Scientific immortalism is an ideology that argues in favor of technologically facilitated immortality. According to proponents of scientific immortalism immortality will be achieved through the future technological realizations of prospective advances in knowledge of medical, biological, informational and material sciences. Supporters of scientific immortalism therefore usually believe that biotechnological modification and enhancement of humans is the most authentic, secure and safe way towards the ideal of immortal beings. This indicates that in scientific immortalism science is mostly seen as an innovative and sophisticated tool for acquiring some of the classical goals of religion. The long historical discourse of religion and philosophy, however, shows that immortality isn't a uniform concept and faith in immortality may come in many different forms. Justification of goodness of technocentric immortality therefore crucially depends on the precise specification of the right kind of immortality. The article deals with the characterization of different forms of immortality, which are relevant to the current debate about the predictions of scientific immortalism. It is argued, that some forms of technocentric immortality could lead to the loss of beneficial human values and toward the destruction of usual features of personal identity. Scientific immortalism should, therefore, stay scientific and accept that the superstitious idealization of science doesn't miraculously imply, that the future of technologically mediated immortality will be necessary always good.


We illustrate the potential of techniques and results from the theory of network emulations to enhance the performance of a parallel architecture. The vehicle for this demonstration is a suite of algorithms that endow an N-processor bit-serial processor array A with a "meta-instruction" GAUGE k, which (logically) reconfigures A into an N/k-processor virtual machine B/sub k/ that has: 1) a datapath and memory bus whose emulated width is k bits, as opposed to A's 1-bit width and 2) an instruction set that operates on k-bit words, in contrast to A's instruction set, which operates on 1-bit words. In order to stress the strength of the approach, we show (via pseudocode) how our emulation techniques can be implemented efficiently even if A operates in strict SIMD mode, with only single-bit masking capabilities and with no indexed memory accesses. We describe at an algorithmic level how to implement our technique-including datapath conversion ("corner-turning") and the creation of the word-parallel instruction sets-on arrays of any regular network topology. We instantiate our technique in detail for arrays based on topologies with quite disparate characteristics: the hypercube, the de Bruijn network, and a genre of mesh with reconfigurable buses. Importantly, the emulations that underlie our technique do not alter the native machine's instruction set, hence allowing an invariant programming model across gauges.


The 63 articles collected in this book appeared in the news and reviews section of Nature between January 1969 and August 1970. These short essays, written by the journal's specialist correspondents, summarize the most important and interesting pieces of research in molecular and cell biology, virology, and biochemistry. They represent a completely new genre, which has grown out of Nature's unique amalgam of learned journal and weekend magazine for scientists.The book is therefore neither a catalogue of facts nor a review of research, but rather a unique journalistic approach to an exciting part of professional science.


We document that job polarization – contrary to the consensus – has started as early as the 1950s in the US: middle-wage workers have been losing both in terms of employment and average wage growth compared to low- and high-wage workers. Given that polarization is a long-run phenomenon and closely linked to the shift from manufacturing to services, we propose a structural change driven explanation, where we explicitly model the sectoral choice of workers. Our simple model does remarkably well not only in matching the evolution of sectoral employment, but also of relative wages over the past fifty years.


We previously developed, synthesized and tested light-activated sulfonylureas for optical control of KATP channels and pancreatic beta cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Such technology relies on installation of azobenzene photoswitches onto the sulfonylurea backbone, affording light-dependent isomerization, alteration in ligand affinity for SUR1 and hence KATP channel conductance. Inspired by molecular dynamics simulations and to further improve photoswitching characteristics, we set out to develop a novel push-pull closed ring azobenzene unit, before installing this on the sulfonylurea glimepiride as a small molecule recipient. Three fine-tuned, light-activated sulfonylureas were synthesized, encompassing azetidine, pyrrolidine and piperidine closed rings. Azetidine-, pyrrolidine- and piperidine-based sulfonylureas all increased beta cell Ca2+ -spiking activity upon continuous blue light illumination, similarly to first generation JB253. Notably, the pyrrolidine-based sulfonylurea showed superior switch OFF performance to JB253. As such, third generation sulfonylureas afford more precise optical control over primary pancreatic beta cells, and showcase the potential of pyrrolidine-azobenzenes as chemical photoswitches across drug classes.


Reducing energy consumption is one of the main challenges in most countries. For example, European Member States agreed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20% in 2020 compared to 1990 levels (EC 2008). Considering each sector separately, ICTs account nowadays for 2% of total carbon emissions. This percentage will increase as the demand of communication services and applications steps up. At the same time, the expected evolution of ICT-based developments - smart buildings, smart grids and smart transportation systems among others - could result in the creation of energy-saving opportunities leading to global emission reductions (Labouze et al. 2008), although the amount of these savings is under debate (Falch 2010). The main development required in telecommunication networks ?one of the three major blocks of energy consumption in ICTs together with data centers and consumer equipment (Sutherland 2009) ? is the evolution of existing infrastructures into ultra-broadband networks, the so-called Next Generation Networks (NGN). Fourth generation (4G) mobile communications are the technology of choice to complete -or supplement- the ubiquitous deployment of NGN. The risk and opportunities involved in NGN roll-out are currently in the forefront of the economic and policy debate. However, the issue of which is the role of energy consumption in 4G networks seems absent, despite the fact that the economic impact of energy consumption arises as a key element in the cost analysis of this type of networks. Precisely, the aim of this research is to provide deeper insight on the energy consumption involved in the usage of a 4G network, its relationship with network main design features, and the general economic impact this would have in the capital and operational expenditures related with network deployment and usage.


The mobility of segments of the polymer mesh in a solution determines the dynamic response of the depletion layer (DL) to mechanical stimuli. This phenomenon can be used to vastly decrease the local viscosity experienced by any device performing periodic motion at the nano- and microscale in complex liquids. We refined the vibrating quartz tuning fork (QTF) method to probe the viscosity of model aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol, covering a broad range of molecular weights (3 kDa to 1 MDa) and QTF oscillation amplitudes (50 pm to 100 nm). For semidilute solutions of PEGs of high molecular weight, we found a drop of local viscosity, up to two orders of magnitude below the bulk value. We propose a simple explanation based on the motion of the depletion layer, strongly supported by rheometry and dynamic light scattering results. We show that it is possible to directly probe the viscosity of the DL and increase its thickness far above the equilibrium value. The key role is played by the rate of relaxation of the entangled system. The relevance of this paradigm ranges from the basic research on dynamics of entangled systems to design of energy-efficient nanomachines operating in a crowded environment.


The New American Schools Development Corporation (NASDC) was established in 1991 by President Bush to funnel corporate funds into innovative designs for "new American schools." NASDC's board will decide on a few proposals that will receive up to $20 million each over 5 years to develop, implement, and market their designs. These selections promise to shape the directions of educational research, development, and policy for years to come. Since the NASDC represents a coordination of many of the principal corporate players in education reform across the nation, this paper briefly profiles the members of the NASCD board in order to contribute to a more general understanding of the intensified corporate presence in U.S. public education policy. Among the members are: James R. Jones, CEO of American Stock Exchange; James K. Baker, Arvin; John Clendenin of Bill South; Linda Wachner, CEO of Warnaco; and Louis Gerstner of RJR, etc. the members of the NASCD board in order to contribute to a more general understanding of the NASDC board members represent the cutting edge of a new global corporate order, aggressively and unsentimentally streamlining their work forces, shedding national allegiances, and evading regulatory constraints in pursuit of global competitive advantage. This paper discusses this posture first as it is directed toward NASDC's role within the New World Order and second as it is directed toward their own corporate organizations. Finally, there is an exploration of how this posture plays itself out in the promotion of the radical reinvention of public education through the design of new American


Single-cell nanosurgery and the ability to manipulate nanometer-sized subcellular structures with optical tweezers has widespread applications in biology but so far has been limited by difficulties in maintaining the functionality of the transported subcellular organelles. This difficulty arises because of the propensity of optical tweezers to photodamage the trapped object. To address this issue, this paper describes the use of a polarization-shaped optical vortex trap, which exerts less photodamage on the trapped particle than conventional optical tweezers, for carrying out single-cell nanosurgical procedures. This method is also anticipated to find broad use in the trapping of any nanoparticles that are adversely affected by high-intensity laser light.


In this work, we focus on the preservation of user privacy in the publication of sparse multidimensional data. Existing works protect the users' sensitive information by generalizing or suppressing quasi identifiers in the original data. In many real world cases, neither generalization nor the distinction between sensitive and non-sensitive items is appropriate. For example, web search query logs contain millions of terms that are very hard to categorize as sensitive or non sensitive. At the same time, a generalization-based anonymization would remove the most valuable information in the dataset; the original terms. Motivated by this problem, we propose an anonymization technique termed disassociation that preserves the original terms but hides the fact that two or more different terms appear in the same record. Up to now, such techniques were used to sever the link between quasiidentifiers and sensitive values in settings with a clear distinction between these types of values. Our proposal generalizes these techniques for sparse multidimensional data, where no such distinction holds. We protect the users' privacy by disassociating combinations of terms that can act as quasi-identifiers from the rest of the record or by disassociating the constituent terms, so that the identifying combination cannot be accurately recognized. To this end, we present an algorithm that anonymizes the data by first clustering them and then locally disassociating identifying combinations of terms. We analyze the attack model and extend the km-anonymity guaranty to the aforementioned setting. We empirically evaluate our method on real and synthetic datasets.


Objective
The objective of the study was to determine the current prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among Dyspepsia patients and correlate this with Endoscopic findings.

METHODS
A retrospective, descriptive facility-based study was conducted from June to December 2017 to estimate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among dyspepsia patients from Majmaah, Sudair, Zulfi and Shaqra areas of Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Four years data from January 2012 to December 2016 were reviewd by a checklist and analyzed by SPSS.

RESULTS
Out of 1398 dyspepsia patients, 485 (34.7%) were positive and 913 (65.3%) were negative for H-Pylori infection. Majority of patients 1143 (81.7%) had gastritis, out of which, 457 (39.9%) of gastritis patients were H-pylori positive. The frequency of H-pylori infection was significantly higher among patients with gastritis (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of H-pylori infection among patients with erosion, ulcer, polyp and cancer (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of H.Pylori was low as compared to other governorates in the kingdom and regional countries. Gastritis was dominating finding on upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.


BACKGROUND: Myzus persicae is a key pest of peach, which in commercial orchards is mainly controlled by chemical treatments. Neonicotinoids represent the main control strategy, but resistance monitoring programmes in Southern Europe have shown the widespread presence of populations highly resistant to this insecticide class in peach orchards. Moreover, in Italy reports of neonicotinoid application failures are increasing. This work describes the status of the main target-site mutations associated with neonicotinoid and pyrethroid resistance in Italian populations collected in 2012. RESULTS: R81T mutation linked with neonicotinoid resistance was found in 65% of analysed aphids (35.5% with a homozygous resistant genotype). For the first time, R81T was found in samples collected from herbaceous hosts. Bioassays on a few genotyped populations also revealed the involvement of P450-based metabolic resistance. Only a few individuals without kdr (L1014F) and s-kdr (M918T) targetsite mutations were collected. A new single nucleotide polymorphism in the s-kdr locus producing M918L substitution was found. CONCLUSION: Target-site resistance to neonicotinoids is common in specialised peach-growing areas, and it is spreading in other Italian regions and on herbaceous hosts. The high frequency of target-site mutations and data obtained from bioassays confirm the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms and suggest the importance of coordinated control strategies. CHAPTER 4 Target-site resistance to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids: an Italian survey


This is a document from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is a statement of condition for assets at the Melissa State Bank in Melissa, TX. The statement includes amounts for loans and discounts, real estate, overdrafts, banking house furniture and fixtures, dues from approved reserve agents, capital stock, surplus, undivided profits, individual deposits, and time certificates of deposits.


The significant worldwide increase in asthma-related severity and mortality has evoked increasing concern from the medical community. To enhance early recognition and appropriate therapeutic intervention of asthma, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's National Asthma Education Program convened an expert panel to develop guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. The guidelines discussed in this article emphasize that airway inflammation is a central characteristic of asthma. Appropriate therapy must include four components: the use of objective measures of lung function to assess the severity of asthma and to monitor the course of therapy, comprehensive pharmacologic therapy that includes medications to reverse and prevent the underlying airway inflammation and to relieve the bronchoconstriction, environmental control measures to avoid or control factors that precipitate asthma exacerbations, and patient education to foster a partnership among the patient, the patient's family, and the clinician.


Nanobiosensors have drawn significant research interest in recent years owing to the advantages of label-free, electrical detection. However, nanobiosensors fabricated by bottom-up process are limited in terms of yield and device uniformity due to the challenges in assembly. Nanobiosensors fabricated by top-down process, on the other hand, exhibit better uniformity but require time and costly processes and materials to achieve the critical dimensions required for high sensitivity. In this report, we introduce a top-down nanobiosensor based on polysilicon nanoribbon. The polysilicon nanoribbon devices can be fabricated by conventional photolithography with only materials and equipments used in the standard CMOS process, thus resulting in great time and cost efficiency, as well as scalability. The devices show great response to pH changes with a wide dynamic range and high sensitivity. Biomarker detection is also demonstrated with clinically relevant sensitivity. Such results suggest that polysilicon nanoribbon devices exhibit great potential toward a highly efficient, reliable and sensitive biosensing platform.


. Improving quality of life of farmers in rapidly changing rural economies remains a challenge. In low income settings, agricultural lean seasons lead to a fall in consumption and nutrition that affect longer term well-being trajectories. However, human well-being goes beyond material wealth, and increasingly subjective well-being is measured to reflect whether personal objectives are being met across a range of life domains. However, resource constraints mean surveys are usually carried out once a year, or at most, once a season. Here, we investigate whether life satisfaction reported annually is representative of assessments throughout the year, with a focus on the influence of the agricultural cycle on scores. We do so using data from a novel, mobile phone-based survey that collected 10,032 observations of life satisfaction reported weekly for one calendar year in land-owning farmers in Bangladesh. The data show that most individuals report stable and midrange life satisfaction. Smaller groups show consistently low, consistently high, or fluctuating levels of satisfaction. Using a cluster analysis, we define natural groups based on levels and stability of satisfaction. Social-demographics as well as material wealth predict membership of these groups showing the relative and culturally embedded nature of subjective well-being. Agricultural activities throughout the year are significantly associated with reported life satisfaction, but not always consistent with low seasons: land preparation and harvest are associated with increased life satisfaction; weeding and irrigation are associated with lower satisfaction. Furthermore, we show that the periods of activity during the agricultural cycle most likely to be associated with satisfaction vary depending on whether the individual reports high, low, or variable life satisfaction. Thus, we suggest, to improve well-being in low-income rural areas, analysis should include people's propensity to be satisfied, as this alters sensitivity to changes in other life domains.


Aim: The case report aimed at reporting a rare case of numerous morphological anomalies of teeth with concomitant nonsyndromic oligodontia in primary and permanent dentition in the oral cavity. Background: Oligodontia is agenesis of numerous teeth preferably missing more than six teeth in the oral cavity, affects both primary and permanent dentition, and is commonly associated with ectodermal dysplasia or specific abnormalities. Agenesis of the primary teeth is rare, especially of the primary canines. The exact etiology is unknown. Case description: This paper reports a very rare case of an 8-year-old boy with multiple morphological anomalies of teeth, with missing primary canines, and 19 permanent teeth at 8 years of age, later followed up from 11 to 15 years. This paper discusses the prevalence, etiology, and management of oligodontia which was not associated with any syndrome like Van Der Woude, Reiger syndrome as it usually is, because the patient did not exhibit any of the associated findings with any syndrome, thereby making it rare of the rare cases. Conclusion: A rare case report of nonsyndromic oligodontia with multiple congenitally missing primary and permanent teeth associated with morphological anomalies of the teeth and without the absence of any systemic disorders or syndromes is presented. Clinical Significance: Since oligodontia is always associated with ectodermal dysplasia or other syndromes, recognizing cases without associated syndromes which are necessary to evaluate any other underlying factors. Thus, the incidence of oligodontia which usually varies from 0.08% to 0.16% citing this case report falls into that 1% making it rare.


Blue phosphors of Ca3Y2Si3O12:Ce3+ have been synthesized by using a facile solid-state reaction method at various sintering temperatures from 1300 to 1600 ℃ in a reducing carbon atmosphere. The Ca3Y2Si3O12:Ce3+ samples were crystallized into an orthorhombic phase, and the intensity of the main (230) peak depended on the sintering temperature. The particle size of the samples increased gradually with increasing sintering temperature. Field-emission scanning electron microscopic images confirmed that the particles acquired irregular shapes. Using a fluorescence spectrophotometer, we investigated the photoluminescent properties by excitation (348 nm) and emission (421 nm, 5d → 2F7/2 and 2F5/2) spectra. The intensity of the photoluminescence spectrum was the highest when the sample was sintered at 1600 ℃. The calculated CIE coordinates were found to be (0.165, 0.127), which are located in the blue region.


Pancreatic cancer is still one of the most perilous malignant tumors with a very poor prognosis. Despite the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer, the overall 5-year survival rate after diagnosis is less than 10%. The pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer has not been fully clarified, but multiple factors are involved. The poor efficacy of traditional therapies for pancreatic cancer is mainly related to complex tumor microenvironment. In recent years, accumulating studies have demonstrated the role of autophagy and apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic cancer. In particular, unfolded protein response is activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress and plays an important role in the modulation of complex pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Here we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the role of unfolded protein response activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer, and highlight the potential of the cascade of unfolded protein response as therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.


We present a Metropolis-Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for detecting hidden variables in a continuous time Bayesian network (CTBN), which uses reversible jumps in the sense defined by (Green 1995). In common with several Monte Carlo algorithms, one of the most recent and important by (Rao and Teh 2013), our algorithm exploits uniformization techniques under which a continuous time Markov process can be represented as a marked Poisson process. We exploit this in a novel way. We show that our MCMC algorithm can be more efficient than those of likelihood weighting type, as in (Nodelman et al. 2003) and (Fan et al. 2010) and that our algorithm broadens the class of important examples that can be treated effectively.


As demonstrated by anatomical and physiological studies, the cerebral cortex consists of groups of cortical modules, each comprising populations of neurons with similar functional properties. This functional modularity exists in both sensory and association neocortices. However, the role of such cortical modules in perceptual and cognitive behavior is unknown. To aid in the examination of this issue we have applied the high spatial resolution optical imaging methodology to the study of awake, behaving animals. In this paper, we report the optical imaging of orientation domains and blob structures, approximately 100-200 micrometer in size, in visual cortex of the awake and behaving monkey. By overcoming the spatial limitations of other existing imaging methods, optical imaging will permit the study of a wide variety of cortical functions at the columnar level, including motor and cognitive functions traditionally studied with positron-emission tomography or functional MRI techniques.


Purpose - Many managers would like to take a strategic approach to preparing the organisation to avoid impending crisis but instead find themselves fire-fighting to mitigate its impact. This paper seeks to examine an organisation which made major strategic changes in order to respond to the full effect of a crisis which would be realised over a two to three year period. At the root of these changes was a strategic approach to managing knowledge. The paper's purpose is to reflect on managers' views of the impact this strategy had on preparing for the crisis and explore what happened in the organisation during and after the crisis. Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines a case-study of a financial services organisation which faced the crisis of its impending dissolution. The paper draws upon observations of change management workshops, as well as interviews with organisational members of a change management task force. Findings - The response to the crisis was to recognise the importance of the people and their knowledge to the organisation, and to build a strategy which improved business processes and communication flow across the divisions, as well as managing the departure of knowledge workers from an organisation in the process of being dissolved. Practical implications - The paper demonstrates the importance of building a knowledge management strategy during times of crisis, and draws out important lessons for organisations facing organisational change. Originality/value - The paper represents a unique opportunity to learn from an organisation adopting a strategic approach to managing its knowledge during a time of crisis. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.


Using a regular vine copula approach, this paper analyzes the dependence structure and tail dependence patterns among daily prices of three agricultural commodities (corn, soybean, and wheat) and two energy commodities (ethanol and crude oil) from June 2006 to June 2016. Our findings suggest that the prices of corn and crude oil are linked through the ethanol market, which are consistent with the results from previous studies. We also find that crude oil and agricultural commodity prices are statistically dependent during the extreme market downturns but independent during the extreme market upturns. In addition, the results from our sub-sample analysis show that both the upper and lower tail dependence between crude oil and other commodity markets become weaker in the recent years when the ethanol market became more mature.


This study aims to explore the nature of consonant-final Turkish roots that select suffixes with front vowels despite having a back vowel in their final syllable, thus seemingly violating palatal harmony. While there is little controversy that final laterals in such roots are palatalized, opinions vary about the phonetic and phonological nature of the other final consonants. We want to argue that all wordfinal (or occasionally penultimate) consonants of these roots are palatalized, and that this palatalization is the underlying cause of 'disharmony'. The phonetic evidence supporting our claims comes from an experiment in which we matched 12 irregular roots with their regular counterparts and asked 10 native speakers of Turkish to read these words. We found that, compared to 'regular' roots ending with a plain consonant, the final consonants of 'irregular' roots have a significantly higher F2. The last vowels of 'irregular' roots were also found to have a somewhat higher F2 than the last vowels of 'regular' roots at their offset, but the difference fairly rapidly decreases at vowel midpoint, and at vowel onset F2 values are very similar in both 'regular' and 'irregular' roots. These combined results suggest that the final consonant of the 'irregular' roots has an underlying palatal secondary articulation, while fronting in the preceding vowels is likely due to co-articulation.


BACKGROUND
A compelling feature of dry eye disease is that it occurs predominantly in women. We hypothesize that this female prevalence is linked to sex-related differences in the meibomian gland (MG). This gland plays a critical role in maintaining the tear film, and its dysfunction is a major cause of dry eye disease. To understand the factors that underlie MG sexual dimorphism and promote dry eye in women, we seek to identify an optimal model for the human MG. Our goal was to determine whether a murine MG is such a model. Toward that end, we examined whether sex differences in MG gene expression are the same in BALB/c mice and humans.

METHODS
Eyelid tissues were collected from humans (n = 5-7/sex) and BALB/c mice (n = 9/sex). MGs were isolated and processed for the evaluation of gene expression by using microarrays and bioinformatics software.

RESULTS
Our analysis of the 500 most highly expressed genes from human and mouse MGs showed that only 24.4% were the same. Our comparison of 100 genes with the greatest sex-associated differences in human and mouse MGs demonstrated that none were the same. Sex also exerted a significant impact on numerous ontologies, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, and chromosomes, but these effects were primarily species-specific.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that BALB/c mice are not optimal models for understanding sex-related differences in gene expression of the human MG.


PURPOSE
The management of patients with a radiographic complete response after chemotherapy remains controversial. The current study assesses the outcome for a modern, unselected patient population with disseminated testicular cancer with particular emphasis on those achieving a radiographic complete remission to combination chemotherapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
All patients with disseminated nonseminoma seen between 1999 and 2007 at the British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA) as well as through the Oregon Testis Cancer Program were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 276 patients treated with combination chemotherapy were identified. A radiographic complete remission (CR) was defined as disappearance of all metastatic lesions or minimal residual tissue <or= 1 cm.

RESULTS
One hundred sixty-one patients achieved a CR. Results for the total population and CR subset were as follows: International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group stage good/intermediate/poor 84%/5%/11% (CR subset, 94%/3%/3%), presence of teratoma in the primary tumor 40% (CR subset, 55%), relapses 13%, death from disease 3% (CR subset, 6% and 0%, respectively). Two of the total 10 relapses in the CR group occurred beyond 2 years. Eight of the 10 relapses in the CR group were treated surgically for teratoma alone, whereas two required salvage chemotherapy. Disease-specific survival for the CR group was 100% after a median follow-up of 52 months (range, 3 to 135 months).

CONCLUSION
Modern risk-adapted systemic chemotherapy with or without surgery for current populations of patients with disseminated testicular nonseminoma results in superb outcomes. Patients with disseminated germ cell tumors who obtain a complete serologic remission and no or minimal radiographic residual can be safely observed without adjunctive regional surgery.


Intrathecal baclofen(ITB)infusion can offer a useful treatment for severe spasticity;however, numerous complications have been reported. We report a pediatric case in which intractable cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leakage associated with several inconvenient symptoms arose after implantation of the ITB pump system. A 10-year-old girl with spastic quadriparesis and athetoid cerebral palsy underwent implantation of an ITB delivery system. After discharge, she presented with fluid collection surrounding the pump in the abdomen. The volume of fluid increased and was percutaneously aspirated every other week. However, conservative management failed to relieve fluid collection, which was suspected to be due to CSF leakage. She underwent additional purse-string suture of the point inserted catheter insertion in the back, epidural blood patch, and subfascial implantation of an anchor. However, none of these therapies proved effective. Progressive enlargement of the accumulated fluid was observed. Furthermore, symptoms of ITB withdrawal appeared. Lumbar-peritoneal shunting was performed, and the subcutaneous fluid collection was relieved postoperatively. The course after shunting was uneventful;hence, the dose of baclofen was stabilized. No recurrence of fluid collection was encountered for two years. Intractable CSF leakage was thought to be caused by wasting, occult hydrocephalus, and twisted movements. This case indicates that care is required in the management of CSF leakage after ITB pump implantation.


We developed a rapid and simple competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the quantification of apo epsilon mRNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages. The method was applied, and its reliability was shown in patients with the familial lipoprotein disorder, type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Type III hyperlipoproteinemic patients express markedly higher concentrations of apo epsilon mRNA when compared with healthy controls. Patients with this disease are usually (>90%) homozygous for a receptor binding-defective isoform of apolipoprotein apo E (apo E2). The higher expression of apo epsilon mRNA in the patients could, therefore, be a physiological mechanism to compensate for functionally defective apo E. The developed procedure might be valuable in assessment of apo epsilon gene expression in human disease.


Respiratory disease epidemics are considered a primary factor limiting bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations in most of the western United States. Diverse sources of evidence indicate that domestic sheep harbor pathogens that cause fatal pneumonia in bighorn sheep, and that contact between the species often leads to respiratory disease and mortality in wild bighorn sheep populations. Managers have long argued that maintaining species separation is essential to conserving bighorn sheep. However, few studies have quantified probability of interspecies contact under different separation-based management scenarios. We present an approach to estimating relative risk of interspecies contact that uses telemetry data to characterize bighorn sheep home ranges, habitat selection, and the occasional long-distance exploratory movements (forays) characteristic of the species. We developed this approach to assess probability of bighorn sheep entering domestic sheep allotments on the Payette National Forest in central Idaho, USA, and we present that analysis as a case study. First, a large telemetry data set was used to identify bighorn sheep core herd home ranges and foray characteristics, including frequency, distance traveled, and habitat selection. Observed summer-season foray probabilities for males and females were, respectively, 0.141 and 0.015 forays per animal per summer, with 50% of foraying males traveling at least 8.1 km and 10% of foraying males traveling at least 21.7 km beyond their core herd home range boundary. Risk of bighorn sheep contact with a domestic sheep allotment was then modeled by combining observed bighorn habitat preferences and movement patterns with geographic data, including habitat suitability and distance of core herd home ranges from domestic sheep allotments. For the domestic sheep grazing alternatives analyzed by the Payette National Forest, modeled contact rates between foraying bighorn sheep and domestic sheep allotments ranged from 0 to 1.33 contacts per year. Managers elsewhere can apply this methodology to estimate risk of interspecies contact based on bighorn sheep space use and habitat preferences. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.


A long AE index time series is used as a crucial magnetospheric quantity in order to study the underlying dynainics. For this purpose we utilize methods of nonlinear and chaotic analysis of time series. Two basic components of this analysis are the reconstruction of the experimental tiine series state space trajectory of the underlying process and the statistical testing of an null hypothesis. The null hypothesis against which the experimental time series are tested is that the observed AE index signal is generated by a linear stochastic signal possibly perturbed by a static nonlinear distortion. As dis ' ' ating statistics we use geometrical characteristics of the reconstructed state space (Part I, which is the work of this paper) and dynamical characteristics (Part II, which is the work a separate paper), and "nonlinear" surrogate data, generated by two different techniques which can mimic the original (AE index) signal. lie null hypothesis is tested for geometrical characteristics which are the dimension of the reconstructed trajectory and some new geometrical parameters introduced in this work for the efficient discrimination between the nonlinear stochastic surrogate data and the AE index. Finally, the estimated geometric characteristics of the magnetospheric AE index present new evidence about the nonlinear and low dimensional character of the underlying magnetospheric dynamics for the AE index.


The employment of Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) in agri-food products through recognized chains has a fundamental economic role in Ecuador. A substantial amount of research has focused on examining the crop performance of PDO products. However, there is a shift in the agri-food chain perspective towards more sustainable models. In this respect, social, economic, and institutional aspects are consequential and contribute to the agri-food sector development. The current rise in market opportunities at the local and international level drives support for them. This study aims to analyze socio-economic and governance components, in order to understand the PDO Cocoa Arriba (Theobroma cacao) chain sustainability performance and propose potential future strategies. Principal Components Analysis was used to contribute relevant insight. This framework applies accounts with a revision of primary and supporting activities. The investigation clustered pre-production, production, and post-production tiers. It also executed food chain mapping and identified chain actors. Results suggested several viable long-term strategies. Examples of these strategies include the enhancement of national regulation to assist chain actors, and the stimulus of young producers and empowerment of associations. The main contribution to the research was the application of governance mechanisms to comprehensively assess chain performance. Based on the results, we recommend incorporating new indicators to analyze the environmental and institutional components in detail.


In early Psychoanalysis was discovered that preverbal experiences during and before birth are meaningful and can influence later experience in a hidden way. Especially in Humanistic Psychology these observation were elaborated. This paper gives an overview of pre- and perinatal perspectives to different observations practical fields and fields of the humanities. It aims to demonstrate the many fields to which Prenatal Psychology can provide valuable resources. Among them, I would like to emphasize the great practical significance it holds for the field of obstetrics, the health sciences, psychotherapy and the humanities. The challenge of Prenatal Psychology is its trans-disciplinary character. It integrates different levels of quantitative and qualitative levels of observation. So far, research has been mostly conducted by individuals or in the framework of small interdisciplinary groups such as the International Society for Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine (ISPPM) in Europe and the Association for Prenatal Psychology and Health (APPPAH) in North America. However, the great theoretical and practical significance requires increased social awareness and action.


This research paper brings together the researcher's scholarly interests in lifelong learning and the selected contributions from the extent literature, and the findings with the resultant discussion that emerged from the research activities. These elements were aimed at collectively answering the central research question of the present study that is 'what are learning needs of women in India?' and anotherquestion that is 'What type of learning environment is required for fulfilling women's needs of lifelong learning?' So this paper proposes the blended learning design as a solution for LLL of women. This research explains that blended learning is not only an integration or combination of face to face and online learning but also it is a learning process which directly effects on the learning components such as learners' objectives, instructions, motivation, emotions, volition, and learning environment, learning material, time scheduled, facilities and ultimately learner's vision. It is a convergence of real to virtual and virtual too real.


This study aims to understand the possible impact of mobile learning on engagement and student success in the online environment. The research questions ask what impacts mobile learning has on student engagement, measured with Self-Regulated Learning (SRL); what impact mobile learning has on the SRL constructs of environment structuring, task management, and time management; and what associations mobile learning might have with student success and persistence. One hundred sixty-two undergraduate online students participated in the study through the survey instrument, utilizing the Online Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire (OSLQ). ANOVA results showed that lower levels of mobile learning use engaged in SRL less when compared to the highest level of mobile learning use (HSD = -4.581, p = .001, d =.719). The lowest level of mobile learning used the SRL construct of task management less than the highest level (HSD = -2.624, p=.000, d =.796), as did the moderate level of mobile use (HSD = 1.681, p = .040, d =.494). Additionally, the lowest level of mobile learning used the SRL time management construct less than the highest group of mobile learning use (HSD = -1.293, p = .026, d =.505). Crosstabs analysis indicated no association between levels of mobile learning and measures of student success. These findings have implications for the development of online pedagogy, mobile learning theory, online course design, and student support initiatives.


The purpose of this research was to determine administrators' views on their awareness of educational planning, purpose, benefits and problems they encounter with it. It was also aimed to find out if the administrators received education and training in educational planning. The research employed a qualitative phenomenological research design. The participants were 15 administrators who were determined with a maximum diversity method. The data were gathered with semi-structured interview technique and analyzed with descriptive analysis approach. Results revealed that most administrators received in-service training or education in educational planning, underlined numerous benefits, and they are aware of the importance of it. It was also discovered that although some administrators encounter problems, they consider educational planning as an important tool to achieve organizational goals.


The minimal investment cost, flexibility and expandability of the built structure were the highest priority planning aims in the development and planning of industrial facilities and production halls. With the sharpening of the building codes and upcoming of European polices on climate protection and energy efficiency – such as the plus-energy buildings, the life cycle optimization is starting to gain importance with industrial investors. Optimized, highly efficient building hull and building services play crucial role in the realization of over-all energy-concept of modern industrial facility.In the case study of energy efficient industrial facility within the research project INFO (Interdisciplinary Research for Energy efficient Production) a tool for calculation of life cycle costs and emissions of the building hull was developed. For the proposed building model of industrial facility three different facade-typologies (metal sheets, metal-sandwich panels, wood panels) were simulated and calculated by the tool. In terms of ecology (CO2 emissions) the wood-based facade features the best performance, however is most costly in the initial costs, which would have been a knock-out criterion when planning an industrial facility in the past. However, the life-cycle cost related findings imply that even though the examined typologies feature large differences in the initial cost, after a period of 50 years of life-time all three facade-types sum up to the same amount of life-cycle costs. We argue that for achievement of sustainability aims therefore a long term view is necessary, as well as further development of planning tools which support decision-making process in the early design phases.


This books studies syntax of NPIs and their interaction with sentential negatives in Hindi. It outlines the clause structure of Hindi and locates the syntactic position of sentential negatives as well as constituent negatives within the structure. It is argued that sentential negative in Hindi negation marker heads its own maximal projection, NegP, which is immediately dominated by TP. In addition to locating the position of negation markers in the clause structure, it outlines the distribution of negative polarity items (NPIs) in Hindi and the structural constraints on their licensing by sentential negative. The book argues that an NPI in Hindi is licensed overtly in the course of derivation by a c-commanding negative marker. The bulk of the evidence presented in this book argues against previous theoretical accounts that claim that NPI licensing involves covert syntactic operations such as LF movement or reconstruction. With respect to the classification of NPIs , this book also shows the existence of two different types of NPIs in Hindi; namely, strong NPIs and weak NPIs. Strong NPIs require a clause mate c-commanding negative licensor, whereas weak NPIs are quantifiers and are similar to free choice 'any' in English that are interpreted as NPIs in the presence of a c-commanding negative licensor.


Given recent concerns expressed about the structural transformation of agriculture and the health of the family farm this study provides a measure of the economic health of small and large farms at the state level. We use nonparametric frontier methods to measure and explain changes in the efficiency, productivity, and technological change of U.S. farms, employing USDA's annual 1996 to 1999 surveys of farms. Our results for the corn and cotton states analyzed identify particularly weak economic performance of small farms in Iowa, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin and of large farms in Missouri, Oklahoma, and South Carolina. Our results also indicate strong performance of small farms in several states. Thus, these results give policy makers a more detailed and up to date view of the overall economic health of the agricultural sector in the states analyzed than has previously been possible with aggregate state level analyses.


The research aims to identify the psychological hesitation and self-confidence of the first-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Diyala University, and to identify a relationship between the two variables, and a researcher assumed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the frequency and selfconfidence of the students, as the researcher used the descriptive approach in a manner Relational relationships to solve the problem, and the research sample consisted of (30) students, and they were randomly selected by lottery from the population of (60) research, as it represented (50%) of the original community. The researcher reached conclusions that there is a significant association relationship between Hesitation and self-confidence in the effectiveness of the field and the field, and the presence of a difference in the degree of hesitation and self-confidence of the students, and through the conclusions the researcher recommends that the trainers and teachers should raise the morale and create hope in the sample to get rid of the frustration that in turn leads to hesitation during the performance, and interest in enhancing self-confidence from By showing courage, strong will, persistence and determination, making positive thoughts about performance and avoiding negative thoughts in order to improve the perception about their abilities. Dunia, and conducting studies similar to the current study on games and other sporting events.


Until now, nothing has been known of the origins of Thomas Hoccleve, poet and clerk of the Office of the Privy Seal from 1387 to 1426. None of his biographers has much to say about his origins, and his most recent biographer, John Burrow, sums up our ignorance as follows: There are no references in his poetry, or naturally enough, in the documents to his origins, his childhood, or his youth. The surname perhaps points to his--or his family's--origin in the village of Hoccliffe, Bedfordshire.[1] His own language, as displayed in the three manuscripts of his poems that he himself copied, belongs to an early fifteenth-century type of London English, which is consistent with what we know of his adult life; but this does not rule out the possibility that he was born and brought up at Hockliffe, some fifty miles north-west of London.[2] Nothing is known of his family. (1) However, with so many records of medieval deeds now searchable through online databases, we have found a record that might offer our first clues to his parentage. Records of the ownership of a property on Ironmonger Lane show that Thomas Hoccleve was the son of William Hoccleve ("Occlyf"), citizen and Draper of London. (2) This is very likely to be the poet since "Occlyf" or "Hocclyff" was an uncommon surname and because the spelling "Occlyff" or "Occlyf" was a common variant for the poet's surname in documents relating to him, particularly those dated to this period, between 1401 and 1409: in this period the documents of Burrow's appendix spell his surname without initial H "Occlyve," "Occlive," "Occlyf," "Occlyffe," "Occleve," "Occliffe" in 14 out of 21 instances. (3) The property in question was a small shop with solars above it, designated parcel 6 of the property recorded as St Martin Pomary 95; together with parcel 7 it occupied land that is now numbers 16 to 19 Ironmonger Lane. The lane lay in the parish of St. Martin Pomary, in the Cheap Ward, and this property would be on the west side of Ironmonger Lane in the first block north of Cheapside. Across the street would be the portion of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon that by 1403 was leased to the Mercers' Company for their hall. (4) Parcel 6 was purchased in 1380 by Maud Holbech (widow of William Holbech, d. 1365-7) and her second husband Hugh Southern, who were occupying the property already at the time of the purchase. The record then reads, Maud died in 1392-3 and left these properties to Thomas son of William Occlyf, formerly citizen and draper, for the term of his life and then to be sold. In 1408 Thomas surrendered the properties to Maud's executors, who included Stephen Speleman and in 1415 sold 6 to Henry Halton, citizen and grocer. 6 was now described as a shop with solar(s) over measuring 10 1/2 ft. (3.2 m.) next to the street, 10 ft. (3.05 m.) at its W. end, 14 ft. 3 in. (4.34 m.) on its S. side and 14 ft. 2 in. (4.32 m.) on its N. side. (5) This little record of a property left to Thomas Hoccleve for use during his lifetime is intriguing because it names no connection between Maud Holbech and Thomas Hoccleve: was there some tie of blood between them or was their relationship simply a business transaction? That is, the Hustings record does not explain either that Thomas was related to Maud, or had some claim on the property, or paid for its use. If merely a business transaction, Hoccleve would have paid Maud during her lifetime or her executors after her death for the use of this property after her death for the period of his own life thereafter. Perhaps Hoccleve as a young clerk was investing in London property for rental income. It seems unlikely that he would have made this transaction to put a roof over his own head, since in 1392 he lived with the other bachelor clerks of the Office of the Privy Seal in Clifford's Inn. The year 1408 when he surrendered the property to Maud's executors instead of continuing to hold it for life was around the time when we presume he must have married, so this would be precisely when he would need to provide a home for himself and his wife. …


This paper introduces the non linear optical effect known as four wave mixing (FWM). In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems four wave mixing can strongly affect the transmission performance on an optical link. As a result it is important to investigate the impact of FWM on the design and performance of WDM optical communication systems. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the FWM power for different values of fiber length and dispersion by designing and simulating a model in Optisim. In this paper, we have simulated the FWM design for three waves. The results obtained show that when the optical fiber length and dispersion value is increased FWM effect reduces. This result confirms that the fiber nonlinearities play decisive role in the


The prevalence of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus is important for determining health care provisions. In Leicestershire 13.5% of the childhood population (0–14 years) is of South Asian origin (census 1991). This study determined the prevalence of Type 1 diabetes in Whites and South Asians in Leicestershire, using a capture/recapture method to coincide with the 1991 Census day. Children (0–14 years) with Type 1 diabetes were captured from the central diabetic register. The health visitor and consultant records were used to recapture the cases. Total ascertainment of cases was 95–100%. The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes in White children (107 cases) was 0.75/1000 children (95% CI 0.61–0.89) compared with the South Asian prevalence (18 cases) of 0.77/1000 (95% CI 0.41–1.13). The overall prevalence in White males was 0.82/1000 (0.61–1.03) compared with 0.68/1000 (0.48–0.87) in females. In South Asian males it was 0.59/1000 (0.15–1.03) compared with 0.96/1000 (0.39–1.53) in females. The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes in children of South Asian migrants to the United Kingdom cannot be said to be different from White children.


ABSTRACTThe time invariance of wave equations, an essential precondition for time-reversal (TR) imaging, is no longer valid when introducing attenuation. I evaluated a viscoelastic (VE) TR imaging algorithm based on a novel VE wave equation. By reversing the sign of the P- and S-wave loss operators, the VE wave equation became time invariant for the TR operation. Attenuation effects were thus compensated for during TR wave propagation. I developed the formulations of VE forward modeling and TR imaging. I tested my imaging approach in three numerical experiments. The first experiment used a 2D homogeneous model with full-aperture receivers to examine the time invariance of the VE TR imaging equation. Using the same model, the second experiment was used to demonstrate the method's ability to characterize a point source. In the third experiment, I applied this method to characterize a complex source using borehole geophones. Numerical results illustrated that the VE TR imaging improved our knowledge of the s...


This paper deals with the field data observation and successive application of estimation procedures in order to estimate follow-up headway and critical headway at roundabouts. Average follow-up and average critical headway are two critical parameters in the new roundabout capacity model presented in the 2010 edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The HCM 2010 capacity model was developed as an exponential regression model with parameter estimates based on gap acceptance theory. Gap acceptance models are strongly affected by driver behaviour and local habits. Follow-up headways can be field measured, while critical headway cannot be obtained directly. The paper mainly aims to check if general suggested values are well-suited also for Italy or not. There have been numerous techniques developed for estimating critical headway. In order to perform a better check of a sample of experimentally observed values, three different procedures are chosen and applied. The first is a quite popular mathematical method based on maximum likelihood technique. The second is a statistical method based on the median of the observed sample distribution. The third is a graphical method known as Raff's method. All these three methods require information about the accepted headway and the largest rejected headway for each driver. Therefore a sample of field data was recorded by digital camera and processed following the instructions suggested by NCHRP. The sample data of critical headway and follow-up headway are gathered in seven selected roundabouts located in Northern Tuscany (Italy). Our first obtained results indicate that the average critical headway is significantly lower than the values recommended by some international references. However, the average follow-up headway is only higher than that recommended for the State of


A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of hemodialysis patients. An attempt was made to compare the QOL of hemodialysis patients with the QOL of the general population, renal transplant patients, and patients with a chronic disease, in this case, asthma. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. Hemodialysis patients who had completed three months of maintenance hemodialysis (n = 75) were enrolled into the study. The quality of life of hemodialysis patients was found to be significantly impaired (P < 0.05) in comparison to healthy individuals of the general population, particularly with respect to the physical, psychological, and social relationship domains. In comparison to the quality of life of renal transplant patients, the quality of life of hemodialysis patients was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in all the four WHOQOL-BREF domains. Only in the environmental dimension was the quality of life of hemodialysis patients found to be significantly lower than that of the asthma patients. Female hemodialysis patients showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower quality of life than did male patients in the psychological and environmental dimensions of WHOQOL-BREF. A positive association was seen between higher education and the psychological functioning and the environmental dimensions of WHOQOL-BREF. Thus, the quality of life of hemodialysis patients was found to be considerably impaired when compared to that of healthy individuals of the general population as well as of renal transplant patients.


An object-oriented framework for modeling and supervisory control of discrete-event systems is described. Control and observation masks are encapsulated with process logic to form process objects, and a single type of interconnection operator called masked composition is used to build complex process objects out of simpler component process objects. The approach applies to both deterministic and nondeterministic plant models and supervisory design. In addition to the usual benefits of object-oriented design, such as software reusability, it yields condi- tions under which the existence of a nondeterministic supervisor implies existence of a deterministic supervisor.


This paper compares two approximation schemes for calculating the optimal portfolios in the discrete-time dynamic investment model, specifically, the mean-variance (MV) and the quadratic approximations, to the exact power function method. Future returns are estimated via the empirical probability assessment approach. The results show that (i) with quarterly revision, the MV model approximates the dynamic model very well; (ii) with annual revision, there are often sharp differences between the power function model and the MV approximation; and (iii) these differences become even larger when the quadratic approximation is used.


Black carbon (BC) influences the Arctic climate by altering the radiation budget. Measurements of atmospheric BC concentration are rare in the Arctic. Furthermore, literature providing information about the current BC concentration or about its evolution refers almost exclusively to ground measurements. Using Polar Airborne Measurements and Arctic Regional Model Simulation Project (PAMARCMiP) data of 2009, 2011 and 2012, an inventory of the current BC concentration is made in this thesis. It is made before the onset of the commercial utitlsation in the Arctic. Besides the horizontal and vertical distribution of BC concentration and its temporal variation, possible source areas are identified and surrogate parameters are sought. Mean BC concentration is about 26 ng/m3 in 2009 and doubles approximately to 52 ng/m3 in 2011 and almost doubles again to 102 ng/m3 in 2012. In contrast to previous results, the vertical distribution of BC concentration analysed in this thesis reveals no height dependency in most cases. Regional differences exist in 2011, while the horizontal distribution is rather homogeneous in 2009. The trajectory analysis reveals air masses including a high amount of BC origin of Eurasia, while air masses transported over the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic or northern Canada include a lower amount of BC. Neither ozone concentration, nor particle concentration, nor AOD, nor albedo are exposed to be a surrogate parameter for BC concentration. Further measurements of this kind are necessary to observe the evolution of BC concentration in the Arctic and to force regulations like definitions of thresholds. Additionally, an increase in data density is essential to enhance the reliability of the results.


Scattering of plane waves by a semi-infinite anisotropic thin dielectric layer is investigated, which can be considered as an example for electromagnetic energy absorbing materials. A pair of second-order boundary conditions is used to simulate an anisotropic thin dielectric layer as an infinitesimally thin sheet. Formulation is based on the Fourier integral transform technique, which reduces the scattering problem to two decoupled scalar Wiener-Hopf equations. Diffracted, reflected, and transmitted field terms are evaluated by using the Wiener-Hopf solutions that is obtained by the standard method. The uniqueness of the solution is satisfied by imposing an edge constraint in addition to the classical edge condition.


This research intend to know by its low grade in social studying student of class IIIB. Learning process is still dominated by teacher, while class discussion the student have been group not up on difference or student variety. Group discussion just have been done by seat. This research intend to know is it available see differences of the grade to social study student class III SD Negeri 115 Pekanbaru with learnings cooperative learning. cooperative's learning is activity series study that have been done by student in group to reaches to the effect learning already be formulated. This research is observational semi eksperiment (quation eksperiment).The subjek of this research is the student of class IIIB in SD Negeri 115 Pekanbaru that is from 2 classes, the total of class IIIB is 38 person and the total of class IIIC 37 person. the data analyzed tech that is used is t-test. the observational is have been done with three cycle, two times appointment work through material and once appointment pretest. Base of observational result have gotten pretest's studying result is found that among experiment class and control class average grade studying have no significan difference. Braze of experiment with control class to have t computing -2. 49dan t table 2,000. Based of the result to posttest's average value, known that student with cooperatives learning which is experiment class has average pretest 54,07 and posttest as big as 68,28 . Meanwhile control class has average pretest 62,70 and posttest as big as 64,05. Base of studying result rolled out point posttest experiment class and control class exist distinctive average, it can be concluded that exists distinctive result study among learned student by applying learning cooperative and learned student ordinary (conventional). So learning cooperative in social subject learning give impact to grade of study the better instead of social subject learning by use of conventional learning. This difference is based by afters marks sense difference among brazes experiment class and control class by use of t-quiz. The count of t acquired tcomputing 3.680 > ttable 2,000, Its mean the difference is exist which signifikan in class IIIB social study of class eksperiment student as by brazes control. Keywords: cooperative learning, students learned result


In the 5-axis machining, when the tool orientation approaches the one of the rotation axis, the sharp changing of the rotation angles obtained by the transforming of tool orientations causes a large over cutting or under cutting for the limit of the machine's dynamic characteristic, which is called singular problem. After analyzing the causing of the singular problem, the position of singular point, the singular value and the nonlinear error, etc, an improved plane interpolation algorithm based on plane interpolation of tool orientation algorithm is given out in the paper following with the simulation and test of the circumference milling of the tilt plane (tilt angle: 1°) separately with the plane interpolation and improved plane interpolation based on a 5-axis machining center with two swiveling heads (rotation axes: C/A). The results prove that the new interpolation is valid and correct.


This paper presents a statistical method for predicting the effect that widespread electric vehicle (EV) battery charging will have on power distribution system harmonic voltage levels. The method uses a statistical model for nonlinear load currents to generate the probabilities of specific harmonic voltage levels. The statistical model for the harmonic currents produced by a concentration of EVs accounts for partial harmonics cancellation introduced by uncertainty and variation in charger start-time and initial battery state-of-charge. A general solution technique is presented along with several examples using data from a commercially-available EV charger and an actual power distribution system. The results show that there is a definite threshold penetration below which EV charging has negligible impact on the number of buses whose voltage total harmonic distortion (THD/sub V/) exceeds 5%. During the late evening of a summer day, the authors' example distribution system can accommodate EV penetration levels as high as 20%. A similar analysis of the system in the spring or fail indicates that the system can accommodate a 15% EV penetration before THD/sub V/ exceeds 5% at an unacceptable number of buses.


Over the past two decades, a variety of approaches to teaching and encouraging public administration ethics have been advanced. To that end, theories of social justice, citizenship claims, integrity-based approaches, moral leadership, and a renewed emphasis on professionalism have all made significant contributions to the discussion. This article offers a different approach through a reading of Kazuo Ishiguro's The Remains of the Day. Ishiguro's characterization of moral conflict, as it appears within this novel, is particularly interesting and relevant for those engaged in public service. What emerges from the analysis provided here is an appraisal of the moral conflicts inherent within public administration, an appreciation of the moral fragility of individual decision making, and a basis for a new understanding of loyalty within public service that is, or ought to be, intelligently bestowed.


Presented during Session 11: Airports II, moderated by Susan Tighe, at the 9th International Conference on Managing Pavement Assets (ICMPA9) in Alexandria, VA


An immunogold labelling technique was used to label the pili of the bacterium Bacteroides nodosus. The labelling was distinct and highly specific, and individual pili could be recognised beneath the gold probe. The labelling of somatic antigens could be distinguished from that of pilus antigens. Furthermore, labelling of fragments of cytoplasm released by cell lysis and trapped in the pili could be distinguished from pilus labelling. An antiserum that had been raised against strain 80200 (serotype N) labelled pili of strain 215 (serotype B). Double labelling experiments with this antiserum and the antiserum against strain 215 (serotype B) showed that both antisera label the same pili bundles. The ease of detection of the immunocytochemical reaction should enable this technique to be used as a routine screen for pilus antigens. It also possesses the potential for much wider applications for immunolabelling other antigens, such as viruses, that can be obtained in suspension.


This study used seminiferous tubule (ST) segments from adult rats to condition culture medium that had been concentrated, size fractioned and administered 10–84 days to adult rats by subcutaneous or intratesticular injection and the effects on testes weight, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH levels and (homogenization‐resistant) epididymal sperm count were determined. The conditioned medium obtained 2 days after culture of ST was fractionated in a 30–100 kDa component. The fraction was injected subcutaneously or intratesticularly. This factor(s), named arresting, decreases sperm count in the epididymis from 13 days to 84 days of treatment without changes in serum LH or testosterone levels. The results of the present study suggest that arresting acts on spermiogenesis/spermiation and/or the entry of sperm into the epididymis from the efferent ductules.


Four long records from superconducting gravimeters yield evidence of the triplet of translational oscillations of the solid inner core about its central position. Calculations of core oscillation modes allow identification of the three translational resonances at periods of 3.5820 � 0.0008, 3.7677 � 0.0006, and 4.015 � 0.001 hours by their rotational splitting. Each resonance is defined by approximately 20 successive spectral estimates. A new Earth model brings the computed periods into agreement with observation. It has a central density of 12.960 grams per cubic centimeter, inner core radius of 1221.1 kilometers, and a density jump at the inner core boundary of 0.407 grams per cubic centimeter.


In 1941 the Swiss art critic Pierre Courthion interviewed Henri Matisse while the artist was in bed recovering from a serious operation. After months of complicated discussions between them, and just weeks before the book was to come out - the artist even had approved the cover design - Matisse suddenly refused its publication. Taken from a typescript of the interview which resides at the Getty Research Institute, this rich conversation (conducted during the Nazi occupation of France) is published for the first time in this volume, where it appears both in English translation and in the original French version. Matisse unravels memories of his youth and his life as a bohemian student in Gustave Moreau's atelier. He recounts his experience with collectors, including Alfred Barnes. He discusses fame, writers, musicians, politicians, and, most fascinatingly, his travels. With a preface by Claude Duthuit, Matisse's grandson, Chatting with Henri Matisse contains a preface by and essays by Yve-Alain Bois and Laurence Bertrand Dorleac. The book also includes unpublished correspondence and other original documents related to Courthion's interview and abounds with details about avant-garde life, tactics, and artistic creativity in the first half of the twentieth century.


The present study examined the links between children's exposure to peer victimisation, in terms of type and frequency, their body composition and subjective perceptions of body composition. A total of 960 Swedish 10‐year‐olds (515 girls and 445 boys) completed questionnaires about their peer victimisation experiences, weight and height, and perceptions of shape and stature. Results showed that whereas overweight girls reported exposure to both appearance‐teasing and bullying, overweight boys mainly reported repeated experiences of appearance‐teasing. When examining the relative importance of body composition (weight and height) and perceptions of body composition on peer victimisation experiences, children's negative body perceptions were more strongly associated with the outcome than were body composition. This study hence stresses that children who are victimised also seem to battle unfavourable attitudes towards their physical selves, which may cause increasing concern as the child enters adolescence.


Research and development activities of Boeing embedded passive technologies are described with an emphasis on resistors and capacitors. Both resistor and capacitor technologies are based on thin film processing to be compatible with the current fabrication process for silicon based multi-chip modules. Resistor material systems with two different ranges of resistivity were developed. Candidate materials included TaN/sub x/ for low resistivity and various cermet materials for high resistivity materials. Three different materials systems are being evaluated for embedded capacitors. Single or multi-layer capacitors using SiN/sub x/, and Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ based thin film as dielectric are being developed while only a limited study is planned on high permittivity materials. A conceptual process flow for the multi-layering scheme was developed and is being implemented with candidate capacitor materials. This paper will describe experimental results collected along this study.


This course focuses on domestic and world events as they occur, interpreted in the light of both historical background and current issues and events.


Background: In age related macular degeneration and inherited dystrophies, preservation of retinal ganglion cells has been demonstrated. This finding has led to the development of various models of subretinal or epiretinal implant in order to restore vision. This study addresses the development of a polyimide subretinal electrode platform in the dystrophic P23H rat in vivo. Methods: A technique was developed for implanting a subretinal electrode into the subretinal space and stabilising the distal extremity of the cabling on the rat cranium in order to allow future electrical stimulations of the retina. Results: In vivo imaging of the retina with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope demonstrated reabsorption of the surgically induced retinal detachment and the absence of major tissue reactions. These in vivo observations were confirmed by retinal histology. The extraocular fixation system on the rat cranium was effective in stabilising the distal connector for in vivo stimulation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a retinal implant can be introduced into the subretinal space of a dystrophic rat with a stable external connection for repeatable electrical measurements and stimulation. This in vivo model should therefore allow us to evaluate the safety and efficacy of electrical stimulations on dystrophic retina.


The effects of chronic diazepam (D) treatment and exercise training on total body mass (TBM), microsomal protein yield (MPY), calcium uptake by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), muscle fibre cross-sectional area, and both PFK and SDH activities were investigated in the tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (Sol), and plantaris (Plt) muscles of 50 male albino Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were assigned randomly to control (C), sprint-trained (S), or endurance-trained (E) groups. Training was of 12 weeks duration. One-half of each group received daily intraperitoneally D doses of 5 mg kg-1 of TBM. Exercise reduced TBM (p < 0.05); increased the relative BM of the TA (E = 2.02 +/- 0.02, p < 0.01) and Plt (E = 1.15 +/- 0.02, p < 0.01; S = 1.13 +/- 0.03, p < 0.01), as well as the Ca++ uptake of the Sol SR (C = 0.08 +/- 0.02, E = 0.16 +/- 01, p < 0.05). MPY was elevated in S-Sol (C = 1.12 +/- 0.6, S = 1.52 +/- 0.1, p < 0.01). D elevated Sol MPY as well as TA PFK. S-trained animals had lower mean fibre areas than the E-trained (D-treated and untreated) animals. The elevated relative masses of TA and Plt are explained by a decreased TBM with exercise. The increased Ca++ uptake of the Sol indicates that E enhances this function, and the increased MPY probably implies an increased SR. The D could be responsible for the D-elevated Sol MPY as well as the TA PFK. El D did not reduce neuromuscular activity to a level adversely affecting oxidative enzyme activity, but in the case of PFK activity in the TA muscle, such a reduction was evident.


The approaching information age will encompass a different societal system in the 21st century due to the impact of the information revolution resulting from developments in computer and communications technology. In light of these changes, libraries need to evolve with the new technology by preparing now to become part of the electronic revolution. Librariani must become familiar with all aspects of the communication cycle and its relationship with the organizations and communities to be served; they need to educate themselves about future scenarios relating to employment, education, energy, leisure, communications, etc., and the impact of changes on the role of the library; and they need to know the changing human needs of the information society, and how these needs will effect changes in characteristics of the library system. In the future, emphasis on a customized approach to designing information delivery systems will be the norm. Finally, librarians may assume numerous roles, including: initiator of the transformation of the library system; promoter of the library system; personal guides, information consultants, and information synthesizers of the electronic services and sources; interpreters of information; facilitators or linkers of information networks; freelance specialists; and group practitioners. Libraries should act as centers where users can receive instruction in the uses of new communications technology, assistance in exploiting various databases, and important communication information services. (THC)


Modern GPUs offer much computing power at a very modest cost. Even though CUDA and other related recent developments are accelerating the use of GPUs for general purpose applications, several challenges still remain in programming the GPUs. Thus, it is clearly desirable to be able to program GPUs using a higher-level interface. In this paper, we offer a solution that targets a specific class of applications, which are the data mining and scientific data analysis applications. Our work is driven by the observation that a common processing structure, that of generalized reductions, fits a large number of popular data mining algorithms. In our solution, the programmers simply need to specify the sequential reduction loop(s) with some additional information about the parameters. We use program analysis and code generation to map the applications to a GPU. Several additional optimizations are also performed by the system. We have evaluated our system using three popular data mining applications, k-means clustering, EM clustering, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The main observations from our experiments are as follows. The speedup that each of these applications achieve over a sequential CPU version ranges between 20 and 50. The automatically generated version did not have any noticeable overheads compared to hand written codes. Finally, the optimizations performed in the system resulted in significant performance improvements.


Introduction: Dendritic cells (DCs) are initiators of the immune response in asthma and represent a heterogeneous class of antigen presenting cells. Little information is known about the expression of CD1a DCs in the airways and lymph nodes (LNs) of humans with asthma. VCAM (vascular cell adhesion molecule) mediates leukocyte accumulation in tissues and is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-4. Our objective was to study the expression of CD1a cells and VCAM in mediastinal LNs and in the airways of patients that have died of asthma.

Methods: We studied 10 non-smoker fatal asthma patients (FA) and 8 non-smoker individuals that died of non-pulmonary causes (controls, CTRLs). Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against CD1a and VCAM. The total area stained with CD1a and VCAM antibodies was measured on the cortical area of the LNs and on the internal, airway smooth muscle and external layers of the cartilaginous airways.

Results: CD1a and VCAM stained in the airways and LNs of FA and CTRLs. No differences were found in the areas stained with CD1a and VCAM between FA and CTRLs. In fatal asthma CD1a+ stained area in the LNs correlated inversely with CD1a+ stained area in the internal (r = -0.697 p = 0.025) layer of the airways.

Conclusions: A fatal asthma episode is not associated with an increased expression of CD1 cells and VCAM in cartilaginous airways or thoracic LNs. In asthma however, CD1a DC cell traffic between the airway mucosa and LNs seems to be unidirectional.


The NBER Macroeconomics Annual presents pioneering work in macroeconomics by leading academic researchers to an audience of public policymakers and the academic community. Each commissioned paper is followed by comments and discussion. This year's edition provides a mix of cutting-edge research and policy analysis on such topics as productivity and information technology, the increase in wealth inequality, behavioral economics, and inflation.


This study assessed the livelihood employment on occupational, health and safety hazards: environmental condition, causes and the effects of occupational hazards in livelihood employment taking Michewni District in Pemba Island as the case study. The methodology adopted was descriptive case study with mixed approach. Secondary data, observation and face-to-face interview were used for data collection techniques while structured questionnaire was a major data colleting instrument. The study revealed that workers are affected from major occupational safety and health hazards, which include physical, chemical, ergonomic and psycho-social hazards. Physical hazards results injury, neck ache and general body pain, chemical hazards causes cough related diseases. Ergonomic hazards contributed mainly to equipment used, repetitive movement, manual work and posture. Psychosocial hazards stress and fatigue mentioned to large extent and long term consequences (impact) of occupational hazards to manual stone crushing. The study recommends on establishment of occupational health and safety policy which is sensitive to both formal and informal sector, supervising working environment in self employment, proper training on occupational safety and healthy, livelihood workers should form producers groups for collective effort in fighting against challenges and further survey and research should be conducted to depict the status of occupational hazards in the livelihood sector and the result to be communicated to relevant stake holders including the workers themselves.


Oxygen-free copper was processed by equal channel angular pressing with different numbers of ECAP process cycles, NP. Tensile strength was increased with an increase in NP, but it tended to saturate after NP = 4. Conversely, elongation was dramatically decreased by first pressing, but it tended to saturate up to NP = 3, followed by slight increasing trend after NP = 4. Fatigue tests of specimens processed with NP = 4 and 8 were performed. The change in surface morphologies during fatigue was monitored successively. In addition to this, the change in surface hardness was measured. Significant decrease in surface hardness due to cyclic stresses was measured. The physical basis of fatigue damage of UFG copper was discussed based on the experimental results.


We present DooDB, a doodle database containing data from 100 users captured with a touch screen-enabled mobile device under realistic conditions following a systematic protocol. The database contains two corpora: 1) doodles and 2) pseudo-signatures, which are simplified finger-drawn versions of the handwritten signature. The dataset includes genuine samples and forgeries, produced under worst-case conditions, where attackers have visual access to the drawing process. Statistical and qualitative analyzes of the data are presented, comparing doodles and pseudo-signatures to handwritten signatures. Time variability, learning curves, and discriminative power of different features are also studied. Verification performance against forgeries is analyzed using state-of-the-art algorithms and benchmark results are provided.


This thesis utilised the River Frome, Dorset, as a study catchment within which to examine the seasonal effects of large aquatic plants, or 'macrophytes', on hydraulic roughness, water velocity, river stage and fine sediment distribution. The thesis formed part of LOCAR, a NERC thematic research programme, and was motivated by the need to provide empirical data to improve river management and to help achieve a compromise between vegetation management for flood control and for maintaining and maximising biodiversity.

The thesis employed a hierarchical research design with linked data collection at macro-, meso-, and microscales. (i) Macroscale research employed archival River Habitat Survey data and primary river surveys to place the more detailed meso- and microscale work in context. The analyses revealed the existence of a distinct chalk river group and examined the place of the River Frome within this. This provided contextual information to aid extrapolation of the current findings and facilitates comparisons with previous and future research. (ii) Mesoscale research focused upon stage and discharge measurements, and grid-based measurements of hydraulic variables. The analyses showed that macrophytes can have demonstrable and quantifiable effects on hydraulic roughness and sediment storage, which causes seasonal change in the stage/discharge relationship. However, this effect varies according to channel morphology and riparian land use and is subject to the attainment of a critical biomass. (iii) Microscale analyses employed high-frequency turbidity probes to investigate sediment processes within macrophyte beds. Each vegetation patch acted as a unique sediment filter, the characteristics of which changed over the growing season, and varied with distance along the patch. The results also suggested that retention of fine sediment is size selective and varies according to plant architecture and in-channel location.

The thesis findings imply that vegetation management must be approached with greater sensitivity to reach scale and sub-reach characteristics.


Abstract The present study investigates the onset of penetrative convection in- duced by selective absorption of radiation in a magnetic nanofluid saturated porous medium. The influence of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and magnetophoresis on magnetic nanofluid treatment is taken into consideration. The Darcy's model is selected for the porous medium. We conduct a linear stability analysis to examine the onset of instability and evaluate the results for two different configurations, namely, when the layer is heated from below and when the layer is heated from above. The numerical investigations are carried out by applying the Chebyshev pseudospectral method. The effect of the porosity parameter E, parameter Y (represents the ratio of internal heating to boundary heating), Lewis number Le, concentration Rayleigh number Rn, Langevin parameter αL, width of nanofluid layer d, diffusivity ratio η, and modified diffusivity ratio NA is examined at the onset of convection. The results indicate that the convection commences easily with an increase in the value of Y, Le, and NA but opposite in the case with a decrease in the value of E, αL, η and d for both the two configurations. The parameter Rn advances the onset of convection when the layer is heated from below, while delays the onset of convection when the layer is heated from above.


Abstract
Although an adequate training in pharmacology is given to all medical students, there remains a large area of therapeutics which is empirical. Over their years of practice, most physicians accumulate a collection of useful remedies which are known colloquially as `pearls'. This paper, a successor to a similar paper on dermatologic bases published in this Journal eleven years ago, presents a collection of dermatological pearls that the author has found useful in his years of practice as a dermatologist.


ABSTRACT Background: The ability to return to social activities and roles is an important focus of rehabilitation for people affected by stroke. Rehabilitation professionals currently have limited evidence on the impact of a cognitive-communication disorder (CCD) following right hemispheric (RH) stroke on social participation, and how to support return to social activities and roles. Aims: This study describes (1) social participation change as reported by people with RH stroke; (2) compares social participation change across two groups based on the presence or absence of CCD following RH stroke; and (3) compares self and proxy reports of changes in participation. Methods & Procedures: A telephone survey was conducted with randomly selected people with first onset, unilateral RH stroke, and with matched significant others (proxies). The Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale (SPRS-2) was utilised to explore change associated with stroke across Occupational Activities (OA), Interpersonal Relationships (IR) and Independent Living Skills (LS). Survey responses were compared utilising independent t-tests across two groups based on the presence or absence of CCD. Participant-proxy agreement was established using inter-rater correlation coefficient. Outcomes & Results: Change in social participation was reported for thirty-six participants with an average age of 65.95 years (SD = 13.09), of whom 58.3% were male and 38.9% employed at the time of the stroke. Time post-stroke to completion of the SPRS-2 ranged from six to 33 months. Most participants (94.4%, n = 34) reported change in at least one of the SPRS-2 domains. The presence of CCD had an impact on social participation as measured on the SPRS-2, which was significantly different to what was reported by participants without a communication impairment post-RH stroke (p = 0.02.) Inter-rater agreement statistic (Kappa) indicated a fair participant-proxy dyad agreement in the group with CCD, and a moderate agreement in the group without CCD across the SPRS-2 domains. Conclusions: Changes in social participation following RH stroke occur across Occupational Activities, Interpersonal Relationships and Independent Living Skills for the majority of people and occur with greater frequency and degree where a CCD is present. This exploratory study highlights the importance of rehabilitation goals that address social participation to reduce potential social isolation in people with CCD post-RH stroke. Further identification of risk factors for social participation restriction in this population is required to better inform rehabilitation timing and focus.


On a broad stretch of lowlands striated by the blue threads of rivers, there was a city all in gold. And in the city, there was a hill of piled up rubble, and on the hill there grew a pine, and on the pine there were six hands.

And the hill is immense, the top invisible behind the clouds; it rises sharply into the sky, and on all its slopes, there is a black forest. Huge oaks, pines, beeches, firs – one growing upon the others. A tree jutting over another tree, higher and higher. Between them, on the ground, a thicket of thorns, hawthorn and poisonous herbs. A rubble of huge rocks, all green with wet moss, and among them – the pine. She stands tall and has six branches like six green hands, and one of them strange, magical.

The forest differs in no respect from a thousand others, on other hills across the world. And the pine seems the same, no different from a thousand other pines.

From the very top of the hill you can see the entire horizon of the land – mountains, fields, forests, and waters. Villages, great ironworks, houses, factories, and little towns. So many that you cannot count them all. And they lie like a painted picture, so marvelous that you could look at it for a hundred years and still not have enough.

The dawn was rising.


With the rapid development of science and technology, 'pervasive computing' model has emerged accordingly. Linear-topological wireless sensor network (WSN) that based on power equilibrium appears in a new kind of data acquisition technology. In a deep sense, it not only meets the social development needs, but also has broad prospects for development and application. This study mainly focuses on the reliability and security of data transmission, framework design and realization of network and so on, which is also the key of this research. Given that AODV routing technology is one of the core technologies of wireless sensor network technology, it's an urgent task to carry on the research of AODV routing algorithm in wireless sensor network (WSN). This study of AODV routing algorithm in WSN is a relatively new field, which starts from the analysis its present situation, then uses the LETF standardized AODV routing algorithm as the basic condition to put forward AODV routing algorithm in linear-topological WSN based on power equilibrium, as well as AODV routing algorithm in mesh-based topological WSN based on judging threshold. While this paper mainly puts emphasis on the former, studying the advantages of wireless sensor network AODV routing algorithm over others. Besides, the study is making efforts to prolong the survival of wireless sensor network, to improve the expansibility and robustness of WSN and to lay solid foundation for the birth of better routing algorithm. Meanwhile, I hope this paper can provide some valuable theoretical references for researchers.


Microjet engines have attracted significant research interest due to their fascinating capabilities to pick up, transport, and release various microcargoes. Here, we show that artificially designed multilayer graphene oxide (GO) flakes on a glass surface can be propelled by femtosecond laser irradiation, which is attributed to the rapid expansion and ejection of gases during the photoreduction of the GO by a femtosecond laser. The reduction of GO was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ejection of gases was confirmed by the rising pressure in a vacuum chamber. The significant propulsion of GO flakes driven by femtosecond laser irradiation provides considerable promise for the design and fabrication of practical laser-driven micromachines toward a wide range of important future applications, with the features of wireless steering, short triggering time, and lack of toxicity.


The nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase), nucleoside diphosphatase (NDPase), 5′‐nucleotidase (5′‐Nase), and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) activity has been examined in the cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, and hippocampus from embryonic day (E)16 to postnatal day (P)18. Microglia display all four purine‐related enzymatic activities, but the expression of these enzymatic activities differed depending on the distinct microglial typologies observed during brain development. We have identified three main morphologic typologies during the process of microglial differentiation: ameboid microglia (parenchymatic precursors), primitive ramified microglia (intermediate forms), and resting microglia (differentiated cells). Ameboid microglia, which were encountered from E16 to P12, displayed the four enzymatic activities. However, some ameboid microglial cells lacked 5′‐Nase activity in gray matter, and some were PNPase‐negative in both gray and white matter. Primitive ramified microglia were already observed in the embryonic period but mostly distributed during the first 2 postnatal weeks. These cells expressed NTPase, NDPase, 5′‐Nase, and PNPase. Similar to ameboid microglia, we found primitive ramified microglia lacking the 5′‐Nase and PNPase activities. Resting microglia, which were mostly distinguishable from the third postnatal week, expressed NTPase and NDPase, but they lacked or displayed very low levels of 5′‐Nase activity, and only a subpopulation of resting microglia was PNPase‐positive. Apart from cells of the microglial lineage, GFAP‐positive astrocytes and radial glia cells were also labeled by the PNPase histochemistry. As shown by our results, the differentiation process from cell precursors into mature microglia is accompanied by changes in the expression of purine‐related enzymes. We suggest that the enzymatic profile and levels of the different purine‐related enzymes may depend not only on the differentiation stage but also on the nature of the cells. The use of purine‐related histoenzymatic techniques as a microglial markers and the possible involvement of microglia in the control of extracellular purine levels during development are also discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:333–346, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.