Humans are dependent on the service species and ecosystems provide. Being able to identify species is a key to understanding biodiversity. The purpose of this study was to clarify student teachers' (N=426) interest in and conceptions of the importance of species identification and the relationship between biodiversity and sustainable development. The data was collected by the aid of using a semi-structured questionnaire with fixed and open questions. Student teachers explained their interest in plants and animals in a pragmatic, cognitive or emotional and aesthetic way. Pragmatic, cognitive and educational views where used to explain the importance of species identification today and in the future. Few students had a professional view. The relationships between species identification and sustainable development were described with cognitive, pragmatic, conservational and educational views, whereas the relationship between biodiversity and sustainable development were mostly categorised in the no, cognitive, ecological and conservational views. The student teachers´ conceptual framework related to biodiversity and the relationships between species identification and sustainable development were limited. The results are compared with related literature. This study increases and broadens researchers' and teacher educators', knowledge about the challenges of species identification in teacher education and at schools.


Background Existing research on refugee mental health is heavily skewed towards refugees in high-income countries, even though most refugees (83%) are hosted in low-income and middle-income countries. This problem is further compounded by the unrepresentativeness of samples, small sample sizes and low response rates. Objective To present representative findings on the prevalence and correlates of depression among different refugee subgroups in East Africa. Methods We conducted a multicountry representative survey of refugee and host populations in urban and camp contexts in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia (n=15 915). We compared the prevalence of depression between refugee and host populations and relied on regression analysis to explore the association between violence, depression and socioeconomic outcomes. Findings We found a high prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (31%, 95% CI 28% to 35%) and functional impairment (62%, 95% CI 58% to 66%) among the refugee population, which was significantly higher than that found in the host population (10% for depressive symptoms, 95% CI 8% to 13% and 25% for functional impairment, 95% CI 22% to 28%) (p<0·001). Further, we observed a dose–response relationship between exposure to violence and mental illness. Lastly, high depressive symptoms and functional impairment were associated with worse socioeconomic outcomes. Conclusion Our results highlight that refugees in East-Africa—particularly those exposed to violence and extended exile periods—are disproportionately affected by depression, which may also hinder their socioeconomic integration. Clinical implications Given the high prevalence of depression among refugees in East Africa, our results underline the need for scalable interventions that can promote refugees' well-being.


The aim of this study was to understand physics teachers' and secondary students' perceptions of reading and writing to learn activities in physics and to determine students' strategies in performing reading and writing tasks. A case study strategy was employed in this study, involving 42 10th grade secondary students and two physics teachers in a secondary school in the spring term of 2007 - 2008 academic year. Student questionnaires consisting of 28 Likert- type items and 5 open-ended questions, observational field notes and a semi-structured interview protocol for teachers were used as data gathering tools. Findings revealed that both teachers and secondary students found the reading and writing to learn activities very useful and effective in conceptual understanding of physics and failed to develop students' procedural or computational skills. Using the Internet as authentic read text, visual representations and unfamiliar activities aroused students' situational interest, leading to improvement in personal interest through active engagement, conceptual understanding and control over their learning. The university entrance exam, which requires more computational skills or understanding and dominates thinking, was seen as a big challenge for teachers to use reading and writing activities in secondary physics classrooms.

 Key words: Reading to learn physics, writing to learn physics, secondary students, teaching physics.


Oviraptor philoceratops [2] was a small bird-like dinosaur that lived about seventy-five million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period. In 1923, George Olsen of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York City, New York, discovered the first Oviraptor fossilized skeleton on top of a dinosaur egg [3] nest in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Because of the close proximity of dinosaur and nest, when Henry Fairfield Osborn [4] president of the AMNH published on the discovery, he assumed that the Oviraptor had died attempting to steal the eggs. However, since the initial discovery, more Oviraptor adults, eggs, and a well-preserved embryo fossil have confirmed that Oviraptors were parents who sat on their nests, a behavior called brooding common among birds [5]. The fossils of Oviraptor philoceratops, from eggs and embryos to adults, provide evidence about dinosaur growth, development, and reproductive behaviors.


The National Sea Grant College Program is a NOAA-funded, university-based research and outreach program located in universities in 30 coastal and Great Lake states and Puerto Rico. With a primary mission to "foster the responsible use and protection of coastal and marine resources," Sea Grant has been funding research and outreach efforts related to invasive aquatic species since the introduction of the zebra mussel to the Great Lakes in the late 1980s brought the issue to national attention. A recently funded national outreach initiative on invasive aquatic plants brings together five Sea Grant programs and a national panel of experts representing research, industry and regulatory agencies to identify invasive aquatic plants of current or potential national or multiregional significance and to prepare educational materials and programs. The project goal is to reduce invasive aquatic and wetland plant introductions, and enhance early identification of new invasive plant outbreaks by educating water gardeners, riparian landowners and lake associations, landscapers, resource managers and field staff from natural resource protection and land management agencies, and businesses and to promote the use of native aquatic plant species. Through this initiative, with partners both old and new, Sea Grant will help meet the objectives of the National Strategy for Management of Invasive Plants and aid ongoing efforts to slow the spread of invasive aquatic plants.


Abstract The international community currently favours an approach to development that stresses a triangular linkage between security, good governance and economic development. This approach clearly informs the European Union's agenda in Africa, which has progressively integrated governance and security elements. This paper will show that this agenda is at least as much determined by the bureaucratic and national affiliations of the concerned EU actors as it is by African realities and international trends. African security indeed triggers a competition between the different European institutions, eager to be the driving force for a policy that can offer some additional resources and autonomy. The consistency and the credibility of the EU security policy in Africa will therefore depend on the responses provided to these institutional rivalries.


Seismic soil-pile-structure interaction (SSPSI) is a complex process involving several, simultaneously occurring and, sometimes compensating phenomena. The physical processes that occur in the soil when a pile supported structure undergoes earthquake loading consist of pore-pressure generation, ground deformation and subsequent cyclic degradation, strain rate effects and gap-slap mechanism. Modeling these physical phenomena numerically is a challenge. Of the various approaches available in practice, the p-y method for evaluating lateral pile response is by far the most common. However, at present, a consensus has not been established among practitioners on the appropriateness of using p-y curves for post-liquefaction analyses. This paper presents a discussion of available models and modifications to p-y relationships used to model soil response under seismic conditions. Predictions made with these models are then compared with actual load test data performed by others. It is concluded that further research is needed to quantify and predict gap formation, the stress-strain behavior of liquefied soils and to accurately evaluate non-linear bending resistance of steel encased concrete sections.


Recent advances in biochronology, geochronology, magnetostratigraphy, structural geology, and basin analysis make untenable the traditional correlation of the first major Andeanage deformational episode in Bolivia with the middle Eocene "Incaic tectonic phase" defined in central Peru and instead demonstrate that the episode took place in late Oligocene and early Miocene time. This major tectonic crisis resulted in contemporary development of the Subandean external foreland basin and Altiplano intermontane basin, which were separated by the initiation of thrusting in the present Cordillera Oriental area. The deformation suggests that the Bolivian orocline began to develop at that time. It is likely that this tectonic upheaval is genetically linked to the marked increase in rate of plate convergence produced by the contemporaneous breakup of the Farallon plate.


Protein conjugates are valuable tools to create therapeutics, such as antibody-drug conjugates, or to study biological processes. Despite a number of protein conjugation strategies having been developed over recent years, the ability to modify one specific amino acid on a protein in the presence of other side chains with similar reactivity remains a challenge. We used the reaction between a monosubstituted cyclopropenone (CPO) probe and the 1,2-aminothiol of an N-terminal cysteine to give a stable 1,4-thiazepa-5-none linkage under mild, biocompatible conditions. The method relies on the ability of cyclopropenones to ring-open after sequential sulfhydryl and α-amine conjugation to be truly specific for N-terminal cysteine. We show that our CPO probes selectively label N-terminal cysteine containing peptides and proteins even in the presence of internal, solvent-exposed cysteines, which can be subsequently modified by using conventional cysteine modification reagents. The ability to distinguish and specifically target N-terminal cysteine residues on a protein will facilitate the construction of elaborate multi-labelled bioconjugates.


A new measurement of the 1S-2S energy splitting of muonium by Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy has been performed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Chilton, Didcot, UK. Increased accuracy is expected compared to a previous experiment. Spectroscopy of this transition promises an improvement of the muon mass value.


.. The absence of a dynamic market economy in many Islamic societies has encouraged the inference that the values of Islam are not compatible with capitalism. However, an examination of the biography and commercial record of Islam's founder, the Prophet Mohammed, refutes this presumption. Mohammed ibn Abdullah was a scion of an elite dynasty of religious, civic and commercial leaders in Mecca. He abandoned his successful business career in Mecca and fled to Medina at the age of 52, where he realised his vision of an Islamic society. In Medina, Mohammed implemented policies for competition, consumer protection and market regulation. Mohammed's approach to fair trading explains his ban on usury, as distinct from a proscription on borrowing. Mohammed's achievements as an economist and market reformer earn him a place in the history of economic thought.


To the Editor: Medication use is potentially the most modifiable risk factor for falls in older persons, and it is of particular interest clinically, as stated in the excellent review by Drs. King and Tinetti. 1 Surprisingly, among the eight FICSIT Trialsr' the optimizing of medication use was a component of the interventions in one trial only.:' Critical medication reviews were performed focussing on three important issues, (1) postural hypotension, (2) the use of sedative hypnotics benzodiazepines and sleeping medications, and (3) multimedication (;=:4 medications). Medications of special interest, targeted medications, were diuretics, antihypertensives, nitrates, anti~epressa?ts, H 2 blockers, and NSAIDS, apart from hypnotics/sedatives." A recent report indicated that either the use of ~ntide~ressants, any psychotropic medication, centrally act109 antihypertensives, narcotic analgesics, insulin, or the total number of prescribed medications was associated with falls in persons aged 72 years and older living in the comrnuniry.f Postural blood pressure changes (postural hypotension?) were not associated with falling. The data from the intervention trial showed there were no differences in the prevalence of postural hypotension, and of the use of sedative-hypnotic agents, at the time of reassessment. However, as part of the intervention, 55 of 70 persons with postural hypotension, and 19 of 29 persons who used sedative-hypnotic agents, had received medication adjustments. There was a remarkable difference in the prevalence of using four or more medications.:~ The results of this trial, as well as recent data,S,6 bring us to the following questions. For which types of medications were dosages adapted, and which drugs were most often d!scontinued or substituted? Although it is impossible to disentangle the contributions of single components of that multifactorial intervention, information about the kind of medication adjustments would provide at least some hints for further research. With regard to risk constellations, it may be worthwhile to evaluate whether there are associations between falls and combinations of certain, rather than single targeted medicarions.I-" and whether there is also a possible relationship to postural hypotension/postural blood pressure changes.Y'"


If members of a populace consciously share a description of an essential, durable feature of the constitution in force in their country (say, its provision for resolving disputes concerning the constitution's meaning and application), must they also share a view of that constitution as the prior utterance of authors whose word is deemed binding? Can a constitution's liberal legitimacy be grounded in the historical facts of its authorship, as opposed to present and personal assessments of that constitution's substantive rightness? If the answers to those questions are "no" and "no," are referrals to authorship to be excluded from any place in an account of the possibility of constitutional legitimacy on liberal terms? These questions arise in the wake of Ming-Sung Kuo's contention that certain writings of Frank Michelman attempt yet fail to show how confirmations of constitutional legitimacy can be "unhinged" from referrals to constitutional authorship. All three should be answered "no."


In tandem with To Become Two, Alex Martinis Roe's exhibition and commission at The Showroom in London, she was joined in conversation by Helena Reckitt.

The discussion explored Martinis Roe's engagement with international feminist communities and their political practices through her research-based art practice. In exploring how Martinis Roe's longterm collaborative artworks aim to make virtual pasts actual, Martinis Roe and Reckitt considered the implications of being a "dutifully undutiful" feminist, who acknowledges earlier feminist efforts without being overly predetermined by them.

Highlighting how Martinis Roe's artistic medium can be considered that of human networks, the conversation explored how her art makes visible the relational conditions which engender art, theory and political movements.

Martinis Roe discussed her 2016 film Our Future Network, which was part of The Showroom exhibition and which Reckitt herself took part in. Discussing the film's creation of an intergenerational feminist network, they talked about how Martinis Roe worked with collaborators from key sites (Barcelona, Berlin, London and Utrecht) to develop twenty propositions for feminist collective practices which were collectively explored during a three-day feminist gathering in Germany.

Reflecting on Martinis Roe's wider body of work, the conversation touched on her use of the camera to document the discursive and haptic environments in which new feminisms emerge; her adaptation of participant observation techniques, archival research, and oral history interviews. Reflecting on Jo Freeman's comments on the problematic lack of structure in second wave feminist organising, Martinis Roe and Reckitt considered the importance of creating frameworks with which to generate new feminisms. They touched on Adriana Cavarero's account of vocal singularity to consider the role played by reciprocal narration in Martinis Roe's art.

The conversation also considered how Martinis Roe's practice corresponded to - or diverged from - the feminist desire for safe space; Darwin, sexual difference and gender fluidity; genealogies of feminist new materialist thought; and tactics of alliance and solidarity-in-difference.


AIM
Aim of the post-marketing surveillance was to investigate if the single-dose-administration of highlydosed St. John's Wort extract improves quality of life of patients with depressive symptoms.

METHOD
During a twelve week treatment 4337 patients with depression were observed. Mental and physical state of health were documented using the SF-12-sumscore as a measure for quality of life. Further efficacy and tolerability was rated by physician and patient. Adverse drug reactions were documented as well.

RESULTS
During therapy the mental and the physical SF-12-sumscore had improved significantly. At the end ofthe observation the values rise up to the norm. About 80 percent of the physicians and patients marked the drug's efficacy as good or very good. Tolerability was assessed as good or very good in more than 95%.

CONCLUSION
A post-marketing surveillance including 4337 depressive patients shows that a single-dose therapy with highly dosed St. John's Wort extract causes to improve significantly the quality of life. The patients suffered from mild to moderate depression.


ABSTRACT This paper reflects on the changing nature of the cultural tourist, including motivations, profiles and experiences. The paper firstly reviews broadening definitions of cultural tourism, which now include more intangible, interactive and creative experiences. The research focuses on urban cultural tourism and the city of Budapest in Hungary. The primary data examines how motivated tourists are by different activities including culture; how far tourists are interested in heritage sites and museums compared to everyday culture and creative activities; it analyses variations in cultural activities according to age, gender and nationality; and the types of experiences that are desired the most by tourists. Cultural tourists still appear to be highly educated, but educational experiences are less important than escapism or entertainment. Cultural contact is important, but creative experiences are not. There are only small variations between genders and nationalities, but larger ones according to age groups. Older tourists prefer heritage sites and museums, whereas younger ones prefer night-life, music events and festivals. Overall, the findings are important for urban capital cities that have concerns about overtourism and the night-time economy, as well as the desire to re-establish themselves as cultural tourism destinations.


For more than 40 years, a debate on gender-related person references has been taking place in the German-speaking world. My contribution starts with a differentiation of four registers, which are currently practiced in writing and have developed specific reasoning discourses and specific social contexts of usage, as I try to show. I am going to examine these four styles of gendered person reference as "registers" in the sense of anthropological linguistics (Agha 2007). This concept of "enregisterment" implies that the producers connect themselves to a socio-symbolic cosmos and can be perceived with cultural evaluations (in production and reception), for example, as conservative, feminist, queer, liberal (Kotthoff 2017). Here I shall explore their (socio)linguistic underpinnings within conceptions of language ideology in order to grasp the communication-reflexive charges of these discourses.


We examined the likely cause of the dramatic decrease in abundance experienced by a population of reef-building polychaetes Phragmatopoma virgini Kinberg, 1867 at the low rocky intertidal of the Mehuin Marine Reserve, southern Chile. The abundance level there contrasts strongly with the levels of abundance that this species has outside the area. To determine if this decrease resulted from processes operating in the post-settlement stage, we offered textured and untextured cement plates as substrata for settling P. virgini. In addition, in order to assess the effect of mobile consumers on post-settlement mortality, we enclosed settlement plates in cages. After 18 mo of monitoring the abundance of recruits on the artificial plates, we determined that recruitment occurs throughout the year, but with a clear seasonal variation in intensity. Recruitment densities were highest on rough textured plates. The exclusion of consumers resulted in a major incl-ease in the number of recruits on both types of surface. The higher density of recruits on the rough surfaces was probably the result of microenvironmental conditions that enhance settlement and survival of the new settlers by providing a refuge from mobile consumers, specifically dislodgement by rasping invertebrates. We concluded that the decrease observed in the population of P. virgini at the Marine Reserve is the result of higher postsettlement mortality produced by predation activity of high densities of mobile consumers within this reserve.


Abstract : Between May 1981 and June 1982 an intensive campaign of 33 coordinated observations was carried out using the three incoherent-scatter radars capable of probing the auroral zone. During this period groups operating the Dynamic Explorer satellites and the STARE radar made special efforts to acquire data coincident with the radar observations. The objective of these MITHRAS experiments and subsequent analysis is to further our understanding of the interactions of the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, and the thermosphere, with special emphasis on local time/universal time variations. Three experimental modes with different time resolution and spatial coverage were used to examine different aspects of these interactions. The analysis of the extensive data set involves collaboration among groups of experimenters as well as between experimenters and theoreticians. (Reprints).


Adenosine (A1) receptor binding sites have been localized in rat brain by an in vitro light microscopic autoradiographic method. The binding of [3H]N6-cyclohexyladenosine to slide-mounted rat brain tissue sections has the characteristics of A1 receptors. It is saturable with high affinity and has appropriate pharmacology and stereospecificity. The highest densities of adenosine receptors occur in the molecular layer of the cerebellum, the molecular and polymorphic layers of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, the medial geniculate body, certain thalamic nuclei, and the lateral septum. High densities also are observed in certain layers of the cerebral cortex, the piriform cortex, the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens, and the granule cell layer of the cerebellum. Most white matter areas, as well as certain gray matter areas, such as the hypothalamus, have negligible receptor concentrations. These localizations suggest possible central nervous system sites of action of adenosine.


A novel class of small, noncoding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) was recently identified, and up to 20%–30% of human genes are said to be regulated by the members of this class of RNA. miRNAs regulate their target genes by imperfect binding to the 3 untranslated region (UTR) of the gene transcript, and computational predictions of the binding between miRNAs and target gene transcripts have been performed in order to determine which genes are regulated by these RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis has also been used as a powerful tool to predict miRNA target genes. Much emphasis has therefore been placed on studying the phylogenetic conservation and evolution of this novel type of gene regulator, although there still is much that is not known. Here, we propose a hypothesis of how human miRNAs optimized their gene regulation by adjusting their transcript levels, and how they evolved through specific selection of their target genes. We analyzed the correlation between the conservation of miRNAs among species and three features: the number of transcripts, the formation of duplicates, and the number of target genes. The number of miRNA transcripts and the formation of duplicates increased as the conservation rate increased. In contrast, the number of target genes decreased as the conservation rate increased. Therefore, we propose that miRNAs gradually gain an ability to regulate specific target genes when such regulation has a positive effect on the organism. As its pool of target genes is refined, the ability of an miRNA to regulate the genes may be stabilized by an increase in the miRNA transcript number and the formation of duplicates.


Training a classification model on a dataset where the instances of one class outnumber those of the other class is a challenging problem. Such imbalanced datasets are standard in real-world situations such as fraud detection, medical diagnosis, and computational advertising. We propose an iterative data augmentation method, MixBoost, which intelligently selects (Boost) and then combines (Mix) instances from the majority and minority classes to generate synthetic hybrid instances that have characteristics of both classes. We evaluate MixBoost on 20 benchmark datasets, show that it outperforms existing approaches, and test its efficacy through significance testing. We also present ablation studies to analyze the impact of the different components of MixBoost.


Brake failure is always possible due to several factors that are difficult to control, such as a slight leak in the brake hose due to an impact or a rat bite. In the latest research, the development of a brake performance detection tool has been started, but how to detect a brake temperature more efficiently on the brakes of large vehicles has not been specified. Given the significant impact of losses due to brake failure and accidents that are still occurring, this research plays an important role. It must be completed immediately so that accident cases can be reduced. The object of this research is where the position of the maximum brake temperature occurs? How to measure brake temperature is more practical? What sensor is optimal in detecting a brake temperature? The research method is carried out in a systematic stage that ends with an experimental method. This study indicates that the maximum temperature is relative to the entire friction area between the canvas and the drum brake. The most efficient sensor placement is in the hole in the drum brake cover so that installation is more practical and the brakes are not disturbed by the sensor's presence. The optimal sensor is a thermocouple sensor because it is more stable to vibrations and more resistant to mud disturbances than infrared sensors. When using a thermocouple sensor, the temperature detection results must be corrected. The correction factor can be made with the equation y=10.3670+1.3205x–0.0003x2, where y is the actual temperature displayed, and x is the input temperature from the thermocouple sensor's initial detection. Accurate brake temperature detection results will be developed as a signal for detecting brake faults in real-time to avoid brake failure. Finally, the safety of public transportation can be improved


The improvement of the Quality of Life (QoL) and the enhancement of the Quality of Services (QoS) represent the main goal of every city evolutionary process. It is possible making cities smarter promoting innovative solutions by use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for collecting and analysing large amounts of data generated by several sources, such as sensor networks, wearable devices, and IoT devices spread among the city. The integration of different technologies and different IT systems, needed to build smart city applications and services, remains the most challenge to overcome. In the Smart City context, this paper intends to investigate the Smart Environment pillar, and in particular the aspect related to the implementation of Smart Energy Grid for citizens in the urban context. The innovative characteristic of the proposed solution consists of using the Blockchain technology to join the Grid, exchanging information, and buy/sell energy between the involved nodes (energy providers and private citizens), using the Blockchain granting ledger.


The temporal behavior of a flow separation in the hub-suction side corner of a transonic diffuser is studied thanks to unsteady numerical simulations based on the phase-lagged approach. The validity of the numerical results is confirmed by comparison with experimental unsteady pressure measurements. An analysis of the instantaneous skin-friction pattern and particles trajectories is presented, and highlights the structure of the separation and its temporal behavior. The location of the separation is found to be fixed, in spite of the strongly unsteady flow at diffuser inlet, and corresponds to the one predicted by the steady-state numerical simulations. It can justify the development of a control strategy from steady-state simulations.


Given the increasing importance assumed by online health forums as a form of
doctor-patient communication, this study describes the types of dialogic and
polylogic interactions that develop in this type of communicative event, focusing
on a corpus of threads drawn from an "Ask a Doctor" forum in the area of
cardiology. Adopting a discourse analytical approach, the investigation illustrates
how these forums may popularize biomedical knowledge. After describing the
shifting conceptualization of popularization, we present a new conceptualization
of Web 2.0 popularization which we call "oblique popularization", as it is
indirect, user-generated, dialogic and polylogic, and targeted. In particular, this
study characterizes the online health forum as a Web 2.0-style popularization
tool. It does so not only because biomedical information communicated to a
single inquirer is also available to the whole population, but also because the
function of the online forum as a medium of popularization is discursively
acknowledged by the participants. The study also explores what explanatory
tools (such as definitions, analogies, exemplifications, and generalizations) are
used by the experts to present complex or technical information. The analysis
shows that biomedical information is circulated on a health forum by a complex
network of participants, and that e-patients' posts may also serve as prompters
of popularization


Data sharing is an integral component of research and academic publications, allowing for independent verification of results. Researchers have the ability to extend and build upon prior research when they are able to efficiently access, validate, and verify the data referenced in publications. Despite the well known benefits of making research data more open, data withholding rates have remained constant. Some disincentives to sharing research data include lack of credit, and fear of misrepresentation of data in the absence of context and provenance. While there are several research data sharing repositories that focus on making research data available, there are no cyberinfrastructure platforms that enable researchers to efficiently validate the authenticity of datasets, track the provenance, view the lineage of the data and verify ownership information. In this paper, we introduce and provide an overview of the NSF funded Open Science Chain, a cyberinfrastructure platform built using blockchain technologies that securely stores metadata and verification information about research data and tracks changes to that data in an auditable manner in order to address issues related to reproducibility and accountability in scientific research.


Solutions of vacuum Einstein's field equations, for the class of pseudo-Riemannian four-metrics admitting a non Abelian two dimensional Lie algebra of Killing fields, are explicitly described. When the distribution orthogonal to the orbits is completely integrable and the metric is not degenerate along the orbits, these solutions are parameterized either by solutions of a transcendental equation (the tortoise equation), or by solutions of a linear second order differential equation in two independent variables. Metrics, corresponding to solutions of the tortoise equation, are characterized as those that admit a three dimensional Lie algebra of Killing fields with two dimensional leaves. Metrics, corresponding to the case in which the commutator of the two Killing fields is isotropic, represent nonlinear gravitational waves.


The method of partitionable sets for constructing large sets of t-designs have now been used for nearly a decade. The method has resulted in some powerful recursive constructions and also existence results especially for large sets of prime sizes. Perhaps the main feature of the approach is its simplicity. In this paper, we describe the approach and show how it is employed to obtain some of the recursive theorems. We also review the existence results and recursive constructions which have been found by this method.


Concentrated suspensions of polymer-modified Fe(0) nanoparticles (NZVI) are injected into heterogeneous porous media for groundwater remediation. This study evaluated the effect of porous media heterogeneity and the dispersion properties including particle concentration, Fe(0) content, and adsorbed polymer mass and layer thickness which are expected to affect the delivery and emplacement of NZVI in heterogeneous porous media in a two-dimensional (2-D) cell. Heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity had a significant impact on the deposition of NZVI. Polymer modified NZVI followed preferential flow paths and deposited in the regions where fluid shear is insufficient to prevent NZVI agglomeration and deposition. NZVI transported in heterogeneous porous media better at low particle concentration (0.3 g/L) than at high particle concentrations (3 and 6 g/L) due to greater particle agglomeration at high concentration. High Fe(0) content decreased transport during injection due to agglomeration promoted by magnetic attraction. NZVI with a flat adsorbed polymeric layer (thickness ∼30 nm) could not be transported effectively due to pore clogging and deposition near the inlet, while NZVI with a more extended adsorbed layer thickness (i.e., ∼70 nm) were mobile in porous media. This study indicates the importance of characterizing porous media heterogeneity and NZVI dispersion properties as part of the design of a robust delivery strategy for NZVI in the subsurface.


This paper makes a contribution to the suburban retrofit/sprawl repair literature by suggesting a method that planners can use to evaluate the potential of some places to be catalysts for an improved—more sustainable—urban form. The strategy is aimed at evaluating and then promoting sustainable urban form in unsustainable places. The method puts sprawl retrofit projects into a larger planning framework, suggesting ways to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of places in relative terms, taking into account how different kinds of nodes—from light rail stops to parking lots—varying with respect to sustainable urban form characteristics. Overlaying data on accessibility, density, diversity, and connectivity reveals areas with varying levels of sustainable urban form. Intervention in potential retrofit locations consists of neighborhood and site-scale design, including suggestions for code reform, intensification of land use around nodes, public investment in civic space, traffic calming, and incentives for private development.


Predicted 20 years ago, positron binding to neutral atoms has not yet been observed experimentally. A scheme is proposed to detect positron-atom bound states by colliding Rydberg positronium (Ps) with neutral atoms. Estimates of the charge-transfer reaction cross section are obtained using the first Born approximation for a selection of neutral atom targets and a wide range of incident Ps energies and principal quantum numbers. We also estimate the corresponding Ps ionization cross section. The accuracy of the calculations is tested by comparison with earlier predictions for charge transfer in Ps collisions with hydrogen and antihydrogen. We describe an existing Rydberg Ps beam suitable for producing positron-atom bound states and estimate signal rates based on the calculated cross sections and realistic experimental parameters. We conclude that the proposed methodology is capable of producing such states and of testing theoretical predictions of their binding energies.


Starting from a mathematical basis where one analyses and developing different techniques in how to solve and represent different kinds of integrals with diagrams. Representing the integrals as n-valent vertices and introducing propagators is a great tool that helps with the book-keeping of the solutions and will sometimes do the calculations redundant. The symmetries of diagrams are analysed and how one extracts the symmetry factors from looking at a diagram by using some fairly simple combinatorics and cleverness. Introducing the probability amplitude and do some analysis of the path integral formulation is the step into physics. Discussing experiments as the doubleslit experiment and deriving the Schrödinger equation from the generating functional. Looking at diagrams in Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory will explore the use of the crucial understanding of our generators for the diagrams. This thesis makes use of the so called generating functional almost throughout and to connect the first discussed mathematics to real physical theories is the aim.


Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are two related protease families that play key roles in matrix remodeling and growth factor ligand shedding. Directly ascertaining the proteolytic activities of particular MMPs and ADAMs in physiological environments in a non-invasive, real-time, multiplex manner remains a challenge. This work describes Proteolytic Activity Matrix Analysis (PrAMA), an integrated experimental measurement and mathematical analysis framework for simultaneously determining the activities of particular enzymes in complex mixtures of MMPs and ADAMs. The PrAMA method interprets dynamic signals from panels of moderately specific FRET-based polypeptide protease substrates to deduce a profile of specific MMP and ADAM proteolytic activities. Deconvolution of signals from complex mixtures of proteases is accomplished using prior data on individual MMP/ADAM cleavage signatures for the substrate panel measured with purified enzymes. We first validate PrAMA inference using a compendium of roughly 4000 measurements involving known mixtures of purified enzymes and substrates, and then demonstrate application to the live-cell response of wildtype, ADAM10-/-, and ADAM17-/- fibroblasts to phorbol ester and ionomycin stimulation. Results indicate PrAMA can distinguish closely related enzymes from each other with high accuracy, even in the presence of unknown background proteolytic activity. PrAMA offers a valuable tool for applications ranging from live-cell in vitro assays to high-throughput inhibitor screening with complex enzyme mixtures. Moreover, our approach may extend to other families of proteases, such as caspases and cathepsins, that also can lack highly-specific substrates.


This paper proposes a wavelet-based neural network classifier for recognizing power quality disturbances is implemented and tested under various transient events. The discrete wavelet transform technique is integrated with multiple neural networks using a learning vector quantization network as a powerful classifier. Various transient events are tested, the results show that the classier can detect and classify different power quality disturbance types efficiency.


Energy consumption is becoming an increasingly important issue throughout the community. For network operators in particular it is a concern as networks expand to deliver increasing traffic levels to increasing numbers of customers. The majority of the energy used by the Internet today is consumed in the access network, and this will continue to be the case for the short-to-mid- term future. Access technologies should thus be a prime focus for energy use mitigation. In this article, we present a detailed analysis of energy consumption in current and future access networks. We present the energy consumption of DSL, HFC networks, passive optical networks, fiber to the node, point-to-point optical systems, UMTS (W-CDMA), and WiMAX. Optical access networks are the most energy efficient of the available access technologies.


There are many different and distinct types of religious waters: holy, sacred, neutral, and even evil. The ways various divinities invest waters with specific qualities and capacities depend upon a wide range of ecological, theological, and eschatological factors; some are shaped by the environment while others are purely ontological and concerned with otherworldly realms, and often there is an intimate relation between the mundane and the divine. Rivers, rain, lakes, springs, and waterfalls are some specific forms of religious water, which also relate to seasonality and changing hydrological cycles. All these variations create different dependencies not only to ecological factors but more importantly to divine actors. Religious water may heal and bless individuals and be a communal source for fertility and plentiful harvests, but may also work as a penalty, wreaking havoc on society as floods or the absence of the life-giving rains in agricultural communities. Given the great variation of religious waters throughout history where even the same water may attain different qualities and divine embodiments, divine waters define structuring practices and principles in ecology and cosmology.


Over the past decade, the U.S. military has conducted several studies to evaluate determinants of enlisted air traffic controller (ATC) performance. Research has focused on validation of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and has shown it to be a good predictor of training performance. Despite these efforts, enlisted ATC training and post-training attrition is higher than desirable, prompting interest in alternate selection methods to augment current procedures. The current study examined the utility of the FAA Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) battery for incrementing the predictiveness of the ASVAB versus several enlisted ATC training criteria. Method: Subjects were 448 USAF enlisted ATC students who were administered the ASVAB and FAA AT-SAT subtests and subsequently graduated or were eliminated from apprentice-level training. Training criteria were a dichotomous graduation/elimination training score, average ATC fundamentals course score, and FAA certified tower operator test score. Results: Results confirmed the predictive validity of the ASVAB and showed that one of the AT-SAT subtests resembling a low-fidelity ATC work sample significantly improved prediction of training performance beyond the ASVAB alone. Discussion: Results suggest training attrition could be reduced by raising the current ASVAB minimum qualifying score. However, this approach may make it difficult to identify sufficient numbers of trainees and lead to adverse impact. Although the AT-SAT ATC work sample subtest showed incremental validity to the ASVAB, its length (95 min) may be problematic in operational testing. Recommendations are made for additional studies to address issues affecting operational implementation.


Mosquitoes are annoying, and can be deadly, but they can also be beautiful. A Guide to Mosquitoes of Australia explores the biodiversity of this fascinating group of insects. It provides a pictorial guide to almost 100 mosquito species and includes notes on their biology, habitats and association with disease. They are found in almost every type of environment, from pristine wetlands to polluted drains and from coastal saltmarshes to snow melt streams.

Australia has a diverse range of mosquitoes and although relatively few pose a serious health risk, public health is an important issue. This book provides information on how to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne disease through tips on keeping your home free of mosquitoes and reducing their bites when you are out and about in the Australian environment.

Recipient of a 2016 Whitley Award commendation for Natural History Guide


Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affects many women of child bearing age, but requires complex decision making around pregnancy. While infertility is only slightly increased many women decide against having children. Voluntary childlessness (VC) rates exceed those of the general population by far. The reasons for VC remain incompletely understood. Methods Approximately 4300 female members of the patient organisation Crohn's and Colitis UK aged 18–45 years were asked by email to complete an online questionnaire. Data collection included patient demographics, education, employment, marital status, and disease characteristics. Childlessness status and patient views were assessed as in the previous study by Marri (2007). Disease related pregnancy knowledge was recorded with the validated CCPKnow score. Results 1324 women with mean age of 33 years completed the survey (response rate 31%). Of these 76% were in a long-term relationship and 87% were in employment or education. 776 (59%) suffered from Crohn's disease (CD), 496 (38%) from ulcerative colitis (UC) and 4% from IBD-U. 40% had children [14% pre diagnosis (I); 26% post diagnosis (II)], 36% planned to have children at some stage (III), 7% reported fertility problems (IV) and 17% were classified as voluntarily childless (VC). 673 patients had sought medical advice about pregnancy and IBD. VC was associated with poorer disease-related knowledge (CCPKnow 5.98 vs 7.47 in (II); p < 0.001), older age (35 y vs 28 y in (II); p < 0.001), unemployment (9.7% VC; p < 0.001), being single (34.5% VC; p < 0.001, not seeking medical advice (p < 0.001), and diagnosis of CD (19.3% vs 13.9% UC; p = 0.015). Women with VC had more hospital admissions (mean 2.85 vs 2.17 (III); p = 0.03) and surgical interventions (mean 1.27 vs 0.65 (III); p < 0.001). Exposure with different types of IBD medication was not associated with VC. The main patient concerns were around inheritance (20.6%), inability to cope with a child (20.6%), and the influence of pregnancy on IBD (18%). Conclusion VC occurs frequently in women with IBD and appears to be multifactorial. Disease type and severity influence VC. Differences in disease burden could explain why VC is more common in CD than UC. Patients are mostly concerned regarding inheritability, disease course and the ability to cope with the added stress of being a mother.VC is associated with poor pregnancy specific knowledge and many women may stay childless unnecessarily. Patient education programs may help to reduce the rate of VC by correcting misconceptions and alleviating patient concerns. Disclosure of Interest C. Selinger Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Warner Chilcott, Consultant for: Abbvie, Warner Chilcott, Dr Falk, Takeda, Speaker bureau with: Abbvie, Warner Chilcott, MSD, Takeda, J. Ghorayeb: None Declared, A. Madill: None Declared


Sociological studies of atheism have tended to coalesce around three primary themes: stigma, identity, and community. To date, however, no studies have taken a reflexive approach to these themes or applied them in the field to test their analytical utility as well as their relations in contemporary atheist experience. This study employs a mixed-methods approach that includes in-depth interviews (n = 19), participant observation, and one survey administered to two atheist groups, one local (n = 151) and one national (n = 456). Ethnographic findings confirm the central role of stigma, identity, and community in atheist experience and emphasize their nestedness in one another. Survey results find that atheist affiliates in both national and local groups rate political activism as more important than social reasons in motivating them to affiliate, while local affiliates rated social reasons significantly higher than national affiliates rated social reasons. Suggestions for future research include consideration of these themes' connectedness in subsequent analyses and further inquiry into the functional divergences between local and national atheist organizations.


The energy-efficiency usage is relative to each layer of wireless sensor networks. In order to improve the ZigBee mesh routing protocol for energy-efficiency usage, we propose a routing algorithm combining AODVjr with the node residual energy. To reduce the energy consumption of bottleneck nodes and extend network lifetime, the improved routing algorithm aims to build a new balancing method between the energy-aware routing metric and the shortest path. Based on the energy model of CC2430 RF transceiver, the implemented routing protocol is simulated using NS2 (Network Simulator version 2). Simulation result shows that this improved protocol can extend the network lifetime very efficiently.


Two case reports of projectile injuries to bystanders from rotary power lawn mowers are presented. The surgeon must think in terms of entrance and exit wounds and tentative trajectory. Roentgenograms are invaluable. Treatment follows the same surgical principles that are applicable to civilian gunshot wound. Language: en


In normals, subcutaneous blood flow in the ankle region, measured by means of the 133Xe washout technique, decreases about 45% when the position of the ankle is changed from cardiac level to 50 cm below the heart. A sympathetic vascular axon reflex is responsible for this flow reduction. A normal response [mean blood-flow reduction, 49% (range, 40 to 64%)] was found in seven diabetics without neuropathy. In nine diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (beat-to-beat variation in heart rate ≤ 15 min−1 during hyperventilation), the reduction in blood flow on lowering of the ankle was also normal. A significant deterioration of the response was found in six diabetics with autonomic neuropathy, including orthostatic hypotension, in whom blood flow increased 23% (range, −35 to +77%). Autoregulation of blood flow, i.e., constancy of blood flow in the ankle region on lowering and elevating of the ankle 20 cm below and above cardiac level was intact in the patients with orthostatic hypotension, indicating a normal vascular smooth muscle function. In conclusion, in diabetic patients with orthostatic hypotension, the subcutaneous axon reflex is absent. This may be one of several factors responsible for their orthostatic hypotension.


We consider a multiple input single output antenna system with a feedback link. While most of the previous works have considered perfect feedback channels, in this paper, we evaluate the impact of a noisy feedback channel on the quality and the performance of the transmission. We compare the finite rate feedback scheme with the analog feedback schemes where the channel parameters are transmitted without quantization over the uplink channel. Two analog feedback schemes are considered : the feedback of the channel vector and the feedback of the normalized channel vector. We provide bounds on the performance and give numerical results. We have shown that at low to medium uplink SNR the analog feedback of the normalized channel vector outperforms the analog feedback of the channel vector. Depending on the range of uplink SNR, quantized feedback can perform poorly compared to analog feedback.


Despite the vital role of microorganisms for ecosystem functioning and human welfare, our understanding of their global diversity and biogeographical patterns lags significantly behind that of plants and animals. We conducted a meta-analysis including ~600 soil samples from all continents to evaluate the biogeographical patterns and drivers of bacterial diversity in terrestrial ecosystems at the global scale. Similar to what has been found with plants and animals, the diversity of soil bacteria in the Southern Hemisphere decreased from the equator to Antarctica. However, soil bacteria showed similar levels of diversity across the Northern Hemisphere. The composition of bacterial communities followed dissimilar patterns between hemispheres, as the Southern and Northern Hemispheres were dominated by Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria, respectively. However, Proteobacteria was co-dominant in both hemispheres. Moreover, we found a decrease in soil bacterial diversity with altitude. Climatic features (e.g. high diurnal temperature range and low temperature) were correlated with the lower diversity found at high elevations, but geographical gradients in soil total carbon and species turnover were important drivers of the observed latitudinal patterns. We thus found both parallels and differences in the biogeographical patterns of above- versus soil bacterial diversity. Our findings support previous studies that highlighted soil pH, spatial influence and organic matter as important drivers of bacterial diversity and composition. Furthermore, our results provide a novel integrative view of how climate and soil factors influence soil bacterial diversity at the global scale, which is critical to improve ecosystem and earth system simulation models and for formulating sustainable ecosystem management and conservation policies.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauling deals with the supply of finished goods from a depot to a number of delivery points, and picking up returnable items and bringing them back to the depot using a fleet of trucks. Traditionally, the objective of the problem has been to determine the truck routes such that the total number of trucks and/or the total distance traveled/total route cost are minimized. Most of the papers available in the literature in this connection deal with problems where the linehaul (having a demand for finished goods) and backhaul (having items to be returned to the depot) customers are different, and a customer may be visited by at most one truck limiting demand and returns at a location by the capacity of the truck. In this paper, we allow the linehaul and backhaul customers to be the same leading to simultaneous delivery and pickup at a customer location, and also there is no restriction on the quantity demanded at (to be returned from) a customer location. As such a customer may be visited by more than one truck and more than once by the same truck. We developed a Mixed Integer Linear programming (MILP) formulation of the problem and a route construction heuristic. The heuristic averaged 80 ms for 110 problems tested, and in 78 of them the heuristic costs were either equal to the optimal costs or at most equal to the upper bounds on the optimal costs obtained after running the optimization package for 30 min. Optimal solutions were obtained for 28 problems at an average time of 295 ms. The heuristic could match the optimal solutions for 22 of these problems at an average time of 71 ms.


Words are reduced in spontaneous speech. If reductions are constrained by functional (i.e., perception and production) constraints, they should not be arbitrary. This hypothesis was tested by examing the pronunciations of high- to mid-frequency words in a Dutch and a German spontaneous speech corpus. In logistic-regression models the "reduction likelihood" of a phoneme was predicted by fixed-effect predictors such as position within the word, word length, word frequency, and stress, as well as random effects such as phoneme identity and word. The models for Dutch and German show many communalities. This is in line with the assumption that similar functional constraints influence reductions in both languages.


: Biopsy material fixed with formalin in 10 cases of peripheral nerve tumors and 5 soft tissue tumors were studied with special reference to the significance of the ultrastructure of peripheral nerve tumors in histopathological and differential diagnosis. The results demonstrated that electron microscopic examination of formalin-fixed tissue may still reveal their ultrastructural characteristics. This is of certain practical value in pathological and differential diagnosis in some difficult peripheral nerve tumors.


A quantitative benchmarking metric is presented for the evaluation of the quality of analogue layout. It facilitates comparisons between alternative design automation tools and, for a given tool, provides assessment of each layout instance. The quality metric reflects two principal concerns in layout design: area efficiency and net routing optimality. The algorithm has been developed to accommodate hierarchical structures, as well as flat designs. The metric allows the designer to alter the relative importance of area and routing efficiencies, although a recommendation is given on the appropriate balance. The results demonstrate the use of the metric to evaluate an automatic layout tool, and its effectiveness in providing a characterisation that corresponds to the expert designer's judgement.


This paper employs a stylized New Keynesian DSGE model for a monetary union to analyze whether cyclical inflation differentials can be explained by cross-country differences concerning the characteristics of financial markets. Our results suggest that empirically plausible degrees of heterogeneity with respect to two important credit market characteristics namely the fraction of borrowers and to a lesser extent the loan-to-value ratio generate inflation differentials that are similar to those implied by structural differences with respect to price inertia and the degree of competitiveness. Hence, the characteristics of financial markets should be seen as a possible alternative explanation for the observable inflation dispersion in the EMU. JEL-Code: E32, E44, E52, F41, G10.


Histamine mediates its effects via histamine receptors and by participating in a multicellular cytokine cascade. IL-11 is a stromal cell-derived cytokine with biologic activities that overlap with IL-6. To further understand the biology of histamine and IL-11, we determined whether histamine regulates the production of IL-11 by human lung fibroblasts. Histamine was a weak stimulator of IL-11 production. Importantly, it also interacted in a synergistic fashion with TGF-beta 1 to further augment IL-11 protein production and mRNA accumulation. This synergistic interaction was not altered by the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine and could not be reproduced with the H2 receptor agonist 4-methylhistamine. In addition, it was not abrogated by the cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor N-(2-1-guanidinoethyl)-5 isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride), and histamine and TGF-beta 1 did not stimulate intracellular cAMP. In contrast, the synergy was abrogated by the H1 histamine receptor antagonists diphenhydramine and pyrilamine, could be reproduced when histamine was replaced with the H1 agonist 2-methylhistamine, and was abrogated by the calmodulin antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-napthalenesulfonamide), N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-napthalenesulfonamide), and trifluoperazine dichloride and by the intracellular calcium chelator 1,2-bis-(2-amino-5-bromo-phenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, tetra(acetoxymethyl)-ester. In addition, although TGF-beta 1 did not alter cytosolic Ca2+, histamine caused a biphasic increase in cytosolic Ca2+, and the majority of cells incubated with TGF-beta 1 plus histamine exhibited sustained Ca2+ oscillations. These studies demonstrate that histamine is an important regulator of fibroblast IL-11 production, that histamine interacts with TGF-beta 1 in the induction of this cytokine, and that this interaction is mediated, to a great extent, by a pretranslational mechanism that is dependent on H1 receptors and a calcium/calmodulin-dependent activation pathway.


Devastations of natural disasters are the lashes of mother nature that hit us every year with a whip. These are inevitable. There are no alternative ways to prevent this incident, but we can take proper steps to reduce its damage. Nowadays a great deal of attention has been given to the potential applications of mobile communication technology. Short Message System (SMS) has a huge impact on the communication system. This paper proposes an android application which can alert people before a natural disaster such as cyclone and flood strike, and tell them the optimal route to the nearest shelter via SMS or voice call. In evacuation process, we have used partition based shortest technique to find nearest shelter place.


In air-conditioning systems serving multiple zones, conventional ventilation strategies often result in over-ventilation in some zones with under-ventilation in the other zones when the heating/cooling load and occupancy profiles of zones differ greatly. This article presents an adaptive demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) strategy for multi-zone air-conditioning systems, which employs real-time occupancy identification using the dynamic multi-zone ventilation equation and zone temperature set-point reset of critical zones. The strategy identifies the critical zones, and fully considers the outdoor air demand of critical zones and the unvitiated outdoor air in the re-circulated air from the other zones. The air temperature reset of critical zones results in the increase of their supply air fractions and therefore the amount of outdoor air delivered to the critical zones. Consequently the total outdoor airflow demand and the overall energy consumption are reduced while the ventilation of critical zones is satisfied. This adaptive DCV strategy is validated by comparing its energy and environmental performances with other typical ventilation strategies under various weather conditions.


Objectives: One reason for insufficient hearing improvement with a distinct air–bone gap after ossiculoplasty with implantation of partial or total ossicular replacement prostheses can be the dislocation or minimal shifting of the prosthesis. The aim of this study was the simulation of common clinical borderline situations with minimal shifting of the prosthesis in temporal bone specimens after ossiculoplasty. It was furthermore the goal to identify these specific situations through imaging by cone beam computed tomography (cbCT) and direct visual inspection using the operation microscope. Additionally, the functional status was evaluated using laser-Doppler vibrometry (LDV). Design: We used a total of four temporal bone specimens for this study. A reconstruction with a partial ossicular replacement prostheses was performed in three specimens and with a total ossicular replacement prostheses in one specimen, with good initial acoustic properties. Subsequently, one specific type of prosthesis failure was simulated in each specimen, respectively, by minimally shifting, tilting, or bending the prostheses from their initial positions. These changes were introduced step-by-step until a borderline situation just short of complete acoustic decoupling was reached. Each step was examined using both LDV and cbCT and observed through the operation microscope. Results: LDV was able to quantify the mechanic function of the ossicular chain after most of the manipulation steps by demonstrating the effect of any shifting of the prosthesis on the middle ear transfer function. However, in some situations, the middle ear transfer function was better with a visually more advanced failure of the prosthesis. In addition, cbCT showed most of the steps with excellent resolution and was able to delineate changes in soft tissue (e.g., cartilage covering). Conclusion: cbCT seems to be a promising imaging technique for middle ear problems. As cbCT and LDV exhibited slightly different advantages and disadvantages regarding the demonstration of borderline situations, the combination of both techniques allowed for a more precise evaluation of middle ear reconstructions. Knowledge of the specific characteristics of these methods and their possible combination might help otologists and otosurgeons to refine indications for revision surgery and improve their personal patient counseling.


This article explores notions of traditions and materiality in the production of standing coffins during the Roman period. The coffin cover British Museum EA 55022 is carved in the shape of a standing man dressed in Greek clothing. The detailed study of this piece led to the investigation of parallels from Abusir el-Meleq, where the production of coffins appears to be extremely varied. Among more traditional coffins, the local craftsmen developed a series of coffins in the shape of shrines, seemingly meant to be standing. The British Museum cover was probably inserted in such a shrine-coffin that originally sheltered the mummy of the deceased. It is used here as a starting point to present how the manufacture of coffins could be adapted, or even reinvented, to match the changes in rites and beliefs in an Egypt in constant evolution between new influences and ancient traditions. We will see how the owners of these funerary pieces tried to show their affiliation with the new ruling powers, while craftsmen innovated, often on a regional basis, to merge these multiple traditions.


The economic loss rule bars recovery by a party who suffers only economic loss, unaccompanied by harm to the person or property. Although the economic loss rule was developed as a way to maintain a "boundary line" between contract and tort law, the application of the rule has proven difficult because of its potential for broad applicability and inequitable results. Because of this, several jurisdictions across the United States have adopted exceptions to the general economic loss rule. One such exception is negligent misrepresentation. The negligent misrepresentation exception is outlined in section 552 of the Second Restatement of Torts. The exception provides that a person who conveys negligent information in the course of his or her business for the guidance of persons within a limited class, who then rely on that information to their detriment, are liable to those persons in tort notwithstanding the economic loss rule. Until recently, Texas law was unclear as to whether it had adopted negligent misrepresentation as a general exception to the economic loss rule. It is clear, however, that Texas has adopted an exception to the economic loss rule for professionals who provide negligent information in the course of their profession. The Court in LAN/STV v. Martin K. Eby Constr. Co. ("LAN/STV") chose not to extend this exception to design professionals who provide negligent design plans to contractors for a construction project. This decision has received backlash by many in the construction industry as it produces inequitable results and does not extend the "professional" exception to design professionals. Texas should adopt the negligent misrepresentation exception to the economic loss rule, as applied to design professionals in the construction context, so that tort remedies are available to contractors who suffer economic losses due to their reliance on negligent plans from a design professional.


Measurements of power system quantities available through wide area measurement systems enables direct observations of power system electromechanical oscillations. But the raw observations data need to be processed to obtain the quantitative measures required to make any inference regarding the power system state. This paper presents some results on oscillation mode identification applied to a wide area frequency measurements system. We discuss the method using rotational invariant techniques for oscillatory mode identifications and issues involved in dealing with low signal to noise ratio. Finally some results on real measurements are presented with our inference on them.


PURPOSE
Conventional model observers (MO) in CT are often limited to a uniform background or varying background that is random and can be modelled in an analytical form. It is unclear if these conventional MOs can be readily generalized to predict human observer performance in clinical CT tasks that involve realistic anatomical background. Deep-learning-based model observers (DL-MO) have recently been developed, but have not been validated for challenging low contrast diagnostic tasks in abdominal CT. We consequently sought to validate a DL-MO for a low-contrast hepatic metastases localization task.

METHODS
We adapted our recently-developed DL-MO framework for the liver metastases localization task. Our previously-validated projection-domain lesion- / noise-insertion techniques were used to synthesize realistic positive and low-dose abdominal CT exams, using the archived patient projection data. Ten experimental conditions were generated, which involved different lesion sizes / contrasts, radiation dose levels, and image reconstruction types. Each condition included 100 trials generated from a patient cohort of 7 cases. Each trial was presented as liver image patches (160×160×5 voxels). The DL-MO performance was calculated for each condition and was compared with human observer performance, which was obtained by 3 sub-specialized radiologists in an observer study. The performance of DL-MO and radiologists was gauged by the area under localization receiver-operating-characteristic curves. The generalization performance of the DL-MO was estimated with the repeated 2-fold cross-validation method over the same set of trials used in human observer study. A multi-slice Channelized Hoteling Observers (CHO) was compared with the DL-MO across the same experimental conditions.

RESULTS
The performance of DL-MO was highly correlated to that of radiologists (Pearson's correlation coefficient: 0.987; 95% C.I.: 0.942, 0.997). The performance level of DL-MO was comparable to that of the grouped radiologists, i.e. the mean performance difference was -3.3%. The CHO performance was poorer than the grouped radiologist performance, before internal noise could be added. The correlation between CHO and radiologists was weaker (Pearson's correlation coefficient: 0.812, and 95% C.I.: [0.378, 0.955]), and the corresponding performance bias (-29.5%) was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION
The presented study demonstrated the potential of using the DL-MO for image quality assessment in patient abdominal CT tasks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The study has been carried out in the frames of an ongoing R&D project "Study on detection of hydrocarbon pollution of soil and groundwater with the use of geophysical methods" supported by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and Programme of Structural Funds "Competitiveness". The overall goal of the project was to utilize related knowledge and expertise of research partner – AGH University of Science and Technology in order to help the contractor, service company - PBG Geophysical Exploration Company Warsaw Ltd, developing an methodology on the effective use of geophysical methods to detection and monitoring of hydrocarbon pollution on areas of old oil fields. These areas are are intended in not to distant future to be converted for the use of local communities. Results of geophysical ERT and GPR surveys can be used to detect contaminated zones within groundwater and soil system if they are correlated with results of computer simulations of electromagnetic wave field and within contaminated soil and numerical modelling of hydrocarbon pollution range and fate within characteristic types of ground (and aquifers).


This book is a most welcome addition to the Facing Death series. It articulates the reality for families trying to reconstruct their lives following the death of a child. The authors have managed to provide sufficient substance for researcher and clinician alike. The case studies are credible, accessible and underpinned by a variety of theoretical perspectives. Anyone thinking of embarking on the qualitative research roller coaster would find the Appendix – 'Shoestrings and bricolage: some notes on the background research project' – a very helpful insight. Having read this Appendix I found myself connecting with the authors real dilemma of ensuring they were accurately reflecting the views of bereaved families. The authors describe the qualitative researcher as 'the amateur DIY enthusiast – learning by trial and error, drawing on a whole range of tools and techniques. Their commentary on the research process gives the book a transparency that further adds to its credibility. The book would be further enhanced by the inclusion of children's writing, drawing and personal descriptions of sibling bereavement. The next edition should include a reference to the Silverman and Klass book Continuing Bonds, and names and addresses of the contact organizations quoted in the text would be helpful for practitioners (e.g. Road Peace, Compassionate Friends, CRUSE, etc.). I strongly recommend this book to any person who needs to gain a full understanding of the impact of a child death on family relationships. I 'road tested' the book on a colleague who experienced the death of her daughter (aged 2 years) – it passed in flying colours, so enough from me.


This paper presents a new method to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of Ni-MH battery pack in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The proposed method establishes the relationship of the SOC to the battery's voltage, current and temperature by using least square support vector machines (LS-SVM). According to the nonlinear characteristics of a battery pack system, the nonlinear SVM with polynomial kernel are developed for the estimation of the SOC with LS-SVM algorithm. To be more efficient in application, this method is also simplified in this paper. The results have conformed that the proposed method is able to estimate the SOC of Ni-MH battery with high accuracy and noise tolerating ability.


This work proposes the use of partial order lattices along with represent-ational schemes to account for patterns of ambiguity and emergence in the description of designs. The complexity of such designs is viewed as an aggregation of spatial layers that can all be decomposed by the subgroup relations of the symmetry of the configuration. At the end, this methodology points to a combinatorial approach that generates visual prototypes for future use in design synthesis. Here, Meier's work is just a case study that validates the group theoretical approach.


Stereo matching problem attempts to find corresponding locations between pairs of displaced images of the same scene. Correspondence estimation between pixels suffers from occlusions, noise, and bias. This paper introduces a novel approach to represent images by means of interval-valued fuzzy sets. These sets allow one to overcome the uncertainty due to the aforementioned problems. The aim is to take advantage of the new representation to develop a stereo matching algorithm. The interval-valued fuzzification process for images that is proposed here is based on image segmentation. Interval-valued fuzzy similarities are introduced to compare windows whose pixels are represented by intervals. To make use of color information, the similarities of the RGB channels were aggregated using the luminance formula. The experimental analysis makes a comparison with other methods. The new representation that is proposed together with the new similarity measure show a better overall behavior, providing more accurate correspondences, mainly near depth discontinuities and for images with a large amount of color.


: Suitable locations for safe and economic disposal of mine tailings that pose low long-term liability are limited at many mine sites. In recent years, backfilling of existing mine pits with tailings has garnered attention as one viable alternative. The case presented herein, despite having some fundamental resemblance to typical in-pit filling practices, is unique due to the hydrogeology of the area and envisioned complexities of the tailings deposit development within the open pit over the life cycle of the facility. Consolidation modeling was conducted to assess the life-cycle of the facility and the anticipated performance of a proposed intermediate separation layer and overlying geomembrane liner system constructed over soft tailings that are needed to mitigate local groundwater contamination. Owing to the mine's plan to develop the in -pit Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) as two separate deposits – 1) Lower Deposit, and 2) Upper Deposit – separated by a free-draining separation layer, the consolidation modeling approach consisted of several three-dimensional (3D) and one-dimensional (1D) models using the finite-difference CONDES consolidation software developed at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The first step included development of a 3D consolidation model to assess the anticipated void ratio distribution of the unlined Lower Deposit at the end of deposition within that portion of the TSF. The Lower Deposit is planned to be unlined because the hydrogeology of the area provides a hydraulic sink toward the pit and the groundwater is maintained below a certain level by continuous pumping, which mitigates the potential for groundwater contamination. The Upper Deposit is located above the hydraulic sink elevation and will require a geomembrane liner system to prevent contamination of groundwater sink. This required the design of a rockfill Separation Layer on the surface of the Lower Deposit to account for continued consolidation-settlement of the Lower Deposit and the Separation Layer due to self-weight and filling of the Upper Deposit. To model this deformation and design the necessary camber on the Separation Layer, a 3D consolidation model was completed on the TSF Upper Deposit to assess the void ratio profile and average dry density of the material driving the consolidation of the Lower Deposit. The predicted average dry density was used to estimate the combined uniform surcharge pressure exerted on the Lower Deposit by the overlying rockfill Separation Layer and the Upper Deposit. Next, several 1D consolidation models were completed under the anticipated combined uniform surcharge pressure to predict differential settlements of the geomembrane liner system due to the compressibility of the unlined Lower Deposit. These analyses were used to design the necessary camber on the Separation Layer to mitigate damage to the geomembrane liner system of the Upper Deposit and to maintain gravity flow across the Separation Layer (below the hydraulic sink elevation) to perimeter collection sumps. Finally, the modeling results were combined to estimate the anticipated dry density of the tailings at the end of filling of the overall TSF.


Recently, a number of large molybdenum (-copper)
deposits have been discovered successively in the Laba area, Shangri-La county,
northwestern Yunnan province. The investigation confirmed that there is a
superlarge porphyry-skarn hydrothermal vein type molybdenum-polymetallic- metallogenic
system with the total prediction reservoir of more than 150 mt molybdenum. The
porphyry intrusions contributed to the mineralization closely, the superficial
little vein molybdenum (-copper, lead, silver) ore-bodies are usually located
in faults and fractures, and the deep porphyry type ore-bodies occurred in the
granodiorite porphyries, the skarn type ore-bodies occurred in the contact zone
intrused into Triassic limestone or Permian basalts. Laba ore block is a new
exploration area with great prospecting potential. In order to reduce the
target area and guide the further exploration work, the magnetic method
measurement about 3.3 square kilometres was carried out in the ore field. This
paper presents an application of analyzing the horizontal and vertical
derivative, using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) filter (FFT high-pass, low-pass,
cosine roll-off, suscepbility), calculated spectra frequency energy to predict
the depth and intensity of the apparent remanence magnetization of source
(Hilbert). The calculated results and magnetic anomalous show that the
remanence anomaly is caused by the intrusions into the Triassic limestone and
Permian basalts with small anomalies, and the depth of located source is not
great. We have identified a number of positions to the three drilled well, the
drilled result specify interpretation with very high accuracy. The magnetic
method is helpful to identify porphyry mineralization, and judge the shape and
depth of the concealed ore-bearing intrusive bodies under the similar geological
condition.


This chapter begins by defining ancient DNA and providing a brief history of ancient DNA and its potential for archaeology, followed by discussions of the technological aspects of ancient DNA; ancient DNA methodology; and state of the art, advantages, and disadvantages of wetland/wet sites. Ancient DNA retrieval from waterlogged material remains poorly understood. In many cases, DNA is unfortunately completely destroyed. However, given the rapid evolution of technology, both of instrumentation and development of techniques (e.g., new methods to reduce inhibition), improved results from waterlogged material are expected in the future.


In this paper, the resource-constrained project scheduling problem with multiple execution modes for each activity is explored. This paper aims to find a schedule of activities such that the makespan of the schedule is minimized subject to the precedence and resource constraints. We present a two-phase genetic local search algorithm that combines the genetic algorithm and the local search method to solve this problem. The first phase aims to search globally for promising areas, and the second phase aims to search more thoroughly in these promising areas. A set of elite solutions is collected during the first phase, and this set, which acts as the indication of promising areas, is utilized to construct the initial population of the second phase. By suitable applications of the mutation with a large mutation rate, the restart of the genetic local search algorithm, and the collection of good solutions in the elite set, the strength of intensification and diversification can be properly adapted and the search ability retained in a long term. Computational experiments were conducted on the standard sets of project instances, and the experimental results revealed that the proposed algorithm was effective for both the short-term (with 5000 schedules being evaluated) and the long-term (with 50000 schedules being evaluated) search in solving this problem.


Recently, the Kepler spacecraft has detected a sizable aggregate of objects, characterized by giant-planet-like radii and modest levels of stellar irradiation. With the exception of a handful of objects, the physical nature, and specifically the average densities, of these bodies remain unknown. Here, we propose that the detected giant planet radii may partially belong to planets somewhat less massive than Uranus and Neptune. Accordingly, in this work, we seek to identify a physically sound upper limit to planetary radii at low masses and moderate equilibrium temperatures. As a guiding example, we analyze the interior structure of the Neptune-mass planet Kepler-30d and show that it is acutely deficient in heavy elements, especially compared with its solar system counterparts. Subsequently, we perform numerical simulations of planetary thermal evolution and in agreement with previous studies, show that generally, 10–20 M⊕, multi-billion year old planets, composed of high density cores and extended H/He envelopes can have radii that firmly reside in the giant planet range. We subject our results to stability criteria based on extreme ultraviolet radiation, as well as Roche-lobe overflow driven mass-loss and construct mass–radius relationships for the considered objects. We conclude by discussing observational avenues that may be used to confirm or repudiate the existence of putative low mass, gas-dominated planets.


The Tajik basin archives the orogenic evolution of the Pamir hinterland. Stratigraphic‐sedimentologic observations from Cretaceous‐Pliocene strata along its eastern margin describe the depositional environment and basin‐formation stages in reaction to hinterland exhumation and basin inversion. During the Late Cretaceous‐Eocene (preorogenic stage: ~100–34 Ma), a shallow‐marine to terrestrial basin extended throughout Central Asia. An alluvial plain with influx of conglomerate bodies (Baljuvon Formation) indicates a first pulse of hinterland erosion and foreland‐basin formation in the late Oligocene‐early Miocene (synorogenic stage Ia: ~34–23 Ma). Further hinterland exhumation deposited massive alluvial conglomerates (Khingou Formation) in the early‐middle Miocene (synorogenic stage Ib: ~23–15 Ma). Westward thickening growth strata suggest transformation of the Tajik basin into the Tajik fold‐thrust belt in the middle‐late Miocene (synorogenic stage IIa: ~15–5 Ma). Increased water supply led to the formation of fluvial mega‐fans (Tavildara Formation). Latest Miocene‐Pliocene shortening constructed basin morphology that blocked sediment bypass into the central basin from the east (Karanak Formation), triggering drainage‐system reorganization from transverse to longitudinal sediment transport (synorogenic stage IIb: < ~5 Ma). Accelerated shortening (~27–20 Ma) and foreland‐directed collapse (~23–12 Ma) of Pamir‐plateau crust loaded the foreland and induced synorogenic stages Ia and Ib. Coupling of Indian and Asian cratonic lithospheres and onset of northward and westward delamination/rollback of Asian lithosphere (i.e., lithosphere of the Tajik basin) beneath the Pamir at ~12–11 Ma transformed the Tajik basin into the Tajik fold‐thrust belt (synorogenic stage IIa). The timing of the sedimentologically derived basin reconfiguration matches the thermochronologically derived onset of Tajik‐basin inversion at ~12 Ma.


The remains of the comic poet Theopompus suggest an author preoccupied with Homer: three of twenty titles reference the Odyssey (Odysseus, Penelope, Sirens), a fragment without title shows Odysseus talking about Homer, and even in the otherwise politically oriented The Mede we find hexameters and Homeric formulae. This article examines Theopompus' approach to paraepic comedy, arguing that his fragments show sophisticated parody, early literary criticism, and a delight in anachronism and in the humor of quotation. Paraepic had fallen out of fashion in Aristophanes' day, but I argue that Theopompus' works provided a bridge between the early Homeric comedies of Epicharmus and Cratinus and the rebirth of paraepic in the later fourth century.


Diabetes is an epidemic that has started to capture political attention in the United States because of the devastating health care costs associated with the disease. Researchers in other studies have concluded that additional education Face-To-Face (FTF) and FTF with alternative forms of diabetes nutrition communication (FTF plus) have been beneficial. However, there is very little information on the comparison of the two groups as mentioned above when comparing chronic limitations, as circumscribed by specific demographic population. This study was an investigation of the above variables and explored how specific demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level, and race/ethnic background) may have an identifiable association with each diabetes nutrition education type, either FTF or FTF plus. This quantitative, cross-sectional study used secondary data from the 2016 National Health Interview Survey for analysis. A logistical regression was used for chronic limitations, while controlling for demographics for all the variables. The study revealed FTF plus had an association with chronic limitations with race and education level, but age was not significant. After controlling for demographics, a person who has FTF plus has decreased odds of having chronic limitations, in comparison to someone who receives only FTF. The results from this study may aid formulation of future healthcare policies that focus on how to refer patients to multiple forums of diabetes education, while reducing healthcare costs. Citation: Seip S (2018) The Association between Type of Diabetes Education and Chronic Limitation for Diabetes Participants. J Food Sci Nut 4: 041.


LC/MS/MS is becoming a very important tool for the on-line identification of natural products in crude plant extracts. For an efficient use of this technique in the dereplication of natural products, a careful study of the parameters used to generate informative MS/MS spectra is needed. In this paper the CID MS/MS spectra of ubiquitous flavonoids and related plant constituents have been systematically studied using hybrid quadrupole time of flight (Q-TOF) and ion trap (IT) mass analysers under various CID energy conditions. The results demonstrate that, if for hydroxylated flavonoids the CID MS/MS spectra generated on both instruments are similar, for partially methoxylated derivatives, important differences are observed hampering the creation of MS/MS databases exchangeable between instruments. Generally, fragments issued from C-ring cleavage, corresponding to those classically reported, were recorded but they were more easily observed on a Q-TOF instrument while losses of small molecules were favoured in IT-MS. MS/MS spectra recorded in the positive ion mode were more informative than those obtained from negative ions. For the assignment of flavonoids product ion spectra, on-line accurate mass measurement of all MS/MS fragments was obtained on the Q-TOF, while the multiple stage MSn capability of the ion trap was used to prove fragmentation pathways


Exogenous glycine betaine highly stimulates the growth rate of various members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, in media with high salt concentrations (D. Le Rudulier and L. Bouillard, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:152-159, 1983). In a nitrogen- and carbon-free medium, glycine betaine did not support the growth of E. coli either on low-salt or high-salt media. This molecule was taken up by the cells but was not catabolized. High levels of glycine betaine transport occurred when the cells were grown in media of elevated osmotic strength, whereas relatively low activity was found when the cells were grown in minimal medium. A variety of electrolytes, such as NaCl, KCl, NaH2PO4, K2HPO4, K2SO4, and nonelectrolytes like sucrose, raffinose, and inositol triggered the uptake of glycine betaine. Furthermore, in cells subjected to a sudden osmotic upshock, glycine betaine uptake showed a sixfold stimulation 30 min after the addition of NaCl. Part of this stimulation might be a consequence of protein synthesis. The transport of glycine betaine was energy dependent and occurred against a concentration gradient. 2,4-Dinitrophenol almost totally abolished the glycine betaine uptake. Azide and arsenate exerted only a small inhibition. In addition, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide had a very low inhibitory effect at 1 mM. These results indicated that glycine betaine transport is driven by the electrochemical proton gradient. The kinetics of glycine betaine entry followed the Michaelis-Menten relationship, yielding a Km of 35 microM and a Vmax of 42 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. Glycine betaine transport showed considerable structural specificity. The only potent competitor was proline betaine when added to the assay mixtures at 20-fold the glycine betaine concentration. From these results, it is proposed that E. coli possesses an active and specific glycine betaine transport system which is regulated by the osmotic strength of the growth medium.


Crit Care Med 2015 • Volume 43 • Number 12 (Suppl.) replacement or repair, or CABG surgery. Ages ranged from 23–88 yr (mean 62 yr). The mean baseline vitamin D level was 17.5 ng/mL. Dosing regimens varied widely and ranged from ergocalciferol 400 units daily to 50,000 units daily, with the most common being 50,000 units weekly. The mean duration of therapy was 16 days (range 2–116 days) and the mean follow-up level was 25.6 ng/mL. Of those patients with a follow-up vitamin D level, only 34.8% (n=8) achieved a level >30 ng/mL (lower limit of normal) and no patients exceeded the upper limit of normal (100 ng/mL). For patients who achieved a vitamin D level of >30 ng/ mL, the majority (50%) were on a dose of 50,000 units daily, with a duration ranging 10–37 days. No hypercalcemia was observed. Conclusions: In a cardiac surgery population, the majority of patients did not reach a normal serum vitamin D level using standard dietary doses of vitamin D. The dosing regimens in patients who reached a normal serum level suggest that high dose vitamin D is effective. This warrants further study and ongoing evaluation of this regimen during patient care.


When countries attempt to stabilize annual inflation rates that are greater than 40 percent, the domestic stock market appreciates by 24 percent on average. The present value of the long-run benefits to shareholders of reducing high inflation outweighs the present value of the short-run costs. In contrast, the average market response is economically weak and statistically insignificant if the pre-stabilization inflation rate is less than 40 percent. Stock market responses also help predict the change in inflation and output in the year following stabilization efforts. This additional result indicates that the stock market evidence for the 81 inflation stabilization episodes studied here is not spurious.


Abstract EU‐related issues and patterns of behaviour are permeating the new member states' domestic environments. The literature assessing the domestic impact of the Eastward Enlargement focuses on the institutional capability of the new member states to meet the accession criteria as defined in Copenhagen in 1993. This article expands the remit of the debate on Europeanisation in the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) by assessing the impact of EU membership on interest politics. The analysis undertaken here focuses on Business Interest Associations (BIAs), their behaviour and patterns of interaction with decision makers at the national and transnational levels. Their experience illustrates the effect of EU accession on the new member states' repertoires for interest intermediation and the relevance of policy transfer paradigms as suitable research frameworks. At the same time, the impact of the communist heritage and the constraints of domestic political cultures reveal patterns of behaviour at the national and supranational level in a path‐dependency fashion. The evidence presented here will show that the Europeanised activities of Central and Eastern European interest groups constitute a peculiar model of interest intermediation, where the exchange and ownership of information take prominence over the actual impact on policy‐making.


This study explored children's bUllying experiences (as bully, victim, and bystander) and their self-worth perceptions in a private school in Ontario, Canada. Forty students from 12 different countries participated in a mixed methodology (both quantitative and qualitative) research design using a self-report questionnaire. Students reported involvement in bUllying as a bully, victim, and bystander. The overall results reveal a pattern across the three roles where the degree of bullying observed as a bystander is the highest (57%) followed by the experiences as a victim (29%) and that performed as bully (21 %). The bystanders reported direct bullying being witnessed, bullies reported indirect bullying interventions as being used, and victims of bullying reported indirect bullying being the most common type of bullying they experienced. Decreased feeling of self-worth is reported in the qualitative research data in regards to bullying. Boarding students reported issues regarding personal safety, need for social relationships, self-worth, and unacceptability of bullying. Implications for practice for the private school are discussed, focusing on the outcome of this study.