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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Inspiring or deserving of lament or regret; deplorable or pitiable. See Synonyms at pathetic.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To bo lamented; exciting or calling for sorrow; grievous: as, a lamentable deterioration of morals.
- Expressive of grief; mournful: as, a lamentable cry.
- Miserable; pitiful; low; poor.
- adj. Causing sorrow, distress or regret; deplorable, pitiful or distressing.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Archaic Mourning; sorrowful; expressing grief.
- adj. Fitted to awaken lament; to be lamented; sorrowful; pitiable; regrettable; unfortunate.
- adj. Miserable; pitiful; paltry; -- in a contemptuous or ridiculous sense.
WordNet 3.0
- adj. bad; unfortunate.
- From Latin lāmentābilis ("full of sorrow, mournful; deplorable"), from lāmentor ("lament"), from lāmenta ("wailing, weeping"). (Wiktionary)
"She pointed to what she called lamentable living standards and unbelievable corruption in this country that supplies the U.S. with crude oil."
"Hence what she describes as the lamentable four-year period of "apostasy" forced upon Shakespeare after The Merchant of Venice, during which he was obliged to abandon or temper his "elegantly encrypted appeals" before returning to them with a difference in Julius Caesar."
"The children were crying with hunger in lamentable fashion."
"Viewed as it stood in the reality, as he was and as it was, the enterprise, since it proved so unfortunate, may be called lamentable, but cannot be called unnatural."
"It was a painting, impregnated with ancient mysticism, representing the figure of Jesus with eyes closed, forehead bloody, expression lamentable and dead; the head seemed to be cut off, separated from the body, and placed there on a gray linen cloth."
"He also pointed out the damage always caused by internal friction in the nation's sports administration, describing as lamentable a situation where the ministry and the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) are always at loggerheads in the build-up to major competitions."
"British manufacturing activity rose to its highest level in more than two years in December, buoyed by a sharp jump in new orders, a closely watched survey showed Last week's Hoon-Hewitt coup has been described as a lamentable failure."
"Last week's Hoon-Hewitt coup has been described as a lamentable failure."
WN.com - Articles related to Gordon Brown's debt denial 'is worse than Nazi appeasement before WW2'
"Many orphans (i.e., unwanted children) worldwide are created by the sword in countries where parents are slaughtered in for ethnic reasons that our media and State Department refer to as lamentable "civil wars" in which no outside forces should interfere."
"District Court Judge Thomas A. Hogan, whose ruling nevertheless described the case as "lamentable" and "appalling."
The Huffington Post: Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again
These user-created lists contain the word 'lamentable'.
common UA vocab. in US
Interesting, there is a traditional vocabulary of an Ukrainian, that differs from vocabulary of average American. It would be nice to explore it.
jackdaw, incongruous, cassock, vivid, magpie, humdrum, amongst, wonder, wandering, wheedling, wheedle, osseous and 368 more...
Vocabulary Words
words to reference while writing something
cohesive, epitome, tempered, imply, prudent, sundry, sagest, agitation, giddy, disposition, inclination, gracious and 114 more...
ashton's Words
genocide, boingy, umwelt, zeitgeist, fungible, vorpal, spawn, discordian, fnord, surreptitious, xyzzy, corruption and 122 more...
The Sog Collection
My big word list.
chaos, flaccid, empirical, flotsam, cacophony, grumble, assuage, awe, romance, mortality, coalesce, fortuitous and 3282 more...
Miss Sunshine
she's such a joy.
bereaved, bitter, cheerless, dejected, depressed, despairing, despondent, disconsolate, dismal, distressed, doleful, downcast and 405 more...
heart of darkness
yawl, sea-reach, offing, barge, sprit, estuary, yarn, aft, mizzenmast, placid, gauzy, diaphanous and 141 more...
akmed13's Words
time, spaceship, quantum mechanics, time traveller, bezonkers, strakh, path integrals, gorbfest, amphigory, amber, bicycle, amphisbaena and 358 more...
Sat Vocabulary List
abandon, abash, abate, abjure, ablution, abnegate, abominable, aboriginal, abortive, abrade, abridge, abrogate and 2155 more...
another yet
anneal, copepod, cuckoo, fathead, intone, patter, cabriole, knickknack, boodle, kit, estrange, forebode and 209 more...
dainty, fret, laconic, laggard, lamentable, languid, arisrocrat, languor, rearing, permanence, lassitude, shiftlessness and 7 more...
labyrinthine, lacerate, lachrymose, lackadaisical, lackey, laconic, lacteal, laggard, laggardly, laissez faire, laity, lambaste and 44 more...
The House of Mirth
fastidious, contrive, portmanteux, precipitate, odious, mirth, elucidate, predominant, languor, throng, eminence, verdure and 40 more...
nodrog's Words
hydrographic, precipitation, gastronomic, sphincter, juxtaposition, procrastination, spherical, etymological, lamentable, fornication, meteorological, dodecahedron
Compsognathus's list
O sad small language how I fail thee.
penisolate, underapproacheated, mastrobattling, plain as a pint, the very instroment, centrocivic, brothren, wordsifting, communicurtive, effectancy, rigititty, utterer and 35 more...
noggie42's Words
kleptocracy, zeugma, shilly-shally, hierophant, maunder, periwinkle, verisimilitude, diphthong, flippant, ludicrous, kreplach, gullet and 69 more...
Highfun's Words
Looking for tweets for lamentable.


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Written on: 02/03/2013
I tried the Herbalife ultimate program and loved how I felt and best of all I lost 27 lbs. in three months and kept it off. There a lot of vitamins to take so if you struggle with taking pills, you may find it difficult to stay on the program. However, if you stick to the plan, you will NOT be hungry, will have increased energy and just an overall feeling of well being. In addition to feeling better, I actually was able to quit my addiction to coffee and diet soda, replacing it with... (read more)
Written on: 22/02/2013
I went into an herbalife establishment in New London New Hampshire and the girl at the counter was the rudest person you'd ever want to talk to. She says she was a co owner and she didn't make money on the product. That everything went towards the rental of the building. I brought a friend in to get her started on the product and I will never go there again. If this is the way and herbalife establishment is run then it deserves to fail. I have been going there for 2 yrs and this is the... (read more)
Written on: 02/12/2012 by desgirl
I used herbalife for a few months and I lost a few pounds but it made me sick and developed thyroditis. Then it made me gain 15 pounds and changed my metabolism for worse. The worse product ever and dangerous. be careful if you are thinking about using this. It contains a large amount of Iodine that affect the Thyroid gland. Talk to you doctor about it. (read more)
Written on: 23/02/2009
I started Herbalife Weight loss and health 2 weeks ago and have around half a stone, whilst the idea of a liquid meal may sound unappealing, you are expected to have a solid but balanced meal either for lunch or dinner so you aren't missing out. the "chocolate and peanut" snack bars are delicious and if eaten once a day as recommended they cut all sugary, chocolatey cravings i might have had, the nuts are good too. The shakers are handy but pants when it comes to actually mixing the shakes... (read more)
Written on: 23/12/2008 by AISHA28 (1 review written)
I recommend herbalife to everyone out there that is wanting to lose weight/ gain weight/ or maintain their weight.
this product worked like a miracle, with no negative effects.
i lost weight and gained confidence and health.
i haven't looked and felt this healthy before.
i would like to thank herbalife and my personal herbalife coach.
if u are interested in trying the products or would like to know more then you can contact herbalife, or look for any other herbalife coach near you and i'm...
(read more)
Written on: 19/06/2008
Overall the Herbalife diet may be good but i feel that there could be room for improvement and its a run for your money!
Don't buy it, that's just my opinion anyway. ;)
(read more)
Written on: 16/04/2008 by feelgoodnutrition
If you want to shift the weight- try it-it worked for me. (read more)
Written on: 16/03/2005 by justinndonielle (1 review written)
Since 1980, Herbalife has been at the forefront of improving personal nutrition through our family of trusted consultants, creating advanced products that deliver enhanced benefits to millions of individuals in over 50 countries worldwide.
Manufactured using quality ingredients under strictly quality controlled procedures, Herbalife quality products have been developed by Herbalife scientists in accordance with government regulations. I guarantee your complete satisfaction with the products.
(read more)
As rated by real users
"I have lost half a stone" Read More
"Didn't work for me" Read More
"Over priced meal replacement -..." Read More
"Weight loss made easy" Read More
"Effective but Aggravating" Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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RE: President Obama's Proposed Mortgage Modification Plan
Presently, I have two immediate concerns:
1. The proposed plan for mortgage modification does not reduce the principal on loans. What happens when the homeowner goes to sell?
2. The seeming trend of homeowners postponing the resolution of their distressed property problem, waiting for the government to bail them out. The longer homeowners wait, the harder it will be to resolve their situation.
Here are highlights on the new mortgage program proposed by President Obama at the State of the Union address:
To be eligible, borrowers would have to have made their mortgage payments over the last six months with only one delinquency, and their loan amount couldn't exceed the FHA loan limit for their area. If borrowers owe more than 140 percent of the value of their home, the lender has to agree to reduce the loan balance.
Bottom line:
1) The owner is allowed to have only missed one payment in the past 6 months. That shouldn't be too large of an obstacle for most owners to overcome……but….
2) Owners who are underwater by more than 40% must get their lender to agree to forgive the negative equity. LENDERS must agree to do this. Lenders would have to get investors to agree to this forgiveness.
3) The negative equity is STILL ON THE LOAN with this re-fi plan. Owners would get a lower payment but, still be underwater. When these owners go to sell and if they were still underwater they would have to sell as a short sale or lose the home through the foreclosure process. As long as owners are underwater there will never be a real housing recovery.
4) This proposed plan is open for non-GSE backed loans.
5) Congress has to sign off on this housing plan.
During his State of the Union speech last week, President Obama proposed to help boost the housing market by helping more upside-down homeowners.
In the details he released today, the President said he wants to make the federal government's existing mortgage refinance program, called HARP (Home Affordable Refinance Program) available to more home owners. It's currently available to struggling borrowers with loans backed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. For these borrowers, incentives are provided under certain conditions to make refinancing more attractive.
Under the new proposal, this HARP program would be expanded to include borrowers with loans that aren't backed by Fannie and Freddie. These are the borrowers whose loans were securitized in private-label securities without any federal backing, and they would be allowed to refinance into FHA-backed loans, the same as the Fannie and Freddie borrowers. The administration has estimated that borrowers would save $3,000 a year in mortgage costs.
To be eligible, borrowers would have to have made their mortgage payments over the last six months with only one delinquency, and their loan amount couldn't exceed the FHA loan limit for their area. If borrowers owe more than 140 percent of the value of their home, the lender has to agree to reduce the loan balance. Also, borrowers wouldn't have to submit a full file of paperwork for the refinancing as long as they can verify their employment. The proposal also would enable borrowers who still have equity in their home—up to 20 percent—to participate.
The changes will require legislation, so Congress will have to agree to them for the expanded program to take effect.
In his State of the Union speech last week, Obama said he would pay for the expanded program using a fee charged to the country's largest banks so the initiative wouldn't add to the deficit. But some members of Congress have said they oppose charging banks a fee to cover the cost.
The Obama plan would also introduce a Bill of Rights for home owners, part of which is intended to smooth the mortgage modification and foreclosure processes, which today can be contentious and difficult for borrowers to understand. A key part of this is an effort to curb banks' practice of undertaking a mortgage modification while at the same time proceeding with a foreclosure—a process called dual tracking. Before they can start foreclosure, banks will have to show they took all reasonable steps to modify a borrower's mortgage.
To help ease inventories of foreclosed homes, the plan would give a green light to Fannie Mae to implement a pilot program to make foreclosures available to investors in bulk purchases for conversion to rental housing. Under the pilot, Fannie would package for sale foreclosed homes in a limited number of markets and require them to be used as rental properties for a period of time.
NAR (National Association of Realtors) has concerns with this proposal and has been talking with federal regulators to ensure that the program is carefully tailored to the communities who can truly benefit from it, that small and medium-sized investors be able to participate, and that real estate professionals continue to play a role in the disposition of the homes.
In a statement released after the President outlined the details of his proposal, NAR said it's urging the regulator of Fannie and Freddie, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, "to proceed cautiously with the REO-to-rental program since housing markets are complex and varied.
"NAR believes an overly aggressive REO-to-rental program that is not privately administered by local entities and does not involve substantial participation of local market experts, especially licensed real estate professionals, could be disruptive and counterproductive to communities already suffering from high foreclosure inventories and lower housing values."


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Tumor Marker Control
The Acusera multianalyte liquid tumor marker control covers a total of 15 commonly tested and esoteric cancer antigens and tumor markers. Assayed target values can help laboratories monitor both accuracy and precision. The liquid stable nature redu
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Steve Reagan is project leader for the Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge near Starkville, Miss., and the Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge in Gilbertown, Ala.
He has worked with the national wildlife refuge system for 12 years. For the past three, he was a deputy supervisor who helped to lead more than 250 staffers on 39 refuges in Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky.
"Steve has a wide range of experience in refuge management," said Cindy Dohner, the Service's southeast regional director. "He has done everything from starting a Friends Group for Bayou Teche Refuge in Louisiana, to developing a scientific research program on the Southwest Louisiana Refuge Complex, to participating in rescue efforts following Hurricane Katrina.
"His hands-on experience will really benefit these two refuges."
Originally from Massachusetts, Reagan also has worked for the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, the U.S. Forest Service, and the U.S. Park Service. He also has been deputy manager at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in St. Charles, Ark., and worked at several refuges in Louisiana, where he began working for the Fish and Wildlife Service in 2000.
The 48,000-acre Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge is a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife, and is also managed for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker.
The 4,218-acre Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge is in southwest Alabama along the Tombigbee River north of Mobile. It provides wood duck brood habitat and a protected wintering area for waterfowl. Since the early 1990s, a pair of eagles has nested there each winter.


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Wednesday, June 19, 2013
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Wooden beam could be detached part of shipwreck
Yesterday at 3:19 PM
Expedition leaders say the beam worked loose Tuesday, so a diver eased it to the lake floor
read story
Permits approved for Le Griffon shipwreck expedition
Tuesday, June 04, 2013
The permit, issued the the Department of Natural Resources, will allow the team to conduct three small text excavations into the bottomlands.
read story
More Mysteries in the Great Lakes
Friday, December 14, 2012
The recent discovery of the shipwrecked wooden steamer "New York" has stirred up memories for a Traverse City woman who lost her father when his ship went down 53 years ago this month.
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Shipwreck discovery: Missing wooden steamer located
Tuesday, December 04, 2012
The 283' Steamer New York, built in 1879, was discovered in Lake Huron.
read story
Last words: We are holding our own
Friday, November 09, 2012
7&4 Storm Team Meteorologist Joe Charlevoix interviews Bruce Lynn, Operations Manager of the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society about the SS Edmund Fitzgerald sinking.
read story
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Shipwrecks protected in newest underwater preserve
Monday, September 24, 2012
The new preserve covers about 345 square miles and features 13 identified shipwrecks and three other diving structures.
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Shipwreck from 1800's found in Lake Michigan
Tuesday, July 17, 2012
The wreck of a vintage schooner from the 1800's has been located 5 miles off the coast of Michigan between Michigan City and St. Joseph, Michigan.
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140-year old shipwreck discovered on beach
Thursday, February 02, 2012
7&4 News reporter Lauren Amstutz hiked to the location where a 50-foot shipwreck piece can finally be seen in it's entirety.
read story
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Shipwreck discovery near Sleeping Bear Point
Friday, October 28, 2011
Lake Ann shipwreck hunter Ross Richardson has located what he believes to be 3 uncharted shipwreck sites in the waters off Sleeping Bear Point. The wrecks are between 15 and 22 feet of water near the point.
read story
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Two shipwrecks discovered in Lake Huron
Thursday, July 14, 2011
They were detected during an expedition called "Project Shiphunt," which involved scientists and historians from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and five high school students from Saginaw.
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New Mackinaw City tour company highlights bridge, shipwrecks
Tuesday, July 05, 2011
Several people will make Northern Michigan their vacation destination this summer and in a popular hotspot, one man has started a unique business that gives you an up-close and personal look at maritime history.
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Recreating a Shipwreck Beach Patrol
Friday, October 15, 2010
This weekend the National Park Service Rangers will be recreating a shipwreck beach patrol.
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Diver finds Westmoreland shipwreck
Thursday, August 19, 2010
It's called the "Westmoreland" and was found by Ross Richardson of Lake Ann on July 7th using a sonar.
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Titanic expedition possible in 2010
Monday, October 26, 2009
Salvage company raises prospect of expedition to the Titanic wreck site in 2010
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Thursday, September 24, 2009
Shipwreck discoveries in the Great Lakes the focus of summit in Traverse City
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ADA Info
All HCPL branches will be CLOSED Monday, May 27. Cy-Fair will also be CLOSED Saturday, May 25 and Sunday, May 26.
In my last entry, I talked about great spy movies. But, of course, the big screen isn't the only one with espionage agents that thrill us. Television has its own history of shows featuring spies. And the series run from very serious and secretive to shows with a light touch – and even some in between.


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The Official Home of University of Illinois Athletics
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scottyd wrote:In Saltcoats I remember two. One was at the end of Canal Street and the other up above the High ?Road off Dalry Road.
George Ardrossan wrote:Mitchy, Penny Tray
The photo below was taken on 15 August 2002 when the bookie's shop was called CD Racing.
On 27 April 2007, Morrisons Bookmakers took over as shown in this photo of 15 July 2007.
In summer 2008, Scotbet took over as shown in this photo taken on 25 December 2008.
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New Year's Eve. A defining moment, the joys and traumas of Christmas behind us and the blank page of 2013 stretching ahead like a freshly hoovered carpet. The question is whether, for us gardeners, that carpet will be lush shag pile or meagrely
, day and night, to support optimal growth.Alternatively, I could buy young plants in April or May. They cost a little more than seeds, but are still fun to pot up and grow on.Now, where did I put those seed labels?


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Home » News » Crime
June 25. 2012 1:16PM
Nashua woman accused of trying to run over husband - twice
NASHUA - A woman is accused of threatening her husband with a knife and trying to run him over with her car - twice.
April Frantz, 37, of 49 Lund St., is charged with criminal threatening, criminal mischief and reckless conduct, all class B felonies.
Police were sent to the Frantz home just before 8 p.m. Sunday and found a car crashed into the garage.
Frantz allegedly threatened her husband with a knife and then drove her car through the closed garage door, near where he was standing.
Lt. Michael Moushegian said Frantz backed up and then "did it again."
- Former editor indicted on child porn charges - 0
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- Man wielding pipe robs Cumberland Farms in Goffstown - 1
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- License revocations for DWI announced - 0
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- Duo allegedly chased off by Windham neighbor with broom indicted over break-in - 7
Trial delayed for Epping man charged with shooting romantic rival
READER COMMENTS: 2- The casino vote: The House did its duty - 2
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- Another View -- Garth Corriveau: Sen. Jeanne Shaheen's real leadership benefits us all - 1
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NCAA finals a first for most FPU Ravens
READER COMMENTS: 0- Should applicants for jobless benefits have to pass a drug test?
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Daedalus Manga (Original)
I'll work on the wings better next time I try to draw wings ^^;.. I kind of have it pieced together as to how to do them; it might take a few more times to get it right.
Created Jun 11, 2009. Unless noted Copyright 2009 Silver.
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wow this drawing looks amazing :D i love his expression and the wings *_* amazing style and i his eyes so soft blue :3 amazing flash tool drawing hihi 5/5h and collection C:
awesome as love it, its so awesome its like wonderful and i bet it was hard to draw but its so lovely :D adding it to favs and 5h
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via http://wololo.net/2012/06/12/iso-loa...t-work-on-hbl/
The most requested feature ever for the HBL, is an iso loader: many developers promised the release of an iso loader for HBL, but nobody managed to code one so far. To understand what an iso loader is and why it wont work on HBL, first, we have to know what a .iso file is.
What are isos?
The ISO 9660 is a filesystem standard for optical discs (CDs, DVDs, and even UMDs use it). Its pretty simple to implement if youre a developer, and its widely documented.
An .iso file is just a raw disc image, that you can burn on a disc, or mount with some software, that does nothing but implement the ISO 9660 filesystem.
If you have a CFW, and your CFW can run isos and has a vsh menu, youll notice an option in your vsh menu called ISO Driver: usually, a custom firmware has more than just one implementation of the filesystem (driver), each one can have its advantages and works differently (some implement caching, other implement .cso support, and so on).
The OFW itself has an ISO driver, as UMDs use that filesystem aswell: some CFW drivers just patch that driver to make it work with your .iso files.
Now you may be asking yourself Cant HBL do the same?
Well, it cant patch the OFW driver as it is a kernel module, its in kernel memory, and HBL runs in usermode: it cant just write to kernel memory! It cant implement a kernel mode driver (like the ones CFWs have) because that requires access to some kernel-only functions (such as sceIoAddDrv).
Yet, an .iso dumped from an UMD contains some resource files and an EBOOT.BIN, whats that?
Couldnt HBL implement the iso specifications?
The EBOOT.bin inside your iso is just a usermode executable (ELF or PRX), so HBL could technically implement the 9660 filesystem, get that EBOOT.BIN and load it?
Not so fast! First of all, the executable is encrypted, and decryption requires kernel access. But this could be easily bypassed by decrypting the executable on a hacked PSP.
The main problem is that some games come with some kernel modules bundled with them (not sure why, backwards compatibility probably).
When the PSP system executes a game from an UMD, it looks for those modules, and allows the game to load them in order to override some OFW modules.
Doesnt that make the system somewhat vulnerable? Probably, but since only certified software houses should be able to burn images onto UMDs, its not very risky.
The HBL just cant load those modules, as loading kernel modules requires kernel permissions; mounting the ISO as a legit UMD would make the OFW do that for us, but that requires a kernel mode driver.
So, when HBL executes a game which requires some of those extra modules, the game will just not work, as it will most likely check if those modules were loaded or not.
I hope now you understand why we developers, find so annoying such requests. Also, lets face it, most people who ask for an iso loader are pirates: Im not saying people who really backup their own games to protect them dont exist, but theyre just a small part of the group.
Again, I tried to keep this as simple as possible, if you didnt understand something, let me know in the comments
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Tahini is added to mashed chick peas, lemon juice, garlic and olive oil to create this delectable Middle Eastern hummus dip.
Tahini is a rich, creamy paste made from ground sesame seeds and sesame oil. It's a staple in Middle Eastern cooking where it's commonly used to flavor sauces, dressings and appetizer spreads such as baba ghanoush and hummous. Also called sesame butter, tahini is similar to peanut butter, but thinner in consistency.
Varieties and Buying Tips
Tahini can be purchased at Middle Eastern markets and most supermarkets in jars or cans. It is available made from raw or roasted seeds, and in salted and unsalted varieties. While the ivory-colored Middle Eastern variety is the tahini of choice, you may also come across an Asian version with a darker brown color and stronger taste.You can also make your own tahini recipe at home. The only ingredients needed are sesame seeds, salt and light sesame, peanut or vegetable oil.
Storage Tips
Tahini does not require refrigeration and it can be stored in a cool, dry place for long periods of time. Because tahini does not contain emulsifiers, the sesame oil may separate from the solid mixture. To remix it, turn the jar or can upside down for 30 minutes before using.Usage Tips
• Tahini is best served at room temperature.• Use it as a sandwich spread, appetizer spread or dip with pita chips and sliced carrots and celery.
• Mix it with onion, garlic or cayenne pepper seasonings to make a salad dressing.
• Spread it on toast in place of margarine or butter.
• Add it to dessert recipes calling for nut butters.
Substitution Tips
When tahini is not available, peanut butter can be substituted in most recipes.Try one of our favorite tahini recipes:
Falafel Sandwiches
Spicy Cold Soba Noodles
Tahini Oatmeal Walnut Cookies
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A 47-year-old man was taken to the hospital after police say he was shot in the left side of his head Tuesday night in North Philadelphia.
According to police, the shooting happened on the 3800 block of North Darien Street.
The victim's condition is not yet known.
Police say they have not made any arrests.
Thursday weather looks damp and stormy. It will be mild and muggy to start with spotty showers early followed by afternoon and evening storms. Highs in the upper 70s with winds out of the SW 5-10 mph. Some of the storms will produce locally heavy rain and gusty winds.
This system is from the same cold front that caused the midwest tornadoes. It will also usher in cooler air for the holiday weekend.


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Indian Navy
The Indian Navy (Devanāgarī: भारतीय नौ सेना, Bhāratīya Nau Senā) is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. The President of India serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), usually a four-star officer in the rank of admiral, commands the navy. The Indian Navy can trace its lineage back to the Royal Indian Navy, however the modern navy as it is known today was not officially created until 1947 after independence was gained from the United Kingdom. The 17th century Maratha warrior king Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosale is considered as the Father of Indian Navy.[1][2]
Though the primary objective of the navy is to secure national maritime borders, India also uses its navy to enhance its international relations through joint exercises, port visits and humanitarian missions, including disaster relief. In recent years, the Indian Navy has undergone modernisation to replace ageing equipment currently in service, this is often seen as part of "India's drive" to develop blue-water capabilities and enhance its position in the Indian Ocean region.[3] As of 2013, the Indian Navy has a strength of 58,350 personnel and a large operational fleet consisting of; an aircraft carrier, an amphibious transport dock, eight guided missile destroyers, 15 frigates one nuclear attack submarine, 14 conventional submarines, 24 corvettes, 30 patrol vessels, 7 mine countermeasure vessels and various auxiliary ships.
Contents |
History [edit]
Early maritime history [edit]
India has a maritime history dating back to 7,600 years.[4][5][6][7] The first tidal dock is estimated to have been built at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus Valley Civilization, near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast.[8][9] The Rig Veda written around 1500 BC, credits Varuna with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes naval expeditions. There is reference to the side wings of a vessel called Plava, which give stability to the ship under storm conditions. A compass, Matsya yantra, was used for navigation in the fourth and fifth century AD.
The earliest known reference to an organisation devoted to ships in ancient India is to the Mauryan Empire from the fourth century BCE. Emperor Chandragupta Maurya's Prime Minister Kautilya's Arthashastra devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways under navadhyaksha (Sanskrit for Superintendent of ships) [4]. The term, nava dvipantaragamanam (Sanskrit for sailing to other lands by ships, i.e. Exploration) appears in this book in addition to appearing in the Sanskrit text, Baudhayana Dharmasastra as the interpretation of the term, Samudrasamyanam.
Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were the usual form of trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian Culture on other societies. Powerful navies included those of the Maurya, Satavahana, Gupta, Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara, Kalinga, Mughal and Maratha empires.[10] The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. The Maratha naval power dominated the military scene in India for three centuries.[11] During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Maratha and Kerala fleets were expanded, and became the most powerful Naval Forces in the subcontinent, defeating European Navies at various times (See the Battle of Colachel). The fleet review of the Maratha navy took place at the Ratnagiri fort in which the ships Gurabs, Galbat, Pal & small ships called as "Sangmeshwari" participated. The 'Pal' was a three masted fighter with guns peeping on the broadsides.[12] Kanhoji Angre and Kunjali Marakkar, the Naval chief of Saamoothiri, were two notable naval chiefs of the period.
1612 origins to independence [edit]
In 1612, the English East India Company established the East India Company's Marine to protect its merchant shipping off the Gulf of Cambay and up the Narmada and Tapti rivers. Its first fighting ships in India were acquired on 5 September 1612. This force evolved into Her Majesty's Indian Navy in 1830, while most of India was under British rule. The force at this time had British officers and Indian sailors. The Navy saw action in the First Opium War of 1840 and in the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852. During World War I, the force then known as the Royal Indian Marine undertook minesweeping, as well as supply and support operations for the Allies.
Sub Lieutenant D. N. Mukherji was the first Indian to be granted a commission as an engineer officer in 1928. In 1934, the navy was renamed as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).
The onset of World War II led to an expansion in numbers of vessels and personnel. The navy was actively involved in operations during the war around the world. Its sloops HMIS Sutlej and HMIS Jumna played a key role in Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily.[13] It was heavily involved in operations around the Indian Ocean, including convoy escorts, mine-sweeping, supply, as well as supporting amphibious assaults. At the end of the war, the navy underwent rapid, large-scale demobilisation of vessels and personnel. In 1946, Indian sailors started the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, a rebellion on board ships and on shore establishments to protest discrimination against Indian officers and sailors by the British. A total of 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in the rebellion, which spread all over India. After the independence of India on 15 August 1947 and the ensuing partition, the RIN's depleted fleet of ships and remaining personnel were divided between the newly independent Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan.
When India became a republic on 26 January 1950, the Royal prefix was dropped and the name Indian Navy was officially adopted. The prefix on her ships was changed to Indian Naval Ship (INS).
Independence to the end of the 20th century [edit]
During the early years following independence, the navy still had many British officers who continued to serve with the Indian Navy. Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari was the first Indian to assume office as the Chief of Staff of the Indian Navy on 22 April 1958. The first engagement in action of the Indian Navy was against the Portuguese Navy during the liberation of Goa in 1961. Operation Vijay followed years of escalating tension due to Portuguese refusal to relinquish its colonies in India. On 21 November 1961, Portuguese troops fired on the passenger liner Sabarmati near Anjadip Island, killing one person and injuring another. During Operation Vijay, the Indian Navy supported troop landings and provided fire support. INS Delhi (1948) sank one Portuguese patrol boat, while frigates INS Betwa (1960) and INS Beas (1960) destroyed the Portuguese frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque.[14] The 1962 Sino-Indian War was largely fought over the Himalayas and the Navy had only a defensive role in the war.
Indian Naval activity in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 largely involved coastal patrols. During the war, the Pakistani Navy attacked the Indian coastal city of Dwarka, although there were no military resources in the area. While this attack was insignificant,[15] India deployed naval resources to patrol the coast and deter further bombardment. Following these wars in the 1960s, India resolved to strengthen the profile and capabilities of its Armed Forces.
The dramatic change in the Indian Navy's capabilities and stance was emphatically demonstrated during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Under the command of Admiral Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda, the navy successfully enforced a naval blockade of West and East Pakistan.[16][17]
Pakistan's lone long-range submarine PNS Ghazi was sunk following an attack by the destroyer INS Rajput (1942) off the coast of Visakhapatnam around midnight of 3–4 December 1971.[18][19][20][21][22] On 4 December, the Indian Navy successfully executed Operation Trident, a devastating attack on the Pakistan Naval Headquarters of Karachi that sank a minesweeper, a destroyer and an ammunition supply ship. The attack also irreparably damaged another destroyer and oil storage tanks at the Karachi port. This was followed by Operation Python on 8 December 1971, further deprecating the Pakistan Navy's capabilities. Indian frigate INS Khukri was sunk by the PNS Hangor (S131), while INS Kirpan (1959) was damaged on the west coast. In the Bay of Bengal, the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant (R11) was deployed to successfully enforce the naval blockade on East Pakistan. Sea Hawk and the Alizés aircraft from INS Vikrant sank numerous gunboats and Pakistani merchant marine ships.[23] To demonstrate its solidarity as an ally of Pakistan, the United States of America sent Task Force 74 centred around the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. In retaliation, Soviet Navy submarines trailed the American task force, which moved away from the Indian Ocean towards Southeast Asia to avert a confrontation.[24] In the end, the Indian naval blockade of Pakistan choked off the supply of reinforcements to the Pakistani forces,[25] which proved to be decisive in the overwhelming defeat of Pakistan.[26][27]
Since playing a decisive role in the victory, the navy has been a deterrent force maintaining peace for India in a region of turmoil. In 1988, India launched Operation Cactus, to successfully thwart a coup d'état by PLOTE in the Maldives.[28] Naval maritime reconnaissance aircraft detected the ship hijacked by PLOTE rebels. INS Godavari (F20) and Indian marine commandos recaptured the ship and arrested the rebels.[29] During the 1999 Kargil War, the Western and Eastern fleets were deployed in the Northern Arabian Sea, as a part of Operation Talwar.[30] They safeguarded India's maritime assets from a potential Pakistani naval attack, as also detered Pakistan from attempting to block India's sea-trade routes.[31] The Indian Navy's aviators flew sorties and marine commandos fought alongside Indian Army personnel in the Himalayas.[32][33]
21st century onwards [edit]
In the 21st century, the Indian Navy has played an important role in maintaining peace for India on the maritime front, in spite of the state of foment in its neighbourhood.[34] It has been deployed for humanitarian relief in times of natural disasters and crises across the globe, as well as to keep India's maritime trade routes free and open.
The Indian Navy was a part of the joint forces exercises, Operation Parakram, during the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff. More than a dozen warships were deployed to the northern Arabian Sea.[35] In 2001, the Indian Navy took over operations to secure the Strait of Malacca, to relieve US Navy resources for Operation Enduring Freedom.[36]
The navy plays an important role in providing humanitarian relief in times of natural disasters, including floods, cyclones and tsunamis. In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the Indian Navy launched massive disaster relief operations to help affected Indian states as well as Maldives, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Over 27 ships, dozens of helicopters, at least 6 fixed-wing aircraft and over 5000 personnel of the navy were deployed in relief operations.[37] These included Operation Madad in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Operation Sea Waves in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Operation Castor in Maldives, Operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka and Operation Gambhir in Indonesia.[38] This was one of the largest and fastest force mobilisations that the Indian Navy has undertaken. Indian naval rescue vessels and teams reached neighbouring countries less than 12 hours from the time that the tsunami hit.[37][39] Lessons from the response led to decision to enhance amphibious force capbilities, including the acquisition of Landing Platform Docks such as the INS Jalashwa (L41), as well as smaller amphibious vessels.[40][41]
During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Indian Navy launched Operation Sukoon to evacuate 2,286 Indian nationals and expatriates, besides 436 Sri Lankan and 69 Nepali citizens, from war-torn Lebanon.[42][43] In 2006, Indian naval doctors served for 102 days on board USNS Mercy to conduct about medical camps in Philippines, Bangladesh, Indonesia and East Timor.[44] In 2007, Indian Navy supported relief operations for the survivors of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh.[45] In 2008, Indian Naval vessels were the first to launch international relief operations for victims of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar.[46][47]
In October 1999, a coordinated effort by the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard led to the rescue of pirated Japanese cargo ship, MV Alondra Rainbow.[48]
In 2008, the navy deployed INS Tabar (F44) and INS Mysore (D60) into the Gulf of Aden to combat piracy in Somalia.[49] Tabar prevented numerous piracy attempts,[50][51][52] and escorted hundreds of ships safely through the pirate-infested waters.[53][54][55] The navy also undertook anti-piracy patrols off Seychelles, upon that country's request.[56][57][58] In 2011, the navy launched Operation Island Watch to deter piracy attempts by Somali pirates off the Lakshadweep archipelago. This operation has had numerous successes in preventing pirate attacks.[59][60][61][62][63]
Current Role [edit]
Currently the principal roles of Indian Navy are:[64]
- In conjunction with other Armed Forces of the union, act to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory, people or maritime interests of India, both in war and peace;
- Project influence in India's maritime area of interest, to further the nation's political, economic and security objectives;
- In co-operation with the Indian Coast Guard, ensure good order and stability in India's maritime zones of responsibility.
- Provide maritime assistance (including disaster relief) in India's maritime neighbourhood.
Command and organisation [edit]
The Indian Navy operates three Commands.[65] Each Command is headed by a Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the rank of Vice Admiral. Two of the three commands have a two-star commanded Fleet, the Eastern and Western Fleets, and each also have a Commodore Commanding Submarines. The Southern Naval Command is home to the Flag Officer Sea Training.
Additionally, the Andaman and Nicobar Command at Port Blair under is a joint Tri-services Command reporting to the Chief of Integrated Service Command (CISC) in New Delhi. The Andaman and Nicobar Command, a joint Indian Navy, Indian Army and Indian Air Force Command was set up in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 2001.[66] It was created to safeguard In/ref>
- In conjunction with other Armed Forces of the union, act to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory, people or maritime interests of India, both in war and peace;
- Project influence in India's maritime area of interest, to further the nation's political, economic and security objectives;
- In co-operation with the Indian Coast Guard, ensure good order and stability in India's maritime zones of responsibility.
- Provide maritime assistance (including disaster relief) in India's maritime neighbourhood.
In addition to the above, Defence Minister of India A. K. Antony, while addressing representatives of 26 countries at the sixth Asia Security Conference, also known as the Shangri-La Dialogue, mentioned that "India is ready to play a key role as part of 'a pluralistic security order' for a better world", India's strategic interests in Southeast Asia and the Strait of Malacca.[67]
Commands | HQ Location | Current FOC-in-C |
Western Naval Command | Mumbai | Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha |
Eastern Naval Command | Visakhapatnam | Vice Admiral Anil Chopra |
Southern Naval Command | Kochi | Vice Admiral Satish Soni |
In 2005, the Indian Navy commissioned the base, INS Kadamba at Karwar, 100 km from Goa. This is the third operational naval base after Mumbai and Vishakapatnam and the first to be controlled exclusively by the Navy. (The other bases share port facilities with civilian shipping, but this one is for purely naval use.) Built under Phase I of the multi-billion dollar Project Seabird, it is the largest naval base in the region.[68] Asia's largest Naval academy INS Zamorin, was inaugurated at Ezhimala, in January 2009 by the Prime Minister of India.[69] Another naval base is being planned for the eastern shores, near Vishakapatnam at a cost of US$350 million.[70] The base, which will be located fifty km south of Vishakapatnam in Rambilli Mandal, will have comprehensive anti-aircraft, anti-submarine and amphibious capability.[71] This east coast base expansion program is in direct response to Chinese PLA Navy activities in the region.[72]
The Indian Navy is setting up a naval station in Madagascar,[73][74] to monitor and patrol the coast of Mozambique as well as the southern Indian Ocean.[75] The Indian Navy also has berthing rights in Oman and Vietnam.[76]
Personnel [edit]
The Commander of the Navy is the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS). Admiral Devendra Kumar Joshi, who was formerly the Eastern Naval Commander at Visakhapatnam, assumed responsibility in August 2009 as the head of the Navy from incumbent Admiral Sureesh Mehta, who retired from service.[77] While the provision for the rank of Admiral of the Fleet exists, it is primarily intended for major wartime use and honour. No officer of the Indian Navy has yet been conferred this rank. (Both the Army and Air Force have had officers who have been conferred with the equivalent rank – Field Marshals Sam Manekshaw and Cariappa of the Army and Marshal of the Indian Air Force (MIAF) Arjan Singh.) As of 2010 the Indian Navy has 58,350 personnel on active duty (including 7,000 Naval Aviation, 1,200 Marine commandos),[78][79] and 1,000 Sagar Prahari Bal soldiers.[80]
Shoulder | ||||||||||
Sleeve | ||||||||||
Rank | Admiral of the Fleet |
Admiral | Vice Admiral | Rear Admiral | Commodore | Captain | Commander | Lieutenant Commander |
Lieutenant | Sublieutenant |
Branches [edit]
The naval air-arm is an important component of the Indian Navy. The Indian Navy air arm consists of Sea Harrier jets that operate from the aircraft carrier INS Viraat. The Kamov-31 provide the Airborne Early Warning cover for the fleet. In the anti-submarine role the Sea King, Ka-28 and the domestic built HAL Dhruv are used. The MARCOS use Sea King and HAL Dhruv helicopters while conducting operations. Reconnaissance operations are carried out by Tupolev 142, Ilyushin 38, Dornier Do 228 aircraft, as well as HAL Chetak helicopters. The Aircraft used for carrying out roles of a strategic bomber and as a maritime strike are carried out by 4(3 more on order) Tupolev Tu-22M, which is also capable of performing reconnaissance missions. The UAV arm consists of around 30 UAVs like Heron and Searcher-IIs that are operated from ships and shore for better surveillance. The Indian Navy also maintains a four aircraft aerobatic display team, the Sagar Pawan. The Sagar Pawan team will be replacing their present Kiran HJT-16 aircraft with the newly developed HJT-36 aircraft.[81]
Following the purchase of the Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov (to be recommissioned as INS Vikramaditya), India also purchased Mikoyan MiG-29Ks to operate from the aircraft carrier.[82] The aircraft carrier is expected to become operational sometime after 2012. The southernmost naval air station, INS Bazz was formally opened on 31 July 2012 by the Indian Navy Chief at Cambell Bay in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. With the commissioning of this station, the country acquired increased capability to keep vigil on the vital maritime channel of the Straits of Malacca.[83] Indian Navy has floated tenders for acquisition of 65 twin-engined Light Utility Helicopters capable of anti-submarine warfare, anti-piracy and anti-terrorism operations to replace its vintage Cheetah and Chetak choppers.[84]
Marine Commando Force [edit]
The Marine Commando Force (MCF), also known as MARCOS, is a special forces unit that was raised by the Indian Navy in 1987 for direct action, special reconnaissance, amphibious warfare and counter-terrorism. In 1988, the MARCOS successfully rescued several hostages, including Maldives' then-Minister of Education, aboard a ship hijacked by PLOTE mercenaries during Operation Cactus. The MARCOS are typically deployed to prevent infiltration through the Jhelum and Wular Lake and are also involved in covert counter-terrorism operations in and around lakes and rivers in Jammu and Kashmir.[85][86]
During the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the MARCOS were also involved in the rescue mission of hostages captured by the terrorists in Taj Mahal Palace & Tower luxury hotel in Mumbai as part of a large terrorist attack in Mumbai metropolis in November 2008.[87]
Equipment [edit]
Ships and submarines [edit]
The names of all in service ships (and Naval Bases) of the Indian Navy are prefixed with the letters INS, designating Indian Naval Ship or Indian Navy Station. The fleet of the Indian Navy is a mixture of domestic built and foreign vessels. The Indian Navy presently has one aircraft carrier in active service, the INS Viraat. The carrier is planned for decommissioning after the induction of the first domestically built Vikrant class aircraft carrier. The Indian Navy will also commission the Russian-built INS Vikramaditya and sail it back to India by October–November 2013. It is expected to join active service by December 2013.[88] The Indian Navy has an amphibious transport dock of the Austin class, re-christened as INS Jalashwa in Indian service. Besides, it also maintains a fleet of landing ship tanks. It is expected that four LPD amphibious assault ships are to be constructed in the future.[89]
The navy currently operates three Delhi and five Rajput class guided-missile destroyers. The Delhi and Rajput class destroyers will be replaced in the near future by the next-generation Kolkata class (Project 15A destroyers). Seven vessels are expected to be commissioned starting in 2012. In 2011, the Indian government gave the go-ahead for an additional four improved Kolkata class destroyers (Project 15B destroyers). In addition to destroyers, the navy operates several classes of frigates such as three Shivalik and five Talwar class frigates. Seven additional Shivalik class frigates(Project 17A class frigates) are on order[90] and one more Talwar class frigate is due to be commissioned in June 2013. The older Brahmaputra class and Godavari class frigates will systematically be replaced one by one as the new classes of frigates are brought into service over the next decade. The last remaining Nilgiri class frigate is soon to be decommissioned.
Smaller littoral zone combatants in service are in the form of corvettes, of which, the Indian Navy operates the Kora, Khukri, Veer and Abhay classes corvettes. The next-generation Kamorta class of corvettes are currently under development with the first commissioning expected during late 2013. The Navy also plans to introduce stealthy trimaran vessels that can be modified according to mission requirements.
Replenishment tankers such as the Jyoti class tanker, INS Aditya (A59) and the new Deepak class fleet tankers help improve the navy's endurance at sea. The Deepak class tankers will be the mainstay of the replenishment fleet until the first half of the 21st century.[91]
The Indian Navy operates a sizeable fleet of Sindhughosh and Shishumar class submarines and has started construction of six Scorpène class submarines with MESMA. The submarines will feature air-independent propulsion and are expected to start joining the navy during the second half of 2015.[92] India issued a request for information for another six submarines in 2011,[93][94] but the plan was delayed due to cuts in the defence budget during 2012–13.[95] India paid US$2 billion for the completion of two Akula-II class submarines which were 40–60% completed.[96] Three hundred Indian Navy personnel were trained in Russia for the operation of these submarines. India has finalised a deal with Russia, in which at the end of the lease of these submarines, it has an option to buy them. The first submarine is named INS Chakra and was handed over to India on 23 January 2012.[97] For the first time India has designed and built the first boat of a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines. It is designated the Arihant class with the first vessel currently expected to be commissioned at some point in 2013.[98] The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, was launched on 26 July 2009 in Visakhapatnam and is currently undergoing sea trials.[99] The Navy plans to have six SSBN's in service in near future.[100] These nuclear-powered submarines will be a vital part of the nation's much desired nuclear triad.
Weapon systems [edit]
India has a number of foreign made cruise missile systems, including the Klub SS-N-27. It also has its own Nirbhay cruise missile systems under development. The Sagarika (Oceanic) submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), which has a range of at least 700 km (some sources claim 1000 km) forms part of India's nuclear triad. Another successful programme has been the adaptation of the Yakhont anti-ship missile system into the BrahMos by the NPO and the DRDO. The BrahMos has been tailored to Indian needs and uses a large proportion of Indian-designed components and technology, including its fire control systems, transporter erector launchers, and its onboard navigational attack systems. The successful test of Brahmos from INS Rajput (D51) provides Indian Navy with precision land attack capability.[101]
For future air defence of the fleet, India and Israel jointly developed the Barak 8 missile, an improved, longer range version of the Barak 1 air defence missile which is operational on Indian Navy ships.[102] The Barak 1 is currently the primary air defence missile in the Indian Navy.
Electronic warfare and systems management [edit]
Sangraha is a joint electronic warfare programme of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy. The system comprises a family of electronic warfare suites, such as Ajanta and Ellora, for use on different naval platforms capable of intercepting, detecting, and classifying pulsed, carrier wave, pulse repetition frequency agile, frequency agile and chirp radars. The systems employ a modular approach facilitating deployment on various platforms like helicopters, vehicles, and small ships. Certain platforms, apart from ESM (electronic support measures), have ECM (electronic countermeasure) capabilities. Advanced technologies like multiple-beam phased array jammers are employed in the system for simultaneous handling of multiple threats.[103]
The Indian Navy also relies on information technology to face the challenges of the 21st century. The Indian Navy is implementing a new strategy to move from a platform centric force to a network-centric force by linking all shore-based installations and ships via high-speed data networks and satellites.[104][105] This will help in increased operational awareness. The network is referred to as the Navy Enterprise Wide Network (NEWN). The Indian Navy has also provided training to all its personnel in Information Technology (IT) at the Naval Institute of Computer Applications (NICA) located in Mumbai. Information technology is also used to provide better training, like the usage of simulators and for better management of the force.[106]
Information technology cadre [edit]
With increasing cyber terrorism and attacks on its networks, the navy has created a separate cell for communications, space and network centric operations (CS&NCO) under an officer of the rank of Rear Admiral. The cell would operate and maintain the naval network and will respond to cyber attacks from hostile hackers. It will be manned by a special information technology cadre of the Indian Navy.[107]
Fleet reviews [edit]
The President of India is entitled to inspect his/her fleet, as he/she is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The first president's fleet review by India was hosted by Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 10 October 1953. president's reviews usually take place once in the President's term. In all, ten fleet reviews have taken place, including in February 2006, when former president Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam took the review.[108] The latest, on 20 December 2011, when President Pratibha Patil set sail in a warship INS Subhadra (P51) to take the 10th Fleet Review.[109] The Indian Navy also conducted an International fleet review named Bridges of Friendship in February 2001 in Mumbai. Many ships of friendly Navies from all around the world participated, including two from the US Navy.[110][111]
India often conducts naval exercises with other friendly countries designed to increase naval interoperability and also to strengthen cooperative security relationship. Some such exercises take place annually like the Varuna with the French Navy, Konkan with the Royal Navy, Indra with Russian Navy, Malabar with the US Navy, Simbex[113] with the Republic of Singapore Navy and IBSAMAR[114] with the Brazil and South African navies.[115] The Indian Navy also conducted exercise with the People's Liberation Army Navy in 2003 and will send ships to the South China Sea to participate in the fleet review.[116] In 2007, the TROPEX (Theatre-level Readiness Operational Exercises) was held during which Indian Navy experimented the doctrine of influencing a land and air battle to support the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.[117] Apart from the Indian Ocean, India has steadily gained influence in the Pacific Ocean. In 2007, Indian Navy conducted naval exercise with Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and U.S Navy in the Pacific[118] and also signed an agreement with Japan in October 2008 for joint naval patrolling in the Asia-Pacific region.[119]
India has also held naval exercise with Vietnam,[120] Philippines and New Zealand.[121] In 2007, India and South Korea decided to conduct annual naval exercise[122] and India participated in the South Korean international fleet review.[123] In addition, Indian Navy will also be increasing naval co-operation with other allies, particularly with Germany[124] and Arab states of the Persian Gulf including Kuwait, Oman,[125] Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.[126][127] India held the first Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS)[128] with an objective to provide a forum for all the littoral nations of the Indian Ocean to co-operate on mutually agreed areas for better security in the region.[129] The Indian Navy is increasingly used in international diplomacy.[130] Since 2000, the Indian naval ships have made port calls in Israel, Turkey, Egypt, Libya, Greece, Oman, Thailand, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, South Africa,[131] Kenya,[132] Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait[133] and other countries in 2005–2007.
The first Atlantic Ocean deployment of the Indian Navy happened in 2009. During this deployment, the Indian Naval fleet will conduct exercise with the French, German, Russian and British Navies.[134]
Tropex 2010 was held, with the Western and Eastern fleets taking part along with elements from the airforce.[135] In 2010, Indian naval warships were deployed in the Asia pacific region, and conducted courtesy calls at friendly ports.[136] Recently, Indian Navy carried out a Joint Naval exercise with Sri Lanka Navy codenamed SLINEX-II from 19 to 24 September 2011. The exercise was aimed at increasing the capabilities of the two nations in carrying out anti-piracy operations and exchanging professional knowledge.[137] Once in two years navies from the Indian Ocean region meet at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the event is named as Milan.[138] MILAN included a passage exercise in 2010.[139]
Exploration [edit]
The Indian Navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions. The sailing ship and training vessel INS Tarangini began circumnavigating the world on 23 January 2003, intending to foster good relations with various other nations; she returned to India in May of the following year after visiting 36 ports in 18 nations.[140] INS Tarangini returned to port, after a ten-month long overseas voyage named Lokayan 07.[141] Lt. Cdr. M.S. Kohli led the Indian Navy's first successful expedition to Mount Everest in 1965; the Navy's ensign was again flown atop Everest on 19 May 2004 by a similar expedition. Another Navy team also successfully scaled Everest from the north face, the technically more challenging route.[142] The expedition was led by Cdr Satyabrata Dam, belonging to the elite submarine arm. Cdr. Dam is a mountaineer of international repute and has climbed many mountains including the Patagonias, the Alps among others. This team's record is unmatched by any other navy. The Navy was also the first to send a submariner to summit Everest.[143]
An Indian Navy team comprising 11 members successfully completed an expedition to the Arctic pole. To prepare, they first travelled to Iceland, where they attempted to summit a peak.[144] The team next flew to eastern Greenland; in the Kulusuk and Angmassalik areas, they used Inuit boats to navigate the region's ice-choked fjords. They crossed northward across the Arctic Circle, reaching seventy degrees North on skis. The team scaled an unnamed peak of height 11,000 feet (3,400 m) and named it ''Indian Peak''.[145]
The Indian Naval ensign first flew in Antarctica in 1981.[146] The Indian Navy succeeded in Mission Dakshin Dhruv 2006 by traversing to the South Pole on skis. With this historic expedition, they have set the record for being the first military team to have successfully completed a ski traverse to the Geographic South Pole.[147] Also, three of the ten member team – the expedition leader – Cdr. Satyabrata Dam, leading medical assistants Rakesh Kumar and Vikas Kumar are now amongst the few people in the world to have visited the two poles and summited Mt. Everest.[148][149] Indian Navy became the first organisation to reach the poles and Mt.Everest.[150] Cdr. Dilip Donde completed the first solo circumnavigation by an Indian citizen on 22 May 2010.[151][152]
Overview [edit]
Indian Navy has decided to increase its spending by around 75 per cent in the current fiscal 2012–2013. With an overall hike in the defence budget of 17 per cent, Indian navy has been allocated $4.77 billion which is roughly $2 billion more than the allocation for 2011–2012. The increase in expenditure will be utilised to procure several frigates and destroyers, speed up key projects and increase its strategic reach in the Indian Ocean region.[153] By the end of the 14th Plan (2027), the Indian Navy expects to have "over 150 ships and close to 500 aircraft and helicopters". In addition to the existing mission of securing both sea flanks in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea, the navy would be able to "respond to emergent situations far away from the main land". Marine assault capabilities will be beefed by setting up a new amphibious warfare facility at Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.[154] The Indian Navy has initiated Phase II expansion of INS Kadamba, the third largest naval base, near Karwar. Phase II will involve expansion of the berthing facilities to accommodate 40 more front-line warships, including the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya, tugs and barges, raise manpower to 300 officers and around 2,500 sailors, and build a naval air station with a 6,000-foot runway. This is to be followed by Phase IIA and IIB, at the end of which INS Kadamba will be able to base 50 front-line warships.
Modernisation and future orders [edit]
The Indian Navy is currently undergoing a 15-year modernisation plan in an attempt to replace older in service equipment.[155] In 2004, India bought the Russian aircraft carrier, Admiral Gorshkov for the equivalent of US$1.5 billion. It cost an additional US$1.5 billion to overhaul the vessel and refit it entirely with new electronic, weapon systems ans sensors. The vessel is currently expected to join the Indian Navy at some point in 2013 commissioned as INS Vikramaditya. As part of the project a further US$700 million was spent on the purchase of 12 single-seat MiG-29K and four dual-seat MiG-29KUB fighters and six Kamov-31 maritime helicopters to operate from the new carrier. Additional elements of the project are training facilities for pilots and technical staff, delivery of simulators and spare parts, and establishment and maintenance of Indian Navy facilities. Upgrades to Vikramaditya include the removing of missile silos from the carrier foredeck to make way for a 14.3-degree ski-jump.[156]
In April 2007, India began construction of the first of two Vikrant class Indigenous Aircraft Carriers (IAC). The first vessel will displace 40,000 tonnes and is to be named INS Vikrant. She will cost of US$800 million and operate around 30 aircraft including, Naval LCA and MiG-29K fighters[157] as well as, HAL Dhruv, Ka-31, and Sea King Mk.42 helicopters. The carrier is being constructed by state-run Cochin Shipyard Limited.[158] The carrier was originally expected to be commissioned by around 2012 or 13, however construction has been delayed by 3 to 4 years, and the carrier is now expected to be commissioned by 2017 or perhaps 2018.[159] The delay in the construction schedule has impacted the construction schedule of IAC-II as well.[160] The second of the Indigenous Aircraft Carriers has not been ordered, but current plans are for it to be in the region of 65,000 tones if ordered is expected to be delivered to the Navy by around 2025. The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit. This aim will increase the overall effectiveness of the Indian Navy.[161] The long term plan was recently revealed by the Navy and shows a road-map to a blue-water navy with six aircraft carriers in service.[162]
Bids have been floated for eight mine countermeasure vessels (MCMVs), to replace the Pondicherry class ocean minesweepers in service. Six of the craft will be produced at Goa shipyard under transfer of technology.[163]
In November 2011, India's Defence Acquisition Council was looking for induction of large amphibious ships which they refer to as Multi-Role Support Vessel. It's speculated that they accordingly issued an international RFP for up to 4 amphibious operation vessels (most probably LHDs) with significant capability to carry Helicopters and troops. First the Indigenous Shipyards were consulted but since they have no experience in developing such type of vessels and had no design to propose, Indian government expects candidates from foreign allies.[164][165]
The Indian Navy has signed a deal with Boeing to supply twelve P-8 Poseidon Anti Submarine Warfare/Maritime Surveillance Aircraft.[166] The first aircraft was delivered on 21 December 2012. Boeing will hand over another two in 2013 and the remaining five by 2015. Also there are plans to induct four AEW&C aircraft that will be based on carriers.[167] The RFP (request for proposal) for six MRMR aircraft with anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities was issued on 11 July 2008. The contract is expected to be signed in 2011 and deliveries to begin by 2012/2013. The Navy is also planning to purchase more UAVs.[168] The Indian Navy has issued a tender for procurement of 16, multi-role naval helicopters to AgustaWestland, EADS and Sikorsky. The order is likely to grow to around 60 helicopters. The helicopters will be equipped with anti-ship and anti-submarine warfare equipment including missiles and torpedoes, and also be capable of being in-flight refuelling. The type will operate from both naval vessels and land bases.[169]
Indian Navy is also envisaging a new 'Safety Organisation' to enhance safe operations of its warships, nuclear submarines and aircraft in view of its planned increase in fleet strength over the next decade.[170]
See also [edit]
- Indian Naval Academy
- Indian Naval Air Arm
- Naval ranks and insignia of India
- Project Seabird
- Multi-Role Support Vessel
- Indian Ancient Maritime History
- Naval Aviation Museum
- Kanhoji Angre – Notable Maratha Admiral after whom INS Angre – the western naval command – is named.
- Kunjali Marakkar – Navy Chief of the Zamorin after whom INS Kunjali – the western naval command – is named
- Chempil Arayan
- Middle Ground Coastal Battery
- Indian Coast Guard
- Indian Army
- Indian Air Force
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- Vice Admiral S. H. Sarma (2001). My Years at Sea. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81-7062-121-6.
External links [edit]
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Letter for Requesting Payment
Mr. John Scott,
Huawei Technologies,
Ascendas Park,
Dear John,
I am writing this letter to claim the payments with reference to our accounts for the month of April 2010, which shows a credit balance of $5000. I have been waiting for this amount for many days for which it cost me a project. Please go through the invoice (no. 461) enclosed with this request letter for payment and we have not yet received the amount with respect to this invoice. We are expecting you to clear this amount within one month and it will be helpful for us otherwise we will be charging interest at the rate of 5% per month.
Please ignore this invoice if you have already paid this amount. Thank you and looking forward to continue the business relations with you. Hope to hear from you soon.
Mr. Raj Shivanandan
General Secretary,
Informatics Private Limited.
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Rarely do I write about details of my family, but I believe this incident deserves special mention. This story involves my son David, daughter-in-law Mindy and granddaughters Sydney, 7, and Carly, 5. All of them are quite avid animal lovers. Their menagerie includes an Angus cow herd, dogs, cats, and the latest addition, two tiny kid goats. click to read more
Many of you may know that I am a field service veterinarian who trains fourth-year veterinary students at Ohio State's field services satellite clinic in Marysville. I am one of five veterinarians on staff. We work with a graduate veterinary intern, who is in advanced training, and eight to 10 fourth-year Ohio State veterinary students......... click to read more
What do camels and hens have in common? Not much, other than being the subjects of two research studies I recently came across.
The purposes of these studies are as dissimilar as the animals themselves. One study holds promise for human health. The other one just challenges my preconceived notion regarding the character of hens. Who'd have thought hens were so down-to-business?
But before I get further into that, I present the camel research.
Important Conditions to Include in a Heifer-Raising Contract
By Donald E. Sanders, D.V.M., Dip. ACT, PAS
Ed. Note: This column appeared in the Jan. 2013 Progressive Dairyman.
When a dairy producer partners with a heifer grower to raise replacements for his herd, a well-written agreement is essential. For such an arrangement to work, the responsibilities of each party—the grower and the producer—must be clearly stated in the contract.
Antibiotic resistance continues to be a major topic of discussion in the press. Unfortunately, accurate information is hard to come by, thanks to do-gooder activists who cloud the issue with their agenda.
Here, I offer you my take on antibiotic resistance and the implications of antibiotic use for livestock.
First, please understand that there are two major categories of antibiotics for food animals: