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Cosmic dust
Cosmic dust can be taken to be all dust in the cosmos, as its name implies, or limited to space dust in our solar system, as scientists who study dust in the solar system prefer. It is for the most part a type of small dust particles which are a few molecules to 0.1 µm in size. A smaller fraction of all dust in space consists of larger refractory minerals that condensed as matter left the stars. It is called "stardust" and is included in a separate section below. Cosmic dust can be further distinguished by its astronomical location: intergalactic dust, interstellar dust, interplanetary dust (such as in the zodiacal cloud) and circumplanetary dust (such as in a planetary ring). In our own Solar System, interplanetary dust causes the zodiacal light. Sources of solar system dust include comet dust, asteroidal dust, dust from the Kuiper belt, and interstellar dust passing through our solar system. The terminology has no specific application for describing materials found on the planet Earth except for dust that has demonstrably fallen to earth. In October 2011, scientists reported that cosmic dust contains complex organic matter ("amorphous organic solids with a mixed aromatic-aliphatic structure") that could be created naturally, and rapidly, by stars.[1][2][3]
Study and importance [edit]
Cosmic dust was once solely an annoyance to astronomers, as it obscures objects they wish to observe. When infrared astronomy began, those previously annoying dust particles were observed to be significant and vital components of astrophysical processes.
For example, cosmic dust can drive the mass loss when a star is nearing the end of its life, play a part in the early stages of star formation, and form planets. In our own solar system, dust plays a major role in the zodiacal light, Saturn's B Ring spokes, the outer diffuse planetary rings at Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and comets.
The study of dust is a many-faceted research topic that brings together different scientific fields: physics (solid-state, electromagnetic theory, surface physics, statistical physics, thermal physics), fractal mathematics, chemistry (chemical reactions on grain surfaces), meteoritics, as well as every branch of astronomy and astrophysics.[4] These disparate research areas can be linked by the following theme: the cosmic dust particles evolve cyclically; chemically, physically and dynamically. The evolution of dust traces out paths in which the universe recycles material, in processes analogous to the daily recycling steps with which many people are familiar: production, storage, processing, collection, consumption, and discarding. Observations and measurements of cosmic dust in different regions provide an important insight into the universe's recycling processes; in the clouds of the diffuse interstellar medium, in molecular clouds, in the circumstellar dust of young stellar objects, and in planetary systems such as our own solar system, where astronomers consider dust as in its most recycled state. The astronomers accumulate observational 'snapshots' of dust at different stages of its life and, over time, form a more complete movie of the universe's complicated recycling steps.
The detection of cosmic dust points to another facet of cosmic dust research: dust acting as photons. Once cosmic dust is detected, the scientific problem to be solved is an inverse problem to determine what processes brought that encoded photon-like object (dust) to the detector. Parameters such as the particle's initial motion, material properties, intervening plasma and magnetic field determined the dust particle's arrival at the dust detector. Slightly changing any of these parameters can give significantly different dust dynamical behavior. Therefore one can learn about where that object came from, and what is (in) the intervening medium.
Detection methods [edit]
Cosmic dust can be detected by indirect methods utilizing the radiative properties of cosmic dust.
Cosmic dust can also be detected directly ('in-situ') using a variety of collection methods and from a variety of collection locations. At the Earth, generally, an average of 40 tons per day of extraterrestrial material falls to the Earth.[5] The Earth-falling dust particles are collected in the Earth's atmosphere using plate collectors under the wings of stratospheric-flying NASA airplanes and collected from surface deposits on the large Earth ice-masses (Antarctica and Greenland/the Arctic) and in deep-sea sediments. Don Brownlee at the University of Washington in Seattle first reliably identified the extraterrestrial nature of collected dust particles in the later 1970s. Another source is the meteorites, which contain stardust extracted from them (see below). Stardust grains are solid refractory pieces of individual presolar stars. They are recognized by their extreme isotopic compositions, which can only be isotopic compositions within evolved stars, prior to any mixing with the interstellar medium. These grains condensed from the stellar matter as it cooled while leaving the star.
In interplanetary space, dust detectors on planetary spacecraft have been built and flown, some are presently flying, and more are presently being built to fly. The large orbital velocities of dust particles in interplanetary space (typically 10–40 km/s) make intact particle capture problematic. Instead, in-situ dust detectors are generally devised to measure parameters associated with the high-velocity impact of dust particles on the instrument, and then derive physical properties of the particles (usually mass and velocity) through laboratory calibration (i.e. impacting accelerated particles with known properties onto a laboratory replica of the dust detector). Over the years dust detectors have measured, among others, the impact light flash, acoustic signal and impact ionisation. Recently the dust instrument on Stardust captured particles intact in low-density aerogel.
Dust detectors in the past flew on the HEOS-2, Helios, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Giotto, and Galileo space missions, on the Earth-orbiting LDEF, EURECA, and Gorid satellites, and some scientists have utilized the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft as giant Langmuir probes to directly sample the cosmic dust. Presently dust detectors are flying on the Ulysses, Cassini, Proba, Rosetta, Stardust, and the New Horizons spacecraft. The collected dust at Earth or collected further in space and returned by sample-return space missions is then analyzed by dust scientists in their respective laboratories all over the world. One large storage facility for cosmic dust exists at the NASA Houston JSC.
Infrared light can penetrate the cosmic dust clouds, allowing us to peer into regions of star formation and the centers of galaxies. NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope is the largest infrared telescope ever launched into space. The Spitzer Space Telescope (formerly SIRTF, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility) was launched into space by a Delta rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida on 25 August 2003. During its mission, Spitzer will obtain images and spectra by detecting the infrared energy, or heat, radiated by objects in space between wavelengths of 3 and 180 micrometres. Most of this infrared radiation is blocked by the Earth's atmosphere and cannot be observed from the ground. The findings from the Spitzer already revitalized the studies of cosmic dust. A recent report from a Spitzer team shows some evidence that cosmic dust is formed near a supermassive black hole.[6]
Radiative properties of cosmic dust [edit]
A dust particle interacts with electromagnetic radiation in a way that depends on its cross section, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation, and on the nature of the grain: its refractive index, size, etc. The radiation process for an individual grain is called its emissivity, dependent on the grain's efficiency factor. Furthermore, we have to specify whether the emissivity process is extinction, scattering, absorption, or polarisation. In the radiation emission curves, several important signatures identify the composition of the emitting or absorbing dust particles.
Dust particles can scatter light nonuniformly. Forward-scattered light means that light is redirected slightly by diffraction off its path from the star/sunlight, and back-scattered light is reflected light.
The scattering and extinction ("dimming") of the radiation gives useful information about the dust grain sizes. For example, if the object(s) in one's data is many times brighter in forward-scattered visible light than in back-scattered visible light, then we know that a significant fraction of the particles are about a micrometer in diameter.
The scattering of light from dust grains in long exposure visible photographs is quite noticeable in reflection nebulae, and gives clues about the individual particle's light-scattering properties. In X-ray wavelengths, many scientists are investigating the scattering of X-rays by interstellar dust, and some have suggested that astronomical X-ray sources would possess diffuse haloes, due to the dust.[8]
Stardust [edit]
Stardust grains (also called presolar grains by meteoriticists) are contained within meteorites, from which they are extracted in terrestrial laboratories. The meteorites have stored those stardust grains ever since the meteorites first assembled within the planetary accretion disk more than four billion years ago. So-called carbonaceous chondrites are especially fertile reservoirs of stardust. Each stardust grain existed before the earth was formed. Stardust is a scientific term; not just a poetic one, referring to refractory dust grains that condensed from cooling ejected gases from individual presolar stars and mixed into the cloud from which the solar system condensed.
Many different types of stardust have been identified by laboratory measurements of the highly unusual isotopic composition of the chemical elements that comprise each stardust grain. These refractory mineral grains may earlier have been coated with volatile compounds, but those are lost in the dissolving of meteorite matter in acids, leaving only insoluble refractory minerals. Finding the grain cores without dissolving most of the meteorite has been possible, but difficult and labor intensive (see presolar grains).
Many new aspects of nucleosynthesis have been discovered from the isotopic ratios within the stardust grains.[9] An important property of stardust is the hard, refractory, high-temperature nature of the grains. Prominent are silicon carbide, graphite, aluminium oxide, aluminium spinel, and other such grains that would condense at high temperature from a cooling gas, such as in stellar winds or in the decompression of the inside of a supernova. They differ greatly from the solids formed at low temperature within the interstellar medium.
Also important are their extreme isotopic compositions, which are expected to exist nowhere in the interstellar medium. This also suggests that the stardust condensed from the gases of individual stars before the isotopes could be diluted by mixing with the interstellar medium. These allow the source stars to be identified. For example, the heavy elements within the SiC grains are almost pure S-process isotopes, fitting their condensation within AGB star red giant winds inasmuch as the AGB stars are the main source of S-process nucleosynthesis and have atmospheres observed by astronomers to be highly enriched in dredged-up s process elements. Another dramatic example comes from the supernova condensates, usually shortened by acronym to SUNOCON to distinguish them from other stardust condensed within stellar atmospheres. SUNOCONs contain in their calcium an excessively large abundance[10] of 44Ca, demonstrating that they condensed containing abundant radioactive 44Ti, which has a 65 year half-life. It was thus still alive when the SUNOCON condensed within the expanding supernova interior but would have been extinct after the time required for mixing with the interstellar gas. Its discovery proved the prediction[11] from 1975 to identify SUNOCONs in this way. But SiC SUNOCONs are only about 1% as numerous as are SiC stardust from AGB stars.
Stardust is but a modest fraction of the condensed cosmic dust, forming less than 0.1% of the mass of total interstellar solids. The high interest in stardust derives from new information that it has brought to the sciences of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis.
A fascinating aspect to human culture is the study within terrestrial laboratories of solids that existed before the earth existed.[12] This was once thought impossible, especially in the decades when cosmochemists were confident that the solar system began as a hot gas virtually devoid of any remaining solids, which would have been vaporized by high temperature. The very existence of stardust shows that this historic picture was incorrect.
Some bulk properties of cosmic dust [edit]
Cosmic dust is made of dust grains and aggregates of dust grains. These particles are irregularly-shaped with porosity ranging from fluffy to compact. The composition, size, and other properties depends on where the dust is found, and conversely, a compositional analysis of a dust particle can reveal much about the dust particle's origin. General diffuse interstellar medium dust, dust grains in dense clouds, planetary rings dust, and circumstellar dust, are each different in their characteristics. For example, grains in dense clouds have acquired a mantle of ice and on average are larger than dust particles in the diffuse interstellar medium. Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) are generally larger still.
Most of the influx of extraterrestrial matter that falls onto the Earth is dominated by meteoroids with diameters in the range 50 to 500 micrometers, of average density 2.0 g/cm³ (with porosity about 40%). The densities of most IDPs captured in the Earth's stratosphere range between 1 and 3 g/cm³, with an average density at about 2.0 g/cm³.[13]
Other specific dust properties:
- In circumstellar dust, astronomers have found molecular signatures of CO, silicon carbide, amorphous silicate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water ice, and polyformaldehyde, among others (in the diffuse interstellar medium, there is evidence for silicate and carbon grains).
- Cometary dust is generally different (with overlap) from asteroidal dust. Asteroidal dust resembles carbonaceous chondritic meteorites, and cometary dust resembles interstellar grains, which can include the elements: silicates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and water ice.
Dust grain formation [edit]
The large grains in interstellar space are probably complex, with refractory cores that condensed within stellar outflows topped by layers acquired subsequently during incursions into cold dense interstellar clouds. That cyclic process of growth and destruction outside of the clouds has been modeled [14] to demonstrate that the cores live much longer than the average lifetime of dust mass. Those cores mostly start with silicate particles condensing in the atmospheres of cool oxygen rich red-giant stars and carbon grains condensing in the atmospheres of cool carbon stars. The red-giant stars have evolved off the main sequence and have entered the giant phase of their evolution and are the major source of refractory dust grain cores in galaxies. Those refractory cores are also called Stardust (section above), which is a scientific term for the small fraction of cosmic dust that condensed thermally within stellar gases as they were ejected from the stars. Several percent of refractory grain cores have condensed within expanding interiors of supernovae, a type of cosmic decompression chamber. And meteoriticists that study this refractory stardust extracted from meteorites often call it presolar grains, although the refractory stardust that they study is actually only a small fraction of all presolar dust. Stardust condenses within the stars via considerably different condensation chemistry than that of the bulk of cosmic dust, which accretes cold onto preexisting dust in dark molecular clouds of the galaxy. Those molecular clouds are very cold, typically less than 50K, so that ices of many kinds may accrete onto grains, perhaps to be destroyed later. Finally, when the solar system formed, interstellar dust grains were further modified by chemical reactions within the planetary accretion disk. So the history of the complex grains in the early solar system is complicated and only partially understood.
Astronomers know that the dust is formed in the envelopes of late-evolved stars from specific observational signatures. In infrared light, emission at 9.7 micrometres is a signature of silicate dust in cool evolved oxygen-rich giant stars. Emission at 11.5 micrometres indicates the presence of silicon carbide dust in cool evolved carbon-rich giant stars. These help provide evidence that the small silicate particles in space came from the ejected outer envelopes of these stars.[15][16]
Conditions in interstellar space are generally not suitable for the formation of silicate cores. This would take excessive time to accomplish, even if it might be possible. The arguments are that: given an observed typical grain diameter a, the time for a grain to attain a, and given the temperature of interstellar gas, it would take considerably longer than the age of the universe for interstellar grains to form.[17] On the other hand, grains are seen to have recently formed in the vicinity of nearby stars, in nova and supernova ejecta, and in R Coronae Borealis variable stars which seem to eject discrete clouds containing both gas and dust. So mass loss from stars is unquestionably where the refractory cores of grains formed.
Most dust in our solar system is highly processed dust, recycled from the material out of which our solar system formed and subsequently collected in the planetesimals, and leftover solid material such as comets and asteroids, and reformed in each of those bodies' collisional lifetimes. During our solar system's formation history, the most abundant element was (and still is) H2. The metallic elements: magnesium, silicon, and iron, which are the principal ingredients of rocky planets, condensed into solids at the highest temperatures of the planetary disk. Some molecules such as CO, N2, NH3, and free oxygen, existed in a gas phase. Some molecules, for example, graphite (C) and SiC would condense into solid grains in the planetary disk; but carbon and SiC grains found in meteorites are presolar based on their isotopic compositions, rather than from the planetary disk formation. Some molecules also formed complex organic compounds and some molecules formed frozen ice mantles, of which either could coat the "refractory" (Mg, Si, Fe) grain cores. Stardust once more provides an exception to the general trend, as it appears to be totally unprocessed since its thermal condensation within stars as refractory crystalline minerals. The condensation of graphite occurs within supernova interiors as they expand and cool, and do so even in gas containing more oxygen than carbon,[18] a surprising carbon chemistry made possible by the intense radioactive environment of supernovae. This special example of dust formation has merited specific review.[19]
Planetary disk formation of precursor molecules was determined, in large part, by the temperature of the solar nebula. Since the temperature of the solar nebula decreased with heliocentric distance, scientists can infer a dust grain's origin(s) with knowledge of the grain's materials. Some materials could only have been formed at high temperatures, while other grain materials could only have been formed at much lower temperatures. The materials in a single interplanetary dust particle often show that the grain elements formed in different locations and at different times in the solar nebula. Most of the matter present in the original solar nebula has since disappeared; drawn into the Sun, expelled into interstellar space, or reprocessed, for example, as part of the planets, asteroids or comets.
Due to their highly-processed nature, IDPs (interplanetary dust particles) are fine-grained mixtures of thousands to millions of mineral grains and amorphous components. We can picture an IDP as a "matrix" of material with embedded elements which were formed at different times and places in the solar nebula and before our solar nebula's formation. Examples of embedded elements in cosmic dust are GEMS, chondrules, and CAIs.
From the solar nebula to Earth [edit]
The arrows in the adjacent diagram show one possible path from a collected interplanetary dust particle back to the early stages of the solar nebula.
We can follow the trail to the right in the diagram to the IDPs that contain the most volatile and primitive elements. The trail takes us first from interplanetary dust particles to chondritic interplanetary dust particles. Planetary scientists classify chondritic IDPs in terms of their diminishing degree of oxidation so that they fall into three major groups: the carbonaneous, the ordinary, and the enstatite chondrites. As the name implies, the carbonaceous chondrites are rich in carbon, and many have anomalies in the isotopic abundances of H, C, N, and O (Jessberger, 2000)[citation needed]. From the carbonaceous chondrites, we follow the trail to the most primitive materials. They are almost completely oxidized and contain the most low condensation temperature elements ("volatile" elements) and the largest amount of organic compounds. Therefore, dust particles with these elements are thought to be formed in the early life of our solar system. Why? The volatile elements have never seen temperatures above about 500 K, therefore, one can conclude that the IDP grain "matrix" consists of some very primitive solar system material. Such a scenario is true in the case of comet dust.[20] The provenance of the small fraction that is stardust (see above) is quite different; these refractory interstellar minerals thermally condense within stars, become a small component of interstellar matter, and therefore remain in the presolar planetary disk.
We can learn more about these particles' origin, by examining their surfaces. If we examine, in the laboratory, dust particles' density of solar flare tracks, their amorphous rims, and the spallogenic isotopes from cosmic rays (Flynn, 1996)[citation needed], then we have good clues for how long a particle has been traveling in space. Nuclear damage tracks are caused by the ion flux from solar flares. Solar wind ions impacting on the particle's surface produce amorphous radiation damaged rims on the particle's surface. And spallogenic nuclei are produced by galactic and solar cosmic rays. A dust particle that originates in the Kuiper Belt at 40 AU would have many more times the density of tracks, thicker amorphous rims and higher integrated doses than a dust particle originating in the main-asteroid belt.
Based on recent computer model studies, the complex organic molecules necessary for life may have formed in the protoplanetary disk of dust grains surrounding the Sun before the formation of the Earth.[21] According to the computer studies, this same process may also occur around other stars that acquire planets.[21] (Also see Extraterrestrial organic molecules.)
In September 2012, NASA scientists reported that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), subjected to interstellar medium (ISM) conditions, are transformed, through hydrogenation, oxygenation and hydroxylation, to more complex organics - "a step along the path toward amino acids and nucleotides, the raw materials of proteins and DNA, respectively".[22][23] Further, as a result of these transformations, the PAHs lose their spectroscopic signature which could be one of the reasons "for the lack of PAH detection in interstellar ice grains, particularly the outer regions of cold, dense clouds or the upper molecular layers of protoplanetary disks."[22][23]
Dust grain destruction [edit]
How are the interstellar grains destroyed? There are several ultraviolet processes which lead to grain "explosions" for tiny grains.[24][25] More prominent for interstellar dust grains is sputtering erosion when energetic atoms or ions pierce the surface of a solid to deposit enough energy to cause secondary ions to be ejected from the resulting internal explosion of fast ions. This causes total mass to be sputtered away with a mean lifetime M/(dM/dt)= 2-4x108 years.[26] Grain-grain collisions also influence the grain size distribution.[27] Stochastic models of such repeating cycles following intermittent reincorporation into molecular clouds to rebuild the overlying shell mass for the grains demonstrate that the refractory grain cores have a much longer mean lifetime against destruction that does the grain mass; viz for cores M/(dM/dt)= 3x109 years, about tenfold longer on average.[28] This survival mechanism explains how the refractory cores can live so long in the interstellar medium. The extreme isotopic compositions of the older cores endows them with a greater potential for cosmic chemical memory.[29] Dust grains incorporated into stars are also formed by complete evaporation, but only a relatively small fraction of the mass of a star-forming cloud actually ends up in stars. Therefore a typical grain core goes through many molecular clouds and has mantles added and later removed many times before the grain core is destroyed.[28]
Some "dusty" clouds in the universe [edit]
Our solar system has its own interplanetary dust cloud; extrasolar systems too.
There are different types of nebulae with different physical causes and processes. One might see these classifications:
- diffuse nebula
- infrared (IR) reflection nebula
- supernova remnant
- molecular cloud
- HII regions
- photodissociation regions
- Dark Nebula
Distinctions between those types of nebula are that different radiation processes are at work. For example, H II regions, like the Orion Nebula, where a lot of star-formation is taking place, are characterized as thermal emission nebulae. Supernova remnants, on the other hand, like the Crab Nebula, are characterized as nonthermal emission (synchrotron radiation).
Some of the better known dusty regions in the universe are the diffuse nebulae in the Messier catalog, for example: M1, M8, M16, M17, M20, M42, M43 Messier Catalog
Some larger 'dusty' catalogs that you can access from the NSSDC, CDS, and perhaps other places are:
- Sharpless (1959) A Catalogue of HII Regions
- Lynds (1965) Catalogue of Bright Nebulae
- Lunds (1962) Catalogue of Dark Nebulae
- van den Bergh (1966) Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae
- Green (1988) Rev. Reference Cat. of Galactic SNRs
Images [edit]
See also [edit]
Further reading [edit]
- Evans, Aneurin (1994). The Dusty Universe. Ellis Horwood.
References [edit]
- ^ Chow, Denise (26 October 2011). "Discovery: Cosmic Dust Contains Organic Matter from Stars". Space.com. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ ScienceDaily Staff (26 October 2011). "Astronomers Discover Complex Organic Matter Exists Throughout the Universe". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ Kwok, Sun; Zhang, Yong (26 October 2011). "Mixed aromatic–aliphatic organic nanoparticles as carriers of unidentified infrared emission features". Nature. Bibcode:2011Natur.479...80K. doi:10.1038/nature10542.
- ^ Eberhard Grün (2001). Interplanetary dust. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-42067-3.
- ^ Leinert C.; Gruen E. (1990). "Interplanetary Dust". Physics and Chemistry in Space (R. Schwenn and E. Marsch eds.). Springer-Verlag. pp. 204––275.
- ^ Markwick-Kemper, F.; Gallagher, S. C.; Hines, D. C.; Bouwman, J. (2007). "Dust in the Wind: Crystalline Silicates, Corundum, and Periclase in PG 2112+059". Astrophysical Journal 668 (2): L107–L110. arXiv:0710.2225. Bibcode:2007ApJ...668L.107M. doi:10.1086/523104.
- ^ "A glowing jet from a young star". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Smith RK, Edgar RJ, Shafer RA (Dec 2002). "The X-ray halo of GX 13+1". Ap J 581 (1): 562–69. arXiv:astro-ph/0204267. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..562S. doi:10.1086/344151.
- ^ D. D. Clayton and L. R. Nittler (2004). "Astrophysics with Presolar Stardust". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 42 (1): 39–78. Bibcode:2004ARA&A..42...39C. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134022.
- ^ L.R.Nittler, S. Amari, E. Zinner and S.E.Woosley, Astrophys. J., 462, L31-34 (1996)
- ^ Donald D. Clayton, 22Na, Ne-E, Extinct radioactive anomalies and unsupported 40Ar, Nature, 257, 36-37 (1975)
- ^ Donald D. Clayton, Planetary solids older than the earth, Science, 288, 619 (2000)
- ^ Love S. G., Joswiak D. J., and Brownlee D. E. (1992). "Densities of stratospheric micrometeorites". Icarus 111 (1): 227–236. Bibcode:1994Icar..111..227L. doi:10.1006/icar.1994.1142.
- ^ Kurt Liffman and Donald D. Clayton , Stochastic histories of refractory interstellar dust, Proceeding Lunar Planet. Sci. Conference, 18, 637-57 (1988); Kurt Liffman and Donald D. Clayton, Stochasic evolution of refractory interstellar dust during the chemical evolution of a two-phase interstellar medium, Astrohys. J., 340. 853-68 (1989)
- ^ Humphreys, Roberta M.; Strecker, Donald W.; Ney, E. P. (1972). "Spectroscopic and Photometric Observations of M Supergiants in Carina". Astrophysical Journal 172: 75. Bibcode:1972ApJ...172...75H. doi:10.1086/151329.
- ^ Evans 1994, pp. 164-167
- ^ Evans 1994, pp. 147-148
- ^ Donald D. Clayton, W. Liu and A. Dalgarno, Condensation of carbon in radioactive supernova gas, Science, 283, 1290-92 (1999)
- ^ Donald D. Clayton, A new astronomy with radioactivity: radiogenic carbon chemistry, New Astronomy Reviews, 55, 155-65 (2011)
- ^ Gruen, Eberhard (1999). "Interplanetary Dust and the Zodiacal Cloud". Encyclopedia of the Solar System. pp. XX.
- ^ a b Moskowitz, Clara (29 March 2012). "Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun". Space.com. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ a b Staff (September 20, 2012). "NASA Cooks Up Icy Organics to Mimic Life's Origins". Space.com. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
- ^ a b Gudipati, Murthy S.; Yang, Rui (September 1, 2012). "In-Situ Probing Of Radiation-Induced Processing Of Organics In Astrophysical Ice Analogs—Novel Laser Desorption Laser Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectroscopic Studies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 756 (1). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/756/1/L24. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
- ^ d'hendecourt, L. B.; Allamandola, L. J.; Greenberg, J. M. (1985). "The volatile element enrichment of chondritic interplanetary dust particles". Astronomy and Astrophysics 152: 130–150. Bibcode:1985A&A...152..130D.
- ^ Greenberg, J. M. (1976). "Radical formation, chemical processing, and explosion of interstellar grains". Astrophysics and Space Science (Symposium on Solid State Astrophysics, University College, Cardiff, Wales, July 9–12, 1974.) 139: 9–18.
- ^ B.T. Draine and E.E. Salpeter, Destruction mechanisms for interstellar dust, Astrophys. J.,231, 438-55 (1979); C.G. Seab and J.M. Shull, Shock processing of interstellar grains, Astrophys. J.. 275, 652-60 (1983)
- ^ Evans 1994
- ^ a b Kurt Liffman and Donald D. Clayton, Stochastic histories of refractory interstellar dust, Proceedings Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,18, 637-57 (1988)
- ^ Donald D. Clayton, Cosmic chemical memory: a new astronomy, Q.J.R.A.S., 23, 174-212 (1981), the 1981 George Darwin Lecture of the Royal Astronomical Society


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Rating: 3.6 (2,783) Cost: Free Downloads: 100,000 - 500,000
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A Message from the Interim Dean
Welcome to Florida Atlantic University College of Business. Founded in 1964, the College of Business is home to 8,100 students, six departments, and a comprehensive slate of interdisciplinary and professional development programs that are nationally accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Our programs range from the BA and BS degrees all the way to the Ph.D. in Business Administration. Our world class faculty has a passion not only for giving students a basic set of business skills, but also for providing education that is designed to serve them for a lifetime.
Named one of the "Best Business Schools" in 2011 by The Princeton Review and one of America's "Top 50 Business Schools for Entrepreneurs" by Success magazine, our programs continue to receive national recognition in an ever expanding and changing business environment. The College of Business strives to powerfully impact our business community through nationally recognized academic excellence and by further focusing on three areas: Accounting, Entrepreneurship, and International Business.
As a dynamic learning environment, we continually evolve our curriculum to meet the needs of our students and their employers. At the undergraduate and masters' levels, the School of Accounting is transforming its highly reputed Scholars Program to a university honors program with greater student access and university-wide recognition. In an effort to further open the means of communication between our College and the community, as well as become a valuable resource in education, I am proud to announce that we have completed our 19 month comprehensive website redesign project, which debuted on August 22, 2011. This website is in constant flux as it mirrors the College's advances in various fields and serves external stakeholders, faculty, and students alike in disseminating information about the College and the role it plays in our local economy.
I would like to express my great appreciation to all members of our community, faculty, staff, students and of course alumni - for their support and many contributions to the College of Business this past year and I look forward to achieving greater success in the coming year. We are here to serve you. Go Business Owls!!!
Somnath Bhattacharya, Ph.D.
Florida Atlantic University
College of Business
Empower. Engage. Experience


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The Dark Knight Rises (with soft subtitles) 12A
Tuesday 31st July to Sunday 5th August
Christopher Nolan has achieved an auteur like status working primarily in Hollywood, and last year's Inception merely solidified that status. He returns to his Gotham City stomping ground for a final go-around with Christian Bale's Batman, adding Anne Hathaway as Selina Kyle (aka Catwoman) and the wonderful Tom Hardy as the brutal Bat breaking Bane to the mix.
- Director Christopher Nolan
- Origin USA
- Year 2012
- Duration 165 mins


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The police-DOJ pact: Way less than meets the eye
A chance to rally behind long-needed major reforms ended up just lateraling the issues to a new group. Here's how we lost the opportunity for big yardage.
The relief that greeted the peace treaty between Seattle Police and the Department of Justice late last month obscured just how minimal was the progress. Avoiding a threatened lawsuit was the one sure benefit. After that, one enters the realm of lost opportunity and (very) guarded optimism.
"There was an opportunity all along for substantive reform of the Department, using the DOJ investigation as the leverage to get there," observes one well-placed source at City Hall. "Instead, we elected to play small ball." The agreement sidesteps the tough questions: specific remedies, timelines, police training, management oversight, undoing detailed regulations that the Police Guild has imposed on managment. Those substantive issues are kicked down the road to a citizen's commission and a court monitor to try to work out what all the king's men couldn't agree on.
What might have been a historic, multi-lateral agreement among police, the mayor, the city council, the city attorney, the U.S. Attorney, and the public, became instead a lateral. The ball is tossed to a court monitor, still to be named, who must develop the policies and safeguards, working with a citizen's commission, still to be named.
Good luck on that, many feel.
Consider what the monitor will face. There are very few negotiated points of reform to oversee, mostly just hot potatoes to try to resolve. He or she will come into a department that is deeply distrustful of people with no history inside the department and with very little knowledge of Seattle. He or she will be dealing with Chief John Diaz, whose community reputation sank during the year of negotiations because he never stepped up to join the reform parade, chosing rather to rally police resistance. The same holds true for Mayor Mike McGinn, who fought off the DOJ lawsuit, resisted any grand bargains, and got himself way too far on the side of status quo.
Further, there is an amorphous Community Police Commission, set up to define and then oversee the monitor and the reforms. Again, vagueness rules: members are to-be-picked (a likely mayor-council arm-wrestle), no expertise is required, no indication even of how many members, no timeline, and a suggestion that the commission will report to the SPD. It is this commission, moreover, that is charged with coming up with recommendations on substantive reforms. That's a lot like: Back to the drawing board.
Worse, with so little actually negotiated or spelled out in the consent decree, the Police Guild is in its usual catbird seat. That means every coming reform is "negotiable," with any give on the reforms accompanied by offsetting gains to the police in salaries, benefits, and rank-and-file rule-setting. This is the dubious bargain we got in the last round of reforms of police oversight, negotiated by Mayor Greg Nickels, where the Guild made huge gains in pay and autonomy.
Could these baby steps lead to something big?
U.S. Attorney Jenny Durkan thinks it could still work out. "The consent decree does have specific remedies, timelines, and training requirements." she says. "There are also strong oversight powers given to the monitor (who does not report to the citizen commission) and the federal Judge is the ultimate arbiter."
"The settlement is a good thing," observes City Councilmember Tim Burgess, a former police officer and former head of the council's public safety committee, "in the sense that for the first time we have a federal judge and a federal monitor to oversee the changes. We have known for decades, at least since 1992, what needs to be done, that we have some officers who escalate situations, that we need better training and internal controls and accountability. This time we have kicked the can forward on exactly what the reforms should be, and left the nature of the substantive reforms with a citizens' commission."
"To work, we would have to have a strong, experienced monitor who has the respect of police and the community," says City Councilmember Sally Bagshaw cautiously. City Attorney Pete Holmes echoes the sentiment, saying all now depends on the choice of a monitor and the willingness of a good monitor to wade into such a choppy sea. "The process of reform is just at the beginning point," wrote a wary Jennifer Shaw of the ACLU/Washington, one of the entities that invited in the Department of Justice.
Maybe it was too much to hope that this mayor (with a staff very light on police matters) and this police department could actually embrace serious reforms in use-of-force regulations, training, increased sergeants, and greater flexibility by management to move troops around and embrace new policies. But the hope was definitely there, in the beginning.
Once the Justice Department was invited in two years ago to study the cops for possible bias and excessive use of force, the reformers had the kind of leverage that many previous blue-ribbon commissions lacked. The expectation was that the mayor would recognize both the political danger and the opportunity, as normally happens in other cities. The hope was that a team consisting of U.S. Attorney Jenny Durkan (a veteran of efforts to reform the SPD), City Attorney Pete Holmes, Mayor McGinn, Police Chief Diaz, and key leaders of the city council would negotiate major reforms.
For this to happen, the mayor would have to assemble a broad team, hold it together when the return fire got hot, and find a sweet spot for the reforms. That's asking a lot, particularly with a go-it-alone mayor, an inexperienced city attorney, and a council full of mayoral rivals.
It quickly took another turn. The DOJ report was clumsy, badly overstating matters. That put Jenny Durkan on the defensive, and the DOJ team unwisely chose not to explain the basis for some of the more shocking assertions. (Was the 20 percent of incidents allegedly using excessive force due to a few bad apples, wrong training from the state Academy, or some new definition of excessive? Don't ask.)
The mayor, himself a litigator, took over the legal strategy, despite differing views from the city attorney and the council. A council source says the council learned confidentially in January that the DOJ wanted to work with the city on a settlement, as long as the feds and the locals would shape it together and it would meet federal guidelines. A council committee (Burgess, Sally Clark, and Bruce Harrell) tried to get this ball rolling.
But the mayor would not budge from his adversarial legal stance, according to council sources. McGinn chose not to concede and look for common ground but to poke holes in the DOJ and encourage police resistance. This quickly fractured the potential reform coalition, and those pushing for a comprehensive, breakthrough package gave up. Hardly any negotiations ever took place, except for the face-saving last 10 days before the settlement.
In retrospect, one wonders if there could have been a way to rescue this opportunity. Some suggested hiring a mediator, as a kind of test-drive as the future court monitor. When that didn't fly, some proposed bringing in a police expert, and when McGinn said no to that, city attorney Holmes did bring in Joseph Brann, currently monitoring police reform efforts in Riverside, California. The city council felt it could not go public with its frustrations, for fear of harming the city's legal position. Sadly, no civic organization wised up to the fleeting chances for serious reform and raised a ruckus.
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Posted Tue, Aug 7, 7:22 a.m.
Suppose that the DOJ lawyers, judges, and monitors faced the following scenerios as they went about their daily federal governmental duties and chores: screaming, spitting, profanity laced, alcohol/drug filled, possibly armed, criminal elements and their followers with cell phone cameras as they are baited into self-defense or even force while trying to do their job. How long would they last before the SPD would have to intervene and provide some extra 'education and more training'? Millions of dollars will be spent for Obama supporting job seekers to have a 3-5 year gig bird-dogging and helicopter-parenting over the SPD. This DOJ should concentrate on all of its internal scandals instead of writing memos to each other about the latest SPD arrest of yet another 'Rodney King-Not'.
Posted Tue, Aug 7, 9:23 a.m.
Does anyone remember the Cater Administration and the long deceased Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA to use its then common descriptor)?
So much for the Feds trying to show the regular old established police departments how to do their jobs, often learned after 150 years of OJT!
Since when does the janitor tell NASA how to get to Mars.
Posted Tue, Aug 7, 11:21 a.m.
Watched an episode of Drugs, Inc. I believe it was on Cocaine and crack cocaine. They interviewed a street level dealer. He said something to the effect of, "the cops are trying to do their job, I'm trying to do mine. The cops got their guns, I got mine. If I see them before they see me, they gone".
And we're gonna scream bloody murder at a shove.
Posted Tue, Aug 7, 11:35 a.m.
Let's expand the 'Does the DOJ require more supervision and training?' question by posing another scenerio. DOJ has a retail-style, customer friendly storefront office right in the middle of the Pike/Pine and Broadway business district corridor and is subject to the same rules and regulations as all other establishments. A daily dose of shoplifters, bathroom users, service animal and non-service animal owners, homeless, mentally ill, non-English speaking, delivery workers, real paying customers, out-of town visitors, and health and safety inspectors flood the DOJ location. DOJ employees are having a tough day. Do they call SPD for advice, guidance and training and ask for more cops on foot and bicycle patrol? If they fail to accommodate legally and properly for all of their visitors and perhaps violate someone's civil rights then what is the solution?? Perhaps a court appointed monitor for 3-5 years?
Posted Tue, Aug 7, 3:40 p.m.
It seems kind of odd that the left-right divide on the desirability of powerful public sector unions seems to flip when it comes to the police. At least Mayor McGinn is consistent in his support for unions even if they tend to foster service to tax payers whose expense and quality are less than optimal. If we wanted to break the logjam that results from the intransigence of the Seattle Police Guild, we would need a mayor who was willing to take on and beat a powerful union. That is not very likely in Seattle.
Posted Tue, Aug 7, 5:55 p.m.
Coming after 25 years with the NYPD, some visits to Chicago, six of the LAPD and the hot dogs of the California State Police, the SPD has made a rather positive impression over these past 15 years. There was of course the WTC event which showed that these cops, too, can go a bit crazy, and then the incidents that brought the D.O.J. into the fray. I can't speak to the many specifics that David Brewster cites in his lament for a missed opportunity, but get the sense that he knows what he's talking about.
Posted Wed, Aug 8, 1:54 p.m.
David Smith; good point but rightists typically support the military and its providers. Not so surprising then that the political right would support the Police Guild (they risk lethal violence for us).
"It quickly took another turn. The DOJ report was clumsy, badly overstating matters. That put Jenny Durkan on the defensive, and the DOJ team unwisely chose not to explain the basis for some of the more shocking assertions. (Was the 20 percent of incidents allegedly using excessive force due to a few bad apples, wrong training from the state Academy, or some new definition of excessive? Don't ask.)"
David, given that paragraph why are you so hard on the Mayor? is he supposed to help them write an indictment? as I think you have speculated elsewhere McGinn might even think that Eric Holder will not be AG as this thing unfolds. ( , "..the horse might die, the king might die, I might die..")
Posted Wed, Aug 8, 3:42 p.m.
Irrespective of the quality or accuracy of the DOJ report, Mayor McGinn had an opportunity to take advantage of the DOJ intervention to make changes that would otherwise be much more difficult to make. By stalling and negotiating to do the minimum possible to avoid a lawsuit, he either believes that no substantive changes are necessary or he is too weak to do what it takes to effect them. I am not sure which of these is correct but given that I believe that the quality of policing in Seattle could usefully be improved in a manner that would be constructive and supportive of the police (if not their Guild), neither makes me particularly inclined to go easy on the Mayor
Posted Thu, Aug 9, 12:12 p.m.
I am amazed that Seattle has a police force left, what with the mixed messages that they receive. Don't intervene in a beating in which the victim dies to public outrage, then when they do intervene all they hear is more public outrage. Seattle, not the DOJ, needs to make up its mind what it wants from its police, after all they have to live in this Washington not the other one.
Posted Sat, Aug 11, 10:13 a.m.
There is more than a small grain of truth in this. Read David Kennedy's "Don't Shoot."
Posted Thu, Aug 9, 4:32 p.m.
David Smith, the second part of my comment was addressed to David Brewster. I could have made that clear.
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indie, 80's/90's, and classic rock internet radio since 1997 |
Read The Lastest Music News/Reviews
Watch Sigur Rós
Jun 19, 2013 1:40pm | Cosequence Of Sound Today, Sigur Rós kick off their latest leg of tour behind their new album Kveikur in Dresden, Germany. The concert will be streamed live online beginning at at 2:50pm ET, but it's not just any ol' webcast. For one, this will mark the first time material from the recently released Kveikur has officially been broadcast live, including the first ever live performance of the single
Famous Class releasing 'Live at Death by Audio 2012' flexi book w/
Ty Segall, METZ, Thee Oh Sees, APTBS & more
Jun 19, 2013 1:36pm | Brooklyn Vegan It probably goes without saying that long-running Williamsburg DIY spot Death by Audio gets a lot of good shows. Many of those are recorded -- you may have noticed a microphone sticking out of the drop-ceiling tiles. DbA has cherry-picked a dozen of the best moments from last year for a book of flexis simply titled Live at Death by Audio 2012 that is being released by Famous Class at the end of July. That's the cover art above. Bands featured include JEFF the Brotherhood, METZ, Ty Segall, Thee Oh Sees, and A Place to Bury Strangers. It also features art by Brian Chippendale, Dave Singley, Perry Lubin, Matt Leins, Ron Rege Jr, Jon Vermilyea, and Brendan Nakahara. Pre-orders are available now and comes with not only a digital version of the flexis but also a recording of the full Oh Sees / Ty Segall show. Full track list below. Continue reading "Famous Class releasing 'Live at Death by Audio 2012' flexi book w/ Ty Segall, METZ, Thee Oh Sees, APTBS & more" at brooklynvegan
Daft Punk Is Stoked About the Star Wars Reboot, Having Paul
McCartney as a Fan and More...
Jun 19, 2013 1:32pm | The Daily Swarm Omg, more Daft Punk interviews. In this one from L.A.'s "KROQ:http://kroq.cbslocal.com/2013/06/18/daft-punk-geeks-out-on-star-wars-paul-mccartney-brian-wilson-j-j-abrams/, the robots discuss their confidence in J.J. Abrams to redeem the Star Wars saga, how they can't believe a Beatle is a big fan of their work, and dish on who they really, really want to work with:
Watch: Surreal and Super Hairy Music Video for Breach's "Jack"...
Jun 19, 2013 1:22pm | The Daily Swarm "I want your body, everybody wants your body, so let's Jack." If you're not ultra-familiar with that mantra by now, well, you're probably just not that into house music. But if you are into house music, or good music in general, you're going to want to recite that ad nausuem. Luckily, it just got even easier, because Breach, the artist behind the dank and sexy groove, just released the official "Jack" music video. It's completely absurd, you're going to love it.
Watch Wavves
Jun 19, 2013 1:20pm | Cosequence Of Sound In Wavves' new video for "That's On Me", a businessman takes out his aggression by slicing up soda bottles, fruit, and animal heads with a samurai sword. This sure as hell beats binge eating, especially if you're one to count calories. "That's On Me" is off Wavves' excellent third album, Afraid of Heights. We featured Wavves' mastermind Nathan Williams in a recent Cover Story, which you can revisit here.
watch a video from Black Tusk's new EP ++ tour dates
Jun 19, 2013 1:18pm | Brooklyn Vegan by Fred Pessaro Black Tusk at The Studio at Webster Hall, May
2013 (more by Keith Marlowe) Ready for this one? Black Tusk only have four tour dates right now, and none are in NYC. I know thats a hard pill to swallow considering the hard-touring nature of this Savannah swamp metal band. But Black Tusk still isn't taking a true break though, readying the release of Tend No Wounds, a new six-song EP via Relapse on July 23, 2013. Head below for the video for "In Days of Woe" along with a shockingly small amount of tour dates. Continue reading "watch a video from Black Tusk's new EP ++ tour dates" at brooklynvegan
Beat Club (WUDR) And Wax Children (KSPC)
Jun 19, 2013 1:13pm | CMJ Wax Children playing live at the Constellation Room in Santa Ana, CA – Photo by Wax Children Each week the CMJ staff sifts through thousands of radio
playlists that contribute to our weekly charts. In the
Chart Discovery column, we highlight exciting
artists, albums and songs brought to our attention by the charts of
our reporting panel of college and non-commercial radio stations.
This week's favorites come from WUDR in Dayton, OH and KSPC
in Claremont, CA.
Beat Club on WUDRThe two-year-old L.A.-based trio Beat Club caught our attention when it snuck up to the Number 30 position on WUDR's playlist this week. Named for a German TV show that aired in the '60s and '70s, the trio makes dance punk with a distinct pop sweetness. They blend '80s hip-hop rhythms with a flurry of synths, prominent base lines, the occasional jangly guitar, and plenty of playful vocals. Wax Children on KSPCComing in at Number 29 on KSPC's Radio 200 playlist is Safe Hands from the L.A.-based Wax Children. The experimental garage group's sound features a vast, psychedelic sonic landscape full of fuzz and reverb, but not without the occasional burst of noise-rock power and soothing melodies. A little surf rock in the guitar and clear '60s influences round out the foursome's sound. The post Beat Club (WUDR) And Wax Children (KSPC) a...
Mikal Cronin, Fat Tony & more played the Bruise Cruise during
NXNE (pics); watch Mikal Cronin play P4K offices today
Jun 19, 2013 1:12pm | Brooklyn Vegan photos by David Andrako Mikal Cronin We already posted pictures of the Mikal Cronin/Shannon & the Clams show from day 3 (6/15) of Toronto festival NXNE, and that same day we also caught Mikal on the annual M for Montreal / Panache Bruise Cruise during NXNE with Toronto locals Odonis Odonis, Montreal's We Are Wolves, and rapper Fat Tony (who also played Yonge-Dundas Square). PIctures from that Bruise Cruise are in this post. Mikal Cronin and Fat Tony both play NYC soon too. Mikal Cronin is currently in NYC and will be playing live at the Pitchfork offices at 3 PM today (6/19) which will be webcast live. WATCH IT BELOW. If you haven't been keeping up with our NXNE coverage, check out pictures of day 1, day 2, more day 2, day 3, and day 4. More pictures from the Bruise Cruise on day 3 below... Continue reading "Mikal Cronin, Fat Tony & more played the Bruise Cruise during NXNE (pics); watch Mikal Cronin play P4K offices today" at brooklynvegan
Debbie Harry and Chris Stein Remember Raw New York City...
Jun 19, 2013 1:08pm | The Daily Swarm Blondie is most definitely one of the best punk-meets-dance bands of the '70s and '80s, and it's one of the most iconic musical faces of the New York City scene. Now, singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein sit down with Redbull's Music Academy to discuss the beautiful insanity of their, and that city's, golden years. Via a press release:
Watch Neil Young & Willie Nelson Perform
Jun 19, 2013 1:01pm | StereoGum CMT Crossroads is a series of specials that aims to connect country-music luminaries with friends from across musical divides, but it usually just combines different flavors of cheese. (The last episode, for instance, paired Rascal Flatts with Journey.) But the show's next episode promises to be something special. Willie Nelson taped his Willie Nelson & Friends special at Jack White's Third Man Records, and he brought a roster of guests that included Jamey Johnson, Sheryl Crow, Leon Russell, Norah Jones, and Ashley Monroe. And in what must've been a show-stopping moment, Nelson's fellow free-spirited reedy-voiced legend Neil Young joined Nelson onstage to perform an absolutely shattering acoustic version of the 1976 Stills-Young Band classic "Long May You Run," with no further accompaniment. Watch it below, and try not to let that hug at the end absolutely destroy you. Read More...
tonight's $1 J. Cole show is at Irving Plaza
Jun 19, 2013 12:58pm | Brooklyn Vegan J Cole at Pier 36 in 2010 (more by Andrew St.
Clair) As mentioned, rapper J. Cole released his new album, Born Sinner (listen on Spotify), this week and is celebrating with $1 shows in select North American cities. The venue for each show is being announced day-of, and it's been announced that tonight's NYC show will be at Irving Plaza, and the only way to get in is to go down to the venue and pay the $1 at the door, starting NOW (2 PM). Wristbands are being given out - first come, first served. (UPDATE: this post originally said there were two shows tonight, and while you never know what might happen, we are now being told it's actually just one show for now). Continue reading "tonight's $1 J. Cole show is at Irving Plaza" at brooklynvegan
Miley Cyrus reveals bonkers video for Mike WiLL Made It-produced
Jun 19, 2013 12:56pm | Fact Magazine The strangest video you'll see today, complete with twerking, body horror, and a piñata full of hot dogs. The video for Miley Cyrus' 'We Can't Stop' is what happens when a teen pop star makes a hip-hop party video in the age of Tim and Eric. Directed by video veteran Diane Martel, the clip features a scantily-clad Cyrus toying with a few hip-hop tropes (grills, twerking) and some out-there imagery, from taxidermied animals wearing jewelry to a skull made of french fries. See for yourself below. The controversy-courting single was reviewed by the FACT Singles Club, who alternately called it a "dead-eyed ode to MDMA written by people who don
Beloved and Influential Jazz Guitarist Johnny Smith, 90, Passed
Jun 19, 2013 12:46pm | The Daily Swarm He lived a long and fulfilling life full of professional success and quality family time, and for that, he was a blessed man. But at the round, old age of 90 years, legendary Jazz guitarist Johnny Smith has passed away.The revered innovator will be remembered fondly for his clear tone and quick, ascending melodies. A virtuoso of sorts, he taught himself to play the guitar as a boy sitting in pawnshops, and by 13, he was already teaching others. He learned to read music while playing in the U.S. military band, after which his career took off as a member of the Birdland jazz club and in the orchestral pit of the New York Philharmonic. A decorated musician, he gained high critical appraise with albums including Moonlight in Vermont, and his most famous original tune "Walk Don't Run." He retired in the 1960s and moved to Colorado so as to spend more quality time with his family. He's also been the inspiration and designer for a number of designer guitars, including the Gibson Johnny Smith and the Heritage Johnny Smith. Smith is survived by a daughter and two sons, a brother, three grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. |
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BSC Alerts
News & Events
May 23 2013
(Bluefield)—In a celebration of Bluefield State College's past, present, and future, 377 BSC students graduated, three esteemed alumni were awarded honorary doctorates, and an audience of more than 4000 packed the Brushfork Armory for the College's 112th commencement exercises.
Dr. Paul H...
May 22 2013
(Bluefield)—When Kevin Neese walked across the stage to receive his diploma at Bluefield State College's 2013 commencement exercises, the Bluefield resident was positioned for what truly is the "next adventure" in his life. This July, he will take his first air flight and first trip abroad to begin...
May 20 2013
(Bluefield)--The Bluefield State College Jazz Ensemble will present its annual Spring Concert on Monday, June 10 at 7 p.m. in the Basic Science Auditorium on the BSC campus. The Jazz Ensemble is a unique combination of area musicians dedicated to the performance of the finest arrangements featuring ...
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93% of customers would recommend this product to a friend (14 out of 15)
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: Works great. Have bought several, One on the nightstand and one by the computer etc.
I put on a USB Power Adapter/Charger for iPhone 4
on them so I dont need to use them on the computers usb.
It works with Iphone 3 to.
Cons: No cons realy. The only thing is that you cant have any case on youre Iphone, But that is not a problem for me.
Should be some sort of tape under it so you could have it fixed on the table. I hade some of my own so it was not a big deal to get it fixed.
Other: Buy it.
Its cheep.
It looks great and works like a charm.
Its mutch nicer to have the phone in a stand next to the computer instead of lying on the table with a usb cable.
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: this Charging Docking Station is the ceapest on the market but it does't mean that it is a bad product. it is a great deal because it is cheap, small, useful and stylish ...
it is plug and play item ..
you can use like a Charging Docking Station and like a sync station for transfer data to your pc from iphone and viceversa ...
a must have thing for an iphone's owners
Cons: none, only a poor quality of material
Other: you can use that like a stand for your iphone
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: Build quality and materials are good. Plastic is very rigid. iPhone 4 fits perfect and stands firm.
Cons: I notice inly one con, that might be a bit disappointing - phone stands at right angle, what is little inconvenient to operate with phone when it's charging.
Other: Nice quality product for a very good price.
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: I was quite sure that this product can take the Iphone with the bumper but disappointed, anyhow it works normal and do the expected job. Nothing special.
The iPhone stands exactly 90 degrees without any tilt that can help you to see the screen.
Cons: Doesn't support the bumper or any iPhone case. The first time you put the Iphone you get a message that this product cannot be supported by the Iphone, Ignore this message. The iPhone stands exactly 90 degrees without any tilt that can help you to see the screen.
Other: Regular product with reasonable price, still have to find the product that I can use with the bumper
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: * Very useful gadget, and very stylish too, it is not the same to have an iPhone or iPod on the table that to have it on a dock. * Good quality built
Cons: No cons really, building quality is not the best, but is enough. I have an iPhone 3GS and an iTouch 4, the Touch fits perfectly but the 3GS doesn't, it isn't really a con as it is designed to work with the 4.
Other: I recommend this product to everyone who would like a handy and stylish way to charge or sync his iPhone/iPod. Totally recommended.
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: Will make your ipohe easyer to reach and read while charging it can be used to charge and transfer data. build quality is good.
Cons: Could be a litle bit cheaper.
Other: A must have if you are in business and getting alerts all the time. will save you some time and also can charge and sync the iphone at the same time.
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: my iphone 4s sits tightly and firmly, fast charging from computer, and sync nicely with itunes.
Cons: the bottom part is not tightly closed but this doesn't affect its functions.
Other: with all those working functionalities, price this low, plus it comes with dedicated usb cable, it's really a perfect dock for my iphone 4s. i recommend it.
Involvement Level: Expert (understands the inner workings)
Pros: Looks just like it does on the pictures, but you can also see that on the personal photo's people uploaded. fits great on the iphone 4, altho i would recommend to try it carefully on the first try becease the aftermarket stuf sometimes dont fit that well!
Cons: may not feel so solid when you shake it or tap it on the table, but on the other hand.. why would you shake it?
Other: good dock, good price.. nice gadget!
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How-to: Make Muscadine Wine
A bottle of wine makes a great hostess gift, but the wine industry is far from green. Between the fertilizer used to grow the grapes, fossil fuels to run farm equipment, bottling, and shipping processes, it takes a lot to get that wine from the vineyard to the package store. Instead, you can pick up organic grapes or berries–or harvest ones that you're growing in your garden–and make your own with a custom, upcycled labels!
I decided to make my own wine after a trip to a local farm, where we came home with almost a gallon of muscadine grapes. A little searching turned up this homemade wine recipe, which you can use with grapes, berries, or even apples!
Muscadine Wine Recipe
Ingredients and Supplies
- 1 quart of mashed local and/or organic fruit
- 3 quarts of water
- 6 cups of sugar
- 1 packet of yeast
- a one-gallon, air tight container
- a funnel
- a strainer or cheesecloth
- 4-6 empty glass bottles, for decanting (I collected empty wine bottles and corks from friends' recycle bins and washed the bottles out)
- recycled paper, for labeling
- tape to attach the label, measuring tape, scissors, and supplies to decorate
These are the directions, adapted from Kirk's Muscadine Wine recipe:
1. Dissolve the sugar in the water, and mix in the mashed fruit. Sprinkle yeast on top. Do not stir until the next day, then stir the mixture once a day for a week.
2. Strain off the liquid into your air-tight container, and set in a cool, dry place to ferment for 6 weeks.
3. Strain your wine again into the bottles you collected, leaving one empty bottle. Cork them lightly for 3 days to allow for any more fermentation to cease. You're ready now to strain one last time! Strain the first bottle into the empty one, then rinse and repeat until all of the bottles are strained and ready to be decorated.
4. To decorate: Grab your paper, tape, and decorating tools. You'll want to completely cover the bottles' previous labels, so use your measuring tape to see how tall the labels need to be. Wine bottles are not all the exact same size, so also measure the circumference. Cut your labels and decorate however you like. I kept it simple, using my mustache stamp on each label. Once you have your labels how you want them, use a piece of tape to attach one end to the bottle, wrap it around, then use either another piece of tape or a glue stick to close it off.
There are some earth-friendly wines out there that have greener packaging or are produced more sustainably, if you don't have time to whip up a batch of your own. There's a real sense of satisfaction that comes from drinking that first glass that your made yourself, though!
A version of this article originally appeared at Crafting a Green World
Becky Striepe
Hi there! My name is Becky Striepe (pronounced "stree-pee," like "sleepy"), and I am a freelance writer and vegan crafter living in Atlanta, Georgia. My life's mission is to make green crafting and vegan food accessible to everyone! Check out my new book: 40 Days of Green Smoothies!
One Response to How-to: Make Muscadine Wine
Please tell us what the wine tasted like? And was it red or white? South Africa is a big wine-making country, but they almost always use sulfites, and I'd love to make my own.
My Green Smoothie Book!


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I ordered this product for our church printer. As we are a small congregation the money is tight and there really isn't any budget for copies. However I found 123 INKJETS on line before for my own personal use and decided to see if they carried what we needed. They did, and I ordered the product. It arrived well packed and in perfect condition. Right now one of the items is in use and the church goers are happy and pleased with the low cost and great service. Don't be surprised if you start getting orders from others who need the same type of products as I have had many inquiries as to where I went to get such a great bargain.
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December 30, 2012


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Neanderpaul's Annual Rock Hall Rant! Figured this might be a great time to get this off my chest. read more ≫ NeanderPaul -- 12/11/2012 -- NeanderPaul
Metallica - My Apocalypse (Live) Metallica just posted this video from the upcoming Quebec Magnetic DVD. read more ≫ Dick Havoc -- 12/10/2012 -- Metallica, My Apocalypse, DVD, Quebec Magnetic
Neanderpicks: Almost Playoff Time AKA Tee Time for Oakland! As the season of perpetual weirdness continues, I'm sure you as a Cardinal fan, can empathize with me as a Raiders fan each week when you watch your team attain new levels of mediocrity. I used to have Carson Palmer as a representative of what was going right this season in Oakland…used to. read more ≫ NeanderPaul -- 12/07/2012 -- Neanderpicks, NeanderPaul
If We Had These When I Was In College.. I still would've flunked out. But, it would've been AWESOME!!! read more ≫ NeanderPaul -- 12/03/2012 -- NeanderPaul
Neanderpicks! Feelin' Lucky?? Wow…tough to think about football with that story out of Kansas City. How does a guy who seemingly has it all, snap like that? I'm sure they're going to be looking at whether head injury played in to the guy's mental instability. Sad story all around. However…life goes on. read more ≫ NeanderPaul -- 12/02/2012 -- NeanderPaul, Neanderpicks


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I hope everyone had a fabulous weekend?! We took it easy most of the weekend… Saturday was an outside day, catching up on some yard work…Sunday was a movie day, as both Jordan and I were under the weather… Yesterday us Canadians had an extra day off! Yay! So we took advantage of the day and went across the border to Linden, Washington again. If you've been following me for a while, you know this is one of my favorite places to spend a day. My favorite restaurant, my favorite antique store, a candy store next door to bribe the kids, and on a sunny day there is the most amazing playground in town. One day I will take pictures of the playground, it is quite something! Yesterday was a very rainy day however, so they kids got a little extra candy!
I'm excited to show you a frame I repurposed! It will currently be for sale, on my For Sale page, but I'm kind of humming and hawing on whether I want to keep it or not!!
this frame went from this:
I love the contrast of the bright yellow (Martha Stewart's Cornbread) and the dark fabric. And I am a sucker for leaf prints!
I don't have good photos on how I did it, but I'll try to explain along the way… this was my first time working with chicken wire though, so I was a little apprehensive, and too concentrated to think of taking pictures!!
If you LOVE it, be sure to check out my For Sale Page!! I'd love to pass this on to another loving home, before it finds a permanent wall in our house to hang on!!
Thank you so much for reading!! And by the way, my Facebook Page has reached 49 Likes!! I've decided that for every 50 likes on my Facebook Page, I will hold a GIVEAWAY!!… I'm just not sure what the first GIVEAWAY will be yet!! I better decide that before I get 1 more Like! Pass on the word, I'd love your help to help my Facebook Page grow!!
Thank you!! xo, Leanne
Partying at: Embracing Change, The Shabby Creek Cottage


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Hamburg-headquartered shipowner and ship manager E.R. Schiffahrt reports that it has cancelled orders placed with the Korean shipyard Sekwang for four anchor handling tug supply vessels "due to ongoing delays in completion and the resulting difficulties of safely securing charters for the vessels."
E.R. Schiffahrt noted the cancelations at Sekwang in a year-end round up in which it saiid that it ended 2010 with a new record of 17 new vessels delivered. This was the company's highest annual fleet growth since its foundation in 1998. Fourteen bulk carriers with a total cargo capacity of 2,024,000 tonnes joined the fleet. All are charted to large Far Eastern liner companies for between five and ten year terms. In 2011, E.R. Schiffahrt expects the delivery of six further bulk carriers and the first two of eight 13,100-TEU container vessels; 2012 will see the further six container giants joining the fleet.
In the offshore services sector, 2011 saw two anchor handling tugs and one platform supply vessel join the fleet. Despite the cancelations at Sekwang, E.R. Schiffahrt is still planning a further expansion of its offshore fleet.
"We are intensifying our offshore fleet operations in Brazil, a region in which better and longer charter conditions can be arranged', says CEO Albert Schumacher.
Mr. Schumaker expects the marine market to remain volatile.
"This is why we are extremely happy that all our bulk carriers are currently chartered long-term and also that upon delivery all eight of our 13,100 TEU container vessels will be on a 15-year time charter to one of the industry's top operators," he says.
The future plans of E.R. Schiffahrt foresee more ships operating in revenue pools."Our policy of integrating a part of our fleet into revenue pools has proven to have been a very effective strategy. Pools are particularly effective in safeguarding the revenue situations of individual vessels in times of uncertainty and volatile markets," notes Mr. Schumacher. Today, a third of the company's vessels operate in pools.
In the course of 2010, three container vessels operated by E.R. Schiffahrt were attacked by Somali pirates or chased by skiffs. Thanks to the size and speed of the containerships and the vigilance of their crews, the vessels were able to escape.
"We welcome all the measures taken by the German government so far with a view to the protection of our crews and ships, but we cannot ignore the fact that the security situation remains a constant threat," says Mr. Schumacher. "We, as ship owners, are of course prepared to make further contributions to the protection of our seafarers."


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WASHINGTON (AP) - The U.S. Supreme Court will not hear an appeal in the murder case of a Mexican woman who was sentenced to 99 years in prison for the death of a Texas boy.
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US court won't hear appeal in murder case
The Associated Press
January 7, 2013
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- Home
- Anime
- Shin Koihime Musou
- Ai wa Datte Datte Saikyou! - Love Is Still Still the Strongest!
Win $25 in the Anime Wallpapers.Com February 2013 Wallpaper Contest or a Nyan Cat Plushie!
Ai wa Datte Datte Saikyou!
Kanji information is from the KANJIDIC dictionary database. Animelyrics.com now has an OpenSearch plugin that you can install into your browser (FireFox and IE 7 supported) Affiliates: My Little Pony Ties Lyrics copyright to their respective owners or translators. No copyright infringment is intended or implied. Layout and other content copyright Anime Lyrics dot Com / Anime Globe Productions |


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The best price of Metallic Chain Bottle Necklace Jewellery is Rs. 249/- from Zovi as on Thursday, May 23, 2013. Metallic Chain Bottle Necklace prices were updated from retailers includingZovi. Prices are applicable all over India, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Gurgaon and Pune.
Koolkart provides the price comparison as a tool to discover the best price online and does not own any of the above trademarks. All trademarks are property of their respective owners.To learn more about Koolkart, please click here.
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I quickly googled my question but couldn't find an exact answer so I'm asking the community!
For some reason today, my toilet decides to make high pitch eerie noises. It's really loud and I had to close the door to the restroom AND the door to the room to block some of the sounds off.
When I flush the toilet, the noise stops. After a few minutes, I'm assuming when the water fills up again, the noise begins again.
What could be wrong?
A quick note: The sound hasn't stopped for several hours until I flush it. Thanks for the tips and I'll check it out. Will update if anything new arises.


text: Volunteers are needed for the 1st Maryland Volunteer Infantry Regiment U.S. We have been an active living history group since 1972 in the MD, PA, VA & DC region. The 1st is a Progressive/Authentic unit involved in living history demonstrations, authentic encampments, educational lectures, ceremonial events, and battle reenactments across the Mid-Atlantic region. Visit our website at http://firstmdus.org/ or email us at email@example.com


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Owner heartbroken over stolen bike
Updated: August 29, 2012 11:21AM
To the person who stole my son's bike, I want you to know the story behind the bike you stole, after you picked the lock from Highland Middle School sometime between the afternoon of June 2 and 10 p.m., June 3.
The bike belongs to my son, Christopher James -- or CJ -- who is 12 years old. CJ is the youngest of our four boys and is very familiar with the word hand-me-down. But last year CJ did extremely well in school as a fifth grader. In fact he got all A's on his report card and was named 'Cougar of the Year' at Copeland Elementary. His dad and I wanted to do something special for CJ. We decided CJ should have a brand new bike to ride to the middle school for the next three years.
It took CJ three weeks to finally decide on his bike. We looked at a brown bike at Costco, even brought it home to return it the next day, and a blue one at Target. But his heart was set on the green and black Trek he saw at Libertyville Cyclery. CJ knew it was more than we wanted to spend but the boy had never asked for anything before. You see, CJ had to live through his dad being unemployed for 18 months and knew money was tight. Besides, he's just an all around thoughtful kid.
CJ didn't ride his bike to school if there was rain in the forecast and he always locked it up. You probably noticed that it doesn't have a scratch on it. CJ treated his bike really well and always used the kick-stand.
You should know that CJ has cried about the bike and is still very sad. He had to learn a life lesson a little earlier than I had liked - that there are some people in the world who are just plain mean. Now you know a little about my really awesome son and the story behind his green and black Trek 3500, 16-inch mountain bike.
If you happen to have a change in heart, you can contact Detective Chad at the Libertyville Police Dept. or just drop the bike off there - no questions asked.
Mary Allen, Libertyville


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By Jason Grishkoff | February 24th, 2012
Holy shit, batman! This is what Sufjan Stevens should have sounded like on his most recent album (which I found to be quite disappointing, though I'm sure many would disagree). A track like this would totally have changed my mind.
Michigan-based producer Zach Saginaw's take on "Futile Devices" Is a beautiful take on Sufjan's often soft-spoken style. To boot, the layering, awesome bass-line and absolutely fantastic instrumentation are ear-melting. This might be the perfect track for winter, but it's certainly working for me during San Francisco's warm February weather.
Grab your free download via Ghostly's Soundcloud.


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"As graduate students with two young children, my husband and I are always on the lookout for quick and healthy meals," notes Shannon Beck of Laredo, Texas. "Tarragon and peas complement the salmon in this main course, and best of all, it's on the table in minutes."
This recipe is:
Diabetic Friendly
Nutritional Facts 1 fillet with 2/3 cup sauce equals 373 calories, 16 g fat (4 g saturated fat), 84 mg cholesterol, 519 mg sodium, 24 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber, 32 g protein. Diabetic Exchanges: 3 lean meat, 1-1/2 starch, 1-1/2 fat, 1 vegetable.
Originally published as Salmon with Tarragon Sauce in Light & Tasty April/May 2006, p35
Full-Bodied White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a full-bodied white wine such as Chardonnay or Viognier.
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