text:
It's not about jobs. It's not about safety. It's not about improving dockworkers' living standards. The looming, long-planned East and Gulf Coast port strikes are about protecting Big Labor's archaic work practices and corrupt waterfront rackets.
Are you ready for a fiscal cliff? The union bosses of an estimated 14,500 workers at 15 ports are preparing to send the economy plunging back into recession over productivity and efficiency rules changes. You read that right. Much more on that in a moment. But first, here's what's at stake.
The International Longshoremen's Association's (ILA) grip extends from Boston to Texas to Florida and all points across the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. The New York-New Jersey ports — which handle cargo valued at $208 billion — could come to a standstill. National Retail Federation executive Jonathan Gold issued a desperate statement: "The last thing the economy needs right now is another strike, which would impact all international trade and commerce at the nation's East and Gulf Coast container ports. This is truly a 'container cliff' in the making."
Retailers have begged Big Labor-lovin' President Obama to intervene. Good luck with that. The cozy White House powwow with union bosses immediately after Election Day tells you all you need to know about which side Obama champions.
The United States Maritime Alliance (USMX), which represents 14 Atlantic and Gulf Coast ports, has been bracing for a union-spearheaded shutdown since the summer, when labor negotiations fell apart. The ILA's current contract expired on Sept. 30. Federal mediators granted a 90-day extension that ends on Dec. 29. ILA President Harold Daggett won a unanimous green light earlier this month to call a strike if industry leaders don't give in completely to the union's demands. According to my sources, despite overwhelming industry concessions on wages and benefits, port watchers view the likelihood of a strike at "probably 70 to 85 percent now."
Don't believe the union sob stories. ILA members are among the highest paid union workers in the country. Starting pay for dockworkers is $20 an hour, with a top straight-time pay rate of $32 an hour. Longevity and overtime bonuses are generous, with ILA members earning an average of more than $124,000 a year in wages and benefits.
The sticking points of the heated ILA-USMX talks are "container royalties" (a fee per ton of containerized cargo that carriers pay to ILA members) and "customs and practice." On the New York-New Jersey waterfront, union racketeers have turned archaic work rules into a corrupt system of patronage tied to organized crime.
Reporter Carl Horowitz of the National Legal and Policy Center broke down the container royalty dispute this fall:
"In 2011 these royalties amounted to $232 million or about $15,500 per worker at Atlantic and Gulf Coast ports. This arrangement was established in 1960 when New York Longshoremen sought to protect themselves against job losses resulting from the introduction of automated cargo container weighing. It's been a ticket for inefficiency."
In other words, it's a ridiculously outdated surcharge on business to cushion the blow of modernity to workers. Unions, of course, siphon off a large chunk of the royalties — more than $20 million last year alone, according to the Supply Chain Digest. The trade publication points out that "ILA workers receiving those hefty checks today have no real connection to the perceived threat from container traffic to manually loaded freight and handling work that started the whole program in the 1960s." Continued...
USMX hasn't even called for eliminating the outdated fees. It just wants to cap them. Under the industry's contract proposal, ILA's average hourly rate would increase to more than $55, including overtime and container royalty. Workers would still not be required to pay premiums on their health care plans like most private employers now require their workers to do.
But the union won't budge, and it is screaming bloody murder over attempts to rein in other inefficiencies.
The additional "customs and practice" that the ILA seeks to preserve are a recipe for corruption. Don't take industry's word for it. This was the conclusion this year of the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor. Decades of favoritism, nepotism and Mafia-friendly hiring practices have bred inefficient and criminal conditions that benefit "a privileged few." The union protects no-show and no-work jobs, 24-hour paid work for 8-hour-a-day-or-less clerks, and unlimited paid vacation for shop stewards. ILA has demanded that multiple crane operators be paid for the work of a single operator. And the commission's hearings exposed ILA bosses tied to mobsters and family members being paid more than $400,000 a year for up to 27 hours a day.
Union bosses and their Occupy Wall Street henchmen will be ratcheting up their rhetoric about "greed" and "fat cats" as they move to ring in the New Year by bringing the American economy to its knees. Now you know the rest of the story.
See inaccurate information in a story? Other feedback and/or ideas for us to consider? Tell us here.
Local Guide
Business Name
Location, ST | website.com
Social Wire
- Winchester man accused of kidnapping woman at gunpoint, barricading self in home (1847)
- Police reports for June 19 (1177)
- Letters to the editor: We can all work to end sexual violence; Sound Off fan laments (518)
- St. Anthony's School in Winsted unearths time capsule (462)
- Search for missing man in Farmington River resumes (video) (454)
- Families fight to keep truck owner in Avon Mountain crash behind bars (368)
- Report: Patriots tight end Aaron Hernandez, of Bristol, questioned in homicide investigation (275)
- Thefts from student lunch accounts under investigation at Region 10 schools (245)
Recent Activity on Facebook
Blog Center
Fact Check Blog
Follow the Register Citizen Fact Check blog to find out what mistakes we have made and what we have done to correct them.
CT State Politics
The Connecticut State Politics blog covers all the news from the seat of Connecticut's government and the state's elected leaders with original reporting from Journal Register Connecticut staff, links to stories from other media and blogs, press releases, statements and more.
Guide to Religious Services
Note: All listings are paid advertisements.
Unity in the Foothills
102 Prospect Street, Torrington, Ct 06790
A Course in Miracles Tuesday evenings 7 p.m
Transformational Prayer Group Thursday 1:15 p.m. and Sunday 9 a.m.
First United Methodist Church
21 Fern Drive, Torrington, CT 06790
Rev. Barbara B. Shaffer, Pastor
860-489-8084 www.fumctorr.org
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Sunday Service at 9:30 a.m.
Sunday School from 10:45 a.m. to 11:45 a.m.
Pre-K thru Adult
Northfield Bible Church
10 Camp Hill Road, Northfield, CT 06778
860-283-9598 www.nccindependent.org
Bible Doctrines Class: Sunday at 9:00 a.m.
Sunday Service at 10:00 a.m.
Bible Study: Wednesday at 7:00 p.m.
Pot Luck Supper every 4th Friday of the Month at 6:15 p.m.
First Assembly of God
387 New Harwinton Road, Torrington, CT 06790
860-482-7464 www.firstagtorr.org
Sunday School for all ages 9:30 a.m.
Sunday Worship Service at 10:45 a.m.
Family Night Thursday at 7:00 p.m.
Adult Bible Study Prayer Service: Saturday at 9:15 a.m.
Cable 5 Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 3 p.m.
Founders Congregational Church
41 Birge Park Road, Harwinton, CT 06791
Sunday School and Services 10:00 a.m.
Bible Study: Tuesday at 7:00 p.m. and Thursday at 10:00 a.m.
Center Congregational Church
155 Main Street, Torrington, CT 06790
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Sunday Services and Church School at 10:00 a.m.
Second Congregational Church of Winsted
Biblical, Traditional, Protestant Worship
800 Main Street, Winsted, CT 06098
Baptist and Congregational
Worship 10:00 a.m.
Sunday School 9:00 a.m.
July - August Worship 9:30 a.m.
Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday - Thursday
8:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Friday
email email@example.com
Note: All listings are paid advertisements.


text:
Pamela Sue Wheeler
By: Import User
Updated: March 16, 2010
A memorial service will be held at 11am, March 8th in the main worship center of Pioneer Drive Baptist Church in Abilene, with Rev. Stan Allcorn, Dr. Jeff Reid and Rev. Burtis Williams officiating. Arrangements are being made by Hamil Family Funeral Home, 6449 Buffalo Gap Road in Abilene.
Pam, along with her twin sister Pat, were born in Topeka Kansas to Clyde and Olivia Wilkerson, Jr. on September 15, 1947. She grew up in Fort Worth Texas and graduated from Pascal High School. She and her husband, Larry Wheeler, met and graduated from Austin College in Sherman, Texas and enjoyed 40 wonderful years of marriage. Pam spent 32 years as a public and private elementary and kindergarten teacher, except for the time she joined Larry in Iceland and Spain while they were in the U.S. Navy. Most recently she taught 22 years in Clyde CISD elementary school as a 2nd and 3rd grade teacher. While teaching, she found time to complete her master's degree in reading at Hardin-Simmons University. She was a member of Pioneer Drive Baptist Church where she served her Lord as a pre-school Sunday School teacher and a Girls In Action missionary group leader. She was a member of Kappa Delta Pi International Honor Society in Education
Pam was devoted to her students and her family and her "Golden Girl" friends, but over the past 5 years discovered the overwhelming joy of being "Mimi" to Jake and Ella. She will be forever remembered for the influence she has had on these young lives.
Pam was preceded in death by her parents, Clyde and Olivia Wilkerson, Jr. of Fort Worth and her sister-in-law Michele Wheeler of San Antonio. Pam is survived by her husband Larry Wheeler, daughter, son-in-law and grandchildren Mindy, Clarke, Jake and Ella Flowers, son Andrew Wheeler, twin sister Pat Wilkerson, and parents-by-marriage Floyd and Rita Wheeler of Midland, Texas.
Memorials may be given to Pioneer Drive Baptist Church Missions Department, 701 S. Pioneer Dr., Abilene, TX 79605 for missionary and relief endeavors, or Hardin-Simmons University Theatre Scholarship Fund, HSU Station, Box 16100, Abilene, TX 79698.
The family wishes to extend our sincere thanks to Abilene Fire Department / EMS, Lance McFall, ARMC ICU nurse Kim, the many Sunday School classes and ministers of Pioneer Drive Baptist Church, the teachers and administration of Clyde CISD, and the students, faculty and staff of Hardin-Simmons University for the overwhelming generosity, friendship and faithfulness during this time of personal loss.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Moreno Valley Apartments and Rentals on Walk Score
The map below shows apartments and rentals in Moreno Valley.
Moreno Valley has a population of 193,365 and an average Walk Score of 37.
Apartments Near Amenities
Use Gotta Have filter above to find Moreno Valley apartments near grocery stores, coffee shops, restaurants, parks, and more.
Apartment Buildings
- 25335 Alessandro Boulevard
- Villas at Towngate
- Villas At Moreno Valley
- Galleria at Towngate
- Stonegate at Towngate
- Awesome 3 Bedroom Apartment Home in a convenient location next to lots of schools. Apartment community has lots of resident events so come join us.
- Sienna Pointe
- Stonegate at Towngate
- Great Home for Lease! Immediate Occupancy!
- Beautiful 4 Bedroom in Great Neighborhood
- Gorgeously Remodeled 4 Bedroom Ready For Move In
- Nice cozy house. Call Fred for more details
- Divine 4 Bedroom in Moreno Valley
- Fictitious 4 Bedroom Ready for Immediate Move In
- 2 Br / 1 Ba, EUCALYPTUS APARTMENTS
Average Apartment Costs in Moreno Valley
Based on the first few accommodations in this search, we found:One Bedroom apartments at an average cost of $930. The cheapest 1 bedroom rent is $750. The most expensive 1 bedroom price is $1194.
Two Bedrooms apartments at an average cost of $822. The cheapest 2 bedroom rent is $675. The most expensive 2 bedroom price is $875.
Three Bedrooms apartments at an average cost of $1300. The cheapest 3 bedroom rent is $1100. The most expensive 3 bedroom price is $1400.
Four Bedrooms apartments at an average cost of $1595. The cheapest 4 bedroom rent is $1200. The most expensive 4 bedroom price is $2200.
Five Bedrooms apartments at an average cost of $1649. The cheapest 5 bedroom rent is $1595. The most expensive 5 bedroom price is $1992.


text:
Take an Extra 20% Off Lowest Marked Price - Discount Shown In Cart See details- Overview
- Specs
- Reviews
Louis Garneau Equipe Short Sleeve Jersey
You can stay cool and ventilated in warm weather without compromising speed and performance. All you have to do is slip on the Equipe cycling jersey. Stretchy, ultra-light fabric accelerates moisture-wicking, full zipper maximizes airflow and race-inspired design increases aerodynamics.- Diamond fabric provides excellent airflow and moisture-wicking properties while remaining extremely light and quick-drying
- Full zipper maximizes ventilation
- Elastic hem keeps jersey in place
- Reflective logo on back adds visibility
- 3 angled back pocket with reflector
Louis Garneau Equipe Short Sleeve Jersey
- fabric:
- 60% Matte Polyester Microfiber/40% Glossy Polyester
- fit:
- Race/Form-Fit
- hem:
- Elastic
- pockets:
- 3 back
- sleeve:
- Raglan
- spf rating:
- None
- video:
- puF4SzwDxhY
- zipper:
- Full
- rating:
- 5
You May Also Like
- Louis Garneau Carbon Ion 2 Short Sleeve Jersey Our Price: $99.99 SALE: $69.99
- Louis Garneau Mondo EVO Short Sleeve Jersey Our Price: $159.99 SALE: $79.99


text:
(NEWSER) – North Korea is planning a rocket launch in the next few weeks, and the US is getting ready: Washington is shifting warships to the best spots to keep an eye on the launch, and perhaps defend against it,Reuters reports. The US is monitoring the run-up to the launch "very closely," says the head of the US Pacific Command. "To the degree that those ships are capable of participating in ballistic missile defense, then we will position them to be able to do that," he noted.
Read more: Newser


text:
Tim Sullivan's Dismissal From San Diego Union-Tribune Draws Strong Media Response Published June 4, 2012 Plenty of folks are "upset at the San Diego Union-Tribune for booting out popular long-time columnist Tim Sullivan" on Friday, according to Ed Sherman of SHERMANREPORT.com. Sullivan wrote on his Twitter feed, "(Friday) marks the end of my 10 years with the Union-Tribune. Thanks to all who have offered their insight, their time and their readership." He added, "I was reporting a column this afternoon when I was notified my services were no longer required" (SHERMANREPORT.com, 6/2). NOT ENOUGH CHEER? In Cincinnati, Paul Daugherty writes Sullivan was fired "apparently because ownership at the San Diego Union Tribune didn't think Sully was 'positive' enough regarding the local sports teams." Daugherty writes, "It's not a columnist's job to be 'positive.' That's why we have chambers of commerce. ... To dismiss a capable opinion writer for writing his opinion is egregious and dangerous" (CINCINNATI.com, 6/4). In California, Jay Paris wrote Sullivan is "not only a keen writer, but among the better guys in our business" (NCTIMES.com, 6/3). TWITTER REAX: Several members of the media took to Twitter to offer their opinions. Fox Sports' Ken Rosenthal said, "I'm biased, Tim Sullivan is my friend. But I will say this -- it is insane that the San Diego U-T let him go. He is a brilliant columnist." Yahoo Sports' Tim Brown: "TimSullivan714 is one of the most talented, decent and intelligent columnists in the country. What a thing." The Buffalo News' Jerry Sullivan: "Tim was fired from job as sports columnist at the Union-Tribune in San Diego. Word is, because he wouldn't be a cheerleader for new stadium. Tim Sullivan was my mentor at Missouri and the man mainly responsible for me taking journalism seriously when I was a kid. I'm proud of him." The Cleveland Plain Dealer's Bill Livingston: "All best to Tim Sullivan, late of the SD Union-Tribune, an excellent sports columnist who deserved far better." FoxSports.com's Tracy Ringolsby: "Too bad newspaper owners aren't as committed to good product as they demand from teams. SD Union Trib is a farce, laying off Tim Sullivan."
This is unfortunate. Just because their agenda agrees with my personal agenda, that does not make me like the idea of the media having an agenda. I was just thinking last week that the senior sport writers room was getting crowded with Acee's promotion.
As much as I enjoy a headline like: "Tim Sullivan fired from the U-T for not being 'positive'" I can't help but wonder whether it's smart to run with Paul Daugherty's out-of-his-@ss straw man nonsense about TS "...not being 'positive' enough regarding the local sports teams" (and his deft, bold swatting swatting down of the imaginary foe with "It's not a columnist's job to be 'positive.'" Duh!) Besides pointing out that there is zero evidence offered for that explanation, one could add that even Sullivan's own four guesses (certainly not definitive truth, anyway) http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblo.../04/tim-sullivan-tells-his-side-of-the-story/ do not say anything about being positive re. the local teams. In short, for those who want to believe that TS was sinisterly sacked for being some kind of Woodward-esque journalistic truth-teller, fighting to tell the ugly truth about San Diego's teams, in a way the local rag just can't tolerate, this story is--aside from the absolute absence of evidence--a gift turd. Enjoy. For those that care about facts and stuff, it may be a while before we know why Sullivan was let go.
Did you have a point to make, Lance?........ not sure what you're trying to say here. Did Sullivan write or doing something worthy of being fired after 10 years?....... I must've missed it. I've yet to hear of anything to warrant his dismissal. The "not on board" with the stadium push seems as likely as an explanation as any I've seen. It hardly appears to be baseless speculation.
Sorry. Thought I was pretty clear: The headline of this thread reads as a fact. But upon inspection, the "positive" refers back only to utter speculation, and total speculation about "the local sports teams" at that... (Daugherty clearly isn't addressing the stadium issue with his "positive" remark). So we have a headline--stated as fact--that is about as unsupported by fact as it could be. p.s.: This is evidently my 500th post...I'm giddy imagining what my prize might be! p.p.s. I sincerely hope it's great (eye) news for Fred today...
I will really miss Tim Sullivan which was the main reason I subscribed to the UT. This paper has really gone down and down the last few years.
1. The "positive" remark did apply to putting the push for a new stadium in a favorable light. Headlines are by their nature, a tease, rather than the whole story. 2. You will be gifted a meaningless trophy. 3. Good news, if a $1,500 surgery can be viewed as a positive.
1. You know you're just making that up. 2. I'll take any trophy I can get (the only ones I have are from "Everybody Gets A Trophy" Day) 3. You know that I'd have jumped at the $1,500 option...not even UCLA could rescue my Pocket Deity's left eye. So, yes, if the surgery works, I'd call that very good news. (though, I would have to add, that he rocked it, hard, for the final 6 years, with just one)
1. I made up the headline, so I know what I was thinking....... do you? 2. They give a bunch of those out around here, so you're in luck. 3. I'm sure you would've. I didn't see the point of going through the same procedure he already had with the other vet, and hoping for a different result. Why prolong his discomfort?
From what I have heard he was fired for not toting the company line for a new stadium, since the new ownership for the UT is a land developer and wants to be part of the new stadium project, while Sullivan wasn't going out and advocating for public money to be used like his boss wanted. Maybe that is wrong, but that is what I heard
All news papers have been going down for years. The print media will not last much longer. It is much cheaper to upload that same content to a website, than it is to pay for the paper, the printers, and the people to run the printers and deliver the papers.
Damn call me old school but when I get home from work I love to grab a beer & sit down with that paper in my hand!
One small problem..... nobody has found a way to make online newspapers profitable. People are used to getting free access to news on the web. Charging for online content has been problematic.
Trying to revive something, is different that taking a look at the direction the entire industry has gone in the last 10+ years. There may be a few that are able to survive, but most have been dying a slow death
Yeah, but papers never made their money off of the 25 cents they charged for a paper. That was basically a break even point for them. They make their money of the advertisers. As advertisers realize that less people are reading papers (by declining subscriptions and distribution) they are going to other sources to spend their marketing dollars. So they don't need to worry about charging for access to the content, they need to worry about making their content attractive enough to increase clicks. More clicks, more advertisers paying to be on your page.
It isn't my opinion, it is the fact that news papers aroundt he nation have been dropping like flies for the last 10+ years. Most big cities had 2-4 papers 20 years ago, most of those cities only have 1 remaining
So they're streamlining. Buffet wouldn't back paper if it's going to disappear entirely. As Blue Bolt said, plenty of folks won't pay to read a paper online - period. I'm well aware that newspapers have gone out of business - as have car companies, railroad lines, restaurants, mortuaries - name it. For the foreseeable future, there will be a niche for a physical newspaper that you can hold, fold, & use to wrap fish.
If you want to ignore reality, fine. But the fact is, the newspaper business is disappearing nation wide
I think what we're likely to see is the death of the "local paper" and growth of "national papers". The ability of advertisers to market their products to large segments of the population, online and otherwise, is clearly valuable. The impact for local businesses to market themselves is negligable (local businesses rely on repeat/referral business) from papers, and so I imagine you'll see those advertising dollars dry up. The answer is, you're both right, Newspapers are going away, but there will always be physical Newspapers (even if it's the same 4 or 5 across the country) on the stands.
I don't see what was so hard to understand about Lance's post. One sports columnist's opinion does not make something so. I think adding a question mark to the end of the headline would probably have been a more accurate reflection of the story. Hopefully, as time goes by, we'll learn more about why Sullivan was fired. Until then, it's all just conjecture.
You don't find it odd that a a good columnist with 10 years experience at the paper is suddenly fired without any explanation? Whatever we do find out, it won't be from the U-T.
Who cares? The UT is a business. If an employee isn't looking out for the boss's bottom line business interests, then he's not going to have a job. You have a right in America to freedom of speech, which includes the right to not say anything at all. You don't have a right to work, however, and if the UT management decided that continuing to employ Sullivan was no longer in their best interests, then of course they let him go. Step back from the moral outrage and realize that this is the real world.
Who cares?..... I don't know, maybe the people who read and enjoyed his column perhaps. How's that for a notion? Sullivan was one of the few at that ****** rag of a paper who could actually write.


text:
Nordic race
This article may contain parts that are misleading. (August 2012) |
The Nordic race is one of the sub-races into which some late 19th- to mid 20th-century anthropologists divided the Caucasian race. People of the Nordic type were described as having light-colored (typically blond) hair, light-colored (typically blue) eyes, fair skin and tall stature, and they were empirically considered to predominate in the countries of Central and Northern Europe.
Anthropologist Carleton S. Coon in his work The races of Europe (1939) subscribed to depigmentation theory that claimed that Nordic race's light-coloured skin was the result of depigmentation from their ancestors of the Mediterranean race.[1] A 1990s study by Ulrich Mueller found that depigmentation of Nordic peoples around the Baltic Sea likely occurred due to vitamin D deficiency amongst peoples living there 10,000-30,000 years ago who had a lack of access to vitamin D foods such as dairy products at the time. Depigmentation allowed greater amount of ultraviolet B light to be absorbed through the skin to synthesize to produce vitamin D.[2]
Nordicism, also "Nordic theory," is an ideology of racial supremacy that claims that a Nordic race, within the greater Caucasian race, constituted a master race.[3][4] This ideology was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in some Central and Northern European countries as well as in North America, and it achieved some further degree of mainstream acceptance throughout Germany via Nazism.
Background ideas [edit]
Attitudes in ancient Europe [edit]
Most ancient writers were from the Southern European civilisations, and generally took the view that people living in the north of their lands were barbarians. Pale skin and light hair were described as signs of barbarism by Polemon of Laodicea in his book Physiognomica.[5] Pseudo-Aristotle[6] noted differences between Greeks and the people of the north, believing that Greek superiority was visible in their medium skin tone, as opposed to pale northerners and dark southerners and Africans. Aristotle himself claimed that blue eyes had less liquid in them than darker eyes, and that they indicated poor eyesight, especially in daylight.[7]
Despite this, Aphrodite was often depicted with blonde hair, as were deities associated with the sun.[8] Likewise, the Roman historian Tacitus idealized the Germanic tribes (which he considered autochthonous to their land) for qualities such as superior warlike ardor and chastity, in contrast to the Romans of his day - though his portrait is not unmixed - as he also portrays them as incurably lazy and addicted to gambling.[9][10]
Many Romans believed that fair features were beautiful. Wealthy Romans paid for blond and red wigs made from the hair of captured Germanics or Celts.[11]
Renaissance [edit]
During the Renaissance, blonde hair, blue eyes, and pale skin were regularly portrayed in literature as signs of beauty and were associated with noble moral qualities.[12] This imagery was largely aesthetic. It was not typically theorised in terms of racial difference, drawing instead on traditional symbolism of light as opposed to darkness.
Enlightenment [edit]
From the 17th century onwards, as Central and Northern European countries became more powerful, and their people began to adapt such aesthetic traditions into arguments for their own superiority. Benjamin Franklin proposed a clear distinction between "white" Europeans and "swarthy" Europeans, stating that immigration to the newly-born United States should favour the "white" Saxons and Englishmen rather than the "swarthy" Germans (except the Saxons), Italians, French, Russians, Spaniards, and Swedes.[13]
19th century racial thought [edit]
By the early-19th century these ideas were attached to emerging theories of racial hierarchy. The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer attributed civilisational primacy to the "white races" who gained their sensitivity and intelligence by refinement in the rigorous north:
The highest civilisation and culture, apart from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmans, the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea Islands.[14]
Aryanism [edit]
Such arguments became especially significant when allied to the theory of Aryanism in the mid-19th century. This theory held that native speakers of the Indo-European languages ("Aryans") are an innately superior branch of humanity, responsible for most of its greatest achievements.
Its principal proponent was Arthur de Gobineau in his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855). Though Gobineau did not equate Nordic peoples with Aryans, he argued that Germanic people were the best modern representatives of the Aryan race. Adapting the comments of Tacitus and other Roman writers, he argued that "pure" Northerners regenerated Europe after the Roman empire declined due to racial "dilution" of its leadership.
By the 1880s a number of linguists and anthropologists argued that the Aryans themselves had originated somewhere in northern Europe. Theodor Poesche proposed that the Aryans originated in the vast Rokitno, or Pinsk Marshes, then in the Russian Empire, now covering much of the southern part of Belarus and the north-west of the Ukraine, but it was Karl Penka who popularized the idea that the Aryans had emerged in Scandinavia and could be identified by the distinctive Nordic characteristics of blond hair and blue eyes.
The distinguished biologist Thomas Henry Huxley agreed with him, coining the term "Xanthochroi" to refer to fair-skinned Europeans, as opposed to darker Mediterranean peoples, whom Huxley called "Melanochroi".[15][16] It was Huxley who also concluded that the Melanochroi (Peoples of the Mediterranean race), who he described as "dark whites", are of a mixture of the Xanthochroi and Australioids.[17]
This distinction was repeated by Charles Morris in his book The Aryan Race (1888), which argued that the original Aryans could be identified by their blond hair and other Nordic features, such as dolichocephaly (long skull). The argument was given extra impetus by the French anthropologist Vacher de Lapouge in his book L'Aryen, in which he argued that the "dolichocephalic-blond" peoples were natural leaders, destined to rule over more brachycephalic (short-skulled) peoples.[18]
The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche also referred in his writings to "blond beasts": amoral adventurers who were supposed to be the progenitors of creative cultures.[19] In On the Genealogy of Morals (1887), he wrote, "In Latin malus ... could indicate the vulgar man as the dark one, especially as the black-haired one, as the pre-Aryan dweller of the Italian soil which distinguished itself most clearly through his colour from the blonds who became their masters, namely the Aryan conquering race."[20]
Defining characteristics [edit]
It was the Russian-born French anthropologist Joseph Deniker that initially proposed "nordique" (meaning simply "northern") as an "ethnic group" (a term that he coined).
He defined nordique by a set of physical characteristics: The concurrence of fair, somewhat wavy hair, light eyes, reddish skin, tall stature and a dolichocephalic skull.[21] Of six 'Caucasian' groups Deniker accommodated four into secondary ethnic groups, all of which he considered intermediate to the Nordic: Northwestern, Sub-Nordic, Vistula and Sub-Adriatic, respectively.[22][23]
American economist William Z. Ripley purported to define scientifically a "Teutonic race" in his book The Races of Europe (1899).[24] He divided Europeans into three main subcategories: Teutonic (teutonisch), Alpine and Mediterranean. According to Ripley the "Teutonic race" resided in Scandinavia, north Germany, Baltic states and East Prussia, north Poland, north Russia, Britain, Ireland, parts of Central Europe and was typified by "very light" hair, blue eyes, tall stature and a narrow, aquiline nose. Georges Vacher de Lapouge had called this race "Homo Europaeus".
Madison Grant, in his book The Passing of the Great Race, took up Ripley's classification. He described a "Nordic" or "Baltic" type:
"long skulled, very tall, fair skinned, with blond or brown hair and light colored eyes. The Nordics inhabit the countries around the North and Baltic Seas and include not only the great Scandinavian and Teutonic groups, but also other early peoples who first appear in southern Europe and in Asia as representatives of Aryan language and culture."[25]
According to Grant, the "Alpine race", shorter in stature, darker in colouring, with a rounder head, predominated in Central and Eastern Europe through to Turkey and the Eurasian steppes of Central Asia and Southern Russia. The "Mediterranean race", with dark hair and eyes, aquiline nose, swarthy complexion, moderate-to-short stature, and moderate or long skull was said to be prevalent in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[26][27]
20th century [edit]
By 1902 the German archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna claimed to have identified the original Aryans (Proto-Indo-Europeans) with the north German Corded Ware culture, an argument that gained in currency over the following two decades. He placed the Indo-European Urheimat in Schleswig-Holstein, arguing that they had expanded across Europe from there.[28] By the early 20th century this theory was well established, though far from universally accepted. Sociologists were soon using the concept of a "blond race" to model the migrations of the supposedly more entrepreneurial and innovative components of European populations. As late as 1939 Carleton Coon wrote that "The Poles who came to the United States during the 19th century, and the early decades of the 20th, did not represent a cross-section of the Polish population, but a taller, blonder, longer-headed group than the Poles as a whole."[29] The "high brow"/"low brow" distinction, derived from such theories, also became enshrined in language.
It was the already mentioned work of sociologist/economist William Z. Ripley which popularized the idea of three biological European races. Ripley borrowed Deniker's terminology of Nordic (he had previously used the term "Teuton"); his division of the European races relied on a variety of anthropometric measurements, but focused especially on their cephalic index and stature.
Compared to Deniker, Ripley advocated a simplified racial view and proposed a single Teutonic race linked to geographic areas where Nordic-like characteristics predominate, and contrasted these areas to the boundaries of two other types, Alpine and Mediterranean, thus reducing the 'caucasoid branch of humanity' to three distinct groups.[32]
By the early 20th century, Ripley's tripartite Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean model was well established. Most nineteenth-century race-theorists like Arthur de Gobineau, Otto Ammon, Georges Vacher de Lapouge, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain preferred to speak of "Aryans," "Teutons," and "Indo-Europeans" instead of "Nordic Race". The British German racialist Houston Stewart Chamberlain considered the Nordic race to be made up of Celtic and Germanic peoples, as well as some Slavs. Chamberlain called those people Celt-Germanic peoples, and his ideas would influence Adolf Hitler's Nazi ideology.
Only in the 1920s did a strong partiality for "Nordic" begin to reveal itself, and for a while the term was used almost interchangeably with Aryan.[33] Later, however, Nordic would not be co-terminous with Aryan, Indo-European or Germanic.[34] For example, the later Nazi minister for Food, Richard Walther Darré, who had developed a concept of the German peasantry as Nordic race, used the term 'Aryan' to refer to the tribes of the Iranian plains.[34]
The notion of a distinct northern European race was also rejected by several anthropologists on craniometric grounds. Rudolf Virchow attacked the claim following a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results according to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryan race." During the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe, Virchow denounced the "Nordic mysticism," while Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races," furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology" led to "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race".[35]
Coon (1939) [edit]
Carleton Coon in his book of 1939 The Races of Europe subdivided the Nordic race into three main types, "Corded", "Danubian" and "Keltic", besides a "Neo-Danubian" type[36] and a variety of Nordic types altered by Upper Palaeolithic or Alpine admixture.[37][38][39] "Exotic Nordics" are morphologically Nordic types that occur in places distant from the northwestern European center of Nordic concentration.[40]
Coon takes the Nordics to be a partially depigmented branch of the greater Mediterranean racial stock. He suggests that the Nordic type emerged as a result of a mixture of "the Danubian Mediterranean strain with the later Corded element". Hence his two main Nordic types show Corded and Danubian predominance, respectively .[41] The third "Keltic" or "Hallstatt" type Coon takes to have emerged in the European Iron Age, in Central Europe, where it was subsequently mostly replaced, but "found a refuge in Sweden and in the eastern valleys of southern Norway."[42]
Coon further recognizes the following terminology of earlier authors:[43]
- Fenno-Nordic, "a hypothetical eastern branch of the Nordic race"
- Noric, "a blond, Dinaricized Nordic"
- Osterdal type, "the classic Iron Age Nordic, as found today in the eastern valleys of Norway"
- Sub-Nordic, "a racial group which would fall partly in the East Baltic and partly in the Neo-Danubian categories"
- Trønderlagen type or Trønder type, "a variety of Nordic with an excessive Corded element and Upper Palaeolithic mixture"
- Anglo-Saxon type, "a sub-type of Nordic which contains unreduced Upper Palaeolithic mixture"
Depigmentation theory [edit]
Coon's (1939) theory that the Nordic race was a depigmentated variation of the greater Mediterranean racial stock was also supported by his mentor Earnest Albert Hooton who in the same year published Twilight of Man, which notes: "The Nordic race is certainly a depigmented offshoot from the basic long-headed Mediterranean stock. It deserves separate racial classification only because its blond hair (ash or golden), its pure blue or gray eyes".[44]
Nordicism [edit]
By the early twentieth century the concept of a "masterly" Nordic race had become so familiar that the British psychologist William McDougall, writing in 1920, could say with confidence:
Among all the disputes and uncertainties of the ethnographers about the races of Europe, one fact stands out clearly—namely, that we can distinguish a race of northerly distribution and origin, characterized physically by fair colour of hair and skin and eyes, by tall stature and dolichocephaly (i.e. long shape of head), and mentally by great independence of character, individual initiative, and tenacity of will. Many names have been used to denote this type, ... . It is also called the Nordic type.[45]
Nordicists claimed that Nordics had formed upper tiers of ancient civilizations, even in the Mediterranean civilizations of antiquity, which had declined once this dominant race had been assimilated. Thus they argued that ancient evidence suggested that leading Romans like Nero, Sulla, and Cato were blond or red-haired[46][47][48][49]
Some Nordicists admitted the Mediterranean race was superior to the Nordic in terms of artistic ability. However, the Nordic race was regarded as superior on the basis that, although Mediterranean peoples were culturally sophisticated, it was the Nordics who were alleged to be the innovators and conquerors, having an adventurous spirit that no other race could match.
The Alpine race was usually regarded as inferior to both the Nordic and Mediterranean races, making up the traditional peasant class of Europe while Nordics occupied the aristocracy and led the world in technology, and Mediterraneans were regarded as more imaginative.[50]
Opponents of Nordicism rejected these arguments. The anti-Nordicist writer Giuseppe Sergi argued in his influential book The Mediterranean Race (1901) that there was no evidence that the upper tiers of ancient societies were Nordic, insisting that historical and anthropological evidence contradicted such claims. Sergi argued that Mediterraneans constituted "the greatest race in the world", with a creative edge absent in the Nordic race. According to him, they were the creators of all the major ancient civilizations, from Mesopotamia to Rome.
This argument was later repeated by C.G. Seligman, who wrote that "it must, I think, be recognized that the Mediterranean race has actually more achievement to its credit than any other".[51] Even Carleton Coon insisted that among Greeks "the Nordic element is weak, as it probably has been since the days of Homer...It is my personal reaction to the living Greeks that their continuity with their ancestors of the ancient world is remarkable, rather than the opposite."[52]
In the USA [edit]
In the USA, the primary spokesman for Nordicism was the eugenicist Madison Grant. His 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race, or the Racial Basis of European History about Nordicism was highly influential among racial thinking and government policy making.[53]
Grant used the theory as justification for immigration policies of the 1920s, arguing that the immigrants from certain areas of Europe represented a lesser type of European and their numbers in the United States should not be increased. Grant and others urged this as well as the complete restriction of non-Europeans, such as the Chinese and Japanese.
Grant argued the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements, and admixture was "race suicide" and unless eugenic policies were enacted, the Nordic race would be supplanted by inferior races. Future president Calvin Coolidge agreed, stating "Biological laws tell us that certain divergent people will not mix or blend. The Nordics propagate themselves successfully. With other races, the outcome shows deterioration on both sides."[54]
The Immigration Act of 1924 was signed into law by President Coolidge. This was designed to reduce the number of immigrants from Southern Europe and Russia, exclude Asian immigrants altogether, and favor immigration from the British Isles, France, Germany, Poland, Sweden and Norway.
The spread of these ideas also affected popular culture. F. Scott Fitzgerald invokes Grant's ideas through a character in part of The Great Gatsby, and Hilaire Belloc jokingly rhapsodied the "Nordic man" in a poem and essay in which he satirised the stereotypes of Nordics, Alpines and Mediterraneans.[55]
Writers such as Jack London, Robert E. Howard, and H. P. Lovecraft reflected Nordicist ideas in their fictions.
Nordicist thought in Germany [edit]
In Germany, however, the influence of Nordicism remained powerful. There it was known under the term "Nordischer Gedanke" (Nordic thought).
This phrase was coined by the German eugenicists Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz. It appeared in their 1921 work Human Heredity, which insisted on the innate superiority of the Nordic race.[56]
Adapting the arguments of Schopenhauer and others to Darwinian theory, they argued that the qualities of initiative and will-power identified by earlier writers had arisen from natural selection, because of the tough landscape in which Nordic peoples evolved. This had ensured that weaker individuals had not survived.
This argument was derived from earlier eugenicist and Social Darwinist ideas. According to the authors, the Nordic race arose in the ice age, from,
- quite a small group which, under stress of rapidly changing conditions (climate, beasts of the chase) was exposed to exceptionally rigorous selection and was persistently inbred, thus acquiring the peculiar characteristics which persist today as the exclusive heritage of the Nordic race....Philological, archaeological and anthropological researches combine to indicate that the primal home of the Indo-Germanic [i.e Aryan] languages must have been in Northern Europe.
They went on to argue that "the original Indo-Germanic civilization" was carried by Nordic migrants as far as India, and that the physiognomy of upper-caste Indians "disclose a Nordic origin".[57]
By this time, Germany was well-accustomed to theories of race and racial superiority due to the long presence of the Völkish movement, the philosophy that Germans constituted a unique people, or volk, linked by common blood. While Volkism was popular mainly among Germany's lower classes and was more a romanticized version of ethnic nationalism, Nordicism attracted German anthropologists and eugenicists.
Hans F. K. Günther, one of Fischer's students, first defined "Nordic thought" in his programmatic book Der Nordische Gedanke unter den Deutschen.[58] He became the most influential German in this field. His Short Ethnology of the German People (1929) was very widely circulated.
In his Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Race-Lore of the German Volk), published 1922, Günther identified five principal European races instead of three, adding the East Baltic race and Dinaric race to Ripley's categories.[33] He used the term Ostic instead of Alpine.[33] He focused on their supposedly distinct mental attributes.
Günther criticised the Völkish idea, stating that the Germans were not racially unified, but were actually one of the most racially diverse peoples in Europe. Despite this, many Völkists who merged Völkism and Nordicism embraced Günther's ideas, most notably the Nazis.[59][60]
Nazi Nordicism [edit]
Adolf Hitler read Human Heredity shortly before he wrote Mein Kampf, and called it scientific proof of the racial basis of civilization.[61] Its arguments were also repeated by the Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, in his book The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930).
Nazi racial theories, such as those of Julius Evola, held the Atlanteans to be a race of Nordic supermen, and Alfred Rosenberg wrote of a "Nordic-Atlantean" master race whose civilization was lost through inward corruption and betrayal. The Occult and Nazism Re-Examined. According to Rosenberg, the Nordic race had evolved in a now-lost landmass off the coast of Europe, perhaps mythical Atlantis, migrated through northern Europe and expanded further south, and as far as Iran and India where it founded the Aryan cultures of Zoroastrianism and Hinduism. Like Grant and others, he argued that the entrepreneurial energy of the Nordics had "degenerated" when they mixed with "inferior" peoples.
With the rise of Hitler, Nordic theory became the norm within German culture. In some cases the "Nordic" concept became an almost abstract ideal rather than a mere racial category. For example Hermann Gauch wrote in 1933 (in a book which was banned in the Third Reich[62]) that the fact that "birds can be taught to talk better than other animals is explained by the fact that their mouths are Nordic in structure." He further claimed that in humans, "the shape of the Nordic gum allows a superior movement of the tongue, which is the reason why Nordic talking and singing are richer."[63]
Such views were extreme, but more mainstream Nordic theory was institutionalized. Hans F. K. Günther, who joined the Nazi Party in 1932, was praised as a pioneer in racial thinking, a shining light of Nordic theory. Most official Nazi comments on the Nordic Race were based on Günther's works, and Alfred Rosenberg presented Günther with a medal for his work in anthropology.
Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz were also appointed to senior positions overseeing the policy of Racial Hygiene. Madison Grant's book was the first non-German book to be translated and published by the Nazi Reich press, and Grant proudly displayed to his friends a letter from Hitler claiming that the book was "his Bible."[64][65]
The Nazi state used such ideas about the differences between European races as part of their various discriminatory and coercive policies which culminated in the Holocaust. Ironically, in Grant's first edition of his popular book, he classified the Germans as being primarily Nordic, but in his second edition, published after the USA had entered World War I, he had re-classified the now enemy power as being dominated by "inferior" Alpines.
Günther's work agreed with Grant's, and the German anthropologist frequently stated that the Germans are definitely not a fully Nordic people. Hitler himself was later to downplay the importance of Nordicism in public for this very reason. The standard tripartite model placed most of the population of Hitler's Germany in the Alpine category, especially after the Anschluss.
J. Kaup led a movement opposed to Günther. Kaup took the view that a German nation, all of whose citizens belonged to a "German race" in a populationist sense, offered a more convenient sociotechnical tool than Günther's concept of an ideal Nordic type to which only a very few Germans could belong.
Nazi legislation identifying the ethnic and "racial" affinities of the Jews reflects the populationist concept of race. Discrimination was not restricted to Jews who belonged to the "Oriental-Armenoid" race, but was directed against all members of the Jewish ethnic population.[66]
The German Jewish journalist Kurt Caro (1905–1979) who emigrated to Paris in 1933 and served in the British army from 1943,[67] published a book under the pseudonym Manuel Humbert claiming to unmask Hitler's "Mein Kampf" in which he stated the following racial composition of the Jewish population of Central Europe: 23,8% Lapponid race, 21,5% Nordic race, 20,3% Armenoid race, 18,4% Mediterranean race, 16,0% Oriental race.[68]
By 1939 Hitler had abandoned Nordicist rhetoric in favour of the idea that the German people as a whole were united by distinct "spiritual" qualities. Nevertheless, Nazi eugenics policies continued to favor Nordics over Alpines and other racial groups, particularly during the war when decisions were being made about the incorporation of conquered peoples into the Reich.[69][70][71]
In 1942 Hitler stated in private,
I shall have no peace of mind until I have planted a seed of Nordic blood wherever the population stand in need of regeneration. If at the time of the migrations, while the great racial currents were exercising their influence, our people received so varied a share of attributes, these latter blossomed to their full value only because of the presence of the Nordic racial nucleus.[72]
Hitler and Himmler planned to use the SS as the basis for the racial "regeneration" of Europe following the final victory of Nazism. The SS was to be a racial elite chosen on the basis of "pure" Nordic qualities.[73][74][75]
Addressing officers of the SS-Leibstandarte "Adolf Hitler" Himmler stated:
The ultimate aim for those 11 years during which I have been the Reichsfuehrer SS has been invariably the same: to create an order of good blood which is able to serve Germany; which unfailingly and without sparing itself can be made use of because the greatest losses can do no harm to the vitality of this order, the vitality of these men, because they will always be replaced; to create an order which will spread the idea of Nordic blood so far that we will attract all Nordic blood in the world, take away the blood from our adversaries, absorb it so that never again, looking at it from the viewpoint of grand policy, Nordic blood, in great quantities and to an extent worth mentioning, will fight against us.[76]
Nordicist thought in Italy [edit]
Nordicist thought existed in Italy, and particularly amongst northern Italians.[citation needed] Nordicism was controversial in Italy because of common Nordicist perceptions of Mediterranean people, and especially southern Italians, being racially degenerate. The distinction between a superior northern Italy and a degenerate and an inferior southern Italy was promoted by Carlo Formichi, the Vice-President of the Italian Academy, who in 1921 said that Italy needed "a great revolution ..., a return to the genius of the noble Aryan race, which is after all our race, but that has been overcome by the Semitic civilization and mentality".[77]
Fascist Nordicism [edit]
Italian Fascism's stance towards Nordicism changed from being initially hostile to being favourable.
Italian Fascism strongly rejected the common Nordicist conception of the Aryan Race that idealized "pure" Aryans as having certain physical traits that were defined as Nordic such as fair skin, blond hair and light eyes.[78] The antipathy by Mussolini and other Italian Fascists to Nordicism was over the existence of what they viewed as the Mediterranean inferiority complex that they claimed had been instilled into Mediterraneans by the propagation of such theories by German and Anglo-Saxon Nordicists who viewed Mediterranean peoples as racially degenerate and thus in their view inferior.[78] However traditional Nordicist claims of Mediterraneans being degenerate due to having a darker colour of skin than Nordics had long been rebuked in anthropology through the depigmentation theory that claimed that lighter skinned peoples had been dipigmented from a darker skin, this theory has since become a widely accepted view in anthropology.[79] Anthropologist Carleton S. Coon in his work The races of Europe (1939) subscribed to depigmentation theory that claimed that Nordic race's light-coloured skin was the result of depigmentation from their ancestors of the Mediterranean race.[1] Mussolini refused to allow Italy to return again to this inferiority complex, initially rejecting Nordicism.[78]
In the early 1930s, with the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany with Hitler's emphasis on a Nordicist conception of the Aryan Race, strong tensions arose between the Fascists and the Nazis over racial issues. In 1934, in the aftermath of Austrian Nazis killing Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, an ally of Italy, Mussolini became enraged and responded by angrily denouncing Nazism. Mussolini rebuked Nazism's Nordicism, claiming that the Nazis' emphasizing of a common Nordic "Germanic race" was absurd, saying "a Germanic race does not exist. ... We repeat. Does not exist. Scientists say so. Hitler says so."[80] The fact that Germans were not purely Nordic was indeed acknowledged by prominent Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. Günther in his book Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (1922) ("Racial Science of the German People"), where Günther recognized Germans as being composed of five Aryan subtype races: Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine, and East Baltic while asserting that the Nordics were the highest in a racial hierarchy of the five subtypes.[81]
By 1936, the tensions between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany reduced and relations became more amicable. In 1936, Mussolini decided to launch a racial program in Italy, and was interested in the racial studies being conducted by Giulio Cogni.[82] Cogni was a Nordicist but did not equate Nordic identity with Germanic identity as was commonly done by German Nordicists.[83] Cogni had travelled to Germany where he had become impressed by Nazi racial theory and sought to create his own version of racial theory.[84] On 11 September 1936, Cogni sent Mussolini a copy of his newly published book Il Razzismo (1936).[82] Cogni declared the racial affinity of the Mediterranean and Nordic racial subtypes of the Aryan race and claimed that the intermixing of Nordic Aryans and Mediterranean Aryans in Italy produced a superior synthesis of Aryan Italians.[83] Cogni addressed the issue of racial differences between northern and southern Italians, declaring southern Italians were mixed between Aryan and non-Aryan races, that he claimed was most likely due to infiltration by Asiatic peoples in Roman times and later Arab invasions.[82] As such, Cogni viewed Southern Italian Mediterraneans as being polluted with orientalizing tendencies.[82] Initially Mussolini was not impressed with Cogni's work, however Cogni's ideas later entered into the official Fascist racial policy several years later.[82]
In 1938 Mussolini was concerned that if Italian Fascism did not recognize Nordic heritage within Italians, that the Mediterranean inferiority complex would return to Italian society.[78] Therefore in summer 1938, the Fascist government officially recognized Italians as having Nordic heritage and being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent and in a meeting with PNF members, and in June 1938 in a meeting with PNF members, Mussolini identified himself as Nordic and declared that previous policy of focus on Mediterraneanism was to be replaced by a focus on Aryanism.[78] Mussolini in July 1938 declared that Italians had strong Nordic heritage particularly through the heritage of the Germanic tribe of the Lombards who conquered Italy after the collapse of the Roman Empire and claimed that the intermixing of Mediterranean Romans with the Nordic Lombards was the last significant racial mixing that occurred in Italy and that none had not occurred since.[85]
Post-Nazi re-evaluation and decline of Nordicism [edit]
Even before the rise of Nazism, Grant's concept of "race" lost favor in the USA in the polarizing political climate after World War I, including the Great Migration and the Great Depression. By the 1930s, criticism of the Nordicist model was growing in Britain and America. The British historian Arnold J. Toynbee in A Study of History (1934) argued that the most dynamic civilisations have arisen from racially mixed cultures. In southern Europe the theory understandably had less influence.
This required the abandonment of Grant's gradations of "white" in favour of the "One-drop theory"—which was embraced by white supremacists and black supremacists alike. Among the latter were Marcus Garvey, and, in part, W. E. B. Du Bois, at least in his later thought.[86]
With the rise of Nazism many critics pointed to the flaws in the theory, repeating the arguments made by Sergi and others that the evidence of ancient Nordic achievement is thin when set against the civilizations of the Mediterranean and elsewhere. The equation of Nordic and Aryan identity was also widely criticised.[87]
In 1936 M.W. Fodor, writing in The Nation, claimed that racialised Germanic nationalism arose from an inferiority complex:
No race has suffered so much from an inferiority complex as has the German. National Socialism was a kind of Coué method of converting the inferiority complex, at least temporarily, into a feeling of superiority.[88]
Some Lombard nationalists took it up in Italy, but even after the establishment of Benito Mussolini's fascist government racial theories were not prominent.[89] Mussolini stated, "Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist."[90]
After World War II, the categorization of peoples into "superior" and "inferior" groups fell even further out of political and scientific favor, eventually leading to the characterization of such theories as scientific racism. The tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book The Origin of Races (1962).
Already race academics such as A. James Gregor were heavily criticizing Nordicism. In 1961 Gregor called it a "philosophy of despair", on the grounds that its obsession with purity doomed it to ultimate pessimism and isolationism.[91]
As late as 1977 the Swedish author Bertil Lundman wrote a book The Races And Peoples Of Europe mentioning a "Nordid Race". The development of the Kurgan theory of Indo-European origins challenged the Nordicist equation of Aryan and Nordic identity, since it placed the earliest Indo-European speakers around central Asia and/or far-eastern Europe (although according the Kurgan hypothesis some Proto-Indo-Europeans did eventually migrate into Central and Northern Europe and become the ancestors of the Nordic peoples.)
The original German term used by Ripley, "Theodiscus", which is translated into English as Teutonic, has fallen out of favour amongst German-speaking scholars, and is restricted to a somewhat ironical usage similar to the archaic teutsch, if used at all. While the term is still present in English, which has retained it in some contexts as a translation of the traditional Latin Teutonicus (most notably the aforementioned Teutonic Order), it should not be translated into German as "Teutonisch" except when referring to the historical Teutones.
Early criticism: depigmentation theory [edit]
Nordicism was subject to substantial criticism. Carleton Steven Coon in his work The races of Europe (1939) subscribed to depigmentation theory that claimed that Nordic race's light-coloured skin was the result of depigmentation from their ancestors of the Mediterranean race.[1] The depigmentation theory received notable support from later anthropologists, thus in 1947 Melville Jacobs noted: "To many physical anthropologists Nordic means a group with an especially high percentage of blondness, which represent a depigmentated Mediterranean".[92] In her work Races of Man (1963, 2nd Ed. 1965) Sonia Mary Cole went further to argue that the Nordic race belongs to the "brunette Mediterrenean" Caucasoid division but that it differs only in its higher percentage of blonde hair and light eyes. The Harvard anthropologist Claude Alvin Villee, Jr. also was a notable proponent of this theory, writing: "The Nordic division, a partially depigmized branch of the Meditterranean group."[93] Collier's Encyclopedia as late as 1984 contains an entry for this theory, citing anthropological support.[94] Early 21st century genetic studies have provided new insights into the origins of Irish people as well as their neighbours from other parts of the British Isles. Correspondingly, researchers in the field have suggested that migrations from Prehistoric Iberia can be viewed as the primary source for their genetic material, having demonstrated marked similarities with modern representatives of the aforementioned time period in that of the Basque people. However, the majority of Irish males fall under the R1b sub-clade L-21, which is quite rare for Basques. [95][96]
Lundman (1977) [edit]
In his work The Races and Peoples of Europe (1977) the Swedish anthropologist Bertil Lundman introduced the term "Nordid" to describe the Nordic race, described as follows:
"The Nordid race is light-eyed, mostly rather light-haired, low-skulled and long-skulled (dolichocephalic), tall and slender, with more or less narrow face and narrow nose, and low frequency of blood type gene q. The Nordid race has several subraces. The most divergent is the Faelish subrace in western Germany and also in the interior of southwestern Norway. The Faelish subrace is broader of face and form. So is the North-Atlantid subrace (the North-Occidental race of Deniker), which is like the primary type, but has much darker hair. Above all in the oceanic parts of Great Britain the North-Atlantid subrace is also very high in blood type gene r and low in blood type gene p. The major type with distribution particularly in Scandinavia is here termed the Scandid or Scando-Nordid subrace."
Forensic anthropology [edit]
Some forensic scientists, pathologists and anthropologists up to the 1990s continued to use the tripartite division of Caucasoids: Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean, based on their cranial anthropometry. The anthropologist Wilton M. Krogman for example identified Nordic racial crania in her work "The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine" (1986) as being "dolichochranic".[97] In his work "Forensic Pathology", published in 1991, Bernard Knight, a Professor of Forensic Pathology, also uses the tripartite model and identifies the Nordic race based on its dolichocephalic skull shape.[98] Forensic anthropologists of the 21st century however no longer continue to use the tripartite division of Caucasoids, but instead only recognise Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid through analysis of skeletal remains and not subraces of these racial groups.[99]
21st century [edit]
In the 21st century there is unanimous agreement among anthopologists and biologists that completely "pure" races do not and have not existed. Current views of European anthropologists on race: influence of educational and ideological background.[100] In other words, there are not identifiable clades of humans that exactly correspond with any ethnic groups, although population genetics have identified some dominant clades among the ethno-linguistic groups. This opportunity for population genetics has reduced the degree of speculation about human prehistory and about the validity of early recorded history.
Genetic reality [edit]
The emergence of population genetics further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the genetic history of Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the "indigenous" Basques and Sami from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."[101][102][103][104]
See also [edit]
- Aryan
- Aryan certificate
- Genetic history of Europe
- Germanic peoples
- Martial races theory
- Nordic aliens
- Scandinavism
- The Race Question
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
Race and political movements:
- Apartheid
- Ethnocentrism
- Know-Nothing movement
- Ku Klux Klan
- Racial segregation
- Swastika
- White nationalism
- White supremacy
Notes [edit]
- ^ a b c Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern. General anthropology. Barnes & Noble, 1963. P. 57.
- ^ R. Hegselmann, Ulrich Mueller, Klaus G. Troitzsch. Modelling and Simulation in the Social Sciences from the Philosophy of Science Point of View. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. Pp. 118-
- ^ Gregor, A James (1960). "Nordicism Revisted". Phylon: 352–360.
- ^ The racial ideology of Nordicism should not be confused with the political movement of Nordism (Pan-Scandinavianism).
- ^ "Blond and whitish hair, like that of Scythians signifies stupidity, evilness, savagery", Physiognomica, 8.11-1; Isaac, Benjamin, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity, Princeton University Press, pp. 56-8
- ^ Evans, Elizabeth C. (Vol. 59, No. 5, 1969). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.
- ^ Aristotle. "On The Generation Of Animals". Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ Pitman, Joanna (2003 Edition). On Blondes. USA: Bloombury Press. pp. 24, 30–1, 36, 37–8. ISBN 1-58234-120-6.
- ^ Tacitus. "Germania". Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Rachel (2001-5). "Tacitus, Roman historian". Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ Pitman, Joanna (2003 Edition). On Blondes. USA: Bloombury Press. pp. 12, 27, 32–37. ISBN 1-58234-120-6.
- ^ "Shakespeare's Sonnets". Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ Franklin, Benjamin. "Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.". Retrieved 2007-07-16
- ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1851). Parerga and Paralipomena. Vol. 2, Section 92.
- ^ Huxley, Thomas. "The Aryan Question". Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ Huxley, Thomas. "On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind". Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ Huxley, Thomas. On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind. 1870. August 14, 2006. aleph0.clarku.edu
- ^ Vacher de Lapouge (trans Clossen, C), Georges (1899). "Old and New Aspects of the Aryan Question". The American Journal of Sociology 5 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1086/210895.
- ^ Detwiler, Bruce (1990). Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-226-14354-6.
- ^ Nietzsche, Friedrich (1887). "On the Genealogy of Morals". Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ Deniker, J., The Races of Man
- ^ Deniker, J. - Les Races de l'Europe (1899);The Races of Man (London: Walter Scott Ltd., 1900);Les Races et les Peuples de la Terre (Masson et Cie, Paris, 1926)
- ^ Deniker (J.) "Essai d'une classification des races humaines, basée uniquement sur les caractères physiques". Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. Volume 12 Numéro 12. 1889. pp. 320-336.
- ^ William Z. Ripley, in The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899)
- ^ Madison Grant, "The Passing of the Great Race", Scribner's Sons, 1921, p. 167
- ^ John Higham (2002). Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. Rutgers University Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-8135-3123-3.
- ^ Bryan S Turner (1998). The Early Sociology of Class. Taylor & Francis. p. 241. ISBN 0-415-16723-X.
- ^ Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols. USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-226-02860-7.
- ^ Coon, Carleton (1939). The Races of Europe, chapter 1, Theory and Principles of the Concept Race. USA: Macmillan.
- ^ From Kossina to Bromley. Ethnogenesis in Slavic Archaeology. Florin Curta. Pg 206. .. the local Slavs of the prehistoric period, as seen from the archaeological evidence, were fair haired people with elongated skulls
- ^ Carleton S Coon. The Races of Europe. Chapter VI, section 7 "Iron Age Peoples. "The evidence of literary sources makes the Slavs of nordic stature and pigmentation, that of osteology makes them the same in the metrical and morphological sense"
- ^ J.G. (1899). "review of The Races of Europe by William Z. Ripley". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 29 (1/2): 188–189.
- ^ a b c Geoffrey G. Field, Nordic Racism, in: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 38, No. 3. (Jul. - Sep., 1977), pp. 523-540; JSTOR
- ^ a b Anna Bramwell. 1985. Blood and Soil: Richard Walther Darré and Hitler's "Green Party". Abbotsbrook, England: The Kensal Press. ISBN 0-946041-33-4, p. 39&40
- ^ Andrea Orsucci, "Ariani, indogermani, stirpi mediterranee: aspetti del dibattito sulle razze europee (1870-1914), Cromohs, 1998 (Italian)
- ^ "de-Corded Nordic (and hence Danubian) prototype brachycephalized by Ladogan admixture." Plate 31: Neo-Danubians
- ^ Plate 32: Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: I
- ^ Plate 33: Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: II
- ^ Plate 34: Nordics Altered by Mixture with Southwestern Borreby and Alpine Elements
- ^ examples from eastern Russia, Albania, Portugal and North Africa; Plate 30: Exotic Nordics
- ^ Plate 27: The Nordic Race: Examples of Corded Predominance
- ^ The Nordic Race: Hallstatt and Keltic Iron Age Types
- ^ Coon (1939), "Appendix II.: Glossary"
- ^ Twilight of Man, Earnest Albert Hooton, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1939 p. 77.
- ^ McDougall, William (1973 edition). The Group Mind. USA: Arno Press. p. 159.
- ^ "Suetonius,Life of Nero". 2008-5. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ "Pluatarch,Life of Sulla". 2008-5. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ "Pluatarch,Life of Cato". 2008-5. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ "All these are roads taken by Nordic tribes: by the Phrygians to Troy and Asia Minor; by the Nordic Hellenes to Greece; by the Nordic Italics (Romans) to Italy; by the Nordic Kelts to France and Spain. To these lands these tribes bring their Indo-European languages, and as the ruling class force them on to the subject, mainly Mediterranean, lower orders.",.Günther, Hans F K (1927). "The Racial Elements of European History". Methuen. p. chaper 8, part one. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ According to Madision Grant, "The Nordics are, all over the world, a race of soldiers, sailors, adventurers, and explorers, but above all, of rulers, organizers, and aristocrats in sharp contrast to the essentially peasant character of the Alpines...The mental characteristics of the Mediterranean race are well known, and this race, while inferior in bodily stamina to both the Nordic and the Alpine, is probably the superior of both, certainly of the Alpines, in intellectual attainments." Grant accepts that Mediterraneans created Semitic and Egyptian cultures, but insisted that Greece was "invigorated" by Nordics, and that "Roman ideals of family life, loyalty, and truth, point clearly to a Nordic rather than to a Mediterranean origin" .Grant, Madison (1916). "The Passing of the Great Race". p. part 2, ch. 11; part 2, chapter 5. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ Seligman, C.G. (1924). "Presidential Address. Anthropology and Psychology: A Study of Some Points of Contact". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 54. Jan. - June: 30.
- ^ Coon, Carleton (1939). "The Races of Europe". p. Chapter XII, Section 14. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ Guterl, Matthew Pratt (2004). The Color of Race in America, 1900-1940. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01012-4.
- ^ Coolidge, Calvin (1921). "Whose Country is This?". Good Housekeeping: 14.
- ^ Belloc, Hilaire. "Talking (and singing) of the Nordic Man". Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Baur, E.; Fischer, E, Lenz, F. (1921 (1923)). Grundlagen der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene. München: Lehmann., Volume II, page 273 see: Lutzhöft 1971:15
- ^ Baur, Erwin; Fischer, Eugen; Lenz, Fritz (1931). Human Heredity. trans Eden and Cedar Paul. London: Allen and Unwin. p. 191.
- ^ Lutzhöft 1971:15
- ^ Snyder, Louis (1981). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Macmillan. p. 1799. ISBN 1-56924-917-2.
- ^ Günther, Hans F. K. (1981). Nazi Culture:The Nordic Race as an Ideal Type. New York: Schocken Books. p. 1799.
- ^ Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. "Racism: elimination of human beings of minor value". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ^ "Der genealogische Verein 'Roland' (Dresden) von 1933 bis 1945", Essay by Volkmar Weiss
- ^ Gauch, Hans (1934). New Foundations of Racial Science. USA: Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. p. 281. ISBN 1-56924-917-2.
- ^ Marks, Jonathan. "Eugenics -- Breeding a Better Citizenry Through Science". University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Alexander, Charles (1962). "Prophet of American Racism: Madison Grant and the Nordic Myth". Phylon (Phylon (1960-), Vol. 23, No. 1) 23 (1): 73–90. doi:10.2307/274146. JSTOR 274146.
- ^ The Racial Analysis of Human Populations in Relation to Their Ethnogenesis Andrzej Wiercinski; Tadeusz Bielicki, Current Anthropology, Vol. 3, No. 1. (Feb., 1962), pp. 2+9-46.
- ^ "Kurt Caro". German Federal Archives. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
- ^ Hitlers "Mein Kampf". Dichtung und Wahrheit by Manuel Humbert (Kurt Michael Caro) Paris 1936. page 139.
- ^ The Lebensborn program sought to extend the Nordic race. Gumkowkski, Janusz; Kazimierz Leszczynski. "Poland under Nazi Occupation". Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Crossland, David. "Nazi Program to breed Master race, Lebensborn Children Break Silence". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ "Opening Statement of the Prosecution in the Einsatzgruppen Trial". Nuremberg Trial Documents. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh, Hitler's Table Talk, 1941-44, 1973 edition, p. 475 (12 May 1942)
- ^ Hale, Christopher (2003). Himmler's Crusade. Bantam Press. pp. 74–87. ISBN 0-593-04952-7.
- ^ Russell, Stuart (1999). Heinrich Himmler's Camelot. Kressman-Backmayer.
- ^ Geoffrey G. Field, "Nordic Racism", Journal of the History of Ideas, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977, p. 523 JSTOR
- ^ DOCUMENT 1918-PS "Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp.553-572". University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Graham Bradshaw, Tom Bishop, Alexander C. Y. Huang, and Jonathan Gil Harris. The Shakespearean International Yearbook. Ashgate Publishing, 2011. Pp. 203.
- ^ a b c d e Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 188.
- ^ Alan W. Ertl. Toward an Understanding of Europe:A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: Universal Publishers, 2008. P. 8.
- ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2002. P. 45.
- ^ Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870-1940. Eastbourne, England: UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS, 2008, 2010. P. 150.
- ^ a b c d e Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2002. P. 60.
- ^ a b Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2002. P. 61.
- ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2002. P. 59-60.
- ^ Christopher Hibbert. Mussolini: The Rise and Fall of Il Duce. Palgrave MacMillan, 2008. P. 86.
- ^ "W.E.B. Dubois". Encarta. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ "Anthropologists on Aryanism". Time Magazine. August 13, 1934. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Fodor, M.W. (1936). "The Spread of Hitlerism". The Nation. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Gilette, Aaron (2001). Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London: Routledge. pp. 81–3. ISBN 0-415-25292-X.
- ^ Snowdon, Frank M (1940). "Race Propaganda in Italy". Phylon 1 (2): 103–111.
- ^ Gregor, A James (1961). "Nordicism revisited" (PDF). Phylon. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Outline of Physical Anthropology, 1947, p. 49.
- ^ Biology, 1972, Saunders, p. 786.
- ^ Collier's Encyclopedia, Vol. 9, William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman, Macmillan Educational Co., 1984, p. 412.
- ^ Nicholas Wade, "A United Kingdom? Maybe", New York Times, 6 Mar 2007, accessed 5 Jul 2010
- ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070306-21245600-bc-britain-brits.xml Science Daily
- ^ "The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine", Wilton Marion Krogman, M. Yaşar İşcan, C.C. Thomas, 1986, p. 270, p. 489.
- ^ "Forensic Pathology", Bernard Knight, Oxford University Press, 30 May 1991.
- ^ "Racial Identification in the Skull and Teeth", Totem: The University of Western Ontario, Journal of Anthropology, Volume 8, Issue 1 2000 Article 4.
- ^ American Anthropologist 111(1): 43-56.
- ^ "DNA heritage". Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ Dupanloup, Isabelle; , Giorgio Bertorelle, Lounès Chikhi and Guido Barbujani. "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the [[Genome]] of Europeans". Retrieved 2007-07-20. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
- ^ 3 "World Haplogroups Map". Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ Johnston, Ian (21 September 2006). "We're nearly all Celts under the skin". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
Further reading [edit]
- Jackson, John P. (2005). Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4271-6. Lay summary (30 August 2010).
- Hans Jürgen Lutzhöft (1971):Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920-1940. (German) Stuttgart. Ernst Klett Verlag.
- Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. Univ. of Vermont Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-715-6. Lay summary (29 September 2010).
- Tucker, William H. (2007). The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9. Lay summary (4 September 2010).
External links [edit]
- Examples of Nordics (plates 27-30 and 32-34) from Carleton Coon's The Races of Europe
- The Racial Basis of Civilization by Frank H. Hankins critique of the Nordic doctrine (full text)
- "Nordicism revisited, by A James Gregor


text:
So, last minute tried to make plans on a busy weekend, and was striking out all over Moab. I called the Virginian and 2 rooms were left. I snatched the kitchenette upstairs room for $70+ and was very pleased by our stay. Plenty of parking. Centrally located in town, pet friendly (we didn't bring our dog this trip) and we... More
- Also Known As:
- The Virginian Hotel Moab
- The Virginian Hotel
- The Virginian Motel Moab, Utah


text:
Hello folks from RPS, I'm currently looking into doing a PC upgrade soon, and my target is a new GPU at the moment.
After googling and reading some reviews, and checking what's available on local hardware stores, my options fall into these three.
NVidia GTX 460 1GB GDDR5 EVGA 273.08U$S
NVidia GTX 460se EVGA 1GB GDDR5 237.22U$S
ATI Radeon HD6850 1GB DDR5 XFX 239.08U$S
I've been told that an upgrade to an ATI card might have the risks of ATI's careless work with their drivers, leaving unresolved bugs as such with OpenGL(which I use mainly for development). But the price difference is quite a big gap compared to the GTX I linked, which I think is similar on performance.
Then it falls under the other choice the cheaper GTX 460se, with a claimed lower performance.
Which of these would be the best bang for the buck, also considering safe drivers, low noise, and good temperature? Potential for overclocking is considered too, but I'm not really into that.
I use this system mainly for gaming, at a screen resolution of 1600x900, and it won't be upgraded in the near future.


text:
Pregnant Self-Titled LP out now on Burn Books
Listening to a Nirvana record back in 1994 was like looking in the mirror… every note, every song matched your teenage angst. Â The same song could be sad one day, pissed off the next. Â Pop in that cassette tape and feel something, man. Â Then Pearl Jam and Kurt Loder ruined everything.
But not everything! Â Pregnant is the first band in over 15 years to make me feel like a pissed off, secretly depressed hornball. Â Do you remember the last time you were truly hot and bothered? Â Wanna feel that again? Yes, yes you do.
Pregnant's album kicks off hard with "Real Talk," starting the ascent straight up the face of garage punk mountain. Â In their back pocket? Â A hand-written letter from Iggy Pop to ensure safe passage past any mountain militants who may question this journey. Â The fifth track, "Toothache" is one full minute of good, solid slow fucking as front man Kevin Manion croones, "Who really cares about happiness / And I don't know what's happening."
Listening to the album, as 10 tracks build one after an other, feels like an expedition, with a beginning, a middle and an end… a rare victory in today's dollar-menu music business. Â If that's not punk, then fuck you.
The last track is my favorite, a supernatural climax titled "Wanna See My Gun?"
Download Pregnant's Selt-Titled LP at BurnBooks.org


text:
Unknown wrote:2 ta poem post kortesi jani na kemon lagbe.... hotath kore likha r kii... kaaj kaam nai to tai bhut e dhorsilo....
Will you be my Valentine?
Will you be my Valentine?
I know that I am yours.
You are like a tossing sea
And I am like your shores.
You are like an endless wave
And I your waiting sand.
And I will wait forever as
You come and smooth my hand.
I will wait forever, yet
You are a part of me.
I hold you in my arms, while you
Come to me endlessly.
Will you be my Valentine?
I know that I am yours.
I love you with a love that yearns
To be your golden shores....
nIsHpAp wrote:akbor
nIsHpAp wrote:ishita
darkz.ninja wrote:69 wrote:nIsHpAp wrote:vago kothai
bhai aita kemon wrd .vago kothay .... aita ki dilen ..... ..amon wrd jiboneoo suni naii ....
Whtttttttttttttttttt This fukin thingss ...poraggg kahini kiii rules berak kortesoo kno...
last wrd vagoo .........ai ta diya plzzz nxtt person suru korben .....karon ..69 er ans er seshe chilo ..vagoo ..but porag jadisee ..ta kisuu na ..so ......last wrd ....vago ....plzzz rulzz maintaiin koren ....
dISTURBEd wrote:Othoi wrote:hehe..enlightening tender minds??...good good..keep it up>>?>> and Welcome to Doridro.com, where everyone is dordro except Doridro hehe
yup! it will be fun...keep on posting....Enjoy~!!!
Wish korso eyJonny thnX
Bhengchhi kata hochhe keno....
Othoi wrote:u SHOITANNNNNNNNNNNN! ...i HATE UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU....
Ochena wrote:into section e asha hoy na kaoke monehoy wc deoa hoy ni...but..
tomake keno dicchi jano to
ekhaneo dukkho prokash korte icche korche
issh re othoi moni tumi r ager moto ashte parbe nah so sad #crying#
Hmm...WC 2 Loridro ops...Doridro***
poraG_ wrote:Tani.Chy is getting a ban warning for asking bulshit questions in the dangerous confesion section...this her full n final warning from me..if she continues like this..will get banned from the site...hope everyone will agree with me..i mean as a admin or mod of this site..
zubayer324 wrote:KINTO MOJAR MAL O ASE BI ! KHASHA MAL! CHOLBE NAKI ? AYA POREN....
69 wrote:Warntin twarnin bujhi na ....Darling kno ase na ........
Ninja & Tuktuki .....
Mz.Cuteness wrote:i mean i like da quote "The average woman would rather have beauty than brains, because the average man can see better than he can think."..lol....
unfortunateli i cant ddelete ma other posttt ...
dibba wrote:okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk


text:
Ladue Board To Talk School Security, Activity Fees and Start Times
Monday night, school board members will discuss possible security changes coming in the wake of the Newtown, Connecticut mass shooting.
The Ladue school district, which responded to the Sandy Hook Elementary School mass shooting last month by making one quick change at Horton Watkins High School to lock doors during the day, will outline other measures at Monday's school board meeting which could still be taken to improve school security. A more thorough conversation on security is planned for board discussion next month. Awareness of issues surrounding school security at Ladue schools has been heightened in recent weeks. An Instagram account discovered recently featured a profile photo of the shooter in the Newtown shooting and prompted school leaders to ask for a ramped up police presence. Police have reportedly issued a search warrant for Instagram in hopes of tracking …
In this Article:
Sam Goodman
6:02 pm on Monday, January 28, 2013
I am not in this for any reason other than the best for our school district. We have some of the best teachers and adminastrators in the state. I feel that our past practices of budget control from past boards have not been the best. Our board has to look long range to keep problems from shortages of funds from happenning at the level they have gotten. We must have better fiscal responsibilities.   more ›


text:
16.9 fl oz bottle retails for $48 USD |
1 liter pump retails for $75 USD |
8.4 oz bottle retails for $29.50 USD |
16.9 fl oz bottle retails for $48 USD |
1 liter pump retails for $75 USD |
8.4 oz bottle retails for $29.50 USD |
I love Kiehl's, but this packaging is SO unlike Kiehl's... I can't get over it, lol :-) Still deciding on whether I like it or not. Still adjusting to it, I guess. And in the end what is inside is what counts, right.
ReplyDeleteOh I totally know what you mean about having no oil glands in your body and having them all in your face. So annoying. I really want to try this! You make it sound so perfect :) xo
ReplyDeleteThat packaging is... *love* I have had this on my 'to try' list for so long, I think it's time to splurge!
ReplyDeleteThird ingredient in this is synthetic, AND it has propylene glycol, which gives me nasty rashes, so no thanks. If you're lotion seems drying, or just not adequate, it's probably got some form of synthetic in it(usually mineral oil in the cheap lotions). My skin used to be horribly dry until I started using lotions made with natural oils. Now it's still dry, but only in the winter, and I only have to use some lotion after showering.
ReplyDeleteI love Ophelia's Apothecary's Whipped Body Butter. It's natural, reasonably priced ($ 14.99 for 4.2 oz), and you can get it in a variety of scents if you want. The only issue I have is that they are an indie company, with severe health issues, so sometimes it takes forever to get your order...but it SOOOOOO worth it!!!!! Their lip balms are divine as well.
Please leave a message, comment, thought, opinion.
Please No SPAM. I mean the non canned meat kind. I'll just delete your comment.
If you wish to be added to my Link Love Page please send me an e-mail directly at heyelvira (at) pinksith (dot) com. If you wish to sponsor or send me PR, please contact me directly at heyelvira (at) pinksith (dot) com.
Comments with a blog link or website link will be deleted unless it is relevant to the post. I decide what is relevant. Comments not relating to the post, comments attacking me or others commenting will be deleted as well. I do encourage active debate. That means if you disagree with me I will not delete your comment, however if you are disagreeing just to be a troll or just because you want to rile people up, your comment will be gone.
Sorry for the long disclaimer. I've had some "issues" with comments recently.
P.S. If you wish to send me actual SPAM (The canned meat kind) I will gladly accept it via the US Mail, UPS or FedEx.


text:
Apple nabs 1,024 patents from Rockstar Consortium
The deal is sealed -- Apple has bought 1,024 patents and patent applications from the Rockstar Consortium.
According to Business Insider, the Rockstar Consortium has been quietly passing the patents to the tech giant over the past six months.
The announcement comes via Korean news agency Yonhap News, which reported that a Korean regulator confirmed that the patents and patent applications were transferred from the consortium to Apple. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office database also confirms that the patents were transferred.
Rockstar Consortium is a group of companies -- Apple, EMC, Ericsson, Microsoft, Research In Motion, and … Read more


text:
Tag: Churchill Downs
Memories Celebrated And Created
The brief Fall Meet at Churchill Downs is frequently most memorable for its hints of racing's future embodied in the performances of promising and well-bred 2-year-olds, the horses that could step into racing's brightest spotlights the following spring in the Kentucky Derby and Kentucky Oaks.
Piecing Together The History Of Derby
Long before the first Saturday in May, the public receives a preview of the upcoming Derby with a highly-anticipated feature depicting the Run for the Roses.
Go Golden At The Racetrack
Slip on a sparkling flapper frock or your fanciest pinstripe suit and head to Churchill Downs to celebrate the Golden Era along with the highly-anticipated return of night racing.
Turf Club Halloween Celebration
The Turf Club at Churchill Downs hosted its annual Halloween Celebration Oct. 28.
Louisville Concours d'Elegance
Many of the most well-known names in the car collector community traveled to Churchill Downs to showcase some of the rarest, most elegant and historic vehicles in the country during the fifth annual Louisville Concours d'Elegance, held Oct. 5-7.
Lincoln Foundation's Evening Of Jazz
The Lincoln Foundation's Evening of Jazz took place Aug. 24 at Churchill Downs.
The BD Team
Teamwork is an essential part of the continuous success of The Voice-Tribune's Best Dressed of Louisville presented by Churchill Downs.
Versatile Wise Dan A Horse For Any Course
Almost anyone who had visited New York's marvelous Saratoga Race Course would testify that the racing program on Sunday, Aug. 12 was not one of the stellar days enjoyed at the historic Spa.


text:
Moms who can, do. Moms who can't, buy things that look like they do.
If you love the idea of homemade but lack the skills to make anything other than a bed, meet the moms of Armommy.
Mother-daughter duo Rae Friis and Jane Kelly started their brand after Rae called up Jane (her mommy) with an idea. She wanted a tank top to go under her shirts to help make breastfeeding in public a less revealing experience — and so the Empire Tank was born.
All of the company's products have an equally charming, inventive, and whimsical feel. Our favorite is the Bumper, a small pillow you tie around door knobs to eliminate slammed doors and crushed fingers.
For those who want to DIY, a video series launches in April. The first classes will focus on home decorating and entertaining (think: fabric napkins, picnic blankets, and seat cushions). For those who can't fathom using a needle and thread, the site is packed with customizable valentines for order and printables to download.
C'mon, even you can press print.
Available online at armommy.com, $4-$35.
Photo: lovestudiophoto.com / Courtesy of Armommy


text: Posted By Big Dawg on 17 Nov 2012 05:58 PM Not when the POTUS uses an Executive order ( mandate ) to make it happen. He can totally bypass the legal process by doing this and every one of us know he will. Then wil come the certain firearms bans, then ammo, then no private sales tranfers, then ht etotla ban of all private ownership of guns, then there will be setup turn-in points for destruction of the guns, and for those who do not turn-in the guns on a timely basis they become criminals and the UN troops will be sent to collect both the guns and the people. The guns will go to be destroyed and the offenders will be sent to one of the so called " FEMA " camps to be re-educated. There are already Russian Spetnatz soldiers being trained to operate under these guidelines and they will kill thousand who offer any reisistant. PREPARE YOURSELVES as I look for this to be the thing that sets off the nationwide resistance. I also look for the military personnel to uphold their oaths to defend against all enemy's both Foreign ( UN and the Russins ) and Domestic the ones who support the POTUS. I also look for the military personnel to leave their post and bring their weapons as well as the pilots that side with US to leave and bring their aircraft and ground support personnl as well. We can count on at least some of the truck drivers who haul ammo and weapons for the military to bring their loads to US and the military that side with US. This is gonna get bad real fast and it will take all the military people as wellas ALL of us hunters and gunowners to win and win we will. Of course martial law will be instituted at the first signs of resistance. I hope at least a good many here have been listening to me and my warnings.


text:
How to Keep the Costs of Your Payday Cash Loans Lower
- By
- 12 November, 2009
- No Comments
If you are in immediate need of cash, then you might as well try getting payday cash loans. If your last paycheck is not enough to cover all your expenses till the next payday, there is no need to worry. All you have to do is to sit in front … Continue Reading →


text:
Milestone: Decide whether to delay the extension of the state's small group market to groups of 51-100 until 2016
States have the choice to delay expansion of the small group market. There are a number of factors—stability of markets and the Exchange, business demographics, risk profiles and implications for state regulation—to consider in making this decision.
*Milestone details:
*Full name: Decide whether to delay the extension of the state's small group market to groups of 51-100 until 2016.
*Relevance to the ACA:
The ACA defines small employers as those with 100 or fewer employees, and also by definition transfers those specifications to the small group market. However, states do have the option of limiting the small market definition to 50 or fewer employees. Relevant sections include:
§1304 - Defines a small employer as an employer with between 1 and 100 employees. A large employer is an employer with at least 101 employees. By definition, the large and small group markets are comprised of large and small employers, respectively. States are given the option to limit the small employer definition to 50 or fewer employees in plan years before 2016.


text:
I found nothing better and cheap for a 3D TV Good Ratings for be my first 3D Tv i Love it !! LG 47CM565 + 2 Pair of Glasses $398 +Tax (texas)=$429.84 |
Disclaimer: By providing links to other sites, FatWallet.com does not guarantee, approve or endorse the information or products available at these sites, nor does a link indicate any association with or endorsement by the linked site to FatWallet.com.
About Us |
Blog |
Site Map |
Mobile Forums |
Contact Us |
Partnership |
Careers |
Privacy |
User Agreement |
D.M.C.A. Notice |
Civil Process Policy


text:
Raith Rovers director Turnbull Hutton believes Scottish Football League clubs deserve credit for the way they handled the vote over where a Rangers newco should play.
Hutton says all clubs considered all the issues at hand before deciding that Charles Green's new company should play in the Third Division in season 2012/13.
However speaking to STV after the ballot, he he added that he feels this isn't the end game in the saga.
Related articles
- Turnbull Hutton sees opportunity for other clubs in Rangers 'pantomime'
- Raith Rovers will oppose any move to admit newco Rangers to First Division
People who read this story also read
- Queen of the South and Hamilton vote for newco Rangers in Division One
- Analysis: What the loss of Rangers means to admissions at SPL clubs
- Ally McCoist says Rangers newco will come back stronger from Division Three
- Forcing Rangers into Division Three could 'spell end for other clubs'
- Scot Gardiner hopes for swift resolution as Dundee await news on SPL place


text:
I think we stayed in the new part of the hotel both stays, since I didn't find any faults with the rooms. The pool area is great while the hotel itself doesn't shade the area. With an excellent cocktail bar. First stay did not include breakfast which was fine since the German bakery across the road, Bei Otto, was the... More
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Windsor Suites Hotel invites you to explore the heart of Bangkok's vibrant CBD, shopping districts and rich Thai culture. Located on Sukhumvit Soi 20, 100 meters to Asoke BTS Sky-train Station & Sukhumvit MRT Subway station, the hotel features a total of 582 hotel rooms & suites, 23 meeting rooms, several Food & Beverage outlets from international to Chinese & Japanese cuisines, an outdoor swimming pool, a fitness centre and a full service Neva Spa. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Expedia, Booking.com, Orbitz, Agoda, AsiaRooms, Travelocity and Tingo so you can book your Windsor Suites Hotel Bangkok reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Hotel Windsor


text:
Simply plug it into a standard lighter jack to power your PN-Series receiver without batteries, while on the go in your car or truck.
Each has an eight-pin connector on one end for connecting directly to your PN-Series GPS handheld. New sturdy connection ideal for ATV, motorcycle, and in-vehicle usage.