Abstract. Soil surface temperature (Ts) is an important indicator of global temperature change and a key input parameter for retrieving land surface variables using remote sensing techniques. Due to the masking in the thermal infrared band and the scattering in the microwave band of snow, the temperature of soil surfaces covered by snow is difficult to infer from remote sensing data. We attempted to estimate Ts under snow cover using brightness temperature data from the special sensor microwave/imager. Ts under snow cover was underestimated due to the strong scattering effect of snow on upward soil microwave emissions at 37 GHz. The underestimated portion of Ts is related to snow properties, such as depth, grain size, and moisture. Based on the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks, the simulated results revealed a linear relationship between the underestimated Ts and the brightness temperature difference (TBD) at 19 and 37 GHz. When TBDs at 19 and 37 GHz were introduced to the Ts estimation method, accuracy improved, i.e., the root mean square error and bias of the estimated Ts decreased greatly, especially for dry snow. This improvement allows Ts estimation of snow-covered surfaces from 37 GHz microwave brightness temperature.


In this changing environment, appropriate and timely disease identification including early prevention has never been more important. There are several ways to detect plant pathologies. Some diseases do not have any visible symptoms, or the effect becomes noticeable too late to act, and in those situations, a sophisticated analysis is obligatory. However, most diseases generate some kind of manifestation in the visible spectrum, so the naked eye examination of a trained professional is the prime technique adopted in practice for plant disease detection. In order to achieve accurate plant disease diagnostics a plant pathologist should possess good observation skills so that one can identify characteristic symptoms To find out whether the leaf is diseased or healthy, certain steps must be followed. i.e., Preprocessing, Feature extraction, Training of classifier and Classification. Preprocessing of image, is bringing all the images size to a reduced uniform size. Then comes extracting features of a preprocessed image which is done with the help of HOG .HoG is a feature descriptor used for object detection. In this feature descriptor the appearance of the object and the outline of the image is described by its intensity gradients. One of the advantage of HoG feature extraction is that it operates on the cells created. Any transformations doesn't affect this.


1948, and would do something to redress the balance between the three divisions of the Health Service, provided the new projects can be adequately financed. But ratepayers may not be so enthusiastic about this. In general, the report will be warmly welcomed in medical circles. Many of its recommendations give expression to the suggestions put before it by the Psychological Medicine Group Committee of the B.M.A.2 It is gratifying to find the legal and lay members of the Commission unanimously adopting an up-to-date medical viewpoint, and it is to be hoped that the Government will accept the substance of the recommendations.


Email has become a central communication channel for private and professional exchange. Its format remains equally neutral regardless of the relation to the recipient. While writing remains an excellent vehicle to communicate tone and emotion, this can sometimes be a painstaking and tedious process, and requires considerable skill.EmoteMail is an email client that is augmented to convey aspects of the writing context to the recipient. The client captures facial expressions and typing speed and introduces them as design elements. These contextual cues provide extra information that can help the recipient decode the tone of the mail. Moreover, the contextual information is gathered and automatically embedded as the sender composes the email, allowing an additional channel of expression.Hugo Lius EmpathyBuddy [Liu et al. 2002] and the chillies in email client Eudora also attempt to give email contextual tone by analysing the textual content of the message. While these approaches succeed in affectively annotating the email message without any extra effort, we feel that they fail to consider the personality of the sender and have no comprehension of the writing context. For example, sarcasm could be misinterpreted by both of these approaches as negative affect.In contrast, our approach relies on the relationship between the recipient and sender. The recipient can examine the senders facial expressions as well as the paragraphs the sender spent the most time writing. We think that this extra information helps convey tone especially when the recipient is familiar with the senders non- verbal expressions.We use subtle graphic design elements to relate facial expression and typing speed, leaving the textual message as the main focus. We adopt Edward Tuftes approach in information design, suggesting that when reading data-rich content, one needs prior understanding of its language. In this case, we rely on commonly shared understanding of non-verbal language. One drawback of making the contextual features more subtle is that they will increasingly assume greater familiarity between communicators. It is interesting to consider how the choice of subtle cues compares to more attention grabbing techniques.Dynamic typography is one technique that is also used for attaching emotions and personality to written language. Text that scales, moves, changes colour, typeface and proportions, has been successfully demonstrated in a poetic context [Forlizzi et al. 2003; Bodine and Pignol 2003]. We think the drawback of this approach is that the written content of the text recedes to the background and becomes more difficult to access. We feel that in email the text should be at the forefront, with the contextual cues playing a supporting role.Instead of dynamically modifying individual characters, EmoteMail relates contextual cues to each paragraph. The prototype uses a camera and a timer as sensor inputs to capture additional information relating to the paragraph. Reminiscent of the commonly used smileys, the EmoteMail client annotates every paragraph with a small black and white thresholded image of the face of the writer. Each paragraph also includes a background colour representing how much time the paragraph took to compose.If the sender changes their facial expression (perhaps as part of an emotionally meaningful communication) then the small camera grab beside each paragraph reflects this. By capturing a snapshot of the face of the writer with every paragraph, the system attempts to display the fluctuation of the emotions throughout the message, rather than attempting to summarize the whole message as a certain mood.Likewise, the time spent on writing a paragraph is measured in relation to all the other paragraphs written. Typing speed may denote more thought having been put into crafting a paragraph. The typing speed can show what parts of the message have been copied and pasted and it might also suggest the attention level of the person writing the message. Ultimately, the interpretation is left to the recipient.Informal testing of EmoteMail has been informative. While there are some issues to be resolved, the initial response has been largely positive. The ease of usage and the automatic capturing of the context is appreciated. However, the clients live video preview depicting the senders face can be distracting. This raises some good design questions: should senders be given the possibility to edit the contextual features? Or should senders see only the plain text? We are also considering a large range of other contextual inputs for future versions, ranging from pressure and skin conductivity sensors to audio analysis and reading of the state of the computer at the time of writing. We are also considering rewriting EmoteMail as a plug-in to a popular email client to facilitate more real life user studies. The primary benefit of EmoteMail is that it will allow us to conduct further research to understand if contextual information in email improves the quality of communication in a measurable way.


I scanned the six major astronomical journals of 2008 for all 1589 papers that are based on new data obtained from ground-based optical/IR telescopes worldwide. Then I collected data on numbers of papers, citations to them in 3+ years, the most-cited papers, and annual operating costs. These data are assigned to four groups by telescope aperture. For instance, while the papers from telescopes with an aperture >7 m average 1.29 more citations than those with an aperture of 2 to <4 m, this represents a small return for a factor of four difference in operating costs. Among the 17 papers that have received ⩾100 citations in 3+ years, only half come from the large (>7 m) telescopes. I wonder why the large telescopes do so relatively poorly and suggest possible reasons. I also found that papers based on archival data, such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, produce 10.6% as many papers and 20.6% as many citations as those based on new data. Also, the 577.2 papers based on radio data produced 36.3% as many papers and 33.6% as many citations as the 1589 papers based on optical/IR telescopes.


The structural and thermodynamic properties of the primitive model for 1−1, 2−1, 3−1, and 4−1 electrolyte solutions in a disordered hard sphere matrix environment mimicking a microporous adsorbent were studied. The size of the matrix species and the matrix density were chosen as in the model of silica xerogel proposed by Kaminsky and Monson. The majority of the results of our study follows from the application of the replica Ornstein−Zernike (ROZ) integral equations complemented by the hypernetted-chain (HNC) closure. Theoretical predictions were tested versus Monte Carlo computer simulation results for one of the most difficult cases studied here, i.e., for a charge and size asymmetric 3−1 electrolyte, with the parameters mimicking LaCl3 solution. Steric effects due to matrix confinement are seen to influence substantially the equilibrium properties of the annealed electrolyte. In particular, our results show the development of a net attraction between the like-charged ions at small separations, not pres...


Objectives:Youth are increasingly at risk for contracting HIV infection, and community-level interventions are needed to reduce behavioral risk. Design:A randomized, controlled, multi-site community-level intervention trial was undertaken with adolescents living in 15 low-income housing developments in five US cities. Methods:Baseline (n = 1172), short-term follow-up (n = 865), and long-term follow-up (n = 763) risk assessments were conducted among adolescents, ages 12–17, in all 15 housing developments. The developments were randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of three conditions: experimental community-level intervention (five developments); 'state-of-the-science' skills training workshops (five developments); and, education-only delayed control intervention (five developments). Results:At long-term follow-up, adolescents living in the housing developments receiving the community-level intervention were more likely to delay onset of first intercourse (85%) than those in the control developments (76%), while those in the workshop developments (78%) did not differ from control condition adolescents. Adolescents in both the community-level intervention (77%) and workshop (76%) developments were more likely to use a condom at last intercourse than those in control (62%) developments. Conclusions:Community-level interventions that include skills training and engage adolescents in neighborhood-based HIV prevention activities can produce and maintain reductions in sexual risk behavior, including delaying sexual debut and increasing condom use.


Houston Geological Society Bulletin 39 Acommon observation in many ancient clastic wedges is that shoreline deposits are commonly significantly finer than associated fluvial deposits. Abrupt downstream fining in rivers, and increase in tidal or marine influence, may mark the backwater and bayline limits, which are controlled primarily by slope, tidal range, and river discharge. In modern continental-scale low-slope river systems (i.e., slope < 0.0001), such as the Mississippi and Amazon, backwaters may reach many hundreds of kilometers upstream, whereas they may be on the order of a few kilometers in steeper gradient systems.


:-This study was intended to investigate the determinants of turnover intention among employees working in fast food industry in Karachi. In order to confirm the purpose the 400 respondents were requested to fill the predesigned questionnaire. Structural equation modeling using AMOS 20 was used to analyze the collected data. Basic assumptions of SEM were ensured. It was found that working environment, employee empowerment and organizational culture plays significant role in predicting the turnover intention among employees. The management of fast food industry is required to develop congenial working environment, delegate some authority to employees to execute their every day responsibility.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea powder on serum lipids and antioxidant enzymes in growing male rats fed a high...


This article outlines the legal arrangements in the Kieta District of Bougainville in relation to the sanctioning of wrongs. It is shown that the state recognises customary law, with its very different processes and sanctions, as a valid substitute for its own and how such arrangements developed. Importantly, this article provides an example of legal re-ordering where the state allows customary law the first opportunity to sanction a wrong, rather than attempting to incorporate substantive customary laws into the state criminal law as under state legal pluralism. It is shown that this approach is brought about through a change in the process and highlights the importance of the gatekeeper role between differing legal orders. It is also shown that this change in the process may ameliorate the more problematic interactions of customary law and state law in Melanesia.


This thesis centres on the following question: What are the necessary conditions of persons becoming able to act as responsible selves? My attempt to answer this question proceeds by means of direct engagement with two schools of philosophical thought relevant to the issues at hand, Heideggerian and feminist theory, respectively. The thesis focuses in particular on Heidegger's account of authenticity, singularization and responsibility, and relationality accounts' emphases on both the importance of interdependent relationships of care and potential problems with overly individualistic accounts of the self. I argue that the Heideggerian notion of singularization should be seen as a necessary precondition of responsibility, while Heidegger's account of care for others is ultimately an unsatisfying one, as it constitutes what I term a caretaking. I then argue that the relational accounts' presentation of one's need for care from others should be maintained in an adequate account of responsibility, while criticizing these views for what I call an over-problematization of the notion of the individual. My own account of the responsible self maintains both singularization and relationality, in the manners I characterize them here, as necessary conditions of one's ability to be responsible, and I argue that responsible caregiving for particular others should be seen as one way of enacting responsibility so conceived


Using diamond films which were grown by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates as samples, Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies were applied with particular emphasis on the investigation of interface properties such as silicon carbide (SiC) formation and strain distribution. While SiC interlayers can be detected with nanometre sensitivity by infrared spectroscopy it lacks the high spatial resolution obtainable in a micro-Raman experiment. It will thus be demonstrated that the presence of a thin SiC interfacial layer can also be observed in the Raman spectra even despite the low scattering efficiency of SiC. Furthermore, Raman spectra taken in the conventional plane-view geometry are employed to evaluate the lateral homogeneity of the diamond deposition. Cross-sectional Raman spectra, on the other hand, provide information e.g. on the strain distribution across the interface. The combination of infrared results with those from conventional plane-view as well as cross-sectional Raman spectra consequently give a detailed insight in the nature of diamond/Si interfaces.


SUMMARY A double 3x3 Latin square design was employed to study the faecal response in 30 kg Yorkshire castrate male pigs of the introduction of either none, 11.5 or 22.5% of treated, biotransformed filter cake mud (garanver) in diets based on sugar cane molasses type B and soybean meal. A sharp, highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in faecal DM concentration and increase in faecal pH was encountered as a consequence of increasing garanver in the diet. Faecal output of fresh material, water and dry material were significantly (P<0.01) doubled when 11.5% of garanver was present in the feed, but no further differences were found when garanver constituted 22.5% of diet. Fresh faecal output was 227, 477 and 581 g/kg DM intake, and faecal DM concentration, 34.3, 29.5 and 26.3% with none, 11.5 and 22.5% garanver in the diet, respectively. Total SCFA and ammonia faecal output significantly (P<0.05) augmented from 21.8 to 52.6, and from 12.9 to 20.6 mmol/kg DM intake, respectively, with increasing levels of garanver in feed. Data obtained in the herein described evaluation will contribute to information considering pig faeces as starting material for either production of compost or biogas as methods to neutralize environmental aggression of pig excreta, among other possible alternatives.


ABSTRACTSingle pass highlight color printing with tn-level xerography has some unique capabilities, but also has some inherent difficulties which needed to be overcome before launching the new Xerox 4850 Highlight Color Laser Printing System. These capabilities and potential pitfalls are discussed below, with the aid of a computer model of tn-level xerography. 1. INTRODUCTIONThere are many xerographic methods of obtaining black plus one color on a page, including tandem printengines or a single engine with twin charge-expose-develop stations. Xerox Corporation recently launchedthe Xerox 4850 Highlight Color Laser Printing System which utilizes another method, namely tn-level xerography1 . Tn-level xerography derives its name from the number of levels the laser raster output scanner (ROS) must address. In "traditional" xerography, at each pixel location the laser is either on to fully discharge the photoreceptor or off, leaving the photoreceptor highly charged. The development housing is


By obtaining surgery descriptions of knots which lie on the genus one fiber of the trefoil or figure eight knot, we show that these include hyperbolic knots with arbitrarily large volume. These knots admit lens space surgeries and form two families of Berge knots. By way of tangle descriptions we also obtain surgery descriptions for these knots on minimally twisted chain links.


Researched since the early 1990s, computer-assisted instruction (CAI) continues to prove beneficial for learners across the curriculum. While research has been growing greatly with a focus on higher education, its K-12 education counterpart– specifically secondary education where the use of technology is prevalent– remains largely unexplored. Moreover, as technology advances, students are increasingly exposed to CAI. However, with the rapidly increasing speed of technological advancements, it has become difficult for educational research to progress at the same pace. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic advancing the utilization of instructional technology, it is imperative that all educational stakeholders are introduced to the benefits that CAI can provide: an education that caters to students' learning preferences, equal educational opportunities for all students, and an enhancement of students' motivation in the classroom. With educators more readily integrating technology to support traditional lesson plans, demonstrating its positive impacts on all educational stakeholders can help to alleviate reservations and foster more effective implementation of CAI.


Applying a polyamic acid solution composition and the polyamic acid consisting of a specific chemical composition to the substrate comprising a specific mixed solvent, and then to provide a method of manufacturing a polyimide film laminate to perform heat treatment under specific conditions. The substrate surface, 3,3 ', 4,4', - biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and / or pyromellitic dianhydride, polyamic acid with a p- phenylenediamine, and an organic polar solvent the proportion of the solvent azeotropic with water of the total solvent and a solvent azeotropic with water to form a coating film formed from lysed polyamic acid solution composition in a mixed solvent is 5 to 35 wt%, obtain a laminate comprising a base material and the polyamic acid solution composition and then heating the laminate of said base material and the polyamic acid solution composition, at least 0.99 ° C. in a temperature range of less than super to 200 DEG ° C. over 10 minutes after, the maximum temperature heat treatment at a temperature range of 400 to 550 ° C., the production method of the polyimide film laminate comprising a substrate and a polyimide film.


Identifying fundamental characteristics of a structure provide key information for structural health monitoring (SHM). To date, numerous researchers have reported tools and algorithms that can perform system identification, with a large portion of their application being contact‐based sensors. Although dynamic responses of structures can be directly measured from contact‐based sensors, the lifespan of those sensors being much shorter than that of the structure, requiring labor to deploy and maintain the sensors, etc., has led to the use of non‐contact‐based sensors. Among various non‐contact‐based sensors, some researchers have investigated the use of light detection and ranging (Lidar) sensors, which remotely acquire three‐dimensional ranging information, mostly for static displacement measurement during construction. Thus, this paper presents an approach for system identification of structures using dynamic displacement measured from a multi‐channel Lidar sensor. Hardware and mechanical attributes that limit the direct use of raw data from the Lidar are explored. Then, strategies to adjust the tilt axes and reduce the range uncertainties and data synchronization are proposed. Subsequently, two types of laboratory‐scale structures are prepared for validation: a flexible cantilever beam and a four‐story shear building. In both of the structures, the Lidar showed less than 5% error in estimating the first natural frequencies. Also, the mode shape has been estimated with high precision. The results demonstrate the ability of the Lidar for identifying dynamic characteristics of a structure. The potable feature of the Lidar will further allow full‐scale monitoring of a large‐scale civil infrastructure for SHM.


A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2017–18 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh to study the effect of zinc fertilization on yield and zinc concentration of wheat varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (factorial) with 7 wheat varieties (HUW 234,V1; HUW 510,V2; HUW 468,V3; HD 2967,V4; PBW 343,V5; PBW 373,V6; and PBW 154,V7) and 2 zinc levels (0 kg Zn ha-1, Z0; and 5 kg Zn ha-1,Z1). HUW 234 and application of zinc @ 5 kg/ha recorded significantly higher effective tillers, 1,000-grain weight, yield, zinc uptake, partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE) and recovery efficiency (RE) over the other treatments. Varieties and zinc levels also interacted positively and highest effective tillers, ear length, test weight and grain yield was obtained with V1 × Z1; however, the longest ear length (17.37 cm) was obtained with PBW 154 + 5 kg Zn ha-1 while highest number of grains per spike was recorded with HUW 468 + 5 kg Zn ha-1.


Peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma is a gingival growth of reactive nature thought to originate from periodontal ligament. It is commonly seen in maxillary arch and has a predilection for females. The pathogenesis of this tumor is unclear, though trauma local irritation such as calculus, masticatory forces, faulty restorations could arise this lesion.


We report calculations of oscillator strengths for the far infrared absorption of light by the excitonic complexes Xn− (the excess charge, n, ranging from one to four) confined in quantum dots. The magnetic field is varied in an interval which corresponds to 'filling factors' between 2 and 3/5. Electron–hole interaction effects are seen in the deviations of the peak positions from the Kohn lines, and in the spreading of the oscillator strengths over a few final states. Transition densities are used as an additional tool to characterize the absorption peaks.


Significance The First World War was a historical experiment for early-life stress. Fathers of hundreds of thousands of children of all ages were killed during the conflict. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis predicts long-term effects of early-life stress. We collected historical data on French orphans born 1914–1916 and their fathers' military records and compared the orphans' mortality in adulthood (age 31–99 y) with that of matched nonorphans. We found a strong decrease in lifespan, reflecting increased mortality before age 65 y, in persons whose fathers died before, not after, their birth. These results support the notion that maternal psychological stress in pregnancy decreases adult longevity in offspring. Although early-life stress is known to alter health, its long-term consequences on mortality remain largely unknown. Thanks to unique French legislation established in 1917 for war orphans and children of disabled soldiers, we were able to study the adult mortality of individuals born in 1914–1916 whose fathers were killed during World War 1. Vital information and socio-demographic characteristics were extracted manually from historical civil registers for 5,671 children born between 1 August 1914 and 31 December 1916 who were granted the status of "pupille de la Nation" (orphan of the Nation). We used a database comprising 1.4 million deceased soldiers to identify war orphans and collect information on their fathers and then paired each orphan with a nonorphan from the same birth register matched for date of birth, sex, and mother's age at the infant's birth. Mortality between ages 31 and 99 y was analyzed for 2,365 orphan/nonorphan pairs. The mean loss of adult lifespan of orphans who had lost their father before birth was 2.4 y (95% CI: 0.7, 3.9 y) and was the result of increased mortality before age 65 y. Adult lifespan was not reduced when the father's death occurred after the infant's birth. These results support the notion that intrauterine exposure to a major psychological maternal stress can affect human longevity.


In this study, we discuss, from a historical perspective, the value of reading newspapers as an integral part of reference service provision. We then examine, through an unobtrusive test of telephone reference service at twenty-one public libraries in Canada, whether reference staff are paying attention to newspapers in their work. We drew questions requiring short factual answers from the national paper of record, The Globe and Mail. We asked these questions 231 times. We found that respondents answered 19.5 percent of these ques tions accurately, and made referrals to external agencies about one quarter of the time. When we followed up on these referrals, we found that 60 percent of them led to accurate answers. Patrons who ask telephone ref erence questions can therefore expect to get an accurate answer at a rate of 34.2 percent, including successful referrals to external sources. This relatively low level of accuracy could cause the loyalty of patrons to their public libraries to erode, since at least one management study of high-level business executives has suggested that accuracy is the most important factor in determining service quality. Libraries might want to institute poli cies that provide time for their reference staff to read newspapers and magazines. Schools of library and infor mation science might wish to stress the value of keeping up with current events in the syllabi of any reference courses that they offer.


To study the echocardiographic features in female hypertensives.Methods Echocardiography was performed by using an HEWLETT PACKARD 5500 Sonographic Computer System and M-mode, 2-dimension, color imaging and pulsed-wave spectral Doppler in 30 females with I ~ E stage essential hyper tension (patient group, PG) and 30 age-matched normotensive females without heart diseases(control group, CG) .The data assessed were automatically calculated by using the Computer System via averaging the measured values of the traced velocity curves from 5 cycles. Data were expressed as x±SD. The t test and correlation analysis were used to analyse the data.Results Compared with CG, the following e-chocardiographic features in PG were shown: left atrial internal dimension (LAID) and left ventricular mass (LVM) were larger; EF slope(EFs) and fractional shortening (FS) were lower; mitrial valve (MVa) and tricuspid valve (TVa) were higher; MVe, MVe/a and TVe/a were lower. The significant results drawn from correlation analysis in PG showed that LAID, LVM were positively related to SPB;LVM was positively related to DBP and the duration of hypertension (HD); EF slope was negatively related to DBP; MVe/a and TVe/a were negatively related to SBP;LVM was negatively related to FS, EF slope and MVe/a; MVe/a was positively related to TVe/a.Conclusion There are certain features on the e-chocardiography in female hypertensives with cardiac structural and functional changes which are related to BP and HD. We also conclude from the correlation analysis that LVH is an independent risk factor for the cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunctions which featured by that LVM related to FS, EF slope and MVe/a significantly.


The effects of metahexamide—N(3-amino-4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-N-cyclohexylurea—were studied in 104 diabetic patients for periods of up to eight months. The mode of action of this drug apparently is similar to that of tolbutamide and other sulfonylureas. Preliminary studies suggest that its hypoglycemic effect is about ten times that of tolbutamide and twice that of chlorpropamide. It is more rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than either tolbutamide or chlorpropamide, and it is excreted much more slowly than tolbutamide but somewhat faster than chlorpropamide. The 50 per cent excretion time is about twenty-six hours. One third of the drug is excreted unchanged, while half is hydrolyzed to the 3-amino-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide derivative. Recent reviews of the history and therapeutic particulars of oral therapy for diabetes" are many and obviate the need for repetition.


For the experimental determination of the H0 2/K ratio of the constants for prototype thermal diffusion columns from initial state mole fraction measurements there was a lack of sufficiently exact simple evaluation methods for polynary isotopic mixtures. The investigation of mole fraction changes at closed ends obtained by numerical integration of the corresponding system of second order partial differential equations resulted in a concept of approximation which allows to utilize approximative analytical solutions originally developed for binary isotopic mixtures. In the approximation the initial mole fractions are indirectly represented by the mean mass number of the initial mixture. Thus, the measured mole fraction changes can be attributed to the difference between the actual mass number of the components and the mean mass number of the enclosed mixture. By simple regression analysis a partial derivative can be obtained which can be attributed to the approximative analytical solutions for binary mixtures.


It elaborated the color of modern office space should be based on an efficient and comfortable standard,which reflected the business characteristics.By using theories of relevant subjects such as color physiology and color psychology,people ccould select color scientifically,apply it correctly,and exert its visual representation of color psychology in modern office design.In this way,a cozy,nice looking,convenient and scientific color circumstance is made for people,thus the efficiency of their work and study is improved.


Based on the rock beam reality movement after the coal seam was exploited,correctted the calculation method considering that the length and curvature of each rock beam were different;Also correctted the calculation of the load of the rock beam with considering it as plane strain.The modified calculation method of rock beam was not only related to the unit weight,thickness and Young's modulus of each rock beam,but also related to the width of the exploited coal seam,the movement angle and Poisson's ratio of the rock beam.Finally,an example was analyzed by compared the results.


In the circumstance of existing pragmatic problem of an endangering high prevalence of video piracy and dearth of empirical enquiries, this study attempted to fill the knowledge gap in the global video piracy discourse from the legal, ethical, moral, economic, criminal and political perspectives in Nigeria. The study investigated the challenges of video piracy in Nigeria from multiple perspectives. Adopting the qualitative design and the case study approach, a triangulation of the in-depth interview, focus group discussion and document analysis methods were used for data collection. While the judgment sampling method was adopted for information gathering from respondents, the interpretive and critical analytical methods were used for the data analysis. The study's theoretical framework was the diffusion of innovation theory. A set of eight findings of this study which uniquely contribute to the body of knowledge on video piracy in Nigeria and globally include: the dangerous ethnic dimension of the video piracy trend in Lagos; the low level of awareness on video piracy amongst the Nigerian public; the poor level of monitoring of post production and reproduction processes by producers and right owners; the internal sabotage within production plants and among video marketers; poor financial and operational capacity of stakeholders, non usage of highly sophisticated technological devices to protect video works; the experience of devastating psychological trauma by video producers and marketers; unwilling resort of video producers to low quality production to reduce cost and risk; and finally, the four fundamental factors refuting the claim of video piracy's contribution to the emergence and popularity of the Nigerian video industry. The significance of these findings includes: strategic insight and understanding of the video piracy dynamics capable of facilitating strategic planning; control; eradication of video piracy; strategic conflict prevention; knowledge update on video piracy and strategic economic and cultural development.


To reduce the computational time for modelling large tunnel networks, we used FDS6.1 to investigate the solver's capabilities for multi-scale modelling by combining 1D and full CFD models in the same domain. This study is to investigate the capabilities of FDS6.1 for simulating a tunnel ventilation system (cold and fire) using the multi-scale method. Firstly, we replicated the physical condition for cold flow using the multi-scale method and we validated the predictions against field measurements in the Dartford Tunnel, UK. This study demonstrated both the multi-scale and full models have good correlation with each other, and with the field measurements. Depending on the ratio of 1D and full CFD plus the scenarios modelled, the reduction in the computational time for the multi-scale method varies from 20% to 220% compared to the full CFD method. Secondly, we introduced a fire up to 75 MW in the multi-scale and full CFD models. Both models exhibit oscillatory mass flows along the tunnel similar to the pulsation effect observed in a tunnel fire. In the multi-scale method, the models significantly under or over-predicted the mass flows. 1. RESEARCH INTRODUCTION With exponential increase in population growth and development of ever larger densely populated cities, tunnels are often the only viable option to expand the transport infrastructure connecting towns and cities. Construction of modern road and rail tunnels increasingly becomes longer, larger and intricately connected. For example, Laerdal Tunnel is currently the world's longest tunnel at 24.51 km. With an increasing number of long tunnels used for transport infrastructure, these tunnels need to be adequately ventilated to ensure tunnel users will not be negatively impacted by fumes from vehicles or by smoke in a fire. Although there are various options to provide ventilation in a tunnel, these methods can be broadly categorises into longitudinal, transverse or semi-transverse ventilation. In design and engineering, the ventilation system in tunnels are currently designed using both 1D and full CFD modelling methods. 1D is used at the early stages of a project where time and resources are constrained, whereas full CFD modelling is used at the later stages to validate the designs informed by the 1D modelling method. Although full CFD modelling provides detailed results, this method is significantly constrained by the computational time which can take from days to weeks. In addition, to ensure the computational time is kept to a realistic time frame for the design and engineering process, only a section instead of the larger tunnel network is modelled. This shows the current limitations for the practical application of the full CFD method. With the multi-scale method, this is a hybrid approach combining CFD for complex regions and 1D for far-field regions of a tunnel section where an areaaverage representation of the variables is acceptable. This approach allows designers to simulate a significantly longer tunnel section that is impractical using only either the full CFD, or the 1D method due to the constraints of computational time. In this research, we have used FDS6.1 [3] and the built-in HVAC feature to implement the multi-scale modelling method. The tunnel model in this research has been based on the Dartford West Tunnel and the onsite cold flow ventilation data (velocity) collected by Collela et al [2]. The onsite cold flow data is used to determine whether the multi-scale modelling method has a good correlation with both the field data and the predictions from the full CFD method. This is important to demonstrate the predictions obtained from the multi-scale modelling method correlates with real world observation. The computational times from modelling the cold flow ventilation of the Dartford West Tunnel have also been used to assess the reduction in computational time between the full CFD method and the multi-scale modelling method. Following on that, we have used the same tunnel models but this time included a fire up to 75 MW in both the full CFD and multi-scale models to consider the feasibility of modelling a tunnel fire using the multi-scale modelling method. For the full CFD models, a grid sensitivity study and a non-dimensionalised validation study have also been considered. We have benchmarked the full CFD models against the ArupFire Tunnel Fire Experiments documented in the FDS Validation Guide [4]. The results of the validation study has not been presented here.


This contribution discusses the implementation of fluidic slit-actuators as well as fluidic vortex generators on a three dimensional model of the outer wing of a long-range transport aircraft at take-off, by low speed wind tunnel experiments in the large test facility of DNW-NWB. The leading-edge high-lift unprotected wing extension, including a wingtip device, designed for high performance at cruise flight, is subject to local flow separation at high angles of attack and low speed flight conditions. Active flow control (AFC) applied at the outer wing can prevent the formation of large turbulent flow separation and increase the aircraft lift to drag ratio (L/D), decrease the drag (D), and increase the angle of attack (AoA) for maximum lift (CLmax). The recently performed experiments show the improvement in the aerodynamic coefficients by the local AFC applications. The drag coefficient decreases of up to 40% at fixed large AoA, while the maximum AoA is proved to increase in the order of 2°. The results suggest a successful implementation on a transport aircraft and with an acceptable blowing momentum coefficient.


Reactive astrogliosis is a universal response of astrocytes to brain injuries and diseases as diverse as trauma, infection, neurodegeneration, and ischemia. Reactive astrocytes undergo dramatic morphological changes (Wilhelmsson et al., 2006), and various alterations in gene expression have been observed (Sofroniew, 2009). It has long been debated whether reactive astrocytes are harmful or beneficial. In the past few years, both types of properties have been observed. Previous studies have shown that the plasma membranes of astrocytes depolarize when treated with high levels of potassium and this in turn activates voltage‐operated calcium channels. What we are looking to find out more about is the role that these channels play in astrocyte reactivity. We hypothesize that incubating primary astrocyte cultures with high levels of potassium will cause astrocytes to become reactive and that blocking the voltage‐operated calcium channels of these cells will inhibit their ability to become reactive. Our experiments involved incubating cell cultures for three days with different levels of potassium and performing immunocytochemistry with GFAP and S100 antibodies to determine the amount of reactivity. We found that high levels of potassium caused the astrocytes to become reactive and through the use of L‐type voltage‐operated calcium channel blockers Verapamil and Nifedipine, we were able to conclude that these channels are necessary for reactivity under these conditions. In summary, our results suggest that voltage‐operated calcium channels may play a fundamental role in the induction of reactive astrocytes, and indicate that the inhibition of these calcium channels may be an effective way to prevent astrocyte activation.


After several amendments to the Criminal Law and the addition of crimes of causing major security accidents and major responsibility-related accidents, and forcing employees to work, there has been built a criminal law protection system for migrant workers' rights and interests. However, the Criminal Law still has a number of shortcomings: the absence of crime subject in the design of the titles of crime, too lenient sentences, too few types of crime, and offenders of negligence not being criminalized. These shortcomings restrict the protection of migrant workers' rights and interests and so it is necessary to improve the Criminal Law.


• The main points from the evidence summarised in this briefing are from 5 studies, including a systematic review of 2 randomised controlled trials and 6 retrospective cohort studies, and 4 observational studies. The studies involve a total of 1,715 adult patients in secondary care. They show that Cor-Knot may reduce aortic cross-clamp time and cardiopulmonary bypass time when used in valve surgery compared with standard care.


In 1987, Sir Edmund Leach, the most influential British social anthropologist of his generation, startled a conference in Norwich of the Association of Social Anthropologists by declaring that ethnographic monographs were essentially fictions, expressing the personality of the author. When asked what should be the goal of the anthropologist, he replied, 'To write another War and Peace'. This and some similar papers were published by him and have come in for much criticism: for instance, from a leading anthropologist of the next generation, Adam Kuper, who has regretted that Leach made such a concession to fashionable post-modernism, the 'literary turn' in anthropology, shortly before his death (Kuper, 1999: 15-35). For what it is worth, I was present at that conference and knew Leach well. It was clear to me then that his intellectual powers were failing as a result of the brain cancer which


This paper discusses the principles of the construction, classification, and role of the scanning system--a complex optomechanical and electronic module in rapid-scanning Fourier spectrometers. Actual scanning systems are analyzed, and the prospects of developing them are determined.


In ten patients suffering from symptomatic dermographism the combined administration of chlor‐phemiramine + cimetidine produced a greater reduction in the weal and flare response provoked by a standardized scratch than the administration of chlorpheniramine alone.


Companies in Indonesia have carried out many earnings modification practices where earnings modification is the attitude of management to choose accounting policy with various purposes or motives, namely opportunistic motives and efficiency motives. Opportunistic motive if the modification aims to provide welfare for management, while the efficient motive is if it aims to increase the market value of the company. This study functions to analyze the effect of earnings opacity , tax avoidance , price earnings ratio, return on assets, and leverage on the value of food and beverage companies listed on theIDX in 2018-2020, with a sample of 15 companies based on the purposive sampling method. The research method used is a quantitative method. Analysis of the information used in this study is multiple regression analysis. The results prove that earnings opacity and tax avoidance have a negative effect on companies value


Roughness induced scattering loss of polymer waveguide are numerically and experimentally investigated. Our results show that the sidewall roughness induced loss is dominant and increases largely when waveguide width is smaller than 10 μm.


The invention discloses a gallium-nitride-base heterostructure field effect transistor with allium -nitride-base heterostructure field effect transistor with transverse p-n junction composite buffering layer structure transverse p-n junction composite buffering layer structure, which belongs to the field of semiconductor devices. The gallium-nitride-base heterostructure field effect transistor structurally comprises a substrate, an aluminum nitride (AlN) nucleating layer, a gallium nitride (GaN) channel layer, an AlN insertion layer, a barrier layer, a source electrode, a drain electrode and a grid electrode, wherein the source electrode, the drain electrode and the grid electrode are formed on the barrier layer, the source electrode and the drain electrode are in ohmic contact with the barrier layer, the grid electrode is in Schottky contact with the barrier layer, a transverse p-n junction composite buffering layer is also arranged between the GaN channel layer and the AlN nucleating layer to inhibiting the transportation of carriers inside the buffering layer, the leaked current of the buffering layer is reduced, and the breakdown voltage and output power of the device can be improved.


The current epistemological skepticism that in general advocates the triviality of truth and of knowledge, has a growing influence on the outcome of a light way of understanding educational matters. This article sustains a different theoretical stand opposed to the ideas that disintegrate knowledge and the ways of its production – a crucial point for teachers' practice and training. It denounces, moreover, the fallacy that holds the equivalence between production of knowledge and training for transferable skills. The Document prepared by the Brazilian Ministry of Education (2000) proposing policies for the training of teachers for basic education, in our view, is a good example of this subterfuge. Our analysis underlines some of its aspects.


A patterning technique to define nanoscale multiple lines is developed and optimized using sidewall structure. In this experiment, sidewall multi-line patterning technique makes it possible to realize about 50nm poly-Si lines which have 70nm as the narrowest space. This technique is a proximity effect free fabrication process, so it is expected that the sidewall multi-line patterning technique can be applied to fabricate single electron devices, quantum devices, and other nanoscale devices.


Abstract The energy loss distributions of Ne10+ ions channeled in a (100) Si thin crystal are considered. The thickness of the crystal is 500 nm (921 atomic layers), while the ion energy is varied from 1 to 35 MeV per nucleon. The energy loss distributions were obtained by the computer simulation method using the numerical solution of the equations of motion of the ion. We used Lindhard's continuum interaction potential of the ion and the crystal, and the Bethe formula for the stopping power of the electron gas of the crystal. The results of the calculations are explained via the effect of zero-degree focusing of the channeled ions and the crystal rainbow effect.


From Introduction and Summary: "This report presents the results of one year of experimental work performed under an Office of Saline Water Grant to study various aspects of the hydrate process for demineralizing sea water. Work is continuing on all phases of the subjects reported here."


Interleukin 12 (IL-12), produced mostly by antigen presenting cells, is a heterodimeric Th1 cytokine which has been shown to induce a cellular immune response, cancer cell apoptosis, as well as anti-angiogenesis. Many studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer effectiveness of IL-12. However, significant toxicity from recombinant human IL-12 administration has been noted in phase I/II studies in advanced cancers. Therefore, sustained delivery of IL-12, avoiding toxic peaks seen with intermittent IV infusions, would be desirable. One means of delivering sustained and optimal amounts of IL-12 in cancer patients may be through a gene-enhanced cell therapy approach which our study assessed in a pre-clinical model of breast cancer. More specifically, we tested the use of an injectable subcutaneous implant comprising bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) gene-modified ex vivo to secrete IL-12 in mice with 4T1 breast cancer. Balb/c mice injected subcutaneously with the syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer cells at 2.5 x 10 4 cells/mouse received the following day, at the same location, Matrigel-embedded IL-12 gene-modified Balb/c-derived MSCs (IL-12 MSCs) or Matrigel-embedded control-vector modified MSCs (Control MSCs) at 10 6 cells/mouse. Tumor growth over time was determined in these two groups of mice, as well as in mice that received 4T1 cells only without any implants of MSCs (n=5-9/group). Our results revealed a substantial slowing of tumor progression in mice implanted with IL-12 MSCs as indicated by 100% of IL-12 mice being tumor-free on day 20 post-4T1 cell implantation, versus 0% of mice in both control groups, and with over 50% of IL-12 mice remaining tumor-free for over 50 days. Repeat experiments showed similar results. Analysis of plasma samples demonstrated significantly elevated levels of IL-12 and of interferon-γ in mice that received the implants of IL-12 MSCs, versus mice that received the Control MSCs. However, when tested in immunodeficient NOD-SCID mice, our approach revealed 0% tumor-free mice at day 20 post-implantation for all three groups, thus indicating that the anti-cancer effect seen in normal mice was mediated by bystander immune cells. In addition, we determined that the slowing of tumor growth was not due to systemic but to local delivery of IL-12, since IL-12 MSCs when injected in the flank contralateral to the 4T1 cells did not lead to any beneficial effect, all mice developing tumors similarly within 20 days. In an implant analysis experiment where 4T1 cells were admixed with MSCs in Matrigel and retrieved 2 weeks post-implantation, histopathology revealed substantially less tumor cells in implants with IL-12 MSCs as well as the presence of necrotic capillaries and necrotic tumor islets, in contrast to controls where most of the implant was occupied by tumor cells and with the presence of viable capillaries and tumor islets. Furthermore, we noted the beneficial effect of our gene-enhanced cell therapy strategy in the B16 mouse melanoma model as well. In conclusion, our investigation demonstrates the potential of employing autologous MSCs genetically engineered to secrete a therapeutic protein of interest, in this case IL-12, as part of a cell-based immunotherapy strategy for cancer therapy.


The author's greatest weakness, ironicaUy, was his love for the mem ory of Furman. Like Charles DaUimore who spent his life in the study of George Whitfield, Rogers so im mersed himself in Furman that he comes close to honizing the early Baptist leader as one with few faidts. Essentially, an imcritical use of the Great Man theory could be apphed to Rogers' treatment of Furman. In his discussion of Furman's classical bib hcal defense of slavery, Rogers sim ply dismissed Fimnan's attitude as an inescapable symptom of "cotton is king."


Ranked keyword search has gained Ranked keyword search has gained traction due to its attractive properties such as flexibility and accessibility. However, most existing ranked keyword search schemes ignore the semantic associations between the documents and queries. To solve this challenging issue in cloud-assisted edge computing, we first design the Semantic-aware Ranked Multi-keyword Search (SRMS) scheme by adopting the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model and the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT)-based secret sharing mechanism. Considering that the cloud server may be malicious, we implement a basic verification mechanism in SRMS to verify the correctness and completeness of search results and extend this verification mechanism in cloud-assisted edge computing scenarios. Formal security analysis proves that SRMS and extended result verification mechanisms are secure in both the known ciphertext model and the known background model. Extensive experiments using the real-world dataset demonstrate that SRMS is efficient and practical.


In prebaked anode production, the horizontal-type continuous kneader has been applied widely. At present EIRICH kneader from Germany is also applied in the aluminum electrolysis carbon anode production because of many unique merits such as simplified mechanical design and reduced the costs of maintenance and operation and so on. As the cooling system wasn′ t set on the back of the original horizontal-type kneader in carbon plant of aluminium corporation of Cina Ltd., which leads to the anode quality fluctuations, two kinds of kneaders including the horizontal-type and EIRICH were optimized and reconstructed. Through this combination good benefits were brought.


PurposeThis study aims to explore the mechanism by which intellectual capital and corporate social responsibility (CSR) influence the sustainable competitive performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with the mediating role of organizational innovation in an emerging economy.Design/methodology/approachThe data collection was conducted through a survey completed by 208 owners and top managers operating in the service, trading and manufacturing sector SMEs, positioned within twin cities of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized for data analysis.FindingsThe results of the study suggest that intellectual capital and CSR have a markedly positive influence on the sustainable competitive performance of SMEs. The organizational innovation appears to mediate these relationships.Originality/valueThis study pioneers research on the links between intellectual capital, CSR organizational innovation and sustainable competitive performance of SMEs. The current research contributes to the literature by defining intellectual capital and CSR as an antecedent and organizational innovation as an intervening variable for the sustainable competitive performance of SMEs. In addition, this study underlines the significance of intellectual capital and CSR activities as valuable intangible assets for the achievement of sustainable competitive performance of SMEs.


Conjugation of bilirubin and excretion by the liver is catalysed by the microsomal enzyme bilirubin-UDP- lucuronosyltransferase (bUDP-GT). It is well known that during gestation, the fetal liver in utero is incapable for capture, conjugation and clearance of bilirubin. However, we have previously demonstrated that the gene responsible for the enzyme starts to express by day 13 of gestation. Therefore, the aims of the present work are first, to carry out a procedure so as to determine the activity of the bUDP-GT in the hepatic tissue, and, second, to obtain new data about the changes during the perinatal development in the activity levels of the mentioned enzyme. On the one hand, we have analyzed both, the activation time of the microsomal fraction, which stabilizes after 30 minutes of incubation, and the changes in the enzyme activity which reach a maximum peak after 5 minutes of incubation. On the other hand, we only detect activity of the bUDP-GT at the final period of gestation, reaching adult levels during the first month of extrauterine life.


A method for forming a thermoplastic composite material in a papermaking machine, wherein the method comprises the steps of: forming an aqueous fiber material suspension; bringing said fiber suspension in contact with at least one additive, said additive being introduced into said fiber suspension, whereby said additive reacts to form a precipitation product onto or into the fibers, thereby forming an intermediate suspension, introducing, after the formation of the intermediate suspension, a plastic material into said intermediate suspension, thereby forming a plastic fiber composite suspension.


This paper examines the costs, wealth effects, and determinants of international capital raising for a sample of 260 public debt issues made by non-U.S. firms in the U.S. (Yankee) market. We find that investors demand economically significant premiums on bonds issued by firms that are located in countries that do not protect investors' rights and do not have a prior history of on-going disclosure. The results provide support for the literature that suggests better legal protections and more detailed information disclosure increases the price investors will pay for financial assets. We also find that the average stock price reaction to Yankee bond offerings is significantly positive and that abnormal returns are largest for first-time Yankee bond issuers. In addition, we show that foreign firms tend to issue in the Yankee market when the relative interest cost is low, indicating that potential differences in borrowing costs influence where firms choose to sell bonds.


Objective To investigate the effect of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment and total glucosides of paeony in the treatment of oral lichen planus.Methods 144 cases of oral lichen planus were randomly divided into control group and observation group,and control group were treated with total glucoside of paeony(TGP),while observation group were treated with tacrolimus ointment and TGP.Clinical efficacy of the two groups were evaluated.Results After 2 month treatment,the total efficacy rate of the observation group is higher than that of the control group,with significant differences(χ2=6.97,P0.05). Conclusion TGP and tacrolimus ointment have good curative effect on the treatment of oral lichen planus.


Neurturin (NTN) is a novel neurotrophic factor related to glial cell derived neurotrophic factor.The cDNA fragment encoding mature hNTN was amplified by PCR from human chromosome DNA extracted from liver tissue,and ligated into cloning vector pUC19.Sequence analysis verified that the fragment cloned in pUC19 was hNTN cDNA.The gene was inserted into thioredoxin fusion expression vector pThioHisA between Eco R Ⅰ and Pst Ⅰ sites,and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli Top10.Higher levels of expression of hNTN fusion protein was obtained 8 or 10 hours after induction with 1 mmol/L IPTG.The expressed fusion protein,with molecular weight of about 28 kD,was about 20% of the total bacteria protein as detected by SDS PAGE and densitometry analysis.


Ideology, Conflict, and Democracy in Britain and Italy by Robert D. Putnam As the Watergate scandal has recently shown, the character of a country's leadership deeply affects the patterns of its politics. This study is a systematic analysis of interviews with 176 members of the British House of Commons and the Italian Chamber of Deputies that probes some of the fundamental beliefs and values of poltical leaders in these two contrasting democracies. In addition to providing a sophisticated refinement of the notions in the political culture literature, Mr. Putnam's work illustrates how intensive interview material can be sensitively analyzed in ways rigorous enough to meet the standards of modern, quantitative social science. "A first-rate book that will make an important contribution to political science."-Sidney Verba $10.95


A practical method is proposed in this paper for analysis of the lightning transient in the grounding grids. The circuit parameters of the grounding electrodes are evaluated by a set of analytic formulas, in which the soil ionization effect is taken into account. By means of the circuit parameters, the grounding electrode segments are represented by the π‐type circuits and a circuit model is built for the grounding grids. The lightning transient responses in the grounding grids can be calculated from the circuit model. The calculated results are compared with the measured ones to check the validity of the circuit model. In view of the actual distribution randomness, the lightning current amplitude is taken as a random variable and a statistical algorithm is further presented for statistical analysis of the lightning transient in the grounding grids. In the algorithm, the accumulative probability function is introduced to describe the random distribution of the lightning current amplitude. The lightning transient responses calculated in a large interval of the lightning current amplitude are weighted by the corresponding probability density. Then, the statistical values of the lightning transient responses can be obtained from the weighted sum. A numerical example is also given to discuss the difference between the statistical values and the nonstatistical ones calculated by the conventional method. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.


Ni is an effective alloying element for improving low temperature toughness1) and corrosion resistance2–8) of steel and is a strong austenite stabilizing element. By adding Ni, thermodynamically stable region of austenite phase expands significantly and the austenite phase becomes stable even at lower temperature.9) This is why Ni is an indispensable raw material for the production of austenitic stainless steel. Furthermore, the Fe-36Ni alloy (invar alloy) shows a significantly low specific coefficient of thermal expansion below its Curie point, and is widely used for precision instruments and electronic devices.10) Ti-microalloyed steel has excellent material properties such as formability, non-age hardening property, corrosion resistance, inhibition of austenite grain coarsening, as well as microstructure refinement by promotion of nucleation of ferrite grains. Therefore, it is suitable for automobile steel plates, thick steel plates for shipbuilding, and stainless steel.11–13) Among impurity elements in steel, particularly C and N are known as interstitial elements, which enter the gaps in the crystal lattice of Fe atoms and accumulate in dislocations making Cottrell atmosphere to hinder the movement of dislocations, thereby, deteriorating the formability of steel. In addition, since interstitial elements readily Evolution Behavior of TiN Inclusions in Austenitic Fe-36Ni Alloy during Heating at 1 473 and 1 673 K


Objective To explore influencing factors of smoking cessation among male smokers in Guangdong province,and to provide evidence for prevention and intervention of smoking.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3 181 male residents selected from 21 cities in Guangdong province with proportional probability sampling and Kishgrid methods.The information on smoking and smoking cessation was collected with a questionnaire survey.Results The prevalence of current smoking and smoking cessation among male smokers was 56.1% and 11.9%,and only 8.1% of them had succeeded in smoking cessation.The average age of quiting smoking was 41.6 years and 56.3% of male smokers had quitted before 45 years old.Among the current smokers,13.9% tried to quit smoking and 10.3% of them attended to quit smoking in six months and 3.6% in more than six months.The rate of trying to quit smoking was 21.9% in the past 12 months.Results from multiple factors analyses identified age,the level of attitude,and the degree of smoking were inhibitor of smoking cessation and years of smoking and having chronic diseases were promoting factors.Conclusion The rate of smoking cessation is relatively low among male smokers in Guangdong province.The major influencing factors for smoking cessation are age,age of smoking,the history of chronic disease,the level of attitude,and the degree of smoking.


Objective To explore the relationship between advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1) of aorta in diabetic rats and to investigate whether the ICAM 1 expression of cultured endothelial cells (ECs) can be caused by AGEs independently. Methods Wistar rats were divided into three groups: STZ induced diabetic rats (group DM), aminoguanidine (AG) treated diabetic rats (group AG) and the controls (group C). After 1,2,3 and 4 months, the level of Hb AGEs was assayed and ICAM 1 expression of aorta was determined by immunohistochemistry. The production of ICAM 1 of cultured ECs after AGEs stimulation was detected by both flowcytometry (FCM) and semi quantitative ELISA. Results Hb AGEs in DM group was elevated significantly as compared with group AG and group C, increased with the duration of the disease 〔after 1,2,3 and 4 months the Hb AGEs being (6.88±1.23), (10.26±0.63), (15.30±1.49) and (18.57±2.90) AGEs U/mg, respectively〕, and closely related to the increasing levels of fasting blood glucose. The positive rates of ICAM 1 staining in group DM (being 17%, 71%, 75% and 71% respectively after 1,2,3 and 4 months) were significantly higher than those of group AG and group C (P0.05). After 4h and 6h stimulation with AGEs, the counts of ICAM 1 expression by ECs were (4.11±0.36)% and (16.11±1.07)% as detected by FCM, and the absorbance of semi quantitativeELISAwas0.24±0.03and0.65±0.14, while the adhesion rates were (32.89±2.65)% and (54.55±5.62)% respectively, all significantly higher than those of untreated ECs. Conclusion AGEs may be an important factor for the expression of ICAM 1 of aorta both in vivo and in vitro.


On 19 December 2012, Park Geun-Hye won the presidential election in Korea. How should we understand the surprising comeback of 'the strong man's daughter' in a country that has been touted as having experienced a successful transition from dictatorship to democratization? To answer this question, it is necessary to reformulate modernization theory, of which Korea has been cited as a 'dream case'. Modernization theory is overly process-oriented; a process of economic growth leads to a successful democratization with a temporal gap. However, when we take into account the question of agency, which was missing in modernization theory, a series of interesting questions arise. First, who led the process of modernization in the Korean case? Second, who led the process of democratization? Finally, what happens if the temporal gap between modernization and democratization is relatively short so that 'modernizers' and 'democratizers' occupy the same political landscape? In such a scenario, we should expect a society deeply divided between the two agencies of modernization theory. The recent return of 'the strong man's daughter' is the latest symptom of increasing social divisions between modernizers and democratizers in contemporary Korean society. Although modernization theory has been disputed by many scholars, modernization has led to democratization in South Korea.1 The country achieved remarkable economic growth, referred to as 'the miracle of the Han' under the dictatorship of Park Chung-hee in the 1960s and 1970s. While 'the miracle' continued after Park was assassinated in 1979, Korea underwent a successful democratization throughout the 1980s. Consistent with modernization theory, the economic development of Korea resulted in its successful 1 The publication of this article was supported by a generous grant from Korea University (NARS3270QK1422461).


Lundberg, A. 1996. Environmental change and nature management in Norway. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. Vol. 50, 143–156. Oslo. ISSN 0029-1951. Changes in the flora and vegetation of the littoral zone of S. and W. Norway are analysed by studying the response of plants to changes in climate and land-use patterns. When coastal ecosystems and landscapes are studied through a time series, they appear to be maintained by different climate regimes or types of land use, in particular agriculture. Consequently, they should be expected to change with changing climates or land-use systems. Three examples are analysed: the changing distribution and abundance of Cranibe maritima, fluctuations in the number of seabirds in seabird colonies, and the vegetation dynamics of salt marshes. The analysis indicates that the theory of stability and ecological balance as the ultimate state of developments is a myth. Norwegian nature conservation has so far failed to cope with the changing status of coastal landscapes and ecosystems.


Abstract Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common among patients at Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs), many of whom are elderly men with underlying medical or urological problems. Most UTI treatment guidelines address uncomplicated UTI in women and presume knowledge of local antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) patterns for uropathogens, which often are unknown or are inferred from E. coli. To inform selection of empiric therapy for UTI at our VAMC, we compiled AST data for one year's urine isolates. Methods We compiled AST results (bioMerieux VITEK®) for the 2,494 significant urine isolates from the Minneapolis VAMC clinical microbiology laboratory from June 2013 through May 2014. For "drug-bug" combinations that were not tested we imputed results based on local or published data, and/or expert opinion. We then calculated cumulative % susceptible for 25 relevant antimicrobial agents, overall and stratified by Gram stain group and clinical site (intensive care unit, inpatient, outpatient, community residential centers, or extended care). In ambiguous situations susceptibility was analyzed as both 0% and 100%. Results The 2,494 urine isolates included 946 Gram-positive and 1,548 Gram-negative organisms. Species distribution varied significantly by clinical site. E. coli represented only 27% of isolates overall (9–37%, depending on site). Enterococcus (14%) and other Gram-positives (23%) were also prevalent. Cumulative AST profiles varied significantly (i) by Gram stain group, (ii) between E. coli and other Gram-negatives, and (iii) by clinical site. No tested oral agent provided ≥ 80% overall susceptibility. Although AST data were unavailable for fosfomycin, imputation suggested 82%-95% susceptibility overall. Conclusion Among urine isolates from veterans, E. coli was a minor contributor and a poor surrogate for total population AST profiles. The only oral agent that provided ≥ 80% susceptibility overall was fosfomycin, suggesting that it could be an important option for empiric lower UTI therapy for veterans. Urine isolate-specific antibiograms that reflect local AST data, stratified by Gram stain group and clinical site, could improve empirical UTI therapy for veterans, as could performance of urine Gram stains. Disclosures J. R. Johnson, Grant Investigator, Grant recipient Merck: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient Tetraphase: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient


Owing to in vivo applications, use of biodegradable three dimensional matrices to form implantable tissue constructs has increased in recent times. Gelatin methacrylate gel (GelMA) is one such versatile matrix compatible for cell culture and has potential of in vivo implantation. Physical and mechanical properties of these hydrogels are extremely crucial in modulating their rigidity, biodegradability and cellular compatibility. The present study involves testing stiffness and porosity of GelMA at high and low methacrylation degrees and at different concentrations of prepolymer and itseffect on viability and proliferation of HepG2 cells cultured encapsulated in GelMA. Stiffness was found to be directly proportional whereas porosity was found to be inversely related to degree of methacrylation and concentration of GelMA pre-polymer. Softer gel with greater porosity was found to be favorable for proliferation of cells encapsulated in the gel. In order to achieve stable implantable construct, it is important to fi ne tune its physical properties such as stiffness and porosity since both these parameters are responsible for governing culture of cells encapsulated within the gel matrix and the present study will be helpful in modulating these properties of GelMA as per the intended application.


Modern structures are increasingly being constructed ever more slender and with longer spans between columns. These aesthetically pleasing designs, however, are more susceptible to high levels of vibration caused by their human occupants. This has led to research into technology, such as active vibration control (AVC), that can significantly reduce vibrations whilst maintaining the slender structural form. Previous research in the area of AVC for human-induced vibrations in floors has focused on single points where the control is located. This paper investigates the effect over the entire area in a multi-panel floor. Simulations are performed on a finite element model of a real office floor with a realistic walking force applied, simulating the in-service conditions of an office environment. The power demand of the active control system is then investigated, in particular, consideration of the trade-off between performance increase and power demand reduction. The benefits of using high feedback gains to control the entire area of this multi-panel floor are shown to be limited. Subsequently, power and cost savings could be realised through the use of reduced gain and/or a switching-off rule.


The eccentric connectivity index ECI is a chemical structure descriptor that is currently being used for the modeling of biological activities of a chemical compound. This index has been proved to provide a high degree of predictability as compared to some other well-known indices in case of anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic activities. The ECI of an infinite class of 1-polyacenic (phenylenic) nanotubes has been recently studied. In this article, we extend this study to generalized polyacenic nanotubes and find ECI of t-polyacenic nanotubes for t>1.


The economic and social evolution of Romania over the last thirty years, marked by an increasingly sharp decrease of the national economic potential and, implicitly, of the incomes of a large part of the population, concomitantly with the liberalization of the labor market globally, has determined a large number of Romanians to turn their attention to employment in developed European countries. Migration is a complex process, with social effects that involve long-term consequences, a global phenomenon that has acquired very large dimensions, contributing to the formation of the states population. Migratory flows influence, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the demographic, social and economic security of all countries. This article aims to analyze the phenomenon in both directions, of the internal rural-urban as well as urban-rural but also external migration, in the context of Romania being in the top five countries of the EU with the largest number of migrants. There are certain phenomena appearing such as ruralisation and suburbanization, characterized as natural processes, going through or have gone much of the world cities. Finally, this paper aims to provide an overview of the Romanian migratory phenomenon in perspective compared to Poland and also which are the main causes of the significant difference between the two countries. The positive and negative effects of internal and external migration on the migrant's household, poverty reduction and increased access to infrastructure are also highlighted.


In this paper, we apply the concept of fuzzy set to hyper UP-subalgebras. We introduce the notions of fuzzy hyper UP-subalgebra and fuzzy hyper UP-filter and establish some of their properties. Furthermore, some properties of hyper homomorphism in relation to fuzzy hyper UPsubalgebras and fuzzy hyper UP-filters are also presented 2020 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 08A30, 08A72


The formation of conjunction "Bu Guan" is the result of its long-term course of grammaticalization,its modification structure turned into a verb first,and then into a conjunction.Also the grammaticalization course has been promoted by a variety of factors.On this basis it makes a further investigation on its pragmatic features and points out the similarities and differences between the conjunctions "Bu Guan"and"Bu Lun".Finally,it provids a strong support for the article by the study of dialects.


This study aims to evaluate the correlation between smoking dependence and severity of dry eye. This was a cross-sectional study conducted for a period of 3 months November 2022 to January 2023. 150 smokers were included in the study and their nicotine dependence was assessed using Fagerstrom scale. Patients were classified into mild and significant dependence groups. The severity of dry eye among subjects were assessed using ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film breakup time (TBUT) and Schirmer's test. Also, analysis was done using STATA and SPSS software. Out of 150 smokers 44 showed low dependence and 106 showed significant dependence. In patients with low dependence average OSDI was 18.8, TBUT was 4.70 and Schirmer's was 10.22. Patients with severe dependence had an average OSDI 29.12, TBUT 3.43 and Schirmer's value of 7.30. There was a direct correlation between degree of smoking and severity of dry eye disease (r= 0.72, p=0.03). The degree of dependence correlates directly to the severity of dry eye among smokers.


The purpose of this study is to classify the networks according to functions they performed, especially scrutinize their structures. The research concentrates on the influence of these functional networks on the internationalization process of small and medium sized companies (SME) in developing countries. What are the different types of support being provided by network partners? What is the structure of the existing network? The research part is inductive, qualitative and based on case study. The study's findings illustrate the subtleties of how various network partners interact with entrepreneurs to penetrate, integrate and extend their international markets. Networks can help entrepreneurs expose themselves to new opportunities, obtain knowledge, learn from experiences, and benefit from the synergistic effect of pooled resources. Another contribution of this paper is that it identifies structures of the functional networks, till date networks are classified on the basis of extent of support they provide, not on what support they provide, thus advancing the literature.


Economic activity is relatively little differentiated by provinces, but shows a clear pattern by major regions. The West (–1.0 percent) suffered more from the global recession than the East (–0.4 percent), with positive growth in the Burgenland. The South is in a serious crisis, especially in Carinthia economic activity declined.


Sesame oil cake which is produced to a level of 2,55,000 tonnes per annum in India (1997-98) and about 25,000 tonnes in Tamil Nadu (Mehta, 2000) is mostly used for feeding cattle. Lack of much research work on its use in broiler ration in India has impaired its use commercially by broiler farmers. Hence energy content and protein quality of sesame oil cake reviewed. 1.1 METABOLIZABLE ENERGY Hasan and Khandaker (2000) estimated the metabolizable energy value of ghani cake to be 1650 kcal/kg. The I.S.I. (1980) specification revealed that the metabolizable energy value of 1882 kcal/kg for expeller cake, which was far below the values reported in N.R.C. (1994) (2376 kcal/kg) and Mamputu and Buhr, (1995) (2500 kcal/kg). The metabolizable energy in deoiled sesame oil cake was found to be 2660 kcal/kg by Pathak and Kamra (1989). On the contrary, Robert Swick (2001) and Mehta (2000) reported a lower value of 1930 and 2250 kcal/kg respectively in sesame oil cake.


Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a serious consequence in infants due to Rubella virus infection during early pregnancy which can cause several congenital abnormalities. In 2021, Indonesia became the country that reported the highest cases of CRS in the WHO Southeast Asia region with 229 cases out of a total of 402 cases (57%). There are various factors related to the incidence of CRS including vaccination, health facilities and mother and baby factors. Knowledge on these factors can be applied to improve efforts to prevent and control CRS cases. This study aims to determine the factors related to the incidence of CRS in Indonesia. This was a case-control study using secondary data derived from the 2020-2021 CRS sentinel surveillance reports of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on the results of multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression, it was revealed that there was one factor related to the incidence of CRS, namely the area of residence with an OR of 2.3 (95% CI: 1.49-3.42). The area of residence outside Java-Bali had a higher risk for the incidence of CRS by 2.3 times compared to the area of residence in Java-Bali. In contrast, other variables such as history of maternal vaccination, history of maternal Rubella infection, maternal age and the child gender were not found to be statistically related to the incidence of CRS. It can be concluded that the area of residence outside Java-Bali was a factor related to the incidence of CRS. Therefore, it is necessary to have an even distribution of Rubella vaccination coverage, strengthen the surveillance system and prepare equal distribution of health facilities to prevent the spread of Rubella cases.


The number of unsafe abortions has declined over the years in India but we still come across many cases and few of them with fatal complications. Usually such cases may present as bleeding per vaginum with features of sepsis and often instrumentation causing uterine or bowel injury. Our case is a 16 year old unmarried girl who had a history of 5 months of amenorrhea and underwent abortion by a quack in a village presented with features of frank small bowel obstruction due a rare unusual cause.


The heat exchanger is disclosed. Heat exchanger according to one embodiment of the invention, is provided on one side of the plane heater, a plane heater including a first support plate, and a first support a first heat exchanger provided on the plate for supporting the plane heater, plane heater, the first support plate, and at least one of the heat exchange unit 1 is made thin.


The polariton emission in a microcavity is usually measured from the surface, and little is known about the actual role of guided modes below the light cone in air, that can couple to the exciton transition, collect part of the emission and contribute to polariton losses. In this work we investigate a ZnO planar microcavity with mesas. The emission of the guided modes is observed at the mesa's edge, together with the vertical emission. The microcavity operates as a polariton laser under pulsed optical pumping [1].
The spectra collected under the excitation spot and at the mesa's edge are very different, as shown on figure 1a. The vertical emission is dominated by the lower polariton branch (LPB) associated to the cavity mode whereas the edge emission forms a broad peak modulated by fringes which spacing decreases as the spot moves away from the edge. While these fringes could indicate Fabry-Perot oscillations of polaritons propagating in-plane, in analogy with radiative polaritons in GaAs microcavity wires [2], a careful analysis shows that they are the signature of beatings between 5 to 10 guided modes, without being necessary to invoke multiple reflections. These modes have a large attenuation length of 27 µm, intermediate between the propagation length of LPB polaritons (a few µm in a ZnO microcavity [3]) and the one of waveguide polaritons (100µm in a GaN microcavity [4]).
Under pulsed optical pumping, the guided modes are strongly excited. They form leaky modes for the excitonic reservoir, as well as for the LPB polaritons themselves. Most interestingly, when the vertical microcavity displays polariton lasing, the polariton laser emission feeds the guided modes, which then cascade in energy (Fig. 1b,c).
This work evidences therefore that the threshold of the polariton laser in conventional vertical microcavities is increased due to the existence of usually hidden guided modes, that can deplete the exciton reservoir and collect resonantly scattered light from the lasing LPB mode.


Fiber Optics Polarimetric Sensors (FOPS), utilizing first fundamental frequency mode and its harmonics, have already been used as damage detection tool. The FOPS technology is attractive in damage detection as it facilitates us with real time non-destructive health monitoring of different mechanical and civil structures. In this paper, the effects of the size and the location of a single crack on the frequency of first fundamental mode of a cantilever beam have been studied. A relation between the relative size of a crack and relative change in the first fundamental frequency has been established theoretically and then verified experimentally. Further, it has been shown that the cracks, close to the fixed end of the cantilever beam, have significant effect on the frequency of first fundamental mode and as the crack moves away from the fixed end, the effect on the frequency starts becoming diminished. Also the sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor against a single crack has been studied along both the directions; parallel to the axis of FBG sensor and perpendicular to the axis of FBG sensor. Experimental results show that the range of sensitivity in both the directions is almost the same bur FBG is more efficient along its axis.


With regard to methodology why is Leon score preferred over the other scoring systems when it is clear that sensitivity and specificity of these individual scoring systems are quite variable with high negative predictive value but a poor positive predictive value.[2] Even the colonization assessment was not performed according to the study done by Leon et al.[3] Statistical analysis and sample size calculation need to be mentioned in this study. Evidence of fungal UTI based on >104 colonyforming units (CFU)/ml needs to be explained as it is still not clear to differentiate infection from colonization with candiduria which is very common in catheterized urine specimens, and only heavy (>105) colonisation should be considered as a risk factor for invasive candidiasis.[4]


After coming to power in 1984, Manchester's 'New Urban Left' were for a while at the forefront of those radical councils seeking to use the local state both as the primary site of resistance to the Thatcher government, but also to develop a genuinely 'prefigurative' local socialism. However, in Manchester this experiment proved short-lived. The subsequent entrepreneurial project has proved both durable and more distinctive. This article provides a detailed narrative account of the transition from 'municipal socialism' to the politics of 'Manchester First'. Whilst summarizing the notable differences between the two projects, the paper argues that an interpretative emphasis on the apparent political U-turn after 1987 obscures important continuities. With hindsight, the municipal Left can be credited with redefining the role of local authorities in relation to the economy, creating a space for proactive local and regional economic strategies. At the same time, the embrace of urban entrepreneurialism in the late 1980s did signal a marked shift in the perception of what was actually possible in terms of the parameters and constraints on local strategy Copyright Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000.


Report presenting the combustion efficiencies of 10 experimental jet-propulsion fuels that are approximately 200 degrees Fahrenheit cuts of five selected crudes available in large quantities in a turbojet engine combustor at altitude conditions.


PREVIEW At the same time they are reporting the current obesity epidemic, US physicians are also seeing a dramatic increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescent patients. In this article, Drs Laurencin, Goldschmidt, and Fisher summarize the prevalence and risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of type 2 diabetes in adolescents. They also offer interventional strategies for both lifestyle change and pharmacologic management.


Background Climate change is a major public health threat worldwide. Operating theaters are responsible for extensive waste production due to the resource-intensive nature of surgery, including hand surgery. Methods An online literature search was performed to ascertain the approaches that surgeons may undertake to positively impact the environment. Results Surgeons can make hand surgery more carbon neutral through various measures that have been categorized as pre-, intra-, and postoperative interventions. With all changes, the aims are to minimize waste and costs while optimizing patient outcomes. Conclusions Administrative obstacles to implementing pro-climate hospital changes may be overcome by also considering likely cost benefits with many environmentally friendly measures. New measures in hand surgery should consider patient safety, clinical efficacy, cost effectiveness, and the environmental impact.


Background: Nowadays the disposal or recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) material is a real-world problem. The European Union's DEM3TO project aims at recycling PET to return it to the main chemical components with which it was produced. In a specific reactor, microwave radiation is used to quickly depolymerise the initial polymer. At the end of the de-polymerization process, a filtering and drying process through an agitated Nutsche filter (ANF) is necessary. Methods: This study aims to design and develop a High Frequency (HF) cavity inside the ANF (plugin "HF-ANF") to speed up and improve the drying process. The effects studied are the efficiency of the HF cavity as a function of the heating process, the evaporation/drying process, and the mechanical mixing (due to the blades) of the mixture. Results: During these studies it was possible to improve the efficiency of the HF plugin and allowing to absorb more than the 95% of the microwave energy into the mixture to increase the drying speed and the drying homogeneity of the ANF. In addition, the mixture was characterised to obtain the dielectric proprieties as a function of the temperature of the ANF and the concentration of the residual water. Conclusions: The study allowed us to develop some important methodology that usually cannot to be simulated in a non-multi physics simulator. The careful modelling of certain aspects that are not normally available in EM (Electro-Magnetic) simulators, like variable geometries, mixed material, heating effect and the dielectrics characterization process are difficult and critical process but are very important steps to be undertaken in order to obtain results that can be compared with real measurements.


Communication is an important part of our day to day lives. It is an essential means of conveying our emotions through gestures as well as verbally. However, communication and recognition of gestures becomes a problem for humans with speaking and hearing impairment. For this very purpose sign language is used. Indian Sign Language (ISL) is resourceful in India for helping such people. The paper proposes a novel technique to identify gestures defined for the English alphabets listed in the Indian Sign Language. The proposed techniques relies on multiple representations namely HOG, GIST and BSIF. A random forest classifier is used for classifying different gestures with the aid of the combined feature vector. The results of the proposed techniques were tested on a ISL hand gesture database and were compared with the existing solutions. The technique outperformed the existing solutions resulting in an accuracy of 92.20%.


The distribution production management system under "centralized maintenance" mode in State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) is studied in this paper. The production management organization and managerial responsibilities under "centralized maintenance" system were firstly introduced. Further, two core production businesses, rush repair and condition-based maintenance (CBM), were analyzed at length, respectively. And the economic and social benefits brought by distribution production management system in "centralized maintenance" mode were illustrated by combining with relevant examples.


Human beings are obsessed with looking beautiful. Hence, various beauty products have been in use to look charming and young. Herbal ingredients are popular worldwide for use in cosmetics. The demand for herbal cosmetic is growing in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal skin cosmetics are formulated using different herbal active ingredients, which are further incorporated in cosmetic base to nourish and cure various skin ailments. Herbal cosmetics are natural and are found to be safe to use as compared to chemical-based cosmetics. Herbal formulations have always attracted considerable attention because they are free from all the harmful synthetic chemicals which otherwise may prove to be toxic to the skin. The bioactive ingredients from plants include antioxidants, vitamins, essential oils, tannins, alkaloids, dyes, carbohydrates, and terpenoids, which are used as cosmetics for care of skin, body, and its other parts. The herbal cosmetics which are used on a daily basis, include herbal cream, face wash, lip balm, herbal conditioners, herbal soap, and herbal shampoo. Cosmetics based on herbal ingredients possess desirable physiological activity such as smoothing appearance, healing, enhancing, and conditioning properties. The cosmetic industry is now focusing on this growing segment with an enormous scope of manifold expansion in coming years. Various herbal active ingredients which are particularly used for skincare are being discussed thoroughly in the current review.