With the development of economy, the impetus of science and technology, and the favorable policy, the tourism has been booming in China. But how to make vacation become the day-to-day part of ordinary people's life is still needed to be further discussed. Based on the current level of China's economic and technological development and "Internet +", the author found with the development of smart industry, especially the progress of science and technology, such as IT and artificial intelligence, the realization of smart hotel is surely within the realm of possibility. The appearance of smart hotel will promote the realization of normalization vacation.


PAGE Measurements in the late 1980s at CERN revealed that quark spins account for a small fraction of the proton's spin. This so-called spin crisis spurred a number of new experiments to identify the proton's silent spin contributors, namely, the spin of the gluons, which hold the quarks together, and the orbital angular momentum of both quarks and gluons. One such experiment was egl-dvcs at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Va., which ran in 2009 and collected approximately 19 billion electron triggers for hydrogen. I will present new measurements of the single and double-spin asymmetries ALu, AuL and ALL for n+ , nand n° , measured as a function of Bjorken XB, squared momentum transfer Q2 , hadron energy fraction z, and hadron transverse momentum Phl_. These asymmetries, which are convolutions of transversemomentum-dependent parton distributions and fragmentation functions, correlate with the transverse momentum, and therefore with the orbital motion, of the struck quark. Acknowledgments List of Tables . List of Figures CHAPTER


This paper aims to design and analyse 6T SRAM in 90nm. All of us desire improved speed for our devices, such as laptops, mobile phones, and computers. Not only our processors but also our memory devices should be fast. In today's world, more than 80% of chips contain memory elements. Memories are the most valuable part of convenient battery operated digital devices. So, to improve, there are various techniques to design and analyse the SRAM. In this, a conventional SRAM is designed, and the stability, speed, and power consumption are analysed and the gated VDD SRAM is also designed, and the stability, speed, and power consumption are analysed. Based on the resulting and simulated outputs, the Gated VDD SRAMS consumes 8.41% less power than Conventional SRAM and the delay of Gated VDD SRAM is also reduced by 18.052%. Simulations are implemented using the Cadence Virtuoso tool with 90nm technology.


Since the 1980s, youth gangs in the United States have been a high priority for law enforcement and the subject of a great deal of media attention, particularly in urban areas. Despite all the attention given to them, youth gangs remain poorly defined and vaguely characterized, and in many less populated communities, myths about youth gangs complicate the determination of appropriate community responses. To assist communities in combating gangs, this article illuminates numerous gang myths and contrasts them with research-based realities. It concludes with implications and recommendations for community—including juvenile court—responses to gangs.


Molecular geometries of 8-oxoguanine (8OG), those of its substituted derivatives with the substitutions CH2, CF2, CO, CNH, O, and S in place of the N7H7 group, adenine (A), and the base pairs of 8OG and its substituted derivatives with adenine were optimized using the RHF/6-31+G* and B3LYP/6-31+G* methods in gas phase. All the molecules and their hydrogen-bonded complexes were solvated in aqueous media employing the polarized continuum model (PCM) of the self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) theory using the RHF/6-31+G* and B3LYP/6-31+G* methods. The optimized geometrical parameters of the 8OG-A base pair at the RHF/6-31+G* and B3LYP/6-31+G* levels of theory agree satisfactorily with those of an oligonucleotide containing the base pair found from X-ray crystallography. The pattern of hydrogen bonding in the CF2- and O-substituted 8OG-A base pair is of Watson–Crick type and that in the unsubstituted and CH2-, CNH-, and S-substituted base pairs is of Hoogsteen type. In the CO-substituted base pair, the hydrogen bonding pattern is of neither Watson–Crick nor Hoogsteen type. The CF2-substitution appears to introduce steric hindrance for stacking of DNA bases. On the basis of these results, it appears that among all the substituted 8OG molecules considered here, the O-substituted derivative may be useful as an antimutagenic drug. It is, however, subject to experimental verification. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005


We consider two mechanisms for simulating spatial patterns of hard-core non-spherical particles, namely the random sequential packing (RSP) and the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedures. The former is described as follows: we put a particle one-by-one into a finite region by sampling its location x and direction θ uniformly at random; if it does not overlap with other particles put before, it is put successfully, otherwise, we discard it and try another uniform sampling of (x, θ); by repeating the above, we can obtain a set of non-overlapping particles. The MCMC procedure is the following: we first give a certain non-overlapping pattern of non-spherical particles prepared in a random or a regular manner; then we select a particle and sample its new trial location x and direction θ at random; if the new sample (x, θ) is accepted, i.e. it does not overlap with other particles, the selected particle is moved to the new 'position', otherwise the particle is retained at the old position; by repeating the above, a series of a set of non-overlapping particles is generated.


Context. The Red Rectangle proto-planetary nebula provides a unique laboratory to study the physical conditions and chemical processes in stellar outflows. Snapshots of the ongoing chemical evolution are obtained by monitoring spectra as function of the offset from the central star. Aims: The focus in this study is on the characterization of narrow optical emission features, that are superimposed on top of extended red emission (ERE). The primary aim is to provide a two-dimensional catalogue of these features for offsets varying from 3'' to 20'' from the central star. Methods: Medium resolution emission spectra for this catalogue have been obtained through optical long-slit measurements using the New Technology Telescope (EMMI-NTT) in La Silla, Chile. Results: The recorded spectra cover the range between 5550 and 6800 A. A complete overview of the central band positions and bandwidths (FWHMs) is provided for both stronger (previously reported) and weaker narrow features. Only some bands are omnipresent in the nebula outflows and other bands only appear further away from the central star. Conclusions: The optical emission bands show intensity variations over the nebula. We suggest that these variations reflect a spatially resolved photochemistry where larger species are photolysed, producing daughter molecules which may be the carriers of the optical emission bands. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, Chile. Program ID: 080.C-0814(A).


One of the most important tasks of an autonomous system of any kind is to acquire knowledge about its environment. This is done by taking measurements using various sensors and then extracting meaningful information from those measurements. In this lecture we present the most common sensors used in mobile robots and then discuss strategies for extracting information from the sensors. The last part of this lecture focuses on robot vision, which is one of the most powerful and thoroughly studied robot sensors. Most of this lecture note is a direct excerpt from [SNS11], in case more information is required.


School charter of university is programmed document established lawfully and managed by university itself.It`s including the principled rules about important and basic problem in management of university.The modern school charter of university,from Tong Wen Hall`s in 1862 to the early foundation days of the People's Republic of China,has been made greet progress.It past four stages:1) drafting;2) standardizing and perfecting;3) ripening and changeable;4) innovation.To explore,research and arrange the establishment and execution of school charter,absorbing the experiences and lessons at the same time,is valuable for us to make it now.


Recent experiments which addressed Space Station remote manipulation tasks found that tactile force feedback (reflecting forces and torques encountered at the end-effector through the manipulator hand controller) does not improve performance significantly. Subjective response from astronaut and non-astronaut test subjects indicated that force information, provided visually, could be useful. No research exists which specifically investigates methods of presenting force-torque information visually. This experiment was designed to evaluate seven different visual force-torque displays which were found in an informal telephone survey. The displays were prototyped in the HyperCard programming environment. In a within-subjects experiment, 14 subjects nullified forces and torques presented statically, using response buttons located at the bottom of the screen. Dependent measures included questionnaire data, errors, and response time. Subjective data generally demonstrate that subjects rated variations of pseudo-perspective displays consistently better than bar graph and digital displays. Subjects commented that the bar graph and digital displays could be used, but were not compatible with using hand controllers. Quantitative data show similar trends to the subjective data, except that the bar graph and digital displays both provided good performance, perhaps do to the mapping of response buttons to display elements. Results indicate that for this set of displays, the pseudo-perspective displays generally represent a more intuitive format for presenting force-torque information.


Objective: To determine if obesity is a significant risk factor for acute suppurative otitis media (AOM), allergic rhinitis (AR), or adenoid/tonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) in children, and to understand the potential otolaryngological implications of childhood obesity. Method: The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey was utilized to identify children diagnosed with AOM, AR, and/or ATH. Risk factors for these diagnoses extracted included demographics and the presence or absence of childhood obesity. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted for the associations between childhood obesity and AOM, AR, and ATH. Results: A total of 84.5 million children (mean age, 12.2 years) were studied within the 2006 and 2008 MEPS data sets. Of these patients, 4.3 million (5.1%) reported a diagnosis of AOM, 8.0 million (9.5%) reported a diagnosis of AR, and 0.31 million (0.4%) reported a diagnosis of ATH; 18.7 million children (22.2%) were obese. Utilizing a demographically adjusted multivariate model, childhood obesity was found to be associated with AOM (P = .01; odds ratio, 1.45). Significant associations between obesity and AR or ATH were not identified (P = .60 and P = .79, respectively). Conclusion: Childhood obesity appears to be significantly associated with the development of AOM, but does not seem to influence AR or ATH. Given that in the United States nearly one-fourth of all children seeking healthcare are obese, these data may have important preventative care implications.


This article describes how liquid nitrogen (LN) was first used to precool concrete almost 30 years ago. LN is far colder and occupies a smaller volume than ice, which makes it more convenient to transport and store. The article shows how LN has become increasingly popular in recent years and the article also shows how LN-precooled concrete was used on large projects such as the Texas State Highway 45 Turnpike Project; the new San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge; the new Benicia-Martinez Bridge; and the new Hoover Dam Bridge.


In the context of the construction management industry and particularly with the current expectations of various stakeholders, the dimensions of project success in the public sector are increasingly prevalent. In a more in-depth review, this study examines the reliability and validity of a new measure of project success based on the Malaysian Small Public Construction Projects (SPCPs) context. This study uses a measuring tool called Project Success Achieved Instrument (PSAI) that consists of five dimensions with factor loadings ranging from 0.555 to 0.830. Although several researchers have recognized the PSAI as adequate to explain the project success framework, it has not been studied in developing countries with different perspectives such as Malaysia. The questionnaire was distributed to two major federal organizations, Implementation Coordination Unit, Prime Minister Department (ICU JPM), and Ministry of Rural Development (KPLB), which involved 137 active project managers. The reliability and validity of the instrument appear to be very promising and implications of the results for further research shall be discussed.


Purpose – This paper aims to propose the lens of social practice theory (SPT) as a means of deepening insights into childhood consumer culture. Design/methodology/approach – The data comprise four qualitative interviews and ten focus groups with 58 8-13 year olds in six diverse schools across England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Transcripts were coded with NVIVO10. Analysis was guided by the three elements of SPT: materials, meaning and competence. Findings – Branded technology products and clothes consistently combined with both the socially sanctioned objective of achieving and maintaining a place in the peer hierarchy and also the three skills the authors have labelled "social consumption recognition", "social consumption performance" and "social consumption communication" in regular, predictable ways to produce an ordered and, thus, reproducible nexus of actions. Analysis of the inter-relationship between these elements showed that children's consumption is a specific practice, embedded in their ev...


An all digital phase locked loop based on FPGA is presented.Compared with the method once widely used, a new module-phase- locked detector is proposed, which can deal with the problem of phase jitter.Key technology and implementation of the circuit is discussed and simulated.


We propose a new phase retrieval technique using a windowed Fourier transform (WFT) method for fringe pattern analysis to obtain a high-resolution phase map. The WFT method has been studied to improve the
noise robustness of FT methods. In our proposed technique, an extra step is added to isolate the WFT spectrum containing phase information from other spectra, which is effective when a narrow window function is used for the high-resolution phase map. We demonstrate phase retrieval along both x- and y-axes from a two-dimensional fringe pattern obtained by X-ray Talbot imaging. Differential phase maps in high resolution with effective noise
reduction are retrieved by the proposed method.


Virtual practical teaching is a crucial link of the course of Moral Cultivation and the Legal Basis,which can preferably counterbalance the inadequacy of the social practical teaching."Basic" courses in the implementation of virtual practical teaching should follow certain basic principles.This paper explores the construction of virtual practical teaching system of the "basic" courses so as to enhance the accordance and effectiveness of the teaching of such a course.


Background: Recent shortages of intravenous (IV) fluids have resulted in healthcare systems converting administration of many medications from IV piggyback (IVPB) to IV push (IVP). Administering medications via IVP presents numerous advantages; however, IV site reactions such as phlebitis and infiltration may occur. Objective: The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the infusion site safety of ertapenem given as peripheral IVP compared to IVPB in adult patients. Methods: This was an institutional review board–approved, single-center, retrospective study. Patients, ages 18 or older, receiving IV ertapenem were identified. The major endpoints analyzed were IV site reactions including phlebitis and infiltration. The Naranjo Nomogram was utilized to assess the causality of the reactions to determine the likelihood of whether the event was caused by the medication itself or other factors. Results: To date, 283 administrations (92 patients) in the IVP group and 319 administrations (82 patients) in the IVPB group were analyzed. There were 13 IV site reactions compared to 8 in the IVP vs IVPB group, respectively (P-value = 0.16). Ten of the events in the IVP group were deemed "possible" and 2 deemed "doubtful," while the remaining event was considered "probable" per the Naranjo Nomogram. Of the events in the IVPB group, all 8 were found to be "possible." Conclusion: The administration of IVP ertapenem showed comparable rates of infusion site reactions compared to IVPB. Implementation of IVP ertapenem appears to be associated with infusion site safety similar to IVPB and should be considered safe to administer.


Charge carriers and neutral reactive intermediates were generated by ionizing radiation in model insulatorsFAr solids doped with O2, N2 and CO. Combining methods of activation spectroscopyFthermally and photon-stimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE and PSEE) with thermally stimulated luminescence we studied electronic and atomic processes of relaxation in these metastable solids. This experimental approach enables us (i) to identify the charge of mobile charge carriers, (ii) to separate reactions of neutral and charged species and (iii) to find the interconnection between thermally driven chemical reactions and charge carrier dynamics in insulators. r 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


Abundant multiphase solid inclusions (MSI) were found in garnet in an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) paragneiss from the Kokchetav complex, Kazakhstan. The MSI are composed of mineral associations that include rock-forming and accessory minerals, which crystallized during exhumation. We present experimental and analytical protocols for how such inclusions can be homogenized to glass and analysed for major and trace elements. After homogenization we identified two types of glass. One type is present in garnet porphyroblasts in the melanocratic part of the sample and represents a high-pressure melt formed close to peak conditions of >45 kbar, 1000°C. These inclusions are characterized by high concentrations of light rare earth elements (LREE), Th and U. Extraction of these melts resulted in a pronounced depletion of the Kokchetav gneisses in those elements. Measured partition coefficients of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) between phengite inclusions and melt inclusions are D Rb = 1·9–2·5, D Ba = 1·1–6·9 and D Cs = 0·6–0·8, resulting in limited depletion of these elements during partial melting in the presence of phengite. The Nb concentration in melts (27 ppm) is about double that in the restite (15 ppm), indicating slightly incompatible behaviour during UHP anatexis, despite the presence of residual accessory rutile and phengite. A second type of inclusion occurs in garnet from the leucocratic part of the rock and represents a late-stage melt formed during exhumation at 650–750°C and crustal pressures. These inclusions are characterized by low LREE and Nb and high U. Zircon domains formed during high-temperature melting are characterized by high Ti content (100–300 ppm) and unfractionated Th/U (0·4–0·8), whereas the low-temperature domains display low Ti (10 ppm) and Th/U (0·08). The composition of UHP melts with moderate enrichment in LILE, no depletion in Nb and extreme enrichment in LREE and Th is remarkably different from the trace element signature of arc basalts, arguing against involvement of this type of melting in the generation of arc crust. The composition of the UHP melt inclusions is similar to that of melt inclusions from HP crustal xenoliths from Pamir and also to some shoshonites from Tibet. UHP anatexis, as observed in the Kokchetav massif, might be related to the formation of shoshonitic alkaline igneous rocks, which are common in collisional settings.


The p97 protein is a highly conserved, abundant, functionally diverse, and structurally dynamic AAA ATPase. We have previously shown that regulation of p97's ATPase activity by its cofactors p37 and p47 is important for its normal cellular role. The conserved linker residue Leu‐464 has been reported to be critical for degradation of one p97 substrate in cells; structural data suggests that Leu‐464 controls interprotomer transmission. Here, we demonstrate that Leu‐464 controls communication of cofactor binding from the N‐domain to the D1 and D2 ATPase domains by affecting the regulation of three p97 cofactors: p37, p47, and the Npl4‐Ufd1 heterodimer (NU). Leu‐464 mutants abolished p47's ATPase‐inhibitory effect and produced activation at higher p47 concentrations. Both p37‐ and NU‐mediated activation decreased slightly for L464A and L464E, but increased for L464P. Using ND1L protein, we demonstrate that the flexible linker region is essential for the D1 ATPase activity: a point mutation, L464P, reduced ND1L activity to 2%. We demonstrate that all three cofactors decrease the Km of ATP to ND1L. NU inhibited D1 activity (kcat) for WT‐, L464E‐, and L464P‐ND1L proteins. Neither p37 nor p47 affected the kcat values for WT‐ and L464E‐ND1L, but both raised the kcat of L464P‐ND1L (14‐fold and 7‐fold, respectively). This significant increase suggests that p37 or p47 binding induces conformational changes in the linker region to correct the defect caused by the Pro residue. Most importantly, we found that L464E blocked the activation of the disease variant R155H and also completely disrupted the p47‐mediated inhibition of R155H. The linker region not only assists D1 in maintaining a competent conformation, but also transmits the binding effect of p97 cofactors from the N‐domain (44.5 Å away) to the D1 and D2 domains.


Modern motor vehicles are not equipped with devices that allow controlling efficiency of operation of power supply system, which leads to unexpected losses in operation. One of the solutions of the problem is continuous control of parameters of power supply system. However, their current values are not informative. On the basis of comparative analysis of power supply system parameters at normal and emergency operation the author suggests new principles of assessment of its efficiency. Results presented in the paper can get a practical development at realization of on-board device for monitoring power supply system for motor vehicles in real time.


Quality control, in production process, plays an important role in product quality. Quality management system in production process of manufacturing enterprise is designed based on bar-code and hybrid structure of C/S and B/S models. Structure, function and PDM of the system is described and code standard of bar-code and its application way are also presented. The system provides quality condition in production process, adjusts and controls production promptly, and finally improves the level of quality management.


Background : Approximately 50% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) are defined as high-grade by IPI. They are characterized by aggressive course and poor response to standard chemotherapy (CT): 5-years overall survival (OS) rate of less than 30%. R-DA-EPOCH has demonstrated very optimistic results (overall and progression-free survival (PFS) were 90%), but high-risk patients (IPI 3-4) showed only 43% of OS and PFS [1]. The addition of high-dose AraC (12 g/m2) to the upfront therapy of high-risk DLBCL has significantly improved the outcome on Hyper-CVAD/HMA and mNHL-BFM-90 protocols [2, 3]. But high toxicity of these protocols restricts their application. We suggested that addition of courses R-HMA in rotation with R-DA-EPOCH could improve the treatment outcome and decrease toxicity.

Aim : To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of R-DA-EPOCH/R-HMA protocol in patients with untreated high-grade diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Patients and Methods: 33 untreated DLBCL patients from 4 centers were enrolled in a prospective study between August 2013 - July 2015; stage II-IV; ECOG 0-3; median age 55 years (27-76); age ≥60y/<60y 50%/50%; M/F 60%/40%; IPI: 48% high-intermediate and 52% high risk; 15% with bone marrow involvement. All patients underwent 4-8 courses (2-4 cycles) of chemotherapy: R-DA-EPOCH (standard dose and scheme), R-HMA (R 375 mg/m2 d1, MTX 1000 mg/m2 24 hours d 2, AraC 3000 mg/m2 q 12 hrs d 3-4). For patients older than 60 year dose of R-HMA was reduced (R 375 mg/m2 d1, MTX 500 mg/m2 24 hours d 2, AraC 1000 mg/m2 q 12 hrs d 3-4). In 4 cases of DLBCL with bone marrow involvement BEAM conditioning and autologous stem cell transplantation were applied.

Results : The median follow-up is 12 months (4-24). There was no mortality associated with toxicity. The main non-hematological toxicities of R-HMA were infections (mucositis, pneumonia, sepsis, enteropathy) grades 1-2 and 3-4 in 90% and 10%, respectively. Hematological toxicity grade 4 for less than 4 days we observed only after courses R-HMA. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 29 (88%) patients. In 2 patients we observed progression of the disease after first cycle of chemotherapy, in another 2 cases - partial remission after 2-3 cycles and following progression of disease. In patients older than 60 years with doses reduction in R-HMA failures were absent, except one later relapse after 13 month CR.

With a median follow 12 months overall and disease-free survival of 33 patients constituted 90,5% and 74% , respectively. In a group of patients older than 60 years results of therapy seemed to be better than in young patients: OS were 100% vs 85,6% (p=0,1), DFS were 80% vs 74,9% (p=0,2), respectively. So the combination of R-DA-EPOCH/R-HMA may be considered as optimal intensive approach in the older patients.

Conclusions: TheR-DA-EPOCH/R-HMA protocol demonstrated acceptable toxicity and high efficacy in patients with high-grade DLBCL. This protocol has shown optimistic results in the elderly patients and it could be recommended for further investigation in that group.

Nnueee:

1. Salit RB, Fowler DH, Wilson WH, et al. Dose-adjusted EPOCH-rituximab combined with fludarabine provides an effective bridge to reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with lymphoid malignancies.J Clin Oncol. 2012. 10;30(8):830-6.

2. Oki Y, Westin JR, Vega F, et al. Prospective phase II study of rituximab with alternating cycles of hyper-CVAD and high-dose methotrexate with cytarabine for young patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2013; 163(5):611-20.

3. Magomedova AU, Kravchenko SK, Kremenetskaia AM, et al. Nine-year experience in the treatment of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphosarcoma. Ter Arkh. 2011;83(7):5-10.

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Figure 1.

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Figure 2.

Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

 [1]: pending:yes


Large customer direct power-purchase(DPP) rises gradually in China with the development of power market which should bring risks to all participant as little as possible to avoid excessive and unnecessary market fluctuation. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization model using Pareto improvement from the view of supervision institution which takes charge of design, supervision and management of power market. Direct power-purchase volume proportion, floating ratio of time-of-use(TOU) transmission price and grid-supplied price are chosen as control variables to formulate the problem. The model presented in this paper has two objective of economy and environment consideration with some constraints including network loss, emission, price, market power, and so on and the model can optimize the control variables without benefit loss of any participant. The essential of the problem is to utilize price elasticity matrix of large customer to adjust profit distribution and to achieve the social integrated benefit optimization. Some power plants and large customers are supposed to form a scenario, which is used to validate the effect of method.


New to college research? This guide gives you an overview of how to get started. A guide to using resources and understanding research in [discipline]


You've got a practice and staff you're proud of and patients coming through the door. You have all the tools you need to deliver great care. but are you in total control?


The concept of love and marriage is a kind of ideological conception.It is also a basic perspective and attitude towards the issue of love,marriage and sex.It changes as time changes,and it is popular that university students fall in love,so contemporary university students' understanding and attitude towards love and marriage are the challenge to the moral education in colleges and universities.According to the survey of students' concept of love in colleges and universities,we can see that the norm of choosing spouse for contemporary university students are rational,and they tend to pay more attention to the individual quality without clear direction of love and marriage and strong trust of marriage,but their attitude towards sex tends to be more tolerant and opening than before.The characteristics of the concept of love and marriage of current university students suggest that people who engage in moral education in colleges and universities should not ignore or avoid the love phenomena of university students,take the corresponding measures to eliminate their negative factors and effects.


─ A novel design of the four-band graphene based terahertz (THz) absorber is presented. The pattern is formed by a graphene ring and orthogonal elliptical sheets on the top of a ground plate separated by a dielectric layer. Numerical results reveal that the graphene based absorber has four absorption peaks whose peaks are all over 99%. Besides, the absorption coefficient of the proposed absorber is insensitive to the polarization of the incident wave. And also, variation of geometrical parameter gives considerable freedom to change the resonance frequencies of the absorber. Moreover, the results reveal that the absorption spectra can be extended by tuning the chemical voltage of the graphene layer. Index Terms ─ Absorber, grapheme, polarization insensitive, terahertz (THz), tunable.


In general, embodiments of the invention relate to applying and evaluating an unlimited number of conditional formatting rules to a given range of cells. In addition, multiple conditional formatting rules may be evaluated to TRUE for a plurality of formatting applied to the same cell and its cell included in the user interface.


The rapid transformation of forest areas into agricultural areas or urban use has been one of the most common processes in various regions of Mexico for the past 30 years . The change in land use or of rural to urban uses produces important changes , such as increased surface runoff, especially during heavy storm rainfall causing overflows , flooding, erosion , diffusion of pollutants , among other effects.
According to Program Management Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve ( RBSG ) published in 1999 , large tracts of forest have been deforested due to changes in land use for agricultural purposes , to illegal logging , fires and pests , this has led to the loss of areas suitable for forestry . Within RBSG surface of Queretaro is Jalpan , which was built between 1975 and 1976 . This reservoir captures water from the upper parts of the basin, serves various purposes both economic and environmental, ecological importance is such that obtained the status of RAMSAR site in 2004 , notwithstanding the above there are no studies that reveal the rate of sediment transport to the basin through its channels , for this reason it was considered appropriate to carry out this study , in which, by using direct and indirect methods , calculate the sediment yield to the dam jalpan contemplating different scenarios in order to raise a line of actions that result in the understanding of the phenomenon of erosion by water conservation storage capacity of the reservoir.


The tragic events of September 11, 2001, created an environment that was conducive to the expansion of surveillance operations. Furthermore, the Bush Administration's belief that the power of the presidency allows for any action, in the name of national security, led to the gathering of information about both terrorists and ordinary citizens. The Real ID Act of 2005 is a piece of legislation that requires, among other things, that state licensing agencies verify, collect, store, and share an increased amount of personal information. Opponents of this legislation are concerned about the financial, technological, privacy, and security implications of a law that was enacted with little to no due diligence. Currently, the requirements of the Real ID Act have been forced into an immigration bill in the Senate. Fortunately for those opposed to the Real ID Act, the Democratic majority currently in Congress appear to be more concerned with protecting the freedoms and liberties of American citizens than the Republican majority was when they originally passed the Real ID Act legislation in 2005. Ultimately, this chapter seeks to provide the reader with a thorough discussion into the many concerns associated with the Real ID Act. IGI PUBLISHING This paper appears in the publication, Patriotic Information Systems edited by T. Loendorf and G. Garson © 2008, IGI Global 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.igi-global.com ITB15122


In recent years the pedagogical press has been giving much space to the problem of stepping up the students' learning and practical activity during the process of training. In this paper we shall dwell on an analysis of the ways and means of improving the lesson itself, which still remains the main form of organizing school training, especially in grades 1 to 8.


The present bathymetry, basin geometries, and spatial earthquake distribution in the inner California borderlands reflect complex basin inversion processes that reactivated two low-angle Miocene extensional detachments as blind thrust faults during the Pliocene to Holocene. The Oceanside and the Thirtymile Bank detachments comprise the inner California blind thrust system. These low-angle detachments originated during Neogene crustal extension that opened the inner California borderlands, creating a rift system that controlled the deposition of early to late Miocene sedimentary units and the exhumation of the metamorphic Catalina schist. During the Pliocene, a transpressional regime induced by oblique convergence between the Pacific and the North American plates reactivated the Oceanside and the Thirtymile Bank detachments as blind thrust faults. This reactivation generated regional structural wedges cored by faulted basement blocks that inverted the sedimentary basins in the hanging wall of the Miocene extensional detachments and induced contractional fold trends along the coastal plain of Orange and San Diego counties. Favorably oriented high-angle normal faults were also reactivated, creating zones of oblique and strike-slip faulting and folding such as the offshore segments of the Rose Canyon, San Diego, and the Newport-Inglewood fault zones. We evaluate several different styles of geometric and kinematic interactions between these high-angle strike-slip faults and the low-angle detachments, and favor interpretations where deep oblique slip is partitioned at shallow crustal levels into thrusting and right-lateral strike-slip faulting. Analyses of seismic reflection profiles, well data, earthquake information, and sea-floor geology indicate that the Oceanside and the Thirtymile Bank blind thrust faults are active and represent important sources of earthquakes in this region. Restored balanced cross sections provide a minimum southwest-directed slip of 2.2–2.7 km (1.4–1.8 mi) on the Oceanside thrust and illustrate the function of this detachment in controlling the processes of basin inversion and the development of the overlying fold and thrust belt.


The invention discloses a method and a system for establishing detection points. The method comprises the steps of monitoring the running states of application programs respectively, determining the response output intervals of the application programs respectively, when the response output intervals of the application programs are greater than the preset periods for establishing the detection points, taking the response output of the application programs as a trigger condition for establishing the detection points of the application programs, when the response output intervals of the application programs are less than the preset periods for establishing the detection points, taking the achieved preset times for establishing the detection points as the trigger condition for establishing the detection points of the application programs, if the trigger condition of the detection points does not need to be set at present, and when some one application program satisfies the trigger condition for establishing the detection points at present, establishing the detection points for the application program. By using the method of the invention, the data spending brought by establishing thedetection points can be reduced, and system resource can be saved.


The structural and magnetic properties of the NdMn 1.9 Ti 0.1 Si 2 compund have been studied by high-intensity x-ray and high-resolution neutron powder diffraction, specific heat, dc magnetization, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements over the temperature range of 3-450 K. The Curie temperature and Néel temperature of layered NdMn 1.9 Ti 0.1 Si 2 are indicated as T C ~ 22 K and T N ~ 374 K respectively. The first order magnetic transition from antiferromagnetic [AF il -type] to ferromagnetic [F(Nd)+F mc ] around T C is found in layered NdMn 1.9 Ti 0.1 Si 2 and is associated with large magnetocaloric effect. This behavior has been confirmed as a contribution of the magnetostructural coupling by using neutron and x-ray powder diffraction. The magnetic entropy change -ΔS M ~ 15.3 J kg -1 K -1 and adiabatic temperature change ΔT ad ~ 4.7 K have been determined using magnetization and specific heat measurement under 0-5 T applied fields. This compound exhibits almost no thermal and magnetic hysteresis, thus potentially applicable in low temperature region for magnetic refrigerator material. The structural and magnetic properties of the NdMn 1.9 Ti 0.1 Si 2 compund have been studied by high-intensity x-ray and high-resolution neutron powder diffraction, specific heat, dc magnetization, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements over the temperature range of 3-450 K. The Curie temperature and Néel temperature of layered NdMn 1.9 Ti 0.1 Si 2 are indicated as T C ~ 22 K and T N ~ 374 K respectively. The first order magnetic transition from antiferromagnetic [AF il -type] to ferromagnetic [F(Nd)+F mc ] around T C is found in layered NdMn 1.9 Ti 0.1 Si 2 and is associated with large magnetocaloric effect. This behavior has been confirmed as a contribution of the magnetostructural coupling by using neutron and x-ray powder diffraction. The magnetic entropy change –ΔS M ~ 15.3 J kg -1 K -1 and adiabatic temperature change ΔT ad ~ 4.7 K have been determined using magnetization and specific heat measurement under 0-5 T applied fields. This compound exhibits almost no thermal and magnetic hysteresis, thus potentially applicable in low temperature region for magnetic refrigerator material.


The present condition of Chinese film production can be generalized and analyzed with the phrase "unification of three qualitys",which is Chinese government expressed. Among them"Ideological quality"is the appealing of mainstream ideology."Art quality"is the standard of Classical Period. However, since Chinese film is facing with great challengeis.The key point is how to correctly understand "View quality",which can solve the problem in the system. Moreover, the others should be integrated in the mainstream film's production.


Three essentially similar methods for measuring the tearing strength of fabrics have been examined on a comparative basis. The experimental difficulties arising in the tear ing of certain fabrics have been studied with a series of fabrics exhibiting different tear ing characteristics. The study has confirmed the advantage claimed for the experi mental principle of the "wing-rip" method. The records of tearing force obtained by each method on an inertialess testing machine have been analyzed by the procedures stated in each of the three methods. It is shown that the essential differences among numerical values derived from the three methods are due primarily to differences in the analytical treatment of the data. It is concluded that all three methods measure the same fabric property. A single new method, comprising a combination of the experimental and analytical procedures now required by different methods is recommended (1) to accommodate the tearing char acteristics of a wider range of fabrics. (2) as equally suitable for use with testing ma chines involving a high degree of mechanical inertia and others of the inertialess type, and (3) to yield a practical maximum of stability in the average values derived.


A very rare case of multiple advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder in the different histological types was experienced.The patient was a 69-year-old man. Ultrasonography revealed a 3×3×cm elevated lesion and wall thickness. The lesion was diagnosed as carcinoma of the gallbladder. Intravenous cholangiography showed no visualization of the gallbladder. Possible coexistence of some lesion in the neck was suspected, but no lesion was found by US and CT. Simple cholecystectomy was made.Gross examination of the excised specimen showed carcinomas of 4×4×4 cm in the fundus, and 1×1×cm in the neck. No abnormal findings were not found between two lesions. Microscopic examination revealed adenosquamous cell carcinoma in the fundes and adenocarcinoma in the neck. Both lesions were advanced carcinoma in the same level (ss).There was no intramucosal invasion nor vessel invasion between two lesions. Preoperative examination, operative findings, and examination of excised specimen, there were no direct invasion, lymphnode metastasis, nor distant metastasis. So we could not find no biological differentiation between two lesions.


Composite materials processed through the general class of Liquid Composite Molding schemes must essentially go through a two step process-fiber preforming, followed by resin infusion. Although the preform itself gives the basic skeleton of the structure, the compaction stage results in significant changes to the microstructure, resulting in flattening of weft yam bundles and simultaneous reorientation and rearrangement of those in the warp direction. The movement also results in nesting and inter-layer packing resulting from significant inter-bundle movement. Sizings are generically used to assist in wet-out and to reduce fiber damage during preforming and compaction. However, they also absorb volume in a dry preform, and indicate response similar to a two-phase system consisting of a softer concentric shell surrounding a stiffer fiber, thereby causing changes in response of the preform and composite. In this paper we focus on the effect of sizing on behavior at the bundle level, accounting for compaction effects including those under shear deformation.


This chapter focuses on the development of a practice led research project that extends my ongoing exploration of design methods for clothing in performance at the intersection of fashion and performance practices. It responds to the fact that costume design and specifically costume design for contemporary dance is often applied to a specific choreography as opposed to being central to the development of the performance and communication itself.

By investigating the relationship between visuality and physicality in fashion and dance it points towards developed experiential and embodied methods of designing clothing for dance. The research focus on the idea of symbiotic development of clothing design and choreography in response to interpreted meaning drawn from a painting A Detail from The Tempest by Peder Balke, about 1862 in the National Gallery London. The methodology explores the idea of drawing and sketching physically with the body and cloth to inform the design and production of clothing centered physical performance and a short film.

This practice led design process simultaneously develops design and movement in a responsive dialogue between designer and dancer within the gallery and in response to the painting's inherent themes, emotional and visual narratives. The work addresses the role of narrative in design and performance, seeking to extend a dynamic, felt and experiential engagement with clothing as opposed to a particular visual or linear narrative. Through the designer and dancers experiential understanding of the body and clothing in and through movement, it exposes how clothing can be implicit in the conceptualisation, development and communication process.


Degenerative lesions characterized by osteochondrophyte spur formation and cartilage degeneration were induced by partial meniscectomy in the rabbit knee. Cartilage degenerative lesions included ulceration, fissure and cyst formation, and diminished concentration of matrix proteinpolysaccharide. Proliferation of chondrocytes represented efforts at repair. Osteophytes increased in size with time. Changes resembled certain components of degenerative joint disease. The partial meniscectorny animal may be useful in studies of osteoarthritis pathogenesis, pathology and treatment.


The final data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) provides reliable photometry and spectroscopy for about half a million galaxies with median redshift 0.09. Here, we use these data to estimate projected autocorrelation functions w(p)(r(p)) for the light of galaxies in the five SDSS photometric bands. Comparison with the analogous stellar mass autocorrelation, estimated in a previous paper, shows that stellar luminosity is less strongly clustered than stellar mass in all bands and on all scales. Over the full non-linear range 10 h-1 kpc < r(p) < 10 h-1 Mpc our autocorrelation estimates are extremely well represented by power laws. The parameters of the corresponding spatial functions xi(r) = (r/r(0))gamma vary systematically from r(0) = 4.5 h-1 Mpc and gamma = -1.74 for the bluest band (the u band) to r(0) = 5.8 h-1 Mpc and gamma = -1.83 for the reddest one (the z band). These may be compared with r(0) = 6.1 h-1 Mpc and gamma = -1.84 for the stellar mass. Ratios of w(p)(r(p)) between two given wavebands are proportional to the mean colour of correlated stars at projected distance r(p) from a randomly chosen star. The ratio of the stellar mass to luminosity autocorrelations measures an analogous mean stellar mass-to-light ratio (M(*)/L). All colours get redder and all mass-to-light ratios get larger with decreasing r(p), with the amplitude of the effects decreasing strongly to redder passbands. Even for the u band the effects are quite modest, with maximum shifts of about 0.1 in u - g and about 25 per cent in M(*)/L(u). These trends provide a precise characterization of the well-known dependence of stellar populations on environment.


The flocculation of particles in a condensed ceramic powder slurry was investigated as a function of the concentration of cationic polyelectrolyte from rheological and colloid chemical points of view. The results obtained are summarized as follows;(1) Flocculation occurs in two stages. In the first stage, rapid growth of flocs occurs showing that a consistency index (K) decreases toward the minimum value. Then a zeta potential(ζ) becomes zero. There is a rather moderate growth of flocs in the second stage compared to the first stage indicating increases in (K) and (ζ).(2) There are two types of behavior in the second stage. One is that the flocs grow showing the increase in (K); the other is that the flocs show the saturation in the value of (K).(3) The important factors for flocculation control are particle diameter and its corresponding polymer concentration in a given solid loading.(4) Consistency index (K) is effective as a measure for an evaluation of the change of the interaction force among flocs in flocculated slurries with the polymer.


The behavior of the signaling rate of error-correcting codes of length n and minimum distance d_{n} is studied in the limit for large n when the sequence d_{n}/n approaches a prescribed limit \delta . A function R(\delta) representating the asymptotic signaling rate is defined and is shown to be continuous.


By exploiting the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimation and precoding, a novel analog information transmission approach is employed for the user stations (STAs) to feedback channel state information (CSI) to the access point (AP) in downlink multi-user MIMO (DL MU-MIMO) systems. Feedback frame designs and simulation results based on IEEE 802.11ac system are presented. Comparing with the existing explicit compressed feedback approach, the proposed analog CSI feedback approach achieves the same bit error rate but requires a much smaller overhead for DL MU MIMO systems.


The flavones were isolated and identified from matricaria chamomilla L.by polyamide column chromatography and their structures were determined through NMR.The results showed that two flavones were isolated and identified as apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(Ⅰ) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(Ⅱ).Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside should be as main bioactive flavones of matricaria chamomilla L.


A Z‐scheme WO3/g‐C3N4 heterojunction is fabricated by adopting melamine and ammonium tungstate as the precursor by calcination and a simple in situ growth method. The morphology, structure, optical properties, and degradation efficiency of Z‐scheme WO3/g‐C3N4 heterojunctions are investigated in this paper. The photocatalytic experiments indicate that WO3/g‐C3N4 (5 wt%) has the fastest degradation rate of tetracycline (TC) and rhodamine B (RhB) under light conditions. Furthermore, the properties of WO3/g‐C3N4 (5 wt%) are also assessed according to the degradation velocity of RhB and TC by the photo Fenton‐like experiment, respectively within 30 min. A 96% RhB removal and a 76% TC removal are recorded after 30 min of photo Fenton‐like reaction, which has a big improvement of degradation velocity over photocatalytic experiments. During the calcination of ammonium tungstate, water vapor and ammonia gas are removed to promote the composition of porous structures of WO3/g‐C3N4, which is a remarkable contributor to enhancing the specific surface area and reactive activity sites. The porous structures obtained by calcination and Z‐scheme heterojunction constituted by the combination of g‐C3N4 and WO3 synergistically promote the improvement of photocatalytic activity.


Starting from the nature of human capital, the essay analyses the supply conditions and the demand causes of the outflow of human capital of the developing countries, and expounds the effect of this flow on both the outflow countries and the inflow countries, suggesting some countermeasures for the developing countries to attract human capital.


It is not feasible to apply the engineering prediction method to predict the daily heating energy consumption of Chinese rural residences due to the limited and uncertain parameters, such as air infiltration. This paper presents a data driven method-support vector machine to predict the daily heating energy consumption of Chinese rural residences. The data of heating energy consumption is collected by testing rather than questionnaire survey. A new input parameter, the cumulative temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air △Tc is proposed instead of average indoor air temperature because of the different temperature variation rules between the rural and urban residences. The results demonstrate that the predicted daily heating energy consumption of rural residences has a good agreement with the measured value. The mean relative error is lower than 10%. This study further forecasts the daily heating energy consumption from 1st January to 30th March.


Discussed is a physics-based MOSFET noise model that can accurately predict the noise characteristics over the linear, saturation, and subthreshold operating regions but which is simple enough to be implemented in any general-purpose circuit simulator. Expressions for the flicker noise power are derived on the basis of a theory that incorporates both the oxide-trap-induced carrier number and correlated surface mobility fluctuation mechanisms. The model is applicable to long-channel, as well as submicron n- and p-channel MOSFETs fabricated by different technologies, and all the model parameters can be easily extracted from routine I-V and noise measurements. >


Early identification and management of pain was identified at the commencement of this study as a key area requiring research in emergency departments. Prolonged waiting times for analgesia especially, was highlighted in the National Institute of Clinical Studies emergency department collaborative in 2003. Many barriers exist for a patient to receive analgesia. In Western Australia this is compounded by the legislation which restricts prescribing rights for nurses. Three considerations guided the development of the research project. Firstly, the patient has initial contact with the emergency department from the nurse at triage. Secondly, paracetamol was recognised as a potentially effective analgesic that a nurse could administer in the study hospital without having to first seek a medical prescription. Finally, the group of patients who waited the longest for any pain relief were those with low acuity presentations placed in the waiting room until medical review. Within this group, patients with musculoskeletal injury to limbs were identified as the most likely to gain benefit from determining the effectiveness of paracetamol as a means of pain relief for their injury. No literature was identified at the commencement of the study which examined the effectiveness of paracetamol administered at triage by nurses for patients with recent musculoskeletal injury. A prospective quasiexperimental design was used with a comparison group. The setting was an emergency department in a metropolitan tertiary teaching hospital of 955 beds located across two campuses. A convenience sample of patients was selected to receive either of two treatments. The first group received standard care (SC) consisting of rest, ice, compression and elevation of affected limb. The second group received standard care (SCP) plus the administration of one gram of oral paracetamol. The two main outcomes for the study were pain and satisfaction with treatment in the waiting room. Pain outcomes were measured at three time points, presentation, pretreatment and 45 minutes post treatment. Satisfaction was measured upon the patient leaving the waiting room or at two hours depending on which occurred first. The two groups were similar in terms of background characteristics except for the Australasian triage score (ATS) in which case the SCP group had 33 patients with an ATS of four and seven patients with an ATS of five, compared to the SC group having all patients with an ATS of four. Chi square analysis was performed and revealed a significant difference (Fishers exact test, p = .012). Differences existed iii


Hydraulic servomotors are widely used to vibrate heavy inertia loads. In these heavy duty operations, positive pressure condition in actuators must be considered for smooth operation, low noise, and the prevention from probable cavitation damage. In the theoretical analysis on the positive pressure condition, published so for the maximum amplitude of the sinusoidal input displacement of spools was discussed in detail, but attention was little paid to output, for instance driving force of the servomotors. In this paper, the effects of asymmetrical underlap in spool valves and other factors on the driving force of the servomotors are discussed, and it is demonstrated that the maximum permissible output force when the positive pressure condition is satisfied is largely affected by the asymmetry of the underlap.


The emergence of community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains in individuals without traditional risk factors, has caused a drastic change in MRSA epidemiology since community acquired infections are etiologically caused by MSSA (methicillin sensitive S. aureus). Initially the most affected social groups were soldiers, men who have sex with men, prisoners, illicit injection drug users, and athletes; people with compromised skin and mucosa, poor hygiene habits and postpartum mastitis; Native Americans of the United States, and children due to their close contact with contaminated nasal secretions.


Jamieson's Dictionary of Scots: The Story of the First Historical Dictionary of the Scots Language Susan Rennie. Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780199639403, 70, 282 [pounds sterling] pp. It would have been a considerable privilege to have one book on Scottish lexicographical tradition or history published within a five year period; to have two books, this and that edited by Macleod and McClure, reviewed elsewhere in this volume, published on that theme within a year is extremely gratifying, particularly when both are of so high a standard. Even more striking is the fact that while the two volumes share a number of common themes (and, indeed, an author), the two books have different central purposes underlying them, with Macleod and McClure being concerned with the ongoing development and tradition of Scottish lexicography while Rennie's book focuses (although not to the exclusion of all other concerns) on the life and, in particular, the work of the person normally perceived as the 'founding father' of that tradition. Rennie's work is beautifully presented, including a number of plates which help illuminate the texts. A genuine and normally successful attempt to enter the world of late eighteenth century Scottish scholarship is provided, opening up a sense not only of Jamieson as a pioneer lexicographer but also as a dissenting minister, sometimes unhappy in his charge, a natural cosmopolitan who found himself in a 'provincial' milieu in his early career which he nonetheless used in his increasing confidence to map out Scots usage semantically and geographically. Chapter 1, 'A man of Letters', provides a sketch of Jamieson's early life, detailing his education, his first charge in Kirriemuir and his personal life. The access we have into the milieu in which he lived--with its fashions for various intellectual fields which roughly fall into the field of antiquarianism and could be seen at times as dilletantism (which could be turned to great scholarship in the correct hands)--is considerable and unusual in its depth and breadth. Chapter 2, 'Models and rivals', gives a sense of the methodological background which Jamieson used in order to construct his dictionary (and, indeed, the lists which predate the dictionary proper), ranging from the seventeenth century lists and glossaries, the eighteenth century Scotticism lists and Boswell's attempted dictionary, as well as the English tradition given recent strength and definition by Johnson. For anyone who takes an interest in lexicography, the third chapter, 'The Dictionary takes shape' and Chapter 5, 'Inside the Dictionary' lie at the centre of this book. Both demonstrate the methodical ways in which Jamieson went about constructing a dictionary which went well beyond what had initially been planned (a commonplace for dictionaries, as later experience has taught us). Little vignettes, such as the description of Jamieson's friendship with Grimur Thorkelin, the Icelandic-Danish professor most famous in the English-speaking world for his transcriptions of Beowulf and other Anglo-Saxon poems, as well as helping to explain what is, perhaps, the most unusual feature of the Dictionary's apparatus: the belief that Scots is what we would now term a North Germanic language and therefore not a particularly close relative of English. …


This working paper, part of my Master of Economics and International Business Management, highlights the impacts of environmental changes on society and the multidisciplinary concept of sustainable development. This work focuses on two major actors, financial actors and policy-makers, and their role in decarbonising the economy in regards to environmental-related risks and green opportunities.


This paper reports on the first study abroad program prepared for the students in The School of Information and Telecommunication Engineering in Tokai University. The aim of the program is to give students who are expected to work globally as IT engineers opportunities to be exposed to different cultures, diverse ideas and global interactions. The program was planned in the way (1) to minimize the cost paid by students and (2) to accept all the motivated applicants without any screening for English language ability. To minimize the cost, two-week program in Hawaii was decided. In order to check the candidates' motivation, they were required for three months before departure (1) to self-study English using Web listening materials and (2) to join several small-group sessions where they discuss in English what they had studied on the Web. All the twenty students who had applied were allowed to participate in this study abroad program, which included variety of interactive learning and experiences with diverse people, besides basic English lessons in the morning. The participants' feedback indicated that their way of seeing the world had changed greatly, some finding new goals in their lives, some planning to join another oversea study in the near future, and majority feeling confidence in getting along with people from different cultures. Moreover, 90% of the participants realized the importance of studying English and were willing to study English harder.


As people, particularly those without personal access to technology, increasingly turn to libraries for Internet services, the need for on-site training is clear. This practical guide offers a step-by-step plan for creating a formal training program geared towards the needs of your library and its users. From focused, half-hour tutorials to full-day workshops for library users young and old, Teaching the Internet in Libraries introduces you to the art of teaching. You'll learn how to teach users the basics so that they can independently navigate the Web, and take advantage of the variety of databases and graphical interface electronic catalogs that the modern library has to offer. Packed with screen captures and ready-to-use instruction, this helpful book is flexible enough to adapt to libraries of all types and sizes. Gordon helps you to: Convince administrators that Internet training is essential to your library's outreach efforts. Fulfill the needs of a diverse audience by tailoring training to specific populations (beginners, the elderly, ESL) and interests (job searches, genealogy, e-mail). Solicit feedback for evaluating and improving your training program. Pass on what you learn to your staff, and "train the trainers." Adapt what has worked in other libraries to your setting. This is the definitive hands-on resource for teaching electronic information literacy - an important mission of any forward-looking library.


ABSTRACT The safety issues associated with Arctic routes are a common concern for related stakeholders. To address the risks triggered by disruptions initiating from harsh environments and human-related factors, a framework based on the resilience perspective is proposed, which is considered to be different from the conventional 'risk prediction-risk reduction' approach. Based on an analysis of the balance between vulnerability and resilience, the ideal state of Arctic routes should be expressed as 'low vulnerability, high resilience', which is described in the developed Bayesian network based on the identified indicators for vulnerability and resilience. Finally, the Bayesian network is simulated to analyse the resilience level and indicator sensitivity. The interpretation of these analyses shows that the vulnerability level of the Arctic routes is relatively high, which is attributed mainly to intrinsic vulnerability, such as extreme weather, icy waters, and poor visibility. The resilience level is relatively low (R = 47.8%). Some recommendations aimed at lowering the vulnerability and improving the resilience of Arctic routes are proposed. The present study provides a resilience perspective to understand the safety issues associated with Northern Sea Route (NSR), which can be seen as the main innovation of this work.


This paper gets ideas from a recent book by Antonio Cardini on the History of Liberalism to enquire around the relationship between ideologies and facts. It rises the question whether the long run is the most appropriate time span to let the permanent characteristics identifying a certain ideology emerge. The point of view of the author is the one of somebody who chose to consider a short historical interval (the years across the nineteenth and the twentieth century) to highlight how the few liberal economists of the time shared the common idea that Economics is a true hard science without any character of a normative sort. It is from this context that the idea of freedom as necessary condition for equal opportunities originated. Liberal economists wrote in the general interest of everyone. They could not be partial, and they were against any form of privilege and protectionism


The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics of land use and of development density and to suggest the management in urban planning around Universities. First, this study analyzes characteristics of land use with the cluster analysis which uses location quotients derived from land use's ratio. Second, characteristics of development density are analyzed through portfolio analysis with increasing and realization ratio of Floor Area Ration. Third, this study suggests the management in urban planning related with universities based on characteristics of land uses and development density. As a result of the cluster analysis, the characteristics of land use are categorized with 4 clusters(low-height housing area, high density apartment area, commercial-housing mixed-use area, commercial-cultural mixed-use area). Also this study categorizes characteristics of development density into 4 groups.


Responding to Ernesto Galli della Loggia, this paper develops the divergences regarding several moments of Italian history since 1943 concerning the legitimacy of the Republic and the functioning of antifascist references. They can be considered more sectoral in the 1950s than what was stated. They were often aberrant but marginal in the 1970s and in particular not much used by the Italian communist party in the political debate and then practically fell out of use in the 1980s. In any case, since 1992, after the major recomposition of the Italian political landscape and the left/right bipolarization, they were carried on by other divisions in which the heirs of fascism, then converted to democracy, were far from being the left's favorite targets. It remains that the subject is wide open and could not exhaust the two texts too short not to seem peremptory.


This study investigates how two factors, distribution and morphological alternation, affect speakers' ability to group sounds into the same phoneme category. Previous findings indicate that allophonic variants of a single phoneme are rated as more similar than sounds belonging to separate phonemes. The present study builds on these findings by conducting a similarity rating task to investigate the processing of anterior and posterior coronal sibilants [s] and [ɕ/ʃ] in three languages in which the two sounds participate in different types of relationships: (i) English, in which [s] and [ʃ] occur in the same environment (e.g. see versus she); (ii) Korean, in which [s] and [ɕ] are in complementary distribution and participate in regular and productive morphological alternations; and (iii) Mandarin, in which [s] and [ɕ] are in complementary distribution but do not participate in morphological alternations due to its phonotactic restrictions. The results showed that both English and Mandarin speakers rated the...


The paper puts forward a new way to probe the quality supervision work of water project in new period through analysis of the situation and the character of water project quality supervision in Songliao rivers basin. [


This paper examined the nature of firms' innovativeness and business performance of manufacturing firms in industrial estates located in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria. Data for the study were collected through questionnaire and unstructured interview which elicited information on types of innovation; intensity of innovation; factors influencing innovation; and their effect on business performance. The result revealed that food and beverages (29.3%), metal fabrication (17.1%), chemical/chemical products (12.2%), and rubber/plastic products (12.2%) were the predominant industrial sectors at the estates. The study further showed that 78.0% of the firms carried out innovation activities while 73.2% reported successful innovations. In addition, 41.5% of the innovations were based on internal efforts while external factors accounted for 7.3%. Similarly, 26.8% of responding firms engaged in occasional innovations while a few (19.5%) adopted continuous innovation strategy. Effect of innovation strategy on business performance revealed a significant positive relationship between the average sales turnover of firms and process innovation (r = 0.518; p 0.05), organizational innovation (r = -0.213; p>0.05), and marketing innovation (r = -0.069; p>0.05) had no significant relationship with the firms' performance. The study concluded that business performance could be more enhanced through improved operational efficiency, linkages with R&D institutions and acquisition of appropriate technical skills. Keywords: Innovations, manufacturing firms, industrial estates, business performance


Several years ago Dr. T. A. Buchhold of the General Electric Company, while still associated with Redstone Arsenal and later with Ford Instrument Company, made theoretical investigations about the transient performance of magnetic amplifiers. In the course of his work the concept of the specific dynamic resistance of square loop core materials and, directly related to it, the concept of the dynamic resistance of magnetic amplifiers was established as a convenient means to express mathematically the performance of such amplifiers. Although Dr. Buchhold presented his findings in an internal company report, his work has unfortunately never been published as a paper. This situation causes certain difficulties in presenting a paper which uses the foregoing concept without at the same time referring in at least some detail to Dr. Buchhold's original work.


A growing number of governments are using Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to deliver infrastructure. A PPP is a long-term contract between a private party and a government agency, for providing a public asset or service, in which the private party bears significant risk and management responsibility. Such partnerships can help make the best use of the resources of both the public and private sectors, including finance, experience, expertise, and focus on delivery, to expand and improve public infrastructure assets and services. This report presents some of the key issues in assessing Value-for-Money (VFM) that arose during the roundtable discussion, based on the experience of the participants. The content of this report is as follows: a) section two provides an overview of VFM analysis; b) section three discusses how VFM analysis is used in the PPP decision making process; c) section four describes some methodological challenges with VFM analysis; and d) section five concludes, and summarizes the key lessons from the roundtable.


An IR spectral difference of the isomers of a photochromic diarylethene derivative was successfully observed by a near field microscope. The near-field detection can be used for non-destructive rea...


A series of aeroacoustic experimental and computational measurements were conducted for the case of flow around a complex, three-dimensional landing gear sub-system. The model under study is a canonical representation of a nose landing gear torque link apparatus that is present on numerous commercial aircraft. Experimental measurements consisted of model steady and unsteady surface pressures, far-field acoustic measurements, and three-dimensional flow field velocities using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. The experiments were also accompanied by computational fluid dynamics simulations using PowerFLOW software, a lattice-Boltzmann solver. The computational aeroacoustic capabilities of this software were also utilized to predict the far-field acoustic radiation via a built-in Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings solver. Excellent agreement between the simulation and experiments have been obtained for surface pressure measurements, mean flow field behaviors, and far-field acoustics. A modified linear stochastic estimation procedure was implemented on the SPIV data to develop a low-order time-resolved estimate of the acoustic source terms of the vortex sound analogy.


A 3-D shape model of the sixth largest of the main
belt asteroids, (704) Interamnia, is presented. The model is reproduced from
its two stellar occultation observations and six lightcurves between 1969 and 2011.
The first stellar occultation was the occultation of TYC 234500183 on 1996
December 17 observed from 13 sites in the USA. An elliptical cross section of
(344.6 ± 9.6 km) × (306.2 ± 9.1 km), for position angle P = 73.4 ± 12.5° was fitted. The
lightcurve around the occultation shows that the peak-to-peak amplitude was
0.04 mag. and the occultation phase was just before the minimum. The second
stellar occultation was the occultation of HIP 036189 on 2003 March 23 observed
from 39 sites in Japan and Hawaii. An elliptical cross section of (349.8 ± 0.9
km) × (303.7 ± 1.7 km), for position angle P = 86.0 ± 1.1° was fitted. A companion
of 8.5 mag. of the occulted star was discovered whose separation is 12 ± 2 mas
(milli-arcseconds), P = 148 ± 11°. A combined analysis of
rotational lightcurves and occultation chords can return more information than
can be obtained with either technique alone. From follow-up photometric
observations of the asteroid between 2003 and 2011, its rotation period is
determined to be 8.728967167 ± 0.00000007 hours, which is accurate enough to
fix the rotation phases at other occultation events. The derived north pole is λ2000 = 259 ± 8°, β2000 = -50 ± 5° (retrograde rotation); the
lengths of the three principal axes are 2a = 361.8 ± 2.8 km, 2b = 324.4 ± 5.0 km, 2c = 297.3 ± 3.5 km, and the mean
diameter is D = 326.8 ± 3.0 km. Supposing the mass
of Interamnia as (3.5 ± 0.9) × 10-11 solar masses, the density is then ρ = 3.8 ± 1.0 g·cm-3.


The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in the UK has almost trebled in the last few decades and continues to climb. It is expected that its associated symptoms will become increasingly common presenting complaints in primary care, where early recognition is hugely advantageous for patient outcomes. Thorough history and examination, plus a sound knowledge of associated risk factors, is vital in identifying potential cases, and an understanding of the correct referral pathways ensures patients are appropriately referred to head and neck cancer services. A broad overview of benign differential diagnoses, subsequent investigation and management of oropharyngeal cancers is helpful in order to properly inform and support patients in their next steps.


Crisp tilapia bone chips is high nutritional value and good flavour,made from the tilapia bone.The protocol for producing Crisp Tilapia Bone Chips was include shattered,add ed ingredients.dried and fried.In this study,the optimum process conditions of the fishbone leisure food was determined by the a single factor experiment and orthogonal test and listed as follows: the ratio of Glutinous rice starch and corn starch 6:4,the feasible pre-drying time 50 min,cooked under 180℃ for 50s.followed by the above conditons,an optimal crispness and color of Crisp Tilapia Bone Chips was achieved.


« The countries that are monetarily poor and where prices are low are thus in reality under the economic domination of the countries that are monetarily rich with high prices. » Laveleye (1888, p. 63) Introduction The elites as well as the entire population in the Balkan countries have always strived to be a part of Europe or at least to come closer to the economic, political and cultural development of the leading European countries. The Balkan economists and politicians followed closely and...


This study looks at the relationship between fighters for overseas independence from Japan and Taekkyeon through literatures and in-depth interview that is a method to conduct qualitative study. Fist, it seem that Taekkyeon was suppressed as part of policy to obliterate Korean culture as Taekkyeon was used as means to conduct independence movement against Japan. Second, there were two totally different views to Taekkyeon among anti-Japanese independence activities and pro-Japanese traitors. Such discrepance seems to be associated at least partly with the background of the period during the Japanese colonial era. Third, fighters for independence from Japan, who are related to Taekkyeon, include Kim Gu, Seo Jae-pil, Park Chun-byeong, and Han Il-dong. Fourth, it is highly likely that fighters for independence who were from the Korean Empire Armed Forces adopted Taekkyeon as their military training. Fifth, it is assumed that it is highly likely that Taekkyeon was the subject of jujitsu in Korean emerging martial arts school. Sixth, it is known that Kim Kyeong-woon and Kim Young-ski, who were related to Taekkyeon participated in independence movement.


Q uartic vertices provide a window into one ofthe m ost im portant problem sin particlephysics;theunderstandingofelectroweak sym m etrybreaking.Isurveythevariousprocessesthathavebeen proposed to study quarticgaugeboson couplingsatfuture e + e , e, , e e ,and pp colliders. For the lowest dim ension operators that do not include photons,itappears thatthe LHC willprovide the m ostconstraining m easurem ents.However,precision m easurem entsathigh energy e + e collidersinvolving W + W rescattering are also quite sensitive to the


In higher mammals, thalamic afferents to primary visual cortex (area V1) segregate according to their responses to increases (ON) or decreases (OFF) in luminance1–4. This organization induces columnar, ON/OFF domains postulated to provide a scaffold for the emergence of orientation tuning2,5–15. To further test this idea, we asked whether ON/OFF domains exist in mouse V1 – a species containing orientation tuned, simple cells, like those found in other mammals16–19. Here we show that mouse V1 is indeed parceled into ON/OFF domains. Revealingly, fluctuations in the relative density ON/OFF neurons on the cortical surface mirror fluctuations in the relative density of ON/OFF receptive field centers on the visual field. In each cortical volume examined, the average of simple-cell receptive fields correlates with the difference between the average of ON and OFF receptive fields7. Moreover, the local diversity of simple-cell receptive fields is explained by a model in which neurons linearly combine a small number of ON and OFF signals available in their cortical neighborhoods15,20. Altogether, these findings indicate that ON/OFF domains originate in fluctuations of the spatial density of ON/OFF inputs on the visual field which, in turn, shapes the structure of receptive fields10–13,21–23.


The invention relates to a testing method for mechanical characteristics of alternating-current permanent magnet motors, and belongs to the technical field of motor testing. According to the method, the winding structure characteristics of multiple units of the multi-phase multi-unit permanent magnet synchronous motors are used when the mechanical characteristics of the motor is predicted, the mechanical characteristics of one unit motor can be predicted by testing related motor parameters under the operation condition that one unit motor operates electrically, and one unit motor operates in an electricity generating mode, and then the mechanical characteristics of the whole motor are obtained through the relation between one unit output torque and whole motor output torque, and therefore not only is the mechanical characteristics of the motor predicted, but also an extra loading device is omitted. In the testing process of the mechanical characteristics of the multi-phase multi-unit motors by the adoption of the method, a motor shell and shaft extension of the motors do not need special fixture, an external device is not needed, the motors have the advantages of being simple in structure and stable in property, and the testing method has the advantages of being reliable in data and the like and can meet testing requirements for testing the mechanical characteristics of the common permanent magnet synchronous motor.


This paper proposes a method based on deep learning to estimate parameters for camera localization. The parameters are 6-DOF camera pose and regressed from a single RGB image by an end to end convolution neural network. The proposed network makes use of batch normalized method, which relieves the disappearance of gradient, leading to drastic improvements in convergence speed. In addition, inspired by decomposing convolutions, the network breaks large convolutions into more small convolutions to cascade, which reduces the computational complexity, and enhances network feature representations owing to adding a layer of convolution. This CNN-based method is able to learn effective feature for camera localization in state of motion blur and illumination changes, while the traditional SHIF-based methods fail. Experimental results on both indoor and outdoor public datasets show the improved network achieves an increase in accuracy, and outperforms with the compared methods.


Four nonlinear optical chromophores A–D functionalized with different isolation groups on both the donor and bridge sections of the chromophores have been synthesized and systematically investigated.


Purpose: The clinical experience and role in therapy of colesevelam in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is discussed. Summary: Colesevelam HCl is a bile acid sequestrant (BAS) with proven efficacy in reducing elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. Colesevelam HCl gained food and drug administration (FDA) approval in 2008 as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with T2DM. In randomized controlled studies, colesevelam (add-on therapy with metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin) has shown significant percentage reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ranging from 0.5% to 0.54%. Reductions in LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) ranging from –12.8% to –16.7% and –4.0% to –10.3%, respectively, were also observed. Although no direct comparisons have been made, the safety and tolerability profile of this agent appears to be better than other BAS, with the most common side effects being gastrointestinal related. Conclusion: Colesevelam is effective as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with T2DM. Due to its effects upon LDL-C and glycemic parameters and favorable safety profile, colesevelam can play a role in an array of T2DM patients.


An ecological assessment of Fecampia erythrocephala, reporting its habitat distribution, abundance, host specificity, size-specific prevalence, frequency distribution among hosts, effect on host growth, and its site specificity within these hosts is presented. At the Isle of Man and near Plymouth, Fecampia erythrocephala cocoons were generally abundant on the undersides of rocks in the Ascophyllum and Fucus serratus zones. Infected crabs were also most common in these habitats. Both Carcinus maenas and Cancer pagurus were parasitized at similar prevalences, although the former species was relatively much more common in the habitats where the worm cocoons were abundant. Fecampia erythrocephala did not infect crabs larger than 11 mm carapace width, and prevalence decreased significantly with crab size. Prevalences reached 11% in areas where cocoons were abundant. Together with the large size of these worms relative to the size of the host crabs and the observations on worm emergence, these life history features indicate that F. erythrocephala is a parasitoid of young shore crabs. Fecampia erythrocephala cocoon abundance is often high in localized areas and size-prevalence information suggests that worms mature rapidly in these crabs. This suggests that F. erythrocephala is an important contributor to crab mortality and to the ecology of shore crabs at these sites.


Here was made an overall introduction to a TYJ-30 disk casting set of copper anode plates and detailed its design characteristics.


Thermal errors caused by internal and external heat sinks and sources may cause more than 50% of machine tool (MT) total error. Demands on machining accuracy and machine time utilization are still increasing. Therefore, research on thermal behaviour of MT structures is crucial for successful manufacturing. Direct (measuring between tool and work-piece) and indirect (predictive models) approaches to compensation of thermo-dependent tool centre point (TCP) displacement can be used to reduce sensitivity to heat flow or temperature control of MT and its environment. Thermal error indirect compensation is one of the techniques widely employed to reduce thermal errors due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation. This paper is a continuation of scientific work on the modelling of complex MT thermal behaviour using a dynamic method with a physical basis: thermal transfer functions (TF). Previously published works focusing on middle-sized MTs are extended here to include heavy-duty MT application. Particular attention is paid to issues concerning compensation of thermal errors caused by interchangeable spindle heads.


(57) Abstract: for manufacturing including middle distillate products diesel fuel and heating oil having a jet fuel and / or low pour point and low cloud point having a low freezing point, the wax-containing hydrocarbon feedstock a method of reducing the wax content. The method of the present invention, the feedstock at elevated temperature and pressure, in the presence of hydrogen at during hydrocracking zone, carrier, at least one hydrogenation metal component selected from Group VIB and Group VIII metals and zeolite large pores, for example, be contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst containing a Y-type zeolite, and the entire effluent from the hydrocracking zone at elevated temperature and pressure, in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen Kada' contact C. in Rouzon, metallosilicate, for example borosilicate, iron silicate and aluminosilicate, and silicon aluminophosphate, a dewaxing catalyst containing a crystalline molecular sieve of intermediate pore size selected from, for example, SAPO-11 including that to be.


Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of different components of Turkish gall extract on the growth of 5 kinds of cariogenic bacteria,and to find out the most effective components of Turkish gall extract.Methods: Four different components Turkish gall,Turkish gall 1,Turkish gall 2 and Turkish gall 3 were separated from Turkish gall and there medicines to Streptococcus mutans ATCC25175,Streptococcus sanguis ATCC10556,Actinomyces naeslundii WVU627,Actinomyces viscosus ATCC19246 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus AC413 were checked.Results: The most effective part of Turkish gall was found to be Turkish gall and Turkish gall 1,which were found to be a mixture of tannin.All of the different components had an inhibitory effect to the growth of cariogenic bacteria.Conclusion: All of the 4 different components of Turkish gall extract could inhibit the growth of the tested bacteria.The most effective part of component was Turkish gall 1.


Sophisticated thin film growth techniques increasingly rely on the addition of a plasma component to open or widen a processing window, particularly at low temperatures. However, the addition of the plasma into the growth environment also complicates the surface dynamical evolution. Taking advantage of continued increases in accelerator-based X-ray source brilliance, this real-time study uses X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) to elucidate the nanoscale surface dynamics during Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition (PE-ALD) of an epitaxial indium nitride film. XPCS examines the evolution of the coherent X-ray scattering speckle pattern, which is a fingerprint of the unique sample microstructure at each moment in time. In PE-ALD, ultrathin films are synthesized from repeated cycles of alternating self-limited surface reactions induced by temporally-separated pulses of material precursor and plasma reactant, allowing the influence of each on the evolving morphology to be examined. During the heteroepitaxial 3D growth examined here, sudden changes in surface structure during initial film growth, consistent with numerous overlapping stress-relief events, are observed. When the film becomes continuous, the nanoscale surface morphology abruptly becomes long-lived with correlation time spanning the period of the experiment. Throughout the growth experiment, there is a consistent repeating pattern of correlations associated with the cyclic growth process, which is modeled as transitions between different surface states. The plasma exposure does not simply freeze in a structure that is then built upon in subsequent cycles, but rather there is considerable surface evolution during all phases of the growth cycle.


Data relevant to processes that give rise to new species of echinoids are reviewed. Phylogeographic information from mitochondrial DNA is used to ask whether speciation in sea urchins fits the allopatric model, which predicts that if reproductive isolation accumulates steadily with time, then young, closely related species would tend to occur on two sides of a geographic barrier. The conclusion of this analysis is that most genera show a strong signature of allopatric speciation, but that Echinometra, Lytechinus and Strongylocentrotus also contain recently diverged sister species that are sympatric. The reason for these exceptions is probably not that sympatric speciation has occurred, but rather that reproductive isolation is not a function of divergence time alone. Although postzygotic isolation (lower hybrid fitness) in echinoids is correlated with divergence time, prezygotic isolation seems to arise due to additional factors, which are not necessarily related to the time that species have remained separate. There is no correlation between gametic incompatibility and time; bindin, one of the molecules responsible for gametic isolation, evolves under strong selection in some genera, but neutrally in others. Even though there is some evidence for reinforcement as a selective force on bindin, the differences in intensity of selection between the genera are more likely caused by intraspecific processes, such as variation in local sperm density. If so, age of species would not be a good predictor of geographic overlap, because young species may be reproductively isolated, while old species may be compatible, regardless of whether they arose sympatrically or allopatrically. The paucity of extant species in echinoids indicates that even though gametic reproductive isolation can arise rapidly, such events, leading to speciation, do not happen often. are, is that they provide a test as to whether ideas developed from the study of arthropods and vertebrates also apply to organisms with different fertilization systems and reproductive ecology. The two main questions to which data from echinoids have contributed are the spatial mode of speciation and the processes that give rise to reproductive isolation. 1 SPATIAL MODE OF ECHINOID SPECIATION Do sea urchins speciate only allopatrically, or is there evidence for sympatric speciation as well? The existence of biogeographic provinces in the ocean (Ekman 1953, Briggs1974) leaves no doubt that major obstacles to gene flow can cause speciation in marine organisms. Sympatric speciation can occur anywhere in a species range, independently for each event. Thus, if all speciation were sympatric, there should be no congruence in species ranges of different organisms. The question that remains open is whether some sympatric speciation might also occur. Because species ranges change with time, the question is not easily resolved by simply examining modern species distributions, but, if one assumes that recently formed species are more likely to be present where they appeared, extensive overlap between sister species would be evidence for sympatric speciation. This is the well-known "Jordan's rule". In 1905 D.S. Jordan wrote: "Given any species in a region, the nearest related species is not found in the same region nor in a remote region, but in the neighboring district separated from the first by a barrier of some sort..." (Jordan 1905). Jordan's rule was applied to tropical echinoid genera by Mayr (1954). Mayr used the monograph of Mortensen on echinoid systematics (Mortensen 1928-1951) to illustrate that sea urchins in the sea, like birds on land, tend to speciate allopatrically. His approach was to plot the range of each species in 16 tropical shallow water sea urchin genera and ask whether there was evidence that recently separated species tended to have non-overlapping ranges. Mayr was aware that echinoid systematics were still at the stage of alpha taxonomy, and that the only available documentation of specific status was morphological. Lacking phylogenetic information, he was forced to deduce which genera contained young and which contained old species in part by species distributions, which led to a certain degree of circularity. For example, he assumed what he intended to prove when he proposed that Diadema savignyi and D. setosum, which at the time were considered to have identical geographic distributions, (and the phylogeny of which was unknown) must be old species, one of which invaded the range of the other after a long period in allopatry. Molecular phylogenies have since provided the opportunity to reconstruct robust phylogenies of many of these genera and to provide approximate times of splitting between the species. Palumbi & Lessios (2005) have reviewed the degree to which these more recently obtained data support Mayr's conclusions. In this section, I present brief summaries of these phylogenies and Figure 1. Phylogeny of the extant species of Eucidaris, based on sequences from the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) region of mitochondrial DNA, and geographic distribution of the clades (Lessios et. al. 1999). The thick bar indicates the presumed break arising from the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama, 3.1 million years (my) ago. Numbers next to the nodes indicate approximate dates (in my) of most recent common ancestor, based on a calibration of COI divergence by the emergence of the Isthmus. Actual locations in which the samples were collected are shown on the map. the information they can provide as to the actual barriers that caused speciation events in each genus.


I would like to question the proposal of Gadgil and Bossert (1970) to amend Cole's (1954) conclusion regarding the relative merit of perennial compared to annual reproduction. Focusing on the maximum advantage of iteroparity (allowing infinite survivorship), Cole concluded that "for an annual species, the absolute gain in intrinsic growth which could be achieved by changing to the perennial reproductive habit would be exactly equivalent to adding one individual to the average litter size." Gadgil and Bossert (1970, p. 11) reasoned that Cole's "assumption of no mortality beyond age one is quite reasonable. However, the assumption of no mortality in the course of the first year is not." Including such a survivorship factor, they specify for an annual species, 1 =11 bi e-84, relating survivorship during the first year (11), average litter size in the first year (b1), and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (m). This is reduced from a more general formulation by Lotka (1925). Solving for the rate of increase, m = In (11 * bi). For a perennial species with no mortality after the first year and constant litter size (b1) for all ages (x),


In the current issue, we feature papers from Hong Kong, Mexico, New Zealand and Thailand. The papers explore the themes of private tutoring, international students studying abroad, conceptions of autonomous learning models, and a review of an online learning tool.


The Resident Engineer plays a vital part on the Veterans Administration construction team. He serves as a hub for communications between the various members of the team as well as the decision making process during the construction phase of a project. Within his delegated authority, he serves as the on site representative of the Contracting Officer. The Resident Engineer's opportunity to influence the overall outcome of a project is limited only by his own inertia.


Results from observational studies may be inconsistent because of variations in methodological and clinical factors that may be intrinsically related to the database (DB) where the study is performed.