youngstrom before the officer walked away.


text:
Height: | 5-5 |
Year: | Jr. |
Hometown: | Raleigh, N.C. |
High School: | Broughton |
Position: | D |
2008: Appeared in all 23 games with 13 starts ... scored her only point of the season with an assist in a 6-0 win over Appalachian State in the Southern Conference tournament ... started all three games in the SoCon tournament ... took just two shots on the season, with the one against No. 3 Stanford on goal.
2007: Played in 22 games in the midfield for the Spartans ... earned starts in the first eight games of the season and in both NCAA tournament games for 10 total ... scored five points on a pair of goals and an assist ... took just two shots on the season, scoring on both ... notched her first career point with an assist in a 3-2 loss to Northwestern on Sept. 7 ... scored her first collegiate goal in a 7-0 shutout against The Citadel (10/18) ... scored the game-winning goal in a 3-2, overtime win against the College of Charleston on Oct. 28.
High school/club: Played four seasons at Needham B. Broughton High School and helped lead the Capitals to the school's first No. 1 national ranking in the final NSCAA/adidas poll with a 28-0-1 record in 2006... a part of the teams that won 4A North Carolina championships in 2005 and 2006 ... member of the CASL Spartan club team that won the North Carolina State Cup Championship in 2005 and were finalists in 2006 and 2007 ... helped the team win the US Club Soccer National Cup in 2004 ... a North Carolina State Select Team selection in 2005 and 2006 ... teamed with Kelly Attayek at Broughton.
Personal: Katherine Frances Evans ... born Sept. 22, 1989, in Raleigh, N.C. ... daughter of Lee and Becky Evans ... has an older brother, Tim, and two younger sisters, Emily and Kelly Ann ... Tim played soccer at North Carolina ... mother graduated from UNCG in 1981 ... majoring in psychology.


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Female Athlete of the Week: Alyssa Pfitscher, Dutchess Debs, softball (video)
Roosevelt High freshman Alyssa Pfitscher shined in a national spotlight as she helped pitch the Dutchess Debs to a USSSA 16-and-under World Series softball championship.
Pfitscher threw in seven games for the Debs, getting six wins and a save.
She started and won the quarterfinals, semifinals and title game in Orlando.
Pfitscher put the Debs into the final four when she threw a complete-game two-hitter and singled in both runs in a 2-1 quarterfinal victory over the North Carolina Sharks.
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Reading between the lines John Carroll, Senior Director 23 April 2012 Whilst declining circulations and readership for newspapers and magazines are widely and regularly reported, one in ten (9%) have viewed a newspaper or magazine via tablet, e-reader or app in the last 12 months. Comments 0
Twitter Goes Mobile on its Birthday Gavin Sugden, Research Director 21 March 2012 The most striking thing about the use of social media in 2012 is the normality of it for many: In the modern world people want information quickly and in an easily digestible format, and this helps to explain the growth in popularity of Twitter since its inception 6 years ago. Comments 1
Going public on the private screen Gavin Sugden, Research Director 16 March 2012 The rise of the smartphone has coincided with the increased popularity, and normality, of social media usage. How are the two connected? Comments 0
The fog is lifting on radio audience measurement John Carroll, Senior Director 16 November 2011 John Carroll on the latest trends and developments discussed at the 2011 European Radio Symposium. Comments 0
The Buzz of the 2011 Radio Festival Andy Haylett, Survey Director 10 November 2011 Radio expert Andy Haylett on the successful 2011 Radio Academy Radio Festival. Comments 0
RAJAR Reaches Another Record High Andy Haylett, Survey Director 4 August 2011 RAJAR today released their Quarter 2 2011 radio listening results and, the good news is - it's more good news for radio. Comments 0
Three in four British adults are online John Carroll, Senior Director 2 March 2011 Recently published data from the National Readership Survey (NRS Jan-Dec 2010) tell us that three quarters of the adult 15+ population of Great Britain have accessed the internet in the past 12 months. Comments 2
Ipsos MediaCT "helps clients make connections in the digital age". We do this through an in-depth understanding of how consumers access media content inside and outside of the home. In addition to our monthly Bite-Sized Thought Piece publications, Light Bites provides our reactions to the latest media research industry developments.
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This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
SOURCE: Kirshner Communications
EMRs Will Enhance Care Integration and Improve Health Outcomes For Thousands of Underserved Metro Denver Patients
Denver, Colo. (PRWEB) February 21, 2013
Clínica Tepeyac, one of Colorado's most respected safety net clinics, was recently awarded a $300,000 three-year grant by the Colorado Health Foundation (CHF) for electronic medical records (EMRs).
By implementing an EMR system, Clínica Tepeyac will be able to better coordinate patient health information, reduce unnecessary costs and ultimately, enhance patient care for thousands of underserved patients in Metro Denver.
"We are excited by our long-term partnership with the CHF. This grant is instrumental in providing us with the technology to improve the quality and efficiency of our clinic's operations and patient care," said Jim Garcia, CEO and founder of Clínica Tepeyac.
"We are happy that CHF recognizes the importance of EMR adoption in safety net clinics like Clínica," continued Garcia. "We treat Metro Denver's most vulnerable and underserved residents, so it is important that we provide efficient, coordinated care."
"The Colorado Health Foundation is pleased to support Clinica Tepeyac's addition of electronic medical records to its inventory of high quality health services to help meet the needs of Denver's underserved citizens," said Anne Warhover, president and CEO of the Colorado Health Foundation.
Founded in 1994, Clínica Tepeyac is a model for providing health education, prevention, and primary medical services to underserved patients in metro Denver. Clínica's new EMR system is expected to be implemented by October 2013.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prweb2013/2/prweb10453557.htm


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Behind Canadian Tire between Sunnidale and Bayfield. View map »
The best place to park is behind the Canadian Tire just off of Bayfield Street or at the Dorian Parker Centre or along Sunnidale Road.
Rocky sent in the following info about Sunnidale Park – thank you!
The park is huge. It has 3 different walking paths and makes you feel as though you are on a hike with your dog off leash. The park also has an open area for running close to the front entrance. The people and dogs are great! The hill into the park is steep and the trail is narrow.
The City of Barrie's website explains that this is the city's first off-leash area for dog owners in a double-gated and fenced section of Sunnidale Park, a popular destination with dog walkers.
The Barrie off leash park is located in a natural setting, which makes it not wheelchair accessible.
More details about the Barrie dog park are on the city's website. The photos are also taken from the city's website.


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Founded in 1998, Yantai Hongqing Packing Material Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as the "company") lies in Yantai City, Shandong Province and is mainly engaged in the development and production of pre-glued laminating films in printing packing industry. Through years of efforts, the company has made rapid development. So far, the company has had 4 pre-glued laminating film combination machines, six high-speed splitting machines, more than 100 staff and an annual output of 5,000 tons of various pre-glued laminating films.
Thanks to our advanced technology, excellent management, complete after-sales service and vital and innovative talents, our products, with steadily increasing market share, have been export to more than 30 countries such as Germany, Russia, Australia, the Middle East, South America and Africa.With emphasis on enterprise competitiveness construction and customers, the company is devoted to providing customers with excellent pre-sales and after-sales services and timely delivery and feedback.