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Case | HBS Case Collection | 2004 (Revised from original 2003 version)
by Sandra J. Sucher and Stacy McManus
Supplements the (A) and (B) cases.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical Industry; Biotechnology Industry;
Sucher, Sandra J., and Stacy McManus. "Novartis: The Challenge of Success (D)." Harvard Business School Case 603-046, October 2004. (Revised from original June 2003 version.)
View Profile »View Publications »
Module Note | 2013
Business and Government: Campaign Contributions and Lobbying in the United States
Karthik Ramanna, Sandra J. Sucher and Ian McKown Cornell
Keywords: political economy; Business and Government Relations; Business and Government Relations; Government and Politics; Public Administration Industry; United States;
Background Note | HBS Case Collection | 2013 (Revised from original 2012 version)
A Brief History of the U.S. Tobacco Industry Controversy
Sandra J. Sucher and Henry McGee
Keywords: leadership; ethics; United States;
Technical Note | HBS Case Collection | 2013
Introduction to LCA Reflections
Joshua D. Margolis and Sandra J. Sucher

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi everyone, I am here today posting my first ever tiered team: OU! This is also my first ever team that I have battled with on pokemon showdown, and it so far has won 13, lost 2. So by that it makes me think that this a good team, but I do really want to know YOU think about this OU team. Just note that this team is mainly made for crippling the opponent, not stalling or walling. The only pokemon in my team capable of doing this is my Deoxys-Defence and possibly my Tentacruel too. Please give me some good items∞as most of them are just holding life orbs. THANKS IN ADVANCE ;D lol YaY!
Tentacruel @Leftovers Trait: Clear Body Level: 100 EV's: 252 HP / 252 Sp.Att / 4 Def Timid (+Spe -Att) ¬ Scald ¬ Giga Drain ¬ Toxic Spikes ¬ Ice Beam
Tentacruel is as you can see my lead, with a toxic spikes set up. The HP ev's help it to survive and be a bit more durable. In one of my recent battles, this tanked a thunder from an orbed jolteon. None of my other pokemon no toxic for the same first reason, toxic spikes is good enough to set up, and I am careful not to use it on a team with a poison type. This makes tentacruel a normal special sweeper.
Infernape @Life Orb Trait: Blaze Level: 100 EV's: 252 def / 252 sp.def / 4 HP Jolly (+Speed -Sp.att) ¬ Close Combat ¬ Mach Punch ¬ Earthquake ¬ Fire Punch
Infernape is my first class physical sweeper. The ev's given have have done their magic so far, as this INFERNAPE tanking an Earthquake from a Rypherior is pretty incredible. This moveset is part priority, as the STAB + Blaze, sometimes + Life Orb is a deadly mix 'n' match set. TROLOLOLOL...ya know?
Breloom @Life Orb Trait: Technician Level: 100 EV's: 252 HP / 252 Speed / 4 Att Careful (+Sp.def -Sp. Att) ¬ I dunno (Thinking of Rock Tomb) ¬ Cut/Tackle ¬ Bullet Seed ¬ Mach Punch
My Technician Breloom, what have I gotta say? Bullet seed just screws the hell out of ground/rock/water and any other types which take super effective damage from bullet seed. Mach punch is for priority + STAB, and lol, tackle/cut is just hilarious but can OHKO a Salamence (PROVEN). The last move please tell me. Technician boost would be appreciated but I don't mind as long as it suits my Breloom well.
Deoxys-Defence @Leftovers Trait: Pressure Level: 100 EV's: 196 HP / 104 Att / 104 Def / 104 sp.Def Jolly (+Speed -Sp.Att) ¬ Extreme Speed ¬ Ice Punch ¬ Recover ¬ Cosmic Power
This dude is the wall of doom. Setting up cosmic power is easy because of Deoxys's amazing defences. Recover is not for recovery lol. Ice punch is for the Oh So Common dragon types, and extreme speed is for when your so nearly about to KO. This is a risky dude though, as any stat raiser can attack with the equally same Dragon Dances For example.
Swampert @Life Orb Trait: Torrent Level: 100 9]EV's: 252 HP / 108 Att / 148 Speed Jolly (+Speed -Sp.att) ¬ Hammer Arm ¬ Waterfall ¬ Earthquake ¬ Ice punch
Swampert is another one of my awesome sweepers, built to do the job. Hammer arm and Ice punch are both for thorough coverage against dragons, Rocks and a few more. Earthquake is the Ground type STAB as Waterfall is the Water type stab. Swampert's 148 speed ev's have seemed to work so far, as it is able to outspeed a tropius and land the ice punch without any trouble.
Salamence @Life Orb Trait: Moxie Level: 100 EV's: 252 Att / 252 speed / 4 sp. def Serious (+0 -0) ¬ Roost ¬ Earthquake ¬ Flamethower ¬ Dragon Claw
This is my Dragon type sweeper, with an unexpected roost in the moveset too. Flamethrower, although special, does decent enough damage to faint an Electivire, so for the needed ice type coverage that's fine. Dragon claw is the STAB. Earthquake is for further coverage and also a preparation for the common Ninetales leads.
Well, that's it. I really do hope I have done the layout OK, but please tell me if there's anything wrong. Thanks in advance
I hate making suggestions without first battling the team. But I'm pretty sure someone as experienced as me (I dislike Special Attackers, because I'm not... Modest. HaHa! Okay, you can hang me now) can answer without screwing things up.
Infernape and Breloom have incredibly similar roles (well they should, you have them as walls) so we'll replace one. I think Breloom would be the keeper on this team, so we'll replace Infernape. This team is lacking in the Special field. So I would suggest replacing Infernape for an offensive Heatran. While there is nothing wrong with Deoxys-D, Garchomp is now in OU. As such, we'll be replacing it with one of the Pokemon that can actually switch in on it: Bronzong. And finally, due to the popularity of Ferrothorn and Breloom, as well as a fairly large usage of Grass Knot, Giga Drain, or HP Grass, we'll be replacing Swampert. I think that Mamoswine might be of more help to your team.
Tentacruel: A lack of Special attacking on your side makes me want to use the more offensive varient of Tentacruel. It will still have that support ability, but it can actually do damage now.
Tentacruel (M) @ Life Orb/Wise Glasses Trait: Liquid Ooze EVs: 252 SAtk / 4 SDef / 252 Spd Timid Nature (+Spd, -Atk) - Hydro Pump - Ice Beam - Rapid Spin - Toxic Spikes
Hydro Pump for STAB, Ice Beam is coverage. Rapid Spin and Toxic Spikes for support. Notice that I gave a choice between items. Life Orb causes recoil with Rapid Spin, which I'll always found unfortunate. But the lack of power with Wise Glasses is very significant. But the choice is still up to you.
Heatran (F) @ Air Balloon Trait: Flash Fire EVs: 252 SAtk / 4 SDef / 252 Spd Modest Nature (+SAtk, -Atk) - Earth Power - Fire Blast - Hidden Power [Ice] - Stealth Rock
Your basic Heatran set. Earth Power and HP Ice for coverage, Fire Blast for STAB, Stealth Rock supports the team and allows you to net KOs.
Breloom: This guy needs a lot of work. While you most commonly see a Swords Dance+Life Orb set, I believe that a Choice Band set will be of more use to you.
Breloom (M) @ Choice Band Trait: Technician EVs: 4 HP / 252 Atk / 252 Spd Jolly Nature (+Spd, -SAtk) - Bullet Seed - Low Sweep - Mach Punch - Stone Edge
Bullet Seed is STAB boosted by Technician. Low Sweep is also STAB boosted by Technician. The ability to lower the Speed of switch-ins is very important. Mach Punch though can be used to quickly take down threats, either through Revenge kill or just massive power OHKOs. Stone Edge is to hit foes like Dragonite, Tornadus, just any Flying type.
Bronzong @ Light Clay Trait: Levitate EVs: 252 HP / 160 Def / 96 SDef Relaxed Nature (+Def, -Spd) - Earthquake - Gyro Ball - Light Screen - Reflect
Dual Screen helps support your frail Breloom and Tentacruel (who is physically frail) as well as bulkier Pokemon like Mamoswine, Heatran, and Salamence. It is also a set that I think better helps against Dragon types, who can be seen running mixed sets in order to take down walls. While physical defense is more important in my opinion, and thus why we have more Def, we make sure to give some attention to Special bulk.
Mamoswine (M) @ Life Orb Trait: Thick Fat EVs: 24 HP / 252 Atk / 232 Spd Adamant Nature (+Atk, -SAtk) - Earthquake - Ice Shard - Icicle Spear - Stone Edge
A killer in the current metagame, which sees a lot of Pokemon weak to Ice, plus some weak to Ground (Landorus, Thundurus, Tornadus, Dragonite, Salamence, Garchomp, Hydreigon, Heatran, Breloom, Lati@s). Standard except for Speed/HP Evs, these are my preference. And Icicle Spear, my preference in dealing with Gliscor and Dragonite among others.
Salamence: Give the damn thing a Dragon Dance.
Salamence (M) @ Lum Berry Trait: Moxie EVs: 252 Atk / 4 SAtk / 252 Spd Naughty Nature (+Atk, -SDef) - Dragon Dance - Earthquake - Fire Blast - Outrage
All together now in an importable copy:
Tentacruel (M) @ Life Orb Trait: Liquid Ooze EVs: 252 SAtk / 4 SDef / 252 Spd Timid Nature (+Spd, -Atk) - Hydro Pump - Ice Beam - Rapid Spin - Toxic Spikes
I'll rate this team.
Tentacruel should have complete defensive EVs, since you want him to stay in for as long as possible. Also, give him Rapid Spin to spin away hazards other than Toxic Spikes, which he absorbs. Replace Giga Drain or Ice Beam. My recommended EVs: 252 HP / 252 Def / 4 SpD Also Timid isn't really needed with this EV spread, so go with Calm or Bold. But if you want some speed, Smogon's EV spread is not that bad: 252 HP / 236 Def / 20 Spe. Still go with Calm or Bold, though. Also, Black Sludge over Leftovers.
I use an Infernape almost exactly the same, except with some minor differences. Instead of Earthquake, I have Swords Dance to make a great Sweeper. Have Iron Fist over Blaze, since you only have 1 fire type move. You have 2 punching moves, (3 is CC counts, idk if it does). I suggest these EVs: 4 HP / 252 Atk / 252 Spe with Jolly nature. Life Orb is a pretty good item. Your set is actually a good Choice Band set, just Stone Edge/U-Turn > EQ. If you want.
Well, if you can't think of a move, then put in Spore. Replace Cut/Tackle (As those moves aren't really the best moves) for Substitute/Bulk Up/Swords Dance. Or try a Toxic Heal set:
Breloom @ Toxic Orb Trait: Poison Heal EVs: 236 HP / 212 SpD / 60 Spe Nature: Careful (+SpD, -SpA) - Bulk Up - Spore - Seed Bomb - Drain Punch
Cosmic Power isn't really needed, since it's defenses are awesome in the first place. Extremespeed and Ice Punch aren't great ideas, so have Night Shade as you attacking move, to hit Ghosts and actually do some damage since you're a level 100. Ice Punch can be replaced for Taunt/Stealth Rock. Cosmic Power for Toxic/Spikes. And also new EV set: 252 HP / 4 Def / 252 Spe Timid Nature. So: Night Shade > Extremespeed Stealth Rock/Taunt > Ice Punch (I recommend Taunt) Toxic/Spikes > Cosmic Power Keep recover
This D-D is really a fast Taunter/hazard setter.
If you want a sweeper, Curse would really help. Ofc, then it would be more of a tanl, but at least you can get extra attack boosts. Swampert is slow, so it wouldn't make a GREAT sweeper. Hammer Arm < Curse. EVs: 252 HP / 252 Atk / 4 Def Adamant Nature Also have Lefties
Salamence would make a great physical sweeper if it doesn't have Flamethrower. If you want to have a Life Orb set, Dragon Dance would be awesome, given that you can set up. The can replace Flamethrower. Roost is ok, I guess. Outrage works well, too. Choice Band/Scarf also works, but then you have to get rid of Roost for another move. 4 HP / 252 Atk / 252 Spe Adamant / Jolly
Type a Pokemon name, type, move or ability to see instant results.


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CC admits 'I was terrible' in loss to Pirates
TAMPA -- What's up with CC?Sabathia struggled again today at Steinbrenner Field in a 12-7 loss to the Pirates and doesn't look right. Perhaps he just needs to build up arm strength, he certainly... Read on
Aceves throws four perfect innings, tightens Yankees' fifth-starter race
BRADENTON, Fla. – Alfredo Aceves is giving the Yankees something to think about in the Race for 5. The right-hander was perfect over four innings today in a 6-0 win over the Pirates, striking out... Read on
Phillies' Halladay shuts down Yankees in spring debut
CLEARWATER, Fla. -- The Yankees got a spring preview of what the Mets will have to deal with this season. The Yankees squared off against the Phillies and their new ace Roy Halladay today at... Read on
Bernie takes in Yankees spring training opener
Bernie Williams stopped by Tampa today and was as entertaining as ever. And just a little bit Bernie goofy.His new career is going great, "I'm sort of reinventing myself,'' Bernie the Guitarist said.... Read on
Yankees insist it's a five-man race for final rotation spot
Here in Tampa, it's a sunny day. The rain is coming tomorrow, though. Still, this is Disneyworld for Yankee fans.Every day is a vacation from the real world when they come to visit. When fans are... Read on
Mets won't rush Escobar after making that mistake with Garcia
The eighth-inning is a puzzle for the Mets and will be for most of the spring. Japanese pitcher Ryota Igarashi is in the mix. The Mets like his splitter with Jerry Manuel saying today it's a bit... Read on
Where's Kernan: Bay looking to grow into leadership role
The New Mets are beginning to take shape as the final position players filtered into camp today. Jason Bay came here to Port St. Lucie following a short Disney World vacation with his family. Bay is... Read on
Koufax works with Perez at Mets spring training
PORT ST. LUCIE -- If these guys can't fix Oliver Perez, who can?Sandy Koufax showed up in Port St. Lucie today, and along with Mets ace Johan Santana, worked with Perez during his long toss and... Read on
Where's Kernan: Mets find Citi Field size in Florida
Citi Field never leaves the Mets' sight in spring training even here in Port St. Lucie. The Citi never sleeps.Mets regulars who have reported early hold their daily batting practice session on... Read on
For Mets it's all about Prevention & Recovery
The Mets are making it perfectly clear that last year is behind them and that they have learned their injury lesson the hard way.All you have to do is look at the new Prevention & Recovery logo that... Read on
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Rione XIII
Inspired by Trastevere, the bustling 13th district of Rome, Rione XIII explores simple Roman cooking on Seattle's Capitol Hill. Menu favorites include fried artichokes, housemade mozzarella, cacio e pepe, and wood-fired Roman street pizza.
Hours & Info
Dinner Daily
5PM to 11PM
Happy Hour
5PM to 6PM
10PM to 11PM
401 15th Ave E
Seattle, WA 98112
(206) 838-2878


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Don't live in pre-historic times...Stay current with technology used by practicing lawyers!
This Thursday, April 11, 2013 from 12-1pm in classroom 1337 the law library is offering a workshop titled Technology for Lawyers. Come learn how to use your tablet or smartphone to conduct a variety of legal tasks like word processing, e-filing, time tracking & billing, and blogging. You'll also learn about some innovative software for presenting your case in the courtroom. This workshop is designed to be interactive, so please bring your devices!
Can't make it this week? The Law Library offers workshops on many different topics during the semester. Take a look at our library workshops page to view a list of workshop descriptions and a link to the workshop calendar.
Don't forget the Library now offers legal research instruction tailored for your study group! Any group of 5 or more can order a custom session. To request a session, complete this form.
Image from: ICThistory.co.uk blog
Tags: courtroom, tablets, smartphone, technology, mobile device, litigation tools
Library | Technology | Tips | Workshops
The D.C. Circuit recently affirmed the decision to list polar bears as an endangered species. According to the court, "a number of industry groups, environmental organizations, and states challenged the Listing Rule as either overly restrictive or insufficiently protective of the polar bear." This might be an excellent issue for an AWR!
In addition to the legal materials that you can find on Westlaw and Lexis, you should also explore the scholarly, non-legal resources in ProQuest Research Library on endangered species, climate change and the effects of the loss of polar bears on Native Peoples. ProQuest Research Library can be found in the drop-down menu on the Library's website under Library Databases. If you need help searching ProQuest, you can always drop by the Legal Research Help Desk, Ask a Librarian or if you are a self-learner, check out this research guide about how to use ProQuest Research Library.
Another Proquest Database, Proquest Congressional has this research guide on endangered species.
Image from Morguefile.com
Tags: AWR, court opinions, databases, ProQuest
Databases | Ideas | Library | Research
Putting the final touches on your AWR? Need help finding additional sources? Well don't worry about skipping lunch, we're coming to you!
That's right, for the rest of the semester professional research librarians will be available in the Student Lounge on the 20th floor from 12-1pm, Monday through Thursday, to assist you with any research questions you might have – big or small!
Also, if you want to learn more about mobile apps for legal research the roving librarians will be using iPads and can demonstrate some cool new apps and help you navigate them.
Speaking of iPads, did you know that the Law Library owns several iPads that you can check out? That's right! Just visit the Circulation desk during regular hours and we'll get you all set up!
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Tags: research assistance, research databases, research, AWR
Databases | Law School | Library | Research | Technology
"Law and the Movies" is the library's new and improved movie collection.
The collection is located on the east side of the library and is organized alphabetically by title. The collection is comprised of movies that have some relation to the law and cover a wide range of genres.
Up to 5 items can be checked out at one time and kept for 7 days with no renewals.
So if you have some down time and want to take a breather, checkout one of our over 400 DVDs to enjoy!
Also, if you have any suggestions on how we can improve our DVD collection please leave us a suggestion in the box located in the middle of of the DVD collection or online here: http://www.phoenixlaw.edu/librarysuggestions
Tags: DVDs, actors, courtroom, movies, comedy, drama, documentary, law
Current Awareness | Education | Humor | Library
Click on Library Services from the home page and scroll down to New Arrivals to view the new editions of study aids, print titles and DVD's that were added to the collection!
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Ridiculous Japanese Commercial
Funny VideosApr 26, 2009 | 59s | by baggio94Quite possibly the weirdest television commercial you'll ever see. Only in Japan...
Epic Soccer Commercial
Funny VideosMay 25, 2010 | 3m3s | by baggio94Even if you're not a big fan of the sport this commercial will still entertain you! Whoever put this together hopefully got a...
Volkswagon Super Bowl Commercial
Funny VideosFeb 07, 2011 | 1m1s | by johnnylamborghiniA pint-sized Darth Vader uses the force in this 2011 Super Bowl commercial from Volkswagen. Probably the best one of the night!
Painfully Honest Commercial
Funny VideosNov 01, 2009 | 1m19s | by baggio94Hey, at least he's being honest with ya!
Doritos Super Bowl Commercial
Viral VideosFeb 07, 2011 | 29s | by johnnylamborghiniHere's one lesson I learned from the Super Bowl, never mess with a Pug! Another classic commercial from the night.
Megan Fox Super Bowl Commercial
Funny VideosFeb 08, 2010 | 30s | by baggio94Anytime Megan Fox stars in a sexy commercial like this, it's worth a watch!
Snickers Super Bowl Commercial
Viral VideosFeb 07, 2011 | 30s | by johnnylamborghiniRoseanne and Richard Lewis star in this hilarious Snickers commercial from the 2011 Super Bowl. This one is right up there among the...
Volkswagen Super Bowl Commercial Parody
Funny VideosMar 02, 2011 | 1m5s | by johnnylamborghiniWhat if the car used in the famous Super Bowl commercial wasn't actually a Volkswagen? Things would have been a little bit different.
Snow Causes Roof Collapse
Extreme VideosFeb 04, 2011 | 1m4s | by jessicapengThe roof of a commercial building that houses Triton Technologies collapsed under the weight of heavy snow.
Mighty Putty Alternative Commercial
Funny VideosFeb 07, 2009 | 1m46s | by baggio94Remember Bill Mays and those Mighty Putty commercials? Check out this hilarious alternative version.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Time travel
Time travel is a concept that has long fascinated humanity—whether it is Merlin experiencing time backwards, or religious traditions like Muhammad's trip to Jerusalem and ascent to heaven, returning before a glass knocked over had spilt its contents.
Humans are in fact always traveling in time – in a linear fashion, from the present to the immediate future, inexorably, until death. Time travel in fiction and thought experiments is usually meant to describe a different sort of time travel, forward at greatly accelerated rate, forward far beyond reasonable human life span, backwards to a previous time, or any travel back to the present after a time trip.
Often nowadays it is a plot device used in science fiction and many movies and television shows to set a character in a particular time not his/her own, and explore the possible ramifications of the character's interaction with the people and technology of that time—a spin on the "country bumpkin comes to the big city" plot (or vice versa). It evolved to explore ideas of change, and reactions to it, and also to explore the ideas of parallel universes or alternate history where some little event took place or didn't take place, but causes large changes in the future.
Famous fictional time machines include the modified DeLorean sports car from the Back to the Future movie trilogy, the TARDIS from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and the titular time machine of H. G. Wells's novel. Wells's novel is meant to predict the likely future of humanity itself, starting with world wars and ending with humans reverting back to an existence reminiscent of the Garden of Eden, but with a terrifying twist.
In physics, the "thought experiment" of time travel has been often used to examine the consequences of physical theories such as special relativity, general relativity and quantum mechanics. There is no experimental evidence of time travel, and it is not even well understood whether (let alone how) the current physical theories permit any kind of time travel.
Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (and, by extension, the General Theory) very explicitly permits a kind of time dilation that would ordinarily be called time travel. The theory holds that, relative to a stationary observer, time appears to pass more slowly for faster-moving bodies: for example, a moving clock will appear to run slow; as a clock approaches the speed of light its hands will appear to nearly stop moving. However, this effect allows "time travel" only toward the future: never backward. It is not typical of science fiction, and there is little doubt surrounding its existence; "time travel" will hereafter refer to travel with some degree of freedom into the past or future.
Many in the scientific community believe that time travel is highly unlikely. This belief is largely due to Occam's Razor. Any theory which would allow time travel would require that issues of causality be resolved. What happens if you try to go back in time and kill your grandfather?—see grandfather paradox. Also, in the absence of any experimental evidence that time travel exists, it is theoretically simpler to assume that it does not happen. Indeed, Stephen Hawking once suggested that the absence of tourists from the future constitutes a strong argument against the existence of time travel—a variant of the Fermi paradox, with time travelers instead of alien visitors. However, assuming that time travel cannot happen is also interesting to physicists because it opens up the question of why and what physical laws exist to prevent time travel from occurring.
The equivalence of time travel and faster-than-light travel
First of all, if one is able to move information from one point to another faster than light, then according to special relativity, there will be an observer who sees this information transfer as allowing information to travel into the past.
The General Theory of Relativity extends the Special Theory to cover gravity. It does this by postulating that matter "curves" the space in its vicinity. But under relativity, properties of space are fairly interchangeable with properties of time, depending on one's perspective, so that a curved path through space can wind up being a curved path through time. In moderate degrees, this allows two straight lines of different length to connect the same points in space; in extreme degrees, theoretically, it could allow timelines to curve around in a circle and reconnect with their own past. General relativity describes the universe under a complex system of "field equations," and there exist solutions to these equations that permit what are called "closed time-like curves," and hence time travel into the past. The first and most famous of these was proposed by Kurt Gödel, but all known current examples require the universe to have physical characteristics that it does not appear to have. Whether general relativity forbids closed time-like curves for all realistic conditions is unknown. Most physicists believe that it does, largely because assuming some principle against time travel prevents paradoxical situations from occurring.
Using wormholes
A proposed time-travel machine using a wormhole would (hypothetically) work something like this: A wormhole is created somehow. One end of the wormhole is accelerated to nearly the speed of light, perhaps with an advanced spaceship, and then brought back to the point of origin. Due to time dilation, the accelerated end of the wormhole has now experienced less subjective passage of time than the stationary end. An object that goes into the stationary end would come out of the other end in the past relative to the time when it enters. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine; in essence, it is more of a path through time than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology itself to be moved backwards in time. This could provide an alternative explanation for Hawking's observation: a time machine will be built someday, but hasn't been built yet, so the tourists from the future can't reach this far back in time.
Creating a wormhole of a size useful for macroscopic spacecraft, keeping it stable, and moving one end of it around would require significant energy, many orders of magnitude more than the Sun can produce in its lifetime. Construction of a wormhole would also require the existence of a substance known as "exotic matter," or "negative matter," which, while not known to be impossible, is also not known to exist in forms useful for wormhole construction (but see for example the Casimir effect). Therefore it is unlikely such a device will ever be constructed, even with highly advanced technology. On the other hand, microscopic wormholes could still be useful for sending information back in time.
Matt Visser argued in 1993 that the two mouths of a wormhole with such an induced clock difference could not be brought together without inducing quantum field and gravitational effects that would either make the wormhole collapse or the two mouths repel each other. [1] Because of this, the two mouths could not be brought close enough for causality violation to take place. However, in a 1997 paper, Visser hypothesized that a complex "Roman ring" (named after Tom Roman ) configuration of an N number of wormholes arranged in a symmetric polygon could still act as a time machine, although he concludes that this is more likely than not a flaw in classical quantum gravity theory rather than proof that causality violation is possible. [2]
Using massive spinning cylinders
Another approach, developed by Frank Tipler, involves a spinning cylinder. If a cylinder is long, and dense, and spins fast enough about its long axis, then a spaceship flying around the cylinder on a spiral path could travel back in time (or forward, depending on the direction of its spiral). However, the density and speed required is so great that ordinary matter is not strong enough to construct it. A similar device might be built from a cosmic string, but none are known to exist, and it doesn't seem to be possible to create a new cosmic string.
Physicist Robert Forward noted that a naïve application of general relativity to quantum mechanics suggests another way to build a time machine. A heavy atomic nucleus in a strong magnetic field would elongate into a cylinder, whose density and "spin" are enough to build a time machine. Gamma rays projected at it might allow information (not matter) to be sent back in time. However, he pointed out that until we have a single theory combining relativity and quantum mechanics, we will have no idea whether such speculations are nonsense.
Using spooky action at a distance
Quantum mechanical phenomena such as quantum teleportation, the EPR paradox, or quantum entanglement might appear to create a mechanism that allows for faster-than-light (FTL) communication or time travel, and in fact some interpretations of quantum mechanics such as the Bohm interpretation presumes that some information is being exchanged between particles instantaneously in order to maintain correlations between particles. This effect was referred to as "spooky action at a distance" by Einstein.
Nevertheless, the rules of quantum mechanics curiously appear to prevent an outsider from using these methods to actually transmit useful information, and therefore do not appear to allow for time travel or FTL communication. This misunderstanding seems to be widespread in popular press coverage of quantum teleportation experiments. The assumption that time travel or superluminal communications is impossible allows one to derive interesting results such as the no cloning theorem, and how the rules of quantum mechanics work to preserve causality is an active area of research.
The possibility of paradoxes
The Novikov self-consistency principle and recent calculations by Kip S. Thorne indicate that simple masses passing through time travel wormholes could never engender paradoxes—there are no initial conditions that lead to paradox once time travel is introduced. If his results can be generalized they would suggest, curiously, that none of the supposed paradoxes formulated in time travel stories can actually be formulated at a precise physical level: that is, that any situation you can set up in a time travel story turns out to permit many consistent solutions. The circumstances might, however, turn out to be almost unbelievably strange.
Parallel universes might provide a way out of paradoxes. Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics suggests that all possible quantum events can occur in mutually exclusive histories. These alternate, or parallel histories would form a branching tree symbolizing all possible outcomes of any interaction.
Since all possibilities exist, any paradoxes can be explained by having the paradoxical events happening in a different universe. This concept is most often used in science-fiction. However, in actuality, physicists believe that such interaction or interference between these histories is not possible (see Chronology protection conjecture).
Time travel and the anthropic principle
It has been suggested by physicists such as Max Tegmark that the absence of time travel and the existence of causality may be due to the anthropic principle. The argument is that a universe which allows for time travel and closed time-like loops is one in which intelligence could not evolve because it would be impossible for a being to sort events into a past and future or to make predictions or comprehend the world around them.
Note that this imposes no restriction on supernatural agents (e.g. God) which are not confined by the bounds of spacetime. See the next section for details.
Time travel and religion
Prophecy and theology
It is interesting to note that any religion which postulates the existence of fulfilled prophecy requires, at the very least, an agent which can move information from the future into the past.
In Christian theology, for example, God is assumed to exist unbound by space or time. Doctrinally, God is held to be omniscient and omnipresent. Statements in the Bible such as Jesus's claim "before Abraham was born, I am" (John 8:58) and Peter's claim "[Jesus] was chosen before the creation of the world" (1 Peter 1:20) (assuming the creation of the world began at t = 0) imply that God does not occupy the same timeline that we do. This is further supported by the assertion "I the LORD do not change" (Malachi 3:6), since change requires movement along, and constrained by, a temporal continuum.
Two popular interpretations of these statements are that God (1) exists outside the space-time continuum; or (2) exists at every point in space-time simultaneously. In either case, God can transfer information from one point in space-time to any other point without restriction.
Transcending time through ancient wisdom
The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali have been considered by some, such as physicist Fred Alan Wolf in his book, "The Yoga of Time Travel" to describe an inner process by which we can access knowledge of the past and future in the present. This form of time travel can be acquired by transcending the five earthly anchors of the ego mind which otherwise leave us locked into the illusory self.
Time travel in fiction
H. G. Wells' The Time Machine is considered the literary masterpiece of the genre. Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is another early time travel classic. Probably the most elaborate demonstrations of supposed time travel paradoxes are in Robert A. Heinlein's "'All You Zombies'" and "By His Bootstraps." One very well known time travel fiction writer is Jack Finney. His novels include Time and Again , From Time to Time , The Third Level , and others. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling features a time travel paradox as does the film version (see below.)
Film and television
The idea of time travel in motion pictures and television is a theme that has run throughout entertainment history. Key examples of such recent films are:
- the 1960 version of The Time Machine,
- Time After Time (1979)
- Somewhere in Time (1980)
- The Final Countdown (1980)
- Time Bandits (1981)
- The Terminator (1984)
- Back To The Future (1985)
- Flight of the Navigator (1986)
- Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986)
- Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
- Timecop (1994)
- Twelve Monkeys (1995)
- Donnie Darko (2001)
- Kate & Leopold (2001)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
- Primer (2004).
Time travel has been represented in television, with shows such as Rocky & Bullwinkle's (1959-1964) "WABAC machine", Doctor Who (1963–1989, 2005–), The Time Tunnel (1966-1967), and Quantum Leap (1989-1993). Various episodes of Star Trek and Stargate SG-1 extensively featured time travel.
Computer games
In the computer game Fallout 2, there is a special encounter involving a gate-like stone structure which is a time portal. Stepping through it will transport the player back in time, to a period before the start of the first Fallout game, where they will find a computer with a water chip. Breaking the chip will ensure that the events of the first game will occur, as it involves the player of the first game seeking a replacement for the broken chip. This also ensures the Fallout 2 player's own existence as a descendant of the first game's player - a causal loop known as a predestination paradox. The encounter is called "The Guardian of Forever", a reference to the Star Trek episode, The City on the Edge of Forever.
In the fantasy/role-playing game Chrono Trigger, a group of heroes travel back and forth through time in an attempt to prevent the apocalypse.
The Legacy of Kain game series states that "History Abhors a Paradox". In the Kain series, the timeline, referred to as the "Timestream", is immutable. Changes made by individuals have no effect on the general flow of time, but major changes can be made by introducing a paradox. When a paradox is introduced, the Timestream is forced to reshuffle itself to accommodate the change in history. Furthermore, no one in the Kain series has free will save for the messianic figure known as the Scion of Balance.
The game Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego? and two derivative televison series (Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego? and Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego?) feature time travel extensively.
The games Freedom Force and its sequel, Freedom Force vs. the Third Reich, both feature a villainous character named Time Master who has absolute power over time.
Types of time travel
Time travel themes in science fiction and the media can generally be grouped into two types (based on effect—methods are extremely varied and numerous), each of which is further subdivided.
- 1. The time line is consistent and can never be changed.
- 1.1 One does not have full control of the time travel. One example of this is The Morphail Effect .
- 1.2 The Novikov self-consistency principle applies (named after Dr. Igor Dmitrievich Novikov, Professor of Astrophysics at Copenhagen University).
- 1.3 Any event that appears to have changed a time line has instead created a new one.
- 2. The time line is flexible and is subject to change.
- 2.1 The time line is extremely change resistant and requires great effort to change it.
- 2.2 The time line is easily changed.
Immutable timelines
Time travel in a type 1 universe does not allow any paradoxes, although in 1.3, events can appear to be paradoxical.
In 1.1, time travel is constrained to prevent paradox. If one attempts to make a paradox, one undergoes involuntary or uncontrolled time travel. Michael Moorcock uses a form of this principle and calls it The Morphail Effect.
In 1.2, the Novikov self-consistency principle asserts that the existence of a method of time travel constrains events to remain self-consistent (i.e. no paradoxes). This will cause any attempt to violate such consistency to fail, even if extremely improbable events are required.
- Example #1: You have a device that can send a single bit of information back to itself at a precise moment in time. You receive a bit at 10:00:00 PM, then no bits for thirty seconds after that. If you send a bit back to 10:00:00 PM, everything works fine. However, if you try to send a bit to 10:00:15 PM (a time at which no bit was received), your transmitter will mysteriously fail. Or your dog will distract you for fifteen seconds. Or your transmitter will appear to work, but as it turns out your receiver failed at exactly 10:00:15 PM. Etc, etc. Two excellent examples of this kind of universe is found in Timemaster , a novel by Dr. Robert Forward, and the 1980 Jeannot Szwarc film Somewhere In Time (based on Richard Matheson's novel Bid Time Return ).
- Example #2: In the case of Somewhere In Time, the film deals with events that have already or about to happen which the lead character Richard Collier (played by Christopher Reeve) could not control. Here, Collier is given a watch by a lady he has not yet known (but who already knew him in the past). Sometime later, Collier is fascinated by a picture taken in 1912 of a young actress. Eventually he learns that the woman in the picture is the old lady who gave him the watch, and that he was actually there in 1912 to meet her. Collier chooses to willfully go back in time 68 years in the past to fulfill what was written in the history books. He meets her and falls in love with her, but one day he takes out a coin from his pocket that's 68 years in the future (he broke a rule not to take anything anachronistic to the past), thus he is thrust back to the present day, and so everything that will be/was written in history has happened and Collier could not do anything to change that history. Had he remained in 1912, history would have been altered, and everything that happened at the beginning of the film would not have come true.
An example which could conceivably fall into either 1.1 or 1.2 can be seen in book and film versions of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Harry and Hermione go back in time to change history. As they do so it becomes apparent that they are simply performing actions that were previously seen in the story, although neither the characters nor the reader were aware of the causes of those actions at the time. This is another example of the predestination paradox. It is arguable, however, that the mechanics of time travel actually prevented any paradoxes, firstly, by preventing them from realizing a priori that time travel was occurring and secondly, by enabling them to recall the precise action to take at the precise time and keep history consistent.
In a universe that allows retrograde time travel but no paradoxes, any present moment is the past for a future observer, thus all history/events are fixed. History can be thought of as a filmstrip where everything is already fixed. See block time for a detailed examination of this way of considering the nature of time.
In 1.3, any event that appears to have caused a paradox has instead created a new time line. The old time line remains unchanged, with the time traveler or information sent simply having vanished, never to return. A difficulty with this explanation, however, is that conservation of mass-energy would be violated for the origin timeline and the destination timeline. A possible solution to this is to have the mechanics of time travel require that mass-energy be exchanged in precise balance between past and future at the moment of travel, or to simply expand the scope of the conservation law to encompass all timelines. Some examples of this kind of time travel can be found in David Gerrold's book The Man Who Folded Himself, the Robert Zemeckis film Back to the Future Part II (1989), and the (1994) film Star Trek: Generations.
- Example: In Back to the Future Part II, Marty McFly and Doc Brown decide (after Doc returns from the 21st century to 1985) to travel to 2015 to save McFly's future son. While there, McFly buys an almanac of sporting events from 1951 forward, and decides to use it for financial gain via time travel. Doc Brown forbids him to take the book with him, and inadvertently leaves it lying around for middle-aged Biff Tannen to take with him. One night, without McFly and Doc Brown knowing it, Tannen takes the time-traveling DeLorean with the book and goes back in time to change history (using the sports almanac for his own financial success). By the movie audience's point of view, Tannen shortly after returns to 2015 and leaves the DeLorean, and McFly and Doc Brown again use the car in an attempt to go back to 1985. But soon the two discover what Tannen had done: Tannen went back to a certain point in 1955, met up with his younger self, and gave the younger Tannen the almanac for him to use for personal and financial gain, so the 1985 that McFly and Brown returned to was the future of a tangent that started in the now alternate 1955, with Hill Valley now corrupt and its citizens' lives changed because of Tannen. McFly and Brown could not just go back to 2015-A (A for alternate) to nab Tannen because whatever they would have done there would have been the future of that particular tangent. In simple words, once you go back in time to change history in this particular instance, whatever happens next will be the future of that particular tangent you just altered (so, for example, if you went back in time to prevent the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, or, in the case of Star Trek: Generations, change the fate of a planet and thus saving the crew of the Starship Enterprise, the future after that will be the future based on whatever you altered).
Mutable timelines
Time travel in a type 2 universe is much more difficult to explain. The biggest problem is how to explain changes in the past. One method of explanation is that once the past changes so do all memories of all observers. This would mean that no observer would ever observe the changing of the past (because they will not remember changing the past.) This would make it hard to tell whether you are in a type 1 universe or a type 2 universe. However, you could infer that you were by knowing that a) communication with the past was possible and b) it appeared that the time line had never been changed as a result of an action someone remembers taking, although evidence exists that other people are changing their time lines fairly often. An example of this kind of universe is presented in Thrice Upon a Time , a novel by James P. Hogan.
Larry Niven suggests that in a type 2.1 universe, the most efficient way for the universe to "correct" a change is for time travel to never be discovered, and that in a type 2.2 universe, the very large (or infinite) number of time travelers from the endless future will cause the timeline to change wildly until it reaches a history in which time travel is never discovered. However, many other "stable" situations may also exist in which time travel occurs but no paradoxes are created; if the changeable-timeline universe finds itself in such a state no further changes will occur, and to the inhabitants of the universe it will appear identical to the type 1.2 scenario.
Other approaches and examples
In Bill Gaines, Al Feldstein and Joe Orlando's Weird Science comic tale Why Papa left Home (1952, based on Charles L. Harness 's Child by Chronos) a time travelling scientist is greatly shocked at realising he's become his own father. However, in The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Douglas Adams does not see a big problem in becoming his own father, since this is nothing a well-adjusted family can't deal with. The big problem is grammar—the tense formation for time travellers. Another issue in the book is that time travel was so complex that in order to understand all the math involved one had to live a dozen lives. As that was possible only after time travel was invented, no one ever knew who was able to invent it.
Robert Heinlein's story "'All You Zombies'" shows the possible results of taking this concept to its logical conclusion ad absurdum: the time travelling protagonist is/was/becomes his/her own father, son, mother and daughter.
In the climactic scenes of Superman (1978), Lois Lane dies as a result of her car falling into a crevice created by an earthquake and being buried by falling dirt. Wracked with anguish, Superman decides to defy his Kryptonian father, Jor-El, by interfering with Earth's history. Superman accomplishes this by reversing the rotation of Earth, turning time back to the point where the earthquake began, then returning the planet to its proper rotation. As a result, Lois (and the entire population of California) is saved as if the event never happened in the first place. It is also implied that Superman somehow manages to stop the nuclear weapon that triggers the earthquake from detonating.
In 1992 Harry Turtledove published the novel The Guns of the South, which became popular with its story about South African white supremacists using a time machine to go back to the days of the American Civil War and equip the dispirited Confederate army with 20th century weapons such as the AK-47. They soon win every battle and gleefully march into Washington D.C. to capture Abraham Lincoln. The time machine, however, is arbitrarily limited - it can only take people back a set number of years, allowing Turtledove to prevent the white supremacists from making another trip to cure the ills of the first, which goes wrong at the end.
In most science fiction books about time travel, there is a physical machine for transporting people through time but there are stories which involve time travel through mental discipline, or "psychic time travel". Jack Finney's Time and Again is an example of this, as is Matheson's Bid Time Return (the inspiration for the film Somewhere in Time). In Daphne du Maurier's House on the Strand the protagonist uses mind altering drugs to experience travel in time although his physical body appears to stay in the present.
Poul Anderson's There Will Be Time portrays time travel as an ability some are born with, as does the movie The Butterfly Effect. The latter displays time travel as an inherited talent, where one's mind and/or spirit travels back into its past and the traveller is able to change history, returning to an altered present. Some people affiliated with the UFO movement say that the ability to time-travel lies latent in everybody's brain, and that that ability is "turned on" in the minds of the Greys, who supposedly have the ability to unlock it in human brains too. Other people believe that both time travel and teleportation can be learned through practice in a similar manner.
Another common plot device in fiction involves the concept of altering history with malicious intent. In this sort of story, the villain attempts to change history and alter the present or future, and history must be put right by the protagonist. Sometimes, it is assumed that there is only a limited amount of time available to the hero before history is permanently altered.
It can be argued that the Book of Revelation describes a form of "spiritual time travel". In contrast to most science fiction conceptualizations of time travel, the Revelation states that John (while on the Greek island of Patmos) had a vision that took him, in spirit, to the future end times in world history and that future events were revealed to him by an angel sent by Jesus.
In the tradition of Mark Twain's Conneticut Yankee at the Court of King Arthur, there are also several children's books (for example Half Magic by Edward Eager , or Catweazle by Richard Carpenter) that exploit the amusing fish-out-of-water potential of time travel, without worrying too much about the philosophical consequences.
Time travel, or spacetime travel?
The classic problem with the concept of "time travel ships" in science fiction is that it invariably treats Earth as the frame of reference in space. The idea that a traveler can go into a machine that sends you to "A.D. 1865" and leave through a door into the same spot in Poughkeepsie ignores the issue that Earth is moving through space around the Sun, which is moving in the galaxy, etc. So, given spacetime as four dimensions, and "time travel" referring to just "moving" along one of them, a traveler couldn't stay in the same place with respect to the surface of Earth, because Earth is an accelerating platform with a highly complicated trajectory! A vessel that moves "ahead" 5 seconds might materialize in the air, or inside solid rock, depending on where Earth was "before" and "after." If you moved "behind" a year, you'd end up in cold outer space, where Earth was a year earlier—in the same part of the Sun's orbit, yes, but where has the sun gone over that year? So, to really do what filmmakers make look so easy in films such as the Back to the Future series and The Time Machine, a time machine might have to be a very powerful spacecraft that could move you large distances and that kept track of Earth's motion through space as part of the solar system, galaxy, etc.
But how can you decouple the ship from momentum? If you try to move forward in time, is your ship automatically going to be propelled by the momentum gained by riding Earth? Or does it decouple? But doesn't that bring back the idea of an absolute reference frame? Again, even to move one millisecond forward or backward in time, the ship would have to be far beyond anything humans can build, not to mention that the acceleration and deceleration in spacetime would challenge the structural integrity not only of the vessel but also of the passengers' bodies. A theorist might even use this to argue in the style of Zeno's paradoxes, for the impossibility of time machines.
A possible rebuttal to this criticism, of course, is the fact that cars and airplanes built by humans manage to move around the surface of the Earth with it, despite the surface itself moving with an astronomical speed. It is reasonable to assume that a time traveller experiences a combination of spatial temporal inertia that makes him move along with the Earth.
In 1980 Robert Heinlein published a novel The Number of the Beast about a ship that lets you dial in the six (not four!) coordinates of space and time and it instantly moves you there—without explaining how such a device might work. The television series Seven Days also dealt with this problem; the chrononaut would pilot the time machine away from the earth's surface, and then back to it, by means of a joystick-like device.
"Distance" of time travel
According to special relativity, the physical laws may be invariant over Lorentz transformations. This mixes time and space dimensions as time can be compared to a distance times the speed of light. So, the second is comparable to a unit of distance equal to 299,792.458 kilometres. Conversely, the distance of 1 metre is comparable to about 3.34 nanoseconds. You can also compare a "year" to a "light-year" (since the square of a distance has the opposite sign to the square of a time, time and space aren't actually identical).
Now, if we suppose that the same distances in space and time present the same level of technical difficulty, then moving in time for just one second, forward or backward, would be like flying to the Moon. Moving for a few years would be like flying to some of the nearest stars. And if you want to go visiting dinosaurs, perhaps it would be like flying to a far-off galaxy. On the basis of the above argument, some people think that time travel will require a lot of energy (unless we use something like teleportation).
Scientific references
- Paul Davies, About Time ISBN 0684818221
- How to Build a Time Machine ISBN 0142001864
- J. Richard Gott, Time Travel in Einstein's Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel Through Time ISBN 0618257357
- Paul J. Nahin, Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction ISBN 0387985719
- Clifford A. Pickover, Time: A Traveler's Guide ISBN 0195130960
- Frank J. Tipler, Rotating Cylinders and the Possibility of Global Causality Violation, Physical Review D 9 (1974), 2203
Literary references
- A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens
- A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain
- "All You Zombies", By His Bootstraps, The Cat Who Walks Through Walls, Farnham's Freehold, and Time Enough For Love by Robert A. Heinlein
- The Time Machine by H. G. Wells
- A Bridge of Years and The Chronoliths by Robert Charles Wilson
- Bones of the Earth by Michael Swanwick
- Rotating Cylinders and the Possibility of Global Causality Violation by Larry Niven
- The End of Eternity by Isaac Asimov
- The Time Traveler's Wife by Audrey Niffenegger
- Twice Upon a Time by Allen Appel
- Doomsday Book and To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis
- Lost in a Good Book by Jasper Fforde
- The House on the Strand by Daphne du Maurier
- Catweazle by Richard Carpenter
- Household Gods (1999) by Judith Tarr and Harry Turtledove
Philosophical references
- Fred Alan Wolf, The Yoga of Time Travel (2004) ISBN 083560828X
See also
- anachronism and time travel
- anachronism
- The mysterious "Chronovisor" device
- grandfather paradox
- predestination paradox
- thiotimoline
- John Titor
- Montauk Project
External links
- Time Travel's message forum
- Time, Time Travel & Traversable Wormholes and other time travel related science & technology topics
- SF Chronophysics, a discussion of Time Travel as it relates to science fiction
- Entry on Time Travel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- On the Net: Time Travel by James Patrick Kelly in Asimov's Science Fiction
- Howstuffworks' article on "How Time Travel Will Work"
- Time Travel in Flatland?
- NOVA Online: Time Travel
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text:
Living Now in the Hope of Eternity: The Resurrection, Are You Ready?
Spirit's indwelling presence within should be unceasingly fostered through prayer, for those in a state of grace are God's sanctuary in the Spirit (see 1 Cor. 6:19). If we find ourselves frequently forgetting for an extended period of time the fact that God is immanently present, if we have become largely unaware that God is indeed sustaining us moment by moment, and if the resurrection seems more a fantasy than a future reality, then perhaps our priorities are distorted and our life has taken a wrong turn. If that should be the case, what is to be done?
The Christian Faith: A Life-Changing and Life-Sustaining Hope
It must be remembered that life in and through and with God is a particular way of life: it is a sacramental life lived in full communion with holy mother Church; it is a life lived by way of the cross in union with Christ; it is an interior life of humility and unceasing prayer in adoration of God in which we are conscious of the indwelling Spirit within, whose compassion and love shapes us and guides us toward our final end of eternal beatitude; it is a life infused with wondrous sanctifying grace in complete abandonment to Christ. It is a life lived in intimate union with a Person -- not simply with a "something." It is a wholly new life as royal members of the household of God.
If we are not living this Christian way of life, then it is time to reverse course. "Behold, now is the acceptable time; behold, now is the day of salvation" (2 Cor. 6:2). Like the lost son, it is necessary to take stock of a dire situation, recognize its futility and dangerous nature, and thus return with profound sincerity and humility to the Father, that he may place a ring on our finger and sandals on our feet, that the fatted calf may be killed and the celebration begun (see Lk 15:11 ff.).
The Easter season is a sublime and sacred time in which our heart sings: "The Lord is risen!" The wondrous mystery of the resurrection and eternal life awaits, for if we have lost our life for the sake of Christ (Mt. 10:39), if we have been "united with him in a death like his, we shall certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his" (Rom. 6:5). Sustained by this wondrous and astonishing promise that Christ himself has won for us, our life ought to be re-energized with a new and lasting hope that transforms us beyond what we formerly were: "Indeed, the Lord is risen!"
The Holy Father asks us if the Christian faith is for us today a life-changing and life-sustaining hope. "Is it 'performative' for us -- is it a message which shapes our life in a new way, or is it just 'information' which, in the meantime, we have set aside and which now seems to us to have been superseded by more recent information?" (Spe Salvi 10 � 2). That is a profound and serious question; one which each of us must ponder in his or her own heart.
"O God, who on this day, through your Only Begotten Son, have conquered death and unlocked for us the path to eternity, grant, we pray, that we who keep the solemnity of the Lord's Resurrection may, through the renewal brought by your Spirit, rise up in the light of life" -- The Roman Missal Collect for the Sunday of The Resurrection.
F. K. Bartels is a Catholic writer who knows his Catholic Faith is one of the greatest gifts a man could ever receive. He is a contributing writer for Catholic Online. Visit him also at catholicpathways.com
- - -
Pope Benedict XVI's Prayer Intentions for January 2013
General Intention: The Faith of Christians. That in this Year of Faith Christians may deepen their knowledge of the mystery of Christ and witness joyfully to the gift of faith in him.
Missionary Intention: Middle Eastern Christians. That the Christian communities of the Middle East, often discriminated against, may receive from the Holy Spirit the strength of fidelity and perseverance.
Keywords: Easter, resurrection, Christian faith and hope, Christ's resurrection, F. K. Bartels
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1 - 7 of 7 Comments
8 months ago
Helen, thanks for your thoughts and taking the time to try and understand the meaning of my post.
Mike -
1 year ago
this was very great way of explaimg easter and why jesus is so important today,
1 year ago
Juneau, I was going to say something rather flippant but I changed my mind. Instead, I want you to know that I understand what you are saying. There are people, believers and non-believers alike, who are not living this life here on earth. They are wrapped up either in the past or in the future. The here and now is lost for them.
For me, the here and now, the past and the future are somehow one and the same. We can't possibly understand what life after death means. This debate always reminds me of blind people arguing over the color blue.
You have chosen to be an atheist. I have chosen to be a Catholic. There is little point in our arguing over which one of us is right. I am grateful that I can believe. I have hope not only for the here and now but for the future as well. I have the best of both worlds. I can live life now before death and have in addition to that gift, I have the gift of hope.
1 year ago
I had always wondered why, in all that I would read about the faith, that most of it referenced not enterity, but life of this world. It is that most of the way people think of faith, it is that it is for this world. I have noticed that is the way most people think of it or at least of which I read of most of what I read of it of the faith. That to too many people faith in Jesus is for this world and not of eternity, which eternity is what the faith truly is. This is unfortunate, as eternity is what the faith should focus on more than this world. What this world is for is to live the faith in this world for the sake of enterity and not to live faith for the sake of this world. I have noticed that a lot of people think otherwise. They are too caught up in this world.
1 year ago
As an atheist, I believe in life before death.
Mike -
1 year ago
Good reminders of how to live.
1 year ago
Keeping away from a life of indulgences which is never ending & increasing by the day is to a Sacrifice, & to the pricking of the Conscience in the indulgences & in order to Justify or satisfy the prick, man goes into Idolatry, which is worshiping god in the indulgences, except that all his idols are dead ones, which is the basic truth of Paganism, into its evolution of the day to Atheism, which is to deceiving himself through loosing "himself to himself" thus disconnecting him from his very source . As to the question, to the benefits of non indulgence can be understood- to the fall of the first parents into the indulgences against the word of God, for had they kept the word they would have developed what is known as "The Power of Resistance", which for eg. Biologically, in Physical terms the word Resistance is essential to survival today against the various diseases, even so more in the Spiritual, concerns all aspects to life since the Spiritual is the Basis of the Physical, moreover to GOD being Spirit & to this is come the Way, Life & Truth in Christ against the fall into the death, by His words "Overcome just as I Overcame", through Him to the Resurrection to The Life.
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HOLY THURSDAY is the most complex and profound of all religious observances. It celebrates his last supper with the disciples, a celebration of Passover ... continue reading
On Good Friday, each member of the Church tries to understand at what cost Christ has won our redemption. In the solemn ceremonies of Holy Week we unite ourselves to our Savior, and we contemplate our own death to sin in the Death of our Lord ... continue reading
Easter is the principal feast of the ecclesiastical year. Leo I (Sermo xlvii in Exodum) calls it the greatest feast (festum festorum), and says that Christmas is celebrated only in preparation for Easter. It is the centre of the greater part of the ecclesiastical year ... continue reading
For most people the easiest practice to consistently fulfill will be the traditional one, to abstain from meat on all Fridays of the year. During Lent abstinence from meat on Fridays is obligatory in the United States as elsewhere. Christ Himself said that His disciples would fast once He had departed (Lk. 5:35). continue reading
Everything answered from when does lent end, ashes, giving something up, stations of the cross and blessed palms. The key to understanding the meaning of Lent is simple: Baptism... continue reading
Stations of the Cross refers to the depiction of the final hours (or Passion) of Jesus, and the devotion commemorating the Passion. First Station: Jesus is condemned to death... pray the stations now
What did you give up for Lent?
From the humorous to the bizarre, people have had interesting Lenten experiences. Tell us about what you are going to give up for this Lenten Year.
What others gave up »
Lent / Easter News
The Power of the Resurrection in our Lives: Christ Is Risen; Indeed, He Is Risen!
F. K. Bartels - Catholic Online, 4/6/2013There is great cause for belief in the Resurrection. One of the most wonderful tenets of Catholicism and the true Christian religion the Church transmits, is that the Resurrection is a historical ...Continue Reading
What a Day! What a Way, the Easter Way, Alleluia!
Deacon Keith Fournier - Catholic Online, 4/1/2013Have you have heard the old adage, used often in a disparaging way, He�s so heavenly he is no earthly good. I suggest again that it misses the mark completely. We are Easter people. We are called to ...Continue Reading
The Surprise of Easter
Fr. Randy Sly - Catholic Online, 3/31/2013To make sure that all mankind knows that it is not over but actually just beginning, God has an Easter bombshell. While we may have been able to anticipate the wondrous joy of a day of resurrection, ...Continue Reading
Easter Vigil Homily of Pope Francis: Let the Risen Jesus Enter Your Life
Pope Francis - Catholic Online, 3/31/2013Our daily problems and worries can wrap us up in ourselves, in sadness and bitterness... and that is where death is. That is not the place to look for the One who is alive! Let the risen Jesus enter ...Continue Reading
Good Friday
On Good Friday, the entire Church fixes her gaze on the Cross at Calvary. Each member of the Church tries to understand at what cost Christ has won our redemption.
The Cross
In the symbol of the Cross we can see the magnitude of the human tragedy, the ravages of original sin, and the infinite love of God. Learn More
Ash Wednesday
Ash Wednesday marks the beginning of the Season of Lent. It is a season of penance, reflection, and fasting which prepares us for Christ's Resurrection on Easter Sunday, through which we attain redemption.
The Ashes
The ashes are made from the blessed palms used in the Palm Sunday celebration of the previous year. The ashes are christened with Holy Water and are scented by exposure to incense. Learn More
Stations of the Cross
Stations of the Cross refers to the depiction of the final hours (or Passion) of Jesus, and the devotion commemorating the Passion.
Opening Prayer
ACT OF CONTRITION. O my God, my Redeemer, behold me here at Thy feet. From the bottom of my heart... Pray the Stations
Fasting & Abstinence
'Christ Himself said that His disciples would fast once He had departed' Lk. 5:35
Abstinence. The law of abstinence requires a Catholic 14 years of age until death to abstain from eating meat on Fridays in honor of the Passion of Jesus on Good Friday. Salt and freshwater species of fish, amphibians, reptiles and shellfish are permitted.
Fasting. The law of fasting requires a Catholic from the 18th Birthday (Canon 97) to the 59th Birthday (i.e. the beginning of the 60th year, a year which will be completed on the 60th birthday) to reduce the amount of food eaten from normal. The Church defines this as one meal a day, and two smaller meals which if added together would not exceed the main meal.
Learn More »


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We were lucky enough to stay at the Ritz at LA Live for the third time for a company event. As with our prior two stays, the hotel was excellent. (Check out my prior reviews of the hotel for lots of details.) If you take nothing else away from the reviews, take the advice of adding Club Lounge access to... More
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1. | pleut | ||
A shortening of the French phrase, 'il pleut' meaning 'it is raining'. Pronounced 'pluh'.
It can be used:- 1. In place of the word rain. 2. As a verb, often used to describe a sad, bored, or generally negative state - although it can sometimes hold absolutely no meaning, and just be a pointless comment. 1. "Oh look, pleut clouds. Where did they come from?"
2. "You're pleuting."/"Hana pleut." |


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Eddie Gurrero - WWE Crush Hour Questions for PlayStation 2
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Eddie Gurrero
My son has this game and was wondering if there is a way to unlock Eddie Gurrero. If there is and he can unlock hime would someone please let me know?
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Call of Juarez fans will be pleased to know that Call of Juarez Gunslinger will be available from Wednesday, May 22nd, £11.99 on the PlayStation Network and Windows PC and 1200 Microsoft Points via..
Batgirl has now been released as a downloadable content (DLC) character for the DC Comics fighting game Injustice: Gods Among Us. Batgirl will be available from the 21st of May 2013 on Xbox LIVE Mar..
A new December screenshot gallery has been released for Assetto Corsa and features Ayrton Senna's driven Lotus 98T from Classic Team Lotus. These unedited ingame screenshots are taken from action at..
Laughing Jackal have announced that a major update for Hungry Giraffe on iPhone has been released. Version 1.2 of Hungry Giraffe has more festive features than you could shake a mince pie at, inclu..
Also on: GameCube, XBox, check out those pages for more help with this game.


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Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Articles / News / Camagüey / Homage Paid to Journalist and Painter of Camagüey in Havana
Wednesday, November 17, 2010
Camagüey, Cuba, Nov 16 - The book entitled "Victoria sobre una traición", by journalist Jorge Luis Betancourt was launched in Havana in a meeting during which the members of the Asociación de Camagüeyanos Ausentes (Camagüey-born personalities who reside in the Cuban capital) also honored artist Agustín Bejarano. Betancourt's book -an important abridgement of the events occurred in Camagüey on October 21, 1959, when Huber Matos' sedition was thwarted- was labeled a remarkable historic document in the meeting held in the Plaza de la Revolucion community arts center. As for Agustín Bejarano's work, the presents also applauded his art which appears in the main catalogs and exhibitions in Cuba and abroad.Betancourt also used the occasion to announce his new literary projects: "Inicio de la gesta alfabetizadora" (a book about the literacy campaign in Cuba) and "Minas de Frío, Fragua de Guerrilleros" in which he collects testimonies of veterans of the Rebel Army who remember Ernesto Che Guevara while heading the Recruit School in the Sierra Maestra. (Raysa Mestril Gutiérrez/Radio Cadena Agramonte).


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Pilot Scoop: Nurse Jackie Alum Arjun Gupta Relocates to CW's Company Town
Nurse Jackie's Arjun Gupta is putting down stakes in Company Town, The CW's military-themed drama pilot, TVLine has learned. READ MORE
Nurse Jackie's Arjun Gupta is putting down stakes in Company Town, The CW's military-themed drama pilot, TVLine has learned. READ MORE
Miss Congeniality, she ain't.
Check out the new poster for Showtime's Nurse Jackie …READ MORE & VIEW POSTER
Edie Falco's love life is heating up on Nurse Jackie.
TVLine has learned exclusively that Rescue Me's Adam Ferrera is joining the Showtime dramedy's Season 5 cast as a love interest for Falco's titular nurse. READ MORE
Bobby Cobb is booking it to CSI.
Cougar Town's Brian Van Holt will guest-star on the procedural this fall, CBS announced Monday, playing …READ MORE
This year's Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Emmy race is full of men of many talents: Three of the six contenders could take home multiple accolades at this year's ceremony, and the other half of the field is composed of repeat nominees. READ MORE
Hands down, the highlight of the 2011 Emmy ceremony were the pre-statuette hijinks by the nominees for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. And while Raising Hope's Martha Plimpton and The Big C's Laura Linney got left off the ballot and thus won't be able to help present the category winner with a ceremonial crown and sash, there are three new nominees in the mix, and hopefully they'll bring the same spirit of wackiness to the 2012 telecast. READ NOW & VOTE
There's plenty of new blood in the 2012 Emmy race for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. Indeed, this year's list of contenders doesn't include 50 percent of the 2011 nominees — namely, …READ MORE
Showtime has renewed Nurse Jackie for a fifth season and, in a killer behind-the-scenes twist, tapped former Dexter boss Clyde Phillips to serve as the new showrunner. READ MORE
On TV this Sunday: Fox celebrates 25 years of couch potatoes, Game of Thrones' Joffrey exacts punishment, Veep Julia Louis-Dreyfus' White House party begins and more. In addition to TVLine's original features (linked within), here are 10 programs to keep on your radar. READ MORE


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banana cream pie
Alright, I've run out of reasons to procrastinate, so let's get to it. Let's talk pie. Like, extraordinary, intense, jaw-dropping, labor of love pie. That, is what this is. It is no joke, no make-me-on-a-whim-because-you-suddenly-got-a-hankerin-for-a-really-good-wedge-of-fluffy-banana-cream-pie. This baby takes time and patience; it's definitely a celebratory pie if there ever was one and demands you to scream out after landing it gracefully on top of your highest pedestal for all to see, NAILED IT! Because you actually will. I have complete faith in you.
Unlike the more "traditional" banana cream — the one that involves pudding and wafer cookies, a banana and a pile of cool whip — this pie has five major components that each makes you invest your valuable nap time minutes (read: you will be making your own peanut butter, pastry cream and bourbon caramel, you can do it!). On an everyday basis I would be telling you streamline!, reduce it to one bowl!, substitute with things you already have stocked in your pantry! (peanut butter, I'm talking to you) but in this case, in this rare worth-it-to-spend-a-few-days-slaving moment, I want to tell you to forget it all just this once and do it the long way.


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Travel Yunnan: to the Unknown Frontier
Posted by: Liming in MyBlog on Mar 18, 2012
Benzilan is 3 hours by car from Shangri-la along the Yunnan - Tibet Road. It was an important trade stop on the ancient Tea and Horse Road.
In the past decade, I can't remember how many times that I travled on this road to worship the mysterious Kawagebo. Every time, I would make a lunch stop in the small one-streeted town of Benzilan. Sits between Deqin(Meili) and Shangri-la (Gyalthang), Benzilan was heaven to have a simple but tasty meal which was hard to find on highland. Rumor always had it that people in Benzilan cook well, but I believe it's the low altitude and relatively high boiling points that made rice softer and dishes tastier. Deep fried ribs decorated by a few pieces of mint leaves had been my all time favorite.
Now I am ready to embark on a journey determined to discover what more Benzilan has to offer -- other than deep fried pork ribs.
From the main road bustling with big trucks, we turned on to a smaller road leading deep to the mountains. Built only in 2007, this road connectes an unknown world to the busy Yunnan-Tibet road. 10minutes later, we arrived in a quite and sunny valley where Songtsam Benzilan locates.
Early March is still considered winter in Shangri-la, actually, there is more snow in March than in December. The warmth in Benzilan seems impossible to someone came from Shangri-la. Only 2hours ago I was trying to put on as much clothes as possible, but now, sitting outside in a light jacket, I am enjoying my coffee and a great view of spring.
Our neighbor is a cool old man who was a fearless hunter and talented craftsman. Most of his family now moved to the States, this old man however decided to stay for the easy and relaxing life style that only this secret valley has in a modern world. Baima - the founder of Songtsam bought quite a few antique Tibetan carpets and furnitures from this man, and that's how he decided to build a hotel in this location after a "treasure hunt" trip. The original idea was to bring guests to this village on horse back, but during the construction of the lodge, a new road was build to bring modernity to this village.
Liming Jia, March 8th, 2012 (To the continued...)


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"One of the outstanding pianists of our time."
— DownBeat
"I would urge all those with an interest in modern piano to lend an ear."
"Mike Wofford has the kind of forward melodic propulsion I associate with Tristano and Bud Powell.... {His} sense of invention is ever alert."
—David Dupont, Cadence
"A musician who makes equal use of brain, heart and muscle."
—Jazz Times
"Pianist Wofford plays at the heart of mainstream jazz with a graceful touch and a fountain of beautifully executed ideas."
—Jill McManus, The Star Ledger
"His sound reflects a classical touch and a huge technical proficiency mixed with a soulfulness and invention...."
—Dan McClenaghan, All About Jazz


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Team Discovers Second Potentially Habitable Earth-sized Exoplanet Nearby
Press Release
GJ 667C Paper
GJ 667C Movie: Orbital Comparison with Sun
GJ 667C Figure: Constellation View
GJ 667C Figure: Artist's Rendering
GJ 667C Figure: Phased Orbits
GJ 667C Figure: Periodograms
GJ 667C Figure: Top View
A planet-hunting team led by astronomers at UCSC and the Carnegie Institution of Washington has discovered a second earth-size planet orbiting a nearby star in the habitable zone where liquid water could exist. Findings are reported in a paper to be published in the Astrophysical Journal, which will be online at arXiv.org.
"This was expected to be a rather unlikely star to host planets. Yet there they are, around a very nearby, metal-poor example of the most common type of star in our galaxy," said Vogt, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at UCSC. "The detection of this planet, this nearby and this soon, implies that our galaxy must be teeming with billions of potentially habitable rocky planets." [More]


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Email: email@example.com
With effect from 1 October, I have retired from the department and the university.
I shall continue to have access to this email address (firstname.lastname@example.com) and hope to answer messages reasonably promptly. I shall continue to provide references for students with whose work I have been associated as supervisor or lecturer.
Colm Lennon
HY113: Ireland in the sixteenth century
HY258: Printers and readers: the culture of the printed book in the modern world
HY322: From medieval town to capital city: Dublin, 1450-1750
ES210: History of Europe, ancient, medieval and modern (transition from late medieval to early modern)
LS24: Case study in urban history: Dublin
Graduate of NUI: University College Dublin (BA 1970, MA 1975) and Maynooth (PhD 1987). Taught for a number of years at second level before joining the staff of the History Department at Maynooth in 1978. Subject of MA thesis: the writings of Richard Stanihurst (1547-1618) on Ireland, and of PhD thesis: the patriciate of Dublin in the Reformation (1560-1620). Both were published, one as Richard Stanihurst the Dubliner (Dublin, 1981) and the other as The lords of Dublin the age of Reformation (Dublin, 1989). Arising out of the teaching of Tudor Irish history courses, published a textbook, Sixteenth-century Ireland: the incomplete conquest in 1994. Research has continued in the fields of urban history, the social history of religion during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and the history of confraternities in Ireland and elsewhere (see list of publications). Was a Research Fellow at the Folger Institute in Washington, DC, in 1998. Received a Government of Ireland Senior Research Fellowship in 2002-2003 to study the history of early modern confraternities in Ireland. From 2005 to 2008 was Principal Investigator on a project researching the history of Irish confraternities and religious associations, 1775-1965, funded by the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Elected to membership of the Royal Irish Academy in 2007. Latest major publication is Irish Historic Towns Atlas: Dublin, Part II, 1610-1756 (Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2008).
Social, cultural and religious history of late medieval and early modern Ireland; Irish Reformation and Counter-Reformation studies; history of Dublin and other urban communities; history of confraternities in Ireland and elsewhere since the late middle ages.
'Recusancy and the Dublin Stanyhursts' in Archivium Hibernicum, xxxiii (1975), pp 101-110
'Richard Stanihurst (1547-1618) and Old English identity' in Irish Historical Studies, xxi (1978), pp 121-43
'Reform ideas and cultural resources in the inner Pale in the mid-sixteenth century' in Stair, ii (1979), pp 3-10
Richard Stanihurst the Dubliner (Dublin, 1981)
'Civic life and religion in early seventeenth Dublin' in Archivium Hibernicum, xxxviii (1983), pp 14-25
'The Counter-Reformation in Ireland, 1542-1641' in C. Brady and R. Gillespie (ed.), Natives and newcomers: essays on the making of Irish colonial society, 1534-1641 (Dublin, 1986), pp 75-92
'Civic privilege and state power in Dublin, 1534-1613' in Rostrum (1987), pp 107-14
'Spain and Europe, 1598-1618' in Stair, x (1987), pp 3-7
'Clontarf in the 1860s: seaside resort or residential suburb?' in Clontarf Annual (1987), pp 27-8
'"The beauty and eye of Ireland": the sixteenth century' in Art Cosgrove (ed.), Dublin through the ages (Dublin, 1988), pp 42-62
'The great explosion in Dublin in 1597' in Dublin Historical Record, xlii (1988), pp 7-20
The lords of Dublin in the age of Reformation (Dublin, 1989)
'The rise of recusancy among the Dublin patricians, 1580-1613' in W.J. Sheils and D. Wood (ed.), The churches, Ireland and the Irish: Studies in church history, xxv (Oxford, 1989), pp 123-32
(with R.V. Comerford, Mary Cullen and J.R. Hill), Religion, conflict and coexistence in Ireland: Essays in honour of Monsignor Patrick J. Corish (Dublin, 1990)
'The chantries in the Irish Reformation: the case of St Anne's guild, Dublin, 1550-1630' in R.V. Comerford, Mary Cullen, J.R. Hill and Colm Lennon (ed.), Religion, conflict and coexistence in Ireland: Essays in honour of Monsignor Patrick J. Corish (Dublin, 1990), pp 6-25
'The sixteenth century' in Réamoinn Ó Muirí (ed.), Irish church history today (Armagh, 1991), pp 27-41
'"The bowels of the city's bounty": the municipality of Dublin and the foundation of Trinity College' in Long Room, 37 (1992), pp 10-1
Sixteenth-century Ireland: the incomplete conquest (Dublin, 1994)
'The foundation charter of St Sythe's guild, Dublin, 1476' in Archivium Hibernicum, xlviii (1994), pp 3-12
'The survival of the confraternities in post-Reformation Dublin' in Confraternitas, 6 (1995), pp 5-12
'Dublin's great explosion of 1597' in History Ireland, iii (1995), pp 29-35
'Edmund Campion's Histories of Ireland and reform in Tudor Ireland' in Thomas McCoog (ed.), The reckoned expense: Edmund Campion and the early English Jesuits (Woodbridge, 1996), pp 67-84
'Primate Richard Creagh and the beginnings of the Irish Counter-Reformation' in Archivium Hibernicum, li (1997)
'Reformation to Restoration' in Sean Duffy (ed.), An atlas of Irish history (Dublin, 1997)
(edited, with Raymond Refaussé), The registers of Christ Church cathedral, Dublin (Dublin, 1998)
(edited, with James Murray), Dublin city franchise roll, 1468-1512 (Dublin, 1998)
(edited, with J.R. Hill), Luxury and austerity: Historical Studies XXII (Dublin, 1999)
'Political thought of Irish Counter-Reformation churchmen: the testimony of the "Analecta" of Bishop David Rothe' in Hiram Morgan (ed.), Irish political ideology, 1541-1641 (Dublin, 1999)
'Education and religious identity in early modern Ireland' in Pedagogica Historica: International Journal of the history of education: supplementary series, v (Ghent, 1999).
'Dives and Lazarus in sixteenth century Ireland' in J.R. Hill and Colm Lennon (ed.), Luxury and austerity: Historical Studies XXII (Dublin, 1999)
An Irish prisoner of conscience of the Tudor era: Archbishop Richard Creagh of Armagh, 1523-86 (Dublin, 2000)
The urban patriciates of early modern Ireland: a case-study of Limerick. (NUI O'Donnell lecture (1999), Dublin, 2000)
'Mass in the manor house: the Counter-Reformation in Dublin' in J. Kelly and D. Keogh (eds), History of the Catholic diocese of Dublin (Dublin, 2000), pp 112-26
'"A dangerous man to be among the Irish": Archbishop Richard Creagh and the early Irish Counter-Reformation' in History Ireland, 8 (2000), pp 27-31
'The beatified martyrs of Ireland: Francis Taylor' in Irish Theological Quarterly, 65 (2000), pp 353-61
'Le guerre di religione in Irlanda: colonizzazioni protestanti e martiri della Chiesa cattolica' in Luciano Vaccaro and Carlo Maria Pellizzi (ed.), Storia dell'Irlanda (Gazzada, 2001), pp 195-212
'The changing face of Dublin, 1550-1750' in Peter Clark and Raymond Gillespie (ed.), Two capitals: London and Dublin, 1500-1840 (Oxford, 2001), pp 149-66
'The Nugent family and the diocese of Kilmore in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries' in Breifne, x (2001), pp 360-74
'Irish confraternities, 1400-1700' in Confraternitas, 12 (2001), pp 36-9
'Richard Stanihurst's "Spanish Catholicism": ideology and diplomacy in Brussels and Madrid' in Enrique García Hernán, Miguel Ángel de Bunes, Óscar Recio Morales and Bernardo J. García García (ed.), Irland y la monarcquía Hispánica: Kinsale 1601-2001. Guerra, política, exilio y religion (Madrid, 2002), pp 75-88
'Religious wars in Ireland: plantations and martyrs of the Catholic church' in Brendan Bradshaw and Dáire Keogh (ed.), Christianity in Ireland: revisiting the story (Dublin, 2002), pp 86-95
'The shaping of a lay community in the Church of Ireland, 1558-1640' in Raymond Gillespie and W.G. Neely (ed.), The laity and the Church of Ireland, 1000-2000: all sorts and conditions (Dublin, 2002), pp 49-69
Five articles in Brian Lalor (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Ireland (Dublin, 2003), viz. Counter-Reformation, p. 243, martyrs, p. 699, Reformation, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, pp 919-20, Reformation, seventeenth to twenty-first centuries, pp 920-1, Rome and Ireland, p. 941
'Richard Stanihurst (1547-1618)' in Edward A. Malone (ed.), Dictionary of literary biography: volume 281: British rhetoricians and logicians, 1500-1660 (Farmington Hills, Ml, USA, 2003), pp 296-303
'Taking sides: the emergence of Irish catholic ideology' in Vincent P. Carey and Ute Lotz-Heumann (ed.), Taking sides? Colonial and confessional mentalités in early modern Ireland (Dublin, 2003), pp 78-93
'Des Irlandais écartelés entre le pape et la reine' in Histoire du Christianisme, 15 (Mars, 2003), pp 26-30
James S. Donnelly (ed.), Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture (Thomson, Gale, Farmington Hills, Ml, 2004): Council of Trent and the Catholic mission, I, 111-11; Education, 1500-1690, I, 184-6; English political and religious policies, responses to (1534-1690), I, 218-23; Lombard, Peter, I, 408; Old English, I, 500-02
Sixteenth-century Ireland: the incomplete conquest (2nd edition, Dublin, 2005)
(with Ciaran Diamond) 'The ministry of the Church of Ireland, 1536-1636' in T.C. Barnard and W.G. Neely (ed.), The clergy of the Church of Ireland, 1000-2000: messengers, watchmen and stewards (Dublin, 2006), pp 44-58
'The print trade, 1550 – 1700' in Raymond Gillespie and Andrew Hadfield (ed.), The Oxford history of the Irish book: Volume III The Irish book in English, 1550 – 1800 (Oxford, 2006), pp 63-73
'The print trade, 1700 – 1800' in Raymond Gillespie and Andrew Hadfield (ed.), The Oxford history of the Irish book: Volume III The Irish book in English, 1550 – 1800 (Oxford, 2006), pp 74-90
'The dawn of the Reformation in Ireland' in John R. Bartlett and Stuart D. Kinsella (ed.), Two thousand years of Christianity (Dublin, 2006), pp 105-18
'Recusancy and Counter-Reformation' in John R. Bartlett and Stuart D. Kinsella (ed.), Two thousand years of Christianity (Dublin, 2006), pp 119- 132
'The Book of Obits of Christ Church cathedral, Dublin' in Raymond Gillespie and Raymond Refaussé (ed.), The medieval manuscripts of Christ Church cathedral, Dublin (Dublin, 2006), pp 163-82
'The Fitzgeralds of Kildare and the building of a dynastic image, 1500-1630' in William Nolan and Thomas McGrath (ed.), Kildare: history and society: interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county (Dublin, 2006), pp 195-212
'The confraternities and cultural duality in Ireland, 1450-1550' in Christopher Black and Pamela Gravestock (ed.), Early modern confraternities in Europe and the Americas: international and interdisciplinary perspectives (London, 2006), pp 35-52
'Fraternity and community in early modern Dublin' in Robert Armstrong and Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin (ed.), Community in early modern Ireland (Dublin, 2006), pp 167–178
'Bishops in contention: secular and ecclesiastical politics in later sixteenth-century Clogher' in Clogher Record, xx (2006), pp 1-12
'Edmund Campion's Histories of Ireland and reform in Tudor Ireland' in Thomas McCoog (ed.), The reckoned expense: Edmund Campion and the early English Jesuits (Rome, 2007), pp 75-96
'Pedagogy and reform: the influence of Peter White on Irish scholarship in the Renaissance' in Thomas Herron and Michael Potterton (ed.), Ireland in the Renaissance, c.540-1660 (Dublin, 2007), pp 43-51
'The parish fraternities of County Meath' in Ríocht na Midhe, xix (2008), pp 85-101
'Ossory and the Reformation: the testimony of Carrigan's History and antiquities' in Ossory, Laois and Leinster, iii (2008), pp 73-86
Irish Historic Towns Atlas No. 19: Dublin, Part II, 1610-1756 (Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2008)
'The medieval town in the early modern city: attitudes to Dublin's immediate past in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries' in John Bradley, Alan J. Fletcher and Anngret Simms (eds), Dublin in the medieval world: studies in honour of Howard B. Clarke (Dublin, 2009), pp 435-47.
'From Speed to Rocque: the development of early modern Dublin' in Dublin Historical Record, lxii (2009), pp 2-15.
'The dissolution to the foundation of St Anthony's College, Louvain, 1534-1607' in Edel Breathnach, Joseph MacMahon and John McCafferty (eds), The Irish Franciscans, 1534-1990 (Dublin, 2009), pp 3-26
'The Richard Stanihurst-Justus Lipsius friendship: scholarship and religion under Spanish Habsburg patronage in the late sixteenth century' in Jason Harris and Keith Sidwell (eds), Making Ireland Roman: Irish neo-Latin writers and the republic of letters (Cork, 2009), pp 48-58
Dublin, 1610-1756: the making of the early modern city (Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2009)
'Religious and social change in early modern Limerick: the testimony of the Sexton family papers' in Liam Irwin, Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh and Matthew Potter (eds), Limerick: history and society: interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county (Dublin, 2009), pp 113-128
Dublin's civic buildings in the early modern period: the Sir John T. Gilbert commemorative lecture, 2009 (Dublin City Public Libraries, Dublin, 2010)