We investigate the structure of halos in the sDGP (self-accelerating branch of the Dvali–Gavadadze–Porrati braneworld gravity) model and the Galileon modified gravity model on the basis of the static and spherically symmetric solutions of the collisionless Boltzmann equation, which reduce to the singular isothermal sphere model and the King model in the limit of Newtonian gravity. The common feature of these halos is that the density of a halo in the outer region is larger (smaller) in the sDGP (Galileon) model, respectively, in comparison with Newtonian gravity. This comes from the suppression (enhancement) of the effective gravity at large distance in the sDGP (Galileon) model, respectively. However, the difference between these modified gravity models and Newtonian gravity only appears outside the halo due to the Vainshtein mechanism, which makes it difficult to distinguish between them. We also discuss the case in which the halo density profile is fixed independently of the gravity model for comparison between our results and previous work.


We were interested in the article by Owen et al on p53 gene mutations in multiple myeloma.' They had studied the p53 exons 5-9 by PCRSSCP and they found only one p53 mutation among 36 DNA samples from 31 patients with multiple myeloma. They concluded that p53 mutations are rare and confined to end stage leukaemic forms of the disease. We also studied p53 protein expression in myeloma cases determined by immunohistochemistry,2 and our results and conclusions were different from Owen and colleagues's. Our study group comprised 31 patients with multiple myeloma and four with isolated plasmacytoma. Twenty of the myeloma cases were newly diagnosed and the other 11 had relapsed or had resistant disease. All of the multiple myeloma patients were in stage III and 13 cases had also renal involvement. Fresh bone marrow aspiration samples from myeloma patients and paraffin wax embedded tissue sections from plasmacytoma cases were stained by the ABC method. To determine p53 protein expression, a monoclonal antibody against the p53 suppressor gene product (DO-7 Novacastra K-32; Novacastra, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) recognising both normal and mutant forms of protein was used. Eight of the 35 cases showed p53 protein expression, none of the plasmacytomas showed p53 protein expression; therefore, p53 protein expression was found in 26% of cases of multiple myeloma. Four of the eight p53 positive cases were newly diagnosed and four of them were resistant and/or relapsed cases. Four of the 24 newly diagnosed, four of 11 relapsed cases, four of the 18 stage IIIA, and four of the 13 stage IIIB cases had p53 expression. There was no significant difference for p53 expression between newly diagnosed and relapsed cases, or between IIIA and IIIB cases (p < 0.25). None of our patients had features of leukaemic phase disease. p53 gene alterations in plasma cell dyscrasias have not been as well studied as other haematopoietic neoplasms, and the results of p53 alterations in multiple myeloma are limited but interesting. For example, p53 mutations have been found in eight of 10 multiple myeloma cell lines. This point was mentioned by Owen et al who speculated on the possibility of acquired occurrence in vitro.3 In clinical samples the frequency is between 3% and 50% depending on the methods used for detection." Owen and colleagues did not give an account of the stage and status of the renal involvement for their patients. It is well known that p53 gene has a complex structure and that functional inactivation can result from the loss of p53 gene function. Therefore, there is no ideal method for the detection of p53 gene alterations; however, by using more than one technique such as immunohistochemistry and PCRSSCP, the results may be more informative. We believe that if immunocytochemistry could be used concurrently with PCR-SSCP analysis, Owen et al's results and comments might be more useful. We conclude that p53 mutations are not particularly rare in multiple myeloma. We agree that p53 mutation is not an initial step in myelomagenesis. We need larger studies with more patients and methods to determine the pathogenetic role of p53 mutations in multiple myeloma.


HTTPS is one of the most important protocols used to secure communication and is, fortunately, becoming more pervasive. However, especially the long tail of websites is still not sufficiently secured. HTTPS involves different types of users, e.g., end users who are forced to make critical security decisions when faced with warnings or administrators who are required to deal with cryptographic fundamentals and complex decisions concerning compatibility. In this work, we present the first qualitative study of both end user and administrator mental models of HTTPS. We interviewed 18 end users and 12 administrators; our findings reveal misconceptions about security benefits and threat models from both groups. We identify protocol components that interfere with secure configurations and usage behavior and reveal differences between administrator and end user mental models. Our results suggest that end user mental models are more conceptual while administrator models are more protocol-based. We also found that end users often confuse encryption with authentication, significantly underestimate the security benefits of HTTPS, and ignore and distrust security indicators while administrators often do not understand the interplay of functional protocol components. Based on the different mental models, we discuss implications and provide actionable recommendations for future designs of user interfaces and protocols.


MYASTHENIA gravis is rare, but does occur in the newborn. In the child of a myasthenic mother one occasionally sees the typical clinical picture. If the child survives the neonatal period, the disease disappears spontaneously in a few days or weeks. The other type of myasthenia gravis occurring in the newborn is rarer and occurs in children born of healthy mothers. Their disease resembles the adult type and tends to be permanent. It is the purpose of this communication to report such a case. REPORT OF CASE A 2-month-old white girl was admitted to the Children's Hospital on Nov. 27, 1951, for study of respiratory difficulty and inability to nurse. There was no family history of myasthenia gravis or other muscular or nervous diseases. Gestation was remarkable in that the mother was intimately exposed to an acute case poliomyelitis early in her pregnancy. Delivery was preceded by a week of


Green roof technique has been introduced as a mitigation approach towards urban heat island (UHI) occurrence since a few decades ago. Since there was very little literature on the usage of moss in green roof implementation available, this paper establishes the thermal performance of Sunagoke (Racomitrium Canescens) moss green roof in addressing UHI effect. As the evaluation conditions, the thermal performance of Sunagoke moss green roof was investigated quantitatively through indoor and outdoor experiments. Indoor experiments were performed inside the artificial climate chamber with the ambient temperature and humidity fixed at 30 °C and 70% RH, respectively, while the irradiance strength and wind velocity were altered as the investigation parameters. Meanwhile, outdoor experiments were piloted at Yamaguchi University main office building rooftop, consisting of the uncontrollable natural environment. As the test candidates, a model house with 3mm of Sunagoke mat and control model house were utilized in the indoor and outdoor experiments. Besides, model houses with 30mm of Sunagoke mat and grass were added as comparison candidates in outdoor experiments. In outdoor experiments, all green roofs displayed better convection heat transfer coefficient than the control roof; however, the thinnest Sunagoke had the best ability to release heat compared to other competitors. The albedo was not affected by wind velocity but irradiance strength, noting 0.25, 0.22, 0.22, and 0.24 for model houses Sunagoke 3mm, Sunagoke 30mm, grass, and control, respectively. The 30mm thickness Sunagoke moss did not deliver heat as good as 3mm Sunagoke moss and 25mm grass in term of convection heat, but the suppression of interior temperature was the most superior. Despite the absence of soil, both Sunagoke moss green roofs showed decent insulation effect and provided thermal relaxation comparable to grass. Index Term— Sunagoke moss green roof, convection heat transfer, thermal performance, interior temperature.


Significance The knowledge of nonliterate societies may vanish in silence jeopardizing indigenous peoples' livelihoods. Yet, this cultural component is missed by studies on ecosystem services that have historically emphasized the biological dimension. Here we fill this gap by introducing indigenous knowledge networks representing the wisdom of indigenous people on plant species and the services they provide. This approach allows us to assess how knowledge held by 57 Neotropical indigenous communities is structured locally and regionally, how it is influenced by turnover in biological and cultural heritage, and how the progressive loss of biocultural heritage may undermine the resilience of these communities. Indigenous communities rely extensively on plants for food, shelter, and medicine. It is still unknown, however, to what degree their survival is jeopardized by the loss of either plant species or knowledge about their services. To fill this gap, here we introduce indigenous knowledge networks describing the wisdom of indigenous people on plant species and the services they provide. Our results across 57 Neotropical communities show that cultural heritage is as important as plants for preserving indigenous knowledge both locally and regionally. Indeed, knowledge networks collapse as fast when plant species are driven extinct as when cultural diffusion, either within or among communities, is lost. But it is the joint loss of plant species and knowledge that erodes these networks at a much higher rate. Our findings pave the road toward integrative policies that recognize more explicitly the inseparable links between cultural and biological heritage.


For vehicles using grid power to charge the battery, traction circuit components are not normally engaged during the charging time, so there is a possibility to use them in the charger circuit to have an on-board integrated motor drive and battery charger. An isolated high-power three-phase integrated motor drive and charger based on a split-phase permanent magnet motor is presented in this paper. The motor winding connections are reversible by a relay-based switching device for traction and battery charging. In traction mode, the motor is a classical three-phase motor, but in charging mode it is a rotating isolating transformer providing a three-phase voltage source for the inverter to charge the battery. A mathematical model of the motor with six stator windings is presented for an arbitrary phase shift in windings. For the charging mode, the split-phase motor grid synchronization process and charge control are explained including the developed controller. A 20 -kW system is designed and implemented to verify the proper operation of the proposed system. Simulation and practical results are provided to show the system performance in terms of functionality, dynamic response, and efficiency. Moreover, some discussions, recommendations, and limitations are provided to give more practical insights.


Automated irrigation and fertigation site-specific control systems offer labour and water savings, and crop productivity improvements for growers, where spatial variability of water requirements exists within a field. Real-time irrigation control strategies for surface and pressurised irrigation systems have been developed that adapt to infield soil and plant measurements collected in real-time. 'Sensor-based' control strategies directly use measurements to make irrigation decisions; and 'model-based' control strategies use a model (often calibrated with sensor input) to aid irrigation decisions. Model-based control strategies can aim for specific end of season characteristics. However, model-based control strategies often use off-the-shelf, black box industry models that may not be updated with the development of the new varieties, and may not consider all the soil-plant-water relations.
A hybrid Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Bayesian model is being used for training and predicting crop dynamics based on historical and real-time infield data. A game theory and artificial intelligence-based approach will provide an inbuilt self-learning capability for new crop conditions to achieve site-specific irrigation optimisation and real-time adaptive control. This paper will present an overview and comparison the adaptive control approaches for irrigation and fertigation, and considerations for their use under commercial conditions on surface and pressurised irrigation systems.


Cell size variations in three heterocystous blue-green algae, viz. Nostoc muscorum (ISU strain), N. muscorum (UW strain) and N. calcicola (a local isolate) have been surveyed under conditions permissive and non-permissive of heterocyst differentiation. A monomodal distribution pattern was observed for the two strains of N. muscorum under conditions not requiring heterocyst differentiation, while elemental nitrogen grown cultures retained a group of relatively larger cells in addition to this mode. N. calcicola could not be similarly viewed because of the formation of hormogonia-like slender filaments causing heterogeneity. The heterocyst size showed two major peaks in each case, the larger heterocysts being almost twice as voluminous as the smaller ones. Attainment of a critical cell size, and the cell division which follows, may be crucial for making a cell differentiate into a heterocyst.


In Michael Ondaatje's Running in the Family, Jacques Poulin's Volkswagen Blues, and Gail Scott's Heroine protagonists, frequently doubling as narrators, set out on quests to discover places, people, histories, and personas which might provide a sense of belonging, strength, and psychic peace. None of them find what they initially anticipated and resolutions are more difficult than imagined. Given the current Eurocentric biased theoretical climate and some post/ colonial resistances to it, the novels' plots and their 'uncentred, pluralistic, and multifarious'3 content might be considered as either post-modernist or post/ colonial at the expense of some kind of critical compromise. For instance, some post-modernist critics' privilege, formalism, and/ or ambivalence might blind them to the post/ colonial historical roots or influences of these literary texts' practices; while some postcolonialist critics may object to the juxtaposition of novels set in Sri Lanka, Quebec, and the United States as diluting the coherence of what constitutes the post/ colonial politically and in literature. This journal article is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol14/iss3/12 Running in the Family, Volkswagen Blues and Heroine


Groin pain is common in athletes. Yet, there is disagreement on aetiology, pathomechanics and terminology. A plethora of terms have been employed to explain inguinal-related groin pain in athletes. Recently, at the British Hernia Society in Manchester 2012, a consensus was reached to use the term inguinal disruption based on the pathophysiology while lately the Doha agreement in 2014 defined it as inguinal-related groin pain, a clinically based taxonomy. This review article emphasizes the anatomy, pathogenesis, standard clinical assessment and imaging, and highlights the treatment options for inguinal disruption.


Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine if school personnel can understand and apply the Sort, Assess, Life-saving interventions, Treat/Transport (SALT) triage methods after a brief training. The investigators predicted that subjects can learn to triage with accuracy similar to that of medically trained personnel, and that subjects can pass an objective-structured clinical exam (OSCE) evaluating hemorrhage control. Methods: School personnel were eligible to participate in this prospective observational study. Investigators recorded subject demographic information and prior medical experience. Participants received a 30-minute lecture on SALT triage and a brief lecture and demonstration of hemorrhage control and tourniquet application. A test with brief descriptions of mass-casualty victims was administered immediately after training. Participants independently categorized the victims as dead, expectant, immediate, delayed, or minimal. They also completed an OSCE to evaluate hemorrhage control and tourniquet application using a mannequin arm. Results: Subjects from two schools completed the study. Fifty-nine were from a private school that enrolls early childhood through grade eight, and 45 from a public school that enrolls grades seven and eight (n = 104). The average subject age was 45 years and 68% were female. Approximately 81% were teachers and 87% had prior cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Overall triage accuracy was 79.2% (SD = 10.7%). Ninety-six (92.3%) of the subjects passed the hemorrhage control OSCE. Conclusions: After two brief lectures and a short demonstration, school personnel were able to triage descriptions of mass-casualty victims with an overall accuracy similar to medically trained personnel, and most were able to apply a tourniquet correctly. Opportunities for future study include integrating high-fidelity simulation and mock disasters, evaluating for knowledge retention, and exploring the study population's baseline knowledge of medical care, among others.


Marcus L, Plumeri J, Baker GM, Miller JS. A teacher-developed inquiry model to teach the molecular basis of hyperbolic kinetics in biological membrane transport. Adv Physiol Educ 37: 165–175, 2013; doi:10.1152/advan.00010.2013.—A previously published classroom teaching method for helping students visualize and understand Michaelis-Menten kinetics (19) was used as an anticipatory set with high school and middle school science teachers in an Illinois Math and Science Partnership Program. As part of the activity, the teachers were asked to collect data by replicating the method and to analyze and report the data. All concluded that the rate data they had collected were hyperbolic. As part of a guided inquiry plan, teachers were then prompted to reexamine the method and evaluate its efficacy as a teaching strategy for developing specific kinetic concepts. After further data collection and analysis, the teachers discovered that their data trends were not, in fact, hyperbolic, which led to several teacherdeveloped revisions aimed at obtaining a true hyperbolic outcome. This article outlines the inquiry process that led to these revisions and illustrates their alignment with several key concepts, such as rapid equilibrium kinetics. Instructional decisions were necessary at several key points, and these are discussed.


Background Young adults, aged 18-30 years, comprise the largest proportion of sexually transmissible infection (STI) notifications in Australia compared with other age groups. Understanding the influence of partner and friendship networks on their STI testing practices may enhance health promotion efforts to increase testing for this group.

METHOD
Participants aged 21-30 years, living in Australia for ≥3 years, were recruited within nightlife precincts in Melbourne, Australia. They completed a survey on demographic items, sexual health attitudes, sexual health knowledge and STI testing experiences and perceptions. Responses to items related to talking to partners and friends about STI testing were allocated partner and friend communication scores. Analyses included χ2 tests of independence and independent sample t-tests.

RESULTS
Overall, 36.5% (61/167) of participants had tested for STIs in the previous 12 months. Of those who had tested for STIs, most had significantly higher numbers of sexual partners in the same period (P<0.05), and were significantly more likely to have felt at risk of STI acquisition (P<0.05). Significantly greater mean partner and friend communication scores were associated with higher numbers of sexual partners, feeling at risk of STIs, and testing for STIs in the previous 12 months (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences when participants were stratified by gender or age.

CONCLUSION
Talking to partners and friends about STI testing is associated with testing rates for young adults. Feeling at risk and increased numbers of sexual partners may be associated with the promotion of STI testing among friends and partners.


The aim of this paper was to establish the demographic profile of an at-risk group for skin cancer and to assess the preventive measures taken by the studied individuals and by the employer. The methods chosen was a quantitative study with a sample of 33 mail carriers from the Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telegrafos in Botucatu, Brazil. Information regarding the demographic profile, how long the individual had been working for the company, hours of sun exposure, history of sunburns, family cancer history and skin cancer prevention strategies used by the company was collected by means of a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Fisher's Exact Test at a 5% probability. The predominant age groups were 26-30 and 31-35 years corresponding to 42,42%. The predominant skin color was white (93,94%) and 81,82% of the studied individuals were working in the company for over five years. 63,63% of the interviewees use sunscreen habitually; those who do not explain this with a lack of habit (in 75% of the cases). As refers to supply of protective equipment by the company, 100% of the subjects answered positively. These findings allow characterizing the studied population as a skin cancer risk group. Prophylactic measures in form of educational actions for awareness building should be adopted and stimulated.


How legitimate is it to use asking price information in the absence of transactions prices? And how does the gap between the two vary over the market cycle? This paper examines these two issues by comparing two large datasets from Ireland's property market over the volatile period 2001-2012. It finds that the two series are extremely closely correlated, both across space and across time, suggesting that in illiquid markets, or in the absence of transaction price datasets, asking prices offer a very good proxy. Nonetheless, a bid-ask spread exists at any given point in time. By exploiting information on the various stages of a housing transaction, it is possible to estimate the bid-ask spread in the housing market. That spread ranges from +4% at the height of the market in 2007 to -7% in 2010.


Two-year results of research the cultivation of white sweet clover in compatible crops with annual cereal forage crops in the Right-bank forest steppe. It was determined the impact of norm of seeding of white sweet clover and fertilization on species composition, for the best cereal components to create the mixed high performance. >4s a result of studies was found that index of compatible sowings white sweet clover with annual cereals depend from weather conditions, species composition of mixtures, seeding rate of white sweet clover and fertilizing. The biggest number of shoots (517 pcs/m) was featured in single-species cultivation white sweet clover and seeding rate 20 kg/ha and fertilizing N60Pg0Kg0. The highest density of standing on all variants of compatible cultivation (up to 6-17% higher in comparing to control) was received with seeding rate of white sweet clover 20 kg/ha. Applying of mineral fertilizer in rate N60Pg0Kg0 on compatible sowings had a most significant impact on their density, providing increasing of index 5-12% in comparing with the variant without fertilizers. Among grass mixtures the highest density (422 pcs/m) was recognized for compatible cultivation with millet, seeding rate of white sweet clover 20 kg/ha and fertilizing N60Pg0Kg0.


Autumn oat is a plant more and more cultivated in many regions of the world. The lands where more than 50% of the cultivation area is cultivated with autumn oat are England, Scotland, France, and in other lands, such as Germany, Sweden, or USA, the surface cultivated with autumn oat is of more than 30% of the total cultivated area. South America and Australia also report surfaces cultivated with autumn oat. The expansion of autumn varieties is justified, as they give us the following advantages: are more productive as the spring varieties, are precocious, tolerate the drought, are more resistant to diseases and pests and have god quality characteristics. The disadvantage of the autumn oat varieties is their lower resistance to low winter temperatures as compared to autumn wheat, rye, triticale and barley. The first researches on autumn oat done in Romania started in 1949 - 1950 at the research station in Cenad, but only in 1987 the autumn oat variety called Florina, created at SCA Lovrin, could be homologated and cultivated in the regions with gentle winters. In the Official Catalogue of Varieties is registered today the Lovrin 27 autumn oat variety. The yields obtained for Lovrin 27 during the experimental period were 12 % higher than the ones obtained for the variety Florina. This paper presents the crop results and the data regarding the evolution of the weight characteristics (weight of 1000 grains and the hectolitre mass) and of the quality (the content of protein and fat and the observations regarding to the pests and diseases attacks on the autumn oat varieties (Lovrin 27, Lowi and Mirabel) as well as two spring oat varieties (Jeremy and G.K. Pilago). The obtained autumn oat yields are of between 5226 kg/ha (Lovrin 27) and 5651 kg/ha (Mirabell) as compared to the reference spring variety yield, Jeremy, which was of 3960. In the researched area the content of protein varied between 13,0% (Mirabell) and 14,1% Lowi) and the content of fat varied between 2,7% (G.K. Pilago) and 3,3% Lowi.


In this study, bottom-up type powder processing and top-down type SPD (severe plastic deformation) approaches were combined in order to achieve both full density and grain refinement of metallic powders with least grain growth, which is considered as a bottle neck of the bottom-up method that uses the conventional powder metallurgy of compaction and sintering. ECAP (Equal channel angular pressing), one of the most promising method in SPD, was used for the powder consolidation. In the ECAP process of not only solid but also powder metals, it is important to get a good understanding of the density as well as internal stress, strain and strain rate distribution. We investigated the consolidation, plastic deformation and microstructure evolution behavior of the metallic powders during ECAP using an experimental method. It was found that high mechanical strength could be achieved effectively due to the well bonded powder contact surface during ECAP process of gas atomized Al-Si powders. The experimental results show that SPD processing of powders is a viable method to achieve both fully density and nanostructured materials.


Background: The government of Bangladesh has committed to stop preventable child deaths in the country before 2035.
Objective: To attain this, the government is promoting research-based interventions. This study aims to understand the determinants of health-seeking behavior of mothers during common childhood illnesses in the coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Methods: A cross-sectional study and face-to-face survey interview using a semi-structured questionnaire was conducted from 384 mothers to explore determinants of mothers' healthcare seeking behavior during common childhood illness. This study was conducted in two villages of Teknaf upazila (sub-district) in Cox's Bazar district between February and August 2014.
Results: Out of 384 mothers, 65.4% had reported illness in their children in the 14 days preceding the survey. Most of the mothers (48.6%) reported that their children suffered from fever, cough and cold, and 35.2% of them sought self-care or home remedy on the first action.  Mothers' awareness regarding the danger signs of childhood illness was poor. Moreover, mothers' education, household monthly income, monthly expenditure on health treatment, and mothers' knowledge regarding danger signs acted as determinants for mothers seeking formal care during childhood illness.
Conclusion: Aiming to ending preventable child deaths, it is necessary to implement intervention focusing on improving maternal education and household income opportunities. More research to explore health seeking behavior encompassing seasonal variation and facility assessment are needed to understand comprehensively the determinants of health seeking behavior of mothers.
Keywords: Health-seeking behaviour, Childhood illness, Mother, Healthcare, Determinants


The process of primary migration, which controls the transfer of hydrocarbons from source to reservoir rocks, necessitates the existence of fluid pathways in low permeability sedimentary formations. Primary migration starts with the maturation of organic matter which produces fluids that increase the effective stress locally. The interactions between local fluid production, microfracturing, stress conditions, and transport remain difficult to apprehend in shale source rocks. Here, we analyze these interactions using a coupled hydro‐mechanical numerical model based on the discrete element method. The model is used to simulate the effects of fluid production emanating from kerogen patches contained within a shale rock alternating kerogen‐poor and kerogen‐rich layers. We identify two microfracturing mechanisms that control fluid migration: (i) propagation of hydraulically driven fractures induced by kerogen maturation in kerogen‐rich layers and (ii) compression‐induced fracturing in kerogen‐poor layers caused by fluid overpressurization of the surrounding kerogen‐rich layers. The relative importance of these two mechanisms is discussed considering different elastic properties contrasts between the shale layers, as well as various stress conditions encountered in sedimentary basins, from normal to reverse faulting regimes. The layering in shales causes local stress redistribution that controls the prevalence of each mechanism over the other and the onset of microfracturing during kerogen maturation. The approach is applied to the Draupne formation, a major source rock in the Norwegian continental shelf in the North Sea.


This article investigates multiculturalism by examining the relationship between migrants' group demands and liberal states' policies for politically accommodating cultural and religious difference. It focuses especially on Islam. The empirical research compares migrants' claims-making for group demands in countries with different traditions for granting recognition to migrants' cultural difference – Britain,France and the Netherlands. Overall,we find very modest levels of group demands indicating that the challenge of group demands to liberal democracies is quantitatively less than the impression given by much multicultural literature. Group demands turn out to be significant only for Muslims, which holds across different countries. Qualitative analysis reveals problematic relationships between Islam and the state, in the overtly multicultural Dutch approach, within British race relations, and French civic universalism. This implies that there is no easy blueprint for politically accommodating Islam, whose public and religious nature makes it especially resilient to political adaptation.


A fluid in an enclosure can be heated by electric heating, chemical reaction, or fission heat. In order to remove the volumetric heat of the fluid, the walls surrounding the enclosure must be cooled. In this case, a natural convection occurs in the pool of the fluid, and it has a dominant role in heat transfer to the surrounding walls. It can augment the heat transfer rates tens to hundreds times larger than conductive heat transfer. The heat transfer by a natural convection in a regular shape such as a square cavity or semi-circular pool has been studied experimentally and numerically for many years. A pool of cm inverted triangular shape with 10 degree inclined bottom walls has a good cooling performance because of enhanced boiling critical heat flux (CHF) compared to horizontal downward surface. The coolability of the pool is determined by comparing the thermal load from the pool and the maximum heat flux removable by cooling mechanism such as radiative or boiling heat transfer on the pool boundaries. In order to evaluate the pool coolability, it is important to correctly expect the thermal load by a natural convection heat transfer of the pool. In this study, turbulence models with modifications for buoyancy effect were validated for unsteady natural convections by volumetric heating. And natural convection in the triangular pool was evaluated by using the models.


Although rural communities have pressing needs for educated youth, rural schools are criticized for training students with urban-oriented labor skills that facilitate rural-to-urban migration. Some analysts see such schooling contributing to the rural community's decline. Educators and policymakers concerned about rural areas need to know what kind of school programs help retain educated youth in rural areas. Research on the comparative effectiveness of different curriculum programs in retaining youth in the community can inform the program development for rural schools. This report presents a study that addressed the issue with data from a national longitudinal study, the High School and Beyond (HS&B) of the National Center for Education Statistics. With two-level hierarchical logit modeling that decomposed the variance into school- and individuallevels components, we examined the post-school outmigration pattern in connection with students' coursework (at the individual level) and curriculum program enrollment (at the school level). We focused on the effects on outmigration of the academic program and the vocational program measured at the two levels, adjusting for the effects of the local labor market condition and student sociodemographic background and test scores. We also introduced interaction terms to determine the specific effects of curriculum on rural school average outmigration. The results revealed that, controlling for the effects of local labor market and student background and academic achievement, outmigration was positively related to schools' emphasis on academic programs and students' high credits in the academic curriculum. To clarify the possible confounding relationship between outmigration and college attendance, we further analyzed data of youth that had not gone to college four years after high school. Essentially, the same pattern was found among this subsample of noncollege-goers. Implications for curriculum development were suggested based on the results and other perspectives regarding curriculum reform.


This paper aims to evaluate milk mini-plants as policy proposals, targeting the generation of income and employment in local/regional bounds. Thus, it will be possible to improve the production efficiency of the home producers and the quality of the product to the consumer. Theoretical concept discussions among several related authors found in the literature in order to incorporate some key elements which might configure a proper analysis of the proposal. The data were obtained through standard interviews applied to producers from nine establishments found in the Rural Development Office (RDO) of Araraquara/SP, which is branch of milk basin of Ribeirao Preto, localized in the countryside of the state of Sao Paulo, and to producers from a milk mini-plant regarded as a model, placed in the RDO of Piracicaba/SP. The results show that this type of activity has been constantly quoted as an alternative to reduce the trading of milk and dairy products in an informal way, as well as to increase the profitability of home producer. So this study pointed the complications found by the producers to obtain credit, registry and legalization of this type of enterprising, products trading and technical assistance, which leads them to remain in business informality.


Abstract In aerobic rice cultivation systems, compost mulching and incorporation are important to rehabilitate the soil. Microbial-fortified compost is increasingly accepted as a safe approach in agro-waste management to recycling of crop residuals in agriculture soil and also to promote growth and suppress disease. This study aims to examine the stability and viability of the selected plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) in rice straw compost (RSC) over incubation period and its bio-efficacy in promoting rice (Oryza sativa) plant growth, productivity, soil health, and controlling of Pyricularia oryzae in aerobic cultivation conditions. Six selected PGPM: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (UPMP1), Corynebacterium agropyri (UPMP7), Enterobacter gergoviae (UPMP9), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (UPMS3), Trichoderma harzianum (UPMT1), and Trichoderma virens (UPMT2) were used as a consortium of microbial inoculants to develop the microbial-fortified rice straw compost (MRSC). The MRSC was incorporated into mineral soil used for aerobic rice cultivation and its bio-efficacy was evaluated at harvest. The viability of Trichoderma spp. found stabilized at 6.78–6.00 log cfu/g and declined for all the bacterial isolates. At harvest, soil amended with MRSC significantly increased in plant height, leaf area index, 1000 grain weight, and productivity. The MRSC amended plots had significant low in rice blast disease severity with area under disease progress curve (AUDCP) of 748.22 unit/square, as compared to control (1782.67 unit/square). The physicochemical and microbiological properties of soil amended with MRSC were improved at harvest. The application of MRSC has potential to improve plant growth, productivity, rice blast disease management, and soil health of rice under aerobic cultivation systems.


ABSTRACT Bilinguals' two languages are both active in parallel, and controlling co-activation is one of bilinguals' principle challenges. Trilingualism multiplies this challenge. To investigate how third language (L3) learners manage interference between languages, Spanish-English bilinguals were taught an artificial language that conflicted with English and Spanish letter-sound mappings. Interference from existing languages was higher for L3 words that were similar to L1 or L2 words, but this interference decreased over time. After mastering the L3, learners continued to experience competition from their other languages. Notably, spoken L3 words activated orthography in all three languages, causing participants to experience cross-linguistic orthographic competition in the absence of phonological overlap. Results indicate that L3 learners are able to control between-language interference from the L1 and L2. We conclude that while the transition from two languages to three presents additional challenges, bilinguals are able to successfully manage competition between languages in this new context.


Oxygen is absolutely essential for correct functioning of living organisms and alterations in its concentration lead to serious consequences. In tumor tissues, oxygen plays an important role in energy production and modulation of red- ox balance. Insufficient oxygen supply within tissues results in hypoxia that is a characteristic feature of the tumor microenvironment. Hypoxia- inducible transcriptional factor represents a key executor of a cellular and molecular response to hypoxia and can activate the expression of more than hundred genes involved in various essential cellular processes. From the clinical point of view, phenotypic alterations caused by hypoxia are serious. Tumor hypoxia has been associated with resistance to therapy, disease progression and recurrence as well as increased mortality. Therefore, intratumoral hypoxia represents a clinically relevant problem, and its detection within tumors is very important for patient stratification for a suitable treatment. Currently available strategies directed towards the detection of hypoxic regions within tumor tissue suffer from numerous limitations e. g. invasiveness, inaccessibility of tumor tissue, low sensibility, inaccurate interpretation etc. On the other hand, the use of an intrinsic endogenous hypoxic marker, which can be detected through immunohistochemistry, is relatively simple, routinely available, and reproducible and can be performed on both prospective and retrospective samples. These include carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), one of the most strongly hypoxia-induced proteins and a prominent indicator of chronic hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia-induced proteins (including CA IX) are also potential targets of anticancer therapy, and their practical application is a subject of intense research.


V2, a technical committee of the International Committee for information technology standards is developing standards for information technology access interfaces. As part of this endeavor, V2 is to issue the Universal Remote Console architecture, a set of draft standards for public review and comment. The five standards specify communications between a Target - a device or service the user wishes to access and a universal remote console-software that is typically hosted on a user's personal device. The standards specify mechanisms for the discovery, selection, configuration, and operation of user interfaces and its options.


Satellites with microwave sensors onboard observing land surface from space consist of signal contributions from surface and atmosphere. The up- welling microwave signals are less attenuated by the atmosphere hence, for earthly located features remote sensing satellite microwave sensors have an advantage over visible sensor systems. In order to monitor snow cover with passive microwave data, brightness temperature information of the medium covering the earth surface under different conditions is required. A snow emission model thus, could be used for the estimation of brightness temperature of the medium. The radiative transfer based model has been used to study the emitted radiation from snow surface at the frequencies of the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I). In the presence of clouds, water vapours and precipitation the radiative transfer calculations simplify as the wavelengths of the radiation approach the Rayleigh scattering regime. The transfer of microwave radiation, in particular is often simpler than the equivalent calculations at shorter wavelengths. This paper presents a simple sensitivity analysis of parameters used in the radiative transfer theory based snow emission model. There are several contribution factors (for example, soil, forest, water, atmosphere and snow) in the model. The effects of these features on brightness temperature values have been analysed in this paper.


We report the discovery and characterization of a power-law correlation between the local surface densities of Spitzer-identified, dusty young stellar objects (YSOs) and the column density of gas (as traced by near-IR extinction) in eight molecular clouds within 1 kpc and with 100 or more known YSOs. This correlation, which appears in data smoothed over size scales of ∼1 pc, varies in quality from cloud to cloud; those clouds with tight correlations, MonR2 and Ophiuchus, are fit with power laws of slope 2.67 and 1.87, respectively. The spread in the correlation is attributed primarily to local gas disruption by stars that formed there or to the presence of very young subregions at the onset of star formation. We explore the ratio of the number of Class II to Class I sources, a proxy for the star formation age of a region, as a function of gas column density; this analysis reveals a declining Class II to Class I ratio with increasing column density. We show that the observed star–gas correlation is consistent with a star formation law where the star formation rate per area varies with the gas column density squared. We also propose a simple picture of thermal fragmentation of dense gas in an isothermal, self-gravitating layer as an explanation for the power law. Finally, we briefly compare the star–gas correlation and its implied star formation law with other recent proposed of star formation laws at similar and larger size scales from nearby star-forming regions.


Objectives To compare clinical–pathological characteristics and outcome between sporadic ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer in patents with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC). Methods Twenty-four patients with ovarian cancer treated between 2000 and 2009 who tested positive for BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA+) and a control group of 64 age-matched patients with no family history of breast/ovarian cancer (controls) were enrolled. Clinical–pathological characteristics, surgical outcome, overall (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between the two groups. Results The high-grade serous histotype was more represented in BRCA+ than in controls (70.8% versus 53.1%) (p > 0.05). BRCA+ cancers were more frequently diagnosed at stage II than controls (20.83% versus 4.69%) (p = 0.024). Radical primary surgery was performed in 70% of women in both groups, with no difference in debulking results. In patients undergoing surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, in all BRCA+ patients, optimal cytoreduction was achieved (versus 70% of the controls). PFS was significantly longer for BRCA+ patients compared to controls (60 months versus 22 months; p = 0.039). No significant difference was observed in OS between BRCA+ patients and controls. Conclusions At a median follow-up time of 46 months, BRCA+ patients have a better prognosis than controls in terms of PFS. Higher chemosensitivity of BRCA+ tumours was observed.


Burnout in accounting is a significant problem that has numerous impacts on organizational effectiveness. Job burnout is the result of prolonged exposure to workload pressure and excessive job demands. As accounting professionals work in a fast-paced and regulated environment, it is important to better understand whether burnout is related to job dissatisfaction within the industry. Employee dissatisfaction can adversely affect organizational change, impacting job performance, turnover intentions, and work attitudes. Organizations need to recognize the negative impacts of burnout in accounting and address ways to increase job satisfaction and workplace productivity. The purpose of this quantitative research was to investigate the relationship between perceived burnout and job satisfaction in Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in California. Survey data were collected using Maslach's Burnout Inventory and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and correlational analysis was used to examine the relationship between the three dimensions of burnout and job satisfaction. The results of this research support earlier research, indicated by a statistically significant negative relationship between exhaustion and job satisfaction, and also between cynicism and job satisfaction. The results further indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between perceived professional efficacy and job satisfaction. This research may encourage organizational leaders to implement business policies that promote human resource management practices designed to alleviate burnout, improve job satisfaction, and promote retention of CPAs.


Time efficiency is one of the more critical concerns in computational fluid dynamics simulations of industrial applications. Extensive research has been conducted to improve the underlying numerical schemes to achieve time process reduction. Within this context, this paper presents a new time discretization method based on the Adomian decomposition technique for Euler equations. The obtained scheme is time‐order adaptive; the order is automatically adjusted at each time step and over the space domain, leading to significant processing time reduction. The scheme is formulated in an appropriate recursive formula, and its efficiency is demonstrated through numerical tests by comparison to exact solutions and the popular Runge–Kutta‐discontinuous Galerkin method.


Particle-based delivery systems have been investigated for their potential to increase the efficacy of patient diagnoses and treatments. In many cases, these systems increase the bioavailability and/or decrease the toxicity of clinically relevant drugs. These developments have led to improvements in patient compliance, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. To date, particle-based delivery systems have been evaluated in hundreds of clinical trials around the world. Unlike conventional delivery systems, particle-based delivery systems offer increased surface area, colloidal stability, and system tunability, all of which can be tailored to target the disease state of interest and specific patient population. Although there are examples of successful particle-based drug products, there are numerous obstacles that consistently shunt the ability for these systems to be translated from benchside to bedside. Two consistent obstacles are drug toxicity and scale-up manufacturing. Drug toxicity is largely caused by inefficient targeting, inopportune routes of administration (i.e. oral delivery for a pulmonary disease), and unfavorable release mechanisms. Scale-up manufacturing is a continual industrial interest, given that particle-based drug products are increasing in popularity, however scale-up procedures are still in development and face their own challenges. A potential method to overcome the obstacles faced in drug delivery is the development of new polymers, either by synthesis of novel entities or derivatization of current ones. To ensure biocompatibility, the latter is a common practice. Biopolymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and naturally occurring polysaccharides undergo modifications to achieve desirable characteristics for drug delivery. Acetalated dextran (Ac-Dex) is a synthetic biopolymer derived from dextran, a naturally produced hydrophilic polysaccharide. Following a one-step reaction, the hydroxyl moieties of dextran are converted to acetal groups, transitioning the biopolymer from hydrophilic to lipophilic solubility. Hydroxyl moieties still present on the backbone can provide a handle for ligand attachment to actively target specific sites of the body. Additionally, controlling the reaction time and altering the molecular weight of the dextran backbone can alter the degradation kinetics, providing flexibility to achieve desirable release kinetics for a therapeutic of interest. Overall, Ac-Dex demonstrates cost-effective and efficient synthesis, easy tunability for targeting, and flexibility in controlling release kinetics, all of which propitiate its promise as a drug carrier. The purpose of this dissertation was to utilize the advantages of Ac-Dex to investigate its potential as a drug carrier to overcome challenges that exist in the field of drug delivery. Manuscript 1 focuses on decreasing drug toxicity using active targeting. Here, Ac-Dex nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized and coated with phosphatidylserine to instigate macrophage uptake for the potential to treat diseases that use these cells as reservoirs, such as tuberculosis and HIV. Manuscript 2 focuses on the synthesis of Ac-Dex microparticles (MP), followed by an exploration of their ability to modulate the release of water-soluble cargo. Ac-Dex MP were synthesized via spray drying and were loaded with a water-soluble dye. Following the synthesis, MP were evaluated for their characteristics and drug release behaviors in multiple pH environments. Manuscript 3 uses Ac-Dex as an economical model drug carrier and focused on studying the effects of tangential flow filtration (TFF) parameters (factors) on the characteristics of NP (responses) to explore its promise as a scale-up purification technique. The final manuscript focuses on the physical characterization and development of nanocomposite microparticle system for localized delivery of the small molecule Eact, a potential therapeutic for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Previously published reports show that Ac-Dex demonstrates significant promise as a versatile, cost-and time-effective, and promising drug carrier for a range of applications and disease states. The manuscripts in this dissertation all explore uncharted territories of Ac-Dex's potential, further demonstrating its versatility and promise to overcome current drug delivery obstacles.


I. Introduction The well-known serpentine of the Lizard may be seen in contact with hornblende-schist, and also with the rocks for which Prof. Bonney proposed the term 'Granulitic Series.' The object of the present communication is to describe two small portions of the western coast, where phenomena which throw important light on the nature of the relations of the serpentine to the adjacent rocks may be observed. The first is in the neighbourhood of Ogo Dour, and the second east of the Lion Rock, Kynance. II. Relation Of Serpentine To Hornblende-schist At Pol Cornick In his classic 'Report on the Geology of Devon, Cornwall, and West Somerset,' De la Beche says (p. 30) :—" It [the hornblendesate] supports the great mass of the Lizard serpentine, with an apparent passage of the one into the other in many places . . . . . In contradiction to this apparent passage, we find a mass of serpentine amid the hornblende-slate between Dranna Point and Porthalla, on the north of the principal mass of serpentine, which has every appearance of having been thrust up among the hornblende-slate, twisting and contorting the laminæ adjoining it in directions which we should consider consistent with the passage of the serpentine in a state of igneous fusion through them." In these sentences De la Beche shows that he had observed facts which apparently contradicted each other, and with characteristic candour he states the two more or less opposed views, leaving the question undetermined. In 1877 and 1883


Reflection is an important aspect of learning in groups. In collective moments of reflection, learners can share and compare their ideas with others, and by doing so can reach an articulated and personal understanding of a learning task and domain. In the research presented here, e-mail is examined as a means for reflection in the context of group learning. In two design experiments, an e-mail tool is developed that seeks to (1) support collective reflection, and (2) overcome practical problems related to e-mail use in primary classrooms. Two prototypes of the tool are presented and tested in five primary classrooms. We conclude that e-mail supports collective reflection on a learning task after adding the following supportive measures to the regular e-mail program: (1) a fixed partnership, (2) fixed timing, (3) an exercise of individual freewriting, and (4) collective use of a paper worksheet.


Social capital can facilitate community governance, but not all social capital is alike. We distinguish bonding social capital (within a village) from bridging social capital (between villages), and we compare their effects on the management of a common pool resource. We develop a theoretical model and show that bonding social capital can improve common pool resource management, while the effect of bridging social capital is mixed. We test these findings using primary data from Yunnan, China on social capital and firewood collection on communal lands. We find that bonding social capital decreases the consumption of the common pool resource, and bridging social capital erodes the effect of bonding. Bridging social capital also decreases the use of the common pool resource by villagers who are near subsistence levels of consumption. Our results are robust to alternative measures of social capital and to treating social capital as endogenous.


SiC schottky diodes take advantage of the material's superior reverse breakdown voltage when compared to Silicon (Si) [1]. However, when considered for MOSFET applications, the high concentration of interface traps at the SiC/SiO2 interface reduce the material's already low channel mobility [2]. Therefore, a Ge/SiC heterojunction solution becomes an attractive prospect, whereby the Ge forms the control region after being epitaxially grown on the SiC. With a well established Ge-High K dielectric technology [3], a carbon-free oxide would exist, leaving a channel-region with a mobility approximately four times that of SiC.


The aim of this paper is to examine when signers start to recognize the lexical meaning of a sign. This is studied with movies of 32 mono-morphemic signs of Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN). Signs were presented in isolation or with preceding fidgets (e.g., rubbing your nose). Signers watched these movies at normal playing speed and had to respond as soon as they recognized a sign, which they were able to do, on average, about 850 ms after the coded beginning of the sign. By subtracting the time participants need to generate a motor response to a visible event, which was 310 ms on average, sign recognition was estimated to occur after around 540 ms. The results were further analyzed in relation to the sign's movement phases (preparation, nucleus, and recovery) and for effects of participant characteristics, sign characteristics, and embedding conditions. The current findings are compared with earlier work on the time course of lexical sign recognition. Moreover, they are compared with findings from an earlier experiment on detecting the beginning of a sign (Arendsen et al., 2007) to study possible interference of lexical recognition with sign detection by signers.


Experts advising decision-makers are likely to display expertise which varies as a function of the problem instance. In practice, this may lead to sub-optimal or discriminatory decisions against minority cases. In this work we model such changes in depth and breadth of knowledge as a partitioning of the problem space into regions of differing expertise. We provide here new algorithms that explicitly consider and adapt to the relationship between problem instances and experts' knowledge. We first propose and highlight the drawbacks of a naive approach based on nearest neighbor queries. To address these drawbacks we then introduce a novel algorithm - expertise trees - that constructs decision trees enabling the learner to select appropriate models. We provide theoretical insights and empirically validate the improved performance of our novel approach on a range of problems for which existing methods proved to be inadequate.


Histological and electron microscopic features of the structure of lobular carcinoma have been demonstrated on the material of 15 neoplasms of the mammary gland. It is suggested that alongside with the known classical and solid variants a microtubular variant of infiltrative lobular carcinoma be distinguished. In the opinion of the author, features of the cytological (small sizes, monomorphic type of cells and nuclei, clear cytoplasm) and electron microscopic (myofibrils, few organelles) structure of these tumors should constitute their main characteristic signs.


Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages have been widely proposed to combat the U.S. obesity crisis. Most previous work has found the effects of a SSB tax to be small to moderate. We address three limitations. First, we incorporate the supply side via a stochastic equilibrium displacement model. Second, we account for uncertainty elasticities using probability distributions associated with elasticities. Third, we address industry revenue effects. We find that assumptions about the supply side are more important than assumptions about substitution. ignoring supply side severely overestimates quantity and calorie effects and slightly underestimated revenue effects.


While most autonomous feminist movements
of the 1970s excluded men from their ranks,
the French social mass movement for
contraception and abortion rights enabled
male feminists to engage in political activism.
However, between 1970 and the legalisation
of abortion by the Simone Veil law of 1975,
strong ideological divisions existed between
the various pro choice activists (feminists,
doctors, extreme left groups) with respect
to the political definition of abortion. Some
considered it as a gendered issue of male
domination over women and/or as a tool
of social power of physicians over nonphysicians.
On the one hand, some activists
struggled for access to abortion as a way
of women's emancipation against male
hegemony and/or in order to fight against
a perceived illegitimate social and moral
control of doctors over their patients. On the
other hand, other pro choice activists didn't
share a feminist view on the issue and/or
didn't seek to restrain medical power: their
mobilisation for abortion rights was part of
a larger struggle against social inequalities,
religious authorities and state control. This
article tries to make clear that both types of
antagonism (abortion rights from a gender
versus a non-gender perspective, and
abortion rights from a medical versus a nonmedical
perspective) are not to be reduced
to an opposition between men and women
or between physicians and non-physicians.
Finally, the feminist convictions of some male
activists are more easily identified if feminism
is defined as a political ideology that is not
based on biological sex.


This paper describes online balance controllers for running in a humanoid robot and verifies the validity of the proposed controllers via experiments. To realize running in the humanoid robot, the overall control structure is composed of an offline controller and an online controller. The main purpose of the online controller is to maintain dynamic stability while the humanoid robot hops or runs. The online controller is composed of the posture balance control in the sagittal plane, the transient balance control in the frontal plane and the swing ankle pitch compensator in the sagittal plane. The posture balance controller makes the robot maintain balance using an inertial measurement unit sensor in the sagittal plane. The transient balance controller makes the robot keep its balance in the frontal plane using gyros attached to each upper leg. The swing ankle pitch compensator prevents the swing foot from hitting the ground at unexpected times while the robot runs forward. HUBO2 was used for the running experiment. It was designed for the running experiment, and is lighter and more powerful than the previous walking robot platform, HUBO. With the proposed controllers, HUBO2 ran forward stably at a maximum speed of 3.24 km/h and this result verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. In addition, in order to show the contribution of the stability, the running performance according to the existence of each controller was described by experiment.


Aim: To collect prescriptions from patients, to assess the prescribing pattern in accordance with the available guidelines. Objective: The main objective is to study the Prescribing pattern of antibiotics in hospital paediatric patients. Method: Noninterventional, prospective observational study of Six month's duration was undertaken during August – February of 2016-2017. A total number of 300 prescriptions were screened and 140 patients were enrolled for antibiotic study. Patient data relevant to the study was obtained from the prescriptions in direct interview with outpatients under antibiotic therapy and Children under the age of 7. Results: A total of 300 paediatric patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. According to our study there were a total of 110 boys (36.6%) and 190 girls (63.4%). Among 300 patients, the highest number of patients was in the age group less than one year i.e.32% and lowest number was in the age group of 3-5 years i.e.19.3%. In our study, Macrolide antibiotics were found to be widely prescribed. Among all these Macrolide antibioticsAzithromycin (26.2%) was the leading antibiotic prescribed followed by Cephalosporin'sCefixime (24.3%) and the other antibiotics. Most of the antibiotics were administered parenterally for outpatients. Conclusion: Antibiotic prescribing in children is relatively high in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics though has increased demonstrably which may result in development of bacterial resistance, however development of guidelines for antibiotic prescription and use of appropriate drugs can result in minimizing the unfavourable use of antibiotics in children.


Plant pollens have distinctive fatty acid profiles; some are characteristically dominant in one or more fatty acids. Pollens with high lipid concentrations and dominated by linoleic, linolenic, myristic and dodecanoic acids probably play a significant role in inhibiting the growth of the spore-forming bacteria, Paenibacillus larvae larvae (American foulbrood), Melissococcus pluton (European foulbrood) and other microbes that inhabit the brood combs of beehives. Those pollens high in oleic and palmitic acids probably have a greater role in honey bee nutrition.


Approximately 5% of people in the United States engage in some form of consensual non-monogamy (CNM; Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2018, 47, 1439). Therapists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to treat members of CNM relationships, including polyamorous relationships. To date, no research has been conducted and little has been written about applying existing couple therapy models normed on heterosexual, cisgender, monogamous relationships to CNM or polyamorous relationships. Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) is an empirically supported treatment for relationship distress that offers promise for working with polyamorous relationships due to the model's systemic and attachment theoretical foundations. We propose EFT is an ideal model for working with polyamorous relationships because of the focus on externalizing, interpersonal and intrapersonal emotional and experiential coherence, and the attachment bond. Building and sustaining multiple attachment relationships allows for the fulfilment of a diverse range of relational needs and wants as well as provides a secure base for individual and relational exploration. In this article, we first provide general information about polyamory and discuss the research on attachment theory and polyamory. We then provide a step-by-step conceptualization of how EFT therapists can expand the model to include extra-dyadic attachment relationships. In addition, we include specific ways in which the model would need to be adapted when working with polyamorous clients. We conclude with recommendations for EFT therapists working with polyamorous relationships.


Women remain under represented in science, engineering and technology (SET) professions, and for women who take career breaks returning can be difficult due to the persistence of gendered organisational cultures within these sectors. The papers collated for this PhD by Published Work bring a critical analysis to the experiences of women who return to work in SET after taking a career break and in particular the locations, both temporal and spatial, in which their careers and professional identities are developed, sustained and rekindled.

Reflecting on research and practice spanning more than 20 years, the papers illustrate the development of work on gendered careers in SET over this period. Specifically they show how structured interventions and strategies including training, education and career enhancing opportunities within employing organisations, as well as in women-only training centres and online spaces, have been able to support women's career development in these sectors enabling them to enter, progress or return to SET professions.

The papers draw on a series of studies, predominantly in the UK but also in other European countries, based on a total of 76 biographical narrative interviews with women SET professionals. This is supplemented with survey data from 273 respondents, as well as focus group data and online forum postings. The papers bring a critical gender perspective to discourses about employability and careers in STEM, drawing on theoretical concepts such as doing gender, gendered organisations, sense of entitlement, empowerment and feminist pedagogy.

Key contributions include the development of a life course perspective on women's SET careers, the creation of new models for analysing gendered non-linear and frayed career narratives, and methods for supporting identity work by women in their transition back into work. The papers include recommendations for educators and trainers, employers as well as policy makers concerned with trying to tackle the under representation of women in SET.


Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are very useful system in capturing, storing, manipulating, analysing, managing, and presenting spatial data. GIS systems can be used for solving problem and making decision in various applications. Data mining is the automated process of discovering patterns in data. This thesis outlines the issues and challenges of GIS data to advance the use of data mining techniques in the context of GIS applications. This thesis focuses mainly on two domains of applications: first is the digital vector map copyright protection and second is the digital vector map partitioning. Further more, this thesis presents an efficient approach for identifying the resilient locations for embedding the watermark; improving the robustness of the watermarking approach against defined set of attacks; investigating the impact of clustering approaches on the application of vector map protection; defining an effective metric for measuring the topological distortion in the watermarked GIS maps; and developing a spatial clustering approach that takes into consideration the GIS map properties. The experimental results show the reliability of using data mining techniques in combination with GIS map properties in advancing the GIS applications with more focus on spatial data protection and partitioning.


When mouse 30A5 preadipocytes are exposed to high glucose concentrations, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is induced through glucose activation of promoter II of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene. Glucose treatment of the cells increases Sp1 binding to two GC-rich glucose response elements in promoter II. We have investigated the mechanism by which glucose increases Sp1 binding and transactivation of promoter II in 30A5 cells. DNA mobility shift assays have shown that nuclear extracts from glucose-treated cells exhibit increased Sp1 binding activity. This increase in the binding activity is not due to glucose-mediated changes in the amount of Sp1 in the nucleus but to an increase in the activity that modifies Sp1 so that it binds more effectively to the promoter sequence. This Sp1 modifying activity is inhibited by okadaic acid and phosphatase inhibitor 2, and has a molecular mass of 38–42 kDa. The catalytic subunit of type 1 protein phosphatase, whose molecular mass is 38 kDa, also increased the ability of Sp1 to bind to promoter II. Treatment of nuclear extract with antibodies against the catalytic subunit partially suppressed the nuclear activity for Sp1 activation. From these results, we conclude that the Sp1 transcription factor exhibits enhanced binding to promoter II and transcriptional activation is the result of glucose-induced dephosphorylation by type 1 phosphatase.


high-power laser group, a reduction in surgical time was found (mean 64.29 min vs 75.27 min; p 0.018) with signi fi cantly higher SFR (mean 81.4% vs 59%; p < 0.001) and faster operative time (mean 75.27 min vs 64.29 min; p 0.018). We found no statistical differences in complications rates but overall number of complications was higher in low-power holmium laser group. The multivariate logistic regression model also shows statistically signi fi cant results that the low-power holmium laser group has a lower SFR, especially in larger lithiasis (p [ 0.011or multiple stones, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our real world pediatric multicenter study fa- vors high-power holmium laser and establishes is safety and ef fi cacy in children. With innovations, it would be best adapted to provide the best possible SFR results in a single session for children without compromising safety.


Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of changing to the travoprost/timolol fixed combination (TTFC) from other mono- or adjunctive therapies. Patients and methods: A prospective, open-label, observational cohort of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertensive patients whose intraocular pressure (IOP) was uncontrolled on prior therapy or was not on target. Patients were changed from prior mono- or adjunctive treatment at Day 0 to TTFC dosed every evening and underwent active treatment efficacy and safety evaluations at Week 12. Results: In 474/522 (91%) patients who completed this trial an IOP (mm Hg) of 21.9 ± 2.0 on prior treatment was reduced by TTFC at Month 3: from all prior treatments 5.6 ± 2.6; from monotherapy 5.9 ± 2.3; from adjunctive treatments 4.5 ± 2.9; and from several of the most frequent individual treatments: timolol 5.7 ± 2.2; latanoprost 6.3 ± 2.6; and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination 4.4 ± 1.9. Ocular hyperemia was the most frequent adverse effect (n = 21, 4%). Both patients and physicians preferred TTFC compared to all prior and common individual treatments. The solicited symptom survey showed, following a modified Bonferroni correction ( α /5), a reduced incidence with TTFC of ocular pain ( P = 0.01) while the prior medicine had a lower incidence of burning on instillation ( P , 0.001). Conclusions: Changing patients from prior mono- or adjunctive therapy to TTFC can provide on average a further reduction in IOP while demonstrating a favorable safety profile and a high patient preference. Key topics include: Optometry; Visual science; Pharmacology and drug therapy in eye diseases; Basic Sciences; Primary and Secondary eye care; Patient Safety and Quality of Care Improvements.


Abstract Sport has become increasingly popular with recreational athletes over the last couple of decades. This has only gained minimal attention so far from scholars interested in the relations between recreational sports and everyday culture. With this paper, we seek to contribute to this field by scrutinising the sensory dimensions of recreational sport. Rather than probing into or highlighting isolated senses, we look at sensory dimensions understood as a combination of different, non-separable sensory experiences featured in recreational endurance sports. We are interested in how the senses play a role for recreational endurance athletes in running, triathlon and cycling both in training and competition. We start by examining how cultural and social dimensions are inextricably linked to doing sports. Secondly, we show how different configurations of the senses and their communicative mediation are contingent on sport disciplines, specific settings, technology, development and change as sensory careers over time. Thirdly, we discuss the kinaesthetic dimensions of doing sports in relation to the senses and the role of atmospheres. We conclude by arguing that highlighting specific senses by athletes is a cultural practice that calls for a holistic analysis of senses in sport, and outline some methodological implications for research on the senses.


Petrophysical analysis of unconventional plays that are comprised of organic mudrock needs detailed data QC and preparation to optimize the results of quantitative interpretation. This includes accurate computation of mineral volumes, total organic carbon (TOC), porosity, and saturations. We used TOC estimation to aid the process of determining the best pay zones for development of such reservoirs. TOC was calculated as a weighted average of Passey's (empirical) and the bulk density-based (theoretical) methods. In organic mudrock reservoirs, the computed TOC log was used as an input to compute porosity and calibrate rock-physics models (RPMs), which are needed for understanding the potential of source rocks or finding sweet spots and their contribution to the amplitude variation with offset (AVO) changes in the seismic data. Using calibrated RPM templates, we found that TOC is driving the elastic property variations in the Avalon Formation. We determined the layering and rock fabric anisotropy using empirical relationships or modeled in the rock property characterization process because reflectivity effects are often seen in the observed seismic used for well tie and wavelet estimation. A Class IV AVO response was seen at the top of the Avalon Formation, which is typical of an unconventional reservoir. We then performed solid organic matter (TOC) substitution to account for variability of elastic properties and their contrasts as expressed in seismic amplitudes. To complete the characterization of the intervals of interest, we used conventional seismic petrophysical methods in the workflow and found that the main driver modifying the elastic properties for the Avalon shales was TOC; this conclusion serves as a foundation in integrated seismic inversion that may target lithofacies, TOC, and geomechanical properties. Seismic reservoir characterization results are critical in constraining landing zones and trajectories of the horizontal wells. The final interpretation may be used to rank targets, optimize drilling campaigns, and ultimately improve production.


The Competition Commission of India (CCI) began enforcing India's new Competition Act in May 2009. It recently decided a matter in which predatory pricing was the central allegation. Although the…


Abstract This paper explores the relationship between thinking and decision-making. In the first part, the paper analyzes the process of thinking from three aspects – language, psychology, and behavior. It then proceeds to investigate the implications of different kinds of thinking ondecision-making. The final section of the paper raises some questions and concerns about the role of the scientific method in making decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The author offers specific examples from the book publishing business and the movie industry.


The effect of β-cyclodextrin on the mole fraction distribution of the multistate species of the anthocyanin model compound, 3-methoxy-4',7-dihydroxyflavylium, was studied by NMR, stopped flow, circular dichroism, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The formation of inclusion complexes with hemiketal and trans-chalcone, possessing transition dipole moments in a parallel orientation to the cyclodextrin n-fold axis, was unequivocally proved by means of the positive-induced circular dichroism signal. The discrimination of the two hemiketal enantiomers was achieved by the splitting of 1H NMR peaks in the presence β-cyclodextrin. The spectroscopic data shows that the β-cyclodextrin has only moderate enantioselectivity, slightly favoring one of the optical isomers. The observed binding affinity of β-cyclodextrin for the 3-methoxy-4',7-dihydroxyflavylium multistate species increases in the order flavylium cation < quinoidal base < hemiketal < trans-chalcone < cis-chalcone. As a result of this selectivity and the dynamic nature of the network, the equilibrium is displaced toward the formation of the chalcone species.


Questions

What are the main short-term changes in vegetation structure after fire and mowing in Campos grasslands? Are there differences in functional vegetation group responses between sites with diverse fire histories and different treatments (fire and mowing)?

Location

Subtropical grasslands in Porto Alegre, Brazil, 30 °03′ S, 51 °07′ W.

Methods

In two sites with different fire histories: FB – frequently burned grasslands and E – exclusion of fire for 6 yr, seven pairs of plots were examined. In each pair, fire and mowing treatments were established. Bare soil and litter cover were estimated. Vegetation releves were conducted, plants identified, their cover estimated and stems counted (except for graminoids). Later, plants were grouped according to their functional group (graminoids, forbs and shrubs) for statistical analyses. Observations were conducted 30, 90 and 360 d after treatments.

Results

Burned plots always showed a higher percentage of bare soil, whilst mowed plots had higher litter cover. Fire enhanced graminoid and forb cover, but did not affect shrubs. Species turnover was very high, mainly in burned plots in site FB and in mowed plots in site E. Species diversity in burned plots was the same in sites FB and E 1 yr after treatments, contrary to our hypothesis. However, in mowed plots, the number of species tended to decrease 1 yr after treatments for both sites FB and E.

Conclusions

The most important short-term effect was the removal of litter and consequent opening of gaps, mostly by fire. This stimulated vegetation regeneration and provided microsites for the establishment of new species. However, fire did not enhance plant diversity, as we had hypothesized. Moreover, the disturbance history of sites should be considered, since vegetation in these sites responded differently to fire and mowing.


In the face of increasing demand for wireless services, the design of spectrum assignment policies has gained enormous relevance. We consider one such instance in cognitive radio systems where recent efforts have focused on the application of game-theoretic approaches. Much of this work has been restricted to deterministic regimes and this paper considers a stochastic generalizations. The corresponding problems are seen to be stochastic Nash games over continuous strategy sets. Notably, the gradient map of player utilities is seen to be a monotone mapping over the cartesian product of strategy sets, leading to a monotone stochastic variational inequality. We consider the application of projection-based stochastic approximation schemes. However, such techniques are characterized by a key shortcoming in that the mappings were required to be be strongly monotone. Standard extensions of stochastic approximation schemes for merely monotone mappings rely on obtaining a sequence of increasingly exact solutions, a natively two-timescale scheme. However, obtaining solutions with increasing accuracy remains a challenging task in a simulation-based setting. Accordingly, we consider the development of single timescale techniques for computing equilibria when the associated gradient map does not admit strong monotonicity. We develop convergence theory for distributed single-timescale stochastic approximation schemes, namely stochastic iterative proximal point method which requires exactly one projection step at every step. Finally we apply this framework to the design of cognitive radio systems in uncertain regimes under temperature-interference constraints.


1. 9,10-Epoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene is converted by rats into trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene and its conjugates and into N-acetyl-S-(9,10-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-phenanthryl)-l- cysteine. Small amounts of 9-phenanthryl sulphate and glucosiduronate are also formed, together with 9-hydroxy-10-phenanthryl sulphate. 2. The epoxide readily rearranges to 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and reacts with water to give the dihydrodihydroxy compound and with N-acetylcysteine to give the mercapturic acid. One of the diastereoisomeric forms of the methyl ester of the mercapturic acid is identical with the ester of the mercapturic acid excreted by rats dosed with the epoxide or by rats and rabbits dosed with phenanthrene. 3. A rat-liver homogenate converts the epoxide into trans-9,10-dihydrodihydroxyphenanthrene and S-(9,10-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-phenanthryl)glutathione. The latter compound was not formed when boiled rat-liver homogenate was used, but was formed chemically from the epoxide and glutathione under more vigorous conditions. 4. The results provide further indications that the metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons involves the intermediary formation of epoxides.


Introduction: Periodontal disease involves polymicrobial which is a multifactorial disease and many host factors are involved in determining an individual's susceptibility. Clinical and experimental evidence has confirmed that certain strains of bacteria in the periodontal environment can cause inflammation and bone damage. This bacterial strain is identified as a periodontal pathogen (periopathogen). Periodontal infection is associated with the presence of peripathogen bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). Channa striata (cork fish) contains a lot of amino acids, fatty acids, and albumin. This species is known to has beneficial aspects which are anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, and anticancer properties.
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of Channa striata extract as an antimicrobial agent in periopathogen bacteria Pg dan Aa.
Materials and Methods: Bacterial samples were collected from patients with periodontitis. The samples were collected using a paper point/curette and kept it in the transport medium. The Identified Pg and Aa, were divided into 3 groups. Those groups were tested with channa striata extract with 100% concentration, chlorhexidine, and aquadest. After that, the inhibition zone was measured using the calipers.
Results: The inhibition zone in the group tested with channa striata extract was higher for Pg and Aa bacteria compared to the chlorhexidine inhibition zone. The highest inhibition zone is seen in the effect of channa striata extract on Pg bacteria, this means that Pg bacteria are more sensitive to channa striata extract compared to Aa bacteria.
Conclusions: Channa striata extract was effective as antimicrobial therapy in periopathogenic bacteria Pg dan Aa


Author(s): Satterthwaite, William H.; Cordoleani, Flora; O'Farrell, Michael R.; Kormos, Brett; Mohr, Michael S. | Abstract: Central Valley spring-run Chinook Salmon (CVSC) are designated threatened by state and federal authorities. Although CVSC are caught in ocean fisheries, their harvest is not actively managed, because it is assumed that measures currently in place to protect endangered Sacramento River winter-run Chinook Salmon (SWRC) will also sufficiently protect CVSC. Recoveries of tags and genetically-identified CVSC suggest these fish have a more northerly distribution than SRWC. Further, escapement data and cohort reconstructions suggest that CVSC mature later than SRWC. Thus, regulations (time/area restrictions and minimum size limits) crafted to protect SRWC alone may not adequately protect CVSC; on the other hand, regulations to constrain impacts on Klamath River and California coastal Chinook Salmon populations may also reduce impacts on CVSC. Trends in CVSC escapement were deemed acceptable in recent status updates, but concerns remain because of the negative effects caused by recent drought and ocean conditions. Should more active management of CVC be desired, current options are limited. The most promising approach is based on estimating age-specific ocean fishing mortality rates by using cohort reconstructions applied to tagged Chinook Salmon that originate from the Feather River Hatchery. At a minimum, ocean fishing mortality rates could be monitored and compared to proxy thresholds. If reference harvest rates were established, harvest models could be developed to predict how CVSC would be affected by fishing regulations, similar to the way fall-run Chinook Salmon fisheries are evaluated. Abundance forecasts would require improved juvenile production data (e.g., from genetic sampling of juvenile emigrants), since sibling-based forecasts commonly used for fall-run Chinook Salmon would not be available in time for pre-season planning. It is unclear if ocean fishing mortality rate estimates derived from hatchery proxies for natural-origin fish are truly representative, but existing data do not demonstrate obvious differences in ocean distribution or size-at-age fish. Substantial new investments in tagging or sampling would be needed to directly estimate ocean fishing mortality rates for natural-origin CVSC. Establishing specific harvest targets or limits for CVSC requires an improved understanding of production throughout their life cycle through juvenile production estimates and long-term information on spawner age structure.


In their debate contribution, Aarseth et al. (2016) strongly argue against the proposal of WHO ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision) to include Gaming Disorder as a new diagnostic category emphasizing the fact that no consensus exists on the definition and the risk that gaming will be demonized and gamers stigmatized resulting in a tsunami of false positive referrals to treatment. In this commentary, it is argued that gaming is indeed just another relatively innocent recreational activity with only a small minority losing control resulting in gaming-related problems. It is also argued that – despite a lack of full consensus on the diagnostic criteria – there are clear indications that Gaming Disorder is a relevant clinical entity worldwide and that official recognition as a mental disorder is urgently needed to facilitate the further development, accessibility, and reimbursement of the treatment.


This paper deals with nonverbal constructs that consists in juxtaposing two nonverbal constituents. The predications described fall into three types: equational, identification and adjectival. This research highlights the semantic and syntactic properties of nonverbal predications. Most strategies described have been mentioned in other Joola languages, although Joola Karon shows some peculiarities. Some of nonverbal predications described have not been mentioned in works conducted on Joola languages. The description of the properties of the reverse of the two nonverbal constituents and its impacts on their syntactic roles is a new approach in the description of Joola languages.


This thesis investigates body language in the letters, diaries, and novels of D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf It engages with literary critical readings of their work, research from non-verbal communication studies, and philosophical accounts of the body in order to offer detailed readings of their presentation of non-verbal behaviour. Throughout the thesis, the term "body language" is used to describe the writing of the body and non-verbal communication within certain texts and the way in which the language of these texts is inflected by the body. One particular concern of the study is the importance of embodiment to the writing of perception in these works. The phenomenological writing of Maurice Merleau-Ponty is therefore a touchstone for readings which foreground the senses and a sensuous engagement with space. This strand of the thesis is informed by theories of space as well as situating itself amongst contemporary accounts of the Modern period that consider the influence of technology on these very senses. A further concern of the thesis, then, is to examine the vocabulary developed and employed by these Modern writers in order to write this new relationship of the human with technology and space. Their turn towards a posthuman poetics of perception gives voice to these new imbrications and to their appraisal, through the senses, of what it means to be human. This is in keeping with the general purpose of the thesis, namely, to evaluate the techniques and styles that these authors use in order to write the body and body language, ones in which they confront the paradox of writing non-verbal behaviour within their inherently verbal modes.


Canadian courts regularly affirm their commitment to gatekeeping scientific evidence, saying it is fundamentally important to determine the admissibility of such evidence before it can impact the ultimate decision. The significance of gatekeeping is underscored by the fact that unreliable science has been at the heart of many high-profile wrongful convictions. In fact, a leading study demonstrated that invalid forensic science was present in approximately 60% of wrongful convictions. But while pronouncements of commitment to gatekeeping are laudable, they are empty if not rigorously followed. In fact, a recent trend has seen a more permissive approach take hold, with scientific evidence characterized as "specialized knowledge", and evaluated primarily on the basis of the expert's qualifications. Exacerbating this issue, trial judges sitting alone are regularly more permissive in their gatekeeping role than those sitting with a jury. Both trends, which insulate scientific evidence from scrutiny, came to a head in a recent 2-1 decision of the Alberta Court of Appeal. In this case, R v Awer, the Crown's expert presented a theory about DNA transfer supported by his own previous informal observations and journal articles penned by a police crime lab (and of questionable reliability). Despite the Crown's characterization of the expert's testimony as science, the majority of the Court of Appeal characterized it as specialized knowledge, and refrained from any inquiry into how the expert performed his tests, his sample size, or any controls for bias. Similarly, despite characterizing the journal articles as science, the majority did not scrutinize them at all. As a result, two highly prejudicial forms of evidence were allowed to impact a critical legal decision with no analysis as to their reliability.


Purpose Infantile strabismus impedes the development of stereopsis. In optically strabismic monkeys, 2 continuous hours of normal binocular vision per day has been shown to preserve near-normal stereopsis. In this study, we investigated whether, as in learning, multiple shorter periods of intervention would further boost performance. Methods To simulate infantile esotropia, infant monkeys were reared with 30 prism diopters base-in starting at 4 weeks of age. Daily periods of normal binocular vision were provided by replacing prisms with plano lenses. Altogether, 14 monkeys were prism reared: 2 with continuous prism, 2 with 2 continuous hours of normal binocular vision per day, 6 with 2 noncontinuous hours, and 4 with 1 noncontinuous hour of binocular vision each day. Seven normally reared monkeys provided control data. Behavioral methods were employed to measure spatial contrast sensitivity, eye alignment, and stereopsis. Results One monkey reared with continuous prism had poor stereopsis, and the other had no stereopsis. Ten of the 12 monkeys reared with periods of normal binocular vision had stereopsis, and those with longer and more continuous periods of binocular vision had stereopsis approaching that of normally reared monkeys. Conclusions During early development, multiple short periods of binocular vision were effective in preserving clinically significant stereopsis in monkeys. These results suggest that by providing relatively short multiple daily intervention periods, stereopsis may be preserved in strabismic human children.


In legal-consumer relations, there will always be someone in a state of vulnerability, at a disadvantage vis-a-vis the supplier, who has the technical knowledge of the production and supply of the product/service and who can therefore get what he wants, because of the consumer lack of preparedness. This explains the consumer's vulnerability. Just being a consumer is to be vulnerable (Nunes, 2012). There are several types of vulnerability: technical, legal (or scientific), phatic (socioeconomic) and informational. For this article, what is of interest is linguistic vulnerability because in the case analyzed the legislator recognizes that the consumer is ignorant of the areas of legal accounting, economics, mathematics and others, given their linguistic peculiarities. We describe linguistic vulnerability in legal-consumer relations, starting from semantics and pragmatics, given the function and meaning of these areas in legal discourse. Adopting the theoretical-methodological assumptions of bibliographical research and based on consumer legislation and on the work legal theorists and linguists, we analyze a specific case dealt with in the Vara das Relacoes de Consumo da Comarca de Conceicao do Coite (BA), which exemplifies a typical case of linguistic disadvantage before the law. This paper presents some perspectives on the language of the Law, exemplifying the relation between Law and Language, with an emphasis on linguistic vulnerability.


This article contributes to debates about the economic framework of industrial politics by examining aspects of the 1984–5 miners' strike in Britain, focusing on developments in Scotland. It focuses on strike endurance and pit-level variations in strike endurance by examining the contrasting quantity and quality of the material and moral resources available to the strikers at different collieries and in different communities. Powerful local variables in building or inhibiting strike commitment included pre-strike pit-level production, industrial relations, and the impact of debates about the economics and finances of coal-getting; incomes gained for households during the strike by married women in part-time and full-time employment; expenditure saved by households in local authority housing where rents were in effect deferred by sympathetic local authorities; communal attitudes to pits, jobs, and redundancies; the character and weight of political tradition; and the cultural as well as economic role of women. By focusing on developments at community and colliery level the article challenges dominant narratives of the strike, which remain wedded to high politics, the strategy of the union leadership, changes in energy supply and policy, and public order.