This paper investigates experimentally the relationship between inequality in endowment and deception. Our basic design is adopted from Gneezy (2005): two players interact in a deception game. It is common knowledge that player 1 has private information about the payoffs for both players of two alternative actions. Player 1 sends a message to player 2, indicating which alternative putatively will end up in a higher payoff for player 2. The message, which can either be true or false, does not affect the payoffs of the players. Player 2 has no information about the payoffs. However, player 2 selects one of the two alternatives A or B, which is payoff-relevant for both players. Our paper adds value to the literature by extending Gneezy (2005) in two ways. First, we systematically vary the initial endowment of players 1 and 2 (common knowledge to both of them). Second, we do not limit ourselves to the standard population of university students but also recruit chess players that are not enrolled in any degree program. Doing so, we want to find out if our results remain robust over a non-standard subject population which is known to be experienced to some extent in strategic interactions. Our main findings are: (i) non-students behave more honestly than students, (ii) students are more likely to trust the opponent's message, and (iii) students and non-students behave differently to variation in initial endowment.


We present an Fe–Cr interatomic potential to model high-Cr ferritic alloys. The potential is fitted to thermodynamic and point-defect properties obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments. The developed potential is also benchmarked against other potentials available in literature. It shows particularly good agreement with the DFT obtained mixing enthalpy of the random alloy, the formation energy of intermetallics and experimental excess vibrational entropy and phase diagram. In addition, DFT calculated point-defect properties, both interstitial and substitutional, are well reproduced, as is the screw dislocation core structure. As a first validation of the potential, we study the precipitation hardening of Fe–Cr alloys via static simulations of the interaction between Cr precipitates and screw dislocations. It is concluded that the description of the dislocation core modification near a precipitate might have a significant influence on the interaction mechanisms observed in dynamic simulations.


The use of foraminifers as bioindicators of pollution in coastal and paralic environments has undergone a very fast development. Among various criteria, morphological abnormalities are sometimes considered as pollution indicators. However, responses to pollutants have not always been distinguished from responses to natural environmental parameters. In particular, endopelic foraminifers often live in changing pH conditions that may induce test deformation. To study pH effects, cultures with pH ranging from normal marine down to ph 7 were prepared using hydrochloric acid to lower the pH. Ammonia beccarii was collected and introduced into these different cultures. Under neutral pH (7.0) conditions, pseudopodial emission was reduced or stopped. Then the test became opaque as a result of superficial alteration, which is the first stage of test decalcification. Decalcification progressively extended over the whole test, first destroying the last chambers, which are thinner. After 15 days, only interlocular walls were preserved, giving the test a star-shape characteristic of an advanced stage of decalcification. If a specimen was maintained in low pH conditions, the test was sometimes entirely destroyed and only the cytoplasm, covered with the Inner Organic Layer, remained. On the other hand, if a specimen with a partially dissolved test was placed in a solution with normal pH, it was able to rebuild its test. Recalcification was somewhat different from the original calcification and was accompanied, in most cases, by morphological abnormalities (e.g., abnormal expansions, irregular chamber sizes, wall with concave form). These observations show that temporary acidification of the environment, causing partial decalcification of the test, is able to induce morphological abnormalities of foraminiferal tests during recalcification. This acidification may be caused by anthropogenic impact or a natural cause. In both cases, deformation of foraminiferal tests yields information on environmental characteristics of the area.


Contact bioefficacy of lantana (Lantana camara L.) leaf extract (LLE) against rape aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in three rape (Brassica napus L.) seed brands at given time (hours) periods was explored. Samples of pounded young leaves mixed with distilled water (3 kg l-1, 2 kg l-1 and 1 kg l-1) were prepared. Dimethoate (7.5 ml 10 l-1) and distilled water were the positive and negative controls, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD); 3 x 5 factorial arrangement, replicated 5 times. Adult aphids (10) were introduced to each plant. Aphid mortality at 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after application of treatments was evaluated. There was no significant interaction between seed brand and treatment at all times. Lantana treatments showed significant mortality effect (p < 0.001) on aphids at all times. The highest LLC (3 kg l-1) showed the highest aphid mortality at each period of time after application, and of all the periods, the longest time after application (24 h), showed the highest mortality (9.67). It is recommended that smallholder farmers use 3 kg l-1 LLC to control aphids on rape, and allow 24 h after application to get the greatest kill.

 Key words: Lantana leaf extract, rape, aphid mortality, hours after application.


We have characterized the vascular, neuronal, and glial changes in oxygen‐induced retinopathy, a model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Newborn Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to either 80% ± 2% oxygen to postnatal day P11 and then room air until P18 (ROP) or room air for the entire duration (controls). Retinal structure was examined under the light microscope and following postembedding immunocytochemistry in central, midperipheral, and peripheral regions. Müller cells were evaluated immunocytochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein. The extent of vascularization was established histologically. ROP caused significant thinning of the inner cellular and plexiform layers, which became more pronounced in the peripheral inner nuclear layer of ROP animals (11.3% loss vs. 25.4% loss). Amacrine cell amino acid levels were particularly vulnerable in the peripheral retina; bipolar cells showed similar but less prominent changes. Müller cells had elevated glutamine levels and were most gliotic in the periphery. The vasculature extended to peripheral retinal regions at P18 in controls but not in ROP rats. The most striking pattern of change was evident in the midperipheral "transition zone" of ROP animals. Areas close to blood vessels showed neurochemical properties that were similar to those of the central retina, indicating a local protective effect of the inner retinal blood supply. We find that ROP produces complex vascular, neural, and glial changes that relate to the proximity of inner retinal blood vessels. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:404–417, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This thesis presents a method of imputing missing values in data, creating a simple data mining tool and using data mining to see whether such imputed data can be used to predict failures of hip prosthetics in smaller databases. The data set used for this thesis is based on explanted prosthetics from total hip arthroplasty revision surgeries. It is in the early phases and is rather a small data set with many missing values. Multiple imputation was used to estimate missing values in an attempt to build a more complete dataset to perform predictive modelling. A simple linear regression and multiple linear regression were used with a prediction function for linear models. While the initial results of the imputation looked promising, comparisons with the original data and the imputed data did not show much improvement. The data was also used in a prototype application for data mining that allows the users to input their data and select the variables for analysis, and present a plot and summary of the model. The application, which is the artefact of this research is fully functional, but simple. Creating larger and more general applications in R can get complex, and other technologies might be more suitable. However, it is a very powerful statistical tool for special tasks and modelling. Data mining was used to explore the potential to make predictions with the data. Using linear regression on both the original and imputed data showed that the results were similar overall, but with some significant differences. The methods of validation indicated that, while the model was not great, there was something to gain from it. Predictions were run by a multiple linear regression model on both sets of data, displaying some difference but not enough to draw conclusions about the effect and contribution of data imputation. Currently, the methods in question will have to be further refined, preferably in collaboration with experts. The application can be expanded, but a different approach should be considered based on the scope of any future research. The data mining, even when applied on limited data sets, shows potential and encourages applications of data mining methods from an early stage of research when data collection begins.


This research concerned corporate entrepreneurship which Chapter 1 argued results from subordinates' idea implementations and the nature of the relationship with their leader - a relationship which has experienced a paucity of prior research. Chapter 2 reviewed
research philosophies and concluded that mixed methods should be utilised and thus three studies were undertaken in a complementary research strategy. Study I (Chapter 3) via the development and testing of hypotheses, demonstrated support for the relationship between transformational leader behaviour, leader-member exchange, autonomy, risk propensity, creativity and idea implementation. Study II (Chapter 4) via focus group
meetings, demonstrated support for Study I results together with two models which purport to describe the interrelationship between leader behaviour and subordinates' idea implementation. Study III (Chapter 5) via a longitudinal autoethnography created by the
researcher whilst embedded in the research subject Group* described an environment in which poor leader behaviour precipitated poor leader-subordinate relationships and a
reduced willingness to implement ideas, whilst good leader behaviour was associated with more positive attitudes by subordinates and a willingness to take risks and implement ideas. The summary research findings, implications for practitioners and recommendations for future research are contained in Chapter 6.
The researcher was motivated to conduct this research based on his MBA dissertation (1999) which investigated the phenomenon of an organisation regaining market
leadership which the researcher has subsequently recognised referenced the concept of corporate entrepreneurship and which left unanswered questions as to its antecedents. Further, with a background of thirty-three years as a practitioner with most being spent in
increasing senior leadership positions, the researcher has long-been of the view that the subtleties and nuances of leader behaviour are crucial to organisational performance with that performance needing to be measured by the delivery of actions rather than by ideas
which are generated but never realised.

* A major Anglo-American cultured assembly of strategically independent companies that form a
publicly quoted Group on the London Stock Exchange and with a £1 billion market capitalisation.


Himachal Pradesh, the mountainous part of Indian Himalayan Region, also referred as Dev Bhoomi, is famous for its religious culture and traditions. People from the state are highly religious and believe that the plants which are sacred to the Gods and Goddess also have vast medicinal potential. Hence, the present study has been carried out to investigate diversity, distribution pattern and traditional knowledge of sacred plants by the native communities of Kanawar Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS), Himachal Pradesh. The study revealed that 33 species (trees 06; shrubs 16; herbs 11) belonging to 29 genera and 22 families were being used in numerous religious ceremonies and also as folk medicine by indigenous people of the KWLS. Of the total, 20 species were native and 01 was endemic to the Himalayan region. It was found that leaves of 17 species, flowers of 11 species and whole plant of 8 species were used, extensive use of which may lead to decrease in their population to a great extent. Therefore, there is an utmost need to develop a proper management plan and appropriate strategy for the conservation and sustainable utilization of such sacred plants, so that their population could be maintained for posterity.


Novelty and originality of the results can be appreciated both in terms of economic efficiency as well as the ease with which this method can be extended in daily practice, not required huge investments and to limit the extension to a larger number of growers, regardless of the cultivated area.The goal of the paper is to see the benefic effect of this type of electromagnetic radiations on plant growth and, last but not least, on yields and effect the environment. The importance of the study comes from the fact that at present, in many countries of the world, there are researches being carried on that present the beneficial effect of these radiations on numerous field crops, and in the field of plant microbiology and physiology.In this paper we present the effect of 7 frequencies with wave lengths between 0-50 Hz on maize and sunflower yields comparative to the control. The duration of treatment was 10 minutes and sowing seeds treated realizing immediately after treatment, knowing that such treated seeds must be sown in maximum 7-10 days after making it. Measurements concerned the the level of maize and sunflower yields were carried out in the laboratory of "Agricultural produce quality Analysis" of the Department of Agricultural Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture of the Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael the I of Romania" from Timişoara, In the experiment, we used as genetic material the corn hybrids P9175, P9528, PR36V52, PR37N01, P9241, and sunflower hybrids P64LE19, P64LE25, P64LE20, ES Aramis, NK Adagio and in the treatment of the seeds we used the generator of electromagnetic radiations of the Faculty of Agriculture of Novi Sad. The improvement of the evaluated functional variables suggests that the seeds may perform better with an electromagnetic field treatment.


BACKGROUND
Intimate partner abuse is a major contributor to death, disability, and illness in women of childbearing age, but little is known about population level impact on children.

METHOD
Prospective pregnancy cohort of 1,507 first-time mothers recruited from six public hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. Follow-up included validated measures of intimate partner abuse at 1 and 4 years (Composite Abuse Scale) and child emotional and behavioral difficulties at 4 years (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire).

RESULTS
Twenty-nine percent of mothers reported partner abuse in the first 4 years postpartum: 20 percent reported abuse in the first year and 21 percent at 4 years; 12 percent of mothers reported abuse at both time points. Children of mothers reporting abuse at both times were more likely to experience emotional and/or behavioral difficulties at age 4, compared to children of mothers not reporting abuse, after adjusting for maternal depressive symptoms, relationship transitions and other social characteristics (Adj. OR 2.6 [95% CI 1.2-5.5]).

CONCLUSIONS
Intimate partner abuse impacted the lives of one in four children. Children of mothers reporting abuse at both time points were at most risk of emotional/behavioral difficulties. The case for early intervention to reduce the impact of intimate partner abuse on women's and children's lives is compelling.


OBJECTIVES
While cervical cancer is one of the leading cancers among women worldwide, there are a number of effective early detection tests available. However, the participation rates in cervical cancer screening among Korean women remain low. After the nationwide efforts in 1988 and thereafter to encourage participation in cervical cancer screening, few studies have investigated the effects of socioeconomic inequality on participation in cervical cancer screening. The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the level of socioeconomic disparities in receiving cervical cancer screening by age group and 2) if there was an improvement in reducing these disparities between 1995 and 2001.

METHODS
Using data from the Korean National Health Status, Health Behavior and Belief Survey in 1995, and the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1998 and 2001 (sample sizes of 2,297, 3,738, and 3,283), age-standardized participation rates were calculated according to education level, equivalized household income, and job status. Odds ratios and the relative inequality index (RII) were also calculated after controlling for age.

RESULTS
Women with lower education levels were less likely to attend the screening test, and the disparities by education level were most pronounced among women aged 60 years and older. The RIIs among women 60 years and older were 3.64, 4.46, and 8.64 in 1995, 1998, and 2001, respectively. Higher rates of participation were reported among those in the highest income category, which was more notable among the middle aged women (40s and 50s). An inconsistent trend in the rate of participation in cervical cancer screening by occupational level was found.

CONCLUSIONS
Indicators of socioeconomic position seem to have varying impacts on the inequalities in the rates of participation in cervical cancer screening according to age group. These results demonstrate the need for more aggressive and age-based interventions and policy programs to eliminate the remaining inequalities.


CHARACTERIZING THE VARIABILITY IN PARTICULATE MASS EMISSIONS FROM CURRENT MODEL YEAR DIESEL AND NATURAL GAS ENGINES PRAGALATH THIRUVENGADAM PADMAVATHY The objective of this study is to discern and characterize the factors contributing to the variability in Particulate Matter (PM) mass emissions from current model year diesel and natural gas engines observed during in-use chassis dynamometer testing and compare it with an alternate method of mass measurement involving instantaneous particle size distribution and number count. The study involves the analysis of engine and chassis dynamometer data collected from different engine technologies and chassis dynamometer test cycles in order compare the variability in gravimetric PM mass as well as the PM mass estimated by number-concentration. PM and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) have been the two most stringently regulated emissions constituents from heavy-duty diesel engines. Current US-EPA 2010 PM regulations, set at 0.01 g/bhp-hr, have forced manufacturers to implement the use of diesel particulate filters (DPF) in order to comply with the regulations. The use of DPF's has resulted in PM mass decreasing by orders of magnitude since 2004, hence laboratory measurement techniques and instrumentation to accurately quantify the true mass of PM emitted from such engines have been posed with a challenge. Also, the widely gained acceptance of heavy-duty natural gas engines, characterized by their low soot combustion, has inevitably resulted in significant measurement variability due to the high volatile organic content in the exhaust. Particulate matter mass comparisons are performed between PM sampled using the regulated "CFR 1065 Methodology" and PM number count measurements performed with similar exhaust dilution conditions as employed for gravimetric PM sampling. Particle size distribution and number concentration measurements were performed using the Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer ® (EEPS) spectrometer for transient engine operation and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ® (SMPS) spectrometer for steady-state modal tests performed on an engine dynamometer. Additionally, PM mass comparisons are extended to an in-use study in order to compare Not-To-Exceed (NTE) PM emission limits. Results from this study showed that an "effective-density" based conversion technique correlated well with gravimetric filter mass for pre-2010 engine technologies without aftertreatment systems, in particular DPFs for diesel fueled vehicles. Gravimetric PM measurements from a natural gas engine resulted in a standard deviation of 3.1 mg/bhp-hr in comparison to mass calculated through particle size distributions, which resulted in a standard deviation of 0.36 mg/bhp-hr. The use of particle size based measurements for in-use PM monitoring resulted in better resolution of PM mass during short, valid NTE windows.


Two general strategies are being developed to engineer mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) as therapeutic vectors: (i) in vitro MAC cloning by enzymatic ligation of the individual MAC components followed by propagation in single cell organisms such as bacteria or yeast; and (ii) in situ MAC assembly by co-introduction of the various MAC elements into an 'incubator' mammalian tissue culture cell and use of it as a 'foster parental' donor cell. Because of their organizational compactness, in vitro built MACs are stuitable for somatic-based human gene therapy. In contrast, the long-term persistence of in situ built MACs can be capitalized on to generate husbandry transgenic animals expressing therapeutic genes. While current MAC systems generally rely on cis-elements exclusively from viral or genomic origin, the next generation of MACs may combine both into chimeric systems. As illustration of the genetic flexibility and technological potential of chimeric MACs, the herpes viral oriP/EBNA1 system, paradigm of a self-replicating and self-segregating episome in human cells is discussed in terms of future therapeutic applications.


We have developed a model system for studying proliferative retinopathy in vitro using bovine retinal explants cultured in collagen gels. Cellular outgrowth from retinal explants occurred after 7 days as single cells from peripapillary explants or as cell sheets and tubular outgrowths from peripheral retinal explants. Single cell outgrowths were shown immunohistochemically to be endothelial cells or macrophages; sheetlike and tubular outgrowths also constituted cords of endothelial cells with stromal macrophages, but in addition glial cells were closely associated with the endothelial cells. Cellular outgrowths were preceded by extensive macrophage activation within the ischemic retinal explant, suggesting that macrophage-derived angiogenic factors may be important in inducing retinal endothelial cell proliferation. In addition, glial cell-derived factors may have a role in the development of vessellike tubular structures from endothelial cell outgrowths.


"Sufficiency economy" is a philosophy presented more than 25 years ago by His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej. It is used to guide the way that Thai villagers live. The Thai government used this philosophy as a base for the nation's development plan. This study focused on three research questions: First, how do the villagers live while following the philosophy of sufficiency economy? Second, what difficulties impede the implementation of the philosophy? Finally, how does the philosophy of sufficiency economy help to increase social and environmental sustainability? We studied four villages in Thailand (three in the northeast and one in the south). We collected data by conducting in-depth interviews, administering a fieldwork survey, and gathering responses from a focus group. We subjected the data that we gathered to content and descriptive analyses. In this study, we found that the philosophy of sufficiency economy can be used by individuals to manage their livelihoods by planting vegetables for personal consumption or sale, domesticating animals, saving money within a cooperative society, protecting the environment, and following moral principles and ethics. In addition, this philosophy can be used to manage social and environmental sustainability in Thailand, and the philosophy can apply to other areas to understand the conditions of the people in a particular community.


Abstract. We present an approach for single-frame three-dimensional (3-D) imaging using multiwavelength array projection and a stereo vision setup of two multispectral snapshot cameras. Thus a sequence of aperiodic fringe patterns at different wavelengths can be projected and detected simultaneously. For the 3-D reconstruction, a computational procedure for pattern extraction from multispectral images, denoising of multispectral image data, and stereo matching is developed. In addition, a proof-of-concept is provided with experimental measurement results, showing the validity and potential of the proposed approach.


BACKGROUND
ABSTRACT: Background: 8-Phenyltheophylline derivatives exhibit prophylactic effects at a specific dose but do not produce the cardiovascular or emetic side effects associated with xanthines, thereby exhibiting unique characteristics of potential therapeutic importance.

METHODS
Novel series of 8-(proline/pyrazole)-substituted xanthine analogs has been synthesized. The affinity and selectivity of compounds to adenosine receptors have been assessed by radioligand binding studies. The synthesized compounds also showed good bronchospasmolytic properties (increased onset of bronchospasm; decreased duration of jerks) with 100% survival of animals in comparison to the standard drug. Besides, compound 8f & 9f showed good binding affinity in comparison to other synthesized compounds in the micromolar range.

RESULTS
The maximum binding affinity of these compounds was observed for A2B receptors, which is ~ 7 or 10 times higher as compared to A1, A2A and A3 receptors. The newly synthesized derivatives 8f, 9a-f, 17g-m, and 18g-m displayed significant protection against histamine aerosol induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs.

CONCLUSION
Newly synthesized proline/pyrazole based xanthines compounds showed a satisfactory binding affinity for adenosine receptor subtypes. Replacement or variation of substituted proline ring with substituted pyrazole scaffold at 8thposition of xanthine moiety resulted in the reduction of adenosine binding affinity and bronchospasmolytic effects.


The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nervous system is understood in detail, yet predicting the behavior it controls is challenging. Dynamic regulation of the nervous system may be caused by neuromodulators released in response to calcium. In the C. elegans intestine, a calcium wave regulates peptide release that triggers muscle contractions associated with defecation. Intestinal calcium waves require gap junctions that include the innexin‐16 (inx‐16) subunit for normal propagation and patterning. Upon observing that inx‐16 mutants exhibit abnormal movement, we hypothesize that calcium‐triggered peptide release from the intestine regulates locomotory circuits. We determined the relationship between an intestinal calcium wave and locomotion signaling by assessing neurotransmission rates in the intestinal calcium wave mutant, inx‐16. Two assays of acetylcholine responsiveness, one using an acetylcholine agonist and the other an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, were performed in the inx‐16 mutant. The results suggest a pre‐synaptic deficit in acetylcholine release. We propose that peptides released in response to intestinal calcium waves acts as neuromodulators of acetylcholine‐based neurotransmission. Our study suggests a connection between defecation‐related signaling and nervous system function.


Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is an infection of the respiratory tract that is the leading reason for antimicrobial use in dairy calves and represents 22% of calf mortalities. The costs and effects of BRD can severely damage a farm's economy, since raising dairy calves is one of the largest economic investments, and diagnosing BRD requires intensive and specialized labor that is hard to find. Precision technologies based on the Internet of Things (IoT), such as automatic feeders, scales, and accelerometers, can help detect behavioral changes before outward clinical signs of BRD. Such early detection enables early treatment, and thus faster recovery, with less long term effects. In this paper, we propose a framework for BRD diagnosis, its early detection, and identification of BRD persistency status using precision IoT technologies. We adopt a machine learning model paired with a cost-sensitive feature selection problem called Cost Optimization Worth (COW). COW maximizes prediction accuracy given a budget constraint. We show that COW is NP-Hard, and propose an efficient heuristic with polynomial complexity called Cost-Aware Learning Feature (CALF). We validate our methodology on a real dataset collected from 159 calves during the preweaning period. Results show that our approach outperforms a recent state-of-the-art solution. Numerically, we achieve an accuracy of 88% for labeling sick and healthy calves, 70% of sick calves are predicted 4 days prior to diagnosis, and 80% of persistency status calves are detected within the first five days of sickness.


Stream‐water temperature is a key variable controlling chemical, biological, and ecological processes in freshwater environments. Most models focus on a single river cross‐section; however, temperature gradients along stretches and tributaries of a river network are crucial to assess ecohydrological features such as aquatic species suitability, growth and feeding rates, or disease transmission. We propose SESTET, a deterministic, spatially explicit stream temperature model for a whole river network, based on water and energy budgets at a reach scale and requiring only commonly available spatially distributed datasets, such as morphology and air temperature, as input. Heat exchange processes at the air–water interface are modelled via the widely used equilibrium temperature concept, whereas the effects of network structure are accounted for through advective heat fluxes. A case study was conducted on the prealpine Wigger river (Switzerland), where water temperatures have been measured in the period 2014–2018 at 11 spatially distributed locations. The results show the advantages of accounting for water and energy budgets at the reach scale for the entire river network, compared with simpler, lumped formulations. Because our approach fundamentally relies on spatially distributed air temperature fields, adequate spatial interpolation techniques that account for the effects of both elevation and thermal inversion in air temperature are key to a successful application of the model. SESTET allows the assessment of the magnitude of the various components of the heat budget at the reach scale and the derivation of reliable estimates of spatial gradients of mean daily stream temperatures for the whole catchment based on a limited number of conveniently located (viz., spanning the largest possible elevation range) measuring stations. Moreover, accounting for mixing processes and advective fluxes through the river network allows one to trust regionalized values of the parameters controlling the relationship between equilibrium and air temperature, a key feature to generalize the model to data‐scarce catchments.


The Argument The group of mathematicians known as Bourbaki persuasively proclaimed the isolation of its field of research — pure mathematics — from society and science. It may therefore seem paradoxical that links with larger French cultural movements, especially structuralism and potential literature, are easy to establish. Rather than arguing that the latter were a consequence of the former, which they were not, I show that all of these cultural movements, including the Bourbakist endeavor, emerged together, each strengthening the public appeal of the others through constant, albeit often superficial, interaction. This codependency is partly responsible for their success and moreover accounts for their simultaneous fall from favor, which, however, can clearly be seen as also stemming from different internal problems. To understand this dynamics, I argue that Bourbaki's role can best be captured by using the notion of cultural connector, which I introduce here.


The present study seeks to discover the influence of brand equity on customer loyalty in Starbucks Chain in Jordan. The researcher adopted the quantitative research methodology and used a questionnaire as the data collection tool. The study population consists of )130( employees in the Starbucks Chain in Jordan, the researcher distributed the questionnaire to all employees from different levels in the all chain branches with a total of (23) branch, in order to obtain the best response rate, and was retrieved (107) questionnaires with a (80.3%) response rate. The results of the study exposed that the customer loyalty is significantly and positively affected by the overall brand equity and by each of its two studied dimensions. While effects of the overall brand equity (R 2 = 0.710) and brand awareness (R 2 = 0.672) on customer loyalty are close, effect of brand image is the lowest (R 2 = 0.440). Effect of the overall brand equity (R 2 = 0.710), defined as the sum of these two variables combined, is higher than he individual effect of any of these variables. The results of this study support most of the results of previous studies, that brand equity is one of the key stimuli of the customer that increase their loyalty. In addition, these results suggest that the marketing department in the Starbucks company take brand equity into consideration, and, hence, customer loyalty, towards the strategic goals of the company by taking care of the customer loyalty. In other respects, this study and its results attract attention to a number of scientific research priorities and suggest a set of research ideas that merit being given high priority in the future brand equity research.


The case examines an iconic institution's decision on whether or not to undertake a branding initiative. Founded in 1802, West Point has played a key role in America's history. It is one of the nation's oldest institutions of higher learning and is well known for producing prominent military, political and business leaders. In the increasingly competitive environment of higher education, the Director of Strategic Communications at the US Military Academy is faced with a decision on whether or not to invest resources in a rebranding effort. Over the course of the school's history, several distinct logos have come into existence and little uniformity or guidance for use exists. Data from a recent consumer survey offers some insight for the decision maker to contemplate, as does the school's recent appearance on the cover of Forbes' magazine as the number one undergraduate institution in the nation. Numerous stakeholders, tradition, the competitive environment and resource constraints all factor into the decision making process.Learning Objective: To explore major challenges and strategic decisions associated with managing brands over time.


Ti2AlNb orthorhombic alloy is a promising high temperature structural material for aero-industries due to its advantageous properties. However, insufficient wear-resistance is a major drawback that has restricted the actual uses of this alloy in many circumstances. A treatment of double glow plasma surface chromizing on Ti2AlNb alloy has been carried out as an attempt to resolve this problem. This paper mainly investigated the electrochemical corrosion behaviors of this alloy after chromizing. The microstructure of the chromized layer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The sectional morphology of chromized layer was surveyed through scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).The polarization curves of specimens in three corrosive media, 5% H2SO4, 5% HCl and 3.5% NaCl, were measured. The eroded surface morphologies were also surveyed by SEM. The results indicate that surface chromizing treatment slightly decrease the alloy's corrosion resistance, but still exhibit good performance.


Cybercrime has been a growing concern for the past two decades. What used to be the responsibility of specialist national police has become routine work for regional and district police. Unfortunately, funding for law enforcement agencies is not growing as fast as the amount of digital evidence. In this paper, we present a forensic platform that is tailored for cost effectiveness, extensibility, and ease of use. The software for this platform is open source and can be deployed on practically all commercially available hardware devices such as standard desktop motherboards or embedded systems such as Raspberry Pi and Gizmosphere's Gizmo board. A novel user interface was designed and implemented, based on Morphological Analysis.


This paper describes the process of theory building in performance measurement in facilities
management through a study of the applications of some core principles of business performance context, and
theory verification as it investigates the practical validity of a number of existing general theoretical
propositions relating to business performance measurement in facilities management. In this reciprocal way,
the present research helps to contribute to expanding the sphere of different disciplines where the theoretical
propositions are valid. It further concerns case studies – from specifying the research questions to reaching
closure. Some features of the process, such as epistemological foundation and selection of research method are
described whic


Feral hogs (Sus scrofa) have expanded their territory in Texas and are now found in all but the extreme western portions of the state. Perhaps the most dramatic expansion has occurred in the Rolling Plains of northwest Texas. Perspectives on feral hogs range from definitely for to adamantly against. Problems encountered with feral hogs include: (1) damage to crops and livestock, or facilities and equipment, (2) transmission of disease to humans and livestock, or (3) interaction with native wildlife including competition for available resources, depredation and destruction of habitat. The feral hog is also an animal with economic potential. Revenue can be generated by selling or hunting them. Is the feral hog an ecological unknown, an economic liability, or an under-utilized asset? The answer remains to be determined and may depend upon one's individual perspective. Pages 124-128 in R.E. Masters and J.G. Huggins, eds. Twelfth Great Plains Wildl. Damage Control Workshop Proc, Published by Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Okla.


A distinctive flora of 73 species of vascular plants and numerous bryophytes occurs in the ca. 20 km 2 of alpine tundra in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. The late- Quaternary distribution of these plants, many of which are disjuncts, was investigated by studies of pollen and plant macrofossils from lower Lakes of the Clouds (1 542 m) in the alpine zone of Mount Washington. Results were compared with pollen and macrofossils from lowland late-glacial deposits in western New England. Lowland paleofloras contained fossils of 43 species of vascular plants, 13 of which occur in the contemporary alpine flora of the White Mountains. A majority of species in the paleoflora has geographic affinities to Labrador, northern Quebec, and Greenland, a pattern also apparent for mosses in the lowland deposits. The first macrofossils in lower Lakes of the Clouds were arctic-alpine mosses of acid soils. Although open-ground mosses and vascular plants continued to occur throughout the Holocene, indicating that alpine tundra persisted, fossils of a low-elevation moss Hylocomiastrum umbratum are evidence that forest (perhaps as krummholz) covered a greater area near the basin from 7 500 to 3 500 yBP. No calcicolous plants were recovered from sediments at lower Lakes of the Clouds. Climatic constraints on the alpine flora during the Younger Dryas oscillation and perhaps during other cold-climate events and intervening periods of higher temperature may have led to the loss of plant species in the White Mountain alpine zone. Late-glacial floras of lowland western New England were much richer than floras of areas above treeline during late-glacial time and at the present.


Although mental imagery has historically been ignored by the scientific community, it is one of the six most commonly used alternative therapies chosen by cancer patients. Investigations of immune response to psychosocial interventions have been largely anecdotal or quasi-experimental. Although reports of increased survival predominate among cancer patients, few investigators have measured psychological or immunological outcomes to explain the mechanisms that contribute to improved survival. The efficacy of imagery or support groups in patient adaptation (emotionally and physically) to the stresses of cancer, heightened immune function, and improved morbidity and mortality remain uncertain in the absence of objective evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials. The imagery and group emotional support study pilot (IMAGES-P) is a 12-month feasibility study designed to examine the effect of group support and imagery/relaxation in a randomized, controlled clinical trial, differentiating the effects of these therapy modalities on immune function, quality of life, and the emotional well-being of women who have completed treatment for breast cancer. Secondary aims are to explore the quantitative relationships among emotional well-being, quality of life, and immune function. For this study established clinical trial methodology was used to examine functional immune responses associated with emotional states induced by the therapy interventions. As a pilot study, IMAGES-P will provide direction for future longitudinal studies evaluating the effectiveness of these interventions on emotional well-being and survival.


We demonstrate the preparation of photoresist-based colorant inks with nanoparticle pigments by chemical route and its influence of pigment particle size in nanometer on chromaticity and light transmittance of printed organic films on color filters. The synthesized photoresist-based ultraviolet curable inks with pigments in nanosize exhibit better physical characteristics of jetting, wetting, and curing, and can be used significantly to fabricate color filters with organic films by inkjet printing process. The light transmittance of the prepared organic films on color filters prominently increases with decreasing particle size of pigments, while the magnitude in range of color gamut of color filters increases within optimum nanoscale pigments in particle size. This verifies that size effect of nanoparticle pigment in colorant ink is remarkable on chromatic and optical characterization of printed organic films.


Inductive mathematical theorems have, as a rule, historically been quite difficult to prove – both for mathematics students and for automated theorem provers. That said, there has been considerable progress over the past several years, within the automated reasoning community, towards proving some of these theorems. However, little work has been done thus far towards automatically discovering them. In this paper we present our methods of discovering (as well as proving) inductive theorems, within an automated system. These methods have been tested over the natural numbers, with regards to addition and multiplication, as well as to exponents of group elements.


Background . Several studies investigated the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) after ischemic stroke to improve motor recovery. However, little is known about the e ff ects of preexisting psychotropic medication use (PPMU), such as antidepressants, on a long-term ischemic stroke functional disability. Objective . We sought to determine the prevalence of PPMU and whether PPMU relates to the long-term clinical outcome in a cohort of patients presenting with acute ischemic strokes. Methods . We retrospectively analyzed 323 consecutive patients who presented with an acute ischemic stroke in a single institution between January 2015 and December 2017. Baseline characteristics, functional disability as measured by the modi fi ed Rankin Scale (mRS), and major adverse cardiovascular complications (MACE) within 365 days were recorded. The comparison groups included a control group of ischemic stroke patients who were not on psychotropic medications before and after the index ischemic stroke and a second group of poststroke psychotropic medication use (PoMU), which consisted of patients started on psychotropic medication during the index admission. Results . The prevalence of PPMU in the studied cohort was 21.4% (69/323). There was a greater proportion of females in the PPMU than in the comparison groups ( P < 0 : 001 ), while vascular risk factors were similar in all groups, except for an increased presence of posterior circulation infarcts in the PPMU (37.4% vs. 18.8%, P < 0 : 001 ). Among the patients with available 1-year follow-up data ( n = 246 ), we noted signi fi cantly greater improvement in stroke de fi cits, measured by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) between PPMU and PoMU vs. control (3 (0-7) versus 1 (0-4), P = 0 : 041 ). The 1-year mRS was worse in PPMU and PoMU compared to the control group (2 (IQ 1-3) vs. 2 (IQ 0-3) vs. 1 (IQ 0-2), respectively, P = 0 : 013 ), but delta mRS re fl ecting the degree of mRS improvement showed no signi fi cant di ff erence between any PMU and control patients ( P = 0 : 76 ). There was no statistically signi fi cant di ff erence in MACE. Conclusion . PPMU in ischemic stroke is common; it can be bene fi cial in ischemic stroke in the long-term clinical outcome and is not associated with increased risks of MACE.


Background Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) refers to cognitive dysfunction due to vascular brain injury, as a single cause or in combination with other, often neurodegenerative, etiologies. VCI is a broad construct that captures a heterogeneous patient population both in terms of cognitive and noncognitive symptoms and in terms of etiology and prognosis. This provides a challenge when applying this construct in clinical practice. Objective This paper presents the rationale and design of the TRACE-VCI study, which investigates the clinical features and prognosis of VCI in a memory clinic setting. Methods The TRACE-VCI project is an observational, prospective cohort study of 861 consecutive memory clinic patients with possible VCI. Between 2009 and 2013, patients were recruited through the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort of the VU University Medical Centre (VUMC) (N=665) and the outpatient memory clinic and VCI cohort of the University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU) (N=196). We included all patients attending the clinics with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of vascular brain injury. Patients with a primary etiology other than vascular brain injury or neurodegeneration were excluded. Patients underwent an extensive 1-day memory clinic evaluation including an interview, physical and neurological examination, assessment of biomarkers (including those for Alzheimer-type pathologies), extensive neuropsychological testing, and an MRI scan of the brain. For prognostic analyses, the composite primary outcome measure was defined as accelerated cognitive decline (change of clinical dementia rating ≥1 or institutionalization) or (recurrent) major vascular events or death over the course of 2 years. Results The mean age at baseline was 67.7 (SD 8.5) years and 46.3% of patients (399/861) were female. At baseline, the median Clinical Dementia Rating was 0.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.5-1.0) and the median Mini-Mental State Examination score was 25 (IQR 22-28). The clinical diagnosis at baseline was dementia in 52.4% of patients (451/861), mild cognitive impairment in 24.6% (212/861), and no objective cognitive impairment in the remaining 23.0% (198/861). Conclusions The TRACE-VCI study represents a large cohort of well-characterized patients with VCI in a memory clinic setting. Data processing and collection for follow-up are currently being completed. The TRACE-VCI study will provide insight into the clinical features of memory clinic patients that meet VCI criteria and establish key prognostic factors for further cognitive decline and (recurrent) major vascular events.


The stylized facts suggest a negative relationship between tax progressivity and the skill premium from the early 1960s until the early 1990s, and a positive one thereafter. They also generally imply rising tax progressivity, except for the 1980s. In this paper, we ask whether optimal tax policy is consistent with these observations, taking into account the demographic and technological factors that have also affected the skill premium. To this end, we construct a dynamic general equilibrium model in which the skill premium and the progressivity of the tax system are endogenously determined, with the latter being optimally chosen by a benevolent government. We find that optimal policy delivers both a progressive tax system and model predictions which are generally consistent, except for the 1980s, with the stylized facts relating to the skill premium and progressivity. To capture the patterns in the data over the 1980s requires that we adopt a government policy which is biased towards the interests of skilled agents. Thus, in addition to demographic and technological factors, changes in the preferences of policy-makers appear to be a potentially important factor in determining the evolution of the observed skill premium.


The paper reports on the performance of 34 different concrete mixes containing glass crushed to ¾-in. (19-mm) maximum size as coarse aggregate and six reference mixes made with gravel of the same size. Two cements of alkali equivalent 0.58 and 1.13, classifiable as low and high alkali (ASTM C 150-72), in amounts ranging from 400–900 lb/yd3 (237–534 kg/m3 were used in combination with glass both with the fines removed and in the as-crushed condition. Partial cement replacement with fly ash and mixing of glass with gravel aggregate were included in an attempt to find a suitable method of overcoming the expected adverse effects of the reaction between glass and cement alkalis. On the basis of compressive strength, flexural strength, expansion, and visible surface deterioration recorded up to an age of one year, the results show that in many cases the direct combination of glass with portland cement yields concrete which exhibits marked strength regression and excessive expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The conditions under which performance is satisfactory appear to relate to limiting maximum values of cement content and alkali equivalent. Replacement of 25 to 30 percent by weight of the cement, whether low or high alkali, appears to be an effective and widely applicable method of ensuring good long-term concrete performance, although the minimum required in any given case may be related to cement composition.


Now a day's internet is providing the best service .different applications contains, that doesn't differentiate among packets that may be having different performance requirement .this kind of occurs a problem for real time applications. That's why we require small amount of resources operate effectively, such as multimedia applications(telephony and audio, video etc).so avoid this problem International Electro technical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards are cooperates with Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) proposed as differentiated services architecture model classes are differentiation in the internetworking system. The main aim of this paper is to elaborate the performance of differentiate services as prevent to the internet service provider's.In this paper I'm implemented this concept of simulator is GRPHICAL NETWORK SIMULATOR (GNS3).


Expanding opportunities mean that many nurses wish to update and extend their knowledge. A comprehensive framework for credit accumulation is needed. All practitioners must record their professional development in a personal profile or portfolio.


Optical constants n and k have been calculated from normal incidence transmissivity spectra of thin crystals of Bi8Te7S5. In the 0.4–1 μ range the transmissivity data can be expressed in terms of three classical oscillators, only one of them in the wavelength range of experimental measurements. Only the very thinnest crystal, 5 atoms thick, shows a strong deviation from the bulk value of n. The k value is more thickness dependent.


Cluster entangled states are often used as the fundamental resources for one-way quantum computation. In this paper, we put forward a scheme of generating the spatial cluster entangled states of Laguerre–Gaussian modes in a large-Fresnel-number degenerate optical parametric oscillator operating below threshold with type I phase matching, which is pumped by two spatial Laguerre–Gaussian modes with the same frequency. The nonlinear parametric process of each pump mode satisfies momentum, energy, and orbit angular momentum conservation. Eleven-partite spatial cluster entangled states of Laguerre–Gaussian modes can be produced in the optical mode comb under feasible experimental condition, which can be demonstrated by using the entanglement criterion proposed by van Loock and Furusawa.


Regenerating codes provide an efficient way to recover data at failed nodes in distributed storage systems. It has been shown that regenerating codes can be designed to minimize the per-node storage (called MSR) or minimize the communication overhead for regeneration (called MBR). In this work, we propose a new encoding scheme for [n, d] error-correcting MSR codes that generalizes our earlier work on error-correcting regenerating codes. We show that by choosing a suitable diagonal matrix, any generator matrix of the [n, α] Reed-Solomon (RS) code can be integrated into the encoding matrix. Hence, MSR codes with the least update complexity can be found. An efficient decoding scheme is also proposed that utilizes the [n, α] RS code to perform data reconstruction. The proposed decoding scheme has better error correction capability and incurs the least number of node accesses when errors are present.


Summary: We present a format for efficient storage of multiple tracks of numeric data anchored to a genome. The format allows fast random access to hundreds of gigabytes of data, while retaining a small disk space footprint. We have also developed utilities to load data into this format. We show that retrieving data from this format is more than 2900 times faster than a naive approach using wiggle files. Availability and Implementation: Reference implementation in Python and C components available at http://noble.gs.washington.edu/proj/genomedata/ under the GNU General Public License. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com


We argue that the transverse mass spectra of identified hadrons as measured in gold-gold collisions at BNL's Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) follows a generalized scaling law. Such a scaling behavior is motivated by the idea of a Color Glass Condensate, or more generally, saturation of the gluon density. In particular, we describe the shapes of transverse mass spectra as a function of centrality. This scaling of the transverse mass spectrum is shown to be consistent with previously observed scaling of multiplicity with centrality. Typeset using REVTEX


Background: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a potential adverse effect of long-term treatment with antipsychotics. Previous studies have suggested a link between brain serotonergic systems and TD vulnerability. A recent report described that a serotonin 3 receptor (5-HTR3) agonist induced rhythmic movements in mice with complete paraplegia. Furthermore, it has been reported that the 5-HTR3 antagonist ondansetron is efficacious in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine whether the 5-HTR3A gene C178T polymorphism is associated with antipsychotic-induced TD in Korean schizophrenia patients. Methods: We investigated 280 Korean schizophrenia patients. Subjects with TD (n = 105) and without TD (n = 175) were matched for antipsychotic drug exposure and other relevant variables. Results: The distributions of genotypic (chi-squared = 3.55, p = 0.169) and allelic (chi-squared = 0.40, p = 0.528) frequencies did not differ between patients with and without TD. The total score on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale also did not differ between the two genotype groups (F = 0.94, p = 0.391). Conclusions: The findings of the present study do not support the involvement of the 5-HTR3A gene C178T polymorphism in TD in Korean schizophrenia subjects.


In pearlitic steels, hydrogen trapping at interphase boundaries may induce hydrogen- cracking in the absence of external applied stress such as in blistering and Hydrogen Induced Cracking. However, in low alloy steels containing a much lower density of such trapping sites and/or when hydrogen activity is reduced, most instances of hydrogen-induced cracking involve strong interactions between local plasticity and hydrogen effects. We investigated the effects of these variables on the crack growth rate in two quenched and tempered high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels. Slow strain rate tensile and low-amplitude cyclic tests were conducted on micro-notched specimen in conditions of variable hydrogen activity. The results indicate a strong dependence of crack growth rate with the tempering on the one hand and both the notch-tip plastic zone and hydrogen activity on the other. At low activity, dynamic strain seems to be the major factor affecting hydrogen embrittlement, while trapping effects appear dominant at higher hydrogen activity.


Virtual models have in recent years proven their worth in practice in building design. Today, virtual models of a complete building project are often created before the project is carried out in practice. The immediate advantages of this new working process are great; it reduces the number of errors, it gives a better production basis, and it improves clarity and enhances communication compared to traditional 2D drafting methods. However, there is still much unutilized potential in the virtual models, especially for use in the construction and operation phases. A digital link between the virtual models and the physical components in the construction process can improve the information handling and sharing in construction and building operation management. Such a link can be created by means of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Ontologies play an important role as the foundation for information sharing between trading partners, reuse of data from one phase in construction to the next, integration of process and product models with enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, easily access of information, communication of data through networks, reading of data stored in electronic tags, etc. This paper reviews existing ontologies relevant in relation to creating such a digital link between virtual models and the physical components. The ontologies are reviewed from an ontology consumer (system delveloper) point of view. The ontologies are categorised according to their applicability to specification of technical services, resources, organisational relations, business processes and overall frameworks for ontology descriptions and their relations. It is concluded, with a few modifications for industrial use, the technical service and resource ontologies are applicable and that the meta-, organisational and business process ontologies need further development and industrial maturity to be applicable for use in system development.


[1] Mineral grain size plays an important role in controlling many processes in the mantle wedge of subduction zones, including mantle flow and fluid migration. To investigate the grain-size distribution in the mantle wedge, we coupled a two-dimensional (2-D) steady state finite element thermal and mantle-flow model with a laboratory-derived grain-size evolution model. In our coupled model, the mantle wedge has a composite olivine rheology that incorporates grain-size-dependent diffusion creep and grain-size-independent dislocation creep. Our results show that all subduction settings lead to a characteristic grain-size distribution, in which grain size increases from 10 to 100 μm at the most trenchward part of the creeping region to a few centimeters in the subarc mantle. Despite the large variation in grain size, its effect on the mantle rheology and flow is very small, as >90% of the deformation in the flowing part of the creeping region is accommodated by grain-size-independent dislocation creep. The predicted grain-size distribution leads to a downdip increase in permeability by ∼5 orders of magnitude. This increase is likely to promote greater upward migration of aqueous fluids and melts where the slab reaches ∼100 km depth compared with shallower depths, potentially providing an explanation for the relatively uniform subarc slab depth. Seismic attenuation derived from the predicted grain-size distribution and thermal field is consistent with the observed seismic structure in the mantle wedge at many subduction zones, without requiring a significant contribution by the presence of melt.


Aloina obliquifolia is newly reported for South America from Ecuador and Peru. This species has been known previously only from China and Europe. In addition, A. catillum is reported new to Chile and Ecuador and A. bifrons is reported for the first time from Ecuador. The diagnostic characters, habitat preferences, illustrations and updated ranges of the treated species are included, as well as an identification key to the known species of Aloina in South America.


In order to improve the accuracy of damage identification of offshore platform, structural damage identification method based on D-S evidence theory is proposed. Firstly, the stiffness matrix damage factor iterative method and modal strain energy method are used to identify the structural damage, and give the decision vectors respectively. Then, the decision vectors are imported into the D-S evidence theory formula, the damage probability of every element would be obtained and the damage location would be determined finally. Offshore platform model experiments show that the results of structural damage identification are more accurate and reliable after D-S evidence theory is used.


Understanding the role of the league brand on consumers' support for individual teams is important for the successful management and marketing of both leagues and teams. In the current research, brand architecture and brand association literature are integrated to examine the role of the league brand on the relationship between the team brand and team-related behavior. Data from an online survey of professional soccer league consumers (N = 414) were analyzed using structural equation modeling with bootstrapping procedures. The relationship between the team brand and team-related behavior was partially mediated by the league brand. Findings of this research contribute new knowledge by empirically demonstrating that characteristics of the league brand have an influence on team-related behavioral intentions. Furthermore, we contribute a different analytical approach for brand association research using formative indicators to measure team and league brand associations. In the managerial implications, we outl...


The simulation turntable is a high precision and semi-physical simulation installation. In order to meet high precision of turntable, the precision prescribed in all sets of axes of turntable is required during manufacturing process and assembly. Based on assembly process of three-axis simulation turntable, the detachable structure of U frame is designed. Components of the frame are formed by bolted joints. So the strength and stiffness of the U frame with bolted joints must meet initial design requirements, simple and reliable finite element simulation method of bolted joints is applied based on ANSYS software in the paper. The connection of screw threat pair is simulated by nonlinear elastic contact mode, and the preload to bolts is loaded though pretension element of ANSYS software. The numerical analysis is performed to confirm that the detachable structural U frame with bolted joints is satisfied with structural requirement and the strength of U frame is influenced by the pre-tightening force of bolt at the extent.


The present study examined the anti-proliferative effects of piplartine on the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. This is the first report demonstrating the piplartine anti-cancer activity toward prostate cancer cell lines, although its precise mechanism of action is still not completely defined. In MTT assays, it preferentially inhibited growth of androgen-independent PC-3 cells in a dose-dependent (3-30 microM) and time-dependent (12-48 h) manner. In PC-3 cells, it showed an IC50 of 15 microM after 24 h of treatment. After a 24-30 microM treatment for 24 h, there were some reduction of cell volume, cell vacuolization, chromatin condensation and increased number of apoptotic cells visible by light and fluorescence microscopy. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that cells treated with piplartine exhibited DNA fragmentation. In addition, growth inhibition of PC-3 cells was associated with G2/M arrest and sub-G1 accumulation. Higher concentrations (24-30 microM) of piplartine modulated apoptosis-related protein expression by down-regulating cdc-2 expression and up-regulating PARP/procaspase-3 cleavage. Also, PC-3 cells treated with piplartine demonstrated caspase-3 activation, as observed with an in vitro caspase-3 colorimetric assay kit. Taken together, these results demonstrated that high concentrations of piplartine exhibited anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects on PC-3 cells and that caspase-3-mediated PARP cleavage and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase are involved in the underlying cellular mechanism of the apoptosis process.


This report presents results regarding fear of crime amongst young people in a small Swedish town, Ljungby. It also considers the experience of violence and other types of crime. A questionnaire was distributed to 320 students in upper secondary school during October 2001. The results from these questionnaires shows that female students more often than male students state that they are worried when they are to walk home alone at night. Nearly 70 % of the women in this study says that they often or sometimes are afraid when they walk home without company. About 90 % of the male students report that they hardly ever feel worried when they walk home alone at night. 41 % of the students state that they sometimes are afraid of crimes. The majority of these students are female. The women state that they are afraid of being raped whilst the men report being afraid of assault. 35 % of the students have been victims of crime. Most of these students report theft. 36 % of these young men and women have been threatened and 24 % of them have been assaulted. The majority in both cases is men. 55 % of the victimized students did not report the incident to the police. The two main accounts for not doing this are the two following; "it was only a minor crime" and "the police cannot do anything anyway". (Less)


Both literary scholars and students of copyright law have challenged the romantic model of authorship, a model emphasizing individual genius and creation ex nihilo. Authorship, they argue, is actually a collaborative effort. Authors assemble their works from the fragments of their cultural environment, transforming as much as creating. Copyright law, however, still champions the rights of authors and it requires a coherent theory of what authorship is. An alternative to the romantic model of authorship can be found in information theory, a branch of mathematics dealing, at a very fundamental level, with all forms of communication. Authorship could be defined simply as the unconstrained selection of one means of expression from an array of alternative means - a definition mirroring how information theorists quantify the information content encoded in a message. That conception of authorship, already suggested by existing parallels between information theory and copyright's doctrine of merger, answers some of the criticism directed at the romantic model, namely its overemphasis on the inspired, meaning-defining, solitary author/genius. On the other hand, this un-romantic model would suggest that a broad array of texts qualify as copyrightable works of authorship, including some in which the means of expression are selected by random or mechanical processes.


It was found that the stimulating effect of alpha-adrenomimetic mesatone in the test of lymphocyte adhesion inhibition in patients with rectum cancer in vitro was eliminated by beta-adrenergic blocker phentolamine and the inhibitory effect of beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. It was shown in vitro that lymphocyte chemoreceptor sensitivity to the stimulating effect of mesatone decreased and sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of isadrine increased in patients with advanced stages of rectum cancer.


In this paper we provide an interpretation of Aristotle's rule for the universal quantifier in Topics Θ 157a34–37 and 160b1–6 in terms of Paul Lorenzen's dialogical logic. This is meant as a contribution to the rehabilitation of the role of dialectic within the Organon. After a review of earlier views of Aristotle on quantification, we argue that this rule is related to the dictum de omni in Prior Analytics A 24b28–29. This would be an indication of the dictum's origin in the context of dialectical games. One consequence of our approach is a novel explanation of the doctrine of the existential import of the quantifiers in dialectical terms. After a brief survey of Lorenzen's dialogical logic, we offer a set of rules for dialectical games based on previous work by Castelnérac and Marion, to which we add here the rule for the universal quantifier, as interpreted in terms of its counterpart in dialogical logic. We then give textual evidence of the use of that rule in Plato's dialogues, thus showing that Aristotle only made explicit a rule already implicit in practice, while providing a new interpretation of 'epagogic' arguments. Finally, we show how a proper understanding of that rule involves further rules concerning counterexamples and delaying tactics, stressing again the parallels with dialogical logic.


Despite a number of different numerical techniques existing for modeling the uptake of the nutrients, metabolism, maintenance, cell division and growth of bacteria population, none of them can be treated as a universally one. In this new model we have combined two techniques. The first one — agent-based — has been used for modeling the behavior of an individual bacterium. The agent objects (AOs) define generic features of the bacterium and the ways they interact with the environment and with the neighboring bacteria. The cellular automata are used for modeling the bacterial environment and represent communication layer for the agents, while a fixed two-dimensional grid defines the living space. The growth of the bacterial colony depends on the amount of free space in the closest neighborhood of individuals, which is required for reproduction, and on the availability of nutrients. We have matched the parameters of the model to demonstrate various growth structures developed by bacteria populations. We show that the patterns generated by the bacteria due to their collective behavior reflect the dynamical vitality of population and its fitness factor. We observe that the strongest populations self-organize in rod-like structures, which are reproduced in experimental microscopy images characteristic for bioflims and anthrax bacterial colonies.


The authors give a concise characteristics of different types of the cochleovestibular syndromes. On the basis of a study concerning the effect of injectable Seduxen in 54 patients with vascular brain disorders (transient disorders of cerebral circulation, ischemic strokes, chronic vertebro-basillar insufficiency) and 3 patients with cochleo-vestibular syndromes of a non-vascular genesis the conclusion is made of the effectiveness of this preparation for arresting acute vestibular disorders of vascular etiology. The preparation exerts a normalizing multidirected action on the different links of the CNS and the vegetative nervous system.


In this work, we examine how the linewidth of high-power Yb-doped fiber lasers changes as a function of laser power. Four-wave mixing between the various longitudinal modes of the laser cavity tends to broaden the laser linewidth, while Bragg reflectors have a narrow bandwidth that limits the extent of this broadening. An analytical model taking into account these effects predicts that the laser linewidth scales as the square root of laser power, in agreement with numerical simulations [1]. This model has been previously validated with a low-power Er-doped fiber laser [1] and with Raman fiber lasers [2]. In this paper, we compare the measurements taken with Yb-doped fiber lasers at power levels ranging from a few watts to hundreds of watts with the model. The broadening of high-power fiber lasers deviate from the model. Experimental data show that the linewidth broadens as a power function (between 0.5 to 1) of the laser power. A simple modification of the model is proposed which fits all the experimental data.


ABSTRACT A recurring theme has emerged from past ANZALS (Australia and New Zealand Association for Leisure Studies) Conferences' keynote presentations concerning the status of leisure studies from a teaching and research perspective. While this broad discussion has been raised, little is formally known about the current status of leisure studies in Australian and New Zealand universities. The ANZALS Board initiated a project in 2015 to gain insights into this topic. The purpose of the project was to document issues about leisure studies in Australian and New Zealand universities and to explore strategies that could assist ANZALS to promote leisure studies across various sectors. This initiative sought feedback from the ANZALS Patron organisations as well as members via a workshop conducted at the 2015 ANZALS Conference. Outcomes from the project have identified leisure studies as a diverse and disparate field of study. Leisure studies is no longer a centralised field within Australian and New Zealand universities. Instead, leisure studies have become divergent and focused on the elements within leisure such as recreation, sport, tourism and events, as well as across domains such as management and health. The project outcomes indicate the need for organisations such as ANZALS to develop and maintain collaborative networks with a variety of stakeholders, both within the tertiary sector as well as amongst practitioners in various industry sectors. There is also a need for ANZALS and kindred organisations to recognise and acknowledge the past and ensure its future by examining how leisure studies can be defined for application in a realm of related fields of study.


In order to elucidate the mechanisms of action of ketamine, we have investigated the binding of the chiral forms of ketamine to opioid (mu, delta and kappa), phencyclidine, sigma and muscarinic receptors and we have performed detailed concentration-response experiments in the guinea-pig ileum preparation. The affinity ratios for the chiral forms at phencyclidine, mu and kappa receptors correlated with the potency ratio of the chiral forms in the ischaemic pain test found previously. The affinities were highest for phencyclidine receptors. The affinities for muscarinic receptors were lower than for phencyclidine receptors by a factor of about 10-20. The concentration-response experiments revealed one opioid (naloxone sensitive) and one non-opioid component. The two component are very close, which explains why other authors have reported that naloxone antagonizes the ketamine effect only partly. The concentrations of naloxone necessary to shift the opioid part of the curves indicate that ketamine is a kappa agonist in the guinea-pig ileum preparation. We conclude that the analgesic effect of ketamine in humans is most probably mediated via phencyclidine receptors, although a kappa effect can not be excluded. Binding to kappa and muscarinic receptors may contribute to the psychotomimetic side effects seen during recovery from ketamine anaesthesia.


Information on the healthy worker hire effect in relation to asthma is scant. We aimed to assess whether and how childhood asthma-related characteristics (before hire) relate to occupational exposures at first hire. Analyses were conducted in 298 children examined at the first survey of the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (1991–1995), who reported a training period or a job at follow-up in 2003–2007 (aged 17–29 yrs; 53% males). Exposure likelihood to dust, gases and/or fumes in their first occupation was estimated by the ALOHA job exposure matrix. Asthma before the first occupation and two asthma classifications for severity (Global Initiative for Asthma 2002 guidelines) and symptoms were defined by questionnaire. In their first job, 47% of subjects were exposed. After adjustment (age, sex and education), pre-hire onset asthmatics (59%) were nonsignificantly less likely to be exposed (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.41–1.11). Associations were stronger when considering those with severe asthma or high symptom score in childhood (OR 0.27 (95% CI 0.11–0.63) and OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.25–0.99), respectively). The association was observed in those who completed a university degree (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.29–1.04) but not in the others (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.44–2.22), with consistent results for all asthma characteristics. Results suggest a healthy worker hire effect in subjects with more severe or more symptomatic asthma in childhood. Education may modulate self-selection.


In this paper are described seven men with a scapula-back type of x-linked recessive muscular dystrophy in a family. Onset began in boyhood. The scapula-back muscles were affected, but the calf muscles were normal. All of the patients were able to walk. The oldest patient was thirty-seven years old. Muscular dystrophy was confirmed by electro-myography (EMG), pathologic and CPK examinations. Pedigree analysis indicated x-linked recessive inheritance.


The purpose of this qualitative research is to analyse general condition and efforts of female batik workers to increase their working quality product and participation in batik industry, and formulate alternative model of women empowerment to meet their needs. Despite impressive role and contributions to the batik industry development and income contributor to the family, female batik workers in Wisata Kliwonan Village have only secondary status after male workers. They generally have no opportunities in all aspects of empowerment activities. Their position and product quality in work can be improved by increasing their knowledge, productive skills, and participation in batik industry as equal partners to male batik workers. Women empowerment based on female batik workers community through the formation of micro women enterprises can be considered as an alternative model to training facility will afford them the opportunity of having stable economic for themselves in family and batik industry.


In the present paper, we analyze an original channel of interaction between politicians and lobbies i.e. the nuisance power of a lobby. Some lobbies are influencing public policies just because they are able to impact negatively the image of a politician. More particularly, we develop a setting in which unions may transmit some information to the voters about the quality of the government via a costly signal i.e. a strike. In our setting unions represent sectors of the economy. An incumbent government seeking reelection allocates a fixed budget among several unionized sectors. Strikes are costly and transmit information to voters about the quality of the government. The politician may have interest to distort the budget allocation away from the efficient one in order to maximize his/her probability of reelection. In most cases a hostile receive receives more than a neutral/friendly one.


The Uruguay Round (UR), which marked the conclusion of protracted multilateral trade negotiations, resulted in comprehensive agreements on multilateral trade in goods and services within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The newly created World Trade Organisation (WTO) provides an institutional framework that encompasses all the agreements and legal instruments negotiated in the UR as well as the dispute settlement procedures and provisions for the regular monitoring of policies of the member countries. The UR agreement has been widely perceived as constituting a major advance in the process of multilateral liberalisation of trade in goods and services and, when fully implemented, is expected to improve economic efficiency and welfare from the global, national and sectoral standpoints. An important feature of the UR agreement is the incorporation of new sectors like textiles and clothing within the ambit of the GATT/WTO framework. In view of the fact that the textiles and clothing industry is one of the few sectors in which developing countries enjoy a distinct comparative advantage over industrial countries, the UR agreement holds considerable significance for developing economies like Pakistan.


1. An automatic, electromagnetic diver balance is described.

2. The working principle of this instrument is that a small plastic cylinder, the diver, with density less than one is kept floating in an aqueous medium by a magnetic force acting on a permanent magnet enclosed in the diver. In the floating position the diver cuts off a light beam which, through an electronic system, controls the magnetic force acting upon the diver. The latter will move down until its buoyancy is compensated by this force.

3. With this balance one may register the submerged--or reduced--weight of any object placed on the floating diver.

4. The apparatus has hitherto found application in water-permeation studies (D2O-H2O exchange) and in determinations of the cortical tension in the frog's egg. Potentially the instrument may be used for various other purposes, notably for manometric determinations.


Genetically altered mice are important research tools for the study of human development and disease. Occasionally, whether or not related to the genetic mutation, mice may become infertile with age and, thus, risk loss of the mutant line. Under conditions in which assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs), such as in vitro fertilization, are unsuccessful, a new strategy, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), may be applicable. This technique has been perfected for use in the mouse and is now considered a reliable, effective, and efficient ART. In the study reported here, we "rescued" (i.e., produced offspring, using ICSI from a "last-of-line" mutant male mouse) four lines that otherwise had become infertile and unresponsive to conventional ART's. A total of 26 live pups were produced from eight pregnant recipient foster mothers. Five mutant male mice were derived (one each from three lines, and two from one line), and all survived to adulthood. We found that live born mice could be successfully derived by use of ICSI that subsequently could breed by natural mating to reestablish the mutant line. Because of its effectiveness and reliability under these conditions, ICSI should be considered a powerful addition to the armamentarium of ART's applicable in the genetically-altered mouse, especially when only one male may still be available.


Stress is a common problem among university students and studies showed that involvement in exercise could help in reducing stress. However, information regarding the effect of high intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) using a resistant tube on stress among inactive and moderate active young male university students is limited. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of high intensity PRT using a resistant tube on psychological stress level, cortisol, DHEA and physical fitness in this population. A total of 30 male university students were participated in this quasi-experiment study. Intervention group (n = 14, age: 21.50 ± 1.37 yr) was participaned to carry out high intensity PRT by using resistant tube 3 times per week for 10 weeks; control group (n = 16, age: 21.29 ± 1.86 yr) was asked to continue their current lifestyle as usual. Before and after 10 weeks of intervention, psychological stress was measured by using PSS and SLSI questionnaires; cortisol and DHEA level were measured by using ELISA method. Timed up-and-go (TUG) used to examine dynamic balance and handgrip strength test used to measure muscle strength. Findings showed that the increased of DHEA level after 10 weeks of intervention was significantly difference between control and intervention groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant group difference in changes over time in anthropometric and body composition measurements, stress scores, cortisol level and physical fitness. High intensity PRT using resistant tube may be beneficial in increasing DHEA level among young male adults, which can act as a stress biochemical indicator.


This study examined the effects of instruction on the English word boundary perception of Korean learners of English. The focus of this study was the appropriate use of Voice Onset Time (VOT) of English voiceless stops (p, t, k) in word initial (e.g., top) and after word initial s position (e.g., stop) signaling the presence and absence of a word boundary before the stop consonant. There were 48 participants in the study, who were assessed three times: before instruction (pre-test), immediately after instruction (post-test), and five weeks after instruction (delayed post-test). Results revealed that participants' perceptual accuracy improved significantly in both VOT positions in segmentation after instruction. However, the improvement was more prominent in word initial than after word initial s. Among word initial stop consonants, velar stops were the most difficult to acquire, while after initial s, bilabial stops were the most difficult and alveolar stops were the easiest to acquire.


The Spending Review announced by the Coalition Government in 2010 represents a challenge to those who lead a variety of state-sponsored institutions, not least in post-compulsory education. For General Further Education Colleges (GFECs) who are confronted with a reduction in funding for a wide variety of programmes, and Sixth Form Colleges (SFCs) who have had their funding for tutorial provision and enrichment curtailed, the Spending Review heralded a major financial challenge. How principals respond to this challenge, together with the long term drift towards the marketisation of education, is reflected in their values and priorities. This investigation set out to explore how teachers in a variety of SFCs and GFECs viewed the response and leadership style of their principal. The findings suggest that principals are primarily driven by institutional interests. Although colleges may claim to contribute to the economic and social regeneration of their local community, social democratic values are likely to be subordinated to neo-liberal exigencies in the current financial and ideological climate.


all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the oxidative metabolite of vitamin A, is essential for normal embryonic development. Also, high levels of atRA are teratogenic in many species and can effectively induce cleft palate in the mouse. Most cleft palate resulted from the failed fusion of secondary palate shelves, and maintenance of the normal cell proliferation is important in this process of shelf growth. To clarify the mechanism by which atRA causes cleft palate, we investigated the effect of atRA on proliferation activity and cell cycle distribution in mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells. atRA inhibited the growth of MEPM cells by inducing apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. atRA also caused a G1 block in the cell cycle with an increase in the proportion of cells in G0/G1 and a decrease in the proportion of cells in S phase, as determined by flow cytometry. We next investigated the effects of atRA on molecules that regulate the G1 to S phase transition. These studies demonstrated that atRA inhibited expression of cyclins D and E at the protein level. Furthermore, atRA treatment reduced phosphorylated Rb and decreased cdk2 and cdk4 kinase activity. These data suggest that atRA had antiproliferative activity by modulating G1/S cell cycle regulators and by inhibition of Rb phosphorylation in MEPM cells, which might account for the pathogenesis of cleft palate induced by retinoic acid.


Summary. Hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors (HOCT) occur in three clinico-pathologic situations; (1) sporadically, in association with renal oncocytomatosis and (3) in patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD). There are no specific clinical symptoms in patients with sporadic or HOCT associated with oncocytosis/oncocytomatosis. HOCT in patients with BHD are usually encountered on characteristic BHD clinicopathologic background. Sporadic HOCT are composed of neoplastic cells with eosinophilic oncocytic cytoplasm. Tumors are usually arranged in a solid-alveolar pattern. Some neoplastic cells may have a perinuclear halo, with no raisinoid nuclei present. HOCT occurring in patients with oncocytomatosis are morphologically identical to sporadic HOCT. HOCT in BHD frequently display 3 morphologic patterns, either in isolation or in combination; (1) An admixture of areas typical of RO and CHRCC, respectively, (2) Scattered chromophobe cells in the background of a typical RO, (3) Large eosinophilic cells with intracytoplasmic vacuoles. The immunohistochemical profiles of HOCT in all clinicopathologic and morphologic groups differ slightly. The majority of tumors express parvalbumin, antimitochondrial antigen and CK 7. CD117 is invariably positive. HOCT show significant molecular genetic heterogeneity. The highest degree of variability in numerical chromosomal changes is present in sporadic HOCT. HOCT in the setting of oncocytomatosis have revealed a lesser degree of variability in the chromosomal numerical aberrations. HOCT in patients with BHD display FLCN gene mutations, which are absent in the other groups. HOCT (all three clinicopathologic groups) seem to behave indolently, as no evidence of aggressive behavior has been documented. However, no report with follow up longer than 10 years has been published.


The complexity of situations makes individuals use emotions to make sense of their environment and interdependent others. In this paper, we build on the idea that physiological reactions give emotional information about the subject and we focus on Electrodermal Activity (EDA), an index of arousal, to inspect deep processes of a dyadic interaction in a mixedmotive game. Our interest lies on how conflict episodes unfold, to design intelligent agents that are more socially aware and thus able to express and recognise dyadic forms of conflict. A qualitative analysis of the data allowed us to identify moments where players made choices to cope with ongoing conflict or prospects of it in the future.


We measured 366 microsatellite markers genome-wide to search for loci contributing to subcortical white matter ischemic damage (leukoariosis) and brain atrophy in 488 non-Hispanic white subjects (193 men, 295 women; mean age±SD=64.1±7.7 years; 79% hypertensive) from 223 sibships recruited through ≥2 members with essential hypertension diagnosed before age 60. Leukoariosis was quantitated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain atrophy by the difference between intracranial and brain volumes, and calculated mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure provided measures of steady-state level and pulsatile components of blood pressure. After adjustment for sex and age, variance components models estimated significant heritability of leukoariosis (0.72), brain atrophy (0.52), mean arterial pressure (0.084), and pulse pressure (0.294) (P<0.0001 for each trait). Univariate maximum logarithm of odds scores (MLS) were observed for leukoariosis on chromosome 5 (MLS=1.91; P=0.00150); for brain atrophy on 1q and 17p (MLS=2.76, P=0.00018); for mean arterial pressure on 11p (MLS=1.57; P=0.00354); and for pulse pressure on 11p (MLS=3.02; P=0.00070). Bivariate linkage analyses provided evidence of loci with pleiotropic effects on brain atrophy and pulse pressure on chromosomes 11p (MLS = 5.07 at 16 cM; P=0.00001) and 16q (MLS of 4.56 at 124 cM; P=0.00003). These results demonstrate usefulness of multivariate linkage analyses to detect loci with pleiotropic effects on genetically correlated traits and suggest overlap between the genes influencing blood pressure and those contributing to brain atrophy.


The mechanical properties of a lead free solder are strongly influenced by its microstructure, which is controlled by its thermal history including solidification rate and thermal aging after solidification. Due to aging phenomena, the microstructure, mechanical response, and failure behavior of lead free solder joints in electronic assemblies are constantly evolving when exposed to isothermal and/or thermal cycling environments. Through uniaxial testing of miniature bulk solder tensile specimens, we have previously demonstrated that large changes occur in the stress-strain and creep behaviors of lead free solder alloys with aging. Complementary studies by other research groups have verified aging induced degradations of SAC mechanical properties. In those investigations, mechanical testing was performed on a variety of sample geometries including lap shear specimens, Iosipescu shear specimens, and custom solder ball array shear specimens. While there are clearly aging effects in SAC solder materials, there have been limited prior mechanical loading studies on aging effects in actual solder joints extracted from area array assemblies (e.g. PBGA or flip chip). This is due to the extremely small size of the individual joints, and the difficulty in gripping them and applying controlled loadings (tension, compression, or shear).In the current work, we have explored aging phenomena in actual solder joints by nano-mechanical testing of single SAC305 lead free solder joints extracted from PBGA assemblies. Using nanoindentation techniques, the stress-strain and creep behavior of the SAC solder materials have been explored at the joint scale for various aging conditions. Mechanical properties characterized as a function of aging include the elastic modulus, hardness, and yield stress. Using a constant force at max indentation, the creep response of the aged and non-aged solder joint materials has also been measured as a function of the applied stress level. With these approaches, aging effects in solder joints were quantified and correlated to the magnitudes of those observed in testing of miniature bulk specimens. Our results show that the aging induced degradations of the mechanical properties (modulus, hardness) of single grain SAC305 joints were similar to those seen previously by testing of larger "bulk" solder specimens. However, due to the single grain nature of the joints considered in this study, the degradations of the creep responses were significantly less in the solder joints relative to those in larger uniaxial tensile specimens. The magnitude of aging effects in multi-grain lead free solder joints remains to be quantified.Due to the variety of crystal orientations realized during solidification, it was important to identify the grain structure and crystal orientations in the tested joints. Polarized light microscopy and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) techniques have been utilized for this purpose. The test results show that the elastic, plastic, and creep properties of the solder joints and their sensitivities to aging are highly dependent on the crystal orientation. In addition, an approach has been developed to predict tensile creep strain rates for low stress levels using nanoindentation creep data measured at very high compressive stress levels.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


A total of 8,951 saplings of the lowland dipterocarp secondary forest of Jenderak (2 ha plot) were recorded which comprised of 53 families, 136 genera, and 254 species. Result for diversity indices indicates that the secondary forest of Jenderak contains high diversity. Unfortunately, many plants are found to be in rare category; moreover, no dipterocarp sapling is found in the plots study. From Morisita Index of Dispersion, the five dominant saplings in the study area are found to be clumped. The soil compaction consists of two categories; moderate and severe. The carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and C ratio were found low as compared to general study in primary forest; however, the exchangeable cations were considered high. Pearson's correlation analyses showed that the soil physical properties significantly correlated to the soil nutrients (p < 0.05 and r value range from 0.296 to 0.775). Analysis of growth rate found that M. dispar was the fastest as compared to others. Multivariate analyses show that, the five highest IVi species have different ability to perform the canopy layer in the forest. The highest value of HC and CC was S. cauliflora whereas the lowest was Baccaurea sp.1. Correlation analysis found that soil physio-chemical properties have positive correlation with stem density (p < 0 .0 1 ); however, the correlation is weak based or r value below 0.5. The detrended correspondence analysis showed that the five commonest species are found to have different preferences in the soil characteristics. Based on the finding, the secondary forest of Jenderak requires appropriate planning for management in the future.