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New Urbanism
New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes walkable neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually informed many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies.
New Urbanism is strongly influenced by urban design standards that were prominent until the rise of the automobile in the mid-20th century; it encompasses principles such as traditional neighborhood design (TND) and transit-oriented development (TOD).[1] It is also closely related to regionalism, environmentalism and the broader concept of smart growth. The movement also includes a more pedestrian-oriented variant known as New Pedestrianism, which has its origins in a 1929 planned community in Radburn, New Jersey.[2]
The organizing body for New Urbanism is the Congress for the New Urbanism, founded in 1993. Its foundational text is the Charter of the New Urbanism, which says:
We advocate the restructuring of public policy and development practices to support the following principles: neighborhoods should be diverse in use and population; communities should be designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car; cities and towns should be shaped by physically defined and universally accessible public spaces and community institutions; urban places should be framed by architecture and landscape design that celebrate local history, climate, ecology, and building practice.[3]
New Urbanists support regional planning for open space, context-appropriate architecture and planning, and the balanced development of jobs and housing. They believe their strategies can reduce traffic congestion, increase the supply of affordable housing, and rein in suburban sprawl. The Charter of the New Urbanism also covers issues such as historic preservation, safe streets, green building, and the re-development of brownfield land.
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Until the mid 20th century, cities were generally organized into and developed around mixed-use walkable neighborhoods. For most of human history this meant a city that was entirely walkable, although with the development of mass transit the reach of the city extended outward along transit lines, allowing for the growth of new pedestrian communities such as streetcar suburbs. But with the advent of cheap automobiles and favorable government policies, attention began to shift away from cities and towards ways of growth more focused on the needs of the car.[4] Specifically, after World War II urban planning largely centered around the use of municipal zoning ordinances to segregate residential from commercial and industrial development, and focused on the construction of low density single family detached houses as the preferred housing option for the growing middle class. The physical separation of where people lived from where they worked, shopped and frequently spend their recreational time, together with low housing density, which often drastically reduced population density relative to historical norms, made automobiles indispensable for efficient transportation and contributed to the emergence of a culture of automobile dependency.
This new system of development, with its rigorous separation of uses, arose after World War II and became known as "conventional suburban development"[5] or pejoratively as urban sprawl. The majority of U.S. citizens now live in suburban communities built in the last fifty years, and automobile use per capita has soared.
Although New Urbanism as an organized movement would only arise later, a number of activists and thinkers soon began to criticize the modernist planning techniques being put into practice. Social philosopher and historian Lewis Mumford criticized the "anti-urban" development of post-war America. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, written by Jane Jacobs in the early 1960s, called for planners to reconsider the single-use housing projects, large car-dependent thoroughfares, and segregated commercial centers that had become the "norm."
Rooted in these early dissenters, New Urbanism emerged in the 1970s and 80s with the urban visions and theoretical models for the reconstruction of the "European" city proposed by architect Leon Krier, and the "pattern language" theories of Christopher Alexander.
In 1991, the Local Government Commission, a private nonprofit group in Sacramento, California, invited architects Peter Calthorpe, Michael Corbett, Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Moule, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Stefanos Polyzoides, and Daniel Solomon to develop a set of community principles for land use planning. Named the Ahwahnee Principles (after Yosemite National Park's Ahwahnee Hotel), the commission presented the principles to about one hundred government officials in the fall of 1991, at its first Yosemite Conference for Local Elected Officials.
Calthorpe, Duany, Moule, Plater-Zyberk, Polyzoides, and Solomon founded the Chicago-based Congress for the New Urbanism in 1993. The CNU has grown to more than 3,000 members, and is the leading international organization promoting New Urbanist design principles. It holds annual Congresses in various U.S. cities.
New Urbanism is a broad movement that spans a number of different disciplines and geographic scales. And while the conventional approach to growth remains dominant, New Urbanist principles have become increasingly influential in the fields of planning, architecture, and public policy.[6]
Defining elements[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2010) |
According to husband-and-wife town planners Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, two of the founders of the Congress for the New Urbanism, they observed mixed-use streetscapes with corner shops, front porches, and a diversity of well-crafted housing while living in one of New Haven's Victorian neighborhoods.
- The neighborhood has a discernible center. This is often a square or a green and sometimes a busy or memorable street corner. A transit stop would be located at this center.
- Most of the dwellings are within a five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly 0.25 miles (1,300 ft; 0.40 km).
- There are a variety of dwelling types — usually houses, rowhouses, and apartments — so that younger and older people, singles and families, the poor and the wealthy may find places to live.
- At the edge of the neighborhood, there are shops and offices of sufficiently varied types to supply the weekly needs of a household.
- A small ancillary building or garage apartment is permitted within the backyard of each house. It may be used as a rental unit or place to work (for example, an office or craft workshop).
- An elementary school is close enough so that most children can walk from their home.
- There are small playgrounds accessible to every dwelling — not more than a tenth of a mile away.
- Streets within the neighborhood form a connected network, which disperses traffic by providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination.
- The streets are relatively narrow and shaded by rows of trees. This slows traffic, creating an environment suitable for pedestrians and bicycles.
- Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close to the street, creating a well-defined outdoor room.
- Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street. Parking is relegated to the rear of buildings, usually accessed by alleys.
- Certain prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings. These provide sites for community meetings, education, and religious or cultural activities.
- The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing. A formal association debates and decides matters of maintenance, security, and physical change. Taxation is the responsibility of the larger community.
United States[edit]
New Urbanism is having a growing influence on how and where metropolitan regions choose to grow. At least fourteen large-scale planning initiatives are based on the principles of linking transportation and land-use policies, and using the neighborhood as the fundamental building block of a region.[citation needed] Miami, Florida, has adopted the most ambitious New Urbanist-based zoning code reform yet undertaken by a major U.S. city.[7]
More than six hundred new towns, villages, and neighborhoods in the U.S. following New Urbanist principles are planned or under construction. Hundreds of new, small-scale, urban and suburban infill projects are under way to reestablish walkable streets and blocks. In Maryland and several other states, New Urbanist principles are an integral part of smart growth legislation.
In the mid-1990s, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) adopted the principles of the New Urbanism in its multi-billion dollar program to rebuild public housing projects nationwide. New Urbanists have planned and developed hundreds of projects in infill locations. Most were driven by the private sector, but many, including HUD projects, used public money.
University Place in Memphis[edit]
In 2010 University Place in Memphis became the second only U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) LEED certified neighborhood. LEED ND (neighborhood development) standards integrates principles of smart growth, urbanism and green building and were developed through a collaboration between USGBC, Congress for the New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council. University Place, developed by McCormack Baron Salazar, is a 405-unit, 30-acre, mixed-income, mixed use, multigenerational, HOPE VI grant community that revitalized the severely distressed Lamar Terrace public housing site.[8]
The Cotton District[edit]
The Cotton District in Starkville, Mississippi, was the first New Urbanist development, begun in 1968 long before the New Urbanism movement was organized.[9] The District borders Mississippi State University, and consists mostly of residential rental units for college students along with restaurants, bars and retail. The Cotton District got its name because it is built in the vicinity of an old cotton mill.
Seaside, Florida, the first fully New Urbanist town, began development in 1981 on eighty acres (324,000 m²) of Florida Panhandle coastline. It was featured on the cover of the Atlantic Monthly in 1988, when only a few streets were completed, and has become internationally famous for its architecture, and the quality of its streets and public spaces.[citation needed]
Seaside is now a tourist destination and appeared in the movie The Truman Show. Lots sold for $15,000 in the early 1980s, and slightly over a decade later, the price had escalated to about $200,000. Today, most lots sell for more than a million dollars, and some houses top $5 million.[citation needed]
The site of the former Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, closed in 1995, is now being redeveloped by Forest City Enterprises. Stapleton is expected to be home to at least 30,000 residents, six schools and 2 million square feet (180,000 m²) of retail. Construction began in 2001.[10][11] Northfield Stapleton, one of the development's major retail centers, recently opened.
San Antonio[edit]
In 1997 San Antonio, Texas, as part of a new master plan, created new regulations called the Unified Development Code (UDC), largely influenced by New Urbanism. One feature of the UDC is six unique land development patterns that can be applied to certain districts: Conservation Development, Commercial Center Development, Office or Institutional Campus Development, Commercial Retrofit Development, Tradition Neighborhood Development, Transit Oriented Development. Each district has specific standards and design regulation. The six development patterns were created to reflect existing development patterns.[12]
Mountain House[edit]
Mountain House, one of the latest New Urbanist projects in the United States, is a new town located near Tracy, California. Construction started in 2001. Mountain House will consist of 12 villages, each with its own elementary school, park, and commercial area. In addition, a future train station, transit center and bus system are planned for Mountain House.
Mesa del Sol[edit]
Mesa del Sol, New Mexico—the largest New Urbanist project in the United States—was designed by architect Peter Calthorpe, and is being developed by Forest City Enterprises. Mesa del Sol may take five decades to reach full build-out, at which time it should have 38,000 residential units, housing a population of 100,000; a 1,400-acre (5.7 km2) industrial office park; four town centers; an urban center; and a downtown that would provide a twin city within Albuquerque.
Located in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, I'On is a traditional neighborhood development, mixed with a new urbanism styled architecture, reflecting on the building designs of the nearby downtown areas of Charleston, South Carolina. Founded on April 30th 1995, I'On was designed by the town planning firms of Dover, Kohl & Partners and Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, and currently holds over 750 single family homes. Features of the community include extensive sidewalks, shared public greens and parks, trails and a grid of narrow, traffic calming streets. Most homes are required to have a front porch of not less than eight feet (2.46 m) in depth. Floor heights of 10 feet (3.1 m), raised foundations and smaller lot sizes give the community a dense, vertical feel.
Haile Plantation[edit]
Haile Plantation, Florida, is a 2,600 household (1,700 acres (6.9 km2)) development of regional impact southwest of the city of Gainesville, within Alachua County. Haile Village Center is a traditional neighborhood center within the development. It was originally started in 1978 and completed in 2007. In addition to the 2,600 homes the neighborhood consists of two merchant centers (one a New England narrow street village and the other a chain grocery strip mall). There are also two public elementary schools and an 18-hole golf course.
Disney's Celebration, Florida[edit]
In June 1996, the Walt Disney Company unveiled its 5,000 acre (20 km²) town of Celebration, near Orlando, Florida. Celebration opened its downtown in October 1996, while Seaside's downtown was still mostly unbuilt. Disney shuns the label New Urbanism, calling Celebration simply a "town."
Celebration's Downtown has become one of the area's most popular tourist destinations making the community a showcase for New Urbanism as a prime example of the creation of a "sense of place".[13]
Jersey City[edit]
The construction of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County, New Jersey has spurred transit-oriented development. In Jersey City, two projects are planned to transform brownfield sites, both of which have required remediation of toxic waste by previous owners. Bayfront, once site of a Honeywell plant is a 100 acres (0.40 km2) site on the Hackensack River, and is nearby the planned West Campus of New Jersey City University. Canal Crossing, named for the former Morris Canal, was once partially owned by PPG Industries, and is a 117 acres (0.47 km2) site west of Liberty State Park.
Old York Village, Chesterfield Township, New Jersey[edit]
The sparsely developed agricultural Township of Chesterfield in New Jersey covers approximately 21.61 square miles (56.0 km2) and has made farmland preservation a priority since the 1970s. Chesterfield has permanently preserved more than 7,000 acres (28 km2) of farmland through state and county programs and a township-wide transfer of development credits program that directs future growth to a designated "receiving area" known as Old York Village. Old York Village is a neo-traditional, new urbanism town on 560 acres (2.3 km2) incorporating a variety of housing types, neighborhood commercial facilities, a new elementary school, civic uses, and active and passive open space areas with preserved agricultural land surrounding the planned village. Construction began in the early 2000s and a significant percentage of the community is now complete. Old York Village was the winner of the American Planning Association National Outstanding Planning Award in 2004.[14][15][16]
Other countries[edit]
New Urbanism is closely related to the Urban village movement in Europe. They both occurred at similar times and share many of the same principles although urban villages has an emphasis on traditional city planning. In Europe many brown-field sites have been redeveloped since the 1980s following the models of the traditional city neighbourhoods rather than Modernist models. One well-publicized example is Poundbury in England, a suburban extension to the town of Dorchester, which was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall under the overview of Prince Charles. The original masterplan was designed by Leon Krier. A report carried out after the first phase of construction found a high degree of satisfaction by residents, although the aspirations to reduce car dependency had not been successful. Rising house prices and a perceived premium have made the open market housing unaffordable for many local people.[17]
The Council for European Urbanism (C.E.U.), formed in 2003, shares many of the same aims as the U.S.'s New Urbanists. C.E.U.'s Charter is a development of the Congress for the New Urbanism Charter revised and reorganised to relate better to European conditions. An Australian organisation, Australian Council for New Urbanism has since 2001 run conferences and events to promote New Urbanism in that country. A New Zealand Urban Design Protocol was created by the Ministry for the Environment in 2005.
There are many developments around the world that follow New Urbanist principles to a greater or lesser extent:
- Val d'Europe, east of Paris, France. Developed by Disneyland Resort Paris, this town is a kind of European counterpart to Walt Disney World Celebration City.
- Jakriborg, in Southern Sweden, is a recent example of the New Urbanist movement.
- Other developments can be found in the Netherlands, at Heulebrug, part of Knokke-Heist, in Belgium, and Fonti di Matilde, Italy.
- Orchid Bay, Belize, is one of the largest New Urbanist projects in Central America and the Caribbean.
- McKenzie Towne is a New Urbanist development which commenced in 1995 by Carma Developers LP in Calgary.
- Cornell, within the city of Markham, Ontario, was designed with walkable neighborhoods, density to support public transit, a variety of housing types and retail.[18]
- New Amherst is a new urbanist development in the town of Cobourg, Ontario.
- The structure plan for Thimphu, Bhutan, follows Principles of Intelligent Urbanism, which share underlying axioms with the New Urbanism.
There are several such developments in South Africa. The most notable is Melrose Arch in Johannesburg. Triple Point is a comparable mixed-use development in East London, in Eastern Cape province. The development, announced in 2007, comprises 30 hectares. It is made up of three apartment complexes together with over 30 residential sites as well as 20,000 sq m of residential and office space. The development is valued at over R2 billion ($250 million).[19]
The primary organization promoting the New Urbanism in the United States is the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU). The Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) is the leading organization promoting walkable, mixed-use neighborhood development, sustainable communities and healthier living conditions. CNU members promote the principles of CNU's Charter and the hallmarks of New Urbanism, including:
- Livable streets arranged in compact, walkable blocks.
- A range of housing choices to serve people of diverse ages and income levels.
- Schools, stores and other nearby destinations reachable by walking, bicycling or transit service.
- An affirming, human-scaled public realm where appropriately designed buildings define and enliven streets and other public spaces.
The CNU has met annually since 1993 when they held their first general meeting in Alexandria, Virginia, with approximately 100 attendees. By 2008 the Congress was drawing 2,000 to 3,000 attendees to the annual meetings. Venues have included:
- CNU I (1993) Alexandria, Virginia
- CNU II (1994) Los Angeles, California
- CNU III (1995) San Francisco, California
- CNU IV (1996) Charleston, South Carolina
- CNU V (1997) Toronto, Ontario
- CNU VI (1998) Denver, Colorado
- CNU VII (1999) Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- CNU VIII (2000) Portland, Oregon
- CNU IX (2001) New York, New York
- CNU X (2002) Miami Beach, Florida
- CNU XI (2003) Washington, D.C.
- CNU XII (2004) Chicago, Illinois
- CNU XIII (2005) Pasadena, California
- CNU XIV (2006) Providence, Rhode Island
- CNU XV (2007) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- CNU XVI (2008) Austin, Texas
- CNU XVII (2009) Denver, Colorado
- CNU 18 (2010) Atlanta, Georgia
- CNU 19 (2011) Madison, Wisconsin
- CNU 20 (2012) West Palm Beach, Florida
- CNU 21 (2013) Salt Lake City, Utah
- CNU 22 (2014) Buffalo, New York
- CNU 23 (2015) Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas
The CNU began forming local and regional chapters circa 2004 with the founding of the New England and Florida Chapters. By 2011 there were 16 official chapters and interest groups for 7 more. As of 2012, Canada hosts a portion of one full CNU chapter (Cascadia) and one Chapter in formation (Ontario).
While the CNU has international participation in Canada, sister organizations have been formed in other areas of the world including the Council for European Urbanism (CEU), the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (MIU) and the Australian Council for the New Urbanism.
By 2002 chapters of Students for the New Urbanism began appearing at universities including the Savannah College of Art and Design, University of Georgia, University of Notre Dame, and the University of Miami. In 2003, a group of younger professionals and students met at the 11th Congress in Washington, D.C. and began developing a "Manifesto of the Next Generation of New Urbanists". The Next Generation of New Urbanists held their first major session the following year at the 12th meeting of the CNU in Chicago in 2004. The group has continued meeting annually as of 2009 with a focus on young professionals, students, new member issues, and ensuring the flow of fresh ideas and diverse viewpoints within the New Urbanism and the CNU. Spinoff projects of the Next Generation of the New Urbanists include the Living Urbanism publication first published in 2008.
The CNU has spawned publications and research groups. Publications include the New Urban News and the New Town Paper. Research groups have formed independent nonprofits to research individual topics such as the Form-Based Codes Institute, The National Charrette Institute and the Center for Applied Transect Studies.
In the United Kingdom New Urbanist and European urbanism principles are practised and taught by the The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment. Other organisations promote New Urbanism as part of their remit, such as INTBAU, A Vision of Europe, and others.
The CNU and other national organizations have also formed partnerships with like-minded groups. Organizations under the banner of Smart Growth also often work with the Congress for the New Urbanism. In addition the CNU has formed partnerships on specific projects such as working with the [United States Green Building Council] and the Natural Resources Defense Council to develop the LEED for Neighborhood Development standards, and with the Institute of Transportation Engineers to develop a Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS) Design manual.
The 2004 documentary The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of the American Dream argues that the depletion of oil will result in the demise of the sprawl-type development.[20] New Urban Cowboy: Toward a New Pedestrianism, a feature length 2008 documentary about urban designer Michael E. Arth, explains the principles of his New Pedestrianism, a more ecological and pedestrian-oriented version of New Urbanism.[2][21] The film also gives a brief history of New Urbanism, and chronicles the rebuilding of an inner city slum into a model of New Urbanism.[22][23]
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (February 2010) |
New Urbanism has drawn both praise and criticism from all quarters of the political spectrum. In an interview in Reason, a right-libertarian magazine, professor Peter Gordon, a professor of Urban Planning from University of Southern California, spoke out in favor of suburbanization and criticized New Urbanism as ignoring consumer preference and the free market, claiming that cities have moved towards car-oriented development because that is what people want.[24] However, some could say that Disney's Celebration, Florida, is an example of a private company responding to the market for urban-oriented development.
Critics claim that the effectiveness of the New Urbanist solution of mixed income developments lacks statistical evidence.[25] However, numerous studies by independent think tanks support the idea of addressing poverty through mixed-income developments, because these developments facilitate the bridging of social capital, and thus provide for a higher shared quality of life across socioeconomic cleavages.[26][27] The argument that New Urbanism produces diversity has been challenged from findings from one community in Canada.[28]
The New Urbanist preference for 'permeable' street grids has been criticised on the grounds that it gives private motor vehicles an advantage over walking, cycling and public transport. It is also argued to be less resistant to property crime than traditional suburban neighborhood conventions like cul de sacs and horseshoe loops.[29] The transport performance of some New Urbanist developments, such as Poundbury, has been disappointing, with surveys revealing high levels of car use.[17] The alternative view, termed 'filtered permeability' (see Permeability (spatial and transport planning)) is that, to give pedestrians and cyclists a time and convenience advantage, they need to be separated from motor vehicles in places.
A forthcoming rating system for neighborhood environmental design, LEED-ND, being developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Congress for the New Urbanism, should help to quantify the sustainability of New Urbanist neighborhood design. New Urbanist and board member of CNU, Doug Farr has taken a step further and coined Sustainable Urbanism, which combines New Urbanism and LEED-ND to create walkable, transit-served urbanism with high performance buildings and infrastructure.
New Urbanism has been criticized for being a form of centrally planned, large-scale development, "instead of allowing the initiative for construction to be taken by the final users themselves".[30] It has been criticized for asserting universal principles of design instead of attending to local conditions.[31]
See also[edit]
- ^ Kelbaugh, Douglas S. 2002. Repairing the American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 161.
- ^ a b Arth, Michael E. (2010). Democracy and the Common Wealth: Breaking the Stranglehold of the Special Interests Golden Apples Media, ISBN 978-0-912467-12-2. pp. 120-139, 363-386
- ^ Charter of the New Urbanism
- ^ Kunstler, James Howard. 1998. Home from nowhere: remaking our everyday world for the twenty-first Century. A Touchstone book. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p.28.
- ^ David Gordon and Shayne Vipond: "Gross Density and New Urbanism: Comparing Conventional and New Urbanist Suburbs in Markham, Ontario". Journal of the American Planning Association, 1939-0130, Volume 71, Issue 1, 2005, pages 41–54
- ^ Cozens, Paul Michael. 2008. New Urbanism, Crime and the Suburbs: A Review of the Evidence. Urban Policy and Research. 26(4):429-444.
- ^ Miami Reforms
- ^ Architecture Inc. Celebrates LEED-ND Certification of University Place in Memphis, Multi Housing News, May 18, 2011.
- ^ [1] The Town Paper, Vol. 4, No. 1 — December 2001/ January 2002
- ^ DSST Web site
- ^ http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-10-26-100-million_x.htm USA Today
- ^ Greenburg, Ellen, 2004. Codifying New Urbanism: How to Reform Municipal Land Development Regulations. American Planning Association PAS Report Number 526
- ^ Celebration Business Alliance, Sept 2010
- ^ "Old York Village, Chesterfield Wins an American Planning Association Award for an Outstanding Project/ Program/ Tool"
- ^ "Old York Village Implementing Smart Growth"
- ^ "Master Plan Amendment: Township of Chesterfield"
- ^ a b WATSON, G., BENTLEY, I., ROAF, S. and SMITH, P., 2004. Learning from Poundbury, Research for the West Dorset District Council and the Duchy of Cornwall. Oxford Brookes University.
- ^ "Is new urbanism the answer to suburbia's dying communities?". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ "EAST LONDON GETS OWN MELROSE ARCH", eProp.co.za, 12 December 2007
- ^ http://www.endofsuburbia.com link to official website
- ^ Website about Democracy and the Common Wealth
- ^ Teri Pruden, "The New Urban Cowboy: Michael E. Arth transforms Cracktown into Historic Garden District in DeLand" DeLand Magazine, Jan-Feb, 2008. Pages 8, 9.
- ^ New Urban Cowboy review in Carbusters Magazine, issue #32, Winter 2007/2008, page 26.
- ^ "Plan Obsolescence", Reason, June 1998
- ^ Popkin, S. et al. (2004) A Decade of HOPE VI. The Urban Institute
- ^ Goetz, Edward G. (2003) Clearing the Way: Deconcentrating the Poor in Urban America, The Urban Institute Press: Washington, DC
- ^ Chaskin, R.J., Joseph, M.L., Webber, H.S. (2007) The Theoretical Basis for Addressing Poverty Through Mixed-Income Development. Urban Affairs Review 42 (3): 369-409.
- ^ Grant, J. and K. Perrott (2009) Producing diversity in a new urbanism community. Town Planning Review 80 (3): 267-289.
- ^ "Neighbourhoods Should be Made Permeable for Walking and Cycling but not for Cars", Steve Melia, Local Transport Today, January 23, 2008
- ^ "A brief history of Peer-to-peer Urbanism", Nikos Salingaros and Federico Mena-Quintero, October 2010
- ^ Grant, J. (2006) Planning the Good Community: New Urbanism in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge
Further reading[edit]
- Arth, Michael E., The Labors of Hercules: Modern Solutions to 12 Herculean Problems. 2007 Online edition. Labor IX: Urbanism Link to book
- Arth, Michael E. (2010). Democracy and the Common Wealth: Breaking the Stranglehold of the Special Interests Golden Apples Media, ISBN 978-0-912467-12-2. pp. 120–139, 363-386 Website about, and excerpts from Democracy and the Common Wealth
- Bohl, Charles C. "New Urbanism in the City: Potential Applications and Implications for Distressed Inner-City Neighborhoods." Housing Policy Debate 11.4 (2000): 761-801. (http://www.botsfor.no/publikasjoner/litteratur/new%20urbanism/new%20urbanism%20and%20the%20city%20by%20charles%20bohl.pdf)
- Brooke, Steven (1995). Seaside. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 0-88289-997-X
- Calthorpe, Peter (1993). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-878271-68-7
- Calthorpe, Peter and William Fulton (2001). The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-784-6
- Congress for the New Urbanism (1999). Leccese, Michael; and McCormick, Kathleen (Eds.), ed. Charter of the New Urbanism. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-135553-7.
- Duany, Andres; Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth; & Alminana, Robert (2003). The New Civic Art: Elements of Town Planning. New York: Rizzoli Publications. ISBN 0-8478-2186-2.
- Duany, Andres; Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth; & Speck, Jeff (2000). Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-557-1.
- Dutton, John A. (2001). New American Urbanism: Re-forming the Suburban Metropolis. Milano: Skira editore. ISBN 88-8118-741-8
- El Nasser, Haya (November 14, 2005). "Miss. Wal-Marts may apply 'new urbanism' in rebuilding". USA Today.
- Gallini, Jared. 2010. "Demographics and Their Relationship to the Characteristics of New Urbanism: A Preliminary Study" . Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 340.http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/340
- Jacobs, Jane (1992). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-74195-X. Originally published: New York: Random House, (1961).
- Katz, Peter (1994). The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-033889-2
- Kunstler, James Howard (1994). Geography Of Nowhere: The Rise And Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-88825-0
- Talen, Emily (2005). New Urbanism & American Planning: The Conflict of Cultures. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-70133-3.
- Tagliaventi, Gabriele (2002). New Urbanism. Florence: Alinea. ISBN 88-8125-602-9.
- Waugh, David. 2004 Buying New Urbanism: A Study of New Urban Characteristics that Residents Value. Applied Research Project. Texas State University. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/22/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: New Urbanism |


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A Mass of Christian burial will be held Wednesday, October 17, 2012, at 1 p.m., at Immaculate Conception Catholic Church in Charenton for Whitney Louis Vilcan, 52, a native of Laredo, Texas and a resident of Charenton for the past 19 years, who passed away Sunday, October 14, 2012, at 3 a.m., at Iberia Medical Center.
Entombment will follow in the Chitimacha Mausoleum. Fr. Bill Crumley and Fr. Gregory Cormier will officiate the services.
Whitney was a loving husband, father, and grandfather, who loved spending time with his family. He was also a very active and devoted member of Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, serving as a Lector, Eucharistic Minister, as well as Sacristan.
Survivors include his wife of 31 years, Mary Ray Vilcan of Charenton; one daughter, Natalie Louise Vilcan and her companion, Jeramie LeBlanc, of Charenton; one son, Joshua Louis Vilcan and his wife, Gypsy Landry Vilcan, of Charenton; his mother, Mary Ann Landry Vilcan of Charenton; one sister, Katherine Vilcan of Charenton; two brothers, Thomas Edward Vilcan and his wife, Tricia, of New Iberia and Robert Anthony Vilcan and his wife, Christina, of Charenton; brother-in-law, John W. Ray, III and his wife, Roberta, of Butte, Montana; three grandchildren, Tayla Bernauer, Halee Cranche, and Brenden Vilcan, all of Charenton; his godmother, Anita L. Broussard; as well as numerous nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by his father, Thomas Louis Vilcan; one brother, Richard Joseph Vilcan; maternal grandparents, Whitney J. Landry and Blanche Oubre Landry; and paternal grandparents, Robert Louis Vilcan and Mary Agnes Marcotte Vilcan.
A gathering of family and friends will be held Wednesday at Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, from 10 a.m. until time of Mass at 1 p.m., with the rosary being prayed at 12:15 p.m.
Serving as pallbearers will be Robert Vilcan, Thomas Vilcan, John Freshley, Mitch Bourque, Nicholas Boudreaux and Stephen Vilcan.
In lieu of flowers the family asks that contributions be made to help alleviate funeral expenses.
Family and friends may view the obituary and express their condolences online by visiting www.iberts.com.
Arrangements have been entrusted to Ibert's Mortuary, Inc. of Franklin.
(Paid Obituary)


text:
2 hrs ago | Daily World
'Jodi Arias: Dirty Little Secret' better than expected
Let's get it out of the way: It simply feels too soon to make a movie based on the 2008 murder of Travis Alexander.
6 hrs ago | Tri-cityherald.com
Baked Alaska: Unusual heat wave hits 49th state
With temperatures topping 80 degrees in Anchorage, and higher in other parts of the state, people have been sweltering in a place where few homes have air conditioning.
Netflix to expand to Netherlands later this year
Subscribers will be able to stream Hollywood fare, local TV series and Netflix originals like "House of Cards" and "Arrested Development" on TVs, game consoles, computers and mobile devices.
Selma Blair abruptly exits 'Anger Management'
In a statement Tuesday, producer Lionsgate says the actress won't be returning to the FX comedy.
HOMELAND star MANDY PATINKIN has revealed he bootlegs advance copies of his hit cable show to friends who can't afford to pay for premium TV channels.
Miss Utah USA takes 2nd stab at pageant question
Marissa Powell appeared Tuesday morning on NBC's "The Today Show" to talk about her fumble during Sunday's Miss USA pageant in Las Vegas.
'The Voice' final: Who deserves the crown?
Shakira, Adam Levine, Blake Shelton and Usher during 'The Voice' on Monday, June 17, 2013.
Birds of a Feather returns for new series
The original cast of the popular sitcom Birds of a Feather have signed up for a new series, which will be broadcast on UTV.
Dr. Megan Hunt is back at work in "Body Of Proof: The Complete Third Season" now available on DVD - and things are off and running for the medical examiner.
Obama: NSA secret data gathering 'transparent'
President Barack Obama defended top secret National Security Agency spying programs as legal in a lengthy interview Monday, and called them transparent - even though they are authorized in secret.
'Curb Your Enthusiasm' actor won't face vandalism charges
Prosecutors won't be filing charges of vandalism against "Curb Your Enthusiasm" actor Jeff Garlin after he was accused of smashing a car window in a dispute over a parking space.
Second City alumni remember co-founder Bernie Sahlins
Comedy fans know the names -- John Belushi, Bill Murray, Harold Ramis, Joan Rivers -- but before those famous faces graced Hollywood movies or the "Saturday Night Live" stage they were discovered by Bernie Sahlins, co-founder of The Second City.
Celeb birthdays for the week of June 23-29
June 23: Singer Diana Trask is 73. Singer Rosetta Hightower of The Orlons is 69. Actor Ted Shackelford is 67. Actor Bryan Brown is 66. Former "American Idol" judge Randy Jackson is 57. Actress Frances McDormand is 56. Drummer Steve Shelley of Sonic Youth is 51. Singer Chico DeBarge is 43. Actress Selma Blair is 41. Singer KT Tunstall is 38. Singer ... (more)
Charlie Sheen wants Selma Blair fired from ' Anger Management'
The actor wants co-star Selma Blair fired from "Anger Management." According to TMZ, Sheen said he won't film the FX show Monday if Blair shows up on the set.
Review: 'The Heist' is a good summer read
Janet Evanovich, creator of the popular novels featuring bounty hunter Stephanie Plum, teams up with Lee Goldberg, writer for the TV series and books featuring Adrian Monk, the detective with obsessive-compulsive disorder, for "The Heist."
Sesame Street: 'P' is for prison and that's OK
"Alex" has blue hair, a green nose and wears a hoodie. He seems like any other inhabitant of "Sesame Street," except his dad is in jail.
British police said Monday they are investigating newspaper photos that show Nigella Lawson's husband Charles Saatchi with his hands around the celebrity chef's throat.
Miss Utah Fumbles Interview Question
From left, recording artist and host Nick Jonas, television personality and host Giuliana Rancic look on as Miss Utah Marissa Powell picks a question to answer during the interview portion of the Miss USA 2013 pageant, Sunday, June 16, 2013, in Las Vegas.
TV picks for the week of June 17-23
The summer TV doldrums are really kicking in - there are far fewer new and returning shows premiering.
Daytime Emmys honor TV's daily best
Doug Davidson of The Young and the Restless won lead actor honors at the Daytime Emmy Awards on Sunday night, earning his first career trophy for a role he's played since 1978.


text:
Highland, Denver Apartments and Rentals on Walk Score
The map below shows apartments and rentals in Highland, Denver.
Highland has a population of 8,576 and an average Walk Score of 75. Highland is the #20 most walkable neighborhood in Denver.
Apartments Near Amenities
Use Gotta Have filter above to find Highland, Denver apartments near grocery stores, coffee shops, restaurants, parks, and more.
Apartment Buildings
Average Apartment Costs in Highland, Denver
Based on the first few accommodations in this search, we found:One Bedroom apartments at an average cost of $1284. The cheapest 1 bedroom rent is $1269. The most expensive 1 bedroom price is $1299.


text:
Linux and Multi-Boot
Posted 11 November 2006 - 07:32 AM
Posted 11 November 2006 - 10:22 AM
I tried using isolinux for this, but I cannot load into Linux. I am using the following:
LABEL live
menu label ^Start or install Kubuntu
kernel /kubuntu/casper/vmlinuz
append file=/cdrom/kubuntu/preseed/kubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=/kubuntu/casper/initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --
This is in isolinux.cfg in the boot/isolinux/ folder. I got this information from isolinux in the kubuntu isolinux folder, and modified it to reflect the new file locations. Is there something wrong with this approach?
This post has been edited by fevoldj2: 11 November 2006 - 10:40 AM
Posted 11 November 2006 - 10:44 AM
First : For Adding a menu in boot.ini to boot ubuntu/kubuntu linux, here is the steps
1) Here is the contents of boot.ini
[boot loader]
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows XP Professional" /noexecute=optin /fastdetect
C:\GRLDR="Ubuntu Linux 6.06"
2) Put the GRLDR from the GRUB in the root
3) Create a file with the name : menu.lst and fill it with the following contents
color black/cyan yellow/cyan
timeout 0
default 0
title Ubuntu 6.06
kernel (hd0,10)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-23-386 root=/dev/sda11 -ro quiet splash
initrd (hd0,10)/boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-23-386
Here make the necessary changes for kernel (hd0,10) for the correct partition number and also root=/dev/sda11
4) Reboot, u will get a menu "Ubuntu Linux 6.06" anext to Windows XP Professional, choose it, then see it
will boot into linux
5) Finished!!
will be posting how to add Norton Ghost, BartPE Live CD RAM Version...
Posted 11 November 2006 - 10:46 AM
It seems like diskemu Kubuntu.iso could also do the trick here. I'm going to test another version of Kubuntu, though, just to be sure this isn't a problem with this version. I get the same problem.
This post has been edited by fevoldj2: 11 November 2006 - 10:48 AM
Posted 11 November 2006 - 10:49 AM
This post has been edited by Manju: 11 November 2006 - 10:52 AM
Posted 11 November 2006 - 10:52 AM
Posted 11 November 2006 - 10:56 AM
fevoldj2, on Nov 11 2006, 10:22 PM, said:
ya i got it, u wanna have a single boot menu, so that u can choose either to install windows xp or kubuntu linux, ok will be posting a easy method for it... soon
Posted 11 November 2006 - 05:08 PM
Posted 12 November 2006 - 01:32 PM
I have a very modular disc and I hate having various folders for each component across the disc, one at the root is enough.
Knoppix was easy enough because of this reason and I managed to get that working using BCDW on the boot sector (I use CDShell by-the-way).
If you find an answer please post it here as I know there are people in this forum (besides me) that would be interested as well.
Posted 12 November 2006 - 03:43 PM
Posted 12 November 2006 - 04:21 PM
Just add the contents of the "boot" folder to your own and add a line in CDShell to BCDW your boot sector.
if $lastKey == key[f2]; then bcdw boot /KNOPPIX/KNPXBOOT.DAT
as you can see my boot sector is KNPXBOOT.DAT in the KNOPPIX folder.
I know this doesn't help much though if you end up with two isolinux folders in that location.
I'm presently looking into how isolinux actually works, something I've taken for granted up until now.
Apparently one way to have more than one Linux distro on one disc is to rewrite the isolinux.cfg file and have one isolinux folder on your disc to boot all of them.
I'm looking for a tutorial at the mo.
Posted 17 November 2006 - 09:19 PM
kof94, on Nov 12 2006, 05:21 PM, said:
I'm looking for a tutorial at the mo.
More than one Linux distro using ISOLINUX is cake.
LABEL bartpe
LABEL chntpw
KERNEL memdisk
APPEND initrd=/FLPYS/chntpw.bin
LABEL slax
KERNEL /boot/slax/vmlinuz
APPEND vga=769 max_loop=255 initrd=/boot/slax/initrd.gz from=/slax init=linuxrc load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 ramdisk_size=4444 root=/dev/ram0 rw nopcmcia
LABEL slaxltop
KERNEL /boot/slax/vmlinuz
APPEND vga=769 max_loop=255 initrd=/boot/slax/initrd.gz from=/slax init=linuxrc load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 ramdisk_size=4444 root=/dev/ram0 rw
LABEL server
KERNEL /boot/server/vmlinuz
APPEND vga=769 max_loop=255 initrd=/boot/server/initrd.gz from=/server init=linuxrc load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 ramdisk_size=4444 root=/dev/ram0 rw nopcmcia
LABEL mepis
KERNEL /boot/mepis/vmlinuz init=/etc/init apm=power-off vga=791 quiet
APPEND initrd=/boot/mepis/initrd.gz
Typically, ISOLINUX is found in /boot/isolinux. Put the kernel+ramdisk files for each distro in a sub-dir
under /boot, as in /boot/mepis for SimplyMEPIS, /boot/slax for Slax KillBill Ed, and /boot/server for
Slax Server Ed. The statements shown above work that way.
The files in the root of each distro go into the root of the ISO, exc for Slax Server+KillBill Eds, bec each of those distros have a cmd-line param (from=/) which permit their support files to be placed in their own sub-dirs. Distros based on Knoppix (Knoppix, DSL, et al) are problematic bec they each rely on a /KNOPPIX sub-dir which can't be relocated, otherwise ISOLINUX makes a multi-distro CD/DVD easy. BTW, I would point out that I also integrated BartPE and the CHNTPW P/2K password cracker gizmo into the same ISOLINUX menu with a nice splash screen.
Posted 18 November 2006 - 03:21 PM
Do you have any ideas of how to get all the source files from ubuntu in one folder (instead of disc root) and successfully boot it (for live and install)?
This post has been edited by kof94: 18 November 2006 - 05:44 PM
Posted 19 November 2006 - 11:48 AM
Posted 19 November 2006 - 12:25 PM
The commands just need to be adapted a bit!
I havn't got time right now to explain, I'll post a proper answer later.
Posted 19 November 2006 - 01:28 PM
Posted 19 November 2006 - 01:53 PM
Problem is I didn't bookmark it and I can't bloody find it again .
The benifits of this are obvious but I'd still like to know how to mod the distro's so you don't have loads of folders/files at the root of the disc (a pet hate of mine).
Posted 19 November 2006 - 03:03 PM
[Edit] Nevermind... it requires putting the entire Linux disk in the root of the DVD
Putting all the files onto the root of the DVD works, but it's not ideal if you want more than one Linux distro. I wonder if you can burn the CD in such a way that a folder will act like root...
This post has been edited by fevoldj2: 19 November 2006 - 03:12 PM
Posted 19 November 2006 - 03:45 PM
I have seen this question asked on the ubuntu forums but nobody replied to it.
I might register on it just to bump the topic... .


text:
WordPress FAQ is a cool plugin for creating your FAQ section . It has a lot of parameters to set, and it will allow you set your own theme from scratch. It has a user-friendly front-end and back-end interface, allowing you to set all parameters quickly and easily. FAQs have SEO-friendly URLs.
taccGL is a JavaScript library and framework that animates HTML elements in 2D and 3D using the GPU accelerated canvas (WebGL) with a fallback to the HTML5 2D canvas. It provides functions for moving in 3D space, accelerating, rotating, morphing, and mapping on 3D objects, and blending and fading HTML elements. Animations mostly run inside the GPU and are implemented in the C-like shader language GLSL.
Whiteboard lets the user draw freehand graphics on a Web page. It can create a canvas object for the whiteboard (if one does not exist) and let the user draw on the canvas area by dragging the mouse around. The color, thickness, line join, and line cap of the drawing pen can be configured. The object can also clear the whiteboard, export the coordinates of the drawn lines, or import previously drawn lines.
Eco-Memory is the classic memory game where the goal is to find matching pairs of cards. The cards represent habitats, organisms, and cultural entities of ecosystems like the Boreal Forest, Coral Reef, Deciduous Forest, Desert, Ice, Intertidal Zone, Rainforest, Surface Zone, Tundra, and Wetland. The game includes a small synopsis of the organisms, the cultural entities, and the habitats themselves. The synopsis is available through an "About" button that you may click after finding a matching pair of cards.
Science Quiz Bowl Challenge is a game of questions and answers. There are four topics: astronomy, biology, geology, and physics. After selecting a topic from the menu, a set of 10 questions are randomly presented, one by one, out from a pool of over 20 questions. The goal is to correctly answer as many questions as possible.
Translation of an RCS file collection or CVS repository history as a fast-import stream.


text:
Fox Grips
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Re: Fox Grips
It is always very sad to hear of such a loss. May He Rest In Peace... Pa
Re: Fox Grips
Sorry to hear that. May he RIP.
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text:
Tie-Dye Scarf
"This piece can upgrade any look. The bright tie-dye print really adds some pop!"
—Rajni Jacques
Photographed by Jonathan Nesteruk.
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No refunds. This item is final sale.
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Other Offers


text:
The Alice T. Miner Museum is seeking volunteers to help in interpreting the museum and its contents for visitors, researching our collection or archives, and assisting with events. The Alice also has a garden club for the green thumb looking to commit a few hours each week. The museum docent should be able to give a minimum of six hours a week for museum work.
The Alice T. Miner Museum is a Colonial Revival Museum with a widely varied and exciting collection of decorative arts and furniture displayed in period rooms first arranged by Alice in 1924. The museum also houses extensive archives, including local history, genealogical information and letters from well-known historical figures, as well as photographs and personal letters of Alice and William Miner.
Docents learn skills relating to the proper handling and care of historic objects and archival materials as well as tour guiding techniques, public relations, and research methods.
If you think you would be a great fit for our team please contact Amanda Palmer to arrange an interview:
Amanda Palmer
Shape U.S. foreign policy. Promote international trade and development. Translate documents. Plan events for international visitors. Interns in WII's Embassy and Diplomatic Scholars program accomplish these activities and more at embassies, the State Department, and international nonprofit agencies! SUNY Plattsburgh students have recently held internships at the State Department, a gun control lobby organization, Partners for the Americas (a NGO fostering sustainable development), the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and international education NGOs.
WII offers the Embassy and Diplomatic Scholars internship program every fall and spring.
The Embassy and Diplomatic Scholars program consists of:
Participating in the program enables you to:
Other opportunities with WII include the Capital Experience Program and Go Green (internships with organizations focused on environmental issues).
WII does not award credit, but students can usually earn a full semester's credit under the supervision of a faculty sponsor, who makes the final determination of the grade after consulting the internship supervisor and the two seminar instructors. Check with your advisor or contact WII for more information.
Applicants who are members of an all-college or disciplinary honors society receive a $500 scholarship.
We invite you to read more about the Embassy and Diplomatic Scholars program at
Special Collections in Benjamin F. Feinberg Library has opportunities for qualified students to work as interns for credit. If you are interested in applying for an internship, please contact your advisor or another history faculty member and review the Special Collections Internships web page. Special Collections houses general materials on New York State with particular emphasis on the Northern Counties of Clinton, Essex, and Franklin, and the Adirondack and lake Champlain regions. Information is collected in a variety of formats, including monographs, periodicals, pamphlets, photographs, maps, audio and video materials, and manuscripts. In addition to New York and local history materials, Special Collections houses the University Archives, the Plattsburgh State thesis collection, rare books, and the Rockwell Kent Collection.
Qualifications: The student in this position must be responsible, dependable, and attentive to detail. Good written communication skills are essential.
Time Requirement: The number of hours spent on the project is dependent upon the number of credits the intern wishes to earn. Detailed information can be found on the Internship Application available at the Registrar's Office. Three-credit internships require 9-10 hours/week working on the project.
The student must be available to work the required number of hours during times that Special Collections is open. Please refer to Special Collections hours at the following link: http://www.plattsburgh.edu/library/specialcollections/hours.php.
Students wishing to apply for this internship must first have a faculty sponsor.
The intern will report to Debra Kimok, Special Collections Librarian, who will evaluate the internship at its conclusion. The intern's faculty sponsor will assign the grade for the internship.
The Adirondack Museum offers an exciting opportunity for qualified undergraduate or graduate students seeking internship positions for college credit. Internships enable students to understand how a museum operates and provide hands-on work experience.
Interns will work closely with professional curators to research, catalogue and rehouse portions of the museum's extensive photograph collection.
More than 68,000 images portray virtually every aspect of life within and surrounding the boundaries of the Adirondack Park. The collection includes a broad representation of nineteenth and twentieth century photographic technologies and ranges in date from the 1840s to the present. Photographers represented in the collection include Seneca Ray Stoddard, Edward Bierstadt, Henry Beach, Katherine E. McClellan, Alfred Steiglitz, Eliot Porter and Margaret Bourke-White.
Internships are available for a minimum of five weeks or for a full 15 week period. Interns are expected to work a minimum of 4 hours each day, two to five days per week, depending on the length of the internship. No stipend is offered, although housing may be provided during the summer.
Qualifications: Desired backgrounds include history, environmental history, art history, and photography. Computer skills are essential. Good research and writing skills as well as attention to detail are required.
To apply: All applicants must submit a cover letter and resume with two letters of academic reference.
Please mail your application materials to:
Laura RiceFor more information, please contact Laura Rice at firstname.lastname@example.com or call (518) 352-7311, ext. 103.
Founded in 1957, the Student Conservation Association is the nation's largest and oldest provider of conservation service opportunities, outdoor education and career training for youth. S.C.A. is building the next generation of conservation leaders and inspiriting lifelong environmental stewardship by engaging young people in hands-on service to the land. Each year our interns provide more than one million hours of conservation service in parks, forests, refuges and urban areas nation wide" (S.C.A. guidebook).
You needn't be an environmental studies student or an environmental historian to be interested in S.C.A. internships. S.C.A. sponsors and expedites internships relating to history, library research and curatorial work, living history (including role playing), museum work, and interpretation of area resources. For example, you can apply to do interpretive work at the Minute Man National Historcal Park, the Colonial National Historical Park, the Fort Scott National Historic Site or become a researcher at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. This is just a small selection of a wide variety of options. These internships range in time from 12 weeks to a full year and come with travel grants, free housing, a small living allowance, accident insurance, and deferment of qualified student loans.
If you're interested in finding out more about internships offered through S.C.A., please visit their website or contact Prof. Gary Kroll.
For more information about the history program at SUNY Plattsburgh, please contact
Wendy Gordon, Chair
Office: Champlain Valley Hall 220
Phone: (518) 564-2213
Fax: (518) 564-2212
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
50+ celebrities to spot at the Super Bowl [Pictures]
Just like its predecessors, Super Bowl XLVII -- and all the hoopla surrounding it -- is proving to be quite the celebrity magnet. Some of them are already there, some are on their way; here are just some of the famous folk making their way to New Orleans this weekend.
• Also see: Celebrity Super Bowl picks [Pictures] | Super Bowl 2013 coverage
Image 1 of 5
Jim Brown
NFL Hall-of-Famer and former Cleveland Brown Jim Brown is reportedly making the rounds in New Orleans, including a stop at the NFL's "Welcome to New Orleans" bash.
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President Obama met with twenty senators Tuesday night to discuss the heightened urgency of cap-and-trade legislation in light of the largest environmental disaster in American history. While the oil spill has dominated headlines for two months, very little attention is paid to the history of the idea of cap-and-trade and who would stand to benefit from putting the force of government behind it. Before we can examine the players in the lucrative climate change industry, we must first understand the game.
How the game of
cap-and-trade is played
Climate change is a man-made event caused by high quantities of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by people, cars, industry, and so forth, according to environmentalists and many scientists. It will lead to climactic catastrophes if something isn't done and done soon, say people like Al Gore.
Whether Al Gore and the environmentalists are correct or not is outside the scope of this article. Just go along with it for now.
Carbon emissions from the biggest polluters--industries--need to be measured by independent auditors and then capped at some arbitrary amount to limit their impact on the environment. However, rather than a hard cap, which many companies would have a difficult time complying with, this is a soft cap. Companies would be able to exceed the limit provided they pay some sort of penance.
Companies that come in under the limit could sell that penance to them. The exact amount a company goes under would be quantified as a number of carbon credits. The "green" company could then sell the credits to the polluting company.
Cap, the arbitrary pollution limit, and trade, the act of one company getting its pollution "forgiven" by transferring its money to a redeemed company, acts as a carrot/stick stimulus for all participating companies. With this cap-and-trade legislation, the Democrats hope to compel companies to reduce global emissions.
Cap-and-trade is
already a reality
While we're sitting around waiting to see if President Obama has enough Senators to pass cap-and-trade legislation, it's easy to forget that it's already going on in Europe and the U.S.
While European nations are complying with the Kyoto Protocol, some American companies are participating in cap-and-trade on a purely voluntary basis--for now.
They trade carbon credits on the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), the United States' only
carbon credit trading system. The CCX is the stadium in which the game of cap-and-trade is played. Right now it's a minor-league sport, but it has some real superstars behind it.
How the players stand
to benefit
For the sake of argument, let's assume that the plan is economically sound--that it won't raise consumer prices or put companies out of business. Let's say it works great--there are still some glaring conflicts of interest that we must examine.
At the beginning of the decade, a promising Chicago-area state senator named Barack Obama sat on the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to Progressive causes such as gun control and the environment. The group contributed money to a research program at the Kellogg School of Business at Northwestern University. In this program worked Richard Sandor, an economist known as "the father of financial futures."
Sandor's research would lead directly to the creation of the Chicago Climate Exchange.
Time Magazine would later call him "the father of carbon trading" and a "hero of the planet" for founding CCX and its European counterpart. Dozens of companies signed up for the privilege to buy carbon credits, either by altruism or so they can brag to their customers that they went green. CCX makes money each time a firm is audited to measure their carbon footprint and each time a carbon credit is sold on the exchange.
A "socially conscious" investment firm saw the potential in CCX and bought a stake in it. That firm was Generation Investment Management (GIM). GIM makes money every time CCX makes money, which again is every time a company buys a carbon credit. Who founded and currently presides over GIM?
None other than Al Gore, Mr. Climate Change himself.
It would seem Mr. Gore--along with co-investor Goldman Sachs--has a hefty financial stake in convincing companies to go green for the sake of the environment. So far he's been successful at it--GIM is worth $2.5 billion.
For their part, Goldman Sachs was the second biggest contributor to Barack Obama's presidential campaign, and 75 percent of its campaign contributions go to Democrats.
Al Gore, Barack Obama, Richard Sandor and Goldman Sachs aren't the only players in this game. Would you believe Fannie Mae, the GSE that is in the home mortgage industry, also plays a prominent role?
On November 7, 2006--24 hours after the Democrats retook control of Congress--Patent No. 6904336 was approved by the U.S. Patent and Trade Office. That patent, which governs the software used to power the Chicago Climate Exchange, is owned by Fannie Mae even though it has nothing to do with its charter--giving the mortgage company proprietary control over the automated trading system in the CCX.
If you're keeping score: Barack Obama helped create the Chicago Climate Exchange--the "trade" in cap-and-trade--Fannie Mae (along with Obama fundraiser Kenneth Berlin) controls it, and Al Gore and Goldman Sachs stand to benefit from every transaction that occurs on it.
And they're all pushing to make their system the law of the land. Where is the media on this?


text: Luis Figo is the most capped player of all time for the Portuguese national team. Figo spent nearly 15 years with the Navigators and has won numerous player of the year awards and made the FIFA 100 list of the 100 greatest living players. The attacking midfielder was known for his speed, vision and playmaking abilities. Look like living Portuguese legend Luis Figo the next time you take the field.


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Girls Swimming: Resweber sets record as Panthers stay unbeaten
The hits just keep coming for Frances Resweber.
The Strath Haven freshman stud added another accolade to her impressive career by setting the school record in the 200 freestyle with a time of 1 minute, 59.35 seconds, downing an 18-year-old standard as part of her two wins in the Panthers' 104-80 win over Central League opponent Lower Merion Thursday.
Resweber was also first to the wall in the 500 free. Hallie Yancey, Kate Willis, Abby Kennedy and Kathryn Restrepo also added wins for the Panthers (6-0, 5-0).
In other girls Central League action:
Springfield 98, Marple Newtown 87
Kylene Ronayne (200 free, 100 fly) and Lauren Notorfrancesco (50 and 100 free) were both double winners to pace the Cougars to a narrow win.
Wins by Melissa Loro, Makaela Somma and Maryann Uhlman helped the Tigers close strong, but it wasn't enough for Marple.
Haverford 109, Upper Darby 77
Maddie Hart's wins in the 100 and 200 free helped stake Haverford to an early lead, and Elizabeth Verzella (100 back) and Annie O'Brien (100 breast) made sure the Fords finished strong to ice the win. Ali Butera also topped the 200-point mark in diving to claim the win there.
Erika Fimple (200 IM), Samantha Campbell (50 free), Meggie Leitz (100 fly) and Siobhan McDonough (500 free) chipped in wins for the Royals. Continued...
Garnet Valley 129, Harriton 54
Catherine Yang won the 100 fly and 100 breast, and Skyler Berrardi got to the wall first in the 100 and 200 frees to lead a dominating performance by the Jaguars.
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Jeff Wolfe has been an avid runner for years, including running cross country in high school and college, though he's not as fast now as he once was. This blog is designed for high school runners, and their coaches and parents in Delaware County.
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People's Association co-owns communities clubs and centres throughout Singapore to promote social and grassroot activities. SMM's facilities management contract with PA is to manage 22 community clubs and centres facilities in community clubs and centres facilities in Zone D & E. This Managing Agent role is to look after the building and its associated facilities to ensure that they are well maintained and safe for use. It covers the supervision of contractors providing cleaning and conservancy, ground care, horticulture, pest control, maintenance of building, mechanical, electrical and plumbing services. Regular inspections for health, safety and statutory requirements must be conducted, as well as fire drills. In addition, the Managing Agent is to provide consultancy for additions, alterations, repairs and redecoration works required by the owner and the end users.