Some Zn and a little Ag are added into ZM5 magnesium alloy (one of Mg-9 wt%Al-1 wt%Zn alloys in China), and the differences of the microstructures and properties between the new alloy and ZM5 is investigated. Effects of heat treatment and alloying elements (Zn and Ag) on the microstructure and tensile properties of Mg-9Al-xZn alloys, and relationships between the chemical composition, microstructure and properties are investigated. Zn ad Ag have obvious solid solution strengthening effects on Mg-9Al-xZn alloy, while Ag is detrimental to the corrosion resistance after being artificial aged. The morphology of pearlite-like secondary γ(Mg17Al12) phase (γII) has close relation with the properties.


Background: This study investigated to what extent demographics, traumatic occupational events, occurrence of physical occupational hazards, violence and situations that can cause burnout as well as social support of by colleagues and supervisor contributed to post traumatic stress, psychological distress, subjective fatigue, somatic complaints and sleep problems in emergency physicians (EP). Methods: 346 questionnaires, measuring the above concepts by means of mainly validated instruments, were distributed to EP at two emergency medicine conferences. This resulted in 150 usable questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to explore the contribution of the independent variables on the dependent variables. Findings: High clinical levels were found for all outcome variables. For post-traumatic stress and psychological distress occurrence of burnout situations was the most important predictor. For subjective fatigue occurrence of violence, burnout situations and lack of social support by colleagues were significant predictors. For somatic complaints gender, occurrence of burnout situations, lack of social support by the supervisor and lack of social support by colleagues explained most variance. Sleep problems were mainly predicted by traumatic events. Discussion: There is a lack of research on occupational stress in physicians. These data suggest that EP do not only experience a lot of occupational stress, but that some determinants are more important than others and can be important intervention targets.


The first study for Estonian pronominal coreference resolution using machine learning is presented. Appropriate machine learning algorithms and techniques for balancing the data are tested on a human-annotated corpus. The results are encouraging, showing an F-score comparable with the results obtained for English before the advent of deep neural networks.


Transport vesicle coat proteins play active roles in vesicle cargo sorting as well as membrane deformation and fission during vesicle biogenesis. For years, it was assumed that this was the extent of the coats' function and that the coats depolymerized immediately after vesicle budding, leaving the exposed fusion machinery free to find, dock, and fuse with the proper target membrane. Recently, however, it has become increasingly clear that the coat remains on transport vesicles during their post-budding life and in fact helps properly pair up the vesicle with its intended target membrane. These data have brought up urgent questions about exactly when vesicles do uncoat and how uncoating is regulated. Here, we summarize the latest round of evidence for post-budding roles for coats, including a few hints about how the uncoating process may be coupled to docking and fusion. We also speculate about the possibility of post-fusion functions for residual coats.


Five results are presented for charmonium production in $pp$, $p-Pb$ and Pb-Pb collisions.
Measurements of per-event yields, nuclear modification factors and non-prompt fractions are presented
for $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2S)$ in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV and $pp$ collisions at
$\sqrt{s}$=5.02 TeV. The modification of the production of $J/\psi$, $\psi(2S)$, and $\Upsilon(1S)$ , $\Upsilo
n(2S)$, and $\Upsilon(3S)$
in $p + Pb$ collisions relative to their production in $pp$ collision is measured at a center of mass
energy per nuclean pair of 5.02 TeV. The elliptic flow of
both prompt and non prompt $J/\psi$ is measured in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV.
Measurements of prompt and non-prompt $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2S)$ mesons with $p_{T}$ between 60-360 GeV
is reported at $\sqrt{s}$= 13 TeV in $pp$ collisions.
A measurement of the production of a prompt $J/\psi$ in association with a $W$ is presented at $\sqrt{s}$=8 TeV
 in $pp$ collisions.


A new species of stunt nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus iranensis sp. n. is described from the rhizosphere of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.), from material collected in the Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. The new species is characterized by the following combination of features: lateral fields with four non areolated incisures, cephalic region continuous to slightly offset and conformed by 6-7 fine annuli, stylet 15-18 µm long, post-anal intestinal sac extends into the entire tail cavity, epiptygma present, tail sub-cylindrical with a hemispherical to sub-hemispherical smooth terminus, 46-65 μm long and composed by 46-49 annuli. Molecular analysis based on 28S rRNA gene sequences placed T . iranensis sp. n. within a clade that contained representatives of the genus Tylenchorhynchus with high support.


This paper is concerned with the efficient transmission of scalable compressed images over lossy communication channels. Recent works have proposed several strategies for assigning optimal code-rates to elements in a scalable data stream, under the assumption that all elements are encoded onto a common group of network packets. When the size of the data to be encoded becomes large in comparison with the size of the network packets, such schemes require very long channel codes with high computational complexity. In networks with high loss, small packets are generally more desirable than long packets. This paper proposes a strategy for assigning optimal code-rates to elements of the scalable compressed data source, subject to constraints on the packet size, transmission length and code complexity. Our experimental results suggest that the proposed scheme can outperform previously proposed code-rate assignment policies, subject to the above-mentioned constraints, particularly with high loss.


The exciton-polariton states of quantum wells embedded in planar semiconductor microcavities are usually described by assuming in-plane wave vector conservation. In this work we consider the two main k(parallel to)-scattering mechanisms, namely the polariton-phonon scattering and the in-plane structural disorder of the quantum well. We calculate the homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the polariton levels and show that a detailed model of the scattering processes is essential for a theoretical derivation of recently observed features of the linear spectra.


This book provides the first comprehensive account of execution practices in England and their extraordinary transformation from 1660 to 1900. Agonizing execution rituals were once common. Male traitors were hanged, disembowelled while still alive, then decapitated and quartered. Female traitors were burned alive. And common criminals slowly choked to death beneath wooden crossbeams erected at the margins of towns. Some of their bodies were either left to rot on roadside gibbets or dissected by anatomy instructors. Two centuries later, only murderers and traitors were executed – both by hanging – and they died alone, usually quickly, and behind prison walls. In this major contribution to the history of crime and punishment in England, Simon Devereaux reveals how urban growth, and the unique public culture it produced, challenged and largely displaced those traditional elites who valued the old 'Bloody Code' as an instrument of their rule.


In the introductory chapter the twofold aim of the thesis is stated. In the first place it tries to show that the three main streams in modem anthropological thought: the historical, the typological, and the logical-structural approach, are not mutually exclusive, but complementary. In the second place the thesis attempts to gain a better understanding of processes of religious change. Anthropologists have tried to do so, by comparing exotic and spectacular aspects of these processes from all over the world. In this thesis equal attention is paid to less spectacular aspects, and processes of religious change are put into a context, the analysis of which brings out three sets of factors, which must always be considered: 1. the traditional social system and religion: 2. the economic, political, and social changes, which take place at the time of the religious changes; 3. the internal dynamics of new religious associations and movements. The next part of the thesis describes processes of religious change among the Kongo, Ganda, and Zulu. The chapter on the Kongo describes the prophetic movement known as Ngunzism. The chapter on the Ganda gives a detailed account of the introduction of the new religions, and of the further development of the Anglican Church, and some religious movements connected with this development. The chapter on the Zulu reviews the early missionary enterprise, and the emergence and growth of different types of independent churches. The concluding chapter compares first the different historical developments to bring out their unique character. Then a typology is developed to facilitate a systematic comparison of common elements of new religious associations and movements. Another typology is given to help to understand better the actual processes of change. Lastly a definition of religion is given, which shows that the category of religious change is a logically sound generalization.


Over the years, more and more sophisticated e-government systems are being created to reach out to both businesses and citizens alike. However, many such projects have been fraught with difficulties due to myriad barriers which may hinder adoption and inhibit progress during the various phases of the implementation. Against this backdrop, an example of a country with an advanced e-government agenda and a successful track record is Singapore. In this study, we first propose a 3-stage theoretical framework that takes into account the barriers that may hinder a successful e-government implementation and the corresponding change intervention actions to address such barriers. We then demonstrate and refine the applicability of the proposed framework in the context of the Singapore Government's experience in implementing the CORENET project in the construction and real estate industry. The insights gained and the lessons learnt from this study may have valuable implications for research and practice.


Background: After long-term analysis of the JALSG-APL204 study we recently reported that maintenance therapy with tamibarotene was more effective than all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) by reducing relapse in APL patients. Here, the clinical significance of other important prognostic factors was evaluated with multivariate analyses. Patients and Methods: Newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients were registered with the study. Induction was composed of ATRA and chemotherapy. Patients who achieved molecular remission after consolidation were randomly assigned to maintenance with tamibarotene or ATRA. Results: Of the 344 eligible patients, 319 (93%) achieved complete remission (CR). After completing consolidation, 269 patients underwent maintenance random assignment—135 to ATRA, and 134 to tamibarotene. By multivariate analysis, overexpression of CD56 in blast was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for relapse-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.006) together with more than 10.0 × 109/L WBC counts (p = 0.001) and the ATRA arm in maintenance (p = 0.028). Of all phenotypes, CD56 was related most clearly to an unfavorable prognosis. The CR rate, mortality rate during induction and overall survival of CD56+ APL were not significantly different compared with CD56− APL. CD56 is continuously an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for RFS in APL patients treated with ATRA and chemotherapy followed by ATRA or tamibarotene maintenance therapy.


PURPOSE
To study the development of the rat lens vesicle in relation to apoptosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fetuses of Wistar Kyoto rats were removed by laparotomy on day 10-15 of gestation. Some fetuses were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin for a TUNEL technique examination of DNA fragmentation. Macrophages were stained immunohistochemically with antibody. Some fetuses were fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmic acid and embedded in Luveak 812, then examined with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

RESULTS
On day 11 of gestation (E11) before the start of lens invagination, apoptotic changes were noted in the cells between the surface ectoderm and optic vesicle, with the appearance of phagocytic cells. Apoptotic cells were present at the junction of the surface ectoderm and the lens placode, in the ventral and dorsal thirds of the lens placode and in the outer layer of the optic vesicle in the same axes on E12. Apoptotic changes appeared in the lens stalk, surface ectoderm and the anterior lens epithelium on E12.5. The lens vesicle was detached completely from the surface ectoderm by E13 and some cells had the typical characteristics of macrophages in the extracellular space between the surface ectoderm and the anterior lens epithelium. Apoptotic changes were confirmed by the TUNEL method, and macrophages were stained immunohistochemically.

CONCLUSIONS
Apoptosis may have a major role during the whole process of lens vesicle development. Apoptosis may eliminate the cells between the surface ectoderm and the optic vesicle, help trigger invagination and facilitate separation from the ectoderm. Apoptosis might aid in the bowing of the optic vesicle during lens invagination. Eur J Ophthalmol 2003; 13: 1-10).


Background: Frontal plane knee kinematics are more likely associated with the development or progression of knee osteoarthritis. However, detailed frontal plane knee kinematics remain unclear. Previous studies examined movement during gait, squatting or stair stepping which allowed compensatory motion. However, biomechanical parameters in gait analyses can be modified. Therefore, we analyzed movement during stationary stepping activity while holding a handrail. The purpose was to determine: 1) detailed 6-degrees-of-freedom kinematics during stationary stepping activity in subjects with severe knee osteoarthritis; and 2) the association between unloading and black-loading phases. Methods: Twenty-four patients (32 knees) with severe medial knee osteoarthritis awaiting total knee arthroplasty were enrolled in this study. Knee kinematics was analyzed using a 3D-to-2D registration technique. Results: Knee adduction motion and tibial lateral translation increased from the unloading to weight-loading phase (P=0.027, P<0.001), but tibial internal-rotation motion was not increased (P=0.204). Knee adduction motion and tibial lateral translation motion were significantly correlated (r=0.400, P=0.023). Knee flexion angle during the weight-loading phase was negatively correlated with tibial lateral translation motion (r=0.597, P<0.001). Conclusions: A few studies that demonstrated detailed frontal plane knee kinematics have focused on the femoro-tibial motion. Severe knee osteoarthritis induced a greater knee adduction angle during the unloading phase, but the angle showed a smaller increase than that previously reported. Tibial lateral translation also increased during stationary stepping activity. Further work is needed to determine the association between femoro-tibial motion and varus thrust, and the association between knee flexion angle and intra-joint kinematics such as contact points. Level of Evidence: Cross-sectional study Level III


We study optimal team design. In our model, a principal assigns either heterogeneous agents to a team (a diverse team) or homogenous agents to a team (a specialized team) to perform repeated team production. We assume that specialized teams exhibit a productive substitutability (e.g., interchangeable efforts with decreasing returns to total effort), whereas diverse teams exhibit a productive complementarity (e.g., cross-functional teams). Diverse teams have an inherent advantage in fostering desirable implicit/relational incentives that team members can provide to each other (tacit cooperation). In contrast, specialization both complicates the provision of cooperative incentives by altering the punishment agents can impose on each other for short expected career horizons and fosters undesirable implicit incentives (tacit collusion) for long expected horizons. As a result, expected compensation is first decreasing and then increasing in the discount factor for specialized teams, while expected compensation is always decreasing in the discount factor for diverse teams. We use our results to develop empirical implications about the association between team tenure and team composition, pay-for-performance sensitivity, and team culture. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.


An adaptive regulation method is presented for a class of uncertain systems where the uncertainty bounds are partially known. Both the state and the parameter error of the closed-loop system are shown to be ultimately bounded. The proposed method improves on the adaptive control method of M.J. Corless and G. Leitmann (1981), so that performance degradation and the destabilization of the control system can be effectively presented in practical situations. >


A comprehensive analysis of bioheat transport through a double layer and multilayer biological media is presented in this work. Analytical solutions have been developed for blood and tissue phase temperatures and overall heat exchange correlations, incorporating thermal conduction in tissue and vascular system, blood-tissue convective heat exchange, metabolic heat generation, and imposed heat flux, utilizing both local thermal nonequilibrium and equilibrium models in porous media theory. Detailed solutions as well as Nusselt number distributions are given, for the first time, for two primary conditions, namely, isolated core region and uniform core temperature. The solutions incorporate the pertinent effective parameters for each layer, such as volume fraction of the vascular space, ratio of the blood, and the tissue matrix thermal conductivities, interfacial blood-tissue heat exchange, tissue/organ depth, arterial flow rate and temperature, body core temperature, imposed hyperthermia heat flux, metabolic heat generation, and blood physical properties. Interface temperature profiles are also obtained based on the continuity of temperature and heat flux through the interface and the physics of the problem. Comparisons between these analytical solutions and limiting cases from previous works display an excellent agreement. These analytical solutions establish a comprehensive presentation of bioheat transport, which can be used to clarify various physical phenomena as well as establishing a detailed benchmark for future works in this area.


This essay explores Chakrabarty's introduction of the expression "provincializing Europe" as a privileged way of understanding history in modern conditions. The theoretical challenge it presents is to make sense of a commitment both to universality and to the particularity of its forms of expression through an appeal to history. While Chakrabarty invokes Marx and Heidegger in order to meet this challenge, developing a distinction between a (universal) History 1 and (particular) History 2s, I argue that Hegel's philosophical history – as recently discussed by Terry Pinkard – provides a better account of how to theorize the way universality particularizes itself in individual efforts to instantiate it (something that Chakrabarty's own case studies seem to illustrate). Hegel's work seems especially relevant when we consider how he can be seen to be explicitly "provincializing Europe" in his jurisdictional concern with the universal claim of justice as freedom.


This article reports on qualitative research among 48 social professionals, managers and policymakers and their perceptions of activating citizenship, social work roles and responsibilities, carried out in Utrecht and Tartu. Professionals from both countries agreed to the idea of activating citizenship but stressing the perspective of personalised or lived citizenship, each person to his own capacities and embedded in the personal context. Nearly all respondents were critical about the recognition of social workers as a full profession, about the new management way of steering social work and about cooperation between different groups of professionals and services. Although both countries have quite different historical and cultural backgrounds, the authors found many similarities among social workers regarding their ideas on support, participation and commitment to the people they work for and work with. International research projects contribute to a more strongly recognised social work theory and social work practice by getting a better understanding, in particular of the way social work adapts to different contexts but from a highly recognisable international discourse within social work.


Giant cell arteritis is the most common vasculitis in patients aged over 50 years. We report an 89-year-old woman with significant weight loss and persistent frontal-occipital headaches lasting two months. The neurological examination at admission identified a decrease in visual acuity of the left eye, paralysis of the third cranial nerve of the right eye and alterations of body motility without objective signs of damage of the motor or sensitive pathways. Magnetic resonance imaging showed changes of the temporal artery wall and in both vertebral arteries, as well as bilateral cerebellar and occipital ischemic lesions. The Doppler ultrasound of the temporal arteries was compatible with Giant cell arteritis. Treatment with steroids was started. While receiving oral prednisone, the patient suffered new infarcts of the posterior territory, documented with a CAT scan.


Acute aortic thrombotic occlusion (AATO) is a rare vascular surgical condition which requires urgent interventional process. It has high mortality and morbidity rates. The diagnosis of AATO depends on clinical presentation including acute hypertension, abdominal symptoms, ischemic and neurologic symptoms of the lower extremities. Radiologic imaging is crucial in confirming the diagnosis.
In this article, we present computed tomography angiography findings of the patient with AATO.


Accident prevention measures are traditionally classified into technical, organizational and behavioral solutions. A review of some commonly used strategies for accident prevention illustrates some discrepancies between different approaches and the need to develop more comprehensive strategies. Several factors, including protective efficiency and disadvantages at work, must be taken into account when the solutions are evaluated. Some solutions to prevent load disengagement from cranes were evaluated. Measurements of the pressing force showed that the efficiency of the safety latch of a clamp for plate lifting is inadequate to provide protection under all exceptional lifting conditions and in all situations for which the safety latch is intended. The delay caused by the attachment of a lifting hook equipped with a safety latch was measured. The handling of some of the most reliable and technically safe latches requires additional operations and thereby limits their practical application.


Ti66Nb13Cu8Ni6:8Al6:2 bulk alloys with and without WC addition were fabricated by spark plasma sintering and crystallization of amorphous phase. Microstructure analysis indicates that Ti66Nb13Cu8Ni6:8Al6:2 bulk alloy without WC addition has a ultrafine-grained microstructure with in situ precipitated ductile � -Ti(Nb) phase, composed of soft (Cu, Ni)-Ti2 regions surrounded by hard � -Ti regions. The alloy exhibits high fracture strength of above 2000 MPa and remarkable plasticity of � 21%. In contrast, Ti66Nb13Cu8Ni6:8Al6:2 bulk alloys with WC addition consist of a microstructure of in situ precipitated ductile � -Ti regions surrounded by a mixed phase regions of (Cu, Ni)-Ti2, TiC, WC and residual glassy phase. The alloys with WC addition display brittle facture behavior. The different plastic deformability for the fabricated bulk alloys with and without WC addition can be explained based on their distinctive microstructures. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MF200924]


Sodium channels are important proteins in modulating neuronal membrane excitability. Genetic studies from patients and animals have indicated neuronal sodium channels play key roles in pain sensitization. We identified WB4101 (2-(2,6-Dimethoxyphenoxyethyl)aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane hydrochloride), an antagonist of α1-adrenoceptor, as a Nav1.7 inhibitor from a screen. The present study characterized the effects of WB4101 on sodium channels. We demonstrated that WB4101 inhibited both Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 channels with similar levels of potency. The half-inhibition concentrations (IC50 values) of WB4101 were 11.6 ± 2.07 and 1.0 ± 0.07 µM for the resting and inactivated Nav1.7 channels, respectively, and 8.67 ± 1.31 and 0.91 ± 0.25 µM for the resting and inactivated Nav1.8 channels, respectively. WB4101 induced a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependent inactivation for both Nav1.7 (15 mV) and Nav1.8 (20 mV) channels. The IC50 values for the open-state sodium channel were 2.50 ± 1.16 µM for Nav1.7 and 1.1 ± 0.2 µM for Nav1.8, as determined by the block of persistent late currents in inactivation-deficient Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 channels, respectively. Consistent with the state-dependent block, the drug also displayed use-dependent inhibitory properties on both wild-type Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 channels, which were removed by the local anesthetic-insensitive mutations but still existed in the inactivation-deficient channels. Further, the state-dependent inhibition on sodium channels induced by WB4101 was demonstrated in dorsal root ganglion neurons. In conclusion, the present study identified WB4101 as a sodium channel blocker with an open-state-dependent property, which may contribute to WB4101's analgesic action.


Large-eddy simulations (LESs) of cryogenic nitrogen injection into a warm environment at supercritical pressure are performed and real-gas thermodynamics models and subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence models are evaluated. The comparison of different SGS models — the Smagorinsky model, the Vreman model, and the adaptive local deconvolution method — shows that the representation of turbulence on the resolved scales has a notable effect on the location of jet break-up, whereas the particular modeling of unresolved scales is less important for the overall mean flow field evolution. More important are the models for the fluid's thermodynamic state. The injected fluid is either in a supercritical or in a transcritical state and undergoes a pseudo-boiling process during mixing. Such flows typically exhibit strong density gradients that delay the instability growth and can lead to a redistribution of turbulence kinetic energy from the radial to the axial flow direction. We evaluate novel volume-translation methods on the basis of the cubic Peng-Robinson equation of state in the framework of LES. At small extra computational cost, their application considerably improves the simulation results compared to the standard formulation. Furthermore, we found that the choice of inflow temperature is crucial for the reproduction of the experimental results and that heat addition within the injector can affect the mean flow field in comparison to results with an adiabatic injector.


We argue in this article that Marx's scientific method coupled with his analysis of the phenomenological consciousness of agents trapped within the capitalist mode of production provides a sufficient solution to the transformation problem. That is, Marx needs no amending – mathematical, philosophical, or otherwise – and the tools he uses to demonstrate and resolve the problem – science and phenomenology – were already clearly spelled out in his texts. Critics of Marx either fail to understand his scientific method, or are themselves trapped within a non-scientific capitalist phenomenology. Similarly, Marxists that mathematically resolve the transformation problem fail to realise that Marx's scientific analysis alone demonstrates that a mathematical solution to the transformation problem is a misapprehension of the relation between Marx's abstract theory and concrete phenomena. Consequently, we also criticise the monetary theorists who try to dismiss the problem as pointless by claiming that Marx was not a pre-monetary theorist.


ABSTRACT These eleven essays range across a variety of topics. They concern: (1) philosophy and the curriculum, with comments on accountability, humanism, programmed learning, hierarchies, 4 structure, idealism, existentialism, realism, experimentalism, and essentialism; (2) philosophy in the mathematics curriculum, with comments on mathematics laboratories, programmed learning, contracts, management systems, and learning centers; (3) objectives and learning activities in the mathematics curriculum, focusing on objectives and on using various types of materials; (4) providing for individual differences and designing the mathematics curriculum, with sections on slow learners, talented pupils,, learning activities, other ways of providing for individual differences, and scope; (5) principles of learning and the mathematics curriculum, with comments on purpose, interest, problem solving, meaningful learning, individual differences, mathematics concepts, decision-making, and evaluation; (6) mathematics and the learner; (7) change in education; (8) inservice education and the computer; (9) innovation, technology, and the mathematics curriculum; (10) knowledge of results, with comments on evaluation procedures, behaviorism, and humanism; and (11) evaluating achievement in mathematics, including the use of observations, checklists, teacher-made tests, standardized tests, work samples, parent-teacher conferences, tape recorders, pupils' responses, and pupil-teacher conferences. Some chapters provide selected references. (MNS)


It is an important problem how to achieve and maintain the competitive advantage of China's steel industry. This problem is addressed from the viewpoint of resource-based theory. Techniques applied include DEA, Principal Components Analysis, Strategy Group Analysis, ANOVA and Multivariate Regression to the analysis of data, probing into the multi-relation of resource deployment strategy and performance and discovering out the core resources. (Nature and Science. 2004;2(3):30-40).


The general aim was, within psychiatric inpatient care, to explore patient and staff perceptions with regard to medication administration and locked entrance doors. In Study I, medication administration was illuminated according to a mini-ethnographic approach. Nurses and voluntarily admitted patients were observed and interviewed. Two central categories of patient and nurse experiences were identified, get control and leave control. In Study II, patients and nurses were interviewed about patient experiences of forced medication. Identified experiences were related to the disease, being forcibly medicated, and the drug. In Study III, the frequency of and reasons for locked entrance doors on Swedish psychiatric inpatient wards were investigated. Seventy three per cent of the doors were locked on a specific day. According to ward managers, doors were most often locked in order to prevent patients from escaping, provide security and safety, and because legalisation. In Study IV/V, voluntarily admitted patients/mental nurse assistants and nurses were interviewed about advantages and disadvantages about being cared for/working on a psychiatric inpatient ward with a locked entrance door. Most advantages mentioned by patients and staff were categorised as protection against "the outside", secure and efficient care, and control over patients. Most disadvantages mentioned by patients were categorised as confinement, dependence on the staff, and emotional problems for patients. Most disadvantages mentioned by staff were categorised as extra work, confinement, dependence on the staff, and a non-caring environment. In conclusion, medication administration and locked entrance doors are perceived as connected with staff's control and restricted freedom for patients. Increased reflection among staff about how medication administration and locked entrance doors are perceived by patients would increase staff's possibilities to prevent potential experiences of coercion due to these situations among patients in psychiatric inpatient care.


The authors evaluated several immunological parameters in patients with loosened hip arthroplasty in order to determine the state of sensitization with regard to the metallic constituents of the prosthesis. The results obtained by in vivo epicutaneous testing did not reveal a correlation between loosening and sensitization, as the patch test was positive in only 1 out of 16 cases examined. An evaluation of the lymphocyte subpopulation on peripheral blood demonstrated that patients with prostheses in Cr, Co, Mo, Ni alloy present significant lymphopenia, with a reduction in subpopulations CD4 and CD8 and a decrease in in vitro cytotoxic activity. The meaning of these modifications could be interpreted to be either a toxic effect products released from the implant, or as the recruitment of lymphocytes in the site of loosening, due to lymphocyte sequestration phenomena consequent to a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.


Rivers are among the most dynamic earth surface systems. Some rivers meander, forming bends that migrate, reshape and have inner-bend bars. Other rivers form a complicated braided pattern of branches, islands and mid-channel bars. Thorough understanding of their morphodynamics is important for efficient and sustainable river management. Although field and flume data provide important insight into river behavior, their applicability is limited due to their small spatial and temporal coverage, or scale issues. Therefore, we applied generic state-of-the-art physics-based morphodynamic models to gain insight in the autonomous morphodynamics of braiding and meandering rivers, and their response to perturbations.

First, this study examined the formation and evolution of bars and branches in braided rivers, applying simplified initial and boundary conditions in the state-of-the-art physics-based model Delft3D. The results show that the chosen set of boundary conditions and physics in the numerical model was sufficient to produce many morphological characteristics and dynamics of a braided river, but insufficient for long-term modeling. Furthermore, the results were sensitive to constitutive relations for sediment transport, bed roughness and bed slope.

Second, the bar and branch dynamics within the braided rivers were studied in terms of the stability of bifurcations and its coupling with bar and bifurcation dynamics within the entire network. Asymmetrical migration and reshape of mid-channel bars occurred in response to bifurcation asymmetry. In particular, bar-tail limbs grew in response to local prevailing flow, closing recessive branches and merging bars into large compound bars. Next, water level differences between parallel branches caused dissection of the large bars by cross-bar channels. This cycle of bar growth and dissection formed the basis for a conceptual model of bar and branch dynamics within sand-bed braided rivers.

Third, the effect of upstream inflow variation on meander planform and sustained meandering, which theory and flume experiments indicated as being significant, was studied using three physics-based models. Each models had specific processes, such as floodplain construction and bank erosion, important for meandering and making them complementary. The results showed that initiation and sustaining of high-sinuosity meandering were highly dependent on inflow perturbation, whereas inflow perturbations in low-sinuosity meandering only had a small local effect. Furthermore, high-sinuosity meandering required channel-floodplain conversion in the inner-bends that prevented chute cutoffs and enhanced flow asymmetry.

Fourth, the effects of human-induced perturbations on the morphodynamics in large braided sand-bed rivers, for example discharge variation attenuation, channel confinement, river training works and sand mining, were considered. The results showed that the local morphological response amplified while propagating downstream through the entire channel, instead of being damped. Furthermore, discharge variation attenuation and channel confinement appeared to have limited influence on the general bar pattern and morphodynamics.

This study demonstrated the interaction between bars, branches and bifurcations within braiding rivers, and the response of meandering and braided rivers to external perturbations. It also demonstrated how we can enlarge understanding of the generic behavior of braiding and meandering rivers, and their response to perturbations using physics-based morphodynamic models.


: Rats were fed two dietary variations containing 10 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) for 15 days. Compared to the normal diet, rats fed a vitamin A deficient diet had a same curve of DP6 storage in liver and carcase fat. The intestinal absorption of DP6 was unaffected by vitamin A deficiency. The accumulation of DP6 in the rat organism was body-growth independent.


Dysregulation of the transcription factor MYC is involved in many human cancers. The dimeric transcription factor complexes of MYC/MAX and MAX/MAX activate or inhibit, respectively, gene transcription upon binding to the same enhancer box DNA. Targeting these complexes in cancer is a long-standing challenge. Inspired by the inhibitory activity of the MAX/MAX dimer, we engineered covalently linked, synthetic homo- and heterodimeric protein complexes to attenuate oncogenic MYC-driven transcription. We prepared the covalent protein complexes (∼20 kDa, 167–231 residues) in a single shot via parallel automated flow synthesis in hours. The stabilized covalent dimers display DNA binding activity, are intrinsically cell-penetrant, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation in different cell lines. RNA sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis in A549 cancer cells confirmed that the synthetic dimers interfere with MYC-driven transcription. Our results demonstrate the potential of automated flow technology to rapidly deliver engineered synthetic protein complex mimetics that can serve as a starting point in developing inhibitors of MYC-driven cancer cell growth.


It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that social pedagogy became a subject of scientific thought. It has been treated as a scientific discipline for a century and that century has seen a multitude of different approaches, theories and concepts relating to the new discipline. The variety of ideas is matched by the variety of approaches in their classification. The paper provides us with an overview of theories in social pedagogy and social work, stresses their vitality, reflects upon contemporary tendencies and lists the existing classifications of the theories as well as the underlying criteria. Possible topics and problems of future discussions on social pedagogy, necessary for its further development, can easily be anticipated thanks to the overview of the first century of its existence as a scientific discipline. This paper is an attempt to clarify the theoretical bases of social pedagogy in Germany and to analyse its reflections on the discipline in Croatia.


Interview given to Leandro Alves by Jose Teodoro Mattoso, professor at the New University of Lisbon, a renowned medievalist and author of several important works on Portuguese historiography. He recently coordinated the publication of the History of private life in Portugal, a work encompassing the Middle Ages through to the present day, addressing the field of study of behaviors and mentalities, which until then had barely been touched upon by Portuguese historians. Seeking to outline a historiographical perspective regarding the use of the history of mentalities in Portugal, a series of questions were prepared to put to Mattoso about the interests that led him to organize such a collection of unpublished essays.


While the connection between seriality and comics in the twentieth century has frequently been a subject of study, far less attention has been paid to the role of serialisation in the previous century, when the language of comics gradually developed in the illustrated and satirical press. This article discusses a heterogeneous group of graphic narratives published in various European countries between the 1830s and the 1880s, before a new generation of comic magazines influenced by American newspaper strips, transformed this emerging field into the autonomous medium of comics. Serial works flourished during this period and included diverse modes, such as series of "graphic novels," the use of recurring characters, the serialisation of picture stories in humour periodicals, and the use of graphic narratives as a regular feature in the illustrated news magazines. By providing a panoramic survey of various types of serial texts, the article suggests that the hybrid nature of these graphic narratives and the publishing strategies applied to them can be better understood if considered in relation to the larger context of nineteenth-century print culture, rather than in comparison with the future of the medium.


Ever since the time of Pascal men have feared that the 'God' worshipped by believers and the 'God' contemplated by philosophers were somehow different. The former was personal, historically active, slow to anger and plentiful in mercy: the latter was dubiously able to be described in personal terms at all, and infinite in such a way as to baffle the imagination. The 'God' of the former at least had the advantage of complying with what was alleged to be religious experience: and so it was not surprising that religious men feared that the 'God' of philosophy threatened that experience itself; whereas at times philosophers have fed such suspicions by denying to God various properties not on logical grounds but because close involvement with man seemed to them not to comport with the divine dignity.


This paper contributes to the rigor vs. relevance debate in the Information Systems (IS) discipline. Using the Action Research methodology, this study evaluates the relevance of a rigorously validated IS evaluation model in practice. The study captures observations of operational end-users employing a market leading Enterprise System application for procurement and order fulfillment in an organization. The analysis of the observations demonstrates the broad relevance of the measurement instrument. More importantly, the study identifies several improvements and possible confusions in applying the instrument in the practice.


In this article, our recent progresses about the effects of atomic substitution, magnetic field and temperature on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the LaFe13-xAlx compounds are reviewed. With the increase of aluminum content, the compounds exhibit successively an antiferromagnetic (AFM), a ferromagnetic (FM), and a mictomagnetic state. Furthermore, the AFM coupling of LaFe13-xAlx can be converted to a FM coupling by substituting Si for Al, Co for Fe and magnetic rare-earth R for La, or introducing interstitial C or H atom. However, low doping levels lead to FM clusters embedded in AFM matrix, and the resultant compounds can undergo, under appropriate applied fields, first an AFM-FM and then a FM-AFM phase transition while heated, with significant magnetic relaxation in the vicinity of the transition temperature. The Curie temperature of LaFe13-xAlx can be shifted to room temperature by choosing appropriate contents of Co, C or H, and strong magnetocaloric effect can be obtained around the transition temperature. For example, for the LaFe11.5Al1.5C0.2H1.0 compound, the maximal entropy change reaches 13.8 J/kg K for a field change of 0-5 T, occurring around the room temperature. It is 42% higher than that of Gd and, therefore, this compound is a promising room-temperature magnetic refrigerant.


Epidemiologic studies suggest that diet can alter prostate cancer risk. This study aimed to establish the feasibility and acceptability of dietary modification in men at increased risk of prostate cancer. Men were invited with a PSA level of 2.0–2.95 ng/mL or 3.0–19.95 ng/mL with negative prostate biopsies. Randomization (3 × 3 factorial design) to daily green tea and lycopene: green tea drink (3 cups, unblinded) or capsules [blinded, 600 mg flavan-3-ol ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) or placebo] and lycopene-rich foods (unblinded) or capsules (blinded, 15 mg lycopene or placebo) for 6 months. Primary endpoints were randomization rates and intervention adherence (blinded assessment of metabolites) at 6 months with secondary endpoints of acceptability (from interviews), safety, weight, blood pressure, and PSA. A total of 133 of 469 (28.4%) men approached agreed to be randomized and 132 were followed-up (99.2%). Mean lycopene was 1.28 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.09–1.50, P = 0.003] times higher in the lycopene capsule group and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.21–1.66; P < 0.001) times higher in the lycopene-enriched diet group compared with placebo capsules. Median EGCG was 10.7 nmol/L (95% CI, 7.0–32.0) higher in in the active capsule group and 20.0 nmol/L (95% CI, 0.0–19.0) higher in the green tea drink group compared with placebo capsules (both P < 0.001). All interventions were acceptable and well tolerated although men preferred the capsules. Dietary prevention is acceptable to men at risk of prostate cancer. This intervention trial demonstrates that a chemoprevention clinical trial is feasible. Cancer Prev Res; 11(11); 687–96. ©2018 AACR.


Preeclampsia is a disease in pregnancy and characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are the most causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity in Indonesia. Placental and systemic oxidative stress caused endothelial cell dysfunction and injury. Placental oxidative stress also linked to fetal growth restriction. HSP70 is essential for cellular recovery, survival and maintenance of homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to compare the MDA, a marker for oxidative stress and HSP70 production in placental of severe preeclampsia, mild preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women. Placenta were collected after delivery from normotensive pregnancies (N=10), severe preeclampsia (N=10) and mild preeclampsia (N=10). Placenta was cultured in RPMI and 20% FBS, and supernatant were collected in day 3. MDA was measured using spectrophotometer and absorbance read in 530nm. HSP70 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean MDA concentration did not differ significantly between patients with severe preeclampsia (7.13+5.36 nmol/ml) and mild preeclampsia (4.82+2.47 nmol/ml) when compared with normotensive pregnancies (4.57+2.4 nmol/ml). The mean HSP70 concentration in mild preeclampsia is highest (10.15+12.39 nmo/ml) when compared with severe preeclampsia (3.78 +3.07 nmol/ml) and normotensive pregnant women (3.76+4.65nmol/ml), but the difference was not significant. Although the difference was not significant, is indicates homeostasis response in mild preclampsia women is relative good. This response was abated in severe preeclampstic women. Although MDA and HSP70 concentration did not differ significantly between groups, however the high HSP70 concentration is indicates homeostasis response relatively good in mild preeclamptic women.


Background: The aim of this study was to examine clinical/pathological characteristics, prognosis and tendency to metastasis of mixed germ cell tumours (MGCTs) that contain a seminoma component. Methods: A total of 111 MGCT cases between 2008 and 2018 were retrospectively enrolled. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the absence (group 1) or presence (group 2) of seminoma component in MGCTs. Patients' age, complaints at admission to our clinic, primary tumour localization, primary tumour size, preoperative testicular tumour markers, MGCT histopathological components and percentages, lymphovascular invasion, pathological tumour stage, postoperative testicular tumour markers, presence of lymph node involvement in abdominal tomography, lung metastasis based on thorax tomography, clinical tumour stage, adjunctive therapies performed, state of recurrence and survival were compared in 2 groups. Results: The mean age of the patients was 24.51 ± 4.79 years. The mean age, initial complaint rates, primary tumour size, postoperative testicular tumour markers, presence of lymphovascular invasion, presence of lymph node involvement and lung metastasis were found to be higher in group 2 than in group 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Especially, it was found that a seminoma component rate of 30% and higher had a higher tendency for a poor prognosis. Conclusion: Although the word "seminoma" may be initially interpreted as an indication of good prognosis, a seminoma component in MGCTs is actually not a good prognostic factor. MGCTs that contain a seminoma component (especially 30% and higher) can have a higher tendency for occult metastatic disease.


This paper presents a method for assessing an application portfolio. The method has two levels, starting with architectural principles, i.e. rules that define and motivate what IT related decisions can be made within an enterprise. In the assessment the principles constitute the foundation for making decisions on which applications to retain, modify or phase out. In the second step the architectural principles are decomposed into high-level measures that are based on more detailed measures. The measures are used to examine the compliance between the architectural principles and the application. The presented assessment method is time-efficient and presents the assessment in an easy-to-grasp tree-structure. The method has been validated by experts and an assessment of one application has been carried out at Scania in order to validate the method. Scania is a large multinational vehicle manufacturer


Magic Science Religion explores surprising intersections among the three meaning-making and world-making practices named in the title. Through colorful examples, the book reveals circuitous ways that social, cultural and natural systems connect, enabling real kinds of magic to operate.


This research is a qualitative exploratory, constructivist study that aims to investigate Colombian (public sector) English language teachers' existing or prospective intercultural communicative competence (ICC) to understand their teaching profiles and then to be able to build upon them. To achieve my aims, teachers' perspectives on culture and interculturality are explored based on the underpinning assumption that there is a need to transform language education in Colombia and move forward from the «cultural turn» to the «intercultural turn». Within this vision of language teaching, teachers can become, in a near future, intercultural mediators who enlarge the objectives of contemporary language teaching to build Third Spaces for dialogue and negotiation through English. This study is motivated by one main research question: how do Colombian English language teachers' current practices, beliefs, and professional self-concepts relate to an envisaged profile of the intercultural English language teacher? This question is embedded in the research aim of providing a comprehensive understanding of current English language teaching in Colombia, including teachers' experiences and perspectives on culture and interculturality. While exploring the literature on ICC, insight was gained into how the teaching of languages becomes a natural scenario to develop ICC and the transformed role of the language teacher as an agent of change and pedagogical progress in transnational and global contexts (Crozet, 2017; Guilherme, 2002, 2007; Porto & Byram, 2015; Risager, 2000, 2007; Sercu et al., 2005). The empirical findings show that teachers feel positively disposed to intercultural competence English language teaching (IELT), but their approaches to culture are mainly essentialist and nationalist, based on communicative language teaching (CLT) approaches. Despite efforts and infrequent demonstrations of IELT, their profile does not meet yet the expectations pertaining to the knowledge, skills and attitudes that are desirable for IELT. However, they have a positive disposition to advance towards IELT. Based on these findings, a tripartite model and a statement of philosophy were proposed to help English language teachers move forward towards ICC. Finally, this investigation provides valuable insights into the status quo of ICC and ELT in Colombia and has practical implications for ELT education programmes, teachers and policy makers who are interested in reanalysing ELT in Colombia.


Abstract Background Flap congestion is a frequently described intraoperative complication during autologous breast reconstruction with abdominal perforator flaps, which, if not addressed, can lead to detrimental results such as flap failure. Here, we describe our institution's algorithm of intraoperative salvage of congested flaps and present their outcomes. Patients and Methods All patient charts from 2002 to 2016 of a single plastic surgeon were reviewed for patients who underwent deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction resulting in 602 patients and 831 flaps. Of those, 38 women (6.3%) with 40 congested flaps (4.8%) were included in this study. Based on the algorithm guiding the selection of additional venous anastomosis, the patients' surgical details, outcomes, as well as their demographic characteristics are evaluated. Results Average age and body mass index of our cohort were 47.0 ± 8.0 years and 26.1 ± 3.9, respectively. Ten patients (26.3%) were current or former smokers while 20 (52.6%) required external radiation. Thirty-two congested flaps (80.0%) were predominantly salvaged with a superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV)-to-deep inferior epigastric vein (comitante) anastomosis. An SIEV-to-internal mammary vein comitante anastomosis was the second favorite option (5 flaps, 12.5%). Five patients suffered minor complications within a mean follow-up of 18.8 ± 12.3 months without flap failure, bleeding, or infection. Conclusions Venous flap congestion is an uncommon intraoperative intricacy during free tissue transfer for autologous breast reconstruction. Our proposed algorithm primarily recommends adding an additional venous anastomosis between the superficial and deep drainage system and results and favorable outcomes without major complications.


In the years following Chernobyl, many reports and projects reflected on how to improve emergency management processes in dealing with an accidental offsite release of radiation at a nuclear facility. A common observation was the need to address the inevitable uncertainties. Various suggestions were made and some of these were researched in some depth. The Fukushima Daiichi Disaster has led to further reflections. However, many of the uncertainties inherent in responding to a threatened or actual release remain unaddressed in the analyses and model runs that are conducted to support the emergency managers in their decision making. They
are often left to factor in allowances for the uncertainty through informal discussion and unsupported judgement, and the full range of sources of uncertainty may not be addressed. In this paper, we summarise the issues and report on a project which has investigated the handling of uncertainty in the UK's national crisis cell.
We suggest the R&D programmes needed to provide emergency managers with better guidance on uncertainty
and how it may affect the consequences of taking different countermeasures.


Background: Heating and cooling in buildings represents a significant amount of the energy demand in the EU, but the market penetration of renewable solutions is still marginal. The SunHorizon project aims at proving the viability and benefits of innovative coupling between heat pumps and various advanced solar panels. Methods: This study focuses on the optimal operation strategies of a technological package composed of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) panels, a gas driven heat pump and a hot water storage tank. In this work, a model predictive control is developed, based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization. This model uses innovative elements compared to traditional model predictive control (MPC), with environmental indicators for the electricity grid accounting for imports, co-simulation with TRNSYS using the transmission control protocol (TCP) and modelling of inter-seasonal storage for long and short-term decisions. The usual minimization of costs is compared to two new optimization approaches, which aims to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and maximizing renewable use. Results and conclusions: The results of the optimization of costs and GHG emissions show that gains can be found within the variations in time series related to the electricity grid, but the overall operation strategies remain similar. Optimization of renewable share and self-consumption is another path for control strategy, but with less economic and environmental performance.


Government agencies have used uncorrected visual acuity (UVA) standards for many years for police officer applicants. With the passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, public employers have concern about the validity of these standards. This report shows how data can be used to set a reasonable standard. The report includes a description of a survey of incumbents, acuity testing of a sample of incumbents, collection of essential task information, and experimentation based on the essential tasks. A series of focus group meetings resulted in agreement that 2 essential tasks officers must be able to perform when visually incapacitated are identifying a weapon in a typical room and finding spectacles that have been dislodged. The experimentation showed that a noticeable performance decrement begins to appear at 20/125 level of acuity. As a result of the research, the City of Columbus, Ohio, changed the UVA standard from 20/40 to 20/125.


Deposits of turbidity currents induced by subaqueous volcanic eruptions are increasingly recognized in settings ranging from lakes to the deep sea. These "eruption‐fed density currents" have high current temperatures and low‐density particles, which affect current dynamics and deposit features. Field data indicate that deposit thickness and grain size decrease downflow at a changing rate. This trend is similar for deposits of noneruptive turbidity currents, but with volcanic activity, the deposits often exhibit a break in slope of the profile of deposit thickness and grain size distribution. Here we present laboratory results on density currents that address the effects of variations in grain density and water temperature on flow properties and depositional processes. Parallel runs were performed under identical flow conditions using quartz sand and pyroclastic sediment. Each grain type was used in one series of runs in which a hot density current enters a cold environment and one series in which a cold current enters a similarly cold environment. Experiments in which the inflow contained hot water and low‐density sediment tended to emplace the deposit center of mass proximally; sedimentation also reduced bulk current density below that of the ambient water, giving rise to a buoyant plume from which suspension sedimentation occurred. By contrast, experiments in which the inflow contained cold water and high‐density sediment tended to deposit mass distally, with no accompanying plume. Results of the study have special relevance to submarine volcaniclastic deposits but also illuminate fundamental aspects of how grain properties and water temperature affect the driving force of density currents.


The new form of future generation machines and automated systems could be synchronized by IoT adaptation. By this way, a very large size data can be carefully stored in data repositories and have to be analyzed for extracting knowledge. Thus, optimization techniques are becoming invaluable tools for finding patterns from parallel distributed machines. On the other hand, statistical methods and optimization models could not be utilized efficiently due to excessive dimension of data. Additionally, data analytics should be applied and results should be gathered by using practical approaches especially for security, access control and fault detection issues. In this study, optimization techniques are evaluated in the perspective of big data analytics and both mathematical and statistical methods will be extensively analyzed for different versions of problem solving and decision making in Industry 4.0 era.


Objectives: To evaluate the 1-year mortality of elderly patients after isolated acetabular fractures treated both operatively and nonoperatively, and compared with nonisolated fractures. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Single level 1 trauma center. Patients/Participants: All consecutive patients who were 60 years of age and older were treated for acetabular fractures over a 12-year period (n = 176). Intervention: Operative and nonoperative management. Main Outcome Measurements: 1-year mortality. Methods: Exclusion criteria for the isolated group included associated injuries to other body systems (Abbreviated Injury Score >2), long bone fractures, and concurrent sacral fractures. Mortality data were obtained from the Social Security Death Index. Results: The isolated group (n = 86) had an average age of 71.1 ± 7.1 years with 64.0% fractures treated operatively. Mortality rates for the isolated group at 30 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year were 2.3%, 5.8%, 8.1%, and 8.1%, respectively. No significant differences in mortality rates were seen between operative and nonoperative patients across all time points for the isolated group (P = 0.093–0.346). Mortality rates were lower at all time points for the isolated group than for the nonisolated group (n = 90; P = 0.0002–0.02). However, the 1-year postdischarge mortality rates for patients who were discharged from the hospital were similar for the nonisolated and isolated groups (6.8% vs. 7.1%; P = 0.76). Conclusions: The mortality rates for elderly patients with isolated acetabular fractures were found to be significantly lower than those for acetabular fractures with concurrent injuries. Age was identified as the only significant variable differing between patients treated operatively versus nonoperatively, as opposed to medical comorbidities in the isolated acetabular fracture group. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


The suppression of topologically close-packed phases (TCP) in nickel-based single-crystal superalloys by the addition of ruthenium is modeled with a fully multicomponent mesoscale precipitation model based on the numerical Kampmann-Wagnermethod using thermodynamic CALPHAD-calculations. For the application of the model in ruthenium-containing superalloys, mobility assessments of the binary systems nickel-ruthenium (NiRu) and nickel-rhenium (Ni-Re) were performed to create a new mobility database. It is postulated that the dominating effect of ruthenium regarding more sluggish TCP-phase precipitation is a change of interface energy reducing the number of precipitates nucleating. The precipitation sequences occurring during TCPphase precipitation can be explained using CALPHAD thermodynamics.


Electronmicroscopic study of 29 HBs-antigen-positive personnel of a large hospital demonstrated virus material in the blood in all instances. In nine cases Dane particles, which are the infectious principle of the hepatitis B virus, were also seen. Dane-particle-positive personnel in a hospital could well be a risk to the patients if the carrier status or infectiousness of the person is not known.


One person in every 2539 people gets killed and one in every 253 suffers injuries due to driving crashes each year in Iran. Such that driving incidents are second rank factor of death and the first rank reason for lost lifetimes in this country. 60% of total incidents which lead to deaths or injuries are actually driving incidents in Iran. That is while the same ratio is only 25% worldwide average. In this article, we report a probabilistic relationship between vehicle drivers' gender and severity of the accidents. The model accuracy rate is more than 91%. Coefficient values show that if an crash happens and all other variables are under control, the probability of suffering injuries for a man is 1.597 times more than for a woman (1.40 – 1.79, 99% CI) in comparison with the case that the person does not get injured at all. Similarly, the probability of death for a man is 1.462 times higher than for a woman (1.13-1.79, 90% CI) again in comparison with case of no injury at all.


With the increased penetration of distributed generation into the power distribution system, the traditional load flow analysis that assumes a single slack bus has become impractical. The existing literature focuses on slack bus placement taking only real power losses into place.However with increasing need of reactive power in maintaining voltage stability at the consumer end; reactive power generation management cannot be ignored any further. Thus a distributed slack bus model taking into consideration both real and reactive power losses is of paramount importance. The wind based doubly fed induction generator is an attractive option for both real and reactive power loss compensation since it is economically attractive, can be grid connected and it has the capability to generate and absorb reactive power. A distributed slack bus model using combined participation factors is developed in this paper to distribute the slack(real and reactive power losses).The combined participation factors are formulated using the method of Lagrange multipliers and the distributed slack bus model employs a Genetic Algorithm of a Newton Raphson Solver.


Vogel E. 2001;62(4):169–173. This research described the use of the concept of the kitchen table as the hub of communicating, sharing, and caring for healthy families. This realization led a "blue-jeans team" of educators to design a novel health promotion program: "Healthy Start for Mom and Me (HSMM)." The program was designed to engage women and teenagers living in Winnipeg's inner city, some of whom were at high risk for developing diabetes during pregnancy. The program's practical and informal "kitchen table" approach used food and nutrition as a springboard to build access, skills, confidence, and social support among participant women. HSMM's blue-jeans teams consisted of a dietitian, a peer outreach worker, and a public health nurse who collaboratively delivered services at prenatal drop-in sessions offered on a biweekly basis at eight neighborhood-based facilities. Program staff and community partners followed up with participant women between the drop-in sessions on an as-needed basis. The research shed light on health education practices that were sensitive to the needs of women living in poverty and served to increase service providers' understandings of their lives. The role of the community dietitian in community-based, prenatal nutrition programs was highlighted.


Community smells represent symptoms of sub-optimal organizational and social issues within software development communities that often lead to additional project costs and reduced software quality. Previous research identified a variety of community smells that are connected to sub-optimal patterns under different perspectives of organizational-social structures in the software development community. To detect community smells and understanding the characteristics of such organizational-social structures in a project, we propose csDetector, an open source tool that is able to automatically detect community smells within a project and provide relevant socio-technical metrics. csDetector uses a machine learning based detection approach that learns from various existing bad community development practices to provide automated support in detecting related community smells. We evaluate the effectiveness of csDetector on a benchmark of 143 open source projects from GitHub. Our results show that the csDetector tool can detect ten commonly occurring community smells in open software projects with an average F1 score of 84%. csDetector is publicly available, with a demo video, at: https://github.com/Nuri22/csDetector.


Software changes are inevitable in the process of software evolution. And software change propagation intensely increases the difficulty of software maintenance. The approach of simulated analysis is introduced to the research on software change propagation. The software change propagation model construction and related software metric indicators are presented. And the software change propagation evaluation approach based on simulation is proposed, which can be used to evaluate the design quality of software system in an arbitrary level of abstraction. The proposed software change propagation model has been implemented in the NetLogo simulation platform that can automatically analyze the software quality of a given system. The proposed systematic approach has been evaluated by some samples, which indicate the simplicity and rationality of our approach.


Qualitative elevation of products is very important Part. A business racking us brains to find for qualitative elevation of products. Recently, measurement accuracy of a non contact 3D scanner has been rapidly improving. As a result, the number application cases of non. contact 3D scanners are increasing. A non contact 3D scanner is capable of measuring a free formed surface rapidly and has high resolution. It is more affordable and potable than the CMMs. It is therefore expected to be applied more frequently in more diverse industries. Automating the measuring process using a non contact 3D scanner and developing a technology, which allows a user to measure easily, will eventually improve the quality of products. As their inspection and analysis processes improve.


Abstract Perturbations from asteroids and Trans-Neptunian Objects affect significantly on the orbits of planets and should be taken into account when high-accuracy planetary ephemerides are constructed. On the other hand, from an analysis of motion of the major planets by processing of precise measurements of spacecraft a limitation on the total TNO mass may be obtained. To estimate influence of TNO on motion of planets the largest 21 TNO have been included into the process of simultaneous numerical integration, and positions of planets obtained with taking for TNO have been compared with positions of planets of numerical EPM ephemeris of IAA RAS constructed without these objects. The perturbations of other TNO have been modeled by the perturbation from a circular ring having a radius 43 AU and different masses. It has been shown that all the test masses of the TNO ring except the minimum mass (5.26⋅10−8M⊙) are too large and make the data residuals worse. Thus, the upper limit of the total mass of all TNO including Pluto, the 21 largest TNO and the TNO ring (with the 43 AU radius) should not exceed 8.04⋅10−8M⊙.


This study estimates the effects of participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on the risk of food as well as nonfood material hardships experienced by low-income households with children. Data are drawn from the 1996, 2001, and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We examine the relationship between SNAP and material hardships by modeling jointly the likelihood of household participation in SNAP and the risk of experiencing material hardships using a bivariate probit model. We estimate that SNAP reduces household food insecurity by 12.8 percentage points, reduces the risk that households will fall behind on their nonfood essential expenses, including housing (by 7.2 percentage points) and utilities (by 15.3 percentage points), and reduces the risk of medical hardship (by 8.5 percentage points).


Abstract Epitaxial self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) are of interest for nanostructured optoelectronic and electronic devices such as lasers, photodetectors and nanoscale logic. Spatial order and size order of SAQDs are important to the development of usable devices. It is likely that these two types of order are strongly linked; thus, a study of spatial order will also have strong implications for size order. Here a study of spatial order is undertaken using a linear analysis of a commonly used model of SAQD formation based on surface diffusion. Analytic formulas for film-height correlation functions are found that characterize quantum dot spatial order and corresponding correlation lengths that quantify order. Initial atomic-scale random fluctuations result in relatively small correlation lengths (about two dots) when the effect of a wetting potential is negligible; however, the correlation lengths diverge when SAQDs are allowed to form at a near-critical film height. The present work reinforces previous findings about anisotropy and SAQD order and presents as explicit and transparent mechanism for ordering with corresponding analytic equations. In addition, SAQD formation is by its nature a stochastic process, and various mathematical aspects regarding statistical analysis of SAQD formation and order are presented.


Abstract Pollen, plant macrofossils, and sedimentary analyses from archaeological deposits at North Creek Shelter (NCS) on the Colorado Plateau provide data on vegetation and climate change during the Holocene. From 11,300–10,200 cal yr BP, NCS was embedded in a mixed conifer forest of cool-adapted species (e.g., Abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Pinus ponderosa) with an Artemisia understory. During this interval, NCS pollen corresponds to modern pollen from Picea–Abies forests that reside 950 m higher in elevation. Rapid deposition rates of NCS sediments indicate that climatic conditions during the Early Holocene were more mesic than today, with increased precipitation. The onset of warmer conditions at NCS began at 10,200 cal yr BP, and pollen and plant macrofossils indicate that a semiarid woodland and scrub mosaic dominated by Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma, and Amaranthaceae surrounded NCS by 9300 cal yr BP. This is corroborated by fossil pollen that is similar to modern pollen from P. edulis–J. osteosperma woodlands and Amaranthaceae scrub that currently surround NCS. Sedimentary analyses suggest that during this time, accumulation rates were very low due to low precipitation and a drier climate overall. Migration of P. edulis into southern Utah is directly dated to 8100 cal yr BP, thus confirming recently proposed patterns of northward expansion.


Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposits were found in an extraarticular chondroma of the soft parts overlying the distal phalanx of the right middle finger. The lesion appeared to arise from the flexor tenosynovium. The pathogenesis of soft tissue chondroma and the relation of cartilage metaplasia to the process of CPPD crystal deposition were investigated.


Oxidation of cyclooctene was studied in presence aqueous hydrogen peroxide (30%, v/v) over nano iron oxide. The catalyst prepared by microemulsion method and characterized using various techniques including XRD, TEM and BET techniques for evaluating phase, structure and morphology and surface area. In this study, we investigated the effects of varying the catalyst content, reaction temperature, H2O2 to cyclooctene molar ratio, reaction temperature and solvent. Epoxycyclooctane was found to be the main reaction product, along with amounts of other products. The best result for epoxycyclooctane production is obtained using acetonitril as solvent at 78 oC for a 16 h reaction period with 0.32 g nano-sized iron particle catalyst. The nano-Fe2O3 catalyst has more conversion and yeild than the other iron catalysts in cyclooctene oxidation because of its high surface area and appropriate particle size.


The ever-increasing gap in performance between CPU/memory technologies and the I/O subsystem (disks, I/O buses) in modern workstations has exacerbated the I/O bottlenecks inherent in applications that access large disk resident data sets. A simultaneous development in recent times has seen the maturity of Linux-based offthe-shelf clusters of PCs for low-cost, high-performance computing solutions. A common technique to alleviate the I/O bottlenecks on such platforms is the use of parallel file systems. One such parallel file system is the Parallel Virtual File System (PVFS), which is a freely available tool to achieve high-performance I/O on Linux-based clusters. In this paper, we describe some of the key performance and scalability improvements that we have implemented for the UNIX I/O interface to PVFS. To illustrate the performance gains, we present experimental results using Bonnie++, a commonly used file system benchmark to test file system throughput; a synthetic parallel I/O application for calculating aggregate read and write bandwidths; and a synthetic benchmark which calculates the time taken to untar the Linux kernel source tree to measure performance of large number of small file operations. We also compare the I/O performance of these techniques when using a Myrinet-based network and when using a fast Ethernet-based network for I/O-related communications. With these techniques we achieve aggregate read and write bandwidth as high as 550 MB/s with Myrinet and 160 MB/s with fast Ethernet.


A peptide (AGFGVVKKPNY) was synthesized based on an RNA sequence complementary to the mRNA encoding substance P (Sub P). Antibodies against this Sub P complementary peptide (termed anti-C Pep antibodies) were produced by immunizing rats with peptide conjugated to the carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Antisera were then passed over a peptide conjugated affinity column to specifically purify the anti-C Pep antibodies. In a similar manner, anti-Sub P antibodies were produced in rabbits and made monospecific by affinity chromatography. Using a radioimmunoassay, 125I-anti-C Pep antibodies were found to bind anti-Sub P antibodies in a dose-dependent fashion. Control antibodies did not bind nor did they inhibit binding, suggesting that the interaction of the affinity purified antibodies was not due to the presence of constant region determinants. Ultimately, the idiotypic-anti-idiotypic nature of the anti-Sub P and anti-C Pep antibodies was demonstrated using a radioimmunoassay for Sub P. Anti-C Pep antibodies competed like unlabeled Sub P in the ability to block 125I-Tyr8-Sub P binding to anti-Sub P antibodies, whereas control antibodies did not. We concluded, therefore, that immunizing with this pair of complementary peptides (i.e., Sub P and C Pep) generates antibodies which are anti-idiotypic.


Fault feature extraction using wavelet decomposition and probabilistic neural network fault diagnosis technology is presented in this paper. Fault diagnosis based on wavelet transformation and neural network data fusion is studied. The fault diagnosis in rotating machinery vibration of the aero-engine is simulated in Matlab. Our recent investigations demonstrate that using wavelet decomposition extract fault characteristics of the energy vector has strong generalization ability and anti-noise ability. Integration of the wavelet and neural network application can provide a better classification of diagnosis results, reliability and accuracy. This technique is suitable for the mechanical vibration fault diagnosis applications of steam turbine and gas turbine.


Welfare: Needs, Rights and Risks addresses the question of how people get access to social welfare in the UK today. It explores the public, political and professional definitions, constructions and conflicts about who should receive social welfare and under what conditions. In a period during which the rationing, targeting and selective provision of welfare have become more significant, more visible and more disputed, this book examines how individuals and groups come to be defined as in need, at risk or deserving of welfare.


Intracavity sum-frequency generation and cascaded χ(2) wavelength conversions in a fiber ring resonator using a MgO-doped LiNbO3 quasi-phase-matched waveguide and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier were proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed configuration, the resonator enhances the pump light, and efficient wavelength conversion is realized. Dependence of converted signal power upon the position of a coupler used to couple a signal into the resonator and upon the round-trip loss of the resonator was studied in detail. The proposed configuration provides efficient wavelength conversion over a wide range of input signal power and resonator round-trip loss. The configuration provides a cost-effective solution to enhance pump power, thus increasing wavelength-conversion efficiency for practical system applications.


The "mission complex" expanded the influence and power of the United States in the Ohio Country and beyond. It linked missionaries, humanitarians, manufacturers, federal employees, and indigenous peoples through networks of markets and capital: the material goods used in the agricultural missions offered a means both to stimulate business for eastern (and developing western) manufacturers and to develop a new consumer base in the Ohio Country. Attention to the functioning of this system, based upon free yet hierarchical relations of power, reveals how the early U.S. empire thrived off of economic growth. Paying attention to indigenous peoples' appropriation and manipulation of the complex, moreover, reveals that some Native communities and individuals endeavored to take advantage of missionary labor, while others endeavored to facilitate their engagement with the U.S. economy by reinforcing ties with both the federal government and Euroamericans. Ultimately, analysis of the mission complex reveals that imperial state policy, as well as a myriad of Native and non-Native actors, facilitated the development and expansion of capitalist markets and forms of labor in the early republic.


Synopsis
In the 1990s, Mike Flanagan foresaw video moving from analog to digital and developed an equipment rental business to meet the needs of the entertainment/media production industry. By 1996 he established a second company to offer training in the use of Avid, a digital video-editing program. Flanagan sold the rental business in 1998 and by 2002 expanded the training away from a business model to a full-fledged college business model. By 2014 what started as a successful training program developed into a negative interaction with the US Department of Education and Flanagan found himself being forced out of business.

Research methodology
This case was originally a client-based project conducted real time in an MBA-level marketing course at the Graziadio School of Business and Management at Pepperdine University.

Relevant courses and levels
The case is well suited for a variety of business and law courses that integrate ethical decision making in their curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The case allows for a greater understanding of the implications of managerial behavior tied to ethical beliefs and the possible outcomes that may result. It also allows for a stronger grasp of the integral nature of management, staff, consumers and outside organizations on the pervasive impact of non-ethical behavior. Last, this case creates a framework for students to assess how ethics influence managerial behavior that will affect an organization's success.

Theoretical bases
What ethical duties and obligations does a business owe to its customers and other stakeholders? Is ignorance an excuse for failing to meet those ethical obligations?


Careful collection, management, analysis, and reporting of prescription data is essential when assessing the utilization of pharmaceuticals in managed care settings. This continuing education article outlines the requirements and limits of data, reviews typical reporting formats, discusses managed care organizations' roles in analyzing data, and discusses the need for better data integration.


A network of nodes communicate via point-to-point memoryless independent noisy channels. Each node has some real-valued initial measurement or message. The goal of each of the nodes is to acquire an estimate of a given function of all the initial measurements in the network. As the main contribution of this paper, a lower bound on computation time is derived. This bound must be satisfied by any algorithm used by the nodes to communicate and compute, so that the mean-square error in the nodes' estimate is within a given interval around zero. The derivation utilizes information theoretic inequalities reminiscent of those used in rate distortion theory along with a novel "perturbation" technique so as to be broadly applicable. To understand the tightness of the bound, a specific scenario is considered. Nodes are required to learn a linear combination of the initial values in the network while communicating over erasure channels. A distributed quantized algorithm is developed, and it is shown that the computation time essentially scales as is implied by the lower bound. In particular, the computation time depends reciprocally on "conductance", which is a property of the network that captures the information-flow bottleneck. As a by-product, this leads to a quantized algorithm, for computing separable functions in a network, with minimal computation time.


Abstract In the northeastern Great Basin (northeastern Nevada and northwestern Utah) youngest exposed Permian miogeosynclinal sediments are in the uppermost Gerster Formation. Judged by the conodont Neogondolella rosenkrantzi Assemblage Zone and the Neospathodus divergens Assemblage Zone in the upper few tens to hundreds of feet in the Gerster, a late Guadalupian or younger age is represented. The Neospathodus divergens Zone also occurs in the European Zechstein I. The Thaynes Formation (and locally the Dinwoody beneath it) represents the Lower Triassic miogeosynclinal strata (or, possibly, epicontinental sea accumulations) in this same general area. Here, the Meekoceras gracilitatis Zone occurs from about 20 ft to as much as 300 ft above the base of the Thaynes, thereby establishing a lower Smithian age for the strata which contain these cephalopods. The conodont Gondolella planata Zone is below the Meekoceras Zone, whereas the Neoprioniodus bransoni Zone overlaps the Meekoceras Zone at the top and occurs in stratigraphically younger beds. To date, therefore, neither time equivalents to the uppermost Permian West Texas Ochoan nor Griesbachian and Dienerian (Scythian of European Stages) have been found in this part of the eastern Great Basin. Seemingly a paraconformity embraces this hiatus with little or no evidence of erosional vacuity. Likely, the top of the Permian was a surface of marine planation. The southern region of the eastern Great Basin lies in Arizona, Utah, and Nevada, but mainly within southern Nevada. Youngest Permian marine rocks here (shelf to miogeosynclinal) are included in the Kaibab Formation which consists of the Fossil Mountain (and younger) Harrisburg Members. Faunas of the Fossil Mountain Member include the sponge Actinocoelia maeandrina, and various brachiopods, all of which contain elements of the highly-distinctive Road Canyon fauna, thus indicating a late Leonardian age. To date, a precise stratigraphic age assignment for the Harrisburg Member has not been established. The Moenkopi Formation represents the Lower Triassic in this area; its various members change facies and increase in thickness from the shelf of southwestern Utah - northwestern Arizona westward into the miogeosyncline (or, possibly an epicontinental sea) of southern Nevada. The Virgin Member, about 115 ft thick on the shelf within a 2,000-ft, mostly nonmarine section of the Moenkopi Formation, thickens to more than 2,500 ft in thickness in the miogeosyncline where the nonmarine members are absorbed through a westerly transition into the marine Virgin. To date, conodonts have not been reported from the Virgin or other members. The Timpoweap Member, oldest of the Moenkopi, is reported to contain elements of the Meekoceras Zone. The lower 170 to 350 ft of the Virgin Member west of Las Vegas, Nevada contain mostly a bivalve fauna, dominated by such forms as Permophorus, Promyaliana, Monotis, Eumorphotis, and Gervilleia. At one horizon 170 ft above the base of the Virgin in the Blue Diamond Hill area west of Las Vegas, collections are dominated by the large Promyalina cf. P. groenlandica; in the Cape Stosch Formation of Greenland, this species occurs with Claraia stachei, which is a widespread Lower Scythian form present in both the Dinwoody and Thaynes Formations. Evidently these are younger than elements of the Meekoceras Zone, and may range as high as the Owenitan (basal upper Scythian). Thus, the pre-Triassic unconformity in southern Nevada may involve a longer hiatus than it does farther north; it is, nonetheless, interpreted as a paraconformity. Although elements of youngest Permian or oldest Triassic conodonts and cephalopods have not been reported for the eastern Great Basin, this does not negate an interpretation that marine waters occupied much of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline throughout late Permian and early Triassic times, and that only locally were Permian rocks subjected to subaerial erosion. An erosional vacuity is present here and there, but this does not necessarily indicate that the Permian-Triassic boundary is other than a paraconformity, the hiatus, it is believed, was not one of great time span.


The cake cutting problem is concerned with the fair allocation of a divisible good among agents whose preferences vary over it. Recently, designing strategy-proof (SP) cake cutting mechanisms has caught considerable attention from AI and MAS researchers. Previous works assumed that an agent's utility function is additive so that theoretical analysis becomes tractable. However, in practice, agents have non-additive utility over a resource. In this paper, we consider the all-or-nothing utility function as a representative example of non-additive utility because it can widely cover agents' preferences for such real-world resources as the usage of meeting rooms, time slots for computational resources, bandwidth usage, and so on. We first show the incompatibility between envy-freeness (EF) and Pareto efficiency (PE) when each agent has all-or-nothing utility. We next propose a SP mechanism that satisfy PE, which is based on the serial dictatorship mechanism, at the sacrifice of EF. To address computational feasibility, we propose a heuristic-based allocation algorithm to find a near-optimal allocation in time polynomial in the number of agents, since the problem of finding a PE allocation is NP-hard. As another approach that abandons PE, we develop an EF and SP mechanism. Furthermore, we argue about false-name-proofness (FNP), which is the expansion of SP, and propose FNP and EF cake cutting mechanism. Finally, we evaluate our proposed mechanisms by computational experiments.


River research often addresses the influence of anthropogenic and natural processes on the ecological, hydrological, and geomorphological dynamics of river systems. However, here we take a river‐centered approach and consider how rivers influence their landscapes by developing concepts of river landscape 'signatures' and 'envelopes.' The influence of a river penetrates well beyond its channel into the atmosphere, across the land surface, and into the subsurface. We define a signature as an emergent property of a set of processes acting on a river landscape, and its envelope as the dynamic penetration of the signature across the landscape. The potential to recognize river signatures and envelopes is driven by unprecedented expansion in data acquisition, processing, and modeling technologies. The spatial envelope of any particular signature will have fuzzy and temporally dynamic edges, may rapidly expand and contract, may differ in its extent from other signatures, and may be highly permeable to many organisms using the river (and broader) landscape. However, an understanding of the approximate dynamic envelope of a signature is crucial to understanding the contribution of rivers at a landscape scale and to informing the sustainable management of these landscapes and their ecosystem services. WIREs Water 2016, 3:313–325. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1143


Power mechanisms and structures shape climate change adaptation outcomes, the measures adopted, and who is identified as requiring adaptation support. But to what extent does research recognize such power‐adaptation linkages? Based on a systematic literature review, we enquire if and how the framing of power matters for adaptation research and what the implications may be for practice. Our enquiry is predicated on the relationship between the researcher and the research focus being itself a relationship of power. Since power is complex and a single definition is not desirable, different actor‐orientated frames of power were used for the data analysis. The results show that authors are more likely to work with issues of power to (i.e., agency), power over, and empowerment, rather than resistance or disempowerment. Demonstrating the effect of such frames, these proportions change according to whether the research focuses on equity, effectiveness, or participation. For instance, power to is strongly associated with effectiveness, while disempowerment is associated more with equity. Together with other identified patterns, our review shows that researchers frame power in adaptation in ways that constitute biases and blind spots. Attention to particular frames of power can limit attention to important dynamics within adaptation processes. Both the content and context to which the identified frames are applied suggest structural trends in adaptation research that require increased attention. Since researchers' frames of power influence both research outcomes and broader adaptation‐power relations, the results indicate that reflexivity is needed to improve both adaptation research and practice.


In this work we study thermoelectric properties of graphene nanoribbons with side-attached organic molecules. By adopting a single-band tight binding Hamiltonian and the Green's function formalism, we calculated the transmission and Seebeck coefficients for different hybrid systems. The corresponding thermopower profiles exhibit a series of sharp peaks at the eigenenergies of the isolated molecule. We study the effects of the temperature on the thermoelectric response, and we consider random configurations of molecule distributions, in different disorder regimes. The main characteristics of the thermopower are not destroyed under temperature and disorder, indicating the robustness of the system as a proposed molecular thermo-sensor device.


A 13 yr old female spayed Labrador retriever presented for vulvar bleeding. Abdominal radiographs revealed a soft tissue mass in the ventral pelvic canal. A computed tomography (CT) exam and a CT vaginourethrogram localized the mass to the vagina, helped further characterize the mass, and aided in surgical planning. A total vaginectomy was performed and the histologic diagnosis was leiomyoma. Vaginal tumors make up 1.9-3% of all tumors. Seventy-three percent of vaginal tumors are benign, and 83% of those are leiomyomas. Leiomyomas often have a good long-term prognosis with surgical resection. The diagnostic investigation of this case report utilized a multimodal imaging approach to determine the extent and respectability of the vaginal mass. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing a CT vaginourethrogram.


It is shown that LD50 of bacterial endotoxin exerts an uncoupling effect on the mouse liver mitochondria. The effect of endotoxin is observed 3 h after its administration. Direct addition of endotoxin to isolated mitochondria has induced a rotenone-like effect and an uncoupling action when using succinate as a substrate of oxidation.


To investigate the mechanisms of membrane protein localization to the Golgi complex, we have examined the intracellular trafficking of epitope-tagged forms of the mammalian endopeptidase, furin, in stably transformed rat basophilic leukemia cells. Our studies show that furin is predominantly localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) at steady state, with smaller amounts present in intracellular vesicles. Biochemical and morphological analyses reveal that furin is progressively delivered to a lysosomal compartment, where it is degraded. Analyses of furin deletion mutants and chimeric proteins show that the cytoplasmic domain is both necessary and sufficient for localization to the TGN in various cell types. Interestingly, deletion of most of the cytoplasmic domain of furin results in a molecule that is predominantly localized to intracellular vesicles, some of which display characteristics of lysosomes. To a lesser extent, the cytoplasmically deleted molecule is also localized to the plasma membrane. These observations suggest the existence of an additional determinant for targeting to the endosomal/lysosomal system within the lumenal and/or transmembrane domains of furin. Thus, the overall pattern of trafficking and steady state localization of furin are determined by targeting information contained within more than one region of the molecule.