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English Braille
English Braille Grade-2 Braille British Revised Braille |
Type | Alphabet (non-linear) |
Languages | English |
Time period | 1902 |
Parent systems |
night writing
Child systems | unified international braille Unified English Braille Irish Braille |
Unicode range | U+2800 to U+283F |
English Braille, also known as Grade-2 Braille,[1] is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of 250 or so letters (phonograms), numerals, punctuation marks, formatting marks, and contractions and abbreviations (logograms). Some English Braille letters, such as ⠡ ⟨ch⟩,[2] correspond to more than one letter in print.
There are three levels of complexity in English Braille. Grade 1 is a (nearly) one-to-one transcription of printed English, and is restricted to basic literacy. Grade 2, which is nearly universal in print beyond basic literacy materials, abandons one-to-one transcription in many places (such as the letter ⠡ ⟨ch⟩) and adds hundreds of abbreviations and contractions. Both grades have been standardized. "Grade 3" is not a single system, but any of various personal shorthands. It is almost never found in publications. Most of this article describes the 1994 American edition of Grade-2 Braille;[3] some of the differences with Unified English Braille are discussed at the end.
Braille is frequently portrayed as an encoding of the Latin alphabet used by sighted people. However, for the blind, braille is an independent writing system, not a variant of printed English.[4]
Contents |
History [edit]
Braille was introduced to Britain in 1861. In 1876, a French-based system with a few hundred English contractions and abbreviations was adopted as the predominant script in Great Britain. However, the contractions and abbreviations proved unsatisfactory, and in 1902 the current grade-2 system, called Revised Braille, was adopted in the British Commonwealth.[5] In 1878, the ideal of basing all braille alphabets on the original French order was accepted by Britain, Germany, and Egypt (see International Braille). In the United States, non-braille New York Point, frequency-ordered American Braille, and a reordered variation of English Braille were used.[6] Partially contracted English Braille, Grade 1½,[7] was adopted in 1918, and fully contracted Grade 2, with a few minor concessions to the Americans, was adopted in 1932.[8] The concessions were to swap the British two-dot capital sign with the one-dot emphasis sign, which had generally been omitted anyway (as capitals had been in New York Point), to drop a few religious contractions from general usage, and to introduce a rule stating that contractions and abbreviations should not span 'major' syllable boundaries.[5]
In 1993, an American proposal was made for Unified English Braille, intended to eliminate the confusion caused by competing standards for academic uses of English Braille. It has since been adopted by the Commonwealth countries and the United States, with the latter starting a gradual introduction after 2012. The chief differences with Revised Braille are in punctuation, symbols, and formatting, more accurately following print in matters such as brackets, mathematical notation, and typefaces.
System [edit]
The 64 braille patterns are arranged into decades based on numerical order. The first decade are the numerals 1 through 0, which utilize only the top and mid row of the cell; the 2nd through 4th decades are derived from this by adding dots to the bottom now; the 5th decade is created by shifting the 1st decade down. In addition, for each decade there are two additional patterns created from mirror images of top rows, and finally three patterns utilize only the bottom row of the cell (the top-only patterns of the first decade, shifted down two rows). The final, empty cell, ⟨⠀⟩, is used as a space; it has the same width as the other cells.
Cells 1 through 25 plus 40 (w) are assigned to the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet. The other 37 cells, when used at all, are often used for punctuation and are typically assigned different values in different languages. The English grade-two values are as follows; cells with dots on only the right side do not have equivalents in printed English, and are explained in the notes.
- * Formatting marks, explained below
- § Abbreviation signs, illustrated below
- † Abolished in Unified English Braille
- ¤ The period, ⟨⠲⟩, is distinguished from the decimal point, ⟨⠨⟩. The apostrophe, ⟨⠄⟩, is not used as a quotation mark.
Alphabet [edit]
The English Braille alphabet has letters that correspond directly to the 26 letters of the English print alphabet, but also ligatures that are equivalent to digraphs and sequences in print.[9]
a |
b |
c |
d |
e |
f |
g |
h |
i |
j |
(accent) |
k |
l |
m |
n |
o |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
st |
ar |
u |
v |
x |
y |
z |
and |
for |
of |
the |
with |
-ing |
-ble† |
ch |
gh |
sh |
th |
wh |
ed |
er |
ou |
ow |
w |
(emph.) |
-ea- |
-bb- |
-cc- |
-dd-† |
en |
-ff- |
-gg- |
in |
(caps) |
(letter) |
- † Abolished in Unified English Braille
Some of these ligatures transcribe common words, such as and or of, but they are not words: Pronunciation and meaning are ignored, and only spelling is relevant. For example, ⠮ ⟨the⟩ is commonly used when the sequence of print letters the appears, not just for the word "the". That is, ⠮ ⟨the⟩ is the letter "the" in braille, as in the two-letter word ⠮⠝ then (the-n). Similarly, hand is written h-and, roof (which sounds nothing like the word "of") is written r-o-of, and forest is written with three letters in braille, ⠿⠑⠌ for-e-st.[10] Numbers are used this way as well—7th is written ⠼⠛⠹ #-7-th, and here printed English approximates normal practice in braille. There are numerous conventions for when a print sequence is "contracted" this way in braille, and when it is spelled out in full.
The ligatures ⟨-ing⟩ and ⟨-ble⟩ may not begin a word (as in *bled: ⠼⠙ would be read instead as ⟨4⟩), but are used everywhere else (as in problem, trouble).[11]
The ligatures of the third decade, ⟨and, for, of, the, with⟩, take precedence over the letters of later decades. For example, then is written ⠮⠝ the-n, not *⠹⠢ th-en. When standing as words adjacent to other such words, or to ⠁ a, no space is left between them. For example, and the, for a, with the, of a are all fused together.[12]
When printed ch, gh, sh, th are pronounced as two sounds, as in Shanghai, hogshead, and outhouse, then they are written as two braille letters rather than with the ligatures ⟨gh, sh, th⟩. Generally, other ligatures should not be used if they might cause problems with legibility, as with the ing in lingerie, though they tend to be with familiar words, such as ginger and finger, even if their pronunciation is divided between syllables. None of the ligatures are to be used across the boundaries of compound words. For example, ⠷ ⟨of⟩ is not used in two-fold, even when it is written without a hyphen, nor ⠆ ⟨bb⟩ in dumbbell. The rules state that they should not span a prefix and stem either, so for example the ed in deduce, the er of rerun and derail, and the ble of sublet should be written out in full. In practice this is variable, as it depends upon the awareness of the writer.[13] The of in professor, for example, might not be recognized spanning prefix and stem, and no-one has a problem with a-cc-ept or a-dd-r-e-s-s, despite the technical violation. There is also conflict with the overriding tendency to contract sequences that fall within a single syllable. So the same writer who divides the er in derive may allow the ligature in derivation.[14] A similar pattern emerges from suffixes: ⟨ed⟩ is not be used in freedom, since it spans stem and suffix, but is used in freed, because it forms a single syllable with the stem. What is considered to constitute a prefix or suffix is somewhat arbitrary: ⟨st⟩ is not used in Charlestown, for example, but it is in Charleston. Ligatures may also not separate digraphs or diphthongs in print. For example, aerial does not use ⟨er⟩, Oedipus does not use ⟨ed⟩, and tableau does not use ⟨ble⟩.[15] Also, it is normal to use the letter ⟨ea⟩ for the broken vowel in i-d-ea-s or c-r-ea-t-e, despite it being pronounced as two sounds rather than one as in head or ocean.
Ligatures should not be used for acronyms that are pronounced as a string of letters. That is, DEA should not use the letter ⟨ea⟩, nor PST the letter ⟨st⟩. Such letters are acceptable in acronyms that are pronounced as a word, however, if the result is not obscure.[example needed]
The letters of the fifth decade are often used in the past tense and other grammatical forms: when rub becomes rubbed, in braille the letter ⟨b⟩ is moved down a dot to indicate the bb. However, those letters which double as punctuation marks—⟨ea, bb, cc, dd, ff, gg⟩—may only occur sandwiched in the middle of a word, not at the beginning or end, in order to avoid confusion with the punctuation. That is, *sea, ebb, add, cuff, egg must be spelled out in full, though the ligatures are used in season, added (a-dd-ed), cuffs, and eggs. Because of legibility problems (see "lower contractions" in the next section), they may not come in contact with an apostrophe or hyphen either. That is, in egg's and egg-plant, tea's and tea-time, the gg and ea must be spelled out in full. If the print letters span an obvious affix, the braille ligature is not used (preamble, reanalyze, pineapple, subbasement), but they are used in words such as accept and address where the morphology has become opaque.[16] In order to keep the spelling regular, compounds of words starting with ea keep the ea spelled out: uneasy, anteater, southeast do not use the ligature ⟨ea⟩ because easy, eater, east do not use it.[17] These are the least-preferred ligatures: any other will be used instead. Thus wedding is w-ed-d-ing (not *we-dd-ing) and office is of-f-i-c-e (not *o-ff-i-c-e).
Many of the rules for when to use ligatures, contractions, and abbreviations differ when a word is divided at the end of a line of text, because some of them may not come in contact with the hyphen that divides the word. See the references for details.
The accent mark ⟨⠈⟩ shows that there is a diacritic on the following letter, as in ⟨se@nor⟩ señor, ⟨fa@cade⟩ façade, ⟨caf@e⟩ café, ⟨na@ive⟩ naïve, and ångström ⟨@angstr@om⟩. In normal braille text, noting the precise diacritic is not important, as it can be easily understood from context, or simply ignored. Where diacritics are critical, technical braille transcription must be used.
A diacritic in a word of foreign origin prevents the accented letter from combining with another into a ligature. For example, señor is not written with the ligature ⟨en⟩ as *⟨s-@-en-o-r⟩—it wouldn't be clear if the accent were supposed to be on the e or on the n. However, English words are contracted: blessèd is written ⟨b-l-e-s-s-@-ed⟩, and coëducational is ⟨c-o-@-ed-u-c-ation-a-l⟩.
Punctuation marks [edit]
For the most part, braille punctuation marks use the lower half of the cell:
, |
; |
: |
. |
! |
( ) |
? " |
" |
* † ‡ ¶ |
/ |
〃 (ditto) |
[ |
] |
' |
' |
' |
- |
... |
— |
(space) |
Braille punctuation is somewhat variable, just as there is variation in printed English between curly and straight quotation marks. They fail to make some distinctions found in print. For example, both opening and closing parentheses are written ⟨⠶⟩, with spacing used to distinguish.[18] On the other hand, braille makes several useful distinctions which print fails to make: The period ⟨⠲⟩ is different from the decimal point ⟨⠨⟩, and the apostrophe ⟨⠄⟩ and ditto mark ⟨⠐⠂⟩ are distinct from the single and double quotation marks.
⟨⠤⟩ is the hyphen, ⟨⠤⠤⟩ the en dash, ⟨⠤⠤⠤⟩ the em dash, and ⟨⠤⠤⠤⠤⟩ a double dash. ⟨⠄⠄⠄⟩ is the ellipsis. When words or letters are replaced by ---- or .... in print, in braille ⠤⠤⠤⠤ and ⠄⠄⠄⠄ are used, with a matching number of characters.
The reference mark, or "asterisk" (⠔⠔), is used for all reference marks: *, †, ‡, etc., including numbered footnotes. Unlike the asterisk in printed English, it is spaced on both sides, apart from associated footnote letters or numbers, which follow it immediately. So, ⟨word*⟩ is transcribed ⟨⠘⠺⠀⠔⠔⟩, as is ⟨word‡⟩ and ⟨word§⟩; the numbered footnote in ⟨word3⟩ is written ⟨⠘⠺⠀⠔⠔⠼⠉⟩.
The ditto mark, ⟨⠐⠂⟩, which occupies two cells, is only used once per line, in contrast to normal practice in print.
The apostrophe ⟨⠄⟩ and cap sign ⟨⠠⟩ are used to compose additional punctuation. Added to parentheses, ⟨⠠⠶ ... ⠶⠄⟩, they form brackets; added to quotation marks, ⟨⠠⠦ ... ⠴⠄⟩, they form single quotation marks.[19] Together, they form the termination sign ⟨⠠⠄⟩. (See 'formatting marks' below.) Also ⟨⠎⠄⟩, the section mark (§).
The accent mark (here called the print symbol indicator) is used with punctuation when it stands alone, rather than suffixed to a word or number. For example, if someone's response in a dialogue is transcribed ⟨"?"⟩, in braille that would be written ⟨⠦⠈⠦⠴⟩. It's also used to derive a few symbols: % ⟨⠈⠒⠏⟩, $ ⟨⠈⠲⟩, & ⟨⠈⠯⟩.
Traditionally, mathematical symbols are spelled out, though in Unified Braille has dedicated characters. So, 2×5 ft. (read 'two-by-5 foot') is ⟨⠼⠃⠀⠴⠼⠑⠀⠋⠞⠲⟩, and 2:5 (read 'two-to-five [scale]') is ⟨⠼⠃⠀⠖⠼⠑⟩.
Formatting marks [edit]
Braille has several formatting marks, sometimes called "composition signs", "register marks", or "indicators", which have no one-to-one correspondence with printed English. These are the number sign ⟨⠼⟩, the letter sign ⟨⠰⟩, the capital sign ⟨⠠⟩, the italic sign (or more accurately the emphasis sign) ⟨⠨⟩, and the termination sign ⟨⠠⠄⟩ (written cap–apostrophe). These immediately precede the sequence (word or number) they modify, without an intervening space.
(number) |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
0 |
(decimal) |
All a–j characters following a number sign are interpreted as digits 1–0. This understanding bypasses commas, decimal points, and fraction bars, etc., until a non-compatible character is encountered, such as a period or a letter after J. The number sign is repeated after a slash if it's not a fraction (like model number 15/07).[20] For example, 1/20 (one twentieth) is ⟨⠼⠁⠌⠃⠚⟩, but 20/20 [vision] is ⟨⠼⠃⠚⠌⠼⠃⠚⟩. The braille number sign has no equivalent in print. It is sometimes transcribed as ⟨#⟩. However, this is misleading: an actual printed # is rendered in braille as ⟨No.⟩, without an intervening space before the number sign ⠼.
(letter) |
(emph.) |
(caps) |
(stop) |
(termination) |
(non-Latin) |
The letter sign is used to force the end of a series of numbers. For example, ⠙⠁ ⟨da⟩ preceded by a number sign, ⠼⠙⠁, is read as 41. If instead 4a is intended (as in a section or apartment number), then the letter sign is used to force a reading of a rather than 1 for the final character: ⠼⠙⠰⠁ ⟨4a⟩.[21] It is also used to mark a character as standing for a letter rather than for a word. For example, ⠃ ⟨b⟩ on its own is normally read as the word but; to indicate that it is instead the letter b, the letter sign is used: ⠰⠃ b. Plurals of letters (mind your ps and qs) always use an apostrophe in braille, but other derivations may not, as in ⠰⠝⠹ nth [time]: ⠠⠎⠬ is Sing, ⠰⠠⠎⠬ is S-ing/Essing.[22] The letter sign is also used to mark lower-case roman numbers, as in ⠰⠊⠊⠊ ⟨iii⟩.
The capital(ization) sign marks the first letter of a word as capitalized. It may occur in the middle of a word for camel case, as in the name deAngelo. It is doubled to place a word in all caps; this must be repeated for each word of an all-cap text.[23]
The emphasis (italic) sign marks emphatic formatting, equivalent to printed italic, bold, underlined, and small-capital text.[24] A single italic sign emphasizes the entire word (or number). For two or three emphasized words, each takes a separate marker. For longer texts, a doubled marker is placed before the first word, and the end of the emphasis is indicated by marking the final emphasized word with a single italic sign.
When the capitalization or emphasis does not span the entire word, the beginning and end is marked with a hyphen. However, if the print word already contains a hyphen, the termination sign is used for the end. So, ⟨Hooray⟩ is written ⟨⠨⠠⠓⠕⠕⠤⠗⠁⠽⟩, but ⟨Hoo-ray⟩ is ⟨⠨⠠⠓⠕⠕⠠⠄⠤⠗⠁⠽⟩.
The comma ⟨⠂⟩ prefixed to a letter indicates that it is to be read as non-Latin, so that for example ⟨⠂⠁⟩ would be ⟨α⟩ if Greek symbols were being used.[25]
Contractions [edit]
Apart from words using the various abbreviations signs, covered in the next section, English Braille utilizes a number of unmarked contractions.[26] These are similar to the contractions found in shorthand and stenoscript. As a rule, they are not used where they would obscure the text.
One-letter contractions [edit]
- † Abolished in Unified English Braille
- + Joins with the following word
The single-letter contractions are:
- ⠃ ⟨b⟩ but, ⠉ ⟨c⟩ can, ⠙ ⟨d⟩ do, ⠑ ⟨e⟩ every, ⠋ ⟨f⟩ from and -self, ⠛ ⟨g⟩ go, ⠓ ⟨h⟩ have, ⠚ ⟨j⟩ just,
- ⠅ ⟨k⟩ knowledge, ⠇ ⟨l⟩ like,[27] ⠍ ⟨m⟩ more, ⠝ ⟨n⟩ not, ⠏ ⟨p⟩ people, ⠟ ⟨q⟩ quite, ⠗ ⟨r⟩ rather, ⠎ ⟨s⟩ so, ⠞ ⟨t⟩ that, ⠌ ⟨st⟩ still,
- ⠥ ⟨u⟩ us, ⠧ ⟨v⟩ very, ⠭ ⟨x⟩ it, ⠽ ⟨y⟩ you, ⠵ ⟨z⟩ as,
- ⠡ ⟨ch⟩ child, ⠩ ⟨sh⟩ shall, ⠹ ⟨th⟩ this, ⠱ ⟨wh⟩ which, ⠳ ⟨ou⟩ out, ⠺ ⟨w⟩ will,
- ⠆ ⟨bb⟩ be and be-, ⠒ ⟨cc⟩ con-, ⠲ ⟨dd⟩ dis-, ⠢ ⟨en⟩ enough, ⠖ ⟨ff⟩ to,[28] ⠶ ⟨gg⟩ were, ⠦ ⟨?⟩ his,[29] ⠔ ⟨in⟩ in, ⠴ ⟨"⟩ by[28] and was,
- ⠤ ⟨-⟩ com-[28]
Note irregular ⠭ ⟨x⟩ for it, ⠱ ⟨z⟩ for as, and ⠶ ⟨gg⟩ for were. All 26 basic Latin letters are used apart from ⠁ ⠊ ⠕ ⟨a i o⟩, which already form words of their own.
These contractions are either independent words or (in the cases of con-, com-, dis-, -self) affixes, as in ⠐⠕⠋ ⟨one-f⟩ oneself. They cannot be treated as simple letters. For example, while the letter ⠭ ⟨x⟩ stands for the pronoun it, it cannot substitute for the sequence it in the word bite.[30] They cannot be pluralized: *⟨cs⟩ is no good for "(tin) cans". This is true even of ⟨ch⟩ child not being usable for *grandchild, nor ⟨ou⟩ out in *without. (These must be spelled g-r-and-ch-i-l-d and with-ou-t.) However, a following apostrophe is acceptable: ⟨p's⟩ people's, ⟨c't⟩ can't, ⟨x'll⟩ it'll;[31] as are hyphenated words like so-and-so. This behavior is distinct from ligatures such as ⠫ ⟨ed⟩ and ⠮ ⟨the⟩, which are used when the equivalent sequences are found in printed English, as in ⠗⠫ red and ⠝⠑⠫ need.
There is no semantic restriction: ⟨c⟩ can may be either the verb can or a tin can, and capitalized ⠠⠺ ⟨W⟩ and ⠠⠍ ⟨M⟩ are names Will and More.[32] However, in the few cases where the basic letters would be words in their own right, they must be spelled out to avoid confusion. That is, because ⠩ ⟨sh⟩ stands for shall, it cannot be used for the word sh!, which must be spelled out as ⠎⠓ s-h. Similarly, ⟨st⟩ can be used for St. (as either Saint or Street) when marked as an abbreviation by a period, but otherwise should also be spelled out.[33]
- "Lower" contractions
Because contractions that occupy only the lower half of the braille cell mostly double as basic punctuation marks, legibility requires that, with few exceptions, they may not come in contact with actual punctuation marks; if they would, they should instead be spelled out. That is, any cell which follows without an intervening space should contain a dot in its top row. Most of the difficulties of when to use contractions are due to this complication.
The whole-word contractions of the fifth decade are ⟨bb⟩ be, ⟨en⟩ enough, ⟨ff⟩ to, ⟨gg⟩ were, ⟨?⟩ his, ⟨in⟩ in, ⟨"⟩ by/was.[34] If one of these words occurs at the end of a sentence, or before a comma, it must be spelled out (though "enough" would still be partially contracted to en-ou-gh.) They cannot even be used in hyphenated words such as bride-to-be. However, much like Arabic prepositions, the prepositions ⟨to⟩, ⟨into⟩,[35] and ⟨by⟩ join with a following word without an intervening space. This prevents ⟨by⟩ from being read as 'was'. That is, in He came by to see us, "by to see" is written as one word, ⠴⠖⠎⠑⠑. Word-joining is allowed as long as the upper half of the braille cell (dot 1 or 4) is used in the final word; to, by, into do join with in, enough, be, his, was, were, but the second word is spelled out.
The fifth-decade prefixes (be-, dis-, con-) may only be used if they occur at the beginning of a word (including in a compound word after a hyphen, or after by, to, into) and form a whole syllable. That is, they cannot be used in the words been, disk, conch nor (apart from double-duty be) as words in their own right, as in con artist. Com- is similar, but need not constitute a syllable: it is used for example in come and comb. However, because it uses only the bottom row of the cell, like the hyphen and the apostrophe, it cannot come in contact with either.
Longer contractions [edit]
Longer unmarked contractions are the following. Ligatures, such as ⠬ ⟨st⟩ in ⟨agst⟩ against, are underlined here for clarity.[36]
- ⠁⠃ ⟨ab⟩ about, ⠁⠃⠧ ⟨abv⟩ above, ⠁⠉ ⟨ac⟩ according, ⠁⠉⠗ ⟨acr⟩ across, ⠁⠋ ⟨af⟩ after, ⠁⠋⠝ ⟨afn⟩ afternoon, ⠁⠋⠺ ⟨afw⟩ afterward, ⠁⠛ ⟨ag⟩ again, ⠁⠛⠌ ⟨agst⟩ against, ⠁⠇ ⟨al⟩ also, ⠁⠇⠍ ⟨alm⟩ almost, ⠁⠇⠗ ⟨alr⟩ already, ⠁⠇⠞ ⟨alt⟩ altogether, ⠁⠇⠹ ⟨alth⟩ although, ⠁⠇⠺ ⟨alw⟩ always
- ⠆⠉ ⟨bec⟩ because, ⠆⠋ ⟨bef⟩ before, ⠆⠓ ⟨beh⟩ behind, ⠆⠇ ⟨bel⟩ below, ⠆⠝ ⟨ben⟩ beneath, ⠆⠎ ⟨bes⟩ beside, ⠆⠞ ⟨bet⟩ between, ⠆⠽ ⟨bey⟩ beyond
- ⠃⠇ ⟨bl⟩ blind, ⠃⠗⠇ ⟨brl⟩ Braille
- ⠉⠙ ⟨cd⟩ could, ⠉⠧ ⟨cv⟩ -ceive, ⠉⠧⠛ ⟨cvg⟩ -ceiving[37]
- ⠡⠝ ⟨chn⟩ children
- ⠙⠉⠇ ⟨dcl⟩ declare, ⠙⠉⠇⠛ ⟨dclg⟩ declaring
- ⠑⠊ ⟨ei⟩ either
- ⠋⠌ ⟨fst⟩ first, ⠋⠗ ⟨fr⟩ friend
- ⠛⠙ ⟨gd⟩ good, ⠛⠗⠞ ⟨grt⟩ great
- ⠓⠍ ⟨hm⟩ him
- ⠊⠍⠍ ⟨imm⟩ immediate
- ⠇⠇ ⟨ll⟩ little, ⠇⠗ ⟨lr⟩ letter
- ⠍⠡ ⟨mch⟩ much, ⠍⠌ ⟨mst⟩ must
- ⠝⠑⠉ ⟨nec⟩ necessary, ⠝⠑⠊ ⟨nei⟩ neither
- ⠕⠄⠉ ⟨o'c⟩ o'clock[28]
- ⠏⠙ ⟨pd⟩ paid, ⠏⠻⠓ ⟨perh⟩ perhaps
- ⠟⠅ ⟨qk⟩ quick
- ⠗⠚⠉ ⟨rjc⟩ rejoice, ⠗⠚⠉⠛ ⟨rcjg⟩ rejoicing
- ⠎⠡ ⟨sch⟩ such, ⠎⠙ ⟨sd⟩ said
- ⠩⠙ ⟨shd⟩ should
- ⠞⠙ ⟨td⟩ today, ⠞⠛⠗ ⟨tgr⟩ together, ⠞⠍ ⟨tm⟩ tomorrow, ⠞⠝ ⟨tn⟩ tonight
- ⠧⠎ ⟨vs⟩ -selves
- ⠺⠙ ⟨wd⟩ would
- ⠭⠎ ⟨xs⟩ its, ⠭⠋ ⟨xf⟩ itself
- ⠽⠗ ⟨yr⟩ your, ⠽⠗⠋ ⟨yrf⟩ yourself, ⠽⠗⠧⠎ ⟨yrvs⟩ yourselves
These can only form longer words that are derivations of them and retain their meaning. For example, above in aboveboard, necessary in unnecessary, conceive in misconceive, and good in goodness are all well-formed braille, but not should in *shoulder nor said in *Port Said. Nor can they be used if a final -e is dropped, as in declaration. (This is why special -ing forms are available for declaring, rejoicing, and -ceiving: the -ing suffix would not work.)
They may be used as proper nouns (when capitalized), but not as parts of proper nouns.[38] For example, little is acceptable for the name Little, but may not be used within Doolittle; similarly, the contraction for good may not be used in the name Goody. (There are too many unpredictable names for this to be workable.)
After, blind, and friend may only be used in longer words when followed by a consonant. (They are too ambiguous otherwise.)
Abbreviations [edit]
Initial letter | –Final letter | |||||
Besides unmarked contractions, words are abbreviated with any of several abbreviation signs. All of these signs use only the right-hand side of the braille cell. ⟨⠐⟩, ⟨⠘⟩, and ⟨⠸⟩ mark initial abbreviations, combining with the initial (braille) letter of a word. The italic sign ⟨⠨⟩, letter sign ⟨⠰⟩, and capital sign ⟨⠠⟩ mark final abbreviations, combining with the final letter of a sequence, commonly a suffix.
- Initial abbreviations
(The combining initial letter is written here in boldface, as it does not always correspond to the initial letter of printed orthography.)
- ⟨⠐⟩ forms the words ⠐⠓ here, ⠐⠮ there, ⠐⠱ where, ⠐⠑ ever, ⠐⠳ ought, ⠐⠋ father, ⠐⠍ mother, ⠐⠝ name, ⠐⠡ character, ⠐⠟ question, ⠐⠅ know, ⠐⠇ lord, ⠐⠕ one, ⠐⠙ day, ⠐⠎ some, ⠐⠏ part, ⠐⠞ time, ⠐⠗ right, ⠐⠹ through, ⠐⠥ under, ⠐⠺ work, ⠐⠽ young
- ⟨⠘⟩ forms the words ⠘⠮ these, ⠘⠹ those, ⠘⠥ upon, ⠘⠱ whose, ⠘⠺ word
- ⟨⠸⟩ forms the words ⠸⠉ cannot, ⠸⠍ many, ⠸⠓ had, ⠸⠮ their, ⠸⠎ spirit, ⠸⠺ world
In general, these are acceptable as parts of longer words as long as they retain their pronunciation. There are three main exceptions to this:
- ⟨one⟩ need not keep its odd pronunciation, as long as the o and n fall in the same syllable
- ⟨some⟩ needs to form a complete syllable, as in chromosome (ch-r-o-m-o-some)
- ⟨part⟩ cannot be used in partake or its derivatives
As can be seen from chromosome, the pronunciation requirement is rather loose. Given the difficulty of English speakers in agreeing on where syllable breaks fall,[39] syllable requirements are also loosely construed in braille: they do not follow the rigid application of a dictionary.[40]
- Final abbreviations
- ⟨⠨⟩ forms the sequences ⠨⠙ -ound, ⠨⠞ -ount, ⠨⠑ -ance, ⠨⠎ -less, ⠨⠝ -sion
- ⟨⠰⟩ forms the sequences ⠰⠛ -ong, ⠰⠇ -ful, ⠰⠞ -ment, ⠰⠑ -ence, ⠰⠎ -ness, ⠰⠝ -tion, ⠰⠽ -ity
- ⟨⠠⟩ Capital ⟨Y⟩ stands for the suffix ⠠⠽ -ally,[28] and ⟨N⟩ for ⠠⠝ -ation.[28]
These cannot follow an apostrophe or hyphen. They cannot form independent words like *ally or *less, nor can they occur at the beginning of a word like *ancestor or *lesson. However, then can usually occur elsewhere: c-ount, ar-ound. They may be used across syllables, as in c-ance-r. ⟨ness⟩ is used for the suffix -ess after n, though not after en or in, as in baroness (b-ar-o-ness) and lioness, but not in chieftainess (ch-i-e-f-t-a-in-e-s-s).[41]
-full does not use ⠰⠇ ⟨ful⟩ in order to preserve the parallel with the independent word full. However, -ful and -fully do.
When there are several ways to write a word, the shortest one is chosen, and when they are of equal length, the one without (two-cell) abbreviations is chosen. So, thence is written th-ence (3 cells) rather than the-n-c-e (4 cells). However, with the sequences -anced, -ancer, -enced, -encer, the form with -ance/-ence is used even if not shorter.
Braille also uses print abbreviations such as ea., Mon., Sept., etc., in which case the period ⠲ is used as in print.
Spacing [edit]
A single space ⟨⠀⟩ (a blank cell, which has the same width as all other cells) is left between words and sentences. Paragraphs are indented with a double space. This is universal in braille, even when transcribing a printed text that does not indent paragraphs: Blank lines are not used for this in braille, though they may be used for changes of scene, etc. As much as possible, lines continue to the right margin, with words divided and hyphenated to fit. If this would cause an illegal sequence of ligature or contraction and hyphen, the spelling needs to be decomposed, or the word hyphenated differently.
The full cell ⟨⠿⟩ is used to over-type and strike out errors; it may also indicate a missing value in a table.
Unified English Braille [edit]
Unified English Braille (UEB) is an attempted unified standard for English Braille started in 1992 by the Braille Authority of North America (BANA). It combines three of the official English Braille codes: literary (Grade 2) braille, Nemeth Code (used for mathematics and scientific notation), and Computer Braille Code (an 8-dot code for computer notation). The concern was that the proliferation of specialized braille codes—which assigned conflicting values to even basic letters—was threatening literacy and the viability of braille itself. Also, the irregularities of English Braille made automated transcription inaccurate and therefore increased the cost and time required to print in braille. In 1993, UEB was adopted by the International Council on English Braille, and expanded to cover the various national systems of the member states, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States. The goal was to adopt a single standard for all braille transcription apart from music, though problems with symbol-heavy technical texts remain. As of 2011 it has been adopted or at least accepted by all but the United States and in 2012 was formally adopted by BANA.[42]
Compared to the American standard described in this article, Unified English has the following differences:[43]
- Readings: Several have been eliminated, due to ambiguity or translation problems: the letters dd and -ble, the contractions by, com-, to, into, and o'clock, and the capitalized abbreviations -ally and -ation.
- Spacing: Words such as and the are to be spaced in braille just as they are in print
- Formatting: Bold, underline, and italics now have separate formatting marks.[clarification needed] A triple capital sign indicates a passage in all caps.
- Punctuation: New opening and closing parentheses ⠐⠣ and ⠐⠜. Various brackets, quotation marks, dashes, and other punctuation have been added so that the printed text can be reproduced less ambiguously.
The following punctuation is retained:
, |
; |
: |
. |
! |
? |
The Grade 2 single opening quotation mark is also retained, but the closing equivalent is changed.
The right-side abbreviation and formatting marks are used to derive quotation marks and mathematical symbols, by combining them with lower-half punctuation and four letters which graphically resemble ( ) / \.[44]
^ |
~ |
< |
> |
+ |
= |
×, * |
( |
) |
÷ |
− |
" |
' |
' |
— |
" |
" |
% |
[ |
] |
` |
_ |
# |
| |
{ |
} |
/ |
\ |
In addition, the accent mark is used to derive the following. At least the first, the ampersand, is the same as usage in American Grade-2 Braille, and at least the dollar sign is different.
& |
@ |
$ |
¢ |
€ |
æ |
œ |
Sample [edit]
The following text is the same in American Grade 2 and Unified English Braille:
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- ⠠⠁⠇⠇⠀⠓⠥⠍⠁⠝⠀⠆⠬⠎⠀⠜⠑⠀⠃⠕⠗⠝⠀⠋⠗⠑⠑⠀⠯⠀⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇⠀⠔⠀⠙⠊⠛⠝⠘⠽⠀⠯⠀⠐⠗⠎⠲
- ⠠⠮⠽⠀⠜⠑⠀⠢⠙⠪⠫⠀⠾⠀⠗⠂⠎⠕⠝⠀⠯⠀⠒⠎⠉⠊⠘⠑⠀⠯⠀⠩⠙⠀⠁⠉⠞⠀⠞⠪⠜⠙⠎⠀⠐⠕⠀⠁⠝⠕⠤
- ⠮⠗⠀⠔⠀⠁⠀⠸⠎⠀⠷⠀⠃⠗⠕⠮⠗⠓⠕⠕⠙⠲
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
⠠⠁⠇⠇ | ⠓⠥⠍⠁⠝ | ⠆⠬⠎ | ⠜⠑ | ⠃⠕⠗⠝ | ⠋⠗⠑⠑ | ⠯ | ⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇ | ⠔ | ⠙⠊⠛⠝⠘⠽ | ⠯ | ⠐⠗⠎⠲ |
All | human | beings | are | born | free | and | equal | in | dignity | and | rights. |
⠠⠮⠽ | ⠜⠑ | ⠢⠙⠪⠫ | ⠾ | ⠗⠂⠎⠕⠝ | ⠯ | ⠒⠎⠉⠊⠘⠑ | ⠯ | ⠩⠙ | ⠁⠉⠞ | ⠞⠪⠜⠙⠎ | ⠐⠕ | ⠁⠝⠕⠤ |
They | are | endowed | with | reason | and | conscience | and | should | act | towards | one | ano- |
⠮⠗ | ⠔ | ⠁ | ⠸⠎ | ⠷ | ⠃⠗⠕⠮⠗⠓⠕⠕⠙⠲ |
ther | in | a | spirit | of | brotherhood. |
See also [edit]
- Braille Challenge
- Braille Institute of America
- National Braille Association
- Nemeth Braille
- Gardner Salinas Braille
References [edit]
- ^ "English Braille" normally refers to Grade 2. The more basic Grade-1 Braille, which is only used by new learners, is specified as "English Braille, Grade 1" (Braille Through Remote Learning).
- ^ ⟨Angle brackets⟩ will be used to indicate transcriptions of braille letters into the Latin alphabet.
- ^ This is largely equivalent to British Grade-2 Braille; compare American (BANA) here with British (BAUK) here.
- ^ Daniels & Bright, 1996, The World's Writing Systems, p 817–818
- ^ a b War of the Dots
- ^ Following the order of the English alphabet, ending with wxyz for French xyzç.
- ^ using only the single-cell contractions
- ^ Mackenzie, 1953, World Braille Usage, UNESCO
- ^ Also called "group signs"
- ^ This is reminiscent of writing "h8" for hate and "4ever" for forever, but differs in that the spelling of the parts cannot differ in Braille (8 is not spelled "ate" as in h-ate, and 4 is not "for").
- ^ When a word has an established braille spelling without a ligature, the contraction is avoided in derivativations which would otherwise allow it, such as nosebleed and unblemished.
- ^ In an extreme example, for and with the people is written ⠿⠯⠾⠮⠀⠏. This convention has been eliminate from Unified English Braille, which spaces all words as in print.
- ^ ⠜ ⟨ar⟩ is a common exception to this rule, and is regularly used in common words which have a prefix a- before a root beginning with r, as in arise. The ligature ⟨ar⟩ would not be considered well-formed in the word infrared, however.
- ^ [1]
- ^ In words like canoed, toed, and shoer, however, the e is ambiguous between the stem canoe, toe, shoe and the suffix -ed or -er, and in such words the letters ⟨ed⟩ and ⟨er⟩ are used.
- ^ This can feel arbitrary: Lineage accepts the ligature, but mileage does not.
- ^ However, the restriction does not seem to apply to ea at the end of a word: teaspoon (ea) and eggbeater (gg) use the ligature.
- ^ In Unified English Braille they are specified as ⟨⠐⠣⟩ and ⟨⠐⠜⟩.
- ^ This is because single quote marks are the convention in the US for embedded quotations, and so are less common than the others.
- ^ But not with dates. For dates like 7/19/2012, a hyphen is used instead of a slash, without repeating the number sign. The number sign is only repeated after a hyphen when two dates (or other numbers) are joined, as in broadcast 1978–1984. So, the date-range format ⟨10/2–10/7⟩ is transcribed ⟨⠼⠁⠚⠤⠃⠤⠼⠁⠚⠤⠛⟩.
- ^ However, for abbreviations of units of measure which are not spaced, the letter sign is used even if the letter comes after J. 5ml, for example, is ⟨⠼⠑⠰⠍⠇⟩.
- ^ Quotation marks, italics, and brackets are replaced by the letter sign if their function is equivalent, or if the punctuation is retained (as in "see item (d)"), the letter sign is not used.
- ^ In Unified English Braille, a triple cap sign is used for extended text.
- ^ In Unified English Braille, these have separate formatting signs.
- ^ The Greek-letter assignments differ somewhat from those of actual Greek braille. For example, in Greek braille, the letter omega is written as Latin jay, whereas in English Braille it is written as a double-u, which it resembles (ω ~ w). The Greek assignments as found in literary English Braille are: α ⠁, β ⠃, γ ⠛, δ ⠙, ε ⠑, ζ ⠵, η ⠱, θ ⠹, ι ⠊, κ ⠅, λ ⠇, μ ⠍, ν ⠝, ξ ⠭, ο ⠕, π ⠏, ρ ⠗, σ ⠎, τ ⠞, υ ⠥, φ ⠋, χ ⠯, ψ ⠽, ω ⠺ (bold letters differ from Greek braille), as well as ϡ ⠉, ϛ ⠮, ϝ ⠧, ϙ/ϟ ⠟.[2]
- ^ Sometimes called "wordsigns" when they involve a single braille letter, and "shortforms" when more.
- ^ ⟨l⟩ is also used for £, the abbreviation of pound in British currency. Shilling and pence follow the printed abbreviations of ⟨s, d⟩.
- ^ a b c d e f Eliminated in Unified English Braille
- ^ a lowered letter ⟨h⟩
- ^ Apparent exceptions, such as ⟨xs, xf⟩ for its, itself and ⟨yr, yrf, yrvs⟩ for your, yourself, yourselves, are quite limited in number and best thought of as separate contractions.
- ^ but not haven't, where the apostrophy does not immediately follow the have.
- ^ An exception are the musical notes do and so, which are spelled out as d-o and s-o.
- ^ Since the letters ⟨ed, er, ow⟩ are not used as contractions, they can be used for the words Ed, er..., and ow!
- ^ Note that ⟨in⟩ in pulls double duty: It is a simple braille letter, used for any sequence i-n in an English word. However, it also functions as the word sign for the preposition in, and in such cases follows the same restrictions as the other decade-5 words. ⟨en⟩, on the other hand, is similar to ⟨sh⟩ in that it cannot be used as a word, for example in the phrases en route and en masse.
⟨be⟩ functions as both a word sign (to be) and a prefix.
Some treatments of English Braille also describe ⟨a⟩ as both letter and word sign, though since ⟨a⟩ uses the upper half of the cell and has a one-to-one correspondence with printed English, there is less cause for confusion. - ^ ⟨in⟩ and ⟨to⟩ are regularly compounded as ⠔⠖ into, which is perhaps most easily understood as an independent word sign.
- ^ Because braille ⠬ ⟨st⟩ is a letter (phonogram or "groupsign") rather than a contraction, the printed sequence st will be written ⠬ in any word which is not otherwise abbreviated.
- ^ ⠉⠧ ⟨cv⟩ and ⠉⠧⠛ ⟨cvg⟩ are used regularly, as in ⠏⠻⠉⠧ ⟨percv⟩ perceive, but in addition combine with ⠙ ⟨d⟩, ⠗ ⟨r⟩, and ⠒ ⟨con⟩ for the further contractions ⠙⠉⠧(⠛) ⟨dcv⟩ deceive, ⟨rcv⟩ ⠗⠉⠧(⠛) receive, and ⠒⠉⠧(⠛) ⟨concv⟩ conceive / -ceiving.
- ^ They may however be used as common nouns within proper names, such as the titles of books.
- ^ The convention in braille is to syllabify an intervocalic consonant with the preceding vowel if it is both stressed and short, but with the following vowel if the preceding vowel is long or if the following vowel is stressed. So, for example, fā-mous but făm-ine, fī-ber but fĭl-ial, pū-nitive but pŭn-ish; also the verbs pre-sént, re-córd, pro-gréss vs. the nouns prés-ent, réc-ord, próg-ress.[3]
- ^ Generally, if the sequence of letters spans a stressed to an unstressed syllable, or spans two unstressed syllables, the contraction is acceptable. However, it is generally not acceptable if the sequence spans an unstressed to a stressed syllable, where the syllable break is more salient.
- ^ There is a similar restriction against spanning root and suffix. However, in application this is somewhat arbitrary: fruity does not use the -ity abbreviation, but equally and totally use -ally.
- ^ "BANA Adopts UEB". Braille Authority of North America. November 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
External links [edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Braille |
Dictionaries [edit]
- BRL online contraction dictionary
- Wiktionary:Category:English Braille
- Duxbury charts for Grade-2 Braille: American (BANA), British (BAUK), and UEB
Organizations [edit]
- Association Valentin Haüy
- Braille Authority of North America
- Braille - American Foundation for the Blind
- National Braille Week
- Scottish Braille Press
- Royal National Institute For The Blind
- Perkins School for the Blind
- National Braille Press - offers a free Braille alphabet card
- Alternate Text Production Center
- Accessible Media Center
- National Braille Association, Inc.
- Royal Blind School.
- Braille Institute of America
- Comité Internacional ProCiegos, IAP - México
Libraries [edit]
- The National Library for the Blind
- Libraries Australia - catalog of Braille in 800+ Australian libraries
- Washington Talking Book & Braille Library - serving residents of the State of Washington, USA
- Braille Institute: Online Public Access Catalog [6]
Learning [edit]
- National Center on Low-Incidence Disabilities: NLS Braille Transcription
- Learn Braille on the Internet For Free
- Braille Bug - an educational site for kids, from the American Foundation for the Blind
- BRL: Braille Through Remote Learning
- On-line Braille Course of University of São Paulo
- Online Braille Generator
- A Braille alphabet card
- Learn Braille online, change own text to Braille, Braille Writer Simulator and more
- Braille Challenge competition for blind students in North America
- English Braille, American Edition 1994, 2002 revision. (The official standard from the Braille Authority of North America)
- Instruction manual for Braille Transcribing (New 2009 Edition) from the Library of Congress Braille Transcription and Certification Program
History [edit]
- Proceedings of "Braille 1809–2009: Writing with six dots and its future", international conference held at the Headquarters of UNESCO (Paris) from 5 to 8 January 2009
- Celebrating 200 Years of Braille
- Louis Braille Online Museum—An all-new illustrated exhibit traces the history of braille and the life of this remarkable inventor.
- How Braille Began—a detailed history of Braille's origins and the people who supported and opposed the system.
- Robert B. Irwin's As I Saw It, 1955, gives a history of the "War of the Dots" that ultimately led to the adoption of the English form of the Braille literary code in the United States and the demise of American Braille and New York Point, its main competitors.
- Making a Newspaper For Sightless Readers: By means of raised dots and lines embossed on manila paper, news of the world is conveyed to the fingertips of the blind Popular Science( monthly, January 1919, page 24-25, Scanned by Google Books )
- Historically Famous People who were Blind or Visually Impaired
Documents [edit]
- English Braille: American Edition
- The Rules of Unified English Braille
- Library of Congress Instructional Manual for Braille Transcribing
- Details on Braille cell representation
- Unified (English) Braille Code (including information specific to British Braille)
Legal [edit]
Computer resources [edit]
- Braille for various scripts
- Free Braille fonts
- Free Unicode Braille TTF font (supports all Braille scripts)
- Free Unicode fonts which include Braille


text:
Huang, W. and Pérez-García, P. and Pokhilko, A. and Millar, A. J. and Antoshechkin, I. and Riechmann, J. L. and Mas, P. (2012) Mapping the Core of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock Defines the Network Structure of the Oscillator. Science, 336 (6077). pp. 75-79. ISSN 0036-8075 http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120502-083719443
Full text not available from this repository.
Use this Persistent URL to link to this item: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120502-083719443
In many organisms, the circadian clock is composed of functionally coupled morning and evening oscillators. In Arabidopsis, oscillator coupling relies on a core loop in which the evening oscillator component TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) was proposed to activate a subset of morning-expressed oscillator genes. Here, we show that TOC1 does not function as an activator but rather as a general repressor of oscillator gene expression. Repression occurs through TOC1 rhythmic association to the promoters of the oscillator genes. Hormone-dependent induction of TOC1 and analysis of RNA interference plants show that TOC1 prevents the activation of morning-expressed genes at night. Our study overturns the prevailing model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing that the morning and evening oscillator loops are connected through the repressing activity of TOC1.
Item Type: | Article | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Additional Information: | © 2012 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Received 12 January 2012; accepted 27 February 2012. We thank E. Meyerowitz for comments on the manuscript, E. Centeno for help with ChIP-Seq analysis, O. Casagran for help with the microfluidic arrays, M. Perales for help with the ChIP, L. Rico for help with the inducible constructs, and L. Schaeffer and D. Trout (Jacobs Genetics and Genomics Laboratory at Caltech) for the primary sequence data processing. This work was supported by grants to P.M. from the Ramón Areces Foundation, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Young Investigators Program, and from the European Heads of Research Councils and the European Science Foundation through the European Young Investigator Award; to J.L.R. from the European Comission (EC) Marie Curie program and MICINN; and to A.J.M. and others from the EC FP7 Collaborative Project TiMet. The Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh is a Centre for Integrative and Systems Biology supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council award D019621. W.H. is supported by a Juan de la Cierva contract (MICINN) and P.P.-G. by a Formación de Personal Investigador fellowship (MICINN). Sequencing data have been deposited with the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE35952. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Funders: |
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Record Number: | CaltechAUTHORS:20120502-083719443 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persistent URL: | http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120502-083719443 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Usage Policy: | No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ID Code: | 31265 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deposited By: | Tony Diaz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deposited On: | 02 May 2012 16:18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Last Modified: | 02 May 2012 16:18 |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Judicial Watch continues to document the New Black Panther Party scandal, which was first reported by conservative media and now has attracted mainstream coverage. (But not the Gray Lady, which may have a tough time explaining to her readers next year why House Judiciary Chairman Lamar Smith is issuing all those subpoenas. Imagine tuning into Mad Men for the first time after a couple of seasons; you see the dilemma — at some point, there's no use trying to catch up.)
In the latest batch of disclosures, Judicial Watch tells us:
[I]t has obtained documents from the Obama Department of Justice (DOJ) that provide new evidence that top political appointees at the DOJ were intimately involved in the decision to dismiss the voter intimidation case against the New Black Panther Party for Self Defense (NBPP). These new documents, which include internal DOJ email correspondence, directly contradict sworn testimony by Thomas Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, who testified before the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights that no political leadership was involved in the decision. The new documents were obtained last week by Judicial Watch pursuant to a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit (Judicial Watch v. Department of Justice (No.10-851)).
You mean Perez gave false testimony to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights? Oh yes: Read More


text:
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Job Description Title: Account Executive City: Memphis, State: TN Description: SHI International Corporation is a privately owned, global IT procurement outsourcing company and leading business-to-business solution provider. SHI offers complete hardware, software and custom services solutions including CAREERJOURNAL
Job Description Job Title: Full Charge BookkeeperJobId: 03900-113046 City: GermantownState: TNZip Code: 38138Description: A construction company in the East Memphis area is looking for a Full-Charge Bookkeeper. This position will be responsible for Payroll, Payroll Taxes, A/P, A/R, G/L, and Insurance CAREERJOURNAL


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Esta em: Inicio > Barbatanas > Full foot
Sobre o produto de Mares Avanti Excel
Mares Avanti Excel:
Following numerous tests on new materials in the field and in the lab, and after intense computer simulations, the Mares Avanti Excel was born.
The Super Channel Thrust makes it possible to channel the water and optimize thrust in comparison to other fins of similar size.
The elastic OPB system ensures that the blade is always at an optimal angle during both the upward and downward strokes, thus considerably encreasing efficiency.
The "whale fin" section in the foot pocket allows for greater transmission of power, with improved sensitivity when finning.
The consequent advantage is greater thrust with the same effort.
Clientes que han comprado este producto tambien han comprado Mares Avanti Excel
Produtos similares a Mares Avanti Excel
Use of mares avanti excel for underwater hockey
Bought to replace Technisub Stratos - fin most commonly used here in New Zealand. I play forward and want a powerful fin with a good blade area to get max speed. I was dissapointed in this fin as it has a relatively small blade area and is relatively soft (compared to old Quattro) Could be good for backs who like the manoueverability. On a positive note the fin is easily driven so not tiring to use and the footpocket is soft and comfortable.
Avanti excel or avanti tree for underwater sports?
I'm playing Underwater rugby and Underwater Hockey for now 4 years with Avanti Tree but they're getting soft. Avanti Tree are really good fins. Looking now for new fins or I will buy the same if I don't find anything else. Are those one better than the Avanti Tree for underwater Hockey and Rugby??? Power, handling?
Palmes avanti excel
Michel charriere
Excellentes palmes pour les entrainement en piscine et plongée en haut chaude
Very frustrated that Mares have chosen to discontinue the size 43 to 44... thay have every other size but this... guess I will have to change manufacturers after many loyal year buying Mares fins.
Great fin
Hi there, I found this fin a great compromise between power and still a soft fin. These days in Australia, every shop will try to sell you split fins that get you nowhere with a bit of current unless you go for a hard rubber model. With the Avanti, you still give yourself a chance to get back to the boat. Small and convenient as well if you travel! Lionel
Que du plaisir avec ces palmes...idéales pour les filles .
Mares avanti excel
Carlos santos
Son bastante buenas, ligeras y con muy buena potencia. El disenyo del zapato molesta un poco al principio pero se puede soportar.


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Top of the morning to ya laddies and lasses, Fáilte chuig an St. Imeacht Lá Pádraig! Along with your day of beer, corned beef and cabbage, ThirdStyle would like to bring you some fun St. Patricks day games.
Our first game is a scavenger hunt of St. Pattys day images hidden all around the site. Each image has its own stylepoint value, but beware - some have none. Look around the site for these images, and when you find one, take a screenshot of it. Be sure to include the URL where you found the image, and include your username as well. Circle the image in your screenshot so we can be sure you spotted the image. Once you have collected your images, send them to me (Saphira) via PM either in a zip folder hosted somewhere, or up on an image sharing site such as imgur or photobucket.
Here is an example of what your screenshot should look like:
For our second event, youre going to need the luck of the Irish on your side. Like the Rotation event, there will be two Irish songs in spirit of the day; the more passes you get, the more entries you get towards winning some style points. A pass on beginner or easy gets you 1 entry, a pass on medium 2, and a pass on hard gives you 3. You are limited to a total of 20 entries (10 per song).
Two lucky winners will win these mp3 players.
The drawing for these will be held in ThirdStyle Video Chat at midnight EDT.
Check out your progress for the mp3 player drawings HERE
Rules and other information
* You can only use your main account. If you make an alt in an attempt to gain more stylepoints you will be disqualified and possibly banned.
*Do not give away the locations of images to other users. If you are caught doing so you will be disqualified.
*Incomplete screenshots will not be counted. Make sure you include the URL, your username and circle the image you found.
*PM your images to Saphira either in a zip folder or use an image sharing site.
*Maximum amount of entries for the drawing is twenty (Ten for each song)
*Contests will start at midnight EDT March 17th and run till midnight EDT March 18th (24 hours)
*Drawing for the prizes will be held at midnight EDT on March 18th live in ThirdStyle video chat.
So grab yourselves a bowl of Lucky Charms and start hunting! Good luck to ya lads and lasses.


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Oct 27
1:00 pm
Miami Dolphins at New England Patriots
1 location available
starting at
60 Washington St., Foxboro, MA 02035
Get a prepaid, reserved parking space near Gillette Stadium and you won't have to worry about parking on game day. There are no
extra fees when you park – the price you see is the price you pay.
Tailgate with friends. Use the Gillette Stadium parking map to find the location that is best for you. A Jet or Giant parking pass saves time and money at the parking lot. With a parking pass at Gillette Stadium you won't have to worry about finding a parking lot on gameday. You can even park an RV (recreational vehicle) or bus and avoid parking tickets.


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Private of the preponderance nice-looking conduct to beautify your desktop is to be pertinent merely one of its type images on its background. Desktop images create recognized the merely solitary of its sort outside in you as of side to surface your primary alternative of move toward and intend. If you are solitary of those daring kind of population who are paying concentration in motorcycles and sense fondness for to gawk at more than a small number of model or unbelievable shots that center on them then this would be a magnificent assignment for you for the reason that today, we are showcasing different design of motorcycle imagery. By just provide the feeling of life form at the designs of this motorcycle, you will transport to mind the satisfied moments you had on your motorcycle as shimmering as the understanding of pass through on the chocolate box road by yourself. Contain Fun.
2012 Amazing Motorycycles Images
June 24th, 2012 Robot


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About Us | |||||||||||||||||
Post Road English Garden has been serving the Indianapolis area for over 50 years. Our superb quality flowers, creative designs, value and professional service are the reasons for our success. We specialize in the English touch for flowers. It is reflected in our arrangements and gift arrangements including exquisite gourmet gift baskets and specialty tea baskets. Post Road English Garden is committed to Ye Ole London (bakers dozen) tradition...more quality and more expected. In addition to fresh flowers we also offer green & blooming plants, beautiful English gardens, garden gift baskets, decorative & collectible bird houses, wonderful gifts and silks. Call Toll-Free at 888-898-6863 and we will be glad to assist you with your floral purchase. Interested in having a professional help decorate your next party or event? . Call Toll-Free at 888-898-6863 to set up a meeting with one of our professional designers to add that WOW! effect that you have been looking for! |


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Medications and DrugsBrand Names: DoralGeneric Name: quazepam (Pronunciation: KWAY ze pam)
What is quazepam (Doral)?Quazepam is in a group of drugs called benzodiazepines (ben-zoe-dye-AZE-eh-peens). Quazepam affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause sleep problems (insomnia). Quazepam is used to treat insomnia symptoms, such as trouble falling or staying asleep. Quazepam may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. What are the possible side effects of quazepam (Doral)?Stop using quazepam and call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:
Less serious side effects may include:
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. What is the most important information I should know about quazepam (Doral)?Some people using this medicine have engaged in activity such as driving, eating, or making phone calls and later having no memory of the activity. If this happens to you, stop taking quazepam and talk with your doctor about another treatment for your sleep disorder. Do not use this medication if you are allergic to quazepam or to other benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), clorazepate (Tranxene), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam (Versed), temazepam (Restoril), or triazolam (Halcion). Before taking quazepam, tell your doctor if you have any breathing problems, kidney or liver disease, or a history of depression, mental illness, suicidal thoughts, or addiction to drugs or alcohol. Quazepam may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Quazepam should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. Keep the medication in a secure place where others cannot get to it. Quazepam should be used for only a short time to treat insomnia. After 7 to 10 nights of use, talk with your doctor about whether or not you should keep taking quazepam. (Page 1 of 3) Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Need help identifying pills and medications? |
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2. | get in my belly | ||
What I say to my cat. Tim: get in my belly!
cat: ??? |
1. | get in my belly | ||
"I want to eat you". Said in a scotch accent. fat bastard: get in my belly!
3. | get in my belly | ||
you are in my belly... meaning i am your "mamma"
a.k.a i RULE you!!!!!!!!!!!! you play someone in poker and beat them.... your excited and yell,"GET IN MY BELLY"!!!!!!
4. | get in my belly | ||
Sexual Term ment to mean i want to have sex with you! Who came up with it: A young white kid named christian. He's from Arkansa but lives on the east coast now :D Lmao He is gay and enjoys older big black guys ;) Christian: "Get in my Belly!"
Me: "I did last night! Do I have to again?" |


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Actually David James and Graeme Le saux have been quite outspoken on the issue. Enough with hating our country just for the sake of it.
Making a huge generalisation about ALL German footballers from just TWO, eh? What, do you mean to say you know as much about German footballers as you do British ones? Their private lives? Their antics? Opinions? Two have said something nice, so they must ALL be nice? Yet someone branding all gay men as being the same based just on Elton John and David Furnish…..you'd bea ll frothing at the mouth!
"you bet and I'm sure English football supporters are busy concocting homophobic jingles about German players being gay and no doubt a mention of the Luftwaffe in there as well."
To be fair, it's likely The Sun would love to have this idea before anybody else does. That paper knows no shame is stereotyping British gays and other nationalities. It'd probably run a picture of a gay footballer with a photoshopped pair of leather chaps on (with cut out butt cheeks) and a handlebar moustache under the heading 'Don't drop the ball – the British (gays) are cumming!'
These comments are un-moderated and do not necessarily represent the views of PinkNews.co.uk. If you believe that a comment is inappropriate or libellous please click "Report" or email us. Terms and Conditions · Privacy Policy


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2012-09-25 4:29
Hi to N8 users,
I have just updated my N8 to belle refresh. Unfortunately, after updating it my N8 home screen is working as before; I can't add any shortcuts or widgets to the home screen BUT I can take out the existing shortcuts and widgets.
Is there anybody experiencing the same issue here? Please help...
2012-09-25 4:40
even worse right now, I just notice that I can't even add new home screens...
some is really wrong here.
2012-09-25 11:04
Try reinstalling Belle Refresh via Nokia Suite. If it doesn't help, you may need to reset your device in Settings > Phone > Phone management > Factory settings. Try first the Restore command and, if still problems, try then Delete data and restore. Remember to take a backup before using the Delete data and restore command!
2013-01-24 15:35
2013-01-24 21:03
Did you try the reset and re-install advise given above?
2013-02-02 11:15
I am facing the same problem i.e. my home screen is not working( on taping widgets are not opening) . reinstalled belle but nothing happened and also did step above....
2013-02-02 19:22


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Fun. - One Foot
Artist: Fun.
Producer: Emile and Jeff Bhasker
Album: Some Nights
Label: Fueled By Ramen
When a crew call themselves "Fun.," you know you're in for an enjoyable listen, right? If the fact that their name is synonymous with good times and the ungrammatical yet oh-so-authoritative period fail to convince you that the Fueled by Ramen trio are more you-know-what than a barrel of monkeys, then a listen to the NYC natives' first Booth feature should set you straight. The B-Side to Janelle Monae-assisted single We Are Young, One Foot finds EMILE and Jeff Bhasker serving up an eccentrically catchy blend of brash horns and stumbling percussion to back philosophical verses from crewmates Andrew, Jack and Nate. Though the subject matter isn't exactly lighthearted (Reflecting on the discrepancy between human suffering and the idea of a loving God, they protest: "I got friends locked in boxes, that's no way to live / What you're calling a sin isn't up to them / After all, I thought we were all your children.") the record's upbeat, left-of-center sound should ensure listeners walk away from it smiling. Unique, thought-provoking, and, well, fun, this joint can be found on forthcoming LP Some Days, dropping Feb. 21. Fans who pre-order via the group's official site will be eligible for weekly giveaways, while those who do so on iTunes will receive a bonus acoustic version of Carry On.
Listen to More: Fun. , R&B/Pop, Alternative Written by richard
Submit a Review and/or Rating
Member Reviews and Ratings
DJ Booth Crew Total Ratings: 11882 |
fun. is, well, lots of fun. Dope production from Emile and Jeff Bhasker, but that was a given with their respective track records. I'll take an album of this upbeat, big beat freshness.
Posted on Dec 22, 2011 |
DJ Booth Crew Total Ratings: 8304 |
I don't like this beat by Emile and Jeff Bhasker. It just sounds too different for my taste. The flow reminds me somewhat of a Queen type joint, but not as great. Nice try, but I'm not with it.
Posted on Dec 22, 2011 |
Posted on Dec 22, 2011 |
DJ Booth Crew Total Ratings: 1685 |
Dope! I really like this track.
Posted on Dec 22, 2011 |
Posted on Dec 22, 2011 |
Posted on Dec 22, 2011 |
Posted on Dec 22, 2011 |
DJ Booth Member |
Yo, this was a surprisingly good listen!
Posted on Dec 30, 2011 |
DJ Booth Member |
nice party song, solid production. This something I could see myself listen to at a pub but not a regular listen in the car
Posted on Jan 05, 2012 |
Posted on Jan 06, 2012 |
Posted on Jan 11, 2012 |
Posted on Nov 17, 2012 |


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More Recipe Collections
(3 Recipes) Created by MBLESSING77
Recipes in this Collection
Fried, battered, dripping sauce--hot wings are calorie bombs! But not these. Submitted by CHEF_MEG Carbs: 16g | Fat: 4.3g | Fiber: 1.6g | Protein: 28.8g | Calories: 223.2
Adapted from Cooking Light Magazine Submitted by BUSYMOM9501 Carbs: 17.4g | Fat: 5.7g | Fiber: 2.8g | Protein: 12.3g | Calories: 164.4
This chili is packed with flavor and fiber. Make a big batch for a crowd or freeze it in single-serving containers for up to 4 months. Submitted by CHEF_MEG Carbs: 20.2g | Fat: 5.2g | Fiber: 4.6g | Protein: 25.3g | Calories: 226.1


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Kardashian Wedding Groomsman Tells All: 'This Marriage Has Nothing to Do With TV'
Related: Kim Kardashian, Kris Humphries- Photo: John Shearer/WireImage1 of 39
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More Celeb News
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- Thompson, Fantagraphics co-publisher, dies at 56
By Jon Warech
Just days before her highly anticipated wedding, Kim Kardashian was out Wednesday night at Colony Night Club in Hollywood doing what she does best: promoting her latest product (this time it's Kardashian Kollection for Sears) and filming her hit reality show, "Keeping Up With the Kardashians." But just because Kim is still working hard doesn't mean she and fiancé Kris Humphries aren't ready for their Aug. 20 nuptials in Montecito, Calif.
RELATED: Which celebs are attending the Kardashian wedding? Click here!
Groomsman and longtime Humphries friend Adam Sosnick tells Wonderwall that behind all the hype is a lifetime of preparation. "Kim knows what she wants, so I'm sure it will be a perfect day," said Sosnick, who met Humphries back in the NBA star's home state of Minnesota. "I've been to a ton of weddings; this is not even comparable to any other wedding. The buildup for this day is pretty surreal."
RELATED: Check out the Kardashian sisters' bikini styles
While the wedding is getting a lot of media attention, Sosnick says that through it all, they are just a regular happy couple. "They're very lovey-dovey and normal," he said. "In fact they're probably more lovey-dovey than most of the marriages I've seen. A lot of my friends don't seem as into each other as Kris and Kim do." They may seem like the perfect couple today, but a year ago when they started their whirlwind romance, Humphries' friends were a bit shocked.
"I didn't believe him," Sosnick joked. "He put her on the phone, and then I obviously had to believe him."
RELATED: Find out what's on Kim and Kris' wedding registry
Since then, the couple has vacationed in Mexico, spent the Fourth of July with his family in Minnesota and even met up in Las Vegas during what was supposed to be separate bachelor and bachelorette parties. Throughout all these trips, Kim has done her best to integrate herself in Humphries' life. "The first time I met Kim, we were on vacation in Mexico, and she was so sweet," Sosnick said. "Kris has a tight circle of friends, and she went out of her way to get to know everyone and become friendly with his friends."
RELATED: Take a look at Kim's past loves
Despite his NBA success and newfound reality show fame, Kris has stayed loyal to his core group of friends. While you would expect the list of groomsmen to be packed with celebrities, Humphries has kept it to a short list of friends from Minnesota and one teammate from his rookie year. "He's not going to change who he is as a person," Sosnick said. "He's a 6-foot-9-inch good-looking NBA star, so he always got a good amount of attention. This is obviously a completely different level, but he's pretty grounded and is the same guy he's always been."
RELATED: Celeb Engagement Rings Revealed
As proof that he's still a regular, fun-loving guy, Humphries is planning to have all his groomsmen sport mustaches for the ceremony. "I think it's hilarious," Sosnick said. "It wasn't my idea, but if that's what they want to do, then I'm all for it." Unlike most weddings, though, the groomsmen have been on a tight schedule for every event surrounding the big day, including multiple fittings for their Zegna tuxedos and abiding by the "no cellphone" rule at the ceremony.
"They fly you out to L.A. for one day to getting fitted for a custom-fit Zegna tuxedo, and then you're out," he said. "It's not like any other wedding I've been to."
RELATED: Whirlwind Weddings
Through it all, Sosnick feels that even though this wedding will be dissected in the press and then aired in a two-night special on E! Oct. 9-10, all in all, they are a very real, happy couple.
"He's not playing a husband on a television show. They're filming everything, but this marriage has nothing to do with TV," he said. "They're super-comfortable around each other and very much in love. They hit it off from the get-go and their personalities just meshed really well. Last year at this time, I doubt Kris saw himself getting married, but when it's right, it's right."
Get out the vote
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- Spike TV's 2013 Guys Choice Awards
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text:
TAB BY: DON CZARSKI E-MAIL: firstname.lastname@example.com BLACK LIMOUSINE ROLLING STONES sl. INTRO: C G D / C G D VERSE: C We used to ride, baby G Ride around in limousines C We looked so fine, baby G You in white and me in green C Drinking and dancing G All inside a crazy dream D Well now look at your face now baby C G D Look at you and look at me VERSE: I get so scared Just to see you on the street They're living dead You're all the same, you never speak You're wrecked out now Washed up high up on the beach Well now look at your face now baby Look at you and look at me INSTRUMENTAL: C G C G D C G D C G C G D C ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com Popular Rolling Stones tabs and chords |
↑ Back to top | Tablatures and chords are parodies/interpretations of the original songs. You may use it for private study, scholarship, research or language learning purposes only |


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Dale Earnhardt Jr. photo gallery
Dale Earnhardt Jr. photo gallery
Image 1 of 69
At Richmond.
Dale Earnhardt Jr. holds the trophy in victory lane after winning the Chevy American Revolution 400 NASCAR Nextel Cup race at Richmond International Raceway in Richmond, Va., Saturday, May 15, 2004.
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text: I'm not sure why the case of "MAC address could not be on that link" needs to be called out at all. That is an access control issue. But I am OK with having it if someone really feels strongly about it. Anoop > -----Original Message----- > From: rbridge-bounces at postel.org > [mailto:rbridge-bounces at postel.org] On Behalf Of Eastlake III > Donald-LDE008 > Sent: Tuesday, October 02, 2007 8:25 PM > To: Rbridge at postel.org > Subject: [rbridge] Consensus Check: Egress processing of > unicast not locallyknown > > This is a check via the mailing list to confirm or refute an > apparent consensus from the minutes of the Chicago meeting > for a change from protocol draft -05: > > Egress RBridges that receive a known unicast TRILL data frame whose > inner destination address is not known locally should send the > native form of the frame out on every link for which the RBridge > is DRB for the frame's VLAN unless it knows that an end station > with that MAC address could not be on that link. (For example, > there is a layer-2 registration procedure for end stations on that > link and the destination MAC address in question is not > registered.) This is a local decision. No "error" message will be > defined for this condition at this time. > > If no particular controversy arises over this in the next two > weeks, we will declare it to be the working group consensus. > > Thanks, > Donald & Erik > > _______________________________________________ > rbridge mailing list > rbridge at postel.org > http://mailman.postel.org/mailman/listinfo/rbridge >


text:
Clean, spacious, well kept. Great service, beds sooo comfortable! Shower heads were amazing. Try it you'll be charmed by the place like we were. Have traveled for business for 20 years- this place makes my top 10 list.
- Also Known As:
- Best Western Marietta
- Marietta Best Western
- Magnuson Hotel By The River Marietta, Ohio
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- This Magnuson Hotels affiliate is just minutes from the Marietta Memorial Hospital, Marietta College, Indian Acres Park, the Ohio River Museum, and Children's Toy and Doll Museum. Guest will enjoy continental breakfast each morning, free wireless internet, free parking, access to the YMCA. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Cheap Tickets, Priceline, Venere, EasyToBook, Stentorian NV and Tingo so you can book your Magnuson Hotel by the River reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text:
Pampered Nails By Holly Hayes at Blo Salon & Spa Coupons and Deals
The Fine Print
$25 includes a luxurious softening foot soak, de-callusing hydrating olive oil sugar scrub, relaxing foot & leg massage & a meticulous custom polish application. With Valpak® coupon only. Coupon void if altered. Expires 01/18/2013
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Best deals from Groupon, LivingSocial and more.


text:
Mom Interviews
Caryl Stern, President, CEO of US Fund for…
Formerly worked with the Anti-Defamation Leauge
Caryl Stern, President and CEO of the US Fund for UNICEF, says that being a parent has influenced the way she approaches her job. "I definitely need to balance my personal and professional lives, to make room for both," the mother of three (and grandmother of one) says.
Keep reading...
Tamara Monosoff started her first two businesses when she was just 9 years old. Now the CEO and founder of Mom Invented, Monosoff lives in the San Francisco Bay area with her husband and their 8- and 6-year-old daughters. She took some time recently to share her wisdom with Work It, Mom!
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Showing 46-54 of 80 Interviews
Hana Wolf and Nisha Cordero
Co-Founders of Little Jet Set
Hana S. Wolf and Nisha T. Cordero were both lawyers before becoming entrepreneurs. In June 2007, they launched Little Jet Set, an online store packed with tips, gear, and gadgets for tiny travelers (and their parents). On their site, they admit to owning an electronic gadget or two, but have found plenty of ways to keep boredom and discomfort at bay -- at home, and while on the road.
Member Close-Up: 07Mom
Teacher and entrepreneur
While on leave from teaching, Buffalo, New York-based 07Mom decided to start her own company (with her 1-year-old son in tow). Just a short while later, it's starting to take off, with her products mentioned in publications including The Boston Globe.
Member Close-Up: Ally
Owner and operator of All Our Milk Money
Ally, a mother of two who lives in Los Angeles, left the entertainment industry for a life of parenthood and entrepreneurship. She started her company out of a desire to help work-at-home parents, and has been happily watching her business grow.
Gwendolen Gross
Writer and Author of The Other Mother
Gwendolen Gross is a writer and author of the recently released novel The Other Mother. The Other Mother is about the lives and relationship between two mothers, each with different issues, choices, and feelings about work, motherhood, and identity. Gwendolen is a mother of two and in this interview she talks about her own work-life juggle as well as the inspiration behind writing her latest book.
Allyson Goldsby
Vice President of Marketing, Sony Pictures Television
Allyson is a Vice President of Marketing for Sony Pictures Television. She lives in Manhattan Beach, CA, with her husband and two kids, who are 15 months and 4 years old. In her interview, Allyson talks about the ways she makes her life easier, why she doesn't mind that her husband has not given their son one bath, and how her job is a great outlet for her creativity and energy. (And she drops some celebrity names along the way!)
Kate Kelly, author and historian
Bringing history to life at AmericaComesAlive.com
Kate Kelly's career path has taken her from college life as a theater major to a life as an author and historian. She took the time to share with Work It, Mom! some of the interesting things she's working on right now -- including ways to use history to bring families closer, now that school has been added back in to our work-life juggle -- and offers some advice for work-at-home moms.
Interview with Manya Chait, VP of Public Relations with VistaPrint
We have the great fortune this week to have been able to snare Manya Chait, the Vice President of Public Relations with VistaPrint, for an interview. Manya is also a working mother, married, who has very young daughter. She gives us a peek at her day, her surprising work schedule as a company executive, and how she pulls it all together.
Member Close-Up: Liimu McGill
Principal at LSM Consulting
Liimu McGill recently started her own training design and development company, LSM Consulting. She crossed a big item off her Life To-Do List in 2005, when she ran a marathon, and crossed another one last year, when she appeared on Clash of the Choirs with Patti LaBelle. She lives with her husband and three young daughters outside of Philadelphia.
Interview with Mir Kamin of The Cornered Office and Would Coulda Shoulda
Long ago, in a galaxy far, far away, Mir Kamin was not yet a blogger at Work It, Mom! But, having been great admirers of her work, we asked her if we could interview her about her life as a freelance writer and mother of a daughter and son. Of course, then we swooped in and gathered her up for our very own, and you can read her blog The Cornered Office here weekly at Work It, Mom! She also blogs regularly at Want Not, Ty's Toy Box, Maya's Mom, and Drool,icio.us. In her own words, here is a closer look at Mir.


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The on-campus workshop is full, but we're pleased to offer this weekend retreat as a live streaming video event. Experience Pema Chödrön and Omega wherever you are. Registration for the live streaming video event gives you access to the weekend event in real time, plus access to the on-demand video of the program for 60 days after the event, so you can watch at your convenience. Register using the box at left.
If you wish to be placed on a wait list for the on-campus event, please call Omega Registration 877.944.2002
If you would like to learn more about Omega's live streaming video events please visit our frequently asked questions.
Our very existence is characterized by four truths, or marks. These marks are impermanence, egolessness, suffering, and peace. Understanding these four truths can lead to profound depth and equanimity in our lives.
"That nothing is static or fixed, that all is fleeting and impermanent, is the first mark of existence," Pema Chödrön says. "Egolessness is a state of mind that has complete confidence in the sacredness of the world. Suffering is not the result of things that happen to us; it's how we relate to the things that happen to us that causes us to suffer. Finally, each of us has the capacity to make peace—with ourselves and others. It requires that we be open, receptive, and one with our experience and not try to settle the score. Settling the score is the path of making war, whereby aggression gives birth to aggression and violence gives birth to violence. Nothing is settled."
During the weekend we explore these four truths through talks, guided meditations, and question-and-answers sessions with Pema Chödrön and additional sessions led by Tim Olmsted, a longtime cofaciltiator of Pema Chödrön's retreats at Omega. The weekend also includes a period of silence for participants from the end of the retreat session on Friday night until Saturday dinner; those practicing from home are encouraged to observe this period of silence, too.
This workshop is appropriate for both nonprofessionals and helping professionals.
This retreat begins Friday at 7:00 p.m. Bring your own meditation cushion or bench if you like; cushions and chairs are provided. If you are registered for the live video event event but don't have the link to watch it, click here.
Pema Chödrön is an American Buddhist nun and one of the most prominent Buddhist teachers in the West today. A student of Dzigar Kontrul Rinpoche, she is resident teacher at Gampo Abbey monastery in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Her best-selling books include When Things Fall Apart, The Places That Scare You, Taking the Leap, and Living Beautifully With Uncertainty and Change. pemachodron.org
Tim Olmsted has been a teacher and student of meditation since 1977, studying with many of the greatest masters of our time, including Chögyam Trungpa, Tulku Urgyen, and Mingyur Rinpoche. He is president of the Pema Chödrön Foundation and founder and senior instructor for Tergar International. He teaches widely throughout the United States and abroad. steamboatbuddhistcenter.org


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Portronics has thrilled to announce the launch of POR 315 Pico projector, one of the India's brightest battery-powered Pico projectors. The Palm-sized POR 315 Pico projector enables one to live the High definition lifestyle with additional HDMI input, resolution supporting 1024X600.
The Light weighted POR 315 is both a true pocket projector and a powerful mobile computing platform. It has SD card slot which allows for memory expansion featuring in-built lithium ion battery of 3000 mAh, providing back up of two hours on a single charge. The portable projector is convenient to use as it provides direct projection from the USB drive.
Additional features include composite video input, VGA input, and 1 watt onboard speaker. The POR 315 Pico projector comes with a dazzling 45 lumen optical engine powered by LCOS Combined with vibrant colours the POR 315 features long-life 20,000 hour LEDs and can deliver a brilliant colourful image up to 80". Full assortment of I/O ports, including USB, VGA, HDMI and video, allows for easy connection to most analog or digital devices.
Salient features
• Truly portable – Palm-sized, lightweight, and rechargeable
• SD card slot allows for memory expansion
• 45 Lumens - Project large widescreen images of up to 80" diagonal
• LED light source lasts over 20,000 hours while producing excellent colour
• Full assortment of I/O ports, including USB, VGA, HDMI and video, allows for easy connection to most analog or digital devices
Pricing and Availability:
Priced at Rs. 23,000/-, the Portronics POR 315 Pico projector is available across the country. The projector has no maintenance cost.
ITVoir NewsDesk
Apple has been the company that took the modern consumer electronics products market by storm. Revolutionary g..
Mr. Virendra Gupta, Co-Founder & MD, NewsHunt provides inputs on the company
Mr. Sunil Srivastava, India Sales and Marketing Manag..
Mr. Ravi Sunderarajan, Vice - President, Sales and Ma..
A lot of clamour is happening around the term &l..
The much discussed FDI policies of India have en..


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FSA guaranteed loan program update
USDA Texas Farm Service Agency (FSA) Farm Loan Chief Eddie Trevino announced that guaranteed farm ownership loan funds for Fiscal Year 2012 have been exhausted. Farmers and ranchers in Texas received $37.5 million in guaranteed farm ownership loans this fiscal year. "Fiscal Year 2013 begins on Oct. 1, and we anticipate that guaranteed farm ownership funds will be available in early October," said Trevino. FSA guaranteed loans allow lenders to provide agricultural credit to farmers who do not meet the lender's normal underwriting criteria. Farmers and ranchers apply for a guaranteed loan through a commercial lender, and the lender arranges for the guarantee. FSA can guarantee up to 95 percent of the loss of principal and interest on a loan. Guaranteed loans can be used for both farm ownership and operating purposes. According to Trevino, the guaranteed loan limit will increase to $1,302,000 starting on Oct. 1. The current guaranteed loan limit is $1,214,000. "FSA is committed to providing credit through guaranteed and direct loans to eligible farmers and ranchers who need capital to continue or start their agricultural operation," he said, For questions regarding guaranteed farm loans, participants are asked to contact their lenders or local FSA office.
Contents Copyright ©2013
Bandera County Courier
1210 Hackberry, PO Box 1704, Bandera, Tx 78003
830-796-9799 • (Fax) 830-796-9399


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Community Bulletin Board
- UNICO Scholarship Awards Dinner, May 28
- Post University partners with Masonicare
- Crosby H.S. in CT Innovation Exposition
- Award Winning Musical, Jersey Boys, at Palace
- CT Law Firm Joins Driver Safety Campaign
- Farm Viability Grant for Brass City Harvest
- State Grant to Revitalize Vacant Parcels
- Gallery Tour at Museum~ April 23
- Palace Theater Announces May Line-Up
- Rep. Cuevas appointed to M.O.R.E. Committee
- Annual Arts Show in Naugatuck
- Fulton Park Clean-up And Restoration April 21
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CT 5th District
Esty Outraises Them All in CT-5
In the race for Connecticut's 5th District, Elizabeth Esty leads every Democratic and GOP candidate in every fundraising category. Esty raised $366,964 in the first quarter of 2012 and $1,167,032 total since beginning her campaign last year. She ended the quarter once again with the most cash on hand at $819,064. The latest numbers offer further proof that Esty will have the resources and organization to defeat Chris Donovan in the August primary and the eventual GOP nominee in November.
Chris Donovan Raises Over $940,000
Democratic candidate for the 5th congressional district seat Chris Donovan announced today that he raised more than $232,000 in the first quarter of 2012. In roughly ten months of fundraising, Donovan has raised more than $940,000 from more than 6,400 individual donors, and has more than $610,000 on hand.
Roberti Hears Job Concerns in 5th District
Democratic Congressional candidate Dan Roberti today stressed that the number one topic among 5th District voters is job creation. Mr. Roberti is going door-to-door in the 41 towns and cities in the district to hear citizens' concerns.


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Education & Classes in Livingston
Education & Classes Deals
The Language Workshop for Children
- Multiple Locations
In an immersive, fun-filled environment, kids learn the basics of Spanish, French, Italian, or Chinese
School of Authentic Argentine Tango
- Summit
Tony-nominated dancers and choreographers lead 60-minute tango lessons and monthly social dance events
Fred Astaire Dance Studio North Jersey
- Morristown
Experienced instructors lead solo or paired students through private lessons, group sessions, and social parties
Dance To My Rhythm
- Belleville
A dance-exercise studio fuses the confidence-inspiring moves of ballroom, belly dancing, and hip-hop with a core workout
Starry Night Dance Studio
- Garwood
Ballroom-dance specialists teach styles such as waltz and salsa to all skill levels
Scuba Network New Jersey
- Pequannock
Beginning divers strap on provided equipment for single discovery class or comprehensive course in pool with experienced instructors
Milestone Institute
- Ridgefield
ESL program taught five days a week in morning and evening sessions covers aspects of reading, writing, speaking, and listening in English
Equity Trading Capital
- Financial District
Seasoned instructors share day-trading advice and strategies via live simulations, real-time Q&A sessions, and online chatroom with tips
B natural Pianos and Music School
- Rockaway
Guitar and bass tuner with a backlit LCD display, 12 tuning modes, and a built-in metronome that ranges from 30 to 300 beats per minute
Wall Street Chinese
- Financial District
Tongues adopt Eastern phonemes as instructors help students read, speak, and comprehend Mandarin language and Chinese culture
The Engine Room
- Financial District
Coaches teach vocal chords to strike angelic notes & master their vibrato with tailored lessons held within recording & production studio
Fred Astaire Dance Studio Staten Island
- Staten Island
Professional dancers teach toes to tap out & twirl through basic techniques of such dances as swing, tango, foxtrot or salsa
Recommended Education & Classes by Groupon Customers
Pro Learning Center's linguists teach English and Spanish with the expedient Callan Method, and instruct students in French, Italian, and Chinese with more traditional techniques. In Callan Method classes, adults and kids put their gray cells on red alert as brains are bombarded with constant repetition and conversation at up to 240 words per minute. The breakneck speed of chatter stimulates a language reflex, which allows students to respond naturally when addressed in their language of choice or when spooked by a foreign ghost. Alternatively, French, Italian, and Chinese classes take a more measured approach, giving students a chance to gradually develop vocabularies and conversation skills. Classes take place over the course of six weeks in sessions as lengthy or brief as each student's personal schedule permits, allowing for learning around work or increasingly less awkward visits to other countries. Students also have access to Pro Learning Center's online courses, which offer additional resources for at-home learning.
For decades, American Bartenders School has helped aspiring spirit spreaders to develop steady hands, sure eyes for measurement, and an encyclopedic drink-formula knowledge. All of the school's classes cover basic mixing, garnishing, layering, and glassware selection in a realistic bar setting, complete with animatronic bar regulars debating whether Woody Allen is currently the president of Azerbaijan. Students gain access to a book of recipes for shooters, including cosmos, lemon drops, and jelly beans; learn how to make frozen specialties and hot toddies; and discover how to cure hangovers and hiccups. For the 12-hour bartending-certification course, graduation sessions are held where the instructors offer helpful tips on how to get hired as a bartender, before returning home with a mixology certificate, professional resumé, and the ability to set up and stock their own home bars, all of which make a classy addition to living rooms, lounges, and butler traps.
John Gizzi and Diann Greco, the American Wine Society–certified wine judges at Make Wine With Us, teach wine aficionados to create their own wines using grapes harvested in Californian and Chilean vineyards. At the start of the nine-month process (California grapes in the fall, Chile grapes in the spring), winemakers-to-be assemble with fellow enthusiasts to learn the intricacies of the trade. Patrons learn to crush and destem grapes in a machine called a crusher-destemmer, named after the device's favorite Germanic metal band. Following the crushing process, a hydraulic press forces juice into barrels, where it shall remain until the conclusion of its sweet, sweet metamorphosis.
When wine awakens from its hibernation, patrons remove suspended yeast cells and skin particles though a process called racking. At the end of the nine-month period, newly minted winemakers lean on family and friends to fill, cork, and custom-label the finished product. Budding vintners then tote home their vintages to share with family, friends, and robot butlers with built-in carafes.
Gymboree offers a bevy of baby-engaging classes in which parents and wee ones work together to build the tot's creativity and encourage development through play. Weekly classes are available for little ones ranging from the freshly born sapling to the four-years-young wise wanderer. This deal includes rhythm-building music classes, imagination-expanding art classes, mobility-enhancing sports classes, and Gymboree's most popular class, Play & Learn. The month-long membership allows you to take one class per week, with make-ups available during enrollment if you miss a class. This deal also includes unlimited attendance at Gymboree's open gym sessions (contact location for schedule).
Hailing from countries such as Germany, Russia, Italy, Poland, and Argentina, Starlight Dance Center's all-star instructors channel their experience in global competitions and performances while guiding students into the land of ballroom dancing. Three high-ceilinged ballrooms and a 4,000-square-foot performance floor set an elegant, roomy stage as instructors prepare children for recitals at the end of each course. They also teach adults to whirl and jive during group classes, which include weekly salsa parties and free mortgage-refinancing tips. To mix things up, Starlight Dance Center has created a Fit & Dance department where students can explore Zumba, belly dance, ballroom fitness, and total-body workouts.
The consortium of professional instructors at Charlotte Ballroom Dance Academy shepherds students of all ages and skill levels through lessons that span the style spectrum. Paired with a partner or teamed up with instructor-founders Zenaida and Bryon Chandler—Latin and Showdance and Open Smooth champions, respectively—students can learn how to cavort through classic waltz and fox-trot romps or swivel through the modern steps of salsa, swing, or mambo. Dancers can develop their skills and confidence in private and group lessons or during jovial practice parties, where they'll trip the light fantastic without tripping on the light itself. Charlotte Ballroom Dance Academy also hosts occasional specialty classes, such as Cardio Ballroom, and leads betrothed couples through special wedding-dance lessons.