The diagnosis of death by neurological criteria (colloquially known as 'brain death') is accepted in some form in law and medical practice throughout the world, and has been endorsed in principle by the Catholic Church. However, the rationale for this acceptance has been challenged by the accumulation of evidence of integrated vital activity in bodies diagnosed dead by neurological criteria. This paper sets out 10 different Catholic responses to the current crisis of confidence and assesses them in relation to a Catholic understanding of philosophical anthropology. Having considered each of these responses, none is found to provide good grounds for the moral certainty about death needed for current transplant practice to be ethically acceptable. Unless adequate grounds for the use of neurological criteria can be restored, current transplantation practice will have become what Pope John Paul II called a 'furtive, but no less serious and real, form of euthanasia'.


This fact sheets highlights U.S. Department of Energy fuel cell projects funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act). More than 1,000 fuel cell systems have been deployed through Recovery Act funding.


Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide the Team Performance Management (TPM) journal readership with a review of the journal since its inception in 1995, tracing the pattern of articles published since then. To give an overview of the processes and procedures now in operation and present the incoming editors' future vision of the journal.Design/methodology/approach – Each of the 266 articles published in the journal between 1995 and 2006 were analysed briefly to identify interesting trends or patterns.Findings – The largest number of articles have been published by authors from the USA (representing 45 per cent of the total number of articles published), although 28 countries are represented. The majority of articles have an academic first author (69 per cent). A significant proportion of articles are sole authored (47 per cent), although there is a slight trend towards multiple authors. Most authors (87 per cent) have only published once in the journal and the majority of articles (55 per ce...


P regnancy and childbirth involve significant health risks, even for women with no preexisting health problems. Approximately 40 percent of pregnant women experience pregnancy-related health problems, and 15 percent of all pregnant women suffer long-term or life-threatening complications. 1 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, in 1995, nearly 515,000 women died from complications of pregnancy and childbirth. 2 Most of these deaths occur in developing countries, often because women lack access to life-saving care. A woman living in a developing country is much more likely to receive antenatal care than she is to have skilled care during labor, childbirth, or the postpartum period (see Figure 1). Yet more than half of all maternal deaths occur within 24 hours of delivery, mostly from excessive bleeding (see Figure 2). 3 Severe bleeding, or hemorrhage, is the single most important cause of maternal death worldwide. At least one-quarter of all maternal deaths are due to hemorrhage; the proportions range from less than 10 percent to nearly 60 percent in various countries (see Table 1). 4 Even if a woman survives postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), she can be severely anemic and suffer from continuing health problems. Where maternal mortality is high and resources are limited, the introduction of low-cost, evidence-based practices to prevent and manage PPH can improve maternal and infant survival. This issue of Outlook reviews one of the effective interventions, management of the third stage of labor (the period between the birth of the infant and delivery of the placenta). The discussion also highlights a new international resource manual for doctors and midwives, Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth. 5 This manual provides specific information on proven best practices to improve maternal and neonatal health care, including practices for preventing and managing excessive postpartum bleeding. Strategies for developing, disseminating, and implementing such guidelines, as called for by the international Safe Motherhood Initiative, also are described. There are an estimated 14 million cases of pregnancy-related hemorrhage every year; at least 128,000 of these women bleed to death. 6 Most of these deaths occur within M a t e r n a l a n d N e o n a t a l H e a l t h S p e c i a l I s s u e


This paper presents Eco, a novel energy-aware programming model centering around sustainability. A sustainable program adaptively adjusts its own behaviors to stay on a given energy budget, avoiding both deficit that would lead to battery drain or CPU overheating, and surplus that could have been used to improve the quality of the program output. Sustainability management in Eco is built on a key insight where sustainability is viewed as a form of supply and demand matching, and a sustainable program consistently maintains the equilibrium between supply and demand. Concretely, Eco introduces a novel language abstraction—sustainable blocks—to achieve fine-grained programmable sustainability. Eco is implemented as a minimal extension to Java, and we validate its design by upgrading real-world Java programs, enabling two crucial features toward energy-aware software: battery awareness and temperature awareness.


From the intersection of computational science and technological speculation, with boundaries limited only by our ability to imagine what could be.Autonomous or not, design is destiny.<!-- END_PAGE_1 -->


The present invention relates to a knife blade having a metallic core and a shank integrally formed on the blade (2), the shank of the core as a handle (1) flat iron support made of plastic, wherein the end portion is fixed to the handle a metal end cap (6), characterized in that the plastic on the handle end portion having an opening (4), said opening leading to the shank end of the core; a metal end cap (6) having a pin formed integrally ( 5), the form-locking bolt is inserted in the opening (4) and the pin (5) having a gap (7 at its end facing the handle end of the core), in particular transverse joint, by means of the pin the void / contraction joints locking manner across the handle end of the core.


Abstract : This paper describes the development and testing of a one degree-of-freedom air bearing balance for dynamic wind tunnel testing. The balance permits test articles to spin without friction while making measurements of loads. Five load components are measured by sensing pressures in the air bearing film. The sixth component - rolling torque - is determined by sensing the current needed by the brushless spin motor to maintain a given rotation rate. The balance is also fitted with a novel auxiliary air delivery system which delivers air to the test model for pneumatic actuators or reaction control jets. The paper describes the design of the balance and preliminary testing in Physical Sciences Inc.'s (PSI's) automated calibration facility. Calibration results indicate that the balance responds linearly to applied loads. However, because it is impossible to manufacture a bearing with perfect uniformity, the balance must be calibrated as a function of bearing roll angle.


Resonant Spin Depolarization is a high precision technique for beam energy measurement employed in the Diamond Light Source storage ring. The relation between spin tune and beam energy can be used to determine the energy of a transversely polarized beam. Vertical oscillations excite the beam at frequencies that match the fractional part of the spin tune and the beam loss rate is used to monitor the beam depolarization. However, the standard procedure of these measurements is intrusive and not compatible with user operation of a light source. The Advanced Resonant Spin Depolarization (AdReSD) project aims to extend and improve the method with the goal of making the measurements compatible with the user operation, for instance by acting only on a small fraction of the stored beam. As a first step, we are investigating the beam loss monitors that will be used to detect beam depolarization. The material, location and optimal geometry of the detector to capture the largest fraction of the radiation footprint resulting from beam losses are studied. Results and designs are presented and future work is discussed.


In this paper, we provide architecture and functionalities of REMS.PA, a complex framework for supporting OLAP-based big data analytics over data-intensive business processes, with particular regards to business processes of the Public Administration. The framework has been designed and developed in the context of a real-life project. In addition to the anatomy of the framework, we describe some case studies that contribute to highlight the benefits coming from our proposed framework.


Resonant x-ray scattering is a powerful experimental technique for probing orbital and charge ordering. It involves tuning the incident photon energy to an absorption edge of the relevant ion and observing scattering at previously ''forbidden'' Bragg peaks, and it allows high-resolution, quantitative studies of orbital and charge order--even from small samples. Further, resonant x-ray scattering from orbitally ordered systems exhibits polarization- and azimuthal-dependent properties that provide additional information about the details of the orbital order that is difficult, or impossible, to obtain with any other technique. In the manganites, the sensitivity to charge and orbital ordering is enhanced when the incident photon energy is tuned near the Mn K absorption edge (6.539 keV), which is the lowest energy at which a 1s electron can be excited into an unoccupied state. In this process, the core electron is promoted to an intermediate excited state, which decays with the emission of a photon. The sensitivity to charge ordering is believed to be due to the small difference in K absorption edges of the Mn{sup 3+} and Mn{sup 4+} sites. For orbital ordering, the sensitivity arises from a splitting--or difference in the weight of the density of states [239]--of the orbitals occupied bymore » the excited electron in the intermediate state. In the absence of such a splitting, there is no resonant enhancement of the scattering intensity. In principle, other absorption edges in which the intermediate state is anisotropic could be utilized, but the strong dipole transition to the Mn 4p levels--and their convenient energies for x-ray diffraction--make the K edge well-suited to studies of manganites. The Mn 4p levels are affected by the symmetry of the orbital ordering, which makes the technique sensitive to the orbital degree of freedom. Therefore resonant x-ray scattering can be used to obtain important quantitative information concerning the details of this electronic order. Two mechanisms for splitting of the 4p states have been proposed: a Coulomb coupling of the Mn 3d and 4p states--either directly, or indirectly through the hybridization with 0 2p states [240]--and the motion of oxygen ions due to the Jahn-Teller interaction. These two mechanisms have opposite signs in terms of the direction of the splitting, but both are consistent with experimental results to date. Which mechanism is dominant therefore remains an open question; however, in either case, the resonant scattering reflects the symmetry of the orbital ordering through the perturbation of the local electronic states at the Mn{sup 3+} sites, and the peak positions and widths determined in the x-ray experiments measure the orbital periodicity and correlation lengths, respectively. In addition, as is described below, detailed analysis of the resonant scattering provides information about the occupation of the ordered orbitals--a determination that cannot be made through the use of nonresonant scattering.« less


Hormonal contraceptive treatment results in considerable stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hepatic synthesis of renin substrate increases by a factor of 2.5-4. As a result more angiotensin I an angiotensin II are released. Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal aldosterone production producing a higher plasma aldosterone concentration. Urinary aldosterone secretion rises less probably because binding of aldosterone to plasma proteins is increased at the same time. Renin release is suppressed to 50% by negative feedback mechanisms. Other factors in the etiology of hypertension may include effects on sodium balance and on the sensitivity of the blood vessels to pressure-regulating substances.


Several uncertainties are induced by the natural growth of wood. The properties of timber components are affected by naturally varying material characteristics. In addition, structural inhomogeneity has to be accounted for solid wood components. Structural inhomogeneity is dependent on, e.g., natural fissures, inclusions, and especially branches that pervade wooden boards. Those pervasions result in timber boards containing multiple scattered knots.


Capitalism has entered the age of obsolescence. The new technological revolution saves both labor and capital and thus delegitimizes the domination of capital over labor. The U.S. leader of the new imperialist system does not provide capital to its peripheries, but absorbs the surplus generated in the whole world in order to maintain its wasteful consumption. The devastating dimension of accumulation is thus reinforced, as the case of eventual further expansion of agricultural capitalism illustrates. The power system responds to these features of senility by resorting to more violence (the "American wars") and giving up the universal values of its origins, thus leading to a crisis of democratic legitimacy.


THE INVENTION IS TO A NEW COMPOSITION FOR DISPOSAL AND ODOR DEODORIZING. IT INCLUDES AS ACTIVE INGREDIENT OF MATERIAL HYDROLYZATE keratin WE CAN PREPARE BY ANY DATA, ESPECIALLY HYDROLYSIS ACID OR ALKALINE ENZYME.


This paper briefy discusses the Southwest Residential Experiment Station (SW RES) experiences with residential-sized, utility-interactive inverters during its first 18 months of operation. The SW RES, operated by the New Mexico Solar Energy Institute (NMSEI) at New Mexico State University, is a test facility established under the National Photovoltaic Program. The experiences with multiple utility-interactive, photovoltaic-powered inverters are summarized, with a specific detailed time line that describes operating versus inactive time. Inverter comparisons encompass dc filters, transformers, night switches, failure mechanisms, and protective features. A discussion of array configurations and their impact on diagnostics and servicing is included.


The effects of pH on the polarization of fluorescence of dyes dissolved in media of high viscosity or conjugated to polypeptides that undergo no structural transitions indicate that DNS is useful for studying pH‐dependent molecular transition over the range pH 2.5–14, whereas fluorescein is useful only over the range pH 6–8. Heating and cooling in aqueous solutions cause no change in the polarization of fluorescein or of DNS; therefore, the dyes themselves do not introduce artifacts into heating studies of the dye conjugates. The interaction between fluorescein or DNS and the molecule to which it is conjugated varies and thus may affect the measurements made with the conjugates: the rotational relaxation times of polylysine, of a copolymer of glutamic acid and lysine, and of lysozyme are approximately twice as long when measured with DNS‐conjugates as when measured with fluorescein‐conjugates. The explanation for this observation is postulated to lie in the tighter binding between fluorescein and the molecule to which it is conjugated, presumably around the point of its covalent attachment, which makes it a better indicator of the behavior of the rotational kinetic unit of the polypeptide chain. The stronger binding of fluorescein is inferred from two lines of evidence: (1) the fluorescent intensity and ultraviolet spectra of a fluorescein–polylysine conjugate are less susceptible to changes in solvent than those of the DNS conjugate, and (2) the net charge of the polypeptide affects the ionization of fluorescein much less than it affects the ionization of DNS. Additional evidence from previous studies corroborates this conclusion. Thus, it is important to establish the relationship between the fluorescent dye and the molecule to which it is conjugated before using the fluorescence data to calculate rotational relaxation times and other molecular parameters.


The present study describes development and validation of a simple, accurate, precise and selective stability-indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of Cetrizine hydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in combined tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation of both the drugs was carried out by using silica gel 60F 254 as stationary phase and Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Ammonia in the ratio of (8: 1.5: 0.5, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric detection was carried out at 222 nm. The two drugs were satisfactorily resolved with Rf values of 0.30 ± 0.06 for Cetrizine hydrochloride and 0.71 ± 0.03 for Ambroxol hydrochloride. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness as per ICH guidelines. The drugs were subjected to forced degradation studies under condition of hydrolysis (acid, base), oxidation, photolysis and thermal stress. Results were found to be linear in the concentration range of 25-150 ng band -1 for Cetrizine hydrochloride and 300-1800 ng band -1 for Ambroxol hydrochloride. The method has been successfully applied for the estimation of drugs in tablet dosage form. The % assay (Mean ± S.D.) was found to be 100.62 ± 1.45 for Cetrizine hydrochloride and 100.37 ± 0.95 for Ambroxol hydrochloride. The developed method can be used efficiently for routine quality control analysis of both the drugs as bulk and in combined tablet dosage form.


- Creating a physical hierarchy from a logical hierarchy in complex chip designs requires months of back and forth negotiation between the frontend and backend teams. We present a novel hierarchy manipulation tool and methodology that enables automatic generation of the physical hierarchy resulting in easier front-end verification and better physical implementation. The transformation is sound as proven by equivalence checking using formal verification. We deployed the tool into a methodology that is currently used in an industrial setting wherein it reduced design bugs in certain areas by more than 50%.


The widely used Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) methodology for measuring asphalt concrete mix design performance has been relatively successful, but it has never been validated for other than normal highway speeds. The Portuguese Road Administration needed to consider the effect of truck speed on the development of ruts. Five sites were studied where trucks climbed steep hills, which caused them to slow down. Researchers adapted the SHRP methods and found that they worked well as long as the rate of loading was taken into consideration.


The aim of this paper is to study policy transfer processes in the field of development and the fight against poverty. By studying conditional cash transfer programs in the Philippines, we highlight how this policy, which originated in in Latin America in the 1990s, came to be on the agenda of the Philippines government. To this end, we also describe what role(s) IGOs, and the World Bank in particular, played in these policy transfer processes. We emphasize the World Bank's role as a purveyor of ideas/standards as well as its ability to network through international experts, thereby promoting lesson-drawing processes. More specifically, based on our field studies, we underline the importance of conferences, workshops, and field visits to "best cases," organized by IGOs to legitimate new policies. Our conclusions underline the transnationalization of policymaking and the centrality of IGOs in this process.


PURPOSE: To obtain a medical device which has high reliability, and a biological coating by generating a functional group from a mixture of a monomer having a functional group or a pure monomer and a material by spark discharge or charge carrier, and then performing a biological coating. CONSTITUTION: When the tip of a probe or the whole of a sensor is exposed in an atmosphere of oxygen in a chamber 39, the interior of the chamber 39 is pressure-reduced, and then high frequency is emitted from a radiation source 45 to the interior of the chamber 39, impurities on the surface of the probe are instantaneously burnt to generate charge carrier on the outer surface of the probe. Argon is introduced into the chamber 39, and the pressure in the chamber 39 is further reduced. After that, the radiation source 45 is operated to further generate charge carrier, and charge carrier generated in the first process is made semi-eternal. Further, allylamine is supplied to the chamber 39, and argon is flashed to make charge carrier existent on the outer surface of the probe start a polymerization process.


To communicate is first of all not about to inform, but to inquire about the mood of the customer, while setting-up a dialogue able to create consensus of the parties involved. In order for this dialogue to be viable and effective, it is absolutely necessary to overcome a series of "filters" that the businessman can and should identify most accurately.


Accurate estimations of the temperature and the state-of-charge (SOC) are of extreme importance for the safety of lithium-ion battery operation. Traditional battery temperature and SOC estimation methods often omit the relation between battery temperature and SOC, which may lead to significant errors in the estimations. This study presents a coupled electrothermal battery model and a coestimation method for simultaneously estimating the temperature and SOC of lithium-ion batteries. The coestimation method is performed by a coupled model-based dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF). The coupled estimators utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, rather than utilizing direct battery surface measurements, are adopted to estimate the battery temperature and SOC, respectively. The information being exchanged between the temperature estimator and the SOC estimator effectively improves the estimation accuracy. Extensive experiments show that, in contrast with the EKF-based separate estimation method, the DEKF-based coestimation method is more favorable in reducing errors for estimating both the temperature and SOC even if the battery core temperature has increased by 17°C or more during the process of test.


Using density functional theory combined with quasi-harmonic approximation, we investigate the thermal expansion behaviors of three different types ({\alpha}, {\beta}, and {\gamma}) of graphyne which is a two-dimensional carbon allotrope composed of sp and $sp^2$ bonds. For each type of graphyne, we obtain the temperature dependent area variation by minimizing its free energy as a function of temperature, which is calculated by considering all the phonon modes in the whole Brillouin zone. We find that all three types of graphyne exhibit negative in-plane thermal expansion up to $T\lesssim1000$ K. The observed in-plane thermal contraction can be attributed partially to the ripple effect, similarly in graphene. The ripple effect itself, however, is not sufficient to explain anomalously larger thermal contraction found in graphyne than in graphene. Our deliberate analysis on the phonon modes observed in graphyne enables us to discover another source causing such thermal expansion anomaly. We find that there are particular phonon modes with frequencies around a few hundreds of cm$^{-1}$ existing exclusively in graphyne that may fill empty spaces resulting in area reduction. These modes are identified as "rigid unit modes" corresponding to the libration of each rigid unit composed of $sp^2$ bonds.


The atomic structure of chkalovite, Na2BeSi2O6, has been determined and refined by Simonov et al. (1976). It is orthorhombic, space group Fdd2, with cell parameters: a = 21.129 (5), b = 6.881 (2), and c = 21.188 (5)/Å. The structure is very similar to that of alpha-cristobalite (Dollase, 1965), comprising a framework of ordered BeO4 and SiO4 tetrahedra with the sodium atoms occupying sites within the cavities of the beryllosilicate framework. Taylor (1972) developed a tilting model for the cristobalite structure assuming regular tetrahedra. In addition to the single tilt system deduced for cristobalite (Taylor, 1972, 1984a) chkalovite has secondary tilt systems involving a slight adjustment of the structure by a small cooperative tilt or twist of some tetrahedra about one or more of their three-fold axes (see fig. 1 of Simonov et al., 1976).


Vehicle Routing Problem(VRP) has been proved to be a NP-Complete Problem.Traditional intelligent optimization Algorithms have the common defects of early convergence and easily falling into local optimal solutions in solving VRP.Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm(QEA) is a novel evolutionary algorithm,which is based on quantum theory with much excellent performance.Aiming at Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem(CVRP),a QEA with quantum rotation gate and cataclysm has been proposed in this paper,in which 0-1 matrix encoding is used to construct chromosomes,quantum rotation gate is used to realize evolution,cataclysm is introduced to ensure the diversities of the solution spaces,Nearest Insert and 2-Opt are adopted to optimize sub-routes.Compared to the results of other algorithms are reported, simulations based on CVRP benchmark problems show that the proposed algorithm is an efficient method for solving Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem.


FIELD: data processing. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to means for allocating bits across sub-bands when encoding audio. Allocated number of bits for a subband in an audio signal frame is estimated in the form of fractional numbers using a predetermined equation including fractional expressions, considering the valid bits for the frame in such a way as to obtain an allocated number of bits for the subband. Allocated number of bits for the subband is set to zero, if the estimated number of allocated bits for the subband is less than zero under this method. For a subband with a number of allocated bits greater than zero, the allocated number of bits is redistributed. EFFECT: technical result consists in increasing the efficiency of bit allocation in the frequency range important for perception. 10 cl, 20 dwg


Rice crop yield prediction using normalized yield difference analysis on seasonal basis reveal that maximum temperature may cause the reduction in yield of rice in Eastern U.P. by 1% to 1.2% / ha during 2020 to 2080. Minimum temperature may decrease the yield of rice by 1.5% to 1.8% / ha. South-West monsoon rainfall will remain the major factor for controlling the yield of rice by the end of 2080. Increase of yield in Eastern U.P. may increase to the extent of 28% to 30% / ha. Future prediction of Tmax & Tmin scenario on monthly basis predicts that the month of December and January will be hotter than November contrary to normal trends. For T minimum the prediction in Eastern U.P., increase of temperature will be during month of December and January for 2020 to 2080. The rate of increase of Tmax those during months in Eastern U.P. will be higher during 2050-2080 (2 to 4 C) as compared to 2020 to 2050(1 to 2 C). During 2020, the rainfall will be lower in Eastern U.P. Terminal drought (60 DAT -75 DAT) at 50% flowering to milking stage is more severe to reduce the rice yield as compared to drought at early tillering (15 to 25 DAT) and vegetative stage (45 to 60 DAT). Simulated yield of rice reduced from average 2020 to 2080 in the tune of 15.13%, 11.19%, and 14.09% under July 5, July 15, July 25 transplanting of rice variety Sarjoo-52 respectively. The Rate of decrease of simulated yield of rice Sarjoo-52 variety under 2020 to 2080 was faster under delayed transplanting of July 25. Integrated crop management emphasized in future besides developing short duration, drought tolerant varieties responsive to low inputs.


These four solutions give four trajectories which are easy to plot. Consider the first, for example. When t = 0, the point is at (1, 1). As t increases, the point moves outward along the line y = x. As t decreases through negative values, the point moves inwards along the line, toward (0, 0). Since t is always understood to be increasing on the trajectory, the whole trajectory consists of the ray y = x in the first quadrant, excluding the origin (which is not reached in finite negative time), with an outward direction of motion.


Two areas in the human occipito-temporal cortex respond preferentially to faces: 'the fusiform face area' ('FFA') and the 'occipital face area' ('OFA'). However, it is unclear whether these areas have an exclusive role in processing faces, or if sub-maximal responses in other visual areas such as the lateral occipital complex (LOC) are also involved. To clarify this issue, we tested a brain-damaged patient (PS) presenting a face-selective impairment with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The right hemisphere lesion of the prosoagnosic patient encompasses the 'OFA' but preserves the 'FFA' and LOC [14,16]. Using fMRI-adaptation, we found a larger response to different faces than repeated faces in the ventral part of the LOC both for normals and the patient, next to her right hemisphere lesion. This observation indicates that following prosopagnosia, areas that do not respond preferentially to faces such as the ventral part of the LOC (vLOC) may still be recruited to subtend residual perception of individual faces.


In the present study, Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds were surface sterilized and allowed to germinate on hormone free Murashige and Skoog's culture media for one week. Hypocotyls were cut into 0.5 mm length segments.  Callus morphogenesis was achieved from the hypocotyls segments Using Murashige and Skoog's culture media supplemented with benzyl adenine and naphthalene acetic acid. The best callus biomass was obtained with 2 mg/l (BA) plus 1.5 mg/L (NAA) and the growth biomass was measured after 4 weeks. This concentration was then used to plot the growth curve of callus under both dark and light growth conditions. Calli obtained under light conditions exhibited a greenish yellow pigmentation, generally accumulated better biomass and their cells contained numerous and well formed discoid plastids. Calli obtained after 3, 6 and 9 weeks of growth were harvested, dried, and grinded into a fine powder and then extracted with ethanol 80%. Antibacterial activity of various calli extracts was checked by the disc-plate diffusion method and the results obtained have indicated that both hypocotyls and calli obtained from these explants exhibited activity against the tested bacteria and it was generally observed that calli were more potent than hypocotyls and that calli induced under light conditions were more potent in some cases than dark-induced calli in inhibiting the bacterial growth.


The article is devoted to synthesis of an optimal regulator of the process of recovery of the braking energy of trains using an AC traction electric drive. The optimality criteria, mathematical description of the system of energy recovery, suitable for the maximum principle of L. S. Pontryagin application, were developed; the structure and parameters of an optimal controller were obtained. Keywords–traction electric drive, recuperation energy, recuperator, the criterion of optimality, maximum principle, optimal regulator.


PoW (Proof of Work) plays a significant role in most blockchain systems to grant an accounting right over decentralized participants and ensure tamper resistance. Though hash functions are generally exploited for PoW due to their merits on summering, anti-collision, and irreversibility, they cannot certify that the bookkeeper is exactly the worker. Thereafter, such insistence may lead to abuse or even embezzlement of computing power for the benefit of malicious miners. To preserve the functionality of PoW but also bind the miners' signing keys with their works, we build a post-quantum PoW scheme by changing the approximate closest vector norm for probabilistic NTRUSign. Different from the schemes based on hash functions, our scheme takes signing as the proof of work where signature verification is just the evidence of block reward. We also presented a method to adjust the difficulty of signing by modifying the probability of generating a correct signature. The performance of our scheme is also analyzed theoretically and experimentally, which implies its practicability and advantages.


In this contribution, a four-bar linkage having a variable input velocity is studied, traditionally it is assumed to be constant. The advantages of a variable input velocity mechanism, in contrast to a mechanism driven by constant velocity, are the flexibility of the output motion (and/or improved kinematic and dynamic characteristics). The velocity of the crank is controlled in order to obtain the desired output motion at the coupler point. The input velocity trajectory and the controller parameters are considered as design variables, such that the kinematic and dynamic requirements are fulfilled. Two numerical examples are provided to corroborate the result.


From the top-down excavation in the work of deep foundation pit with SMW fencing adopted in construction of Zhujiang Rd.Underground Control Center of Nanjing Metro,introduction is made of the geological and hydrological conditions of the works,and the design and construction of the SMW fencing structure,specifically the design philosophy of the support system constructed through top-down excavation,the trestle system,and the vertical and horizontal support systems.Techniques like the back masonry work and water proof treatment of the lining can be of some reference for the design and construction of similar works.


To date, there are available numerous experimental data that have provided the basis for the derivation of equations linking the parameters of the collapsed boron wave (tsunami) and the total horizontal force at the time when this force reaches its greatest value, since it is this force which is predominantly the main cause of accidents taking place at hydraulic structures in tsunami-hazardous areas. The author considers three possible approaches to determining the total horizontal force caused by a boron (tsunami): using the method described in SP 292 «Buildings and structures in tsunami-prone areas»; using the method given in EN 1991-1-6–2009 «Impacts on structures», as well as by means of a numerical experiment performed in the Ansys 19.2 program. Such features of the numerical experiment as the form of the FE grid and the boundary conditions of this experiment are not specified in this article.


Objective To study the analgesia of glucosamine (GS) on rat adjuvant arthritis and changes of IL-6 with adjuvant arthritis rat. Methods 30 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (10 in each group): negative control group, positive control group, treatment group. positive control group: Intracutaneously injection of 0.1ml complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the rats left hind limb set up an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (AA); treatment group: GS were taken by intragastric administration through 2th day post-injection CFA until 28th; negtive control group: Intracutaneously injection of 0.1ml saline into the rats left hind limb. Water were taken by intragastric administration in positive control group and negtive control group. The thermal threshold of the right hindpaws was examinated in the all three groups at 10d, 12d, 15d, 17d, 19d, 21d, 28d; The concentration of IL-6 was detected. Results The thermal threshold of the treatment group were mainly higher than the positive control group. The concentration of IL-6 was significantly decreased in the treatment group. Conclusion GS intaking had the positive influences for slow-down the progressing of rheumatoid arthritis(RA).


The onset of spontaneous magnetic reconnection in a collisionless plasma in the whistler frequency range is investigated from the analytical and from the numerical point of view in a two dimensional slab geometry. This is intended as a first step in the direction of simulating the nonlinear phase of kinetic reconnection using a single species Vlasov code. The evolution of the magnetic field lines is described in the framework of electron magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD). The linear growth rate, previously studied in the so-called constant-ψ approximation is determined for all values of the wavevector k. In the small k limit the (stabilizing) effect of the frequency term in the external region is included. The scaling laws of the growth rate with respect to the inertial skin depth are obtained and compared with those of standard inertial magnetohydrodynamic theory.


Indigenes of Okunland have rich traditional wedding culture and beliefs. One of the beliefs is that it is the entire extended family, and not just the nuclear family that supports a 'son' in marrying a wife or gives out a 'daughter' in marriage. Among those that constitute members of the extended family is a group of women popularly referred to in Okunland and even the entire Yorubaland as 'iyawo ile' i.e. wives in the family. They are a minority group that has tried to blend into the dominant society by taking on their cultural characteristics and responsibilities. This study focuses on the roles, responsibilities and performances of selected groups of 'iyawo ile' as it affects the socio-economic transformation and integration in Okunland. Adopting the quantitative research methodology, the study is carried out through observation of live performances of some groups of 'iyawo ile' and oral interviews of selected relevant personalities (including selected couples and 'iyawo ile'). The study also covers the content, style, themes and literary analysis of native praise and advisory songs of two different groups of 'iyawo ile' in Ijumu area of Okunland (what obtains in Ijumu area is general and similar to other areas of Okunland). The paper concludes that the roles played by 'iyawo ile' in the society are yet to be significantly recognized and acknowledged.


A frequency-tunable pin diode switch that operates at multiple frequencies is proposed for use in software defined radio and multi-band handsets. A commercially available varactor, employed in parallel with the pin diode, is used in order to tune the operating frequency by controlling the parasitic capacitance. In single-pole single-throw and single-pole double-throw configurations, the proposed switch has a frequency band around 60% wider than that of existing alternatives with isolation of more than 20dB. Measured and simulated results agree well. Experiments confirm isolation levels greater than 20dB and insertion loss levels under l dB in the frequency band of 1.3-2.6GHz, which covers PDC, GPS, PHS, W-CDMA and WLAN.


Similarities and differences of overlying strata movement rule and abutment pressure distribution between filling stope and traditional strope was analysied guided by "practical mine pressure control theory ". The admissible condition of strata's depending from bending failure to caving was put forward, and caving zone's height was analysied on the basis of this. Results showed that caving zone's height and resistant force required by hydraulic pillar would decrease leapingly ,until the lowest strata transfer into the main roof, and when pressure was stable main roof's maximum subsidence would become smaller. With the increase of the effective filling rate, filling body's supporting degree to overlying would increase, when the filling rate reaches to a value, Coal wall's edge would not appear the plastic zone, the abutment pressure curve is monotone decline with the peak near coal wall edge .


Tissue concentrations of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (ketone bodies) were determined for the blood, liver, caecum, heart, and axillary brown fat, from nonhibernating and hibernating arctic ground squirrels, Spermophilus undulatus, in late spring and during winter, respectively. AcetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA concentrations were measured in the liver, heart, and brown adipose tissue.Except that the concentration of acetylCoA remained unchanged in the liver, all tissues investigated showed elevated concentrations of acetylCoA, acetoacetylCoA, and ketone bodies during the hibernating state. From the increased concentrations of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate it was deduced that active ketone body metabolism occurs in the hibernating arctic ground squirrel, and that during hibernation, ketone bodies are probably an important source of energy.


The construction of a topology on a space of complex functions is described, which is strict inductive limit, barreled, bornological and Mackey. This space's dual, provided with such topology, is the space of the distributions or also called generalized functions.


Water is one of the most important universal solvents for gerat number of substances. Despite the fact that it is found in nature in huge quantities, there is almost no completely clean water in nature. The purest water in the nature is in glaciers, snow and possibly rainwater, although this water contains also a certain amount of impurities. Water in natural springs (underground and surface springs) is more or less loaded with minerals that can be non-toxic or very toxic. In order to use it as drinking water, it is necessary that such water (chemically and bacteriologically) be in accordance with the standards and Guidance which defines the maximum allowed concentrations of certain mineral compounds and bacteria in drinking water.


Abstract Field studies conducted in 1979 and 1980 to assess the production and habitat of cutthroat trouts Salmo clarki in three headwater tributaries in north-central Colorado yielded the following estimates of production (g/m2): Greenback cutthroat trout S.c. stomias in Roaring Creek, 3.3 in 1979 and 2.3 in 1980; greenback cutthroat trout in the Right Hand Fork of Roaring Creek, 3.6 in 1979 and 1.5 in 1980; Colorado River cutthroat trout S.c. pleuriticus in Little Green Creek, 2.2 in 1979 and 3.6 in 1980. Biomass and production in Roaring Creek and Right Hand Fork of Roaring Creek were dominated by old (≥3 years) slow-growing fish. Little Green Creek was the warmest and slowest moving of the creeks studied and had a low diversity of substrates dominated by fine and coarse gravel–it also had the highest biomass and production of young of the year. Right Hand Fork Roaring Creek had faster flows and more extensive undercut banks–it also had the most large fish (≥152 mm long). Biomass and production of cutt...


The institutional formation of the Soloraya Tourism Forum is one of the government's efforts to build tourism in Soloraya in a synergic, integrated and sustainable manner. This study seeks to discuss the perspective of institutional theory related to aspects of network analysis at the empirical level to analyze whether the formation of a soloraya tourism forum is able to strengthen the network or even sharpen the competition of interests among stakeholders. Many institutions emphasize the rules of the game and collective activities for the common or public interests, for this reason this paper focuses on the structure, functions and management of forums to find answers to research questions. The method in this study uses document analysis, literature study and direct observation. The results of the study indicate that the establishment of the soloraya tourism forum institution sharpens competition for interest. Stakeholders' perceptions vary mainly in relation to the implementation of regional autonomy. They tend to stay away from the integrity that can be identified from the policies of each region, so as not to support the success of the Soloraya Tourism Forum. We also describe interactions between stakeholders that are not related to


This article discusses how lack of uniformity among courts in the application of the "stream of commerce" test removes clarity and predictability from the law and creates problems for commerce. Part I of this article introduces the problems associated with conflicting standards. Part II, after reviewing the foundations of personal jurisdiction, explores the deep divide in federal and state courts over proper application of the minimum contacts test, as well as the arguments in favor of each test. As a case study, this article utilizes the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals as a model of how personal jurisdiction analysis is playing out in the federal circuit courts. Part III of the article outlines the benefits of an approach to personal jurisdiction that focuses on the volume, value, and hazardous character of products placed into interstate commerce. The article also recommends that the Fifth Circuit reconsider the fairness of its current jurisprudence. Part IV concludes by restating the need for the Supreme Court to answer this question and to once and for all align the courts on the proper "minimum contacts test."


Background: Acidic soils limit the soil phosphorus availability to the crop plants because these soils have tendency to fix P as iron and aluminium phosphate. The present study aims to investigate the influence of phosphorus sources and levels on yield and nutrient uptake of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. toria) in acidic soils of Meghalaya.
Methods: A pot culture experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2016-17 wherein two sources of P (single super phosphate and Mussoorie rock phosphate) and six levels of P (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mg P kg-1 of soil) were tested in two types of acidic soils (Alfisols, Inceptisols) in completely randomized design with three replication and rapeseed (cv. M-27) as test crop.
Result: The highest mean dry matter yield of rapeseed (16.1 g pot-1) was recorded with 120 mg P kg-1 of soil. Subsequent increase in the level of P significantly decreased the dry matter yield by 4.6% over 120 mg P kg-1. The dry matter yield with Mussorie rock phosphate was lower as compared to single sulphur phosphate (SSP) at each levels of P irrespective of soil type. The concentration of P in plant dry matter of rapeseed increased with each successive levels of P in acidic soils with both P sources; however P uptake increased up to 120 mg P kg-1 soil.


croup attributed to prolonged use of corticosteroids. Other authors have reported a wide range of HSV-1 infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in all age groups that are usually associated with immunocompromise. Two immunocompetent toddlers with prolonged croup associated with HSV-1\p=n-\ positive subglottic lesions are described herein. In one case the culture was obtained 11 days after just three doses of dexamethasone treatment. In the second case the culture was obtained after 10 days of prednisone therapy; the infection cleared quickly following treatment with acyclovir and rapid taper of the prednisone dose. These cases suggest that prolonged crouplike symptoms warrant thorough airway evaluation. Herpes simplex virus type 1 should be a suspected pathogen in cases of prolonged or atypical croup. Herpes simplex virus type 1 croup is not necessarily associated with immunocompromise or prolonged corticosteroid therapy. Acyclovir seems to be effective in treating other airway HSV infections, and by analogy it is the treatment of choice in recalcitrant herpetic croup. It is unknown whether HSV-1 represents a primary or secondary pathogen in prolonged croup. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:551-552)


Objective To study the distribution and localization of FSH receptor(FSHr) and LH receptor(LHr) in the mouse ovary,and to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of GTH and the relationship between follicular development and expression of those receptors. Methods The localization of FSHr and LHr in mouse ovary were determined by immunohistochemical ABC techniques,analyzing the positive sections by an image analysis system.Results ① FSHr-immunoreactive substance was mainly distributed over granular cells,theca cells,oocytes and ovary interstitial cells.With the development of follicles,the quantity of the FSHr-immunoreactive and LHr-immunoreactive cells presented an increasing tendency.There were significant differences between early and intermediate follicular phases,but the change of the mean optical density was quite similar.② LHr-immunoreactive substance was mainly distributed over theca cells,ovarian interstitial cells,granular cells and oocytes.The staining intensity of LHr-immunoreactive substance in late and intermediate follicular phases was stronger than that in early follicular phase.There was a significant difference between intermediate and late follicular phases.The change of the mean optical density was not significantly different.Conclusion The receptors on granular and theca cells were the main regulatory sites of GTH.There is a positive correlation of the quantity of receptors with follicle size and developmental degrees.


In Dagang oilfield,ERW well is the main drilling mode.In 2008,ERW drill encountered severe well bore instability,resulting in drilling complex and failure which account for average 22 percent drilling time,which greatly impacted on the efficiency of drilling.A suit of techniques is summarized,including pore-pressure prediction,in-situ stress determination,rock tri-axial strength test,character of strength on bedding plane,side wall stress analysis,effect of well trajectory on collapse pressure and bursting pressure.The research gives advice to optimize the well trajectory,safe mud density window,property of drilling fluid,the favorable achievements has been obtained.


Rain throughfall under vegetation is determined by characteristics of the vertical structure and the associated plant traits. It goes both ways: A protective layer of ground covering vegetation or leaf litter can decrease throughfall kinetic energy (TKE), whereas the formation of large drips in the canopy layers has been found to increase TKE. Abstracting the three-dimensional vegetation structure into usable quantitative metrics is challenging, and therefore these processes have not yet been sufficiently integrated into spatial erosion models. The vegetation splash factor (VSF) was designed to close this gap (Senn et al. 2020, DOI: 10.1002/esp.4820). The VSF quantifies the influence of vegetation on TKE and can be calculated from aerial lidar point clouds. In the first step, we derive the vegetation cover in a voxel space, which then allows modelling the proportional contribution of drips per layer to reach the ground. Hence, the approach is strictly based on the 3D structure rather than conventional forestry parameters, e.g. crown diameter or leaf sizes. Here, we present the result of the first application of the VSF in a small scale field study using splash cup measurements to validate and refine the concept.

We implemented the experiment in a mixed-broadleaf forest near Bretten, Germany with a beech and an oak-dominated plot to cover a variety of vertical forest structure configurations and a diverse composition of species. Each plot comprised two transects of ten splash cups to measure sand loss - as a proxy for TKE - during six individual rainfall events. In addition, we used micro-scale runoff plots to determine the effect of soil covering layers such as leaf litter or biological soil crusts in comparison to bare soil. The VSF was calculated in R with a voxel resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.25 m using a UAV lidar dataset.

Initial results from the splash cup measurements showed that young oak induced about 70 % higher TKE than adult beech trees. Among the individual cup positions, the lowest energy values were measured without canopy influence as freefall kinetic energy (FKE), TKE at positions with an intermediate young growth and shrub layer showed medium values. In near-trunk and mid-positions without intermediate layers, we measured TKE values more than twice as high as FKE. This resulted in significant sediment removal beneath the tree layer when the ground covering vegetation layer was removed, which is in accordance with studies from other ecosystems. Grouped according to these conventional vegetation structural criteria, we found that the calculated VSF values clustered around similar values and correlated with sand loss from splash cups. From these initial results, we assume general suitability of the VSF to reflect the influence of vegetation structure on TKE. Further, more detailed analysis will now be done to adjust and calibrate the VSF model to produce more indicative results. The preliminary findings presented here will be further expanded to be presented at vEGU21.


This research explains the use of Remote Sensing to know which areas are dry that are connected by the morphological characteristics in the Sukaresmi district. The purpose of this research is to see the spread of the dry areas in Sukaresmi district which are vulnerable towards drought when the dry season comes using the Remote Sensing application. The Landsat image 8 OLI was used throughout July-September 2013 and between June-August 2017. One of the methods that used in Remote Sensing is triangulation. This method is known as TVDI (Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index) which consists of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), LST (Land Surface Temperature) with the algorithm formula of (LST–LSTmin)/(a+b*NDVI–LSTmin) that used in determining the dry areas in Sukaresmi district. The relation between the spatial pattern of the dry areas and the morphological characteristics of an area analyzed statistically. This research concludes that the spatial pattern of the dry areas in Sukaresmi district based on the TVDI method reached the highest rate of drought in September 2013 with 163.26 ha, and the drought in June 2017 with a whopping 336.43 ha. The drought areas usually concentrated on the morphological characteristics of the soil of the inhabitants, rice fields, and inclination of the slopes.


The rate of complete surgical resection is still low in hilar cholangiocarcinoma,which greatly affects the curative effect.Radiotherapy,one kind of treatment for tumors,has not been widely adopted in the past years.In recent years,with the development of radiotherapy technology,research of treating hilar cholangiocarcinoma through radiotherapy has become a spot.Many studies have shown that radiotherapy,as an adjuvant therapy for surgery and non-surgical treatment,can be the major means for treatment,and it could bring benefit for patients' survival extension and improvement of life quality.

Key words:
Bile duct neoplasms;  Radiotherapy;  Prognosis


A new approach of imaging reconstruction of concealed PEC targets in a dielectric closed box, using azimuth multi-angle measurements, is developed. As the broadband stepped-frequency radar transmits planar wave from different azimuth directions around the target, the backscattered electrical fields in both the amplitude and phase are obtained. The two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) algorithm for spline interpolation is adopted for uniformly sampled backscattering fields. Then, 2D difference image from a dielectric box with and without the concealed targets can be numerically simulated. Multi-azimuth backscattering electrical fields of complex shaped PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) targets and dielectric surrounding walls are calculated by the method of moments (MoM), which is based on the coupled volume-surface integral equation (VSIE). The concealed targets can be well identified from the imaging reconstruction.


The experience of cracking CHEN Yun-dong's and NIE ke's enormous cases mainly includes four points as following:(1)leader attentions and quick acts of detection;(2)coordinating in many ways and close cooperation;(3)clear direction,ept measures and good strategies;(4)uniting as one and working hard.


Ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing protocol is specially designed for mobile ad-hoc networks with reduced overhead using Expanding Ring Search technique (ERS). But energy consumption should also be considered in MANET due to battery constrain of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient route discovery process for AODV based on ERS .Our approach saves energy of nodes by avoiding the redundant rebroadcasting of the route request packets. It not only reduces the energy-consumption but also reduces the routing overhead occurs due to mobility between nodes.


Based on the full-considered slab heat-transfer solidification model and the finite difference numerical solution,the universal static simulation software of slab continuous casting process CISDI CCPS OFFLINE has been developed.The software is embedded with two solving module,namely one-dimensional heat-transfer module and two-dimensional heat-transfer module,and includes some important functional modules,such as forward simulating forecast,optimization of secondary cooling water flowrate,regression analysis of secondary cooling,and calculation of vibration parameters of mould and cutting size.It has a very powerful calculation function and obtains relatively comprehensive metallurgical information,which includes distribution of slab temperature field,distribution of slab strain,evolution of solidifying shell,dissipation of slab heat flow,process parameters of soft reduction,mould narrow-face taper,strand taper,judgment of slab defects and solidification characteristics in mushy zone of steel.The software has good applicability and versatility,which has been used successfully in engineering practices of several slab casters.


A two-dimensional hybrid Monte Carlo—fluid model is applied to study HBr/He inductively coupled plasmas used for etching of Si. Complete sets of gas-phase and surface reactions are presented and the effects of the gas mixing ratio on the plasma characteristics and on the etch rates are discussed. A comparison with experimentally measured etch rates is made to validate the modelling results. The etch rate in the HBr plasma is found to be quite low under the investigated conditions compared to typical etch rates of Si with F- or Cl-containing gases. This allows for a higher control and fine-tuning of the etch rate when creating ultra-small features. Our calculations predict a higher electron temperature at higher He fraction, because the electrons do not lose their energy so efficiently in vibrational and rotational excitations. As a consequence, electron impact ionization and dissociation become more important, yielding higher densities of ions, electrons and H atoms. This results in more pronounced sputtering of the surface. Nevertheless, the overall etch rate decreases upon increasing He fraction, suggesting that chemical etching is still the determining factor for the overall etch rate.


Microstructures formation on titanium (Ti) plate by femtosecond laser ablation was reported. Laser fluence was varied from 0.5 to 2.0 J/cm2 with the period of 0.5 J/cm2. The number of laser pulses was changed from 10 to 500 pulses at each laser fluence. In the middle region of the laser ablation area, periodic nanostructures and microstructures were formed except for the laser fluence of 0.5 J/cm2. The crystal structure of the plate irradiated with the laser at 2.0 J/cm2 was evaluated using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The analysis indicated that the phase of the Ti was changed from α to β in the region.Microstructures formation on titanium (Ti) plate by femtosecond laser ablation was reported. Laser fluence was varied from 0.5 to 2.0 J/cm2 with the period of 0.5 J/cm2. The number of laser pulses was changed from 10 to 500 pulses at each laser fluence. In the middle region of the laser ablation area, periodic nanostructures and microstructures were formed except for the laser fluence of 0.5 J/cm2. The crystal structure of the plate irradiated with the laser at 2.0 J/cm2 was evaluated using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The analysis indicated that the phase of the Ti was changed from α to β in the region.


From an electrical point of view dielectric elastomers are variable capacitors, which are frequently used as generators. The focus of this paper is to show, how the maximum energy gain can be realized by realizing an innovative current waveform to charge and discharge the polymer. Several energy harvesting cycles are introduced and their energy output compared. The most promising cycle has been optimized to increase its production while taking several limiting factors into account.


Based on reviewing the literature and the examinations of type and voucher specimens, 21 genera and 52 species of erotyline beetles are confirmed in Taiwan. The checklist provides Chinese names, original papers, synonyms, type depositories and distributions of each species. An additional list containing species doubtfully recorded in Taiwan is also given.


The pineal gland has a deep central location, making it a surgeon's no man's land. Surgical pathology within this territory presents a unique challenge and an opportunity for employment of various surgical techniques. In modern times, the microsurgical technique has been competing with the endoscope for achieving superior surgical results. We describe two cases utilizing a purely endoscopic and an endoscopic-assisted supracerebellar infratentorial approach in accessing lesions of the pineal gland. We also discuss our early learning experience with these approaches.


Futures contracts on the New York Mercantile Exchange are the most liquid instruments for trading crude oil, which is the world's most actively traded physical commodity. Under normal market conditions, traders can easily find counterparties for their trades, resulting in an efficient market with virtually no return predictability. Yet even this extremely liquid instrument suffers from liquidity shocks that induce periods of increased volatility and significant return predictability. This paper identifies an important and recurring cause of these shocks: the accumulation of extreme and opposing positions by the two main trader classes in the market, namely hedgers and speculators. As positions become extreme, approaching their historical limits, counterparties for trades become scarce and prices must adjust to induce trade. These liquidity-induced price adjustments are found to be driven by systematic speculative behavior and are determined to be significant.


sheep, goat, cattle, pig and red deer; dog and cat were also present (Dennell, 1977). The nematodes were identified as either Heterodwa hmdecalis and/or Hetwodera avme (strain 3): both parasitize wheat and barley and can cause crop failures. Although nematode cysts have been previously recorded in Anglo-Saxon (Webley, 1974), Roman (Webley, unpublished), and iron age (Davidson and Curtis, 1973) contexts, these specimens are by far the oldest yet found, and demonstrate that cysts can survive in a recognizable form for 7-8,000 years. Microphotographs show that the vaginal slit (9p long) crossing the bridge separating the two fenestra of the female reproductive organ is still clear and intact. Since cysts are normally found in the soil of infested fields, the inhabitants probably brought these specimens onto the settlement by accident in infested soil which was either used for building purposes, or, more likely, attached to footwear or agricultural implements such as digging sticks. Even today, nematode-free land is most commonly infected by chance contamination from farm machinery. The type and abundance of these specimens suggest that the main cereal crops had been infested, most probably as a result of over-cropping of the arable land. The suggestion finds some support when the local surroundings and duration of the settlement are considered. The only readily available arable land at Chevdar would have comprised a small semicircular amphitheatre of soil, a few hundred acres in area totally enclosed by a ridge of low hills and the river Toplnica (Dennell and Webley, 1975). Because arable land was so restricted, the inhabitants would have had little opportunity to rest the arable land by extensive fallows, or by taking other areas into cultivation. One of the reasons why the settlement was abandoned after a relatively brief occupation may well have been that crop yields declined to uneconomic levels through parasitic infestations. I t is of interest to note that no nematodes were found after a thorough search of the organic debris from Kazanluk, IOO km east of Chevdar. Although Kazanluk relied upon the same resources as Chevdar (Dennell, 1977), it developed into a much larger settlement, and was occupied for a longer period, from the Early Neolithic to the end of the Eneolithic. The absence of nematodes at Kazanluk may indicate that the inhabitants, unlike those of Chevdar, were able to prevent parasitic infestations, since the settlement lies in a broad valley where there are greater opportunities for allowing land to rest for longer intervals between crops, by fallowing or exploiting fresh areas of arable land. At present, it is relatively easy to obtain data on the typeof crop agricultureassociated with a prehistoric settlement, but considerably more difficult to gauge the intensity of cropping. Nematode remains provide one useful source of information on this topic. In our opinion, their value is best realized when they are considered in relation to other types of evidence-particularly, botanical data on the type of crops, settlement evidence on the duration and continuity of occupation, and local studies on the location and agricultural potential of a settlement's environs. D. WEBLBY and R. w. DENNELL


Objective:By exploring the effect of prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1) on pulmonary arterial hypertension in children with severe pneumonia to supply the scientific basis for PGE 1 used in adjuvant treatment of severe pneumonia and prevention of pneumonia complicated with heart failure. Methods:40 children diagnosed as severe pneumonia complicated with heart failure, with pulmonary arterial hypertension and confirmed by color Doppler ultrasound without congenital heart diseases and other diseases resulting in pulmonary arterial hypertension were randomly and averagely divided into observation group (continuously given 50 ng·kg -1 ·min -1 PGE 1 via venous for 3 days ) and control group (routine therapy).Results:There were significant differences in pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) before treatment 〔(51.42±11.36)mmHg〕 and 3 days after treatment 〔(23.68±5.42)mmHg〕 ( t=2.86, P 0.01) in observation group. There were no significant differences in PASP before treatment 〔(49.36±12.75)mmHg〕 and 3 days after treatment 〔(46.15±9.36)mmHg〕 ( t=1.24, P 0.05) in control group. There were no significant differences in PASP between two groups ( t=1.16, P 0.05), but significant differences at 3 days after treatment between two groups ( t=2.73, P 0.01). Conclusion:PGE 1 could effectively reduce PASP of severe pneumonia complicated with heart failure, which could be helpful to decrease of right ventricle load and improvement of success rate of salvage for severe pneumonia complicated with heart failure.


This article provides a spatial analytical framework for using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology in flood mapping. It examines the geospatial mapping and analysis of the 2012 Nigeria flood disaster extent in Yenagoa city, Bayelsa State. Landuse map of 2012 was generated from the imagery of the study area sourced from Google Earth 2012 version. The imagery was geo-referenced and geo-processed in ArcGIS 9.3 to world coordinate system while the flood extent map was generated from the Radarsat of October 2012. The extent of flood in each landuse was determined by overlaying the flood extent map on the landuse map of 2012 using INTERSECT operator.   Findings show that the 2012 flooded area extent was 64.42 sq km and 7.0% of total land area of Yenagoa LGA. The built up area had the highest spatial coverage which was 355.90 (38.68%) of the total land area in 2012. The flood affected area was also highest in the built up area as 18.88 sq km was covered which was 9.16% of the built up area and 50.62% of the entire flood extent. The correlation coefficient of the relationship between size of landuse and flood extent within each landuse was 0.487 and r 2 was 0.237 suggesting that the coefficient of determination was 23.7%. The relationship was direct but low correlation coefficient and students' t- test proved that there was no significant relationship between flood extent in the landuse and size of the landuse at p=0.05. The article recommends periodic flood hazard and risk mapping to reduce flood damages in the flooded areas of Yenagoa LGA and construction of dams across the major rivers to regulate the volume of water. Key words: Geospatial, Mapping, 2012 Nigeria Flood, Disaster Extent


Hydroxylation was shown to occur readily in the reactions of aromatic compounds such as benzoic acid, nitrobenzene, acetanilide, and phenol with ferrous ion-molecular oxygen in 0.5 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at 40°C for 3 h. The yields of hydroxylated products were higher than those obtained with other reported hydroxylation systems of transition metalmolecular oxygen. The NIH shift was not observed in the title reactions of C (4)-deuterioacetanilide and C (4)-deuteriobenzoic acid. This system was also demonstrated to oxygenate caproic acid to give a mixture of 3-, 4-, and 5-oxocaproic acids in 67% total yield.


This research raises the question of why there is an adoption of neoliberalism during the Governments of the Socialist Party (PS). Solving it is part of an approach to study of the State as a condensation of economic and political relations. The explanatory line that is proposed as an answer to the problem is that there were two structural axes that made it impossible for the PS to generate a new form of State. On the one hand, is the economic hub which shows that the exporting pattern of specialized production was key in the Constitution of a conditionally associated bourgeoisie, as power decision-maker in the life of Chilean society. On the other hand presents the political axis: the bourgeoisie managed to universalize their project and hegemonizing in a block of power that lingered despite the democratic transition. Both axes, the economic and the political have formed powerful structures of the Chilean State that the PS chose to manage in a flexible way, holding the same alliances of neoliberal power block.


Aims  To assess a new technique for continuous monitoring of glucose concentration during labour in diabetic mothers. A second objective was to study maternal glucose levels in relation to postnatal glucose adaptation and the need for intravenous (IV) glucose treatment in the newborn infant.


2,2-Dimethyl-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)propyl cation has been generated by treatment of the corresponding chloride with AgSbF6 in SO2–CH2Cl2(20% CD2Cl2) at –98 °C and its 13C NMR spectrum observed. The reactions of the generated carbocation with methanol or phenol give products with a rearranged carbon atom skeleton and non-rearranged products with complete racemization, as expected for a typical carbocation reaction, whereas the solvolysis of the corresponding p-nitrobenzoate in phenol affords exclusively the non-rearranged products with partial retention of configuration. Such distinctions between generated carbocation reactions and the solvolysis reactions indicate that no dissociated (free) carbocation intermediate intervenes even in this solvolysis system, i.e., it is one of a few systems which have been hitherto confirmed to proceed via multiple intermediate stages.


The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: 0025729X 6 September 2004 181 5 236-237 ©The Medical Journal of Australia 2004 www.mja.com.au Editorials tobacco smoke (ETS) and breast cancer was incon ever, in a recent draft review of the health effects of EPA stated that the evidence for a causal association and breast cancer is now conclusive. Its latest report a systematic review of 15 studies, 11 of which had b since the 1997 report. Is this new conclusion justifie Until the 1990s, most case–control and cohort stu It all depends on which studies you emphasise


Ten pearl millet genotypes selected on the basis of response to supra-optimal temperature tolerance were crossed in a half-diallel mating system. The 45 hybrids produced were tested along with parents for heat tolerance and related traits at seedling stage. Field screening and laboratory screening techniques were simultaneously used for the evaluation of hybrids and their parents. Heat tolerance was measured as seedling thermotolerance index (STI) and seed to seedling thermotolerance index (SSTI) under field conditions, but membrane thermostability (MTS) in the laboratory. The hybrid H77/29-2 CVJ-2-5-3-1-3 showed highest STI value followed by H77/833-2 96AC-93. The genotype H77/833-2 96AC-93 had the highest worth for SSTI. These three indices were highly correlated among themselves. STI values were invariably high, whereas SSTI has lower values, as it also covers the effect of under soil mortality (USM). It was seen that the heat tolerance indices STI and SSTI were not showing any perceptible pooled correlation with developmental traits except germination and emergence rate. Based on our results, it could be suggested that membrane thermostability (MTS) may be used for screening large number of genotypes. Field based indices STI and SSTI may be used for evaluation of hybrids and varieties before they are released.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency volumetric reduction of soft palate for the patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS).Methods 51 cases of OSAHS,male 43,female 8,mean age 48.45±11.29 years,mean BMI 25.44±2.80kg/m~2,the patients were divided into two groups:mild group,apnea hypopnea index(AHI)20/h and moderate severe group,AHI20/h according to the polysomnography.Every patients be treated by radiofrequency volumetric reduction of soft palate with Coblator surgery system.The symptoms score of snoring,sleepiness and polysomnograpy of two groups patients were compared before and three months after operation,the patient's subjective evaluation for therapy also be recorded.Results There are no improvement of the objective parameters(the sleep structure,hypoxemia and AHI) in two groups cases after therapy,the parameter of AHI in mild group and the oxygen desaturation in moderate severe group were became worse.The snoring score in mild group was improvement significantly after operation(5.30±0.97 vs 3.40±1.85,P0.05),the sleepiness score in two groups and the snoring score in moderate severe group were no improvement(5.68±0.75 vs 5.24±1.33,P0.05).The efficiency of patient's subjective evaluation for therapy was 65%(mild group) and 24%(moderate severe) respectively.Bleeding was seen in 1 patient(1.96%),no infections in all of the patients.Conclusions Radiofrequency volumetric reduction of palate is a effective safely method of reduce snoring for mild OSAHS,not for the moderate severe patients.


Generating and editing a 3D scene guided by natural language poses a challenge, primarily due to the complexity of specifying the positional relations and volumetric changes within the 3D space. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning, conversational, and zero-shot generation abilities across various domains. Surprisingly, these models also show great potential in realizing and interpreting the 3D space. In light of this, we propose a novel language-guided interactive 3D generation system, dubbed LI3D, that integrates LLMs as a 3D layout interpreter into the off-the-shelf layout-to-3D generative models, allowing users to flexibly and interactively generate visual content. Specifically, we design a versatile layout structure base on the bounding boxes and semantics to prompt the LLMs to model the spatial generation and reasoning from language. Our system also incorporates LLaVA, a large language and vision assistant, to provide generative feedback from the visual aspect for improving the visual quality of generated content. We validate the effectiveness of LI3D, primarily in 3D generation and editing through multi-round interactions, which can be flexibly extended to 2D generation and editing. Various experiments demonstrate the potential benefits of incorporating LLMs in generative AI for applications, e.g., metaverse. Moreover, we benchmark the layout reasoning performance of LLMs with neural visual artist tasks, revealing their emergent ability in the spatial layout domain.


This paper solves the finite-time tracking problem of a class of high-order nonlinear systems under event-triggered input. Unlike existing event-triggered frameworks based on signal transmission channels from the sensor to the controller or from the controller to the actuator, these developed trigger mechanisms only compare the difference between the signal to be transmitted and the holding signal. By introducing internal trigger conditions and external trigger conditions, a novel error-to-actuator based event-triggered framework is proposed. It further considers the response of the trigger mechanism to system control performance such that the tracking performance of the system can be guaranteed while reducing the number of signal transmissions. In addition, filter-based techniques (such as the dynamic surface control method), for the first time, are utilised to eliminate some strong constraints that exist in the literature for most high-order nonlinear systems. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated on simulation examples including comparative studies and a practical example.


Since network users have different socio-economic characteristics and different levels of income,this paper proposes a generalized system optimal model in traffic networks with fixed demand and then explicitly derives its first-order optimality conditions. The proposed model can deal withany continuously distributed value of time( VOT) or finite discrete VOT. The relationships among the generalized system optimal model,standard system optimal model and multi-class cost-based system optimal model are investigated. It is found that,for the fixed demand traffic networks with homogeneous users,the generalized system optimal model degenerates into a standard system optimal model,and for traffic networks with multi-class users,the generalized system optimal model and multi-classes cost-based system optimal model are equivalent.


In the ever expanding panorama of international law, few areas have been more intriguing to the scholar or of greater concern to the international lawyer than the international responsibility of states for injuries to aliens.


Relevance. Interspecific hybridization of domestic animals with wild related species is considered as one of the promising directions in animal husbandry in the framework of increasing the genetic biodiversity of the gene pool of agricultural animals. The article presents the results of studies of the reproductive characteristics in animals of the genus Ovis with different genotypes.Methods. The objects of research were purebred sheep of the Romanov breed, mouflon and interspecific hybrids from sheep of the Romanov breed with mouflon. The qualitative and quantitative indicators of the sperm at the age of 9, 12 and 18 months were studied. An assessment of the morphometric parameters of spermatozoa from interspecific hybrids is given in comparison with the original parental species. The testes histological studies of purebred and hybrid animals at the age of 12 months were carried out.Results. Differences in several indicators of sperm production and spermatogenesis in purebred and hybrid animals depending on the genotype were revealed. A decrease in the volume of ejaculate and concentration of spermatozoa in hybrid animals relative to purebred males at the age of 12 and 18 months was established in 3.5, 2.6 times and in 1.6, 2.1 times, respectively (р < 0,01). An increase in the proportion of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology in hybrid animals relative to purebred males in 2.9–3.3 times was revealed (р < 0,01). The obtained data are confirmed by histological studies. There is a decrease in the area and volume of seminiferous tubules in hybrid animals by 9.7% and 37.1%, respectively, compared with similar indicators of purebred males of the Romanov breed (р < 0,01). It was shown that in purebred animals in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule have many mature germ cells — sperm, while in hybrid males the presence of single germ cells was established, which indicates a later puberty of hybrid animals compared to the original maternal form — sheep of the Romanov breed.


Crithmum maritimum (sea fennel) withstands high salinity, and to better understand how different protective mechanisms against salinity are activated, young seedlings were exposed to increasing concentrations of NaCl (0 to 512 mM) over six weeks. Plant survival and chlorophyll content were reduced at >85 mM NaCl and growth was affected at > 341 mM NaCl. Relative water content fell and Na+ accumulated more in leaves than in roots. Induction of Na+/H+ antiporter expression reached a maximum at 427 mM NaCl in both tissues. Salinity induced the accumulation of proline, soluble sugars and glycine betaine. All three accumulated to higher levels in leaves than roots and greatest accumulation was after 6 weeks and the highest salt concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide levels fell with increasing salinity in leaves, while ascorbic acid and catalase activity rose. Overall, the most dramatic changes occurred after six weeks of saline stress but different mechanisms were activated at different salinity thresholds and in the two tissues. Key salinity thresholds in the response of Crithmum maritimum to salinity stress are identified activating different mechanisms. At 85 mM NaCl roots reach osmotic adjustment, at 171 mM further osmolyte protection mechanisms are activated, at 256 mM NaCl leaves reach osmotic adjustment, at 341 mM plant growth is affected and at the highest salinity tested, 512 mM, protective mechanisms are affected in leaves but not in roots.


Abstract Fly ash is a lightweight coal combustion byproduct (CCB) which is separated from the exhaust gases of power generating plants using suspension fired furnaces in which pulverised coal is used as the fuel. Its physical and chemical properties make it a useful construction and industrial material, especially in cement manufacturing, concrete, liquid waste stabilisation, and hydraulic mine backfill. The addition of fly ash into aluminium alloys has the potential to reduce the cost and density of aluminium castings while improving other physical and mechanical properties of the resulting metal matrix composites (MMCs). In the present study, the effect of fly ash addition on the mechanical properties of aluminium casting alloy 535 (A535) was investigated by means of hardness measurements, tensile testing, Charpy impact testing, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XFS). The unreinforced A535 and its MMCs containing a mixture of 5 wt-% fly ash and 5 wt-% silicon carbide, 10 wt-% fly ash and 15 wt-% fly ash were investigated in the as cast and heat treated conditions. The results show that increasing the fly ash content of the melt increased the porosity of the castings, which ultimately affected the tensile and impact properties of the MMCs. The microhardness, tensile strength and Charpy impact energy of the composites decreased with increasing fly ash content. The loss in mechanical properties and impact resistance of the MMCs is attributed partly to the depletion of solid solution strengthening magnesium atoms from the matrix and partly to porosity.


Biomaterial-associated infection: breaking out of the biofilm S.A.J. Zaat, C.A.N. Broekhuizen, L. de Boer, Marcus J. Schultz, L. Boszhard, A.C. van der Wal, and C..M.J.E.Vandenbroucke-Grauls Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Pathology of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of the VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands


A new method using a microcolumn packed with nanometer Al_(2)O_(3) as solid-phase extractant has been developed for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Pb and Cd prior to their measurements by graphite furnace atomic Absorption spectrometry.Effects of pH,sample flow rate and volume,elution solution and interfering ions on the recovery of the analytes have been investigated.With a concentration factor of 50,the detection limits of the method for Pb and Cd were 0.189 ng/mL and(0.0039 ng/mL,) respectively;and the relative standard deviations were 3.9% and 2.9%,respectively.The method has been applied to the determination of trace Pb and Cd in environmental samples with satisfactory results.


The paper describes the special features of high pressure deaerators and the way of modeling them, presents simulation results of different modes of operation, accomponied by an analytical discussion. A purposive model has succassfully been built which is practical and of relatively high accuracy, applicable for simulating all modes of operation. Figs 8 and rifs 4


Rhodocybe pulchrisperma is described as a new species of Agaricales from North America. It belongs in section Rhodocybe due to the brightly colored pseudocystidia and lack of clamp connections. The very large, handsomely ornamented basidiospores distinguish this species from others in the section. A key to taxa from Florida, Papua New Guinea, and India that exhibit similar features is presented.


Objective: To analyze the motor vehicle crash parameters associated with chronic neck pain outcomes associated with whiplash injury. Method: Police accident data were matched with a clinical database of 273 subjects with chronic neck pain as a result of a motor vehicle crash. These subjects had or were in the process of being objectively investigated for zygapophyseal [Z-joint] pain by means of controlled double-blind differential diagnostic anesthetic blocks. The combined database was analyzed to find the crash parameters. Results: For the 92 cases where the crash data was able to be matched with the clinical data, females [55%] had slightly higher representation than males [45%]; rear-end impacts were more common [40%] and few had injuries requiring hospitalization [6.5%]. Higher severity crashes appeared to be associated with these chronic neck pain sufferers than typically found for whiplash associated disorder. For this group of drivers and motorcycle riders, 68 [74%] were diagnosed to have objective Z-joint pain mostly at the C2/3 [34%] and C5/6 [32%] levels of the neck. More symptomatic joints were found on the right side [59%] than left side [43%]. Conclusion: In Australia, the characteristics of the motor vehicle crashes associated with subjects suffering chronic neck pain were investigated. In the 92 cases analyzed, 74% had objective evidence that the chronic neck pain was connected with the Z-joints and seemed to be associated with more severe rear-end rear impacts.


Project Link! is a NASA-led effort to study the feasibility of multi-aircraft aerial docking systems. In these systems, a group of vehicles physically link to each other during flight to form a larger ensemble vehicle with increased aerodynamic performance and mission utility. This paper presents a dynamic model and control architecture for a system of fixed-wing vehicles with this capability. The dynamic model consists of the 6 degree-of-freedom fixed-wing aircraft equations of motion, a spring-damper-magnet system to represent the linkage force between constituent vehicles, and the NASA-Burnham-Hallock wingtip vortex model to represent the close-proximity aerodynamic interactions between constituents before the linking occurs. The control architecture consists of a guidance algorithm to autonomously drive the constituents towards their linking partners and an inner-loop angular rate controller. A simulation was constructed from the model, and the flight dynamic modes of the linked system were compared to the individual vehicles. Simulation results for both before and after linking are presented.


From January 1973 to June 1975, 126 patients with shoulder pain or shoulder pain combined with limited range of motion, were evaluated. In Department of Physical Medicine an Rehabilitation Faculty of Cerrahpasa. In the light of relevant literature, the etiopathology of the fonctional dysability was reviewed. The carts of all patients were examined with particular attention given to history, clinical and radiological findings, treatment included various combination of analgesia, antiinflamatory agents and physical therapy. The results obtained are illustrated in tables.


The proliferation of sensor technology, along with advances in wireless communication and mobile devices, allow for context-aware applications. These applications need context information, which should be shared between different applications to reduce the effort of modeling, obtaining, and managing. In the Nexus project, a context sharing platform was developed that allows for global, open context access of different applications. In this paper, different aspects of this work are illustrated: how a global access can be achieved by a federation approach, how these models can be active to support event observation and notification, how the third dimension can be introduced in the modeling and finally, how this leads to advanced applications that augment our reality with virtual information. Finally, an outlook into the vision of the World Wide Space is given.


Partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) is a powerful and indispensable detection scheme for perpendicular magnetic recording channels. The proposed method is a low complexity detection scheme which is related to the PRML system. The simulation results show that PR(1,2,3,4,3,2,1)ML and PR(l,2,3,3,2,1)ML using modulation encoding with R=2/3 have the most improved performance at K=3,4. However, in the case of K=3, R=2/3 PR(1,1,1,1)ML effectively reduces the complexity compared to PR(1,2,3,3,2,1), but it has L5dB performance degradation at most. In the case of K=4, R=l PR(1,2,2,1)ML has very low complexity compared to R=2/3 PR(l,2,3,4,3,2,1)ML. but it has about 2dB performance degradation at most.


A series of studies are underway to apply the Leak Before Break (LBB) concept, which was applied in the piping of the primary system of the nuclear power plant, to the main steam line of the secondary system. The LBB concept is a method to improve the safety of piping by detecting the leakage that occurs before the piping breaks, thereby preventing extreme situations such as instantaneous breakage of the piping and taking preemptive measures. The LBB safety margin can be obtained by reinforcing the leakage detection facility of the piping or by improving the strength and fracture resistance of the piping material. However, in order to improve the safety of the piping, it is necessary to use a material having excellent strength and fracture resistance. Therefore, it is considered to replace the existing SA106 Gr.C steel with the SA508 Gr.1A low alloy steel for the main steam piping of the new standard nuclear power plant. In this study, the effects of microstructure on mechanical properties of SA508 Gr.1A low alloy steel were evaluated. Test specimens having different microstructures were prepared by varying the cooling rate after the austenitizing treatment in the heat treatment process of SA508 Gr.1A low alloy steel. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile, CVN impact and J-R fracture resistance tests. In order to evaluate the microstructural factors affecting fracture resistance, fracture surface of tested specimen was analyzed by SEM and EBSD analysis. Based on these results, we considered the material improvement method to improve the safety margin of LBB of SA508 Gr.1A low alloy steel pipe.


A one-year-old German Shepherd dog sustained a proximal fracture of the ulna involving the anconeal process following a mild traumatic event. Two types of ununited anconeal processes are documented in the German Shepherd dog and this case may represent a further type.


Cadaver dissection has been a central part of the education of medical professionals for centuries. Throughout that time, anatomists have claimed that dissection is a learning experience rich with life lessons encompassing more than simply gross anatomy. Yet, no published empirical data exists of the long‐term impact that dissection has on medical professionals. The objective of the current study was to explore the aspects of cadaver dissection that remain salient following the transition from medical student to medical professional. This qualitative research utilized grounded theory methodology exploring the autobiographical narratives of physicians (n=36) 5 to 57 years post‐graduation. Data were drawn from multiple sources: interviews, written reflections, focus group, and archival data. Results indicate that physicians reflect on their dissection experience as a foundation for skills in teamwork, deportment with patients, and diagnostic visualization among others. Implications of these results add to the pedagogical value of dissection, providing empirical evidence for the multi‐faceted learning within the anatomy laboratory. The study was funded in part by the Frank L. Christensen Fellowship.


The ABBET (A Broad Based Environment for Test) standard is being developed by the ABBET Subcommittee of the IEEE SCC20 Standards Coordinating Committee. ABBET's goal is to establish a standard environment that supports product test related needs over the full product life cycle. The ABBET environment will be based on an open framework that manages a test knowledge repository and physical test resources in accordance with accepted test related standards. The environment will support user needs such as testability analysis of new products, specification of test requirements, development of maintenance strategies, test program generation, libraries of reusable test objects, implementation on heterogenous platforms, advanced diagnostic techniques, and continuous improvement of the test process. The development methodology for ABBET entails development of a process activity model and an information model. A programming language binding for software tools will be derived from the language-independent information model. Opportunities for reduced support costs and more effective support are based on the systematic capture and reuse of test knowledge throughout the product life cycle. The ultimate success of ABBET will depend upon its acceptance and support by the commercial market.<<ETX>>


Clinical trials of new vaginal products require careful communication with participants about trial requirements. Most microbicide trials have been multi‐site studies conducted among women in sub‐Saharan Africa, where literacy levels and understanding of scientific methods differ from those designing and conducting the trials. Microbicide trials require women to insert objects in their vagina and ensure they are present in the vagina during sex. For many women, this is a novel behaviour. These behaviours take place within the context of clinical trial participation, which is an additional novelty. Research teams must develop informational materials to help participants understand the clinical trial and input from local research staff and community members can improve the content and format of these materials.


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