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1st E46 Mild
Congratulations to everyone else who placed this year! There were a lot of amazing cars out there again this year.
There is no problem that can't be solved with the use of high explosives
We took home first in Audi TT all. Great show, weather and attitudes were much better than last year.
Hells Bells Kustoms
CePA-Roll Deep
I took first in New Beetle Wild with Lady (we bump ourselves up to wild, since we are "wilder" amongst new beetles - but only minor engine modifications: chip, intake and only a 1/2" static drop [for the moment]):
And my dad took first in Mk2 Jetta Mild:
(NOTE: sorry for the older pics, I'm behind on my photobucket uploads)
God that beetle is so ugly
// DROP // DRAG // DESTROY // beer
// Open Road Tuning
Instagram: @bryangb
bags and wheels = build thread
Thank you!
I realize that not all cars are to everyone's liking (nothing every is - that's why they're called opinions).
I also realize that I was taking an incredible risk by going the route of a fully-themed UNIQUE car (at a time when the majority of owners bought the same base-model and performed identical bolt-on modifications to them) - and the risk has paid off more often than not. I have over a dozen best in shows in various categories including: Best Theme, Best Display, Best Interior, and Best Female Build, in addition to many first places in class.
My favorite things to do with my car (other than drive it and enjoy it) are to use it at family-friendly charity events and cruise-ins to help raise money for different charities like the local fire house, the American Cancer Society, Toys for Tots, etc., or to help deliver toys to hospitalized children at Christmas time. The kids LOVE Lady (also why I usually have stickers, temporary tattoos, and lollipops available to give away), and when I see the smiles on their faces, it makes me smile!
So, my apologies to those who don't personally care for my choices - but please, follow your mothers' advice and if you don't have anything nice to say, don't say anything at all.
Seriously? Was that even necessary? Not everyone enjoys the same thing when it comes to vehicles, but a lot of time, effort and thought has gone into the building of this vehicle. Considering it is a THEME build...it's not going to be what is trendy and popular amongst most. But as long as she likes her car and is proud of it, that's all that really matters. No need for the negative opinion. As she said, keep those comments to yourself.
Isn't this the truth. Our Daughter ALWAYS seeks out your car first! I owe you so many lollipops. No joke, every show we go to, she's always looking for your car. She hit you up at Vag Fair and every other show we've seen you at!
And like you said, to each their own. If they want to pitch in $$$, they can have a say in the build, if they don't, forget them
// DROP // DRAG // DESTROY // beer
// Open Road Tuning
Instagram: @bryangb
bags and wheels = build thread
Can't you take these sorts of comments to PM rather than try to make a fool of someone publicly?
I have asked for clarification of results - like many people do. I'd rather ask the judges personally where I can improve than take over the internet b*&ching about how the judges sucked.
My complaints/questions about judging/classing summed up for the record:
- when judging on categories such as interior, undercarriage, engine bay - how does a car that sits closed up all day win (when judging we're told if it's closed up automatic 0)?
- at events like Waterfest, where they claim to want to create classes fairly based on the level of modifications and model of the car, stick with the system - don't put stock cars in with mod 1s that border on mod 2s - don't put mod 1 cars in with super mods - and don't compare apples to oranges (I've been grouped with Touaregs, Passats, etc.).
Thank you! This has become a common story amongst the families that attend. There are a couple of young girls (12-14) who stop by and talk to me every time we're at Raceway Park (Show n Go, Waterfest), that like to try and guess what's changed on the car since the last time they saw it! We make it a game.
When I judge or even just look at a car I try to look at everything as an open book, but I also try to treat car owners as equally as I can. Basically use the "golden rule" treat others as you wish to be treated, so guess what if your a D-bag I'm gonna give it right back and finish it. That being said themed cars in my mind are great and we need more of them in the sea of "stanced" cars on bags and three piece wheels. To me if you stand out from the crowd your doing something right
That being said my car is much like this lady's car, its built for me and me alone because I actually know how to build a car for the track, being super low isn't my thing, mostly becaue it doesn't work on the track. Does being super low look cool, yeah it does if its done right. Ultimately you can have $30k into your car and if its dirty and looks like crap then most people will overlook your hard work and modifications and dismiss it as a turd. Honestly its not rocker science, build your cars for yourselves not the "scene" (dman I hate theat word anymore) and have fun with it. I'm sick of all the disrespectful nonsense and mindless jibba jabba most fools spit in here. Internet bullies are great, hate and hate on, I have another notion instead of running you mouths via keyboard nut up gear up and come take a tour of Iraq or Afghanistan and then see how humble you are. Buffoons I don't know why the few 7% of us risk it all defend you dopes. I think its high time this countru in act a law that requires every able bodied kiddie after graduation to complete atleast a 6 year hitch in the armed forces. Maybe then people would learn to A)think before they open their mouths because there are penalties B) respect one another, its really not that damn hard!!! C) oh and grow up, Lord knows there are 40+ year olds that are more childish than the latest generation but damn do people need to learn that they are not the center of the universe!!!
All that being said, yes I am a grumpy old man compared to many on this forum, but I also have a hell of a lot more compassion and understanding of my fellow man and woman kind than many. If you build a car for yourself and someone thinks its cool and asks you about it, that is better than recieving any trophy no matter how large and significant, bs'ing and catching up with old and new friends is what made our community great once. Instead I see now that it is divided amongs the "old head" peace and open minded crowd and the "hater" crowd. Personally if you want to hate fine, but badgering someone because you don't like them or their car just makes you a bully and there for a loser because bullies are the most insecure individuals, why else are they bullies??? Duh to make themselves feel better about how big of a toolbag they are.
Sorry don't mean to thread jack, but honestly appreciate each others creations and honestly if you don't like a car look more closely as there often is a significant bond, we are all "gear heads" in one way or another. Just respect one another already and quite the childishness. Everyone builds a car for different reasons, directions, and goals in mind. "VW Lady Bug" built a car for her, and her alone not any of you other jackalopes, I've seen her car time and time again, just like many other enthusiasts cars and she's right it is a fun game to try to spot the changes made over the years. I for one know exactly what it takes to build a car they way she has and honestly I have a lot of respect for her and her car as she isn't a sheep. The car is built well with quality parts, not the stuff you can buy in any Pep Boys, Autozone, Advance Auto Parts, Wal-Mart, and so on. I mean simply looking something over before expelling hate goes a long long way, you have to give respect to gain respect, learn that and you'll go far and maybe people won't dismiss you as a punk a$$ kid, or a know nothing disrespectful toolbag who is too old to know any better, after all Douchebagness is just like stupidity, it knows no boundries
Ssgt. Don Miguel
aka Government Property:thumb


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Browse Recipes
When a dish involves a hazard known as "Cajun napalm," you know there's room for improvement.
Broth from our South Carolina Shrimp Boil gets a new lease on life as stock for jambalaya.
New Orleans Chicken and Sausage Soup
This inventive recipe combines traditional chicken soup with jambalaya, a New Orleans favorite.

subset: commoncrawl


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どうも |
doumo |
Meaning: | 1) truly, really, very much 2) I'm not sure |
JLPT Level: | 3 |
Examples |
doumo arigatou gozaimasu.
very much-thanks-(polite)
Thank you very much.
uchi no ko ga osewa ni natta sou de, doumo sumimasen.
within-(possessive)-child-(subject marker)-aid-became-appears to have-very-sorry
I want to thank you for troubling to help our child.
Notes: The speaker probably didn't realize person had helped his child while he was helping.
Example of usage #1
doumo wakarimasen node, mou ichi do itte kudasai.
not sure-not understand-therefore-more-one-time-speak-please
I simply can't get it, Could you say it one more time?
Notes: Example of usage #2
Comments |
B) Said when the speaker hears something not understood when the speaker wants to understand
- Printer-friendly version
- Login or register to post comments


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By Jim Flammang
Cars.com National October 4, 2005Vehicle Overview
With the Santa Fe already in its lineup, Hyundai introduced a second, smaller sport utility vehicle for the 2005 model year. Hyundai developed the Tucson to compete against the Ford Escape, Honda CR-V and Toyota RAV4.
Either a four-cylinder or V-6 engine can be installed, and a manual transmission is available for four-cylinder models. Both versions can be equipped with front-wheel drive or optional four-wheel drive. Side-impact and side curtain-type airbags are standard, giving the Tucson a total of six airbags.
Tucsons come in three trim levels: GL, GLS and a new Limited trim level, which replaces the LX for 2006.
The South Korean automaker says the Tucson has a masculine, athletic appearance. GLS and Limited models feature bodyside cladding. Wraparound headlights and an LED-type center brake light are installed. A single-bar grille contains the Hyundai logo.
Alloy wheels hold 16-inch tires. Fog lamps are installed on the GLS and Limited, and a moonroof is optional. Riding a 103.5-inch wheelbase, the Tucson is 170.3 inches long overall and 66.1 inches tall (not counting the roof rack).
The Tucson's five-passenger interior includes a 60/40-split, flat-folding rear seat. The fully reclining front passenger seat can be folded forward. The plastic cargo floor has multiple tie-down locations. Cargo space is 22.7 cubic feet with the rear seat up and 65.5 cubic feet with the seat down.
Standard equipment includes air conditioning, power windows and locks, heated mirrors, cruise control, keyless entry with an alarm, an intermittent rear wiper and a six-speaker CD stereo. The GLS adds a leather-wrapped steering wheel and a stereo with CD and MP3 capabilities. The Limited model has leather seating surfaces. Tucsons have an easy-to-clean composite cargo floor.
Under the Hood
In the GL, a 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine with continuously variable valve timing delivers an estimated 140 horsepower. Either a Shiftronic four-speed-automatic transmission or a five-speed-manual gearbox can be installed. In GLS and Limited models, a 2.7-liter V-6 engine — offered only with the automatic — generates 173 hp.
The available BorgWarner Electronic InterActive Torque Management four-wheel-drive system can divert up to 50 percent of available power to the rear wheels in response to changing road conditions or torque demand. A button lets the driver lock the driveline into a 50/50 torque split.
Side curtain-type airbags, seat-mounted side-impact airbags, Electronic Stability Control and all-disc antilock brakes with traction control are standard.
Driving Impressions
Tucsons lean toward the cushiony end of the ride and handling spectrum rather than the sporty side. The ride is pleasantly smooth on most surfaces, but undulating pavement and even moderate bumps can transmit some roughness to occupants. The Tucson is easy to drive and requires little correction on straightaways, but handling is relatively humdrum compared to the Ford Escape.
Tire noise is noticeable on some surfaces, and some engine buzz is apparent in lower gears in models with the manual transmission. Otherwise, the Tucson is impressively quiet.
The seats are quite supportive and reasonably comfortable. Cargo space falls short of the Santa Fe's, but the area is easy to access. Thick D-pillars block over-the-shoulder views a bit, but visibility is otherwise satisfying because of the long glass in the rear doors.
Additional Reviews
Cars.com Expert Reviews
Jim Flammang | Cars.com National | October 4, 2005 |
Affiliate Reviews
Sara Lacey | Mother Proof | March 9, 2006 |
Steven Cole Smith | Orlando Sentinel | January 19, 2006 |
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- Sell your current car quickly and easily on Cars.com.


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For decades, these native people had sought to live alongside the descendants of white Europeans. The Cherokee dressed like whites, built similar homes and farms, and tried to govern themselves with institutions modeled on those of whites – but their small nation was ultimately no match for the combined power of the U.S. and Georgia governments. In the end, the Cherokee were expelled from the state; forced to travel to territories west of the Mississippi along a route that would be called the "Trail of Tears."
Many people know the tragic story of the Cherokee, but a new project led in part by the University of West Georgia's Center for Public History is adding a new depth of understanding to this chapter in American (and Native American) history.
It is the first of what may be a series of projects in which UWG joins with the National Park Service to do historical research.
"It's a win-win-win situation," explained Jeff Bishop, whose research on the Cherokee removal is directed by UWG on behalf of the Park Service.
He said the government benefits from front-line work in an age of budget austerity; UWG profits by giving students "real hands-on experience"; and students like himself benefit not only by doing such projects, but by doing so under the experienced leadership of the Center for Public History.
Bishop's work this semester has focused on the area around Cave Spring, which not only was the site of one of several removal forts used to round up the Cherokee for deportation, but was a major community for the Native Americans decades earlier; one which was the scene of early incursion by whites – including, unfortunately, people from Carroll County.
Bishop explained that Highway 27 follows the route of an ancient Indian trade route which crossed a similar path running east-west near Tallapoosa.
"It would be accurate to say that Carroll County was kind of the doorway to the Cherokee nation. It was right there on the border and that's where (whites) streamed in, was on the Carrollton road."
It was this road that the "Pony Club" – a loose association of horse thieves and bandits based in West Georgia – used to raid into Cherokee lands and occasionally attempt to take over Cherokee farms. In February 1830, eight years before the removal, a group of 17 white families from Georgia and Alabama took possession of Cherokee homes near what was then known as Beaver Dam. They were driven out by the Cherokee in a skirmish that the Cherokee newspaper, "The Phoenix," reported as the "first blood" shed in the removal process.
In the years leading up to the removal, such incursions became more frequent. The discovery of gold, Bishop said, has been "overemphasized" as the reason whites wanted the land – mostly it was the farmland the Cherokee had already developed. Georgia's government offered no protection, because it had already moved to nullify the Indians' laws over their own territory.
"Because Cherokees could not testify against whites in court, if a Cherokee had been wronged, there was no recourse. The whites could come in and basically just take what they wanted," Bishop said, and that included farms that had already been cleared, with houses and outbuildings ready to occupy.
In Cave Spring, Bishop and his fellow researchers have found what remains of an original Cherokee building which was encased within a hotel built by whites after the removal. The Floyd County town was also the location for The Cedar Town Station, one of several sites where the Cherokee were concentrated before being sent west.
Bishop explained that the Cherokee sought legal protections from the federal government against the actions of Georgia, but although they had a winning legal argument, President Andrew Jackson endorsed the state's desire to evict the Cherokee and sent federal troops to do so in 1838. The removal took place over the next few years, and it was the Cherokee themselves who took over the last forced evacuations, taking the route known as the "Trail of Tears."
Bishop, a former newspaper reporter with a lifelong interest in the Cherokee, is working with the Park Service to create brochures and other material that will tell their story in a way never done before.
"No brochure exists right now to let people know where these places are," he says. "For the first time, if people want to tour the Trail of Tears they can do so using this brochure … this is the first time we've ever actually had a brochure like this to tell the story."
UWG is working with the Park Service under a Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Units agreement, a program set up by the Interior Department to partner with universities to do this kind of research.
"This is the first time that (UWG) has engaged in this," Bishop said. "We hope this will be the first of many, many, many to come."


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Showing results 1 to 10 of 56
Sort by: most relevant first | most recent first
1. Russell Grant's Horoscopes 23rd - 29th March
Get Reading, Monday 23 March 2009An incident turns your thoughts to the future and the choices you have to make. Changes are being considered; weigh up all the pros and cons first.
2. Getaways - Historic Richmond Hill
Get Reading, Wednesday 25 March 2009It may be only 30 minutes from Reading, but Sarah Dave discovered to her delight Richmond is like another world.
3. Russell Grant's Horoscopes 16th - 22nd March
Get Reading, Monday 16 March 2009If taking a shortcut helps you complete a job to your satisfaction, what's stopping you from doing it?
4. Pet Finder - Can you help a golden oldie?
Get Reading, Thursday 19 March 2009Sadly there are a number of golden oldies still looking for homes.
5. Words cannot do Florence justice
Get Reading, Tuesday 17 March 2009Fine food, designer shopping and stunning views – KAREN NEVILLE must have been to the spectacular Italian city of Florence
6. Fight the silence
Get Reading, Wednesday 25 March 2009Autism affects around one in 100 children – yet those who have experienced living with the condition say there is not enough support for children who are diagnosed.
7. Living it up in sizzling Siena
Get Reading, Tuesday 17 March 2009Having just moved on from Florence, KAREN NEVILLE could not believe it could get any better. But then she arrived in Siena
8. Russell Grant's Horoscopes 30th March - 5th April
Get Reading, Monday 30 March 2009You aren't going to meet some goals by taking the safe route; today it may be necessary to take a few risks.
9. Protect a bunny for less
Get Reading, Friday 27 March 2009Warmer spring weather brings with it the threat of disease from insect "carriers" spreading life-threatening infections such as myxomatosis throughout populations of wild and domestic rabbits.
10. Pet Finder: Stepping out with Shadow
Get Reading, Friday 27 March 2009Shadow the deaf border collie is searching for a new loving owner. The 13-month-old, right, can understand some hand signals but is looking for an owner to help him learn.


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Home > Movies > Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Undead > Overview | |
Synopsis of Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Undead
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead is a 2009 American independent film written and directed by Jordan Galland. The film's title refers to a fictitious play-within-the-movie, which is a comic reinterpretation of Shakespeare's Hamlet and its aftermath. The cast includes Devon Aoki, John Ventimiglia, Kris Lemche, Ralph Macchio, Jeremy Sisto and Waris Ahluwalia. The film stars Jake Hoffman (son of Dustin Hoffman). An original musical score was composed and performed by Sean Lennon.
Trailers and clips of Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Undead |
OTHER comedy MOVIES
More comedy Movies


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The State We're In on WRVO-1: NPR News
Saturday at 5AM-6AM
The State We're In has a simple mission; to tell stories about how we treat each other around the world. "This American Life" producer and host Ira Glass says The State We're In host Jonathan Groubert is one of the best interviewers he has ever heard. The program is distributed by RNW, Radio Netherlands Worldwide.
RNW provides news, background and cultural information to millions of people throughout the world via radio, television and the internet from a Dutch-European perspective, in ten languages. Radio Netherlands Worldwide is one of the top five international broadcasters alongside the BBC, Voice of America, Radio France Internationale and Deutsche Welle.
For more information about this program, visit The State We're In website.


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Found the same room at a different price? Tell us, and we'll offer to match it.
Old Grey Mare Inn by Good Night Inns
2 | Self Classified Small Hotel | Ratings explained |
The Hotel is located opposite the renowned Hull University and is only a 5 minute drive away from Hull City centre with its' renowned theatres, shopping & nightlife.
Hull Ferry passenger ferry terminal and the award winning Deep Submarium Sealife Centre are all within easy reach.
Underneath the hotel is now an award winning brand new 'Flaming Grill' pub-restaraunt which has an extensive Flame Grilled menu and also 'Pub Grub' food for the smaller appetites, and for those with even bigger appetites we have a varied starter menu and to finish off a very wide range of desserts'
Any questions about booking with us please do no hesitate to contact one of our team who will gladly help.


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Santa Anita:
5th race--
#6 LOS BOMBEROS (7-2) Sharp gelding from Glatt stable bids for third straight as he comes back in two weeks off game victory over this strip. Four-year-old steps up to face Cal-bred allowance runners but looks like the speed of the race over a track that has been very kind to front runners.
Yesterday's Result: FRANNIE ran out in 2nd race.
Live Longshot: KOAST (7th race)
ShowVivor: JERANIMO (8th race)
Day Survived: 0


text:
Sale Price: $ 349.99
Compared at: $ 539.99
You Save: $190.00
Product ID : otis-moonshadow-nk
Manufacturer: Otis Bed
Purchase |
- General
- Features
- Specifications
- Shipping
- Warranty
Moonshadow Futon Mattress
The Moonshadow futon mattress offers you a luxurious medium soft cushion that will deliver the best of both worlds in sleeping and sitting comfort. Often referred to as the mattress that everyone loves, the Moonshadow's reputation stems directly from the premium contents used to construct it. The innovative foam mixture combines convoluted and premium sheet foams to make a medium soft, supportive mattress that offers you a plush sofa experience without compromising the Moonshadow futon mattress' dreamy and luxurious sleeping environment. The net result is a futon mattress that acts like no other and responds excellently as a bed and a sofa.
The secret to the Moonshadow futon mattress is the combination of high-density and convoluted foams. Widely recognized as egg-crate foam, convoluted foam disperses weight and increases in firmness as it is compressed from point to valley. This innovative design offers you all the support of a spring mattress, without the stiff coils and unnatural rebound. This Moonshadow futon mattress seems to find the sweet spot between firm and soft, making it a great choice for a vast majority of futon owners.
Because of the semi-rigid nature of foam fill, gripper strips are a must with any Otis Bed Moonshadow futon mattress order. The Otis Moonshadow is a great mattress made with top quality foams, but this also makes the Moonshadow a very lively futon mattress. Gripper strips, a high-friction foam with adhesive backing, work to secure your Moonshadow futon mattress in place.
The Otis Advantage: Moonshadow Futon Mattress
The Moonshadow futon mattress follows the Otis Bed tradition of using only ultra premium high density foam and polyester to fill their mattresses. The beautiful box construction of the Moonshadow futon mattress creates a fine tailored seam that exudes a sense of quality. The premium rayon exterior layer is soft to the touch and almost a shame to cover up with a futon cover. You will enjoy your Moonshadow futon mattress for years to come. The Moonshadow mattress needs an EXTRA LOFT COVER, as the boxy dense construction requires a slightly bigger cover. Order yours today and enjoy free shipping!
Moonshadow futon mattress Features:
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- Otis Bed's #1 best selling futon mattress
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- Great for any Bi-fold or Platform Bed
- Ultra Premium high density foam and polyester construction
- 7.5 oz twill fabric strong enough for massive tufting pressure
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- Machine compression laced tufting tightens your mattresses and holds it steady
- Tape edge corner for tight looking cover
Moonshadow Futon Mattress Approximate Dimensions:
- Full Size: 54 x 75"
- Queen Size Sofa: 60 x 80"
- Twin Size: 39 x 75"
- Loveseat Size: 54 x 54"
- Loveseat Ottoman: 21 x 54"
- Twin Loveseat: 39 x 54"
- Twin Loveseat Otto: 21 x 54"
- Chair Size: 28 x 54"
- Chair Ottoman: 28 x 21"
Shipping Estimate
Estimated to ship on or the business day after: .
Shipping Time
On average most products will take about 3-5 business days in transit. A few extra days is not uncommon so you should plan accordingly. In rare cases when there is a delay, it is the carrier's responsibility to contact you. If you do not receive contact from the carrier on the 5th day, please contact us.
Rush Orders / Date Guaranty
- Contact Customer Care for special rates. We do not guarantee date delivery on standard or FAST TRAC shipping.More About Shipping Estimations
- Estimated delivery dates are not guaranteed
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- From time-to-time, unexpected delays may occur due to:
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While such occurrences are rare, we hope you will make appropriate arrangements to order your products well in advance of any planned use to ensure they arrive with plenty of time to spare.
We encourage you to contact Customer Care if you feel you need a better estimate of delivery. However, you should note that our Customer Care agents cannot guarantee delivery dates. Shippers and Carrier Agents are third parties who are responsible for the logistics of getting the products to you once your order is processed. Any issue of delivery may ultimately lie with them.
We are not responsible for any delays/failures from our shipping or carrier partners to make delivery within an appointed time should you opt for guaranteed delivery. If there is a delay, please contact the carrier about the issue directly.
Moonshadow Futon Mattress Limited Warranty
The Moonshadow Futon Mattress has a 10 year warranty against manufacturer's defects. Order with confidence!


text:
Making the right plays on the field takes talent, perseverance, focus and a whole lot of hard work. These six air and ground players really delivered this week and now it's time for the fans to make the call as to the two who will be this week's FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week. At FedEx, we know the same skills that made these players successful on the football field are what delivers success in every field. Take a minute to deliver your vote for the players and the business you think had the best plays this season.
Alfred Morris, Washington Redskins. Morris finished the season with a franchise-best 1,613 yards rushing on 335 attempts. His 13 rushing touchdowns led the NFC and were the second-most in the NFL. He eclipsed the 100 yard mark seven times and reached 200 yards in a Week 17 win over the Dallas Cowboys for the NFC East title. Morris averaged 100.8 yards per game which was second overall in the NFL. The rookie stand-out was nominated and won FedEx Ground Player of the Week one time.
Cont'd at link
Vote at Link!!!


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The island lies in the south of the Caribbean Sea between the islands of Trinidad and Grenada. It has an area of 300 km² as its capital. The island is multiethnic with the majority being those of African descent. The name of the Island was derived from the word Tobacco. It is less affected by the hurricane's as compared to the other islands in the Caribbean because it lies just south of the Atlantic Hurricane Belt. Whether you're travelling for holiday or business car hire Tobago airport has top quality vehicles to suit your requirements. Hire car Tobago airport for all your travel needs at the lowest cost.
The first European settlers to the island were the Courlanders in 1654 but the British had already visited the island in 1580. It changed rulers several time between Courland, England, France, Sweden and the Dutch. In 1818 the island was part of the British Empire and was later united to Trinidad in 1889 under the British. In 1862 the two islands became one Independent nation in the Commonwealth and by 1976 it was a republic.
Rent a car in Tobago airport and take advantage of our promotions which include, free insurance, free fuel, unlimited mileage, Insurance waivers and Discount offers. Pigeon Point Heritage Park is the site of the most popular beaches on the island. It is also the leading resort on the island with several activities for tourist as well as a vibrant nightlife. Visit the Arnos Vale Waterwheel which is now over 100 years old. It also comes with other several attractions which include a museum, a theatre, and a nature reserve with several shops. It's also a popular spot for bird watching. Another must see attraction is the Buccoo Reef with beautiful corals and a wide variety of marine creatures. There you can also enjoy sailing in Glass Bottom Boats and enjoy a view of the marine life in the sea. There are also swimming, snorkeling and scuba diving facilities available. Visit the Nylon pool which is and enjoy a swim in its clear waters while enjoying the scenery around it. The Rainbow falls are the most beautiful falls on the island and are worth visiting. Get a quote from us for the best price possible. Make reservations for Tobago airport rental cars through our secure booking engine. Car hire Tobago has a huge fleet of cars which come with a GPS system for easy navigation.
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/[pkg-sql-ledger]/trunk/debian/rules |
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* New upstream version. * Petter Reinholdtsen - 20norwegian.dpatch: Removing. The changes are now upstream. - 40imagepath.dpatch: Updated admin.pl patch to match new upstream version. - Added script debian/all2po. It can convert between gettext .po files and the SQL-ledger translation files. The script is sent upstream.
Updated to version 2.4.5.
Improve copyright generation code slightly.
Start using upstream version 2.4.1.
Remove fluff.
Get rule generating the copyright file working.
Update to version 2.4.0.
Less noise.
Use upstream version 2.2.7.
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Add the scripts in debian package 2.2.6-1.
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per the description of this video, on YouTube
I think if City Council meetings were like this, more people might attend.
Where are you 54C?
4 hours ago
dedicated to the city of youngstown and those who strive to create it
- -
a forum on economic development and urban design in the city
waking path of the Rocky Ridge Jane's Walk |
"Potential boomerangs are the target of a talent attraction effort under the aegis of the Cleveland Leadership Center. This Saturday, the group is sponsoring a networking event aimed at college students and recent graduates at the Corner Alley downtown -- intersection of East 4th Street and Euclid Avenue -- from 3 to 5 p.m.
Those who attend can meet with corporate recruiters and civic leaders to learn more about opportunities in Cleveland -- and they'll be only a couple of blocks away from the Christmas lighting celebration on Public Square.
If that sounds like something for you -- or for your children who'll be home for the holiday -- go to cleveleads.org for more information or to buy tickets."and Pittsburgh? (from the Cle PD)
"Civic, political and foundation leaders there are offering a $100,000 reward to someone who will move to Pittsburgh.
They're looking for a special someone, 45 or older, who's both ambitious and civic-minded. Half the money can be used to launch a new enterprise, but the other half goes into a charitable trust the recipient has to spend in Pittsburgh.
"We want to bring in people with wisdom, experience and leadership skills to build the civic capacity," says Shawn Bannon, spokesman for the Experienced Dreamers contest.
It's an essay contest, to be precise. Entrants have until Dec. 16 to detail their grand plans. The winner will be chosen in an online vote.
One middle-aged dreamer will not transform Pittsburgh, of course, but this is about marketing. Pittsburgh has spent decades reseeding its entrepreneurial culture and reclaiming industrial wastelands."and Scranton?
"Rediscover Scranton volunteers promote and strengthen greater Scranton's quality of life and business assets by identifying and contacting accomplished professionals with ties to greater Scranton, informing them of economic, quality of living and growth opportunities, and encouraging them to relocate their businesses and families to the area.
The program cultivates relationships between former and current residents of the area. Rediscover Scranton targets successful company executives, professionals, entrepreneurs, individuals who work in the creative industry and any other successful former residents.
Rediscover Scranton has formed partnerships with leaders from local and regional government and non-profit organizations, as well as local colleges and universities."


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Two Poems
We get mail. New York poz guy Felix Garmendia submitted some of his poetry to us. We liked it. Take a read.
My Path
My journey begin in 1987
The dreaded diagnosis that everyone feared the most
I was devastated, defeated, terrified at the news on the phone
it was the dark ages of HIV and AIDS
A death sentence
The music stopped
I was decorating my Christmas tree. I never put up another one.
The whole idea of god died in me
and my journey had just begun… on my own, like it always should have been
The man I loved stayed by my side, but the friends vanished without a hug or a goodbye
I had a critical choice in life
To let go and die, or fight
The last one I chose
I went through the darkest nights I have ever survived
And there was the key
I survived!
No reason to believe anymore I was just about to die
It's been twenty five years since I heard those words
There's a vague memory of a green wall
But the pain is gone!
I made it go!
I decided to not let this be my stop
I don't carry regrets. I'm not looking anymore for someone to blame
I'm at peace with my fate, my mind is clear and my will is bright!
There's a strength in everyone of us
The heart that beats
The eyes that cry
In everyone of us there's a warrior waiting to fight
Felix Garmendia
I fear no man, no curse of god.
After years of slavery I found and owned my soul.
No dark words can touch my heart and only love can make me smile.
Decades on this earth have taught me to survive the winters of my mind,
the autumn's of my age, and the future of my nights.
I fear no darkness, dogmas or chains.
In the sunset of every day, I rest my head safely to sleep between the arms of my loving man.
I try not to judge or accuse others of living their life, because
I have learned to live without a god, his sins and their followers' words that hurt like knives.
I fear no evil, I fear no hell or heaven that is promised for the "chosen" ones.
I fear no one that thinks differently,
or prays or lies.
My life is full of yesterdays that showed me my way through days and nights.
I found my present alive in my hands.
I have learned to live without regrets.
I have enjoyed my life,
without the fear of hell or the absence of light.
Standing on my tired feet, I look ahead.
I walk ahead and past the fire of guilt, resentment and hate.
Here I am, another day, another chance, to understand that there is no one who can forgive myself
like I can.
I fear no death, I fear nothing but the lack of will to keep up with my fight.
Felix Garmendia
About the writer: My name is Felix Garmendia. I was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico in 1961. Moved to New York City in 1988 and tested positive for HIV in 1989. I live with my husband Denis Beale in Manhattan. I taught art in the N.Y.C public school system for fifteen years until a disability forced me to retire in 2005.


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When the heat is on |
Written by Nancy Spencer |
Monday, July 09, 2012 10:31 AM |
It's so good to have things getting back to some semblance of normalcy. Sorry to those still without power. I don't think I'll ever forget driving home Friday afternoon during the storm and seeing the tree on my neighbors house. WOW! It was surreal — like something out of a disaster movie. I pulled in the drive, hopped out, grabbed the garbage can and drug it around the house and fumbled for my keys. I glanced in the yard and there was a large tree branch on the picnic table that had taken out my begonias. Drat. To read the rest of this article please subscribe or sign in |
Last Updated on Tuesday, November 06, 2012 4:29 PM |


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1999 Opel Astra Repair Question
Mileage: 18,000 miles.
Opel Astra Coolant Problem
Oil getting into your radiator could be from a leaking head gasket. Get the coolant system pressure tested and that will help you find out if there is a leak in the coolant system. The reason the oil ends up in the coolant is because the pressure that the oil runs at is much higher than the pressure that the coolant runs at. But at the head there are oil and coolant passages that can leak into each other if the head gasket is bad. This will cause,; misfiring , overheating, smoke coming out the exaust and other issues.
So, it is important to make sure the coolant system is holding pressure. Unfortunately if it is a head gasket it will not be cheap to repair as the head must be removed and a new gasket replaced then re-assembled. It can cost hundreds of dollars.
So, doing the coolant pressure test will not cost so much and it will tell you where you stand as far as the head gasket being good or not and you will probably find where the oil is getting into your coolant. If the pressure test does not locate the leak, you may have to have a compression test done on the cylinders to check if the head gasket is sealing the cylindr pressure at least and that no coolant is getting into the combustion chamber.
Get the coolant pressure test done first, then if you can't find the leak ask the mechanic what they suggest to find the leak where oil is getting into your coolant. This will lead to a big problem like the head gasket leak if it has not already. Ask the mechanic if they think the head gasket might be leaking.


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One two many Replacement therapy in double rolesArjun Kapoor portrays two characters Ajay and Vishal with seasoned expertise in his latest film, Aurangzeb . And it is just his second film! His producer Aditya Chopra decided to put money on him, relying on Arjun making a mark in an ensemble cast of seasoned ... Bollywood Hungama, 4 days ago |
(2) images for "aur mera saaya" | ||||
100 years, 100 great movie memories | Part 5To Hindi cinema, with love and exasperated fondness Om Puri (left) and Sadashiv Amrapurkar in Govind Nihalani's Ardh Satya (1983), a gritty police story Also Read Ghost stories Or, I will always love you. The spooky ghost story has been replaced by ... Livemint.com, 2 weeks ago
I am scared to leave my daughter alone now: Anurag KashyapOn his recent visit, Basu got talking about matters close to his heart Tell us about your days spent in Bhilai. How close is Madhya Pradesh for you? I grew up in Bhilai, which was a part of Madhya Pradesh at that time. My parents worked at the steel ... Times of India, 3 weeks ago
And Madan Mohan lives on...Members of Satrangi at the Madan Mohan tribute concert | A Raja Chidambaram Timeless Melodies- Madan Mohan, a musical event by Chennai-based music group Satrangi paid a befitting ode to the legendary composer. His work bore his unique stamp —an ... New Indian Express, 3 weeks ago
Tribute to Madan's timeless classics
New Indian Express, 1 month ago
Manoj Kumar files case against Shah Rukh Khan for defamationThe Badshah Shahrukh Khan the Dabang khan Salman khan or Khiladi kumar Akshay kumar they a... published: 03 Feb 2013 author: New Comer's in Bollywood will rock this year published: 03 Feb 2013 views: 138 The Badshah Shahrukh Khan the Dabang khan ... World News Network, 1 month ago


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Second Date Update: Young Jeffrey Gets Stood Up TWICE
meimei11 - thats rude! i would atleast show up
joeykaplin - sad..but i Bet i wouldn't get stood up!
joeykaplin - Facebook.com/jkaplin1
joeykaplin - facebook.com/jkaplin1
allyssa.thorp - thats too bad he looks really hot
mcb - Jeffrey.. you're cute, but not "I have to put everything on hold to call a radio station and try and get a date with you" cute. Quit waiting for girls to do everything for you and grow some!
waseeem jutt - This is the perfect blog, I wont think twice to endorse your blog post to anybody who wants and ***** support about this area. http://www.parttimejoblist.com
nobelboy - The most substantial uses in education is the use of technology. Also technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education. Thanks.
dillon75 - This is definitely so funny to see that he was shot down twice here. I hope he stays strong and keeps trying here. You cannot lose hope here.


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Bioversity's on farm conservation research is focused on keeping landraces and crop wild relatives [1] of cultivated plants growing and valued by smallholder farmers.
On farm conservation (or in situ conservation) protects threatened plants in their natural habitats and takes into account social and cultural factors such as farmers' knowledge.
While genebanks [2] are important role to safeguard crop diversity for future use, they do not yet contain many that may be critical to the livelihoods of poor rural farmers.
In situ methods such as 'on farm' and 'home garden' conservation also enable plants to continue to evolve and hence adapt to changing conditions.
The 2010 FAO State of the World Report II on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture [3]depicts an alarming and worrying situation - despite considerable progress made on ex situ conservation, very limited efforts to curb the genetic and cultural erosion taking place on farm have been recorded, yet this is where the largest amount of diversity is found.
Furthermore, international policy instruments in support of agrobiodiversity are currently focusing on crops listed in Annex I of the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources [4], thus excluding thousands of other nutritious and often endangered crops and varieties from being properly safeguarded, conserved and promoted.
On-farm conservation practices, so far, lack the approaches, guidelines, methods and tools that would assist farmers both in deriving livelihood benefits and in playing their 'custodian' role more effectively and efficiently.
Documenting on farm crop diversity so that we know what is being currently grown, how, by whom, for what purpose and how it is being threatened, represents an urgent and essential task for guiding the development of sound national conservation strategies based on the integration of ex situ and in situ/on-farm conservation methods.
Read more:
For more information, contact:
Dr. Stefano Padulosi [6]


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Cover Verse:Roberta,You're cute,You're intelligent,You're caring,But most importantly...Inside Verse:You're mine.XOXO


text:
This group catalogs data sets that are available on the Web as Linked Data and contain data links pointing at other Linked Data sets.
The descriptions of the data sets in this group are used to generate the Linking Open Data Cloud diagram at regular intervals. The descriptions are also used generate the statistics provided in the State of the LOD Cloud document.
If you publish a linked data set yourself, please add it to CKAN so that it appears in the next version of the LOD cloud diagram. Please describe your data set according to Guidelines for Collecting Metadata on Linked Datasets in CKAN. Please tag newly added data sets with lod. The editors of this group will review your description afterwards and move your dataset into the lodcloud group.
Please also use the CKAN LOD Validator to check that the description of your data set is complete.
6 datasets gevonden.
Joint Union Catalogue of 180 academic libraries in the german states of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg. The data contains descriptions of 23Mio. Items available in these libraries.
Chronicling America provides access to information about historic newspapers and select digitized newspaper pages. 140,000 newspapers, 3.2 million pages. Issues The statistics below...
LCSH has been actively maintained since 1898 to catalog materials held at the Library of Congress. By virtue of cooperative cataloging other libraries around the United States also use...
Norwegian classification of scientific disciplines as linked data (2003 edition).
Polythematic Structured Subject Headings System (PSH) is a bilingual (Czech/English) structured subject heading system.
This dataset includes four authority lists (subject headings, historical contexts, actions and document types) used to describe material in French local archives.


text:
Supply list:
Hot Glue Gun
Black Hot Glue
Glass Paints
Thick Marker
Plexiglass (you can use glass, but it is heavy!)
Step 1: Black Hot Glue
1-40 of 110 | Next » |
I saw your cabinet doors done with glass paints. I would like to know how you got the back ground effect. It has a blurry background which looks very effective so how did you do that. And a friend of mine had done glass painting and in the end all the coloured areas were not smooth but the paint had an effect like a honey comb. do you know how to achieve that.
1-40 of 110 | Next » |


text:
Los Angeles Clippers vs New York Knicks Odds
Extended Chart
- Los Angeles is second in rebounds allowed in the league at 39.1.
- New York leads the league in three points made with 10.9 per game.
Knicks Clippers Betting Preview Odds Preview
OddsShark Staff - A key NBA battle sees the visiting Clippers travelling to New York Sunday to face the Knicks on Sunday.
This season the Knicks are 32-16 overall and 26-22 ATS against the number, while the Clippers are 35-17 and 28-24 ATS. (Note: follow us on Twitter for line updates and injuries news). As for the totals, New York is 23-23-2 on the OU, and Los Angeles is 28-24.


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This article may contain excessive, poor, or irrelevant examples. (November 2012) |
This article may contain trivial, minor or unrelated references in popular culture. (May 2013) |
Phenomenon | |
An 1882 oil painting of a will-o'-the-wisp by Arnold Böcklin |
See also | Naga fireball Min Min light Foxfire Earthquake light St. Elmo's fire Ball lightning Aurora |
A will-o'-the-wisp /ˌwɪl ə ðə ˈwɪsp/ or ignis fatuus (pron.: /ˌɪɡnɨs ˈfætʃuːəs/; Medieval Latin: "foolish fire") are atmospheric ghost lights seen by travellers at night, especially over bogs, swamps or marshes. It resembles a flickering lamp and is said to recede if approached, drawing travellers from the safe paths. The phenomenon is known by a variety of names, including jack-o'-lantern, hinkypunk, and hobby lantern in English[1] folk belief, well attested in English folklore and in much of European folklore.
Contents |
Terminology [edit]
The term "will-o'-the-wisp" comes from "wisp", a bundle of sticks or paper sometimes used as a torch, and the name "Will": thus, "Will-of-the-torch". The term jack-o'-lantern "Jack of [the] lantern" has a similar meaning.
In the United States, they are often called "spook-lights", "ghost-lights", or "orbs"[2] by folklorists and paranormal enthusiasts.[3][4]
Folk belief attributes the phenomenon to fairies or elemental spirits, explicitly in the term "hobby lanterns" found in the 19th century Denham Tracts. Briggs' A Dictionary of Fairies provides an extensive list of other names for the same phenomenon, though the place where they are observed (graveyard, bogs, etc.) influences the naming considerably. When observed on graveyards, they are known as "ghost candles", also a term from the Denham Tracts.
The names will-o'-the-wisp and jack-o'-lantern are explained in etiological folk-tales, recorded in many variant forms in Ireland, Scotland, England, Wales, Appalachia, and Newfoundland.[citation needed] In these tales, protagonists named either Will or Jack are doomed to haunt the marshes with a light for some misdeed.
One version, from Shropshire, recounted by K. M. Briggs in her book A Dictionary of Fairies, refers to Will the Smith. Will is a wicked blacksmith who is given a second chance by Saint Peter at the gates to Heaven, but leads such a bad life that he ends up being doomed to wander the Earth. The Devil provides him with a single burning coal with which to warm himself, which he then uses to lure foolish travellers into the marshes.
An Irish version of the tale has a ne'er-do-well named Drunk Jack or Stingy Jack who makes a deal with the Devil, offering up his soul in exchange for payment of his pub tab. When the Devil comes to collect his due, Jack tricks him by making him climb a tree and then carving a cross underneath, preventing him from climbing down. In exchange for removing the cross, the Devil forgives Jack's debt. However, because no one as bad as Jack would ever be allowed into Heaven, Jack is forced upon his death to travel to Hell and ask for a place there. The Devil denies him entrance in revenge, but, as a boon, grants Jack an ember from the fires of Hell to light his way through the twilight world to which lost souls are forever condemned. Jack places it in a carved turnip to serve as a lantern.[5] Another version of the tale, "Willy the Whisp", is related in Irish Folktales by Henry Glassie. The first modern novel in the Irish language, Séadna by Peadar Ua Laoghaire, is a version of the tale.
Folklore [edit]
Continental Europe [edit]
In European folklore, these lights are held to be either mischievous spirits of the dead, or other supernatural beings or spirits such as fairies, attempting to lead travellers astray.
A modern Americanized adaptation of this travellers' association frequently places swaying ghost-lights along roadsides and railroad tracks. Here a swaying movement of the lights is alleged to be that of 19th- and early 20th-century railway workers supposedly killed on the job.
Sometimes the lights are believed to be the spirits of unbaptized or stillborn children, flitting between heaven and hell. Modern occultist elaborations bracket them with the salamander, a type of spirit wholly independent from humans (unlike ghosts, which are presumed to have been humans at some point in the past).
Northern Europe [edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (August 2012) |
Danes, Finns, Swedes, Estonians, Irish people and Latvians amongst some other groups believed that a will-o'-the-wisp marked the location of a treasure deep in ground or water, which could be taken only when the fire was there. Sometimes magical tricks, and even dead man's hand, were required as well, to uncover the treasure. In Finland and other northern countries it was believed that early autumn was the best time to search for will-o'-the-wisps and treasures below them. It was believed that when someone hid treasure, in the ground, he made the treasure available only at the midsummer, and set will-o'-the-wisp to mark the exact place and time so that he could come to take the treasure back. Finns also believed that the creature guarding the treasure, aarni, used fire (aarnivalkea) to clean precious metals.
Britain [edit]
The will-o'-the-wisp can be found in numerous folk tales around the United Kingdom, and is often a malicious character in the stories. In Welsh folklore, it is said that the light is "fairy fire" held in the hand of a púca, or pwca, a small goblin-like fairy that mischievously leads lone travelers off the beaten path at night. As the traveler follows the púca through the marsh or bog, the fire is extinguished, leaving them lost. The púca is said to be one of the Tylwyth Teg, or fairy family. In Wales the light predicts a funeral that will take place soon in the locality. Wirt Sikes in his book British Goblins mentions the following Welsh tale about púca.
A peasant traveling home at dusk sees a bright light traveling along ahead of him. Looking closer, he sees that the light is a lantern held by a "dusky little figure", which he follows for several miles. All of a sudden he finds himself standing on the edge of a vast chasm with a roaring torrent of water rushing below him. At that precise moment the lantern-carrier leaps across the gap, lifts the light high over its head, lets out a malicious laugh and blows out the light, leaving the poor peasant a long way from home, standing in pitch darkness at the edge of a precipice. This is a fairly common cautionary tale concerning the phenomenon; however, the ignis fatuus was not always considered dangerous. There are some tales told about the will-o'-the-wisp being guardians of treasure, much like the Irish leprechaun leading those brave enough to follow them to sure riches. Other stories tell of travelers getting lost in the woodland and coming upon a will-o'-the-wisp, and depending on how they treated the will-o'-the-wisp, the spirit would either get them lost further in the woods or guide them out.
Also related, the Pixy-light from Devon and Cornwall is most often associated with the Pixie who often has "pixie-led" travelers away from the safe and reliable route and into the bogs with glowing lights.
"Like Poltergeist they can generate uncanny sounds. They were less serious than their German Weisse Frauen kin, frequently blowing out candles on unsuspecting courting couples or producing obscene kissing sounds, which were always misinterpreted by parents."[6] Pixy-Light was also associated with "lambent light"[7] which the "Old Norse" might have seen guarding their tombs.
In Cornish folklore, Pixy-Light also has associations with the Colt Pixy. "A colt pixie is a pixie that has taken the shape of a horse and enjoys playing tricks such as neighing at the other horses to lead them astray".[8][9] It may well be said that the wild colt pixy would sometimes bedevil regular horses on a ride and cause them to lead their human masters into a predicament or hazard, and might have yielded the pixy - horse name variation.
In Guernsey, the light is known as the faeu boulanger (rolling fire), and is believed to be a lost soul. On being confronted with the spectre, tradition prescribes two remedies. The first is to turn one's cap or coat inside out. This has the effect of stopping the faeu boulanger in its tracks. The other solution is to stick a knife into the ground, blade up. The faeu, in an attempt to kill itself, will attack the blade.[10]
Asia [edit]
Aleya (or marsh ghost-light) is the name given to an unexplained strange light phenomena occurring over the marshes as observed by the Bengali people, specially the fishermen of Bengal. This marsh light is attributed to some kind of unexplained marsh gas apparitions that confuse fishermen, make them lose their bearings, and may even lead to drowning if one decided to follow them moving over the marshes. Local communities in the region believe that these strange hovering marsh-lights are in fact Ghost-lights representing the ghosts of fisherman who died fishing. Sometimes they confuse the fishermen, and sometimes they help them avoid future dangers.[11][12]
Chir batti (ghost-light), also spelled chhir batti or cheer batti, is a yet unexplained strange dancing light phenomena occurring on dark nights reported from the Banni grasslands, its seasonal marshy wetlands[13] and the adjoining desert of the marshy salt flats of the Rann of Kutch[14] near Indo-Pakistani border in Kutch district, Gujarat State, India. Local villagers have been seeing these sometimes hovering, sometimes flying balls of lights since time immemorial and call it Chir Batti in their Kutchhi–Sindhi language, with Chir meaning ghost and Batti meaning light.[13]
One Asian theologist ponders the relation of will-o'-the-wisp to that of the foxfire produced by kitsune, an interesting way of combining mythology of the West with that of the East.[15]
Similar phenomena are described in Japanese folklore, including Hitodama (literally "Human Soul" as a ball of energy), Hi no Tama (Ball of Flame), Aburagae, Koemonbi, Ushionibi, etc. All these phenomena are described as balls of flame or light, at times associated with graveyards, but occurring across Japan as a whole in a wide variety of situations and locations. These phenomena are described in Shigeru Mizuki's 1985 book Graphic World of Japanese Phantoms (妖怪伝 in Japanese).[16]
South America [edit]
Boi-tatá (Portuguese pronunciation: [bojtaˈta]) is the Brazilian equivalent of the will-o'-the-wisp.[17] Regionally it is called Boitatá, Baitatá, Batatá, Bitatá, Batatão, Biatatá, M'boiguaçu, Mboitatá and Mbaê-Tata. The name comes from the Old Tupi language and means "fiery serpent" (mboî tatá). Its great fiery eyes leave it almost blind by day, but by night, it can see everything. According to legend, Boi-tatá was a big serpent which survived a great deluge. A "boiguaçu" (a cave anaconda) left its cave after the deluge and, in the dark, went through the fields preying on the animals and corpses, eating exclusively its favorite morsel, the eyes. The collected light from the eaten eyes gave "Boitatá" its fiery gaze. Not really a dragon but a giant snake (in the native language, "boa" or "mboi" or "mboa").
The expression "fogo-fátuo" is also used ("fake fire", from the Latin "ignis fatuus") throughout Brazil.
In Argentina the will-o'-the-wisp phenomenon is known as Luz Mala (evil light) or Fuego Fatuo and is one of the most important myths in Argentine and Uruguayan Folklore. This phenomenon is quite feared and is mostly seen on Argentine rural areas. It consists of an extremely shiny ball of light floating a few inches from the ground. Traditionally it is said that "If the light is white, it implies a soul in pain and it is recommended to say a prayer, but if the light is red, the witness must flee immediately because the phenomenon represents the temptation of Satan."[citation needed]
In Colombia, in folklore tales, is called Candilejas.
North America [edit]
Mexico has its own equivalent as well. Folklore explains will-o-the-wisp to be witches who transformed into these lights. The reason for this, however, varies according to the region.
The swampy area of Massachusetts known as the Bridgewater Triangle has folklore of ghostly orbs of light, and there have been modern observations of these ghost-lights in this area as well.
Australia [edit]
Min Min Light is the name given to an unusual light formation that has been reported numerous times in eastern Australia.[18][19] The lights have been reported from as far south as Brewarrina in western New South Wales, to as far north as Boulia in northern Queensland. The majority of sightings are reported to have occurred in Channel Country.[18]
Stories about the lights can be found in aboriginal myth pre-dating western settlement of the region and have since become part of wider Australian folklore.[18] Indigenous Australians hold that the number of sightings has increased alongside the increasing ingression of Europeans into the region.[18] According to folklore, the lights sometime follow or approached people and have disappeared when fired upon, only to reappear later on.[18][19]
Scientific explanation [edit]
The earliest attempt to scientifically explain the causes of ignes fatui was by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1776 when he discovered methane. He proposes that natural electrical phenomena (like lightning) interacting with marsh gas may be the cause of ignes fatui.[20] This was supported by the British polymath Joseph Priestley in his series of works Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1772–1790); and by the French physicist Pierre Bertholon de Saint-Lazare in De l'électricité des météores (1787).[21]
Early critics of the marsh gas hypothesis often dismissed it on various grounds including the unlikeliness of spontaneous combustion, the absence of warmth in some observed ignes fatui, the odd behavior of ignes fatui receding upon being approached, as well as the differing accounts of ball lightning (which was also classified as a kind of ignes fatui).[21] An example of such criticism is the following by the American anthropologist John G. Owens in Folk-Lore from Buffalo Valley (1891):
This is a name that is sometimes applied to a phenomenon perhaps more frequently called Jack-o'-the-Lantern, or Will-o'-the-Wisp. It seems to be a ball of fire, varying in size from that of a candle-flame to that of a man's head. It is generally observed in damp, marshy places, moving to and fro; but it has been known to stand perfectly still and send off scintillations. As you approach it, it will move on, keeping just beyond your reach; if you retire, it will follow you. That these fireballs do occur, and that they will repeat your motion, seems to be established, but no satisfactory explanation has yet been offered that I have heard. Those who are less superstitious say that it is the ignition of the gases rising from the marsh. But how a light produced from burning gas could have the form described and move as described, advancing as you advance, receding as you recede, and at other times remaining stationary, without having any visible connection with the earth, is not clear to me.[22]
However, the apparent retreat of ignes fatui upon being approached might be explained simply by the agitation of the air by nearby moving objects, causing the gases to disperse. This was observed in the very detailed accounts of several close interactions with ignes fatui published earlier in 1832 by Major Louis Blesson after a series of experiments in various localities where they were known to occur.[23] Of note is his first encounter with ignes fatui in a marshland between a deep valley in the forest of Gorbitz, Newmark, Germany. Blesson observed that the water was covered by an iridescent film, and during day-time, bubbles could be observed rising abundantly from certain areas. At night, Blesson observed bluish-purple flames in the same areas and concluded that it was connected to the rising gas. He spent several days investigating the phenomenon, finding to his dismay that the flames retreated every time he tried to approach them. He eventually succeeded and was able to confirm that the lights were indeed caused by ignited gas. The British scientist Charles Tomlinson in On Certain Low-Lying Meteors (1893) describes Blesson's experiments as thus:
On visiting the spot at night, the sensitive flames retired as the major advanced; but on standing quite still, they returned, and he tried to light a piece of paper at them, but the current of air produced by his breath kept them at too great a distance. On turning away his head, and screening his breath, he succeeded in setting fire to the paper. He was also able to extinguish the flame by driving it before him to a part of the ground where no gas was produced; then applying a flame to the place whence the gas issued, a kind of explosion was heard over eight or nine square feet of the marsh; a red light was seen, which faded to a blue flame about three feet high, and this continued to burn with an unsteady motion. As the morning dawned the flames became pale, and they seemed to approach nearer and nearer to the earth, until at last they faded from sight.[21]
Blesson also observed differences in the color and heat of the flames in different marshes. The ignes fatui in Malapane, Upper Silesia (now Ozimek, Poland) could be ignited and extinguished, but were unable to burn pieces of paper or wood shavings. Similarly, the ignes fatui in another forest in Poland coated pieces of paper and wood shavings with an oily viscous fluid instead of burning them. Blesson also accidentally created ignes fatui in the marshes of Porta Westfalica, Germany, while launching fireworks.[21][23]
In modern science, it is generally accepted that most ignes fatui are caused by the oxidation of phosphine (PH3), diphosphane (P2H4), and methane(CH4). These compounds, produced by organic decay, can cause photon emissions. Since phosphine and diphosphane mixtures spontaneously ignite on contact with the oxygen in air, only small quantities of it would be needed to ignite the much more abundant methane to create ephemeral fires.[24] Furthermore, phosphine produces phosphorus pentoxide as a by-product, which forms phosphoric acid upon contact with water vapor. This might explain the "viscous moisture" described by Blesson.
One attempt to replicate ignes fatui under laboratory conditions was in 1980 by British geologist Alan A. Mills of the Leicester University. Though he did succeed in creating a cool glowing cloud by mixing crude phosphine and natural gas, the color of the light was green and it produced copious amounts of acrid smoke. This was contrary to most eyewitness accounts of ignes fatui.[25][26] As an alternative, Mills proposed in 2000 that ignes fatui may instead be cold flames.[25][27] These are luminescent pre-combustion halos that occur when various compounds are heated to just below ignition point. Cold flames are indeed typically bluish in color and as their name suggests, they generate very little heat. Cold flames occur in a wide variety of compounds, including hydrocarbons (including methane), alcohols, aldehydes, oils, acids, and even waxes. However it is unknown if cold flames occur naturally, though a lot of compounds which exhibit cold flames are the natural byproducts of organic decay.[25][28]
A related hypothesis involves the natural chemiluminescence of phosphine. In 2008, the Italian chemists Luigi Garlaschelli and Paolo Boschetti attempted to recreate Mills' experiments. They successfully created a faint cool light by mixing phosphine with air and nitrogen. Though the glow was still greenish in color, Garlaschelli and Boschetti noted that under low-light conditions, the human eye cannot easily distinguish between colors. Furthermore, by adjusting the concentrations of the gases and the environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.), it was possible to eliminate the smoke and smell, or at least render it to undetectable levels. Garlaschelli and Boschetti also agreed with Mills that cold flames may also be a plausible explanation for other instances of ignes fatui.[27]
In 1993, professors Derr and Persinger proposed that some ignes fatui may be geologic in origin, piezoelectrically generated under tectonic strain. The strains that move faults would also heat up the rocks, vaporizing the water in them. Rock or soil containing something piezoelectric, like quartz, silicon, or arsenic, may also produce electricity, channeled up to the surface through the soil via a column of vaporized water, there somehow appearing as earth lights. This would explain why the lights appear electrical, erratic, or even intelligent in their behavior.[29][30]
Other explanations link will-o'-the-wisps to bioluminescence, e.g., honey fungus and fireflies. Barn owls also have white plumage that may reflect enough light from sources such as the moon to appear as a will-o'-the-wisp; hence the possibility of the lights moving, reacting to other lights, etc.[31]
Ignes fatui sightings are rarely reported today. The decline is believed to be the result of the draining and reclamation of swamplands in recent centuries, such as the formerly vast Fenlands of eastern England which have now been converted to farmlands.[26]
In literature [edit]
In literature, Will o' the wisp sometimes has a metaphorical meaning, describing a hope or goal that leads one on but is impossible to reach, or something one finds sinister and confounding.[32]
In Book IX of John Milton's Paradise Lost, Satan is compared to a "will-o-the-wisp" in tempting of Eve to partake of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil:
[...] He, leading, swiftly rolled
In tangles, and made intricate seem straight,
There swallowed up and lost, from succour far.
To mischief swift. Hope elevates, and joy
Brightens his crest; as when a wandering fire,
Compact of unctuous vapour, which the night
Condenses, and the cold environs round,
Kindled through agitation to a flame,
Which oft, they say, some evil Spirit attends,
Hovering and blazing with delusive light,
Misleads the amazed night-wanderer from his way
To bogs and mires, and oft through pond or pool;—9.631-642
Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner describes the Will o' the wisp.[33]
Two Will-o-the-wisps appear in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's fairy tale The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily (1795). They are described as lights which consume gold, and are capable of shaking gold pieces again from themselves.[34]
It is seen in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre when Jane Eyre is unsure if it is a candle or a Will-o-the-wisp.
"Mother Carey" wrote a popular 19th century poem titled "Will-O'-The-Wisp".
The Will o' the wisp makes an appearance in the first chapter of Bram Stoker's Dracula, as the Count, masquerading as his own coach driver, takes Jonathan Harker to his castle in the night. The following night, when Harker asks Dracula about the lights, the Count makes reference to a common folk belief about the phenomenon by saying that they mark where treasure is buried.[35]
In J. R. R. Tolkien's work The Lord of the Rings, will o' the wisps are present in the Dead Marshes outside of Mordor. When Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee make their way through the bogs the spindly creature Gollum tells them "not to follow the lights" meaning the will o' the wisps. He tells them that if they do, they will keep the dead company and have little candles of their own. Also, Gandalf guides the Fellowship through the darkness of Moria (A Journey in the Dark) and his "wizard's light" is compared to a will-o'-the-wisp. Given that Moria was an ancient source of mithril, this might be a nod to Scandinavian associations of the will-o'-the-wisp with treasure.
The hinkypunk, the name for a Will o' the wisp in South West England has achieved fame as a magical beast in JK Rowling's Harry Potter series. In the books, a hinkypunk is a one-legged, frail-looking creature that appears to be made of smoke. It is said to carry a lantern and mislead travelers.
The children's fantasy series "The Spiderwick Chronicles", by Holly Black and Tony DiTerlizzi, includes will o'the wisps; they are listed in "Arthur Spiderwick's Guide to the Fantastical World Around You." In the series, Will O' The Wisps are described as fat fireflies that lead travellers astray.
It is mentioned by Sherlock Holmes in Doyle's "The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet"
The German fantasy novel by Michael Ende The Neverending Story (German: Die unendliche Geschichte 1979 and Ralph Manheim's English translation 1983) begins in Fantastica, when a will-o'-the-wisp goes to ask the Childlike Empress for help against the Nothing, which is spreading over the land. The film based on the book does not contain the Will -o'-the-wisp.
In Italo Calvino's novella, The Cloven Viscount, the narrator describes assisting Dr. Trelawney, a doctor-come-amateur-scientist, in his hunt for will-o'-the-wisps in cemeteries. Calvino implies a connection between the number of fresh corpses in a graveyard and the frequency of will-o'-the-wisps.
In Julie Kagawa's Iron Fey series, will-o'-the-wisps are very commom creatures in the land of Faery, and are meant to mislead travellers.
In Edgar Allan Poe's short story " The Man Of The Crowd", a dishevelled old 'man' occupies a Will-o'-the-Wisp type role in leading the narrator through the streets of London.
Eino Leino's poem "Nocturne" has a line "I'll no longer chase the will-o'-the-wisp".
In music [edit]
In classical music, one of Franz Liszt's most challenging piano studies (the Transcendental Etude No.5), known for its flighty and mysterious quality, bears the title "Feux Follets" (the French term for Will-o'-the-wisp). The phenomenon also appears in "Canción del fuego fatuo" ('Song of the will-o'-the-wisp') in Manuel de Falla's ballet El amor brujo,[36] later covered by Miles Davis as "Will-O'-The-Wisp" on Sketches Of Spain. The German name of the phenomenon, Irrlicht, has been the name of a song by the classical composer Franz Schubert in his song cycle Winterreise. Additionally, the first solo album of electronic musician Klaus Schulze is named Irrlicht.
Several bands have written songs about or referring to will-o'-the-wisps, such as Magnolia Electric Co.,[37] Verdunkeln, Leon Russell and Yes. The will-o'-the-wisp is also referred to during the song "Maria" in The Sound of Music.[38]
The will o' the wisp also appears in the songs "Skylark" (H.Carmichael) sung by Ella Fitzgerald, Aretha Franklin, Maxine Sullivan and others, and "There's No You" (Hopper-Adair) sung by Jo Stafford and Frank Sinatra.
Part 3, Scene 12 of Berlioz' "The Damnation of Faust" is entitled "Menuet des follets" - "Minuet of the Wills-o'-the-Wisp".
Ilmari Hannikainen wrote a piano piece "Will-o'-the-wisp" (Virvatuli in Finnish) op.4 no.4 in 1914.
Visual media [edit]
Will-o'-the-wisp phenomena have appeared in numerous computer games (such as Ultima, Everquest, the Quest for Glory series, and the Elder Scrolls series) and tabletop games (including Dungeons and Dragons and Magic: the Gathering), frequently with reference to folklore of the phenomena misleading or harming travellers. The Final Fantasy series also pays tribute to the tradition of a will-o'-the-wisp being a lantern-carrying individual, with the Tonberry creature.
In television, Willo the Wisp appeared as a short cartoon series on BBC TV in the 1980s, voiced by Kenneth Williams.
Will-o'-the-wisps also make an appearance in the Disney/Pixar film Brave. In a break from the usual characterization, these will-o'-the-wisps appear benevolent or at least neutral in nature, leading the characters toward their destinies.
Wil-o-the-wisps are featured in the thirteenth episode of the first season of Disney Channel's 1999 show So Weird. The episode is also named after them.
Three Pokémon, Litwick, Lampent, and Chandelure, are modeled on Will-O'-the-Wisps. Additionally, there is a Fire-type move, learned mainly by Ghost-types, named Will-O-Wisp.
In the Legend of Zelda franchise, ghosts known as Poe, whom of which carry lanterns, bare some similarities to the will-o-the-wisp.
Will-O'-The-Wisp is a Marvel comic book character that first appeared in Amazing Spider-Man #167 in 1977.
The 'Spirit Ball' enemies in Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon are based on will-o'-the-wisps.
The words 'Ignes Fatui' are bore on the Lexicon of Zexion in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 days opening movie.
Will-O'-The-Wisps appears in "Sonic and The Black Knight" as obstacles.
Reported light locations [edit]
- Ferbane in Ireland
- Hessdalen light in Norway
- Martebo lights in Sweden
- Paasselkä devil in Finland
- Virvatuluke in Estonia
North America
- Canada
- United States
- Arbyrd/Senath Light of Missouri
- Bragg Road ghost light (Light of Saratoga) of Texas
- Brown Mountain Lights of North Carolina
- Gurdon light of Arkansas
- Hornet ghost light or Spooklight of Missouri-Oklahoma state line
- Maco light of North Carolina
- Marfa lights of Texas
- Oviedo Lights of Florida
- The Paulding Light of Michigan's Upper Peninsula
- Skinwalker Ranch lights of Utah
See also [edit]
Notes [edit]
- ^ Marie Trevelyan (1909). Folk-Lore and Folk-Stories of Wales. London. p. 178. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ "Ghost Lights and Orbs". Moonslipper.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ Stephen Wagner. "Spooklights: Where to Find Them". About.com. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
- ^ Randall Floyd (1997). "Historical Mysteries: Ghostly lights as common as dew in Dixie". Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
- ^ Mark Hoerrner (2006). "History of the Jack-O-Lantern". buzzle.com. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ^ "World Myth" page 113[dead link]
- ^ "lambent - alphaDictionary * Free English On-line Dictionary". Alphadictionary.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "House Shadow Drake - Water Horses and Other Fairy Steeds". Shadowdrake.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "Colypixy". Pandius.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ Folklore of Guernsey by Marie de Garis (1986) ASIN: B0000EE6P8.
- ^ "Bengali Ghosts; byAmbarish Pandey; Apr 7, 2009; PAKISTANTIMES website". Pak-times.com. 2009-04-07. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "Blog post by the author Saundra Mitchel of the novel "Shadowed Summer" at Books Obsession". Booksobsession.blogspot.com. 2009-10-09. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ a b Ghost lights that dance on Banni grasslands when it's very dark; by D V Maheshwari; August 28, 2007; The Indian Express Newspaper
- ^ "I read somewhere that on dark nights there are strange lights that dance on the Rann. The locals call them cheer batti or ghost lights. It's a phenomenon widely documented but not explained." SOURCE: Stark beauty (Rann of Kutch); Bharati Motwani; September 23, 2008; India Today Magazine, Cached: Page 2 of 3 page article with these search terms highlighted: cheer batti ghost lights rann kutch [1], Cached: Complete View - 3 page article seen as a single page [2]
- ^ Hall, Jamie. Half Human, Half Animal: Tales of Werewolves and Related Creatures. Bloomington, Indiana: Authorhouse, 2003. 142.
- ^ Mizuki, Shigeru. "Graphic World of Japanese Phantoms". 講談社, 1985. ISBN 978-4-06-202381-8 (4-06-202381-4).
- ^ "ref". Terrabrasileira.net. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ a b c d e Pettigrew, John D. (March 2003). "The Min Min light and the Fata Morgana. An optical account of a mysterious Australian phenomenon" (PDF). Clin Exp Optom 86 (2): 109–20. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03069.x. PMID 12643807.
- ^ a b Kozicka, M.G. "The Mystery of the Min Min Light. Cairns", Bolton Imprint
- ^ Marco Ciardi (2000). "Falling Stars, Instruments and Myths: Volta and the Birth of Modern Meteorology". In Fabio Bevilacqua & Lucio Fregonese. Nuova Voltiana: Studies on Volta and His Times. Editore Ulrico Hoepli. p. 43.
- ^ a b c d Charles Tomlinson (1893). "On Certain Low-Lying Meteors". In A. Cowper Ranyard. Knowledge: An Illustrated Magazine of Science. Simply Worded—Exactly Described (Witherby & Co.) 16 (New Series, Vol. III): 46–48.
- ^ Owens, J.G., 1891. "Folk-Lore from Buffalo Valley." Journal of American Folk-lore. 4:123-4.
- ^ a b Louis Blesson (1832–1833). "Observations on the Ignis Fatuus, or Will-with-the-Wisp, Falling Stars, and Thunder Storms". The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal (Neill & Company) 14: 90–94.
- ^ Joris Roels & Willy Verstrae (2001). "Biological formation of volatile phosphorus compounds". Bioresource Technology (Elsevier) 79: 243–250.
- ^ a b c A. A. Mills (2000). "Will-o'-the-wisp revisited". Weather (Royal Meteorological Society) 55 (7): 20–26. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2000.tb04067.x.
- ^ a b Jan Zalasiewicz (2007). "The spirit of biodiversity". In Richard Twitchett. The Paleontology Newsletter (64): 20–26.
- ^ a b Luigi Garlaschelli & Paolo Boschetti. On the track of the will-o'-the-wisp. Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Università di Pavia.
- ^ Pearlman, Howard; Chapek, Richard M. (1999). Cool Flames and Autoignition: Thermal-Ingnition Theory of Combustion Experimentally Validated in Microgravity. NASA. p. 142. ISBN 1-4289-1823-X., Web version at NASA
- ^ Persinger, M.A. (1993). Perceptual and Motor Skills. "Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXIV. Man-made fluid injections into the crust and reports of luminous phenomena (UFO Reports) — Is the strain field an aseismically propagating hydrological pulse?".
- ^ Derr, J.S. (1993). Perceptual and Motor Skills. "Seasonal hydrological load and regional luminous phenomena (UFO reports) within river systems: the Mississippi Valley test.".
- ^ A Review of accounts of luminosity in Barn Owls Tyto alba.
- ^ entry on will-o'-the-wisp in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
- ^ Samuel Taylor Coleridge. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". Electronic Text Center. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. "The Fairy Tale of the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily".
- ^ Bram Stoker. "Dracula". The Free Library. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ "Lyrics from "El amor brujo"". Web.archive.org. 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "Discography » Magnolia Electric Co. - Sojourner Box Set". Magnolia Electric Co. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "The Sound of Music - Maria Lyrics". Lyricsmania.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
References [edit]
- The Denham Tracts by Michael Denham
- The Haunted Abbot by Peter Tremayne
- Remarkable Luminous Phenomena in Nature by William Corliss
- Het dwaallicht by Willem Elsschot
External links [edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Will-o'-the-wisps |


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