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Erma Goodman Middleton
Mrs. Erma Goodman Middleton of Clemmons died Friday, July 20, 2012 at Wilkes Senior Village in North Wilkesboro. She was 87.
She was born October 11, 1924 in West Jefferson, the daughter of the late, James Vance and Nora Wallace Goodman.
Mrs. Middleton was a longtime member of Clemmons First Baptist Church.
In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband, whom she married June 21, 1947, Carlos Middleton; her first child, Baby Middleton; her second child, Stephen Carlos Middleton; and two brothers, Neal Thomas Goodman and Jack Wallace Goodman.
Survivors include one brother, Kenneth Gene Goodman and wife, Marcella, of West Jefferson; two sisters-in-law, Gladys Greer Goodman of Charlotte and Jesse Middleton Slate of Winston-Salem; one brother-in-law, Jim Middleton and wife, Mary Ruth, of Winston-Salem; several nieces and nephews; and special friends, Bob and Betsy Middleton of Winston-Salem.
The funeral service was conducted at 11 a.m. Monday, July 23, at Clemmons First Baptist Church with the Rev. Dr. Robert L. Phillips, Jr. officiating. Burial followed in the church cemetery. The family received friends one hour prior to the service at the church.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Clemmons First Baptist Church, P. O. Box 279, Clemmons NC 27012.
Online condolences may be made at www.hayworth-miller.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Registration for Pokémon World Online
Got a friend already playing PWO? Players can now make friend requests by logging in.
Registration steps
Don't already have an account?- Request registration key
- Wait for an email
- If you receive an key, enter it on this page and register an account
- Log in
- Request registration key
- Wait for an email
- If you receive an key, enter it on this page and register an account
More info
- S.P. refers to Sendout period
- Up to 45 keys are sent out every S.P.
- Up to 5 alternative keys
- Up to 5 friend keys
- remaining, registration keys - Requests expire during the following S.P. after you made the request
- Registration keys expire after 90 minutes
- S.P. are:
- Every 40 minutes between 1.20am and 12pm (UTC)
- Every 30 minutes between 12pm and 7.30pm (UTC)
- Every 35 minutes between 7.30pm and 1.20am (UTC) - For a full detailed guide on registration including error message information, visit our Wiki
Request registration key
In order to request a slot to create an account, you must fill out our request form correctly.Filling out the form
- We require an valid email as this will be where the registration key is sent to
- Look at the given request code and change any special characters (Examples: #, @, $) to the character specified in the 'Change character' row. Keep the rest of the code as it is.
- To be able to fill in the "sum answer" slot, answer the math question give in the 'Pass sum' row. Note that for any answer that is less than ten, you will have to type a 0 (zero) before the answer.
Change character: | Special characters to B # to second character of email |
Pass sum: | 5 + 2 |
Email: | [email protected] |
Request code (before): | z#Ad7N?mYJ |
Request code (after): | zeAd7NBmYJ |
Sum Answer: | 07 |


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The promise of simple, reliable, and feature-rich unified communications phone systems has been made for what seems like decades. The fact is, big companies with big IT departments and big budgets have seen some of these promises fulfilled. But, for the vast majority of businesses, advanced business communications have always been out of reach. Until now.
Omnevis knows all about growing businesses like yours – after all, we are one too! It is this unique focus that has helped us to develop the many innovative technologies that turn the promise of advanced yet affordable business communications into reality.
End Users
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Omnevoice Enterprise IP Communication Servers State of the art IP Telephony features in a highly intuitive low maintenance PBX. With the Omnevoice IPx PBX Platform, small businesses, entrepreneurs, and sales professionals can have a communications system that functions similar to the million-dollar PBX systems FORTUNE 500 companies use. With features that don't require a computer degree to use! |


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The Delaware County Daily Times (delcotimes.com), Serving Delaware County, PA
Tuesday, December 25, 2012
By MATT SMITH
The Daily Times sports department got an exclusive look at Santa Claus' Christmas list.
We aren't kidding.
While perusing the list of naughty and nice, we stumbled across a few notable Philadelphia sports figures. Let's see what Santa had in store for them…
Donovan McNabb: A one-way plane ticket. It's been two years since he was run out of town after overextending his welcome by three or four seasons, so do we really need to watch McNabb on a certain television channel giving his analysis of a terrible Eagles team? It's a little unnerving. Maybe No. 5 should go back to his hometown of Chicago and lay low for a while. McNabb is affable and has enough charisma to stick as a talking football head, but not in this town. Not right now.
Andrew Bynum: A personalized bowling ball, signed by Doug Collins: "Thanks for everything." The former NBA star — now nothing more than damaged goods — has seen more time on the local bowling alley hardwood than anyone could envision. Seriously, what was he thinking?
Chase Utley: A hyberbaric chamber. If Utley comes down with another case of general body soreness when February rolls around, the Phillies are doomed. Let's make sure he is ready to participate in spring training for the first time since 2010 and fully healthy. Because we all know Utley has never been very truthful about his body.
Andy Reid: A new job… far away from here. Reid's tenure as the winningest coach in Eagles history is about to end. Thanks for everything, Andy, but it's time to go.


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New Ray Boltz project gives nod to Soulforce
by Soulforce
Ray Boltz, an award-winning with 2 RIAA Gold Certified albums, recently announced a new project on his blog. Two songs on this new project, TRUE, give nods to Soulforce.
You can listen to "Who Would Jesus Love?" and "Don't Tell Me Who To Love" embedded in the article announcing the project launch.


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Good Shepherd Will Honor Local Veterans on November 11
At 9am on Sunday November 11, the Church of the Good Shepherd at 5 W. Washington in downtown Oswego will honor veterans from the congregation and from the community. The service will open with a color guard provided by American Legion Post 675. And instead of a sermon, the congregation will hear stories and remembrances shared by the veterans themselves. There will also be a display board featuring photos of the vets when they were in the service, and veterans are encouraged to wear their hats, their medals, and their uniforms to that morning's worship, which will be followed by a brunch in the church fellowship hall. The nominal brunch donation will be waived for any veteran who attends.
Pastor Phil Sheets explained, "At our last worship planning meeting, we realized that the next time Veteran's Day will fall on a Sunday is 2018! And of course, many of the vets who are with us now may not be here then. So we decided that this year we would recognize these men with a special worship thanking them for the service they have rendered and the sacrifices they and their families have made, from World War II, Korea, the Cold War, Vietnam, in the Middle East and elsewhere. And I get to speak most Sundays – so on this Sunday, it will be the veterans' turn."
Good Shepherd usually has two different worships, at 830 and 10am, but on November 11 there will be a single unified service beginning at 9am. Veterans from the congregation and community are genuinely invited to share their stories. And while the church hopes to allow time for spontaneous sharing, preference will be given to those who have contacted the church office and arranged for a time slot. For more information contact the church at 630.554.3269 or check out the website atwww.goodshepherdoswego.org.


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This account appears elsewhere
Moggyby BobPreston » Wed May 30, 2012 22:30
The Pilot was a temporary visitor to Swansea from the nearby Park Farm grass strip. He departed from runway 28 to fly to Haverfordwest and on the climb out encountered severe turbulence which caused the canopy on the aircraft to open and raise up causing an air brake.
The Pilot endeavoured to maintain hight but despite maintaining full power the aircraft began to descend. The Pilot was also struggling to keep the canopy in place with one arm and fly the aircraft with the other!
Having already gained sufficient height he was able to turn downwind and attempted to land on the disused runway 35 but landed in gorse bushes slightly short of the runway. The aircraft burst into flames seconds after the landing ( probably a result of the fuel tank in the front of the aircraft departing its fixing or the piping doing likewise ) The Pilot managed to exit the aircraft suffering slight burns to his legs and arms. The aircraft was totally destroyed within a matter of minutes despite the good endeavours of the airport fire service.
Speaking with the Pilot shortly after the incident I was amazed how calmly he dealt with what could have very easily have been a fatal incident firstly if he had lost control of the aircraft and secondly then managing to exit the aircraft which had already burst into flames seconds after the landing.


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Perth's music community is mourning the loss of a talented local singer killed in a horrific North West car crash on Thursday.
Jamie Darlington, front man of Perth cover band Gunshy Romeos, was killed when he lost control of the car he was driving to Carnarvon along North West Coastal Highway lost and rolled about 3.30pm.
The 33-year-old Mandurah singer died from his injuries at the scene while his two passengers were airlifted to Port Hedland Hospital for treatment.
Mr Darlington was travelling with his sister and a friend to perform as a trio at Pilbara venues over the coming weeks.
Gunshy Romeos drummer Boris Kosse described Mr Darlington as "very gifted" and said the pair had bonded over their young sons, who were close in age.
Mr Darlington joined the band earlier this year and fit in with the close knit group immediately, Mr Kosse said.
"From the minute Jamie walked in it was all there. He had unlimited vocal range and it was such a pleasure working with him," he said.
"He was like my little brother...he had such a beautiful personality.
"We had a very special connection. In one way we're happy that he died doing what he loved to do. He was a passionate musician."
Gunshy Romeos are a popular cover band who regularly play at venues across Perth.'The West Australian' is a trademark of West Australian Newspapers Limited 2013.
All rights reserved.
Select your state to see news for your area.


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John Hassoun will oversee integration of company's latest acquisition
Vistronix has named John Hassoun corporate president, where he will be responsible for the company's business units and corporate support functions. He will report to Vistronix CEO Deepak Hathiramani.
Hassoun will oversee the integration of Vistronix's recent acquisition of Technology Associates International Corp., which happened just last week, and will develop strategies and business development programs to promote the geospatial and visualization capabilities that the acquisition brings to Vistronix.
Hassoun joined the company in July 2012 as executive vice president for corporate development. It was part of the company's strategy to make Hassoun corporate president after the company's recent acquisition, Hathiramani said.
"Leveraging John's experience and strong strategic focus will help Vistronix break into new, key markets," he said.
Before Vistronix, Hassoun served as co-CEO of ATS Corp., CEO of Global Integrated Security, and CEO of Olive Group, according to a press release. He currently serves on the board of directors for Aegis LLC, an international security company.
He holds a bachelor's degree in psychology, as well as a master's degree in human factors, both from Wright State University.
About the Author
Mark Hoover is a contributing writer to Washington Technology.
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10pm | 21+ | $5 Ordinary Outcast is back! New members and new tunes!
10pm | 21+ | $5 Samadhi (Sa-mah-dee) is complete liberation, bliss, complete concentration, and all that yummy goodness...
21+ | 10pm | $5 The Mosquitos are a band that features a unique blend of classic rock and contemporary songs, with a flavor of percussive 'jam' band style extended cuts.
10pm | 21+ | $5 With a classic heartland sound steeped in the grit and charm of their hometown, the group quickly built a loyal following on the strength of their raucous live shows.
10pm | $5 | 21+
21+ | 10pm | $5 R&B Hits from the 80's 90's and Today!
10pm | 21+ | $5 Party. Nap. Repeat
10pm | 21+ | $7 Both "Polarcode" and "The Empty Pockets" are native's of Chicago and the northern suburbs. Polarcode will bring its original Alternative-Rock sound along with The Empty Pocket's charismatic and brash Rock & Roll.
Our Name is Jonas / Don't Speak
10 pm | 21+ | $5 Like Weezer? Our Name Is Jonas plays their songs. Chicago's ONLY Weezer tribute band and they'll rock your Superman skivvies off! Opening: Don't Speak, Chicago's Ultimate Live No Doubt Experience.


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May 23, 24 & 27: No School for Students
May 23: 1/2 Staff Day
May 27: Memorial Day
2013 Mohonasen Summer Guide (PDF)
Schenectady YMCA Summer Camp (PDF)
Host families needed for exchange program
May 28-31: NYS Science Performance Exam, Grades 4 & 8
May 28: Music Parents
7 p.m./HS Cafe B
May 29: HS Academic Awards Ceremony
6:30 p.m./HS Auditorium
May 30: Modified Sports Awards
6 p.m./Draper MS Cafe
May 23, 2013
Draper holds annual Medieval Day See photo gallery
May 22, 2013
Congratulations to the Class of 2013 Top Ten see who they are
May 20, 2013
Goggles simulate impaired driving see photo gallery
May 17, 2013
Pinewood 5th graders hear about college, career options see photo gallery
May 16, 2013
Mohonasen receives clean audit from comptroller's office learn more
May 15, 2013
Engineering students bring robot to 'rumble' at local event learn more
May 14, 2013
Lockdown drill held today at Mohonasen See letter from Dr. Spring (PDF)
May 13, 2013
High school Select Choir awarded NYSSMA "Gold" Learn more
May 10, 2013
2013-2014 district calendar now available Download one-page PDF file
May 9, 2013
Assemblymember honors students for bringing attention to seat belt use, catches choir rehearsal see photos
May 8, 2013
Television students tour local broadcast studio View photo gallery
May 8, 2013
Students investigate accident scene view photo gallery
May 8, 2013
Congratulations to Draper April Students of the Month Learn more
May 3, 2013
Teacher wears same clothes every day to combat bullying Anti-bullying initiative shows it doesn't matter what's on the outside
May 2, 2013
Seventh graders named semifinalists in Invention Convention learn more
May 1, 2013
Mohonasen students compete at SkillsUSA state championships Senior Kody Skeals places first in machining and manufacturing category
April 29, 2013
Mohon students win Battle of the Belts event, help raise awareness for healthy choices learn more
April 29, 2013
Pinewood students experience modern technology first hand at local event Learn more
April 26, 2013
Tech students learn about construction industry Learn more
April 22, 2013
PEP grant: Students work out while they drum in PE See video to learn more
April 22, 2013
Bradt students celebrate Earth Day
with song
View photo gallery
April 22, 2013
Students race to buckle up
View photo gallery
April 19, 2013
Mohonasen student artwork recognized at local media arts festival learn more
April 19, 2013
Draper students honored at recognition breakfast Learn more
April 18, 2013
Investigative reporter tells stories of covering prisons and law enforcement learn more
April 15, 2013
Real-life experiences without the real-life consequences SafetyBug visits MHS
April 11, 2013
Class of '13 graduation speakers selected see more about Graduation Speaker Contest
April 10, 2013
Congratulations to Draper March Students of the Month Learn more
April 8, 2013
PEP grant: Students doing math, literacy in PE with Phone Mats See video to learn more
April 8, 2013
Guest speaker offers lesson on clarinets, Swahili and the people of Tanzania See photo gallery
April 4, 2013
Letter from Mrs. Male regarding Essential Tasks, Summer School Learn about upcoming changes (PDF)
March 28, 2013
Civil engineer visits high school technology class learn more
March 28, 2013
First-ever spelling bee goes 20 rounds See photo gallery
March 27, 2013
Fourth graders wowed by high school science experiments see photo gallery
March 27, 2013
Students 'challenged' to respect others for who they are see HS Challenge Day photo gallery
March 25, 2013
Bradt holds classroom spelling bees; First school-wide bee set for Thursday see photo gallery
March 22, 2013
Engineering students participate in Model Bridge Building Competition learn more
March 20, 2013
Senator Tkaczyk visits Bradt See photo gallery
March 19, 2013
Bradt school holding first spelling bee learn more
March 19, 2013
Attention parents of ninth graders: See freshmen conference schedules
March 18, 2013
Habitat dioramas change with lessons See photo gallery
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My equipment
There are a lot of advices and tips on what equipment to buy and how to build some on your own. I want to share some of my ideas and hopefully you'll find them quite useful for your own RC/FPV projects.
After reading a whole lot of texts on forums i decided to buy the Multiplex Easystar – I'm still so glad I did! It's a perfect beginner plane and an even better FPV-platform. It has got very few part that could brake and you can easy modify it anyway you want to.
Here is my Multiplex Easystar with the Gopro Hero HD mount.
I'd glued some magnetos in the cockpit to be able to mount the canopy easily. On the bottom of the cockpit I'd put some Velcro to fix the battery.
Since I'm working with aluminium all days long I've CNC-routed a camera mount out of 1,0 mm aluminium. The opening in the front is for a pan-servo (if I want to use one in the future). The one on the back is to be able to change the frequency of the video transmitter and the two on the sides are just there to reduce weight.
The hatch right under the wing is where my transmitter is placed. The hole to the left is for the video tx battery. I just cut it out after I mounted all the FPV gear in to get the plane perfectly balanced.
I've mounted one 0,6×5 mm carbon fibre strip in each wing to stiffen those up.
I took one 0,6×5 mm carbon fibre rod to stiffen the tail. As you may notice the original rudder is changed to a bigger one made out of a 5 mm balsa sheet.
I used to bring my tripod every time I got out flying FPV but with that solution I was unable to attach all the batteries, cables and receivers in a good way. Another thing that weren't good with the tripod solution (since I'm not flying with an antenna pan/tilt system) was that I had to decide on forehand which direction I should fly in. I want to be able to fly wherever I want to and therefore I started the router once again. This time I made a backplate out of 10 mm plastic foam. I made a big hole that allows me to move my head and on the top I bended a 1,5 mm aluminium sheet in our press brake and put some Velcro on it for the patch antenna. With this system I can easily change the direction of the antenna. On the back of the plate I'd put some Velcro as well to attach the video rx and the two batteries (one for the goggles and one for the video rx).
This is my latest purchase for my equipment. It's a water- and dust proof hard case bag (430x380x160 mm). It is big enough to fit all my equipment in.
Here it is – opened. I place the patch antenna in the left down corner of case.


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Glassdoor is the only job search with a view from the inside. 253 MasterCard jobs - plus company salaries, reviews, and more posted by MasterCard employees.
MasterCard – Saint Louis, MO
resource capabilities. You must be able to clearly articulate and quantify customer needs… MasterCard
MasterCard – Saint Louis, MO
This position is responsible for the development and growth of the application and systems engineering and application support teams for Digital… MasterCard
MasterCard – Saint Louis, MO
This position provides senior leadership to MasterCard technologies teams in St. Louis and New York, focusing on the design and development of our… MasterCard
MasterCard – Purchase, NY
The position will partner with various Business Units and Regions regarding control documentation and testing, and may be responsible for sample… MasterCard
MasterCard – Purchase, NY
• Drive action throughout the organization and build shared accountability across all contributing functions • Translate information from multiple… MasterCard
MasterCard – Purchase, NY
This position provides senior leadership to a MasterCard development teams in New York focusing on development of our Digital Commerce Solutions. The… MasterCard
MasterCard – Saint Louis, MO
The primary role of an Enterprise Solution Architect is to contribute to the development of the company's solution architecture practice. This person… MasterCard
MasterCard – Purchase, NY +2 locations
• Plan , Identify, Develop and Execute on new Information Services sales opportunities… MasterCard
MasterCard – Saint Louis, MO
Manages all accounting, including revenue recognition, expense recording, and timely and accurate closes. Ensures the preparation of accurate… MasterCard
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Thursday, 31 May 2012
Late Night Eating in Nantucket
As an eater who hungers at various hours of the day and night, I value the presence of the late night eating scene. What drives me nuts? No late night eating spots available!
People here in Nantucket have told me countless times that this is one of the hot spots for food in the country. The food is supposed to be remarkable, the restaurants amazing, and the people are passionate about their food.
I have not lived here long enough to know if the hype stands true to the rumors, but the one downfall of eating in Nantucket is the lack of late night food spots.
The bars stop serving drinks at 1 AM. Nothing else stays open. Only one place, Stubby's, serves food late into the night. Besides the one option, I have yet to come across another.
As a cook who isn't finished work until 12 AM and often forgets or doesn't have time to eat amid the 8-14 hour shifts, late night food spots are essential for my existence. I shouldn't be eating out, but following a long day of work, whether in a hot kitchen or not, I'm too tired to cook. You may tell me to eat dinner or prepare it before work, but that never happens.
I find it hard to believe that one of the "foodie capitals" of America fails to thrive late into the night. I don't expect the fancy restaurants to stay open, but at least have more than one spot available past 1 AM.
Are you a late night eater like me who values the after-hours food scene?
Post a Comment
- Back to ireallylikefood's IReallyLikeFood Site!
- Note: your comment will appear in ireallylikefood's local time zone: GMT -05:00 (Eastern Standard - US, Canada)


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Great getaways: Brittany, Florence, Switzerland and Amsterdam
Brittany bargains
As the peak summer season begins, operators are turning to short-notice sales to help fill spare capacity. Brittany Ferries has a good August deal if you book by midnight tomorrow, 25 June: a return trip for a car plus two passengers on day sailings for £199, allowing up to eight days away. Motorcyclists (plus pillion passengers) qualify for half-price. These rates apply from Plymouth to Roscoff and from Portsmouth to Caen and St-Malo, any day from 1 to 29 August (brittanyferries.com).
Five-star Florence
Kirker has a three-night stay at the Villa Medici for £698 per person. The former patrician's palace retains its period splendour with a grand piano in the lounge, draped fabrics in the rooms and two restaurants serving Tuscan fare. The deal includes breakfast, entrance into the Uffizi gallery and BA flights from Gatwick to Pisa with private transfers to Florence for travel between 9 July and 2 Sept. (kirkerholidays.com).
Swiss bliss
Summer in the Swiss Alps means lush green meadows, stunning serrated peaks and simple, untamed solitude. Inghams has a week's fully-catered stay in Saas Fee at the Chalet Ambassador for £499 per person, with easyJet flights from Gatwick or Manchester to Geneva and transfers on 25 July (inghams.co.uk).
Going Dutch
Travelbag has a three-night city break in Amsterdam for £199 per person, departing from Gatwick on 9 July with easyJet. Accommodation with breakfast is at the Central Park Hotel. The location isn't central, but it is close to the western end of the picturesque Vondelpark – dotted with lakes, waterways and willow trees (travelbag.co.uk).
Get your summer started with British Military Fitness
BMF is the UK's biggest and best loved outdoor fitness classes
Visit York
Find out what The Independent's resident travel expert has to say about one of the most beautiful small cities in the world
Making reading fun for kids
Nook is donating eReaders to volunteers at high-need schools and participating in exclusive events throughout the campaign.
Introducing the 'Get Reading' campaign
Get the latest on The Evening Standard's campaign to get London's children reading.
Enter the latest Independent competitions
Win anything from gadgets to five-star holidays on our competitions and offers page.
Business videos from commercial thought leaders
Watch the best in the business world give their insights into the world of business.


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High Streets and town centres have faced tough times with shoppers moving out of town and online, but could special events tempt people back?
Tonight, a concert to benefit victims of Hurricane Sandy will be held. What makes this benefit concert different from previous concerts of the type is that this one will be held online. It's a great way to help those in need while getting to see more performers in one place ...
12/03/12 The SMS celebrates 20 years of rapid change. The first short message service was sent on December 3, 1992.
Tens of thousands of people decked out in the team's holiday-appropriate orange and black stood 30 deep behind barriers, climbed trees, camped out overnight and mounted rooftops for a chance to see their favorite players wave from convertibles and get serenaded by Tony Bennett singing "I Left My Heart in ...
Photographer Roger Minkow sent back these snapshots from this year's weeklong celebration of radical self-expression and eclectic artwork that drew tens of thousands of people from around the world to Nevada's Black Rock Desert.
Umbrellas, British royalty and physicist Stephen Hawking were all on view at the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics in London Wednesday night.
Here are Maestro's Gospel Pick of the month. Music guaranteed to lift the spirit. J. Moss James Fortune Proof John P. Kee Malcom Hawkins Deitrick Haddon Tamela Mann Bishop Richard White
The top 10 finalists of American Idol performed at Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh.


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Titan seen from the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft. Cassini–Huygens is a joint NASA / ESA / ASI Robotic spacecraft mission currently studying the planet Saturn and its | |
Discovery | |
Discovered by | Christiaan Huygens |
Discovery date | March 25, 1655 |
Semi-major axis | 1,221,870 km |
Eccentricity | 0. Christiaan Huygens (ˈhaɪgənz in English ˈhœyɣəns in Dutch) ( April 14, 1629 &ndash July 8, 1695) was a Dutch Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star In Geometry, the semi-major axis (also semimajor axis) is used to describe the dimensions of ellipses and hyperbolae The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand In Astrodynamics, under standard assumptions, any Orbit must be of Conic section shape 0288 |
Orbital period | 15. The orbital period is the time taken for a given object to make one complete Orbit about another object 945 days |
Inclination | 0. Inclination in general is the Angle between a Reference plane and another plane or axis of direction 34854° (to Saturn's equator) |
Satellite of | Saturn |
Physical characteristics | |
Mean radius | 2576 ± 2. A natural satellite or moon is a Celestial body that Orbits a Planet or smaller body which is called the primary. 00 km (0. 404 Earths) [2] |
Surface area | 8. Equation A spheroid centered at the origin and rotated about the z axis is defined by the implicit equation \left(\frac{x}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{y}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{z}{b}\right^2 3×107 km² |
Mass | 1. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object 3452 ± 0. 0002×1023 kg (0. 0225 Earths)[2] |
Mean density | 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 8798 ± 0. 0044 g/cm³[2] |
Equatorial surface gravity | 1. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. A cubic centimetre or cubic centimeter (symbol cm3 —the abbreviation cc, though widely used is deprecated is a commonly used unit of Volume The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical or other object is the Gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface 352 m/s2 (0. 14 g) |
Escape velocity | 2. g-force (also G-force, g-load) is a measurement of an object's Acceleration expressed in g s In Physics, escape velocity is the speed where the Kinetic energy of an object is equal to the magnitude of its Gravitational potential energy 639 km/s |
Rotation period | (synchronous) |
Axial tilt | zero |
Albedo | 0. The rotation period of an astronomical object is the time it takes to complete one revolution around its Axis of rotation relative to the background stars In Astronomy, synchronous rotation is a planetological term describing a body orbiting another where the orbiting body takes as long to rotate In Astronomy, axial tilt is the Inclination angle of a planet's rotational axis in relation to its orbital plane. The albedo of an object is the extent to which it diffusely reflects light from the sun 22[3] |
Temperature | 93. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature 7 K (−179. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 45 °C)[4] |
Apparent magnitude | 7. The apparent magnitude ( m) of a celestial body is a measure of its Brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, normalized to the value 9 |
Adjectives | Titanian |
Atmosphere | |
Surface pressure | 146. 7 kPa |
Composition | 98. 4% nitrogen 1. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 6% methane[5] |
Titan (pronounced /ˈtaɪtən/ TYE-tən, or as Greek: Τῑτάν) or Saturn VI is the largest moon of Saturn, the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere,[6] and the only object other than Earth for which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A natural satellite or moon is a Celestial body that Orbits a Planet or smaller body which is called the primary. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " [7]
Titan is the twentieth most distant moon of Saturn and sixth farthest among those large enough to assume a spheroid shape. Equation A spheroid centered at the origin and rotated about the z axis is defined by the implicit equation \left(\frac{x}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{y}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{z}{b}\right^2 Frequently described as a satellite with planet-like characteristics, Titan has a diameter roughly 50% larger than Earth's moon and is 80% more massive. Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object It is the second-largest moon in the Solar System, after Jupiter's moon Ganymede, and it is larger by diameter than the smallest planet, Mercury (although only half as massive). The tables below of Natural satellites in the Solar System are ordered from largest to smallest by average diameter The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ganymede (ˈgænɨmiːd, or as Greek Titan was the first known moon of Saturn, discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Christiaan Huygens (ˈhaɪgənz in English ˈhœyɣəns in Dutch) ( April 14, 1629 &ndash July 8, 1695) was a Dutch [8]
Titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. The dense atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan's surface until new information accumulated with the arrival of the Cassini–Huygens mission in 2004, including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in the satellite's polar regions. Cassini–Huygens is a joint NASA / ESA / ASI Robotic spacecraft mission currently studying the planet Saturn and its In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. These are the only large, stable bodies of surface liquid known to exist anywhere other than Earth. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The surface is geologically young; although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been discovered, it is relatively smooth and few impact craters have been discovered. A cryovolcano is literally an Icy Volcano. Cryovolcanoes form on Icy moons and possibly on other low- Temperature Astronomical objects In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body
The atmosphere of Titan is largely composed of nitrogen and its climate includes methane and ethane clouds. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. ETHANE is a mnemonic indicating a protocol used by Emergency services to report situations which they may be faced with especially as it relates to major incidents where The climate—including wind and rain—creates surface features that are similar to those on Earth, such as sand dunes and shorelines, and, like Earth, is dominated by seasonal weather patterns. With its liquids (both surface and subsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, Titan is viewed as analogous to the early Earth, although at a much lower temperature. The satellite has thus been cited as a possible host for microbial extraterrestrial life or, at least, as a prebiotic environment rich in complex organic chemistry. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. Researchers have suggested a possible underground liquid ocean might serve as a biotic environment. [9][10]
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Titan was discovered on March 25, 1655, by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Christiaan Huygens (ˈhaɪgənz in English ˈhœyɣəns in Dutch) ( April 14, 1629 &ndash July 8, 1695) was a Dutch Huygens was inspired by Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's four largest moons in 1610 and his improvements on telescope technology. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei. A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. [11] Huygens himself made advances in the technology and his discovery of Titan owed "partly to the quality of his telescope and partly to luck". [12] He named it simply Saturni Luna (or Luna Saturni, Latin for "Saturn's moon"), publishing in the 1655 tract De Saturni Luna Observatio Nova. After Giovanni Domenico Cassini published his discoveries of four more moons of Saturn between 1673 and 1686, astronomers fell into the habit of referring to these and Titan as Saturn I through V (with Titan then in fourth position). Giovanni Domenico Cassini ( June 8, 1625 &ndash September 14, 1712) was an Italian Mathematician, Astronomer Other early epithets for Titan include "Saturn's ordinary satellite". [13] Titan is officially numbered Saturn VI because after the 1789 discoveries the numbering scheme was frozen to avoid causing any more confusion (Titan having borne the numbers II and IV as well as VI). Numerous small moons have been discovered closer to Saturn since then.
The name Titan, and the names of all seven satellites of Saturn then known, come from John Herschel (son of William Herschel, discoverer of Mimas and Enceladus) in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations Made at the Cape of Good Hope. Sir John Frederick William Herschel 1st Baronet KH, FRS ( March 7, 1792 &ndash May 11, 1871)was an Sir Frederick William Herschel FRS KH ( 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German -born British [14] He suggested the names of the mythological Titans, sisters and brothers of Cronos, the Greek Saturn. In Greek mythology, the Titans ( Greek: Tītā́n; plural Tītânes) were a race of powerful Deities that ruled during the legendary Cronus or Kronos, ( Ancient Greek Κρόνος Krónos) was the leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans, divine descendants
Titan orbits Saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours. Like the Earth's moon and many of the other gas giant satellites, its orbital period is identical to its rotational period; Titan is thus tidally locked in synchronous rotation with Saturn. A separate article treats the phenomenon of Tidal resonance in Oceanography. In Astronomy, synchronous rotation is a planetological term describing a body orbiting another where the orbiting body takes as long to rotate Its orbital eccentricity is 0. 0288, and it is inclined 0. 348 degree relative to the Saturnian equator. [1] Viewed from Earth, the moon reaches an angular distance of about 20 Saturn radii (just over 1. 2 million kilometers) from Saturn and subtends a disk 0. 8 arcseconds in diameter. A minute of arc, arcminute, or MOA is a unit of angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (1/60 of one degree.
Titan is locked in a 3:4 orbital resonance with the small, irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion. In Celestial mechanics, an orbital resonance occurs when two Orbiting bodies exert a regular periodic gravitational influence on each other usually due to their TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Hyperion (haɪˈpɪəriən, or as in A "slow and smooth" evolution of the resonance—in which Hyperion would have migrated from a chaotic orbit—is considered unlikely, based on models. Hyperion likely formed in a stable orbital island, while massive Titan absorbed or ejected bodies that made close approaches. [15]
Titan is 5,150 km across, compared to 4,879 km for the planet Mercury and 3,474 km for Earth's moon. Before the arrival of Voyager 1 in 1980, Titan was thought to be slightly larger than Ganymede (diameter 5,262 km) and thus the largest moon in the Solar System; this was an overestimation caused by Titan's dense, opaque atmosphere, which extends many miles above its surface and increases its apparent diameter. The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 722-kilogram robotic Space probe of the outer Solar system and beyond launched September 5, [16] Titan's diameter and mass (and thus its density) are similar to Jovian moons Ganymede and Callisto. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ganymede (ˈgænɨmiːd, or as Greek TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Callisto (kəˈlɪstoʊ, or as Greek [17] Based on its bulk density of 1. 88 g/cm³, Titan's bulk composition is half water ice and half rocky material. Though similar in composition to Dione and Enceladus, it is denser due to gravitational compression. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Dione (daɪˈoʊni, or as in Greek TemplateInfobox Planet.--> This article is about the moon of Gravitational compression is a process whereby Gravity acting on the Mass of an object compresses it increasing its Density and reducing its Volume
Titan is probably differentiated into several layers with a 3,400 km rocky center surrounded by several layers composed of different crystal forms of ice. [18] Its interior may still be hot and there may be a liquid layer consisting of water and ammonia between the ice I crust and deeper ice layers made of high-pressure forms of ice. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Ice Ih is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary Ice, or frozen water. Evidence for such an ocean has recently been uncovered by the Cassini probe in the form of natural extremely low frequency (ELF) radio waves in Titan's atmosphere. Extremely low frequency (ELF is the band of Radio frequencies from 3 to 30 Hz. Titan's surface is thought to be a poor reflector of ELF waves, so they may instead be reflecting off the liquid-ice boundary of a subsurface ocean. [19] Surface features were observed by the Cassini spacecraft to systematically shift by up to 30 km between October 2005 and May 2007, which suggests that the crust is decoupled from the interior, and provides additional evidence for an interior liquid layer. [20]
Titan is the only known moon with a fully developed atmosphere that consists of more than just trace gases. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " The term Trace gas refers to a gas or gases which make up less than 1% by volume of the Earth's atmosphere, and therefore includes all gases except Nitrogen (78 Atmosphere thickness has been suggested ranging between 200 km[21] and 880 km. [22] Compare these figures to Earth's boundary, which lies at 100 km, with 99. 999% of atmospheric mass lying below that altitude. [1] The atmosphere of Titan is opaque at many wavelengths and a complete reflectance spectrum of the surface is impossible to acquire from the outside;[23] it was this haziness that led to errors in diameter estimates. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency.
The presence of a significant atmosphere was first discovered by Gerard P. Kuiper in 1944 using a spectroscopic technique that yielded an estimate of an atmospheric partial pressure of methane of the order of 100 millibars (10 kPa). Gerard Peter Kuiper ( born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper ( ( December 7 1905, Harenkarspel ( Tuitjenhorn) Netherlands &ndash Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between Radiation and Matter as a function of Wavelength (λ In a mixture of Ideal gases each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. [24] Observations from the Voyager space probes have shown that the Titanian atmosphere is denser than Earth's, with a surface pressure more than one and a half times that of our planet. See also Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. The Voyager program consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes Voyager 1 and EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 It supports opaque haze layers that block most visible light from the Sun and other sources and renders Titan's surface features obscure. The atmosphere is so thick and the gravity so low that humans could fly through it by flapping "wings" attached to their arms. [25] The Huygens probe was unable to detect the direction of the Sun during its descent, and although it was able to take images from the surface, the Huygens team likened the process to "taking pictures of an asphalt parking lot at dusk". The Huygens probe, supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA and named after the Dutch 17th century astronomer Christiaan Huygens, is an atmospheric entry [26]
The atmosphere is 98. 4% nitrogen—the only dense, nitrogen-rich atmosphere in the solar system aside from the Earth's—with the remaining 1. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 6% composed of methane and trace amounts of other gases such as hydrocarbons (including ethane, diacetylene, methylacetylene, acetylene, propane, cyanoacetylene, hydrogen cyanide), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, cyanogen, argon and helium. ETHANE is a mnemonic indicating a protocol used by Emergency services to report situations which they may be faced with especially as it relates to major incidents where Diacetylene (also known as butadiyne) with the formula C4H2 is a highly unsaturated Hydrocarbon that contains one Single bond Methylacetylene ( propyne) is an Alkyne with the Chemical formula H 3C≡CH Acetylene ( IUPAC name ethyne), C2H2 is a Hydrocarbon belonging to the group of Alkynes It is the simplest of all alkynes Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable The polyynes are a group of Organic compounds with alternating single and triple bonds, for example buta-13-diyne ( Diacetylene) C4H2 Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Cyanogen is the Chemical compound with the formula ( C[[nitrogen N]]2 This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical [5] The orange color as seen from space must be produced by other more complex chemicals in small quantities, possibly tholins, tar-like organic precipitates. Tholin (after the Greek word for muddy is a Heteropolymer formed by solar Ultraviolet irradiation of simple Organic compounds such as Methane [27] The hydrocarbons are thought to form in Titan's upper atmosphere in reactions resulting from the breakup of methane by the Sun's ultraviolet light, producing a thick orange smog. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Titan has no magnetic field and sometimes orbits outside Saturn's magnetosphere, directly exposing it to the solar wind. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges A magnetosphere' is a highly magnetized region around and possessed by an Astronomical object. The solar wind is a Stream of charged particles&mdasha plasma &mdashthat are ejected from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. This may ionize and carry away some molecules from the top of the atmosphere. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge In November 2007, scientists uncovered evidence of negative ions with roughly 10,000 times the mass of hydrogen in Titan's ionosphere, which are believed to fall into the lower regions to form the orange haze which obscures Titan's surface. Their structure is not currently known, but they are believed to be tholins, and may form the basis for the formation of more complex molecules, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH s are Chemical compounds that consist of fused Aromatic rings and do not contain Heteroatoms or [28]
Energy from the Sun should have converted all traces of methane in Titan's atmosphere into hydrocarbons within 50 million years; a relatively short time compared to the age of the Solar System. This suggests that methane must be somehow replenished by a reservoir on or within Titan itself. That Titan's atmosphere contains over a thousand times more methane than carbon monoxide would appear to rule out significant contributions from cometary impacts, since comets are composed of more carbon monoxide than methane. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. That Titan might have accreted an atmosphere from the early Saturnian nebula at the time of formation also seems unlikely; in such a case, it ought to have atmospheric abundances similar to the solar nebula, including hydrogen and neon. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 [29] A possible biological origin for the methane has not been discounted (see below). [10]
There is also a pattern of air circulation found flowing in the direction of Titan's rotation, from west to east. [30] Observations by Cassini of the atmosphere made in 2004 also suggest that Titan is a "super rotator", like Venus, with an atmosphere that rotates much faster than its surface. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University [31]
Titan's ionosphere is also more complex than Earth's, with the main ionosphere at an altitude of 1,200 km but with an additional layer of charged particles at 63 km. This splits Titan's atmosphere to some extent into two separate radio-resonating chambers. The source of natural ELF waves (see above) on Titan is unclear as there does not appear to be extensive lightning activity. [19]
The surface of Titan has been described as "complex, fluid-processed, [and] geologically young". [32] The Cassini spacecraft has used radar altimetry and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging to map portions of Titan during its close fly-bys of the moon. Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR is a form of Radar in which the highly-directional (and thus very large rotating antenna used by conventional radar is replaced with many low-directivity The first images revealed a diverse geology, with both rough and smooth areas. There are features that seem volcanic in origin, which probably disgorge water mixed with ammonia. A cryovolcano is literally an Icy Volcano. Cryovolcanoes form on Icy moons and possibly on other low- Temperature Astronomical objects There are also streaky features, some of them hundreds of kilometers in length, that appear to be caused by windblown particles. [33][34] Examination has also shown the surface to be relatively smooth; the few objects that seem to be impact craters appeared to have been filled in, perhaps by raining hydrocarbons or volcanoes. In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body Radar altimetry suggests height variation is low, typically no more than 150 meters. Occasional elevation changes of 500 meters have been discovered and Titan has mountains that sometimes reach several hundred meters to more than 1 kilometer in height. [35]
Titan's surface is marked by broad regions of bright and dark terrain. These include Xanadu, a large, reflective equatorial area about the size of Australia. Xanadu (often called "Xanadu Regio" though this is not its official name is a highly reflective area on Reflection is the change in direction of a Wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns into the medium from which For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. It was first identified in infrared images from the Hubble Space Telescope in 1994, and later viewed by the Cassini spacecraft. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of The Hubble Space Telescope ( HST; also known colloquially as "the Hubble" or just "Hubble" is a space telescope that was carried into The convoluted region is filled with hills and cut by valleys and chasms. [36] It is criss-crossed in places by dark lineaments—sinuous topographical features resembling ridges or crevices. These may represent tectonic activity, which would indicate that Xanadu is geologically young. This article discusses the geologic usage for the philosophical or architectural usage see Architectonics ' Or see Plate tectonics. Alternatively, the lineaments may be liquid-formed channels, suggesting old terrain that has been cut through by stream systems. [37] There are dark areas of similar size elsewhere on the moon, observed from the ground and by Cassini; it had been speculated that these are methane or ethane seas, but Cassini observations seem to indicate otherwise (see below).
The possibility that there were seas of liquid methane on Titan were first suggested based on Voyager 1 and 2 data that showed Titan to have a thick atmosphere of approximately the correct temperature and composition to support them, but direct evidence wasn't obtained until 1995 when data from Hubble and other observations had already suggested the existence of liquid methane on Titan, either in disconnected pockets or on the scale of satellite-wide oceans, similar to water on Earth. The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 722-kilogram robotic Space probe of the outer Solar system and beyond launched September 5, Voyager 2 is an unmanned Interplanetary Spacecraft launched on August 20, 1977. [38]
The Cassini mission affirmed the former hypothesis, although not immediately. When the probe arrived in the Saturnian system in 2004, it was hoped that hydrocarbon lakes or oceans might be detectable by reflected sunlight from the surface of any liquid bodies, but no specular reflections were initially observed. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Specular reflection is the perfect Mirror -like reflection of light (or sometimes other kinds of Wave) from a surface in which light from a single incoming [39] At Titan's south pole, an enigmatic dark feature named Ontario Lacus was the first suspected lake identified, possibly created by clouds that are observed to cluster in the area. Ontario Lacus is a methane-ethane Lake near the south pole of Saturn 's moon Titan. [40] A possible shoreline was also identified at the pole via radar imagery. [41] Following a flyby on July 22, 2006, in which the Cassini spacecraft's radar imaged the northern latitudes (which are currently in winter), a number of large, smooth (and thus dark to radar) patches were seen dotting the surface near the pole. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [42] Based on the observations, scientists announced "definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane on Saturn's moon Titan" in January 2007. [7][43] The Cassini–Huygens team concluded that the imaged features are almost certainly the long-sought hydrocarbon lakes, the first stable bodies of surface liquid found off Earth. Some appear to have channels associated with liquid and lie in topographical depressions. [7]
Radar, SAR and imaging data from Cassini have revealed a relative paucity of impact craters on Titan's surface, suggesting a youthful surface. The few impact craters discovered include a 440 km wide multi-ring impact basin named Menrva (seen by Cassini's ISS as a bright-dark concentric pattern). [44] A smaller 80 km wide, flat-floored crater named Sinlap[45] and a 30 km crater with a central peak and dark floor named Ksa have also been observed. [46] Radar and Cassini imaging have also revealed a number of "crateriforms", circular features on the surface of Titan that may be impact related, but lack certain features that would make identification certain. For example, a 90 km wide ring of bright, rough material known as Guabonito has been observed by Cassini. [47] This feature is thought to be an impact crater filled in by dark, windblown sediment. Several other similar features have been observed in the dark Shangri-la and Aaru regions. Radar observed several circular features that may be craters in the bright region Xanadu during Cassini's April 30, 2006 flyby of Titan. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [48]
Pre-Cassini models of impact trajectories and angles suggest that where the impactor strikes the water ice crust, a small amount of ejecta remains as liquid water within the crater. It may persist as liquid for centuries or longer, sufficient for "the synthesis of simple precursor molecules to the origin of life". [49] While infill from various geological processes is one reason for Titan's relative deficiency of craters, atmospheric shielding also plays a role; it is estimated that Titan's atmosphere reduces the number of craters on its surface by a factor of two. [50]
Scientists have speculated that conditions on Titan resemble those of early Earth, though at a much lower temperature. Evidence of volcanic activity from the latest Cassini mission suggests that temperatures are probably much higher in hotbeds, enough for liquid water to exist. Argon 40 detection in the atmosphere indicates that volcanoes spew plumes of "lava" composed of water and ammonia. This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. [51] Cassini detected methane emissions from one suspected cryovolcano, and volcanism is now believed to be a significant source of the methane in the atmosphere. [52][53] One of the first features imaged by Cassini, Ganesa Macula, resembles the geographic features called "pancake domes" found on Venus, and is thus believed to be cryovolcanic in origin. Ganesa Macula is a dark feature on Saturn 's moon Titan. It is named after the Hindu god Ganesha. A pancake dome is an unusual type of Volcano found on the planet Venus. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University [54]
The pressure necessary to drive the cryovolcanoes may be caused by ice "underplating" Titan's outer shell. The low-pressure ice, overlaying a liquid layer of ammonium sulfate, ascends buoyantly, and the unstable system can produce dramatic plume events. Ammonium sulfate, (NH42SO4 is an inorganic chemical compound commonly used as a fertilizer Titan is resurfaced through the process by grain-sized ice and ammonium sulfate ash, which helps produce a wind-shaped landscape and sand dune features. Aeolian (or Eolian or Æolian) processes pertain to the activity of the Winds and more specifically to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the [55]
A mountain range measuring 150 km long, 30 km wide and 1. 5 km high was discovered by Cassini in 2006. This range lies in the southern hemisphere and is thought to be composed of icy material and covered in methane snow. The movement of tectonic plates, perhaps influenced by a nearby impact basin, could have opened a gap through which the mountain's material upwelled. [56]
In the first images of Titan's surface taken by Earth-based telescopes in the early 2000s, large regions of dark terrain were revealed straddling Titan's equator. [57] Prior to the arrival of Cassini, these regions were thought to be seas of organic matter like tar or liquid hydrocarbons. [58] Radar images captured by the Cassini spacecraft have instead revealed some of these regions to be extensive plains covered in longitudinal sand dunes, up to 330 meters high. In physical Geography, a dune is a Hill of Sand built by Aeolian processes. [59] The longitudinal (or linear) dunes are believed to be formed by moderately variable winds that either follow one mean direction or alternate between two different directions. Dunes of this type are always aligned with average wind direction. In the case of Titan, steady zonal (eastward) winds combine with variable tidal winds (approximately 0. The terms zonal and meridional are used to describe directions on a Globe. 5 meter per second). [60] The tidal winds are the result of tidal forces from Saturn on Titan's atmosphere, which are 400 times stronger than the tidal forces of the Moon on Earth and tend to drive wind toward the equator. The tidal force is a secondary effect of the Force of Gravity and is responsible for the Tides It arises because the gravitational acceleration experienced This wind pattern causes sand dunes to build up in long parallel lines aligned west-to-east. The dunes break up around mountains, where the wind direction shifts.
The sand on Titan might have formed when liquid methane rained and eroded the ice bedrock, possibly in the form of flash floods. Alternatively, the sand could also have come from organic solids produced by photochemical reactions in Titan's atmosphere. [61][59][60] Studies of dunes' composition in May, 2008, revealed that they possessed less water than the rest of Titan, and are most likely to derive from organic material clumping together after raining onto the surface. [62]
Titan's surface temperature is about 94 K (−179 °C, or −290 °F). At this temperature water ice does not sublimate or evaporate, so the atmosphere is nearly free of water vapor. Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e The haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to the moon's anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight away from the satellite, making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere. Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky The anti-greenhouse effect is a Neologism used to describe two different effects coming under the header of "the cooling effect an atmosphere has on the ambient temperature [63] The clouds on Titan, probably composed of methane, ethane or other simple organics, are scattered and variable, punctuating the overall haze. [16] This atmospheric methane conversely creates a greenhouse effect on Titan's surface, without which Titan would be far colder. The Greenhouse effect refers to the change in the Thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet or moon by the presence of an Atmosphere containing gas that absorbs [64] The findings of the Huygens probe indicate that Titan's atmosphere periodically rains liquid methane and other organic compounds onto the moon's surface. [65] In October 2007, observers noted an increase in apparent opacity in the clouds above the equatorial Xanadu region, suggestive of "methane drizzle", though this was not direct evidence for rain. Xanadu (often called "Xanadu Regio" though this is not its official name is a highly reflective area on [66] It is possible that areas of Titan's surface may be coated in a layer of tholins, but this has not been confirmed. [67]
Simulations of global wind patterns based on wind speed data taken by Huygens during its descent have suggested that Titan's atmosphere circulates in a single enormous Hadley cell. The Hadley cell is a circulation pattern that dominates the tropical atmosphere with rising motion near the equator poleward flow 10-15 kilometers above the surface descending motion Warm air rises in Titan's southern hemisphere—which was experiencing summer during Huygens' descent—and sinks in the northern hemisphere, resulting in high-altitude air flow from south to north and low-altitude airflow from north to south. Such a large Hadley cell is only possible on a slowly rotating world such as Titan. [30] The pole-to-pole wind circulation cell appears to be centered on the stratosphere; simulations suggest it ought to change every twelve years, with a three-year transition period, over the course of Titan's year (30 terrestrial years). [68] This cell creates a global band of low pressure—what is in effect a variation of Earth's Intertropical Convergence Zone. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, also known as the Intertropical Front, Monsoon trough, Doldrums or the Equatorial Unlike on Earth, however, where the oceans confine the ITCZ to the tropics, on Titan, the zone wanders from one pole to the other, taking methane rainclouds with it. This means that Titan, despite its frigid temperatures, can be said to have a tropical climate. [69]
The number of methane lakes visible near Titan's southern pole is decidedly smaller than the number observed near the north pole. As the south pole is currently in summer and the north in winter, an emerging hypothesis is that methane rains onto the poles in winter and evaporates in summer. [70]
In September 2006, Cassini imaged a large cloud at a height of 40 km over Titan's north pole. Although methane is known to condense in Titan's atmosphere, the cloud was more likely to be ethane, as the detected size of the particles was only 1–3 micrometers and ethane can also freeze at these altitudes. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre In December, Cassini again observed cloud cover and detected methane, ethane and other organics. The cloud was over 2,400 km in diameter and was still visible during a following flyby a month later. One hypothesis is that it is currently raining (or, if cool enough, snowing) on the north pole; the downdrafts at high northern latitudes are strong enough to drive organic particles towards the surface. These were the strongest evidence yet for the long-hypothesised "methanological" cycle (analogous to Earth's hydrological cycle) on Titan. The Earth 's Water is always in movement and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on above [71]
Clouds have also been found over the south pole. While typically covering 1% of Titan's disk, outburst events have been observed in which the cloud cover rapidly expands to as much as 8%. One hypothesis asserts that the southern clouds are formed when heightened levels of sunlight during the Titanian summer generate uplift in the atmosphere, resulting in convection. Insolation is a measure of Solar radiation energy received on a given surface area in a given time Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i This explanation is complicated by the fact that cloud formation has been observed not only post–summer solstice but also at mid-spring. Increased methane humidity at the south pole possibly contributes to the rapid increases in cloud size. [72] It is currently summer in Titan's southern hemisphere and will remain so until 2010, when Saturn's orbit, which governs the moon's motion, will tilt the northern hemisphere towards the Sun. [30] When the seasons switch, ethane will begin to condense over the south pole. [73]
Research models that match well with observations suggest that clouds on Titan cluster at preferred coordinates and that cloud cover varies by distance from the surface on different parts of the satellite. In the polar regions (above 60 degrees latitude), widespread and permanent ethane clouds appear in and above the troposphere; at lower latitudes, mainly methane clouds are found between 15 and 18 km, and are more sporadic and localized. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its Water vapor and In the summer hemisphere, frequent, thick but sporadic methane clouds seem to cluster around 40°. [68]
Ground-based observations also reveal seasonal variations in cloud cover. Over the course of Saturn's 30-year orbit, Titan's cloud systems appear to manifest for 25 years, and then fade for four to five years before reappearing again. [71]
Titan is never visible to the naked eye, but can be observed through small telescopes or strong binoculars. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Epimetheus (ˌɛpɨˈmiːθiəs,, or Amateur observation is difficult because of the proximity of the satellite to Saturn's brilliant globe and ring system; an occulting bar, covering part of the eyepiece and used to block the bright planet, greatly improves viewing. [74] Titan has a maximum apparent magnitude of +7. The apparent magnitude ( m) of a celestial body is a measure of its Brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, normalized to the value 9. This compares to +4. 6 for the similarly sized Ganymede, in the Jovian system.
Observations of Titan prior to the space age were limited. In 1907 Spanish astronomer Josep Comas Solá suggested that he had observed darkening near the edges of Titan's disk and two round, white patches in its center. The deduction of an atmosphere by Kuiper in the 1940s was the next major observational event. [75]
The first probe to visit the Saturnian system was Pioneer 11 in 1979, which determined that Titan was likely too cold to support life. Pioneer 11 was the second mission (after its sister probe Pioneer 10) to investigate Jupiter and the Outer solar system and the first to explore the planet [76] The craft took the first images of the moon (including some of it and Saturn together), but these were of low quality; the first-ever close-up of Titan was taken on September 2, 1979. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) [77]
Titan was examined by both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 in 1980 and 1981, respectively. The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 722-kilogram robotic Space probe of the outer Solar system and beyond launched September 5, Voyager 2 is an unmanned Interplanetary Spacecraft launched on August 20, 1977. Voyager 1's course was diverted specifically to make a closer pass of Titan. Unfortunately, the craft did not possess any instruments that could penetrate Titan's haze, an unforeseen factor. Many years later, intensive digital processing of images taken through Voyager 1''s orange filter did reveal hints of the light and dark features now known as Xanadu and Shangri-la,[78] but by then they had already been observed in the infrared by the Hubble Space Telescope. Xanadu (often called "Xanadu Regio" though this is not its official name is a highly reflective area on Shangri-la is a large dark region of Saturn 's moon Titan. It is named after Shangri-La, the mythical paradise in Tibet. Voyager 2 took only a cursory look at Titan. The Voyager 2 team had the option of steering the spacecraft to take a detailed look at Titan or to use another trajectory which would allow it to visit Uranus and Neptune. Given the lack of surface features seen by Voyager 1, the latter plan was implemented.
Even with the data provided by the Voyagers, Titan remained a body of mystery—a planet-like satellite shrouded in an atmosphere that makes detailed observation difficult. Cassini–Huygens is a joint NASA / ESA / ASI Robotic spacecraft mission currently studying the planet Saturn and its The Huygens probe, supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA and named after the Dutch 17th century astronomer Christiaan Huygens, is an atmospheric entry The intrigue that had surrounded Titan since the 17th-century observations of Christiaan Huygens and Giovanni Cassini was finally gratified by the spacecraft named in their honor.
The Cassini–Huygens spacecraft reached Saturn on July 1, 2004 and has begun the process of mapping Titan's surface by radar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships A joint project of the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA, Cassini–Huygens, has proved a very successful mission. The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member The Cassini probe flew by Titan on October 26, 2004 and took the highest-resolution images ever of the moon's surface, at only 1,200 km, discerning patches of light and dark that would be invisible to the human eye from the Earth. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Huygens landed on Titan on January 14, 2005, discovering that many of the moon's surface features seem to have been formed by flowing fluids at some point in the past. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [79] On July 22, 2006, Cassini made the first of a series of 21 planned, targeted, close fly-bys, each at only 950 km from Titan; the last is scheduled for May 12, 2008. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [80] Present liquid on the surface may have been found near the north pole, in the form of many lakes that were recently discovered by Cassini. [42] Titan is the most distant body from Earth that has seen a space probe landing. [81] Titan is also the second moon in the solar system to have a man-made object land on its surface.
The Huygens probe landed just off the easternmost tip of a bright region now called Adiri, where it photographed pale hills with dark "rivers" running down to a dark plain. The Huygens probe, supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA and named after the Dutch 17th century astronomer Christiaan Huygens, is an atmospheric entry Adiri is a large bright Albedo feature on Saturn 's moon Titan. Current understanding is that the hills (also referred to as highlands) are composed mainly of water ice. Dark organic compounds, created in the upper atmosphere by the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, may rain from Titan's atmosphere. They are washed down the hills with the methane rain and are deposited on the plains over geological time scales. [52]
After landing, Huygens photographed a dark plain covered in small rocks and pebbles, which are composed of water ice. [52] The two rocks just below the middle of the image on the left are smaller than they may appear: the left-hand one is 15 centimeters across, and the one in the center is 4 centimeters across, at a distance of about 85 centimeters from Huygens. There is evidence of erosion at the base of the rocks, indicating possible fluvial activity. Fluvial is used in Geography and Earth science to refer to the deposits and landforms created by the action of rivers or streams and the processes associated with The surface is darker than originally expected, consisting of a mixture of water and hydrocarbon ice. It is believed that the "soil" visible in the images is precipitation from the hydrocarbon haze above.
In March 2007, NASA, ESA, and COSPAR decided to name the Huygens landing site the Hubert Curien Memorial Station in memory of the former president of the ESA. The Committee on Space Research ( COSPAR) was established by the International Council for Science in 1958. Hubert Curien ( October 30 1924 - February 6 2005) was a French Physicist and a key figure in European science politics [82]
Scientists believe that the atmosphere of early Earth was similar in composition to the current atmosphere on Titan. Planetary habitability is the measure of a Planet 's or a Natural satellite 's potential to develop and sustain Life. Many hypotheses have developed that attempt to bridge the step from chemical to biological evolution. The Miller-Urey experiment and several following experiments have shown that with an atmosphere similar to that of Titan and the addition of UV radiation, complex molecules and polymer substances like tholins can be generated. The Miller-Urey experiment (or Urey-Miller experiment) was an Experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions present on the Early Earth and tested Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Tholin (after the Greek word for muddy is a Heteropolymer formed by solar Ultraviolet irradiation of simple Organic compounds such as Methane The reaction starts with dissociation of nitrogen and methane, forming hydrocyan and ethyne. Dissociation in Chemistry and Biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds ( complexes, Molecules, or Salts) separate Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN Acetylene ( IUPAC name ethyne), C2H2 is a Hydrocarbon belonging to the group of Alkynes It is the simplest of all alkynes Further reactions have been studied extensively. [83]
All of these experiments have led to the suggestion that enough organic material exists on Titan to start a chemical evolution analogous to what is thought to have started life on Earth. While the analogy assumes the presence of liquid water for longer periods than is currently observable, several theories suggest that liquid water from an impact could be preserved under a frozen isolation layer. [84] It has also been observed that liquid ammonia oceans could exist deep below the surface;[9][85] one model suggests an ammonia–water solution as much as 200 km deep beneath a water ice crust, conditions that, "while extreme by terrestrial standards, are such that life could indeed survive". [10] Heat transfer between the interior and upper layers would be critical in sustaining any sub-surface oceanic life. In thermal physics, heat transfer is the passage of Thermal energy from a hot to a colder body [9]
Detection of microbial life on Titan would depend on its biogenic effects. That the atmospheric methane and nitrogen are of biological origin has been examined, for example. [10] Hydrogen has been cited as one molecule suitable to test for life on Titan: if methanogenic life is consuming atmospheric hydrogen in sufficient volume, it will have a measurable effect on the mixing ratio in the troposphere. The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its Water vapor and [86]
Despite these biological possibilities, there are formidable obstacles to life on Titan, and any analogy to Earth is inexact. At a vast distance from the Sun, Titan is frigid (a fact exacerbated by the anti-greenhouse effect of its cloud cover), and its atmosphere lacks CO2. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The anti-greenhouse effect is a Neologism used to describe two different effects coming under the header of "the cooling effect an atmosphere has on the ambient temperature Given these difficulties, the topic of life on Titan may be best described as an experiment for examining theories on conditions necessary prior to flourishing life on Earth. [87] While life itself may not exist, the prebiotic conditions of the Titanian environment, and the possible presence of organic chemistry, remain of great interest in understanding the early history of the terrestrial biosphere. [88] Using Titan as a prebiotic experiment involves not only observation through spacecraft, but laboratory experiment, and chemical and photochemical modelling on Earth. [83]
An alternate explanation for life's hypothetical existence on Titan has been proposed: if life were to be found on Titan, it would be statistically more likely to have originated from Earth than to have appeared independently, a process known as panspermia. Panspermia ( Gk. πάς/πάν (pas/pan all and σπέρμα ( sperma, seed is the Hypothesis that "seeds" of Life exist already It is theorized that large asteroid and cometary impacts on Earth's surface have caused hundreds of millions of fragments of microbe-laden rock to escape Earth's gravity. Calculations indicate that a number of these would encounter many of the bodies in the solar system, including Titan. [89][90]
Conditions on Titan could become far more habitable in future. Six billion years from now, as the Sun becomes a red giant, surface temperatures could rise to ~200K, high enough for stable oceans of water/ammonia mixture to exist on the surface. A red giant is a luminous Giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0 As the Sun's ultraviolet output decreases, the haze in Titan's upper atmosphere will deplete, lessening the anti-greenhouse effect on the surface and enabling the greenhouse created by atmospheric methane to play a far greater role. These conditions together could create an environment agreeable to exotic forms of life, and will subsist for several hundred million years, long enough for at least primitive life to form. [91]
While the Cassini–Huygens mission was not equipped to provide evidence for biology or complex organics, it did support the theory of an environment on Titan that is similar, in some ways, to that of the primordial Earth. Cassini–Huygens is a joint NASA / ESA / ASI Robotic spacecraft mission currently studying the planet Saturn and its [88]
There are a wide range of options for future missions to Titan that might address these and other questions,[92] including orbiters, landers, balloons etc.
The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member


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The American Plan
From: Thursday, 7th March 2013
To: Saturday, 6 April 2013
Our Review:
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A tangle of ravaged dreams, broken souls, twisted motives and deceit, The American Plan takes place against the backdrop of the Catskill Mountains during a 1960s summer. Lili Adler, the beautiful, fragile daughter of a wealthy German-Jewish refugee, meets Nick Lockridge, a handsome young stranger, and finds herself falling in love. But when her overbearing mother learns of their relationship, she proceeds to poison the young man's affection and Lili's one chance to escape her mother's control looks like being lost forever.
Our Review:
Gill Kirk - 14 March 2013
Richard Greenberg's play is set in 1950s upstate-New York, and takes a Chekovian look on the wealthy classes' angst-filled leisure time. Think "summer of change/discovery/crisis" and you're most-way there. An over-indulged, fatherless girl meets a society hunk and assumes he's simpler than her oh-so-complex self. While she and her mother think they're manipulating him to play a permanent role in their joyless futures, there's inevitably more to it.
David Grindley directs a supple production that never flags, with a hugely able and confident ensemble cast. Diana Quick's Eva grows painfully more human, while Dona Croll's superb maid-cum-companion Olivia leaves you wondering for hours after. Emily Taafe as damaged flibbertigibbet Lili brings more depth than the script seems to promise, although ultimately, Lili - like the others - can never be likeable.
Likewise, Luke Allen-Gale's near-flawless ...
Luke Allen-Gale (Nick)
Emily Taaffe (Lili)
Diana Quick (Eva)
Dona Croll (Olivia)
Mark Edel-Hunt (Gil)
Richard Greenberg (Author)
Theatre Royal Bath (Producer)
David Grindley (Director)
Jonathan Fensom (Design)
Jason Taylor (Lighting)
Gregory Clarke (Sound)
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Major League Baseball announced today that it has suspended Brewers minor league righthander Pedro Lambertus for 50 games. He tested positive for metabolites of Boldenone, a performance-enhancing substance.
The 20-year-old, who signed with the Brewers out of the Dominican Republic in 2006, was 0-1, 4.91 with three strikeouts and three walks through 3 2/3 innings, covering three relief appearances, for low Class A Wisconsin.
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The Miami Valley scout volunteer and math teacher died when he …
The Miami Valley scout volunteer and math teacher died when he …
Since the 2002 abduction of the first victim, Michelle Knight, …
Updated: Thursday, 01 Nov 2012, 2:24 PM EDT
Published : Thursday, 01 Nov 2012, 2:13 PM EDT
DAYTON, Ohio (WDTN) - ISSUE 2: PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO CREATE A STATE-FUNDED COMMISSION TO DRAW LEGISLATIVE AND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. Click here for full text
If there are truly undecided voters among us, Ohio's Issue 2 could very well be the one point of contention in this upcoming election that is causing the most confusion. After all, we've lived with the President Barack Obama for the past four years, and challenger Mitt Romney has been running for the office for the more years than that. But voters have only had a few short months to decide what they want to do about Congressional redistricting in Ohio.
Issue 2 is a proposed amendment to the Ohio Constitution that would reform the way the state's Congressional and legislative boundaries are drawn, a process known as redistricting that happens every 10 years, coinciding with the federal census.
Elected officials, including the governor and legislative leaders, control the current process and district boundary lines typically are drawn to favor whichever party is in power. Last year, Republicans, who control state government, drew news districts designed to help Republicans win future elections.
Issue 2 would remove elected officials from the redistricting process and hand the responsibility over to a new redistricting commission. A YES vote means approval of the amendment. A NO vote means disapproval of the amendment.
For proponents of Issue 2, passage fixes a broken system and reduces partisanship. Those in favor of issue 2 contend the amendment will result in congressional and legislative district lines that are accountable, transparent and balanced because politicians and special interest groups will be eliminated from the process.
In a story published Sept. 12, 2012 in the Columbus Dispatch , Democratic Ohio House candidate, Mike Curtin said, "There's only one thing that matters -- what would the maps likely look like under this new process. For me, the evidence is clear. If Issue 2 is adopted we'd have much better maps"
Not so, says Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted. "Ohio needs to reform its redistricting process, but this is not reform," said Husted, a Republican, in a Cleveland Plain Dealer article published Aug. 11, 2012. "This has the potential to be just as bad or worse as the current system for different reasons. "
Opponents of Issue 2 argue that redistricting should not be turned over to unelected bureaucrats, noting commission members would not be held to requirements about ethics and financial disclosure, and once appointed to the commission, could not be removed.
Opponents also claims the commission would have unlimited funding and most Ohioans would be prohibited from serving on the panel based on rigid eligibility rules.
If Issue 2 is passed, how would the new system work? According to the League of Women Voters 2012 Voters Guide, the amendment would create a 12-person commission to draw legislative and congressional districts. Final legislative and congressional districts are to be those that most-closely meet four criteria:
No map is to be adopted with intent to favor a political party, incumbent or potential candidate. At least seven votes would be required to approve the districts.
All meetings and records would be public.
Any eligible Ohioan could apply to be a commission member. Those not eligible would be specified elected office holders, candidates, political party officials, paid lobbyists, public employees and family members.
A panel of eight state appeals-court judges would screen and pick 42 potential members, divided evenly among Democrats, Republicans and Ohio voters unaffiliated with either major party. The House speaker and minority leader could reduce the list to 24. From that pool, a random drawing would select three people from each party, and three unaffiliated members. Those nine people would select the final three members, one from each major party and one unaffiliated member.
Should Issue 2 pass, a commission would be appointed next year to draw new maps for the 2014 election.
Web Links:
In support of the proposed amendment: Voters First www.votersfirstohio.com
In opposition to the proposed amendment: Protect Your Vote www.protectyourvoteohio.com
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A monstrous tornado as much as a mile wide roared through the Oklahoma City …