text:
Allahabad इलाहाबाद الہ آباد |
— Metropolitan — | |
Iconic monument of Allahabad The New Yamuna Bridge | |
Nickname(s): City of Prime Ministers[1][2] | |
Coordinates: 25°27′N 81°51′E / 25.45°N 81.85°ECoordinates: 25°27′N 81°51′E / 25.45°N 81.85°E | |
Country | India |
State | Uttar Pradesh |
District | Allahabad |
Founded | 1583 AD |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–Council |
• Body | The Allahabad Municipal Corporation |
• Mayor | Abhilasha Gupta[3] |
• Commissioner of Police | Ram Chandra Yadav |
Area | |
• Total | 63.07 km2 (24.35 sq mi) |
Elevation | 98 m (322 ft) |
Population (2011)[4] | |
• Total | 1,216,719 |
• Rank | 35th |
• Density | 1,087/km2 (2,820/sq mi) |
• Agglomeration Rank | 40th |
Demonym | Allahabadi |
Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
Telephone code | 91-532 |
Vehicle registration | UP-70 |
Sex ratio | 901 ♂/♀ |
Official language | Hindi |
Website | allahabad.nic.in |
Allahabad ( [ɪlɑhɑbɑd̪] (help·info)), also known as Prayag, is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh in India.[5] It is the administrative headquarters of the Allahabad District. Allahabad is the seventh most populous city in Uttar Pradesh, with an estimated population of 1.74 million living in the city and district area. In 2011, it was ranked the world's 130th fastest growing city. Allahabad city is the largest commercial center in the state; it also has the second-highest per capita income and the third greatest GDP in the state (following Kanpur).[6] Allahabad is also known as the "city of prime ministers" because post independence seven out of 13 prime minister of India belonged to Allahabad (Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Gulzarilal Nanda, Vishwanath Pratap Singh and Chandra Shekhar). All these seven leaders were either born in Allahabad, were alumni of Allahabad University, or were elected from a constituency in Allahabad.[1]
The city's original name—Prayaga, or "place of offerings", comes from its position at the sacred union of the rivers Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati. It is the second-oldest city in India and plays a central role in the Hindu scriptures. The city contains many temples and palaces. Allahabad is located in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh. It is bounded by Pratapgarh in the north, Bhadohi in the east, Rewa in the south and Kaushambi in the west. Its area is 63.07 km2 (24.35 sq mi). Allahabad contains many suburbs. While the city and surroundings are governed by several municipalities, a large portion of Allahabad District is governed by the Allahabad City Council. The demonym of Allahabad is Allahabadi.
Allahabad was originally founded as Kaushambi (now a separate district) by the Kuru rulers of Hastinapur, who developed it as their capital. Since then, Allahabad has often being the political/cultural/administrative head of the entire Doab area and beyond. First as Kaushambi, then as Prathisthanpur. Later, the Mughal emperor Akbar renamed Prayag as Allahabad and made it a prominent administrative centre again. As a large and growing city, Allahabad is home to colleges and research institutions. Government offices of both central and state government lie within the city. Allahabad has hosted cultural and sporting events, including Kumbh Mela and Indira Marathon. Although Allahabad's economy was built on tourism, its main revenue now comes from real estate and financial services.
Contents |
Etymology [edit]
The name is derived from the one given to the city by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1583.[7] The name in Indian languages generally is Ilāhābād (Hindi: इलाहाबाद); ilah (Hindi: इलाह) being Arabic for "Lord" or "God (Allah)" and -ābād (Hindi: आबाद) is Persian for "to construct or to create", which explains the meaning of the name Illahabad as "God's creation" or "City of God"[7]
History [edit]
The city was known earlier as Prayāga – a name that is still commonly used.[8] Prayāga existed during the Vedic period, and is mentioned in the Veda as the location where Brahma, the Creator of the Universe according to Hindu mythology, attended a sacrificial ritual.[9] Excavations have revealed Northern Black Polished Ware that dates to 600–700 BCE.[9] The Puranas record that Yayati left Prayag and conquered the region of Saptha Sindhu.[10] His five sons Yadu, Druhyu, Puru, Anu and Turvashu became the main tribes of the Rigveda.[11] Lord Rama, the main protagonist in the Ramayana, spent time at the Ashram of Sage Bharadwaj before proceeding to nearby Chitrakoot.[12]
When the Aryans first settled in what they termed the Āryāvarta (or Madhyadesha), Prayag (or Kaushambi) was an important part of their territory.[13] The Kuru Kingdom, rulers of Hastinapur (near present day Delhi), established the town of Kaushambi near Prayag.[14] They shifted their capital to Kaushambi when Hastinapur was destroyed by floods.[13]
The Doaba region, including Allahabad, was controlled by several empires and dynasties in the ages to come.[15] The area became a part of the Mauryan and Gupta empires of the east and the Kushan empire of the west before becoming part of the local Kannauj empire in 15th century.[13] The city was the scene of Maratha incursions before colonial rule was imposed over India.[15] In 1765, the British established a garrison at Allahabad fort. It is also known as the "Prime minister Capital of the India," the importance of the government to the city has led seven out of fourteen Prime Ministers of India.[1] Prayag became a part of the Delhi sultanate when the town was annexed by Mohammad Ghori in A.D. 1193.[16] Later, the Mughals took over from the slave rulers of Delhi and under them Prayag rose to prominence.[17] Akbar built a magnificent fort (viz. Allahabad fort), on the banks of the holy sangam and rechristened the town as Illahabad in 1575.[17]
In 1765, the combined forces of the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II lost the Battle of Buxar to the British.[18] Although the British did not yet establish direct rule, they realised the strategic position of Allahabad as the gateway to the northwest and established a garrison at the fort.[19] In 1801, the Nawab of Awadh ceded the city to the British East India Company.[20] Gradually the other parts of Doaba and adjoining region in its west (including Delhi and Ajmer-Mewara regions) were won by the British.[18] The north western areas were made into a new Presidency called the "North Western Provinces of Agra", with their capital at Agra.[18] Allahabad remained an important part of this state.[21] In 1834, Allahabad became the seat of the Government of the Agra Province, and a High Court was established—but a year later both were relocated to Agra.[18] In 1857, Allahabad was active in the Indian Mutiny.[22] After the mutiny, the British truncated the Delhi region of the state, merging it with Punjab, and transferred the capital of North west Provinces to Allahabad, where it remained for 20 years.[23] Later, in 1877 the two provinces of Agra (NWPA) and Awadh were merged to form a new state which was called the United Provinces.[21] Allahabad served as the capital of United Provinces until 1920.[23]
During the 1857 mutiny, Allahabad had a presence of European troops.[24] Maulvi Liaquat Ali freedom fighter of 1857, unfurled the banner of revolt.[25] After the Mutiny was quelled, the British established the High Court, the Police Headquarters and the Public Service Commission in the city.[26] This transformed Allahabad into an administrative center.[27] The fourth session of the Indian National Congress was held in the city in 1888.[28] By the turn of the century, Allahabad was a nodal point for the revolutionaries.[29] The Karmyogi office of Sundar Lal in Chowk sparked patriotism among youth. Nityanand Chatterji became a household name when he hurled the first bomb at the European club.[30] It was at Alfred Park in Allahabad where, in 1931, the revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad killed himself when surrounded by the British Police.[31] The Nehru family homes Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan were at the center of the political activities of the Indian National Congress.[32] In the years of the freedom struggle, Allahabad was home to thousands of satyagrahis, led, inter alii, by Purushottam Das Tandon, Bishambhar Nath Pande and Narayan Dutt Tiwari.[33] The first seeds of the idea of Pakistan were sown in Allahabad.[34] On 29 December 1930, Allama Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address to the All-India Muslim League proposed a separate Muslim state for the Muslim majority regions of India.[35]
Geography [edit]
Allahabad is located in the southern part of the state, at 25°27′N 81°50′E / 25.45°N 81.84°E, and stands at the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers.[36][37] The region was known in antiquity as the Vats (initially Kuru) country.[38] To its south west is the Bundelkhand region, to its east and south east is the Baghelkhand region, to its north and north east is the Awadh region and to its west is the (lower) doab of which it itself is a part.[36] The city is divided by the railway line running through it.[39] South of the railway line is the Old Chowk area, while the British-built Civil lines is situated in north. Allahabad stands at a strategic point both geographically and culturally.[40] A part of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, it is the last point of the Yamuna river, and culturally, the last point of the Indian west.[41] As with the rest of Doab, the soil and water are predominantly alluvial in origin.[42] The Indian GMT longitude (25.15°N 82.58°E) also passes near Allahabad. According to a United Nations Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "Low damage risk".[43]
Climate [edit]
Allahabad is subject to a humid subtropical climate common to cities in the plains of North India, that is designated Cwa under the Köppen climate classification.[44] The annual mean temperature is 26.1 °C (79.0 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 18–29 °C (64–84 °F).[45] Allahabad experiences three seasons: hot dry summer, cool dry winter and warm humid monsoon. Summer lasts from April to June with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.[45] Monsoon begins in early July and lasts till September. Winter lasts from December to February.[46] Temperatures rarely drop to freezing point. Maximum temperatures are around 22 °C (72 °F) and minimum around 9 °C (48 °F).[47] Allahabad also suffers thick fog in January resulting in massive traffic and travel delays.[46] It does not snow in Allahabad.[48] The highest recorded temperature is 48 °C (118.4 °F), and the lowest is −2 °C (28 °F).[45][49]
Rains brought either by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west summer monsoon or by the Arabian Sea from the Arabian Sea branch[50] lash Allahabad between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 1,027 mm (40 in).[48] The highest monthly rainfall total, 296 mm (12 in), occurs in August.[51] The month with the wettest weather is August when on balance 333 mm (13 in) of rain, sleet, hail or snow falls across 21 days; while driest weather is April when on balance 5 mm (0 in) of rain, sleet, hail or snow falls across one day.[52] The city receives 2961 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum sunlight exposure occurring in May.[49]
Climate data for Allahabad | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 28.8 (83.8) |
35.5 (95.9) |
42.3 (108.1) |
44.9 (112.8) |
47.1 (116.8) |
48.6 (119.5) |
44.3 (111.7) |
42.5 (108.5) |
38.3 (100.9) |
38.2 (100.8) |
35.0 (95) |
31.1 (88) |
48.6 (119.5) |
Average high °C (°F) | 23.6 (74.5) |
27.2 (81) |
33.6 (92.5) |
39.4 (102.9) |
42.3 (108.1) |
40.1 (104.2) |
34.1 (93.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
29.7 (85.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
32.8 (91) |
Average low °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.5 (83.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.7 (76.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.2 (36) |
1 (33.8) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 19.2 (0.756) |
15.6 (0.614) |
9.2 (0.362) |
5.7 (0.224) |
9.9 (0.39) |
85.4 (3.362) |
300.1 (11.815) |
307.6 (12.11) |
189.8 (7.472) |
40.1 (1.579) |
11.7 (0.461) |
3.4 (0.134) |
1,017.7 (40.067) |
Avg. rainy days | 2.0 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 16.3 | 13.2 | 10.7 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 58.5 |
% humidity | 69 | 57 | 39 | 29 | 33 | 50 | 77 | 81 | 78 | 67 | 61 | 68 | 59.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 224.9 | 244.2 | 263.2 | 274.1 | 292.3 | 206.4 | 143.3 | 180.6 | 184.3 | 259.7 | 256.7 | 244.0 | 2,773.7 |
Source #1: Indian Meteorological Department,[47] NOAA (1971–1990)[53] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory[54] |
Biodiversity [edit]
The Ganga-Jamuna Doab, of which Allahabad is a part, lies on the western part of the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain region. The Doab, including the Terai, is responsible for the city's unique flora and fauna.[55][56] Since human arrival, almost half of the country's vertebrates have become extinct. Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced. The arrival of humans, with associated changes to habitat and the introduction of reptiles, snakes and other mammals, led to the extinction of bird species, including large birds like eagles.[55] Allahabad Museum, one four national museums in India, has undertaken an exercise to document the existing flora and fauna in the Ganga and Yamuna river belt.[57]
The most common birds found in the state are doves, peacocks, junglefowl, black partridge, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeets, quails, bulbuls, and comb ducks.[58] Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras, kraits, and gharials.[55] During winter, large numbers of Siberian birds are reported in sangam and nearby wetlands.[59]
Demographics [edit]
The 2011 census reported 1,216,719 Allahabad Statistical Division.[60] Provisional data suggest a density of 1,087 people per km2 in 2011, compared to 901 in 2001.[60] Native people from Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Allahabad's population. According to the 2001 census, 75% of the population is Hindu,23% of the population is Muslim 1.8% Jain, and 0.20% Sikh. The remainder of the population includes Buddhists, and other religions; 0.48% did not state a religion in the census.[4]
Allahabad's literacy rate of 74.41% is close to the all-India average of 74%.[61] This rate is the highest in the region.[62] The male literacy rate is 85.00%, while the female literacy rate is 62.67%.[63] Among 35 major cities in India, Allahabad reported the greatest number of violations of Special & Local Laws to the National Crime Records Bureau.[64]
Hindi, the official state language, is the dominant language in Allahabad. English is also used, particularly by the white-collar workforce. Urdu is spoken by a sizeable minority.[4] The dialect of Hindi spoken in Allahabad is Awadhi, although Khariboli is more common in the city. In the eastern, non-Doabi, part of Allahabad district, Awadhi dialect is more common. Bengali and Punjabi are also spoken in some quarters.[4]
Civic administration [edit]
Allahabad is administered by several government agencies. The Allahabad Nagar Nigam (ANN), also called Allahabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city. The corporation came into existence in 1864, when Lucknow Municipal Act was passed by the Government of India.[65] City municipal area is divided into 80 wards, and a member (the Corporator) from each ward is elected to form the Municipal Committee. The Corporators elect the Mayor of city.[65] The chief executive is the Commissioner of Allahabad, who is appointed by the state government. Allahabad's rapid growth has created problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Allahabad Nagar Nigam has found challenging to address.[66] The unplanned nature of growth in the city has resulted in massive traffic gridlocks, which the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems.[65]
As of 2012, the Samajwadi Party controls the AMC. The city has an apolitical titular ruler, who presides over city-related functions and conferences.[67] As the seat of the Government of Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad is home to the offices of the local governing agencies, and the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly: the state secretariat, which is situated in the premises of Allahabad High Court.[67] The Allahabad Police, headed by a police commissioner, is overseen by the Uttar Pradesh Ministry of Home Affairs.[68] The Allahabad district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha, and 12 representatives to the state legislative assembly.[69]
Administrative divisions [edit]
Allahabad has been divided into several blocks within Tehsils. As of 2011, there are 20 blocks under 8 tehsils in the Allahabad city.[70][71][72] The 8 tehsils of Allahabad are as follows:
Allahabad has 3 major suburbs mainly Naini,Jhunsi and Phaphamau. Naini comes in Baghelkhand region and Jhunsi comes in Poorvanchal while Phaphamau comes in Awadh region. Allahabad is connected through 3 bridges to its suburbs.
Culture [edit]
Allahabad is known for its literary and artistic heritage; as the former capital of United Provinces it was the birthplace of holy scriptures- the Vedas and the grand epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and in the Puranas as Prayag.[73] Allahabad has been called the "literary capital of Uttar Pradesh". Allahabad's antiquity attracted curious itinerants from even the ear east.[74] Huen Tsang and Fa Hien, the Chinese travelers, who visited it in the fifth and the seventh centuries respectively, found it a flourishing city.[75][74] Over the centuries that followed, Allahabad remained on the forefront of national importance-more so during the days of the Indian independence struggle.[33] The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures, and propaganda.[29] Allahabad has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures"; however, others are decaying.[76] Established in the 1930s to serve as the residence of the Nehru family, the Swaraj Bhavan was transformed into the local headquarters of the Indian National Congress, that showcase memorabilia of the Gandhi-Nehru family.[77]
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Hindi literature was modernised through the works of authors such as Mahadevi Varma, Sumitranandan Pant, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Harivansh Rai Bachchan.[78] Another noteworthy poet was Raghupati Sahay who was more famous by the name of Firaq Gorakhpuri.[79] Firaq Gorakhpuri and Mahadevi Varma were awarded the Jnanpith Award.[80][81][82] Allahabad has also been the biggest centres of publication of Hindi literature for instance Lok Bharti, Rajkamal and Neelabh. Persian and Urdu literature also has a significant respect in city.[83] Akbar Allahabadi is well known poet of modern Urdu Literature. Poets like Nooh Narwi, Tegh Allahabadi, Raaz Allahabadi, Asghar Gondvi, Ibn e Safi,Adil Rasheed, Azam Kuraivi, Dr.Aijaz Husain, Dr.Aqeel Rizwi, Hakeem Asrar Kuraivi also hail from the city.[84] English author and Nobel Laureate Rudyard Kipling (1907) played a role for The Pioneer as an assistant editor and overseas correspondent.[85]
Though Hindu women traditionally wear the sari, the shalwar kameez and Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women.[86] Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals. Diwali (celebrated between mid-October and mid-December) and Rama Navami are the two most popular festivals in Uttar Pradesh. Sherwani is a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions.[86]
Kumbh Mela [edit]
Allahabad host the largest religious gathering in the world known as Maha Kumbh Mela which is celebrated every twelve years and Ardh (half) Kumbh Mela is celebrated every six years.[87][88]
Sports [edit]
Cricket and field hockey are the most popular sports in Allahabad.[89] The most played sports in the rural areas near the city are Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Gilli Danda and Akhada wrestling.[90] The game of gully cricket also known as street cricket is popular among the youth in the city. Children as well as teenagers play the game of cricket in alleys and lanes.[89] There are several sports complexes that can be used by both amateurs and professionals. These include the Madan Mohan Malviya Cricket stadium, Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex and the Boys' High School & College Gymnasium.[91] There is an International level swimming complex at Georgetown.[92] National Sports Academy in Jhalwa (Allahabad west) which produces world class gymnasts, the academy had been chosen as the flagbearer of Indian Gymnastic in Commonwealth games. In Allahabad every year Indira Marathon is organised; it began in 1985–86 in memory of late prime minister Indira Gandhi.[93][94][95][96][97]
Transportation [edit]
Allahabad is served by Allahabad Airport (IATA: IXD, ICAO: VIAL) which began operations in February 1966. The airport is 12 km from the city centre. Air India and Spice Jet connect Allahabad to Delhi.[98] The most hassle-free way to commute is by taxi. Other airports nearby are in Varanasi, Lucknow and Kanpur.[99]
Allahabad Junction is one of the main railway junctions of northern India. It is the headquarters of the North Central Railway Zone.[100] The four prominent railway stations of Allahabad are Prayag Station, City Station at Rambagh, Daraganj Station and Allahabad Station.[101] It is connected to most cities in Uttar Pradesh as well as all major cities of India such as Kolkata, New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Indore, Bhopal, Lucknow and Jaipur.[102] Three-wheeled yellow and black auto-rickshaws, referred to as vikram, are a popular form of transport.[103] They are metered and can accommodate at least six passengers. Taxis, commonly called City Taxis, are usually available only on call. Taxis are metered and are generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws. Tempos are the cheapest mode of travelling in Allahabad.[103]
Buses operated by Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) are an important means of public transport available in the city.[104] Besides these, National Highway 2 runs through the middle of the city.[105] India's primus cable-stayed bridge The New Yamuna Bridge, erected between 2001 and 2004, is located in Allahabad and connects the city of Allahabad to its suburb Naini next to the banks of the Yamuna River.[106] The Old Naini Bridge now accommodates railway and car traffic.[107][108] Road bridges on the Ganges and Yamuna rivers have been built to connect Allahabad with its suburbs, including Naini and Jhusi.[109] Under centre/state partnership(JNNURM) more than 100 low floor buses are running.Most of them are running on two routes 1.Trivenipuram(Jhunsi) to Manauri Airforce 2.Raymond Gate(Naini) to Shantipuram(Phaphamau).
Education [edit]
The Allahabad education system has remained distinct from that of the rest of state's other cities, with a characteristic emphasis on a broad education.[110] Allahabad's schools are run by the state government and by private organisations, many of which are religious. English is the medium of instructions in most private schools, while government schools and colleges offer both Hindi and English medium education.[111] Urdu is also used. Schools in Allahabad follow the 10+2+3 plan.[112] After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education, the ICSE, or the CBSE.[111] They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science. Vocational programs are also available.[113]
Allahabad attracts students and learners from all over country. As of 2010, Allahabad has one central university, three deemed universities, and an open university.[114] The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Allahabad or elsewhere in India. Allahabad University, founded in 1876, is the oldest modern university in the state.[114] Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology is one of the twenty National Institutes of Technology and an Institute of National Importance of India.[115] Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences is the oldest modern university in South Asia.[116] Nationally renowned professional institutes in Allahabad include the IIIT-A Motilal Nehru Medical College (MNMI), Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University (UPRTOU), Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute (GSSI), Institute of Engineering and Rural Technology (IERT), Ewing Christian College, United College of Engineering & Research and Birla Institute of Technology.[117]
Industries [edit]
The main industries of Allahabad are tourism, fishing and agriculture.[118] Allahabad city is the largest commercial center in the state; it also has the second-highest per capita income and the third greatest GDP in the state (following Kanpur).[6] It is a prominent industrial town, with 58 large industrial units, and more than 3,000 small scale industries.[119] The Third All India Census for Small Scale Industries shows that there are more than 10,000 unregistered small-scale industry units in the city.[120][121]
Allahabad has some glass- and wire-based industries.[122] The main industrial area of Allahabad is Naini and Phulpur, where several public and private sector companies have their units, offices and factories.[123] Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, India's largest oil company (which is also state-owned), is setting up a seven million tonnes per annum (MTPA)—capacity refinery at Lohgara, with an estimated investment of 62 billion Rs.[6] Allahabad Bank which began operations in 1865, headquartered in the city.[120] The growth of IT has presented the city with challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure, and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in city.[6] Allahabad is a hub for India's agricultural industry.[124] Some industries of Allahabad are Triveni Sheet Glass Ltd Naini, Indian Telephone Industries (ITI) Naini, BPCL, Triveni Structurals Ltd, Triveni Engineering Works, SAIL, Vibgyor Laboratories, Raymond Synthetics Karchana, Hindustan Cable Ltd Naini, IFFCO Phulpur, and GEEP Industries.[125] Institutions like Harish Chandra Mehta Atomic Research Center and Civil Aviation Training Center are established in the city.[125]
Media [edit]
Among Allahabad's widely circulated Hindi-language newspapers are Dainik Jagran, Amar Ujala, Dainik Bhaskar, Nai Dunia, Hindustan Dainik, Aj, and Rajasthan Patrika.[126] The Leader and The Pioneer are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from Allahabad.[127][128] Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Allahabad include The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express, and the Asian Age.[126] Prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line, Rashtriya Sahara and Business Standard are widely circulated.[129] Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Urdu, Gujarati and Punjabi lanuages, are read by minorities.
All India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs AM radio stations in the city. Allahabad has five local radio stations broadcasting on FM, including two from AIR.[130] Other regional channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services, or internet-based television.[131] Allahabad has one Doordarshan centre as well.Cable TV Digitalization is necessary for Allahabadis from March 2013.
Sister cities [edit]
Allahabad has sister city agreements with the following cities:
City | Nation |
Bukhara | Uzbekistan |
Parral | Mexico |
Zacatecas | Mexico |
Holguín | Cuba |
Tsuyama | Japan |
Santa Fe | USA |
References [edit]
- ^ a b c "Prime ministers city". We. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ "definition of Prayaga". Free Dictionary. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ "Mayor of the city". The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. p. 3. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ The Economic Times front page story dated 12 February 2013. The success of Agrawals in Business. The Economic Times.
- ^ a b c d "GDP & per capita income of Allahabad". Planning Commission of India. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Etymology of the city". Allahabad Kumbh Mela Committee. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- ^ Pollux Variste Kjeld. History of Allahabad. International Book Marketing Service Limited. p. 120. ISBN 978-613-5-87853-0. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ a b Shiva Kumar Dubey. Kumbh city Prayag. Centre for Cultural Resources and Training. pp. 31–41. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ Koenraad Elst. Who is a Hindu?: Hindu revivalist views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other offshoots of Hinduism. Voice of India. p. 7. ISBN 978-81-85990-74-3. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ Romila Thapar. Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations. Orient Blackswan. pp. 298–320. ISBN 978-81-250-0808-8. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ K. Krishnamoorthy. A Critical Inventory of Rāmāyaṇa Studies in the World: Indian languages and English. Sahitya Academy. pp. 28–51. ISBN 978-81-7201-100-0. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ a b c Vincent Arthur Smith; Stephen Meredyth Edwardes. The Oxford history of India, from the earliest times to the end of 1911. The Clarendon press. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ K-M.. Sarup & Sons. p. 247. ISBN 978-81-7625-365-9. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ a b Surjit Singh Gandhi. History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 575. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ Surinder Kaur; Tapan Kumar Sanyal. The Secular Emperor Babar: A victim of Indian partition. Lokgeet Parkashan. p. 78. ISBN 978-81-85220-07-9. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ a b Stephen Meredyth Edwardes; Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett. Mughal Rule in India. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 279–281. ISBN 978-81-7156-551-1. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d B. R. Andhare. Bundelkhand under the Marathas, 1720–1818 A.D.: a study of Maratha-Bundela relations 1–2. Vishwa Bharati Prakashan. p. 93. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ Edward Thompson; Edward T. & G.T. Garratt. History of British Rule in India 2. Atlantic Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-81-7156-804-8. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
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- ^ "Minor industries". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
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- ^ a b "Areawise analysis". India Grid. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
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External links [edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Allahabad |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity | |
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Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Travel guide from Wikivoyage |
- Allahabad People Power
- Official website of Allahabad
- Allahabad travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Allahabad at the Open Directory Project
- North Western Provinces
- Allahabad at Wikimapia – Showing places, geography, terrain, routes in and around Allahabad using satellite images


text:
People who received the tainted injections can take weeks before they become ill. The infection, caused by a fungus that is difficult to treat is called Aspergillus. Aspergillus is an airborne mold that can cause allergies and hay fever. It has occurred exclusively among people who received an otherwise routine injection given to reduce lower-back pain. Poor vascular supply in the spinal cord is what makes it an attractive target for the epidural, steroid injections. But, the antibiotics (or in this case, antifungals), don't easily penetrate this site. Two have died from this injection and at least 30 have been infected. Injuries:
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Read reviews (2)
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Thanks to a head start from a mix, it's easy to bake up these crowd-pleasing treats. It's hard to stop at one, but don't worry, my recipe makes 30 servings! —Brenda Melancon, McComb, MS
Nutritional Facts 1 brownie equals 285 calories, 15 g fat (6 g saturated fat), 32 mg cholesterol, 129 mg sodium, 36 g carbohydrate, 1 g fiber, 4 g protein.
Originally published as Double Chocolate Coconut Brownies in Simple & Delicious April/May 2013, p55
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Reviewed on Apr. 19, 2013 by anncwallace
Rich, sweet, and delicious. I don't like coconut, so I omitted that, and its still yummy. The only problem is the sweetened condensed milk sticks to the pan.
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These were so good. I made them with our school's bake sale in mind and most of them didn't make it there.
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Athlete of the Week: Jesse Draper
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
Steamboat Springs Name: Jesse Draper
School: Steamboat Springs High School
Year: Senior
Height: 5 foot 9
Sport: Hockey
Why: Draper stopped 31 of 34 shots in helping the Steamboat Springs High School hockey team remain undefeated and win the King of the Mountain trophy. In his first start of the year, Draper's play in net helped Steamboat beat Aspen, 4-3.
Quotable: "I was very, very impressed. It was a very emotional game for him. He started out the season and didn't dress for that first home game. But he reacted in a positive way and worked super, super hard." — Steamboat coach Brent Tollar.
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The Program
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Rob Eiter - Wrist Control to Baseball Grip High Single
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You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
Thanks for the nice words. I am looking forward to that new car icon at 750,000 points. Hope you have a wonderful day! Your TX buddy.
Got a car like you now. You still got me by 185K points though. As long as you max out every day, I'll never be able to gain on you, but I'll try to keep the pressure on. ****
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Temple Hatikvah is an engaged and dynamic Jewish community, originally founded in 1969.
As an egalitarian, Conservative synagogue we represent strong Jewish values with emphasis on education and social action. We have an active Sisterhood, Mens Club and Youth Group.
We provide an excellent Jewish education through our Hebrew School and Adult Education classes. We have Bnai Mitzvah classes for children as well as adults.We are an inclusive Congregation with members of varied levels of observance Interfaith families and Jews by choice are an integral part of our synagogue family. Come with us while we explore our Jewish identity together!
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Add to the joy of the celebration and support Hatikvah fundraising and media center by sponsoring our Purim Basket program! Three levels of sponsorship! Megillah: $36.00 Mordechai: $72.00 Esther: $108. Added bonus! Send a basket to friends and family in the lower 48 for only $25.00 (email the address and details to firstname.lastname@example.com). Convenient payment: Just use our PayPal account or send a check made out to Hatikvah with Purim Basket in the comment space by February 10th and mail it to Temple Hatikvah, PO Box 672, Flanders, NJ 07836. Click here to order via PayPal:
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Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker (R) has rejected more than $9 million in grants from the Affordable Care Act that would have "focused on fighting drug and alcohol abuse; assessing health impacts of public policies; and signing up state residents who qualify for state health programs." State health commissioners are outraged by the move, pointing out that the state is turning away money "at a time when there is a proliferation of illicit drugs and documentation of binge drinking and drunken driving in the state." "Wisconsin would put its head in the virtual sand and not go after this funding," Bevan Baker, commissioner of health for the City of Milwaukee said.
Walker's administration claims the grants "duplicated existing efforts," despite making significant cuts to health care programs in the state's recently-passed state budget. Walker slashed $500 million from Department of Health Services and instituted a $1.6 billion reduction in public school funding.
In fact, some of the budget cuts specifically targeted drug and alcohol prevention programs in schools, while others will allow the health department's secretary, Dennis Smith, "sole authority to make cuts to whatever programs he likes — or doesn't like." Smith hasn't yet offered a finished proposal, but wouldn't rule out cuts to addiction services.
Wisconsin is also near the very bottom of states for public health funding, ranking 49th in the nation for state funding of prevention services per capita.
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American Airlines has experienced major delays today due to a computer glitch. Over Twitter, the airline announced it was grounded nationwide until 2 p.m. Mountain time.
One of the busier airports in the country is throwing conventional food wisdom out the window. You can still get a McDonald's Big Mac or a Starbucks' Frappucino at Sky Harbor in Phoenix, but the airport is in the midst of a major upgrade that will bring local restaurants into a space that is typically reserved for mega-corporate chains.
After more than a year of speculation and negotiation, the merger between US Airways and American Airlines is official. The new airline will keep American's name and be worth about $11 billion. As KJZZ's Nick Blumberg reports, the merger creates the largest carrier in the world.
Janitors who clean Sky Harbor International Airport gathered Tuesday night to protest their working conditions.
A passenger train made its debut today at Sky Harbor Airport. Sky Train, as its called, should begin moving passengers to and from Terminal Four by early next year.
Travelers flying through Gateway Airport in Mesa will soon be able to access the east side of the airport more easily. The Arizona Department of Transportation will break ground Tuesday on a new state route they're calling the Gateway Freeway.


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http://livestream.com/itaku Btw, It's in HD.
Before I say anything else. Know this. The past few days my life had a very bad thing happen and if I wasn't demodded right now I would be definitely requesting it. But I do still want to know why I was demodded. Schools starting for me in 2 weeks. My grades before have been **** and this was distracting me. This is what I need to focus more on my school work as I start high school. I will stay for a while unless something big happens. I'll be nice to you if you're ...
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text:
Duluth School Board Member Resigns from City Position
Posted at: 10/01/2012 6:18 PM
| Updated at: 10/01/2012 10:52 PM
By: Paige Calhoun
Tom Kasper has worked for the City of Duluth since 1995, according to a profile in Duluth Superior Magazine. Kasper is also a Duluth School Board member.
Friday, Kasper resigned from his post as City Building and Grounds Supervisor, according to Duluth City Attorney Gunnar Johnson.
Last month, city officials confirmed that Kasper was not working for the month of September. The city said at the time, they were investigating complaints and charges relating to Kasper, but said that the nature of the complaints would not be made public until disciplinary action, if any, was complete.
With Kasper's resignation, Johnson said the city will not pursue their investigation because Kasper is no longer a city employee. That means the disciplinary action, if any, is not final. According to state law, that means information in the investigation is not public. Kasper himself has not answered any Eyewitness News requests for comment since the investigation began.
Kasper is also known in the community as a Duluth School Board Member. He's been on the board since 2009, and is currently serving as Vice Chair. During his time away from his post with the city, Kasper did attend a regular school board meeting in September.
Duluth School District Spokesperson Katie Kaufman said she does not have any information on Kasper's plans. Eyewitness News calls to Kasper for comment have not been returned.
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Description: The first thing I noticed about Laurent is how fucking sexy he is. The second thing I noticed was how cocky he is. He has a great big smile and swagger to spare. After we chatted a bit he stripped his clothes to show off his nice cock & tight tattooed body - toned by years in the service. As he started getting himself hard I made him the offer for a bit more money if he let me give him a hand job. I was completely shocked when he said, "What the hell, but it's a one time thing." I started stroking him and then before too long he let me blow him too. I sucked his cock, tweaked his nipples, licked his taint and nibbled his balls as he got closer to blowing his load. I could tell it was going to be a big one. When he came it was with loud ferocity that I haven't seen or heard in a long time. A nice big squirt of jizz shot all over his ripped torso and it took him a few minutes to recover from the ecstasy.
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VI Former Michael Green is Main Line Student of the Week
September 19, 2012
A senior, Green is Student Body President, as well as a Signet Society member, president of the Poetry Club, co-president of the Diversity Alliance and a Community Awareness Meetings (CAM) leader. He won the Cappie Spirit Award for Haverford and is a member of the Chinese Honor Society. More>


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Seattle Public Schools has been using its SchoolMessenger phone notification system to alert parents about weather-related school closures.
Although it has responded to complaints about over-calling (calling too many numbers for one family – office, home, cell, etc.), it does not have a way at this time to allow families to opt out of emergency calls.
On the district website's FAQ section:
Can I opt out of being contacted via the automated telephone system for weather related calls?
You can let us know (advise your school) if you prefer that a work number not be used for emergency notifications. We are not able at this point to have families choose which kinds of emergency calls they want sent to different numbers.


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Sure, Ajax is the Web 2.0 buzzword that everyone wants associated with their site. But what does it really mean? And how are engineers integrating it into their sites at an architectural level. In this article, I cover the basics of Ajax and show some Ajax design patterns that have become proven best practice with Web 2.0 development.
To start, Ajax is just a buzzword that covers a set of technologies, including
Dynamic HTML (DHTML) and the XMLHTTPRequest
object. DHTML
is a combination of three elements: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), JavaScript code,
and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Using JavaScript code on a Web page, you can change
the page dynamically to add, remove, or change the content. That's the dynamic portion
of DHTML. JavaScript code uses the XMLHTTPRequest
object to
request data from the server after the page has been loaded.
The combination of these two elements -- requesting data from the server on the fly and changing the page to use the data -- is the essence of what's called Ajax and the dynamic nature of Web 2.0 sites.
But that doesn't really tell you how these features are used in the real world and how you should use them on your site. For that, you need a set of simple design patterns. If you are unfamiliar with that term, it comes from the excellent book of the same name (see Resources). That book provided a set of implementation patterns for the common tasks that confront engineers. The book provided not just best practices for how to design systems but also a terminology that engineers can use to talk about their code.
This article presents five common Ajax design patterns. They vary in using HTML, XML, and JavaScript code to get data from the server. I start with the simplest pattern, which is to update your page with new HTML from the server.
Pattern 1. Replacing HTML segments
Perhaps the most common Ajax task is to request updated HTML from the server and update a portion of the page with it. You can do this can periodically -- for example, to update stock quotes. Or you can update on demand -- for example, in response to a search request.
The code in Listing 1 requests a page from the server, and
then places that content into a

tag in the
body of the page.
Listing 1. Pat1_replace_div.html
   Dynamic content is shown between here:

 And here.
   |
Listing 2 shows the content that the code is requesting.
Listing 2. Pat1_content.html
HTML encoded content goes here. |
When I load the page in Firefox, I see the result shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The page with the replaced
 tag
Go back to the code in Listing 1 and look at a few
things. The first thing to notice is the loadUrl()
function, which requests a URL from the server. This function uses the
object to ask the server for the new
content. It also specifies a callback function -- in this case,
-- that's called when the browser
has received the content.
The processReqChange
function then inspects the object
to see whether the request has been completed. If it has, the function sets the
of the

tag in the page into the text of the response.
The use of the

tag as a placeholder for
dynamic content is a staple of Ajax code. These tags have no visible presence
(unless you add borders and such, as I have), but they act as a good marker for
where content should go. Engineers also use the
tag for replaceable segments, as I demonstrate later. The difference between a
and a
tag is that the former imposes a line break (like a paragraph), while the latter
delineates a section of inline text.
Getting back to the processReqChange
function for a
moment, it's important that the function check the value of both the
and the readyState
value. While some browsers will call the function only when the request
is complete, other browsers will call back continuously to tell the code that the
request is still running.
Another variant of this pattern is to create a tabbed style of display. Listing 3 shows a simple tabbed Ajax interface.
Listing 3. Pat1_tabs.html
   Tab 1 Tab 2

   |
Listing 4 shows the content for the first tab.
Listing 4. Pat1_tab1_content.html
Tab 1 content |
And Listing 5 shows the content for the second tab.
Listing 5. Pat1_tab2_content.html
Tab 2 content |
When I bring this page up in my browser, I see the first tab, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The content for the first tab
I then click the link for the second tab. The browser retrieves the second tab's contents and shows it in the tab area, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The content for the second tab
This is the quintessential use of this design pattern -- to take requests from the user and update a portion of the display with the new material, in this case, creating the illusion of a tabbed display. The value from the application side is that you can downloaded a much lighter-weight page to customers, who can then access the material they want on demand.
Before Ajax, the common technique was to have both tabs on the page, then hide or show them on demand. This meant that the HTML for the second tab was created even if it was never viewed, wasting both server time and bandwidth. With this new Ajax method, the HTML for the second tab is created only when the user requests it.
Yet another variation on this theme is the Read more link, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. The Read more link on my boring blog entry
Suppose that I really wanted to read more about the continuing adventures of my dog walk. I can click the Read more link and have that link replaced with the complete engrossing story, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. The page after clicking the Read more link
The value for customers is that they get more material seamlessly without a page refresh.
Listing 6 shows the code for this page.
Listing 6. Pat1_readmore.html

Walking the dog
 I took my dog for a walk today.  Read more...    |
Listing 7 shows the content for the "read more" section.
Listing 7. Pat1_readmore_content.html
It was a nice day out. Warm and sunny. My dog liked getting out for a stretch. |
This code demonstrates the use of the
tag instead of the

tag. The approach
you use depends on the requirements of your user interface (UI). But as you
can see, it's easy to use either approach.
For some reason, Ajax has become synonymous with XML, even though XML isn't strictly required. As you can see from the examples above, you can return straight text or even fragments of HTML -- or Extensible HTML (XHTML) -- code. But sending XML can have its rewards.
Listing 8 shows Ajax code that requests records about books from the server, then displays that data in a table within the page.
Listing 8. Pat2_xml.html

 Author	 Title

   |
Listing 9 shows the data for the page.
Listing 9. Pat2_xml_data.xml
<books> <book> <author>Jack Herrington</author> <title>Code Generation in Action</title> </book> <book> <author>Jack Herrington</author> <title>Podcasting Hacks</title> </book> <book> <author>Jack Herrington</author> <title>PHP Hacks</title> </book> </books> |
When I load the page in my browser, I see the result shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The XML display page
The big difference between this page and the pages in the previous pattern is in the
function. Instead of looking at
, you now look at
, an XML Document Object Model (DOM) available
only if the response from the server was properly encoded XML.
Using responseXML
, I request the list of
tags from the XML document. I then get the
and <author>
elements from each. Next, I add a row to the table for each book and cells to each
row to contain the author and title data.
This is a pretty rudimentary use of the XML data. More sophisticated JavaScript code can perform client-side sorting or searching based on the returned data.
Pattern 3. Reading JavaScript data
Let me revise the code in Listing 8 that read XML from the server to read JavaScript data from the server, instead. This new code is shown in Listing 10.
Listing 10. Pat3_js.html
   This is the content for segment one:

 And segment two:

   |
Listing 14 shows the data from the server.
Listing 14. Pat5_data.xml
<segments> <one>Content for segment one</one> <two>Content for segment two</two> </segments> |
When I load this code in my browser, I see the result shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. The two-segment display updated with data from the server
In the page code, I could have used the XML response, as the material returned from the server is valid XML. But it was easier to use regular expressions instead to crack the individual segments from the XML code.
Ajax is as powerful as it is misunderstood and misused. The patterns I've shown in this article provide a good jumping-off point for using Ajax in your Web application. But in addition to using the code provided here, I recommend having a look at some of the great Ajax and Web UI libraries that have come along with the Web 2.0 revolution. Chief among these is the Prototype.js library, which provides easy methods to get data to and from the server as well as cross-browser-compliant methods to update Web page content. The value of using these libraries is that dedicated engineers maintain and test them on a wide variety of browsers and platforms, which can save you a lot of work and headache.
Either way you cut it, Ajax as demonstrated by the patterns in this article is something you should check into to add dynamic behavior to your applications.
Description | Name | Size | Download method |
Sample Ajax pattern files for this article | x-ajaxxml2_ajax_patterns.zip | 7KB | HTTP |
Information about download methods
- developerWorks XML zone: Learn all about XML at the developerWorks XML zone.
- Design Patterns (Erich Gamma, et al., Addison-Wesley, 1995): Read the seminal book on the use of patterns in software engineering.
- IBM XML certification: Find out how you can become an IBM-Certified Developer in XML and related technologies.
- XML technical library: See the developerWorks XML Zone for a wide range of technical articles and tips, tutorials, standards, and IBM Redbooks.
- developerWorks technical events and webcasts: Stay current with technology in these sessions.
- Ajaxian: With this great resource, keep up with developments in Ajax and the front-end widgets that use it.
Get products and technologies
- Yahoo! UI library: Get the Yahoo! UI library, a Web UI kit that you can use along with Ajax in your Web applications.
- ATLAS library: Try the ATLAS library for Microsoft's take on an Ajax browser-compatibility layer. You don't need to use Microsoft® ASP.NET to make use of the library.
- Scriptaculous: Download this library of cross-browser effects and widgets that uses the Prototype.js library.
- Moo.fx: Get this lightweight widgets library that is based on Prototype.js.
- Participate in the discussion forum.
- XML zone discussion forums: Participate in any of several XML-centered forums.
Jack D. Herrington is a senior software engineer with more than 20 years of experience. He's the author of three books: Code Generation in Action, Podcasting Hacks, and PHP Hacks. He has also written more than 30 articles. You can reach Jack at email@example.com.


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October 12, 2012 - by ASTD Staff
When you examine the BEST award-winning organizations during the past decade, several key characteristics emerge. These winning organizations have metrics that matter—inclusion of learning objectives as part of individual performance goals, a clear link betw... More »
October 12, 2012 - by Jennifer J. Salopek
Among the Savvis learning team's successes during the past year is its effort to revamp the company's onboarding program. More »
April 14, 2010 - by Robert Kleinsorge
Spurred on by global growth, global competition, and the recent economic crisis, companies are restructuring themselves more frequently and more rapidly. Such frequent dismantling and reassembling of a company's organizational structure creates gaps in leadership at all... More »


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The European court's hidden but hopeful message on the freedom to marry
on Jun 30, 2010 at 08:00 amThe right to marry remains subject primarily to national and not European law, but an Austrian couple have nudged the Council of Europe's 47 states closer to a consensus.
Iceland prime minister weds as freedom to marry legalized
on Jun 28, 2010 at 02:30 pmJohanna Sigurdardottir, Iceland prime minister, married her long-time partner on Sunday as a new law legalizing marriage equality came into force.
The freedom to marry is a generational issue
on Jun 24, 2010 at 02:30 pmThe freedom to marry is a generational issue for several reasons, as the Newsweek correspondent and blogger Katie Connolly points out.
Obviously being from one generation or another does not prevent someone from supporting equality, but the trend is worth noting.
Gays in China speak up
on Jun 23, 2010 at 10:47 amFour centuries after China pioneered female same sex unions (there were occasionally male ones also) and less than a decade after homosexuality was declassified as a mental illness by the ruling Communist Party, campaigners for the freedom to marry for China's 60 million gays and lesbians are finding a large audience for their views.
Listen: Freedom to Marry's Sean Eldridge discusses marriage equality with Karl Frisch
on Jun 15, 2010 at 06:12 pmSean Eldridge, Communications Director at Freedom to Marry, discusses marriage equality with Karl Frisch on the Leslie Marshall Show, June 11, 2010.
Worlds apart
on Jun 11, 2010 at 05:10 pmFederal law gives gay citizens with foreign partners tough choices: Leave the U.S.A. Lose your love. Break the law.
Iceland passes freedom to marry law in unanimous vote
on Jun 11, 2010 at 02:20 pmIceland, the only country in the world to have an openly gay head of state, passed a law on Friday honoring the freedom to marry in a vote which met with no political resistance.
DOMA's deserted isle
on Jun 10, 2010 at 09:49 amAs President Obama further extends federal-employee benefits to same-sex partners, one of the world's most isolated spots grabs a moment of notoriety.
Wayne Besen: The tipping point on LGBT equality has arrived
on Jun 09, 2010 at 03:37 pmWayne Besen writes about several factors that show an increased acceptance of LGBT people and LGBT relationships in the U.S.
One very gay time
on Jun 08, 2010 at 07:00 amDeb Price writes about the changes in her personal relationship and America in general since the beginning of her ground-breaking nationally syndicated column in a mainstream newspaper about life from a gay perspective.


text:
recipe reviews for:
"Breakfast cookies made with whole grains like rolled oats, flax meal, and whole wheat flour have the flavor of dried cherries and chocolate chips for a tasty breakfast on the run."
Cooking Level: Expert
My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
Cooking Level: Intermediate
See a top-rated recipe for soft, chewy oatmeal cookies.
See how to make one of our most popular cookies.
See how truly delicious whole grain waffles can be.


text:
ANTOR is the principle lobbying organisation for the world's tourist offices. Its UK membership comprises of national and regional tourist offices which are represented in Britain. ANTOR celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2012.
ANTOR's objectives include providing a fraternal forum for its members to meet and exchange ideas, to forge close relationships with all other sectors of the travel industry; to be recognised as one of the foremost advocates of responsible tourism and to comment on a wide range of issues affecting worldwide travel and tourism.
BNC Global Show 2013
Member events
Inside Luxury Travel Show Meeting - All Members Welcome
The Future of Mobile Technology hosted by Deloitte Digital - Sponsored by TripAdvisor
Tourism Society - Annual Conference 2013
Monthly Networking Event
Members Code of Conduct Review
ANTOR members newsletters
To view ANTOR members newsletters and board minutes please login and visit the documents library.
Consumer events
Saint Lucia Carnival
Street procession and party
Montréal Jazz Festival
Jazz Festival
Canada Day
Public Holiday celebration
Calgary Stampede
Discovery Days Festival
Do You Know How Air Passenger Duty (APD) Affects Your Business?


text:
$ 128.00
$ 51.20
Vest made from soft Italian merino wool features an all-over argyle pattern. Contrasting rib collar, hem and armholes. Dry clean only. Imported.
Unfortunately, we are unable to fulfill your requested quantity at this time. The remaining items will be shipped as soon as they are available.


text:
Asked by san78 at 11:00 AM on Jan. 28, 2013 in Crazy for Credits
Answer by Alisim at 1:11 PM on Jan. 28, 2013
Next question in Crazy for Credits SHERRRRI!!!!
Next question overall (Tweens (9-12)) I thought it was bedbugs, now that no longer make sense...help!
Recently Bumped in Fun & Games Lets play the Walmart game.


text:
Your search "lomo lc-a" resulted in 163 Articles
Hook, Line & Sinker: Get Beached with the Lomo LC-Wide & LC-A+
MAN OVERBOARD! Get your hands on a free film with a purchase of a Lomo LC-A+ or LC-Wide! Wait, there's more! Read on to find out what Lomography has hidden up their sleeve! -
Lomopedia: LOMO LC-A
Hailed as the historical camera that sparked the Lomography movement, the compact LOMO LC-A has fascinated generations of snapshooters from its birth in 1984 up to the present. -
5 Questions On Analogue Photography with Caroline Keî
Caroline is our new guest in the section, "5 Questions On Analogue Photography!" Let's discover through this article her photographs and feelings regarding analog photography! -
My Analogue Days: Exploring The Neighborhood
I've lived in this neighborhood for almost a year now and I still find so many wonderful new details every time I go for a walk with my camera. -
★ The Lomo LC-A (and Other Items) 100 Years Later by Maico Akiba
Ever wondered how your trusted Lomo LC-A might look like in 100 years? Then see this great piece by Maico Akiba, an illustration and sculpture artist, who uses her painting skills to apply "aging paint" to everyday objects. -
166+ Series #12: History of the 'Project +' (Part 3)
The next one who is going to tell me, "C'mon, Alec. It's only a camera!" will have serious injuries. I'm obviously joking, but there's something special about this camera, even if we look about the evolution of the project "+" during the recent decades; it's the so called "Lomography ERA". -
It's True: Use the LC-A+ and Fall in Love with It!
The Lomo LC-A+ won my heart as it turned out to be a great companion during my side excursion to the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as into the depths of Fort Point. -
LomoAmigo Obi Blanche shows us GIRLS
Let us introduce you to our very own Finnish electronic music guru and new LomoAmigo Obi Blanche! While playing a gig at the Lomography Gallery Store Berlin, Obi got infected with the magical Lomo virus and ever since, he's hanging around the store, trying out new films, and showing us his latest Diana Mini or LC-A shots. We are happy to show you unpublished photos from the series GIRLS, and other behind the scenes pictures from different assignments. GIRLS will soon be exhibited at the store with mostly pictures not shown in this interview. Those we save as a surprise for the opening night! -
Lomo Amigo Latoya and her love for the Lomo LC-A
Everyone can take pictures. You just have to grab a camera and shoot! That's what Latoya van der Meeren, our latest Lomo Amigo thinks. Want to know what she has to say beyond that? Go ahead and read the interview! -
A Sunny Sunday Snowboarding: Shooting Action on the Lomo LC-A
Sunday is considered the day of rest but when the sun is out and it's a bluebird day on the mountain there's no better time to rise early from bed to snap some 35mm action. With our eager eyes and an LC-A camera, we headed out with snowboarder Orla Doolin to the Burton Stash in Morzine one sunny Sunday morning... and here is the snowboarding we snapped. -
★ The 2013 Adventure of Boris the Pass On Lomo!
Boris has finally made up his analogue mind! In 2013 he will be visiting 47 enthusiastic Lomographers from the Netherlands and Belgium. He'll be all over the place! From Amsterdam to Utrecht, Groningen, Maastricht, Ghent and Rotterdam, he'll be everywhere and capture only the best moments! -
Meet Our Travelling LomoAmigo upic!
How about a destination far away this time? Brazil, Australia, India, Japan... Our peripatetic LomoAmigo of the month knows them all! Find out more about the German, click through her amazing pictures from all over the world and read about her tips for your next vacation. -
Love Letter Special- Get 25% off any Lomo LC-A+ Camera!
Find your analogue sweet spot with the LC-A+'s features like multiple exposures, and its signature vignettes and puched-out color. Celebrate true analogue love and grab a generous 25% off any Lomo LC-A+ camera, valid today only! -
★ An Epic Gallery: International LomoStaff Up and About 2012
2012 has been yet another great year for the analogue community, and we'd like to share what we've been up to for the entire year! See where the LomoStaff around the world have been up to for 2012! Happy holidays! -
Boris and Rana: A First Love
Rana had a challenging week! The mission she got, along with Boris, was to shoot 36 images that all contained the subject 'First Love'. Is Boris a matchmaker? Read on to find out! -
★ A Visit From Boris At Your Place
Boris the pass-on-Lomo's first year is over. High time for a new adventure! No more Famous Dutchmen, art directors, or hip politicians from The Hague, now it's up to you! Do you want to take care of Boris for two weeks and with that test the most populair lomo camera ever? Sign up! -
Paul's Life Documented by Boris the Pass-on-Lomo
Paul van de Berg, architect and former teacher at the Gerrit Rietveld art academy in Amsterdam. He invited Boris the-pass-on-Lomo to spend the week at the canals of Amsterdam. The beautiful black and white photos and anecdotes tell Paul's life story. -
Boris the Pass-on-Lomo was an Analogue Gift
Aukje Dekker is an artist and museum director. She took Boris the pass-on-Lomo with her for a week. Boris made her realize how nice her life is – check the photos and read her experience with Boris after the jump! -
My Lomo Milestones: Instants in an Instant
My love affair with instant film began right when I got my first Lomo camera: the classic Lomo LC-A. It was beautiful, sturdy, and it came with an instant back. I fell in love. Despite wanting to start using up some rolls right away, the first thing I ever did with my LC-A was putting its instant back on and shooting through a whole cartridge. Just recently, I acquired a Fuji Instax 100, to join the family. -
Boris the Pass-on-Lomo was a Fashion Victim
Boris spent the week with Dutch designer Patricia Hofstede. The first few days in the beautiful national park the Biesbosch, and the last few days in her atelier in Amsterdam. Here's Boris' week in the fashion world.


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In Part 5, I discussed the issue of "excess" assets and the "spend-down" process in Medical Assistance. Apart from a couple's exempt assets (house, one car, household furnishings, etc.), the remaining assets are "countable"...more
5/10/2013 - Exempt Assets Long-Term Care Medicaid Penalties
In This Issue: ATRA 2012 – How Does it Affect You?; Planning and Paying for Long-Term Care; and Obama Revenue Raising Proposals. Excerpt from ATRA 2012 – How Does it Affect You?: The American Taxpayer...more
5/8/2013 - American Taxpayer Relief Act Dynasty Trust Estate Tax Generation-Skipping Transfer Gift Tax Grantor Retained Annuity Trust IRA Medicaid Medicare
In This Issue: Year-End Tax Planning - Year-end planning is a bigger challenge this year than in past years because, unless Congress acts, tax rates will go up next year, many more individuals will be snared by...more
11/15/2012 - 3.8% Medicare Tax Adjusted Gross Income Alternative Minimum Tax Bush-Era Tax Cuts Flexible Spending Accounts Harvesting Losses Health Savings Accounts IRA Required Minimum Distributions Year-End Tax Planning
JD Supra gets your content noticed, increases your visibility and makes your marketing efforts hassle free...
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I can't seem to find any work on the following question: Can every (closed, of finite type) Riemann surface $S$ be realized as an embedded (or even immersed) smooth surface in Euclidean $3$-space, where by realized, I mean that the induced conformal structure on $T \subset \mathbb{E}^3$ is the conformal structure on $S?$ The answer is obviously yes when $S$ is of genus $0,$ but that's where the obvious statements end -- I don't know the answer for $g=1.$
Remember to vote up questions/answers you find interesting or helpful (requires 15 reputation points)
The embedding question has been answered in the affirmative by Adriano Garsia in 1961. Here is the link to MR. In fact, he has shortly after shown that the embedding might be chosen with real algebraic image. |
You can accept an answer to one of your own questions by clicking the check mark next to it. This awards 15 reputation points to the person who answered and 2 reputation points to you.
I have thought about this question before, but at the moment I can't remember links or references. Nonetheless, many years ago I thought of a sketch of an argument that should eventually work to prove that it's always possible. Namely, start with any smooth embedding of $S$ into $\mathbb{R}^3$. This surface has some conformal structure, and any other conformal structure is described by an ellipse field well-defined up to a scale. Then it is intuitive that that you can match the ellipse field by "wrinkling" $S$, in other words by making $S$ locally wavy in the long direction of the ellipses. More rigorously, $S$ is replaced by a graph of a function that is locally sinusoidal. You don't even have to match it exactly; approximations are good enough if you can encircle the desired conformal structure in Teichmuller space. There is a similar trick for a different purpose in the video "Outside In". Of course it's messy to make all of the required transitions between the patches of wrinkles on the surface. Moreover the surface is not flat, only flat to first order, and a function cannot be graphed rectilinearly, only approximately so. I think that Garsia's paper uses the same idea or a similar idea, but he slogs through all of the approximations to make it work. |


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Apple Zone / Re: Why You Are a Dumbfuck, America.
« on: May 07, 2012, 07:19:54 pm »And, yeah, the average American po'bucker attitude towards being fucked can be explained like this:
I kick you in the junk hard enough to knock you out. When you wake up, I explain that LMNO did it, and that we'll fix that bastard, yes we will. Only you have to first close your eyes and stand with your feet apart. You do that, and I kick you again. Rinse, repeat.
The difference is, after the second time I did it, you'd be cutting me into pieces like Scarface did to that one dude in the chainsaw fight scene, and the po'bucker will just hold his nuts and wail his hatred for LMNO no matter how many times I kick him.
Sometimes I hate this place...
The only explanation, so far as I can see, is that there is a god, and he hates us all.


text:
Uptake and tissue distribution of liposomes after ...
Title | Uptake and tissue distribution of liposomes after intraperitoneal administration to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Richardson): a preliminary report |
Author(s) | C. Power, R. Markham, A. Donald |
Journal | Journal of Fish Diseases |
Date | 1990 |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 4 |
Start page | 329 |
End page | 332 |
Abstract | Liposomes were prepared from phosphotidylcholine and cholesterol at a molar ratio of 4:1. One group of 10 fish received an intraperitoneal injection of multilamella liposomes (MLV), while another group received large unilamellar liposomes (LUV). Approx. 20 micro Ci of tritiated cholesterol had been incorporated per 50 micro moles of lipid, and radioactive counts from each liposome preparation averaged 280 000 cpm/10 micro l of the liposome suspension before injection. The fish were killed 24 h after injection and the various tissues examined for radioactivity. Uptake of LUVs was significantly greater than that of MLVs. The spleen, and anterior and posterior kidney were primary sites of localization. Liver had the next greatest uptake, followed by gills, heart and fat; muscle tissue had the lowest uptake. It is suggested that LUVs would provide an appropriate delivery system for vaccines, as well as for certain antimicrobial agents.. |
Using APA 6th Edition citation style.
Times viewed: 59


text:
Audrey Triangle
California-based designer Monica Wise delivers a collection of stylish swimwear that brings a state of opulence to any poolside get-together. Pieces are fashion forward, offering modern designs in luxurious materials that are sophisticated, but also beach appropriate.
- 80% nylon 20% spandex
- Ties around neck
- Ties around back
- Fringe detailing
- Styled with L*SPACE Taboo Bottom in Tiffany.
- Modeled in size S. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
- Revolve Style No. LSPA-WX38
- Manufacturer Style No. FR5612
- Can't find your size? Place a special order inquiry for this item.
look: -- |
fit: -- |
comfort: -- |
overall: -- |
sizing: -- |


text:
Spend £40 for free delivery!
Majestic's minimum purchase is 6 bottles of wine, Champagne and spirits. Delivery on mainland UK is free for orders over £40, or £5 for orders under £40.
Orders are delivered direct from the store closest to your delivery address. You'll be contacted within 24 hours to confirm the order and arrange the details. We turn around most orders within a day or two, although for addresses further from the store this may be longer (a maximum of 7 days).
If you have specific delivery requirements, use the 'Additional Information' box on the delivery details page to enter a message for the store team and they'll do everything they can to accommodate you.
Unfortunately there are some locations just too far away for us to deliver using store vans. Our Mail Order team despatch wines via courier to these locations. We can deliver our full range of wines, Champagnes and spirits (but unfortunately not beer, soft drinks or accessories). Customers in mainland UK still benefit from FREE delivery, and for customers in Northern Ireland, the Scottish Islands, Isle of Man and Isles of Scilly we charge £7.50 per case.
Price £9.99
Buy 2 still Chilean wines save 20% £7.99 *
Sauvignon Blanc
Interesting sauvignon - hints of gooseberry and lime as previous reviewer mention. Not as 'tropical' as some of the better New Zealand sauvignons;.
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My first 5* rated wine. This SB has everything. An understated nose hides what is to come, lemon,lime gooseberry, zest, its a vibrant wine, alive!. Very juicy wine. The attack really hooks you, almost a fizz of fruit. You could even use it as an apperatif. Easy drinking, accompanies various white meats and fish, I used it with crispy duck!. It's ready for anything. My favourite white in the last 12 months, easily. There are no down sides to this lovely example of a Sauvignon blanc. BUY IT.
This is brilliant Chilean Sauvignon Sort of French Loire meets New Zealand Lots of Grapefruit and Gooseberry in the mix with hints of pear and a minerality in the background Cracking wine nearly as good as a very highly commended wine club Sauvignon we often drink Great value at the offer price
Tasted of nothing, very disappointing compared with their reds. I'm going back to Malborough....
Retired wine rep..I review in plain English. The 2012 is an exceptional Sauvignon Blanc that I urge you to try. Over the years I've sold tons of Errazuriz to the top end trade customers, and year after year it never disappoints. You'll taste the gooseberries with other zesty fruits....but they're not overpowering like some of the New Zealand wines. This is a bit more.... 'manly'!
Better than some of the New Zealand SB's which can be too sweet and perfumed and too much like Chardonnay. This is what I want an SB to taste like
Keep up to date with top offers and new arrivals, you could win £100 worth of wine!
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