The invention discloses a power saving circuit and electronic equipment with the power saving circuit. The power saving circuit is connected to a power supply and comprises a variable resistor, a switch and a processing module, the power supply is connected with the switch and the variable resistor, the processing module is connected with the switch and the variable resistor, and the switch is connected with the variable resistor. When the variable resistor bears a pressure, the switch is set to connect a circuit between the power supply and the processing module. The processing module provides a work signal for the switch after receiving power supply, so that the switch can keep connecting the circuit between the power supply and the processing module when the variable resistor does not bear the pressure. Or, the processing module is set to detect the voltage of the variable resistor, so that the switch disconnects the circuit between the power supply and the processing module when the work signal is stopped. The power saving circuit of the invention improves standby time of the electronic equipment.


Carbonization of wood for the manufacture of charcoal has been practiced since the beginning of history. The Industrial Revolution brought about a heavy demand for wood charcoal, and up until the late 1800s the largest volume was used by the iron industry. Today, coal derived cokes are used and wood carbonization, and use of distillates, is practiced more in developing countries. Despite the decline of the traditional wood pyrolysis industries, a great deal of technical information regarding cellulose (and lignocellulosic) decomposition kinetics, mechanisms, thermodynamics and byproducts has been acquired using modern analytical techniques. Several different markets provided motivation for the pursuit of this information. Those markets include: activated carbons, textiles, composite materials, fire retardant wood products and energy from biomass and refuse. While much information is available from these works, there exists a gap in knowledge regarding monolithic carbonized wood. Specifically, no studies have been found relating to methods. Biomass, especially wood, has traditionally been an important source of energy particularly attractive nowadays because of its inherent nature of being environmentally friendly and renewable The aims of the present project work have been to characterize the proximate analysis and calorific value of different components of BANMICHAI (non woody biomass species). The second aim was to carbonize the different components in the temperature range of 300-900°C From the experiments we observed that there is a significant increase in the calorific value with increase in the carbonization temperature. Therefore it is evident that for higher carbonization temperature the biomass species i.e. BANMICHAI can suitably be preferred over other conventional sources of energy. Further with increase in the carbonization temperature the fixed carbon (%) was also found to increase. The calorific value obtained from different chars samples are found to be comparable to coal. Any approach towards utilizing the non-woody biomass would be a positive step toward energy and environment crisis.


Abstract The WFOT International Advisory Group on Mental Health (IAG: MH) utilised a cross-sectional survey design pilot study to examine mental health occupational therapy practice in a sample of ten officially participating countries. Two of these countries withdrew due to logistical difficulties. Quantitative and qualitative findings described the experiences of mental health OTs in the areas of clinical service provision, collaborative approaches to care, availability of resources, workforce recruitment and retention, and perception of the future of mental health occupational therapy. Findings demonstrated the importance of positive mental health fieldwork experience as a critical factor in workforce retention. Mental health OTs recognised the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration to effect improved client outcomes and to optimise available resources. While survey respondents identified a number of ongoing challenges to service provision, they believed that mental health occupational therapy is a growing area of OT practice. Respondents demonstrated a resilient and dedicated attitude to service provision in the face of global economic downturn.


Ostwald ripening is an interesting phenomenon that takes place in a variety of systems in nature, including nanostructured materials. A large number of nanoscale systems are formed by a mixture, which has to be considered for a realistic description of its evolution upon equilibrium. Here, a thermodynamic-based model is used to explain the intermixing contribution to Ostwald ripening phenomenon in a two-components system (AxB1–x). By considering the mixing entropy on the general growth rate equation of particles, ripening is maximized for an alloy with x = 0.5. As an example, Ge–Si incoherently strained epitaxial islands were analyzed. A selective chemical etching was used to reveal the complex effect of intermixing in islands' final composition profile. Alloying was found to take place primarily through surface diffusion, as revealed by the etching experiments.


In this article reveals the dialogical relationship between the individual parts of the text "History of Ruses", which is built on the separation of enantiomorphous General and the convergence of different. These relationships are the basis of structural relations in the mechanism of generation of meaning of the text that is analyzed.


Phylogenetic networks are used to represent the evolutionary history of species. They are versatile when compared to traditional phylogenetic trees, as they capture more complex evolutionary events such as hybridization and horizontal gene transfer. Distance-based methods such as the Neighbor-Net algorithm are widely used to compute phylogenetic networks from data. However, the output is necessarily an undirected graph, posing a great challenge to deduce the direction of genetic flow in order to infer the true evolutionary history. Recently, Huber et al. investigated two different computational problems relevant to orienting undirected phylogenetic networks into directed ones. In this paper, we consider the problem of orienting an undirected binary network into a tree-child network. We give some necessary conditions for determining the tree-child orientability, such as a tight upper bound on the size of tree-child orientable graphs, as well as many interesting examples. In addition, we introduce new families of undirected phylogenetic networks, the jellyfish graphs and ladder graphs, that are orientable but not tree-child orientable. We also prove that any ladder graph can be made tree-child orientable by adding extra leaves, and describe a simple algorithm for orienting a ladder graph to a tree-child network with the minimum number of extra leaves. We pose many open problems as well.


Low temperature plasma treatment is an important technique for the chemical modification of the surface of metals, alloys [1, 2] and metal nanoparticles in organic nanocomposite coatings [3]. Especially the oxidation by low temperature oxygen plasmas is an important chemical process for the formation of oxide thin films on top of a given substrate. Oxide thin films are of commercial interest in numerous products including corrosion barriers, sensors, optical and electronic components, catalysts, and others. Oxidation by means of low-pressure plasmas can be used to form oxide structures at low temperatures, which are usually only accessible by using high temperature oxidation and this ability has been used for many different industrial applications. In this contribution a grazing incidence XAFS analysis of RF-sputter deposited and evaporated thin silver films (film thickness approx. 100 nm) treated with an oxygen plasma and subsequently with a hydrogen plasma is presented. The oxygen plasma treatment was done in a plasma chamber with a linear microwave source at a frequency of 2.46 GHz. The samples were treated for 10 minutes at an RF-power of 300 W in an oxygen atmosphere of 0.2 mbar and an oxygen flux of 80 sccm. To reduce the oxidized silver back to metallic silver a hydrogen plasma treatment was applied by means of an audio frequency plasma process (10 minutes at 4 kHz in a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.3 mbar and a process gas flux of 5.2 ml/min).


Theoretical Foundations: D.C. North, Prologue. R.W. Fogel, Douglass C. North and Economic Theory. Economic History: P.T. Hoffman and J.-L. Rosenthal, The Political Economy of Warfare and Taxation in Early Modern Europe: Historical Lessons for Economic Development. A. Greif, On the Interrelations and Economic Implications of Economic, Social, Political and Normative Factors: Reflections From Two Late Medieval Societies. S.L. Engerman, Cultural Values, Ideological Beliefs, and Changing Labor Institutions: Notes on Their Interactions. J.V.C. Nye, Thinking About the State: Property Rights, Trade, and Changing Contractual Arrangements in a World with Coercion. Institutions and Political Economy: L.J. Alston, G.D. Libecap, B. Mueller, Violence and the Development of Property Rights to Land in the Brazilian Amazon. J. Ensminger, Changing Property Rights: Reconciling Formal and Informal Rights to Land in Africa. R.H. Bates and K.A. Shepsle, Intertemporal Institutions. B.R. Weingast, The Political Foundations of Limited Government: Parliament and Sovereign Debt in 17th- and 18th-Century England. J.N. Drobak, Credible Commitment in the United States: Substantive and Structural Limits on the Avoidance of Public Debt. Learning, Cognition and Rationality: A. Clark, Economic Reason: The Interplay of Individual Learning and External Structure. W.B. Arthur, Beyond Rational Expectations: Indeterminancy in Economic and Financial Markets. P.A. David and W.C. Sanderson, Making Use of Treacherous Advice: Cognitive Process, Bayesian Adaptation, and the Tenacity of Unreliable Knowledge. Index.


Computer programming of pulse compression by active and passive generation is outlined. Results reproduced compare the sidelobe structure associated with active and passive modes, emphasising the absence, in passive generation, of the pedestal structure of the active system. Explanations for the difference between the modes are offered, substantiated by further computer results.


Abstract : The long term objective of our research is to understand and predict the dynamics of wave and current bottom boundary layers and suspended sediment over natural seabeds in the shallow water environment.


The Food Standards Agency publishes 'Starting Up - a guide to running a catering business', for people setting up a restaurant, cafe or other catering business, whether you are taking over a business that already exists or starting a new one


The discourse on ethics in operations research/management science (OR/MS) has many aspects. Among them there is the ethical responsibility the OR/MS community faces in a world in which the widespread presence of structural violence makes the construction of a peaceful and sustainable social order a very challenging task, and puts at risk the very survival of human kind. In this paper we want to emphasize the role of the systemic approach, which is proper of OR/MS, with respect to the issue of peace, and in particular within the Peace Studies area.


Using the real options and game theory, the paper studies the timing and pricing for IPOs. The motivation of IPOs can be divided into three categories: Financing, Merger and Acquisitions, and Investment from financial viewpoint. Four kinds of closed solutions of optimal timings and equilibrium pricings for IPOs are given. The results show that if other conditions remain unchanged, the timing for IPO is increasing in equilibrium IPO price and in capital of the IPO's firm. The equilibrium pricing for IPO is increasing in the offer proportion. The increase of exchange costs will delay IPOs. The reduction of the volatility will delay the IPO, but there are dual effects.


In this paper we consider a method for detecting end-to-end curves of limited curvature like the k-link polylines with bending angle between adjacent segments in a given range. The approximation accuracy is achieved by maximization of the quality function in the image matrix. The method is based on a dynamic programming scheme constructed over Fast Hough Transform calculation results for image bands. The proposed method asymptotic complexity is O(h⋅(w+h/k)⋅log(h/k)), where h and w are the image size, and k is the approximating polyline links number, which is an analogue of the complexity of the fast Fourier transform or the fast Hough transform. We also show the results of the proposed method on synthetic and real data.


Abstract To store, retrieve, and digest vast quantities of data have been of great interest since the need of scientific and technical data are explosively increased with a remarkable growth of industry. Also, the demands of reliable and accurate data have been greatly increased. A great while ago, advanced countries have archived and distributed data which are evaluated on accuracy and reliability and authorized by government. These activities are strengthening the international competitiveness of industry. For keeping pace with advanced countries, Korean government established National Center for Standard Reference Data (NCSRD) and started to develop and distribute SRD. Especially, in semiconducting industry, physical and chemical property data of plasma are key parameter to developing semiconducting device and semiconductor production technology. With these demands of reliable and accurate data, NCSRD is developing and distributing SRD Database for physical and chemical properties of plasma for strengthen international competitiveness of industry. In this paper, it is introduced that the overall national system of standard reference data and the development and distribution of SRD for physical and chemical property of plasma.


These lectures are devoted to introducing some of the basic features of quantum geometry that have been emerging from compactified string theory over the last couple of years. The developments discussed include new geometric features of string theory which occur even at the classical level as well as those which require non-perturbative effects. These lecture notes are based on an evolving set of lectures presented at a number of schools but most closely follow a series of seven lectures given at the TASI-96 summer school on Strings, Fields and Duality.


An el~trophoretic examination of allozyme variation in CatostomU$ plebei.,. reveals liU)e geographic variation among samples from New Mexican drainages. Specimens of C. plebeiU$ from Sapello Creek in the Gila River drainage west of the continental divide exhibit no allozyme characters indicative of an intro gressive interaction with C. clarki, another member of the catostomid subgenus Pantost,.,_ inhabiting that drainage. Allozyme data presented herein and a reinterpretation of previously published data do not support an introgression hypothesis to account for differentiation in the Zuni sucker, C. discoboiU$ yarrowi. Evidence for genetic interaction between C. plebeius and C. d. yarrowi is limited to the Nutria Creek population of the latter taxon. CatostomU$ d. yarrowi expresses several unique allozyme products and is genetically distinct from C. d. discobolus; continued subspecific recognition is warranted. A diagnostic matrix for allozyme "marker loci" is provided for C. clarki, C. discobol.,., and C. plebei.,..


She worked in the negative. She worked against herself. Always. If she were to get the hang of something, she took it as a signal to try something another way, i.e., eliminate punctuation so as to face the bare ground on which the words are affixed. Learn where the silence is freighted, where it secures an emptiness, where it marks the spot, and where it stands in for syntax. The line responds to punctuation's absence--flush left, indent, hit tab, and distribute across the page with caesurae. These are not radical maneuvers, but it takes (at least for some) a great deal of force over a very short distance to push the mule. One is taking new stock of breath, cadence, phrasing. One is looking for an alternate route. That is one way. The other way is to go at it the same as before. If it worked then, why not now. Just as legitimate. The possibility exists that it is the most assured way of really getting down in there. It could be termed repeating oneself. But even that is harder to do than one would have thought except when unintentional. Then it is just unfortunate. It is termed slipping. But making a calculated effort to repeat tended to bring her to the exact same spot as before--the spot where access was sealed off. If she had to come back to the sealed-off area again and again, at least she could alter the course. Even driving home, with her at the wheel, she drove him crazy, taking so many routes. So inefficient, such a waste of time, when the goal was to get there--to, in fact, be there. The buildup to the war, our xxx-rated creepshow, was underway. Its inevitably Its inevitability came with the spoiled election of 2000. In the wake of the September attacks, the countdown could proceed at an accelerated pace and in public view since now the public would have to pay both in dollars and blood. The family went to Mexico. They were often going to Mexico for one reason or another. Or no reason. Mexico beckoned; they went. Growing up, the Rio Grande was the only national border her body passed over. In her early twenties, she took an unplanned trip to the Yucatan, traveling through the peninsula on second-class buses with her college roommate--no itinerary, no luggage, no money--just go go go. From a humid colonial hotel in Merida to a freezing, dilapidated compound in San Cristobal. And some years after that, a fellowship from the NEA prompted her to quit her job at The Poetry Center and move with her then boyfriend to Dolores Hidalgo. He had finished his graduate degree and was working at the methadone clinic. They both quit. First they drove from San Francisco to her family home in Arkansas. They left his car in her parents' driveway, which means they followed each other from California, a long-distance fact she had all but forgotten. Her father was so alarmed by the US OUT OF EL SALVADOR bumper sticker on her car that he scraped it off while they slept. He was afraid they would be jumped in Arkansas or strung up in Texas before they ever saw the crazy blue skies of Mexico. She had an extra sticker in her glove compartment and promptly replaced the one he had removed. It was luck that they chose to take her car and not her boyfriend's because hers used leaded gas, though they weren't cognizant of this advantage beforehand. When they crossed the border, they had to pay the border guard a mordita. It did not bode well for how they were going to negotiate in country, but "the bite" was never exacted again. She remembered her then boyfriend musing, hmmm, things are in a different language over here, and so they were, and on they went over the pitted, shoulderless highway. Cows soaking up the heat off the asphalt in the evening and goats tinkling across by day. The first night they backed the station wagon up against a crumbling wall and checked into a dirty, windowless room in San Luis Potosi, an experience they never needed to repeat, staying in cheap, lovely hotels in many pueblos to come. They thought they were going to take up residence in Guanajuato, a random destination, but when they slid down the hill into the city on failing brakes, they had a change of heart and returned to Dolores Hidalgo, the tranquil, historic town they passed through en route to Guanajuato. …


(57) Abstract: The absorbent article has a repeating deformable bellows to force air through the absorbent article. Bellows to expand and contract by using biometric involuntary motions of the wearer draws air into the bellows chamber at one end, pushing the air out from the bellows chamber at another end. The air flow, damp as a result of evaporation or perspiration urinary excretion absorbed by the core, which helps to dry the skin of the wearer.


Kevlar-29 fibers have high strength and stiffness but nylon 6,6 fibers have greater ductility. Thus by commingling these fibers prior to molding in a resin, the resulting hybrid composite may be mechanically superior to the corresponding single fiber-type composites. The contribution made by viscoelastically generated pre-stress, via the commingled nylon fibers, should add further performance enhancement. This paper reports on an initial study into the Charpy impact toughness and flexural stiffness of hybrid (commingled) nylon/Kevlar fiber viscoelastically pre-stressed composites at low fiber volume fractions. The main findings show that (i) hybrid composites (with no pre-stress) absorb more impact energy than Kevlar fiber-only composites; (ii) pre-stress further increases impact energy absorption in the hybrid case by up to 33%; (iii) pre-stress increases flexural modulus by ?40% in the hybrid composites. These findings are discussed in relation to practical composite applications


The leadership topic is in continuous improvement especially after the pandemic of COVID-19 when many related topics are raised like the employees' burn-out, work-life balance, and the importance of digital skills. For that reason, the topic of leadership is so important and requires attention to help organizations sustain their business and lead people in a modern human way that improves their performance.

This article explains the effect of leadership style and personality on organizational performance and how Satya Nadella, the CEO of Microsoft, supported HR and empowered them to deploy modern strategies to retain employees and to do successful onboarding and performance improvements.

Companies should take into consideration both, the employees' needs and the client's satisfaction, by building a productive culture based on the work-life balance using five leadership skills: collaboration, coaching, cultural formation, learning, and empowerment, that boost employees' engagement to perform better.


This study was intended to find out whether the effects of somatic movement therapy are yielded during the process of realizing the class of embodied experiencing based on the process of embodiment of Body-Mind Centeringⓡ.
The results of the study, the advantages gained by the somatic move-ment therapy through the class of embodied experiencing can be directly or indirectly experienced. Most of all, the effects can be maintained in the long run in that the embodiment can be practiced in daily life. In addi-tion, it can be helpful in various types of educational fields whose themes are movement in that the process of embodiment of people''s own bodies and movements is approached separately by visualization, somatization and embodiment.


Encapsulated payload pellet injection (EPPI) has been demonstrated to be an effective method of disruption mitigation system (DMS) through a number of experiments and simulations in DIII-D and JET. This article investigates the effects of plasma rotation on impurity spreading under neon EPPI. Our analysis of simulations shows that the magnetic surface stochastization has a decisive influence on the core-oriented spread of impurity. The MHD instabilities increase with impurity ionization, especially of the $n = 1$ component, leading to the enhancement of the local transport of impurities along the stochastic field lines. In the rotating plasma, the toroidal rotation can suppress the magnetic perturbation, and then, the boundary-oriented spreading of impurities is reduced. When the pellet source is toroidally localized at the magnetic axis, the rotation can quickly flatten the toroidal distribution of impurities, resulting in a smaller maximum radiated power and a lower toroidal peek factor (TPF).


High resolution sonars and many acoustical imaging de- vices are using arrays of parallelepipedic ceramic transducers that may or may not be associated withh/4 matching layers. However, the cor- responding ceramics often exhibit parasitic modes (due to their finite dimensions), and even for the fundamental mode, there is no analyti- cal method yielding accurate prediction of the resonance frequency and of the mode coupling coefficient. A three-dimensional finite element method able to compute those elements and the correspond- ing vibration patterns has been developed. There, piezoelectricity is introduced by a perturbation technique which reduces core size re- quirements and computation costs drastically. Furthermore, com- parisons with experimental results in the special "nonanalytical" case of a PZT4 20-mm side cube demonstrate that the resonance and antiresonance frequencies are predicted to within a few percent of error in spite of the high coupling coefficient of the ceramic. It ap- pears that the error is due mostly to the size of the finite elements and not to the perturbation approximation. Computation and ex- perimental results obtained with other arrays used in the lab which incorporate h/4 matching layers are discussed; good agreement is shown again.


In this paper, the main answer extraction methods applied in automatic question-answer systems are introduced briefly. Then, an answer generating method based on focus information extraction is proposed. In the method, the relations between questions and answers are represented as a matrix. According to the relations, the answer corresponding to a question is generated automatically and returned to users. The experimental results show that the proposed answer extraction method is effective and feasible, which is useful to answer generating module in a question-answer system.


In addition to the global academia, the domestic world of academics is assuming a new aspect to conduct researches that mutually relate literature to...


The neonatal stage is characterized by weak responses to various infections and vaccines; thus the development of efficient formulas to improve vaccine effectiveness is of high priority. The glycolipid alpha galactosylceramide (αGalCer) is known as a potent immune modulator mainly due to NKT cell activation. Using a mouse tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization model, we observed that neonatal mice given αGalCer at the time of primary immunization on day (d) 17 had a significant higher TT-specific IgM response (ELISA), while given αGalCer at d7 during immunization only resulted in a marginal boosting. Consistently, immunostaining of the spleen sections from αGalCer-treated d17 immunized neonates showed higher number of Ki67+ cells in the splenic germinal center area, suggesting stronger response after immunization. In vitro kinetic studies revealed that spleen cells from newborn to d7 neonates did not respond to αGalCer stimulation, whereas cell proliferation was markedly increased by αGalCer after d7, and became dramatic around neonatal d17-18, which was accompanied by increased B and T lymphocyte populations in the spleen. In addition, in d17 spleen cells, αGalCer significantly stimulated the proliferation of CD23+ B cells, a subset of B cells enriched in germinal centers. These data suggest that αGalCer is an effective stimulator of the immune system in late neonatal stage and thus may be useful as a potential adjuvant to achieve an efficient immunization.


Hierarchical organizational system is considered, on the upper level of which is the managing body (Center), and on the lower level - the transport monopoly, which owns vehicles and transport infrastructure. Monopoly is called upon to ensure the satisfaction of demand for transportation from the producer and consumers. Asymmetric awareness of the system's elements takes place: the monopoly has full information, but the Center operates under uncertainty about monopoly potential (carrying capacity, vehicles, transportation costs, etc The task of optimal synthesis of incentive system of monopoly under conditions of uncertainty based on the information received by the Center on the transport services market is set. The solutions of this problem have been found that ensure the satisfaction of the demand for transportation and the disclosure of the potential of the transport monopoly (improving the efficiency of the use of vehicles, reducing transportation costs and increasing the carrying capacity).


Abstract Del Giudice's examination of sex differences in reproductive strategy within an attachment context is well taken. Sex has been studied as behavior within romantic relationships, but attachment styles should also be reflected in strategic behavior within relationships that are sexual. This seems particularly true within adolescence, and sex differences may be better reflected as differences in correlation patterns of process variables than as main effects models.


Abstract New zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectroscopy U–Pb ages, and Hf isotope and whole-rock geochemical data are reported for Mesozoic igneous rocks from the eastern margin of the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif, Northeast China, in order to document the petrogenesis of the igneous rocks and reconstruct the early Mesozoic tectonic setting of the region. Zircons from five representative igneous rocks are euhedral–subhedral and display oscillatory growth zoning or striped absorption in cathodoluminescence images, suggesting a magmatic origin. The dating results indicate that granite, gabbro, and rhyolite from the eastern Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif formed during Late Triassic (204–211 Ma). The Late Triassic granitoids and rhyolites have an affinity to A-type granites or rhyolites. Their zircon εHf(t) values and Hf two-stage model ages range from –3.8 to +3.8 and from 999 to 1485 Ma, respectively, indicating that their primary melts were derived from the partial melting of the Meso-Proterozoic crust. The geochemistry of coeval gabbros, which reflects primary magma composition, shows a significant large ion lithophile element (e.g. Ba and Sr) enrichment and high field strength element (i.e. Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and Ti) depletion. Based on zircon εHf(t) values (–4.2 to +2.8) and Hf single-stage model ages (746–1031 Ma), we conclude that the mafic magma is the product of partial melting of lithospheric mantle that was metasomatically enriched by fluids derived from the subducted oceanic crust. The Late Triassic magmatism along the eastern margin of the Eurasian continent has bimodal magma compositions, indicating an extensional setting after the final closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean rather than being related to subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent. The occurrence of Late Triassic igneous rocks on the eastern side of the Mudanjiang Fault suggests that this fault does not represent the suture zone between the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range and Jiamusi massifs.


3mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) with various levels of Al 2 O 3 doping and free from SiO 2 contamination were prepared and the supcrplastic behavior and the microstructures were examined. High-purity TZP with less than 0.07wt%Al 2 O 3 had two deformation regions: the low stress region had a stress exponent of three and an apparent activation energy of 630 kJ/mol, and the high stress region had correspondingly two and 460 kJ/mol. On the other hand, TZP containing more than 0.12wt%Al 2 O 3 had only one region which had a stress exponent of two and an activation energy of 480 kJ/mol. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that no amorphous grain boundary phase was produced even with 0.18wt%Al 2 O 3 doping. EDS analyses near grain boundarics revealed that Y segregated at the grain boundaries with denuded zoncs of 30 nm width that may be created during cooling from the sintering temperature.


A large number of quantitative retrieval models have been proposed in recent years, and there is continuous momentum in proposing new ones. Building a model, from design through to implementation stages, involves a process of knowledge collection, organization and transmission. In this paper we introduce the SECI model to manage the conversion of qualitative remote sensing knowledge and propose a mode of knowledge representation on the basis of the ontology for geospatial modeling. We develop a platform based on the above research and demonstrate the efficiency of the knowledge representation mode using this platform.


Device bedding mattress type (1) inflatable, comprising a casing (2) hermetically and a compressor provided with a channel (3) supplying pressurized air connected to said housing (2), characterized in that it comprises means (9) gyroscopic integrated inside said mattress (1) up to the top (8), said gyroscopic means (9) being connected to electronic means for regulating pressure fitted said compressor.


Abstract Poor muscle strength and physical function have been associated with higher risk of hospitalisation and lower well-being among the elderly. Physical training increases muscle strength, endurance and physical function as well as psychological outcomes. Exercise among older adults is often used to improve these variables, but few have compared the effects of different types of training in parallel independent groups. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of three different types of training on body composition, muscle strength, physical function and well-being in the elderly. A total of 118 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 74.3, s=4.6 years, 68% women) completed a 13-week randomised controlled exercise-trial involving four groups: traditional strength training (STG), functional strength training (FTG), endurance training (ETG) and control (CON). Stair climb with load improved more in FTG than CON (P<0.05), and the two strength groups performed better in the functional upper body test (P<0.05). STG increased strength more than CON in all exercises (P<0.001), while FTG increased strength more than CON in the chest press, shoulder press and knee extension (P<0.05). Lean body mass (LBM) increased in all training groups, which differed significantly from CON (P<0.05). ETG decreased their fat mass compared to CON (P<0.001). The only significant effect on well-being indices was improved life satisfaction in FTG at week 5 (P<0.05). We also observed significant correlations between change in some of the functional tests and change in positive affect. All three types of training can enhance physical capacity. Functional strength training can be a cost effective form of training in terms of less demand for instructors and equipment and could be an effective way to improve physical function, strength and indices of well-being in the elderly.


Polycrystalline silicon is often implanted with boron or BF + 2 to fabricate p-type resistors in integrated circuits. This paper demonstrates the differences between boron and BF + 2 -doped polysilicon resistors experimentally and describes the influence of fluorine on boron redistribution near the interface of polysilicon and its underlying layer. Results show the resistance of BF + 2 implanted layers to he much less than boron-implanted layers at low dose levels irrespective of the underlying layer on which polysilicon is deposited. As the dose level increases, the difference between sheet resistances reduce and after a transition dose level, BF + 2 -implanted resistors start showing a higher resistance than boron-doped samples. This transition level for poly-on-Si 3 N 4 samples occurs at a lower dose level than poly-on-SiO 2 samples. Also, the change in resistance, ΔR is always much higher in poly-on-Si 3 N 4 than poly-on-SiO 2 samples for any given dose level. At high doping levels. BF + 2 and boron layers are comparable when the polysilicon layer is deposited on SiO 2 surface. Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis shows a peak in the fluorine concentration near the interface of polysilicon and SiO 2 as well as polysilicon and Si 3 N 4 in BF + 2 implant, which enhances the accumulation of boron near the interface significantly. The change in grain structure of polysilicon on Si 3 N 4 surface coupled with enhancement of boron accumulation near the interface in presence of fluorine doubles the sheet resistance of BF + 2 -doped poly-silicon on Si 3 N 4 surface. The temperature coefficient of the resistors for a given sheet resistance is independent of the underlying layer and implanted species. Amorphous silicon resistors fabricated with boron and BF + 2 show a trend very similar to polysilicon.


This report presents an overview of the policy findings of IIASA's Food and Agriculture Program. This study is not primarily set up to derive detailed prescriptive policy scenarios, but is concerned with a better understanding of the effectiveness of various policy instruments. The presentation follows these lines and demonstrates the consequences of alternative policies without judging their political feasibility. This is deemed appropriate, in particular, because in the actual policy debate a large role is played by fears of the consequences of policy changes and their costs, which stifle the decision-making process. By estimating these consequences as objectively as possible, even for rather radical policy changes, some of these fears may, in fact, be allayed and the actual decision-making process facilitated.


Permissioned blockchain can facilitate assurance and trust for business use cases that face risks of collusion practices and fraudulent transactions. Merkle Hash Tree has been a robust mechanism to provide adequate assurance to blockchain applications in terms of integrity and immutability of operations, but lacks traceability of tampered transaction and computational time complexity is also a matter of concern. Many attempts have been made to improvise on how merkle hash tree computations can be optimized to make blockchain systems more efficient. This paper compares the performance of Merkle Tree, its variant and proposed alternative. Algorithm for computation has been discussed and finally results have been presented. Proposed alternative approach of hash computations can make blockchain based systems more efficient along with traceability of altered transaction.


RATIONALE
Heart failure (HF) is a common comorbidity in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) population, but previous research has shown under recognition.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the incidence of HF in a prevalent COPD cohort. To determine the association of incident HF with short- and long-term mortality of patients with COPD.

METHODS
Crude incidence of HF in the HF-naïve primary care COPD population was calculated for each year from 2006-2016 using UK data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Patients with COPD were identified using a validated code list and were required to be over 35 years old at COPD diagnosis, have a history of smoking, and have documented airflow obstruction. Office of National Statistics provided mortality data for England. Adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR) from Poisson regression were calculated for patients with COPD and incident HF (COPD-iHF) in 2006, 2011, and 2015 and compared temporally with patients with COPD and without incident HF (COPD-no HF) in those years. Regression was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, severity of airflow limitation, smoking status, history of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

RESULTS
We identified 95,987 HF-naïve patients with COPD. Crude incidence of HF was steady from 2006-2016 (1.18 per 100 person-years (95%CI: 1.09, 1.27)). Patients with COPD-iHF experienced greater than threefold increase in one-year mortality and twofold increase in five-year and 10-year mortality compared with patients with COPD-no HF, with no change based on year of HF diagnosis. Mortality of patients with COPD-iHF did not improve over time, comparing incident HF in 2011 (1-year aMRR 1.26, 95%CI: 0.83, 1.90; 5-year aMRR 1.26, 95%CI: 0.98, 1.61) and 2015 (1-year aMRR 1.63, 95%CI: 0.98, 2.70) with incident HF in 2006.

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of HF in the UK COPD population was stable in the last decade. Survival of patients with COPD and incident HF has not improved over time in England. Bespoke guidelines for the diagnosis and management of HF in the COPD population are needed to improve identification and survival of patients.


I n the context of an ageing population where the risk of chronic disease increases, improving care provision for older adults aged over 75, which accounts for nearly a quarter of healthcare expenditure, is identified as a major issue for the healthcare system (Haut conseil pour l'avenir de l'assurance maladie, HCAAM, 2011). The diversity of actors involved in care provision for this population makes it necessary to develop integrated approaches to care management, which are currently little developed in France. Ensuring quality care for the elderly people is complex because of the great diversity of situations and the number of health professionals and medical and social workers involved; but it is also due to patients' lack of understanding of the system as to the availability of care and services. In France, as in other countries, the number of initiatives to improve the overall care provision for frail elderly persons is increasing. However, the feefor-service payment system in use which remunerates professionals for specific procedures and services rather than looking at patients' outcomes, does not foster an integrated approach. In this context, pilots "Seniors' health path" (Parcours santé des aînés, Paerpa), launched in 2014 in nine regions, aim to improve the overThis exploratory qualitative study aims to identify the dimensions of satisfaction with medical care and care coordination for older adults over age 70. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in spring 2015 with a sample of 18 people aged 72 to 90 years, living at home or in institution, as well as 4 informal carers looking after people suff ering from cognitive problems.


This paper presents a series of numerical simulations of non‐Newtonian fluids in high Reynolds number flows in circular pipes. The fluids studied in the computations have shear‐thinning and yield stress properties. Turbulence is described using the Reynolds‐Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with the Boussinesq eddy viscosity hypothesis.The evaluation of standard, two‐equation models led to some observations regarding the order of magnitude as well as probabilistic information about the rate of strain. We argue that an accurate estimate of the rate of strain tensor is essential in capturing important flow features. It is first recognised that an apparent viscosity comprises two flow dependant components: one originating from rheology and the other from the turbulence model. To establish the relative significance of the terms involved, an order of magnitude analysis has been performed.The main observation supporting further discussion is that in high Reynolds number regimes the magnitudes of fluctuati...


In an end-of-the-century list of baseball's most "Unusual and Unforgettable Moments," the editors of The Sporting News selected St. Louis Browns owner Bill Veeck's use of midget pinch hitter Eddie Gaedel as the number one event in this category. Gaedel's plate appearance in an official American League game in 1951 won the honor over such other contenders as the "pine tar game" in 1983, the earthquake that interrupted the World Series in 1989, young Jeffery Maier's catch of Derek Jeter's homer in the 1996 playoffs, and Juan Marichal's bat attack on catcher John Roseboro in 1965. VEECK'S CLASSIC PLOY Gaedel's game appearance was a well-planned maneuver that occurred August 19,1951, in the context of a gala ceremony at Sportsman's Park to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the American League. Veeck, the former owner of the Cleveland Indians, had just purchased the Browns franchise from William and Charles DeWitt in June. The club was not doing well in the standings or at the gate, and Veeck, one of baseball's legendary masters of creative promotions, began trying various measures to increase interest in the team. To promote attendance, Veeck announced a fiftieth birthday celebration for the American League to be held between games of a doubleheader with the Tigers. He also proclaimed it to be the fiftieth anniversary of the Browns' radio sponsor, Falstaff Brewing, in order to gain publicity for the company (although the actual date of Falstaff's founding was uncertain). More than 18,000 fans, the largest crowd in over four years, were in attendance for this late-season doubleheader between two second-division teams, the fifth-place Tigers (18 games out of first) and the last-place Browns games behind). (1) The Tigers won the opener 5--2. An entertaining show for the fans followed. Festivities included a parade of 1901 vintage automobiles and a performance by a musical group that included pitcher Satchel Paige and several other Browns. As the finale, a giant birthday cake was brought onto the field. The cake opened and out popped Eddie Gaedel, a three-foot-seven-inch midget dressed in a miniature Browns baseball uniform and elf shoes with curled toes. The midget was then presented to manager Zack Taylor as a "new Brownie." (2) The fans cheered (thinking the festivities were over), then settled in for the second game. The Falstaff executives seated in Veeck's box were disappointed. They had been promised a memorable event that would gain national publicity for the brewery, and they saw nothing very special in the appearance of a large cake containing a midget in a baseball suit. They were unaware that the most unusual event of the day was yet to come. (3) The second game started with the visiting Tigers going scoreless in the top of the first. In the bottom of the inning, the Browns' leadoff hitter was schedtiled to be reserve rookie outfielder Frank Saucier. At that point, a surprise announcement was made: "For the Browns, number one-eighth, Eddie Gaedel, batting for Saucier." The fans were shocked to see the midget who had popped out of the birthday cake moments before actually advance to the plate. Plate umpire Ed Hurley challenged Gaedel's eligibility Manager Zack Taylor then produced a legitimate American League contract for Gaedel. As Gaedel stepped to the plate, Detroit pitcher Bob Cain and catcher Bob Swift discussed what to do. Understandably. Cain had trouble throwing strikes to the diminutive Gaedel, who complicated matters by going into a crouch, leaving Cain a miniscule strike zone as a target. As Veeck had planned, Gaedel walked on four straight pitches and trotted down to first base. Regular starting outfielder Jim Delsing came off the bench to pinch-run, and Eddie Gaedel returned to the dugout to a standing ovation. The result was the national publicity Veeck had promised his sponsors, as the photo of Gaedel at bat appeared in newspapers across the country the next day. …


The proposed hadronic and string cascade model, JPCIAE, for ultrarelativistic nucleus - nucleus collisions based on the LUND model and the PYTHIA event generator especially, is used to investigate the $J/\psi$ suppression due to the nuclear absorption of a $J/\psi$ in minimum bias pA and BA collisions at 200 A GeV energy. With the different sets of reasonable formation time for hadron and $J/\psi$ the results of $J/\psi$ suppression factor from both the usual scenario and the Glauber - like simulations are comparable with all the NA38 pA and BA data, except the NA50 data of Pb + Pb collisions. However, the difference between the usual scenario and the Glauber - like simulation, hence the difference between the dynamical simulation and Glauber theory, can not be ignored. The sensitive effect of the hadron formation time on the $J/\psi$ suppression is studied in detail. The results seem to denote that for the $J/\psi$ suppression the meson absorption plays role in pA as well as in BA collisions.


Abstract: The effect of steroid hormones on the prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)‐mediated cyclic AMP formation by murine neuroblastoma clone N1E‐115 was studied. Dexamethasone at submicromolar concentrations and corticosterone at micromolar concentrations (steroids with glucocorticoid activity) were able to modify the PGE1‐mediated response whereas testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol each at 10 μM had no effect. Glucocorticoids added to the culture medium of N1E‐115 cells produced an increase in the maximal response to PGE1 only after long‐term (4 h) incubation with the hormone. Inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis blocked this effect of glucocorticoids. Basal activity of adenylate cyclase in treated cells was twofold higher than that in control cells, and this enzyme seemed to be the primary target for the hormone action, since the activity of 3′:5′‐cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and the binding of [3H]PGE1 to its receptors were not altered by glucocorticoid treatment. Our results indicate that glucocorticoids modulate receptor‐mediated responses in cells of neural origin through a mechanism that involves induction of protein synthesis.


The firms have engaged in initiatives that link e-supply chain processes (e.g., e-procurement) across enterprises to create Information Technology (IT) value. However, it is not clear how IT is contributing to value creation across-organization process. The objective of this paper is to investigate the process from e-supply chain capability generation to IT value creation through e-business process across-organization. A model of e-supply chain value is developed to investigate what and how e-supply chain capabilities are realized by usage of inter-firm IT resources integration and how business value of IT is co-created in multifirm environments. The paper tests the model using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with data collected from 196 manufacturers in China. Our results provide theoretical support for a dynamic process that distinctive e-supply chain capabilities embedded in e-business process lead to process performance first and then financial performance and network performance. We find that e-supply chain capabilities (ESCC) realize e-supply chain value for all partners (e.g. supplier and customer) via upstream and downstream ebusiness process.


December 1935: The Great Depression gnpped the nation in its pit-bull jaws and refused to let go; the New Deal was changing the nature of politics and the ways by which we understood individual and governmental responsibility; the world was becoming increasingly smaller and claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe--such was the tumultuous environment within which Bertha Reynolds attempted to define and position the still youthful social work profession. A child raised in a troubled, angry home environment must struggle against ovenvhelming odds to forge an identity with which he or she can negotiate the world. Similarly, the youthful social work profession, which concerned itself "with human beings where there is anything that hinders or thwarts their growth, their expanding consciousness, their increasing co-operation," faced incredible difficulties securing a viable identity in the chaotic social, economic, and political environments of 1935. The breadth and scope of social work's mission-to concern itself with unythtllg that h d e r s or thwarts the growth, consciousness, and cooperation of human beingssussests the idealism of a profession in its adolescence or, as the cynic might say, the naive folly of youth. But Bertha Reynolds was not naive, and to suggest that her views of the social work profession lacked prudence and foresight is to deny the contributions that social workers have made to individuals, families, and society Like Jimmy Stewart in It's a Wonderfirl Lrfe imaginii a world without him in it, try imagining the world without the idealism of social work in it. Reynolds writes,


The success of achieving the goal of sustainable development of our country lies in empowering rural India where 69 per cent of its population resides. Realizing the significance of rural development, India has adopted various innovative strategies and approaches for ensuring the basic rights of the rural population. In spite of rapid growth of International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 12 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


This paper revisits the existent empirical evidence of a decline in citizens' systemic trust in times of crisis for a 12-country sample of the euro area (EA12) from 1999 to 2014. They affirm a pronounced decline in trust in the periphery countries of the EA12, leading to particular low levels in the national government and parliament in Spain and Greece. They discuss the consequences of this decline for the political economy of Economic and Monetary Union and corroborate the strong and negative association between unemployment and trust. They provide evidence of the increase in unemployment in Spain and examine policy measures at the national and EU level to tackle unemployment. They revisit the evidence of the enduring support for the euro and discuss its relevance to crisis management. They elaborate upon the question of how to restore systemic trust without and with treaty change.


1 Abstract The SimLab project implements powerful techniques for creating complex simulators from high level math-ematic speciications. The rst SimLab prototype, developed at Cornell University, has been substantially modiied through the use of new data-structures, equation gathering techniques and an altered modeling language. Optimization routines have also been added. This paper outlines the alterations that were made in the original code and includes a discussion of important issues which merit further research in the area of problem solving environments. 2 Introduction The science and engineering disciplines have come to rely heavily on computer simulation as a method of solving large, complex systems. These systems are often so large that simply generating the set of equations to be solved is a diicult and complex task. For instance, applying nite element analysis to the solution of Poissons' equation on a uniform one-thousand point grid will yield a diierential system on the order of one-million equations. The most formidable challenge however often lies in generating code for the numerical computation of the systems' solution. Scientiic simulation software is written for a large variety of domains yet the process of creating the code is similar across these domains. The role of Computer Science is to provide a problem solving environment (PSE) which will assist the expert user in generating code for computer simulators. One can envision a high-level modeling language which would enable the user to describe the underlying mathematics of the physical system. This model would be simple to understand and would convey the meaning of the system in a manner consistent with the way that scientists and engineers communicate and think in everyday life. One can further imagine that if certain constraints or initial conditions are given in addition to the model speciication, that the equations of the system would be generated automatically. A PSE will also support the development of a numerical solution method. While there are many excellent and proven tools for numerical methods, the task of choosing and implementing an appropriate method has little support. Users are left to hand-pick methods from libraries such as LINPACK, ODEPACK and 1


Historically, both men and women have had the right to seek redress under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for injuries they have received as a result of sex discrimination. In recent years, the federal circuits have split on whether to give men standing in one particular category of such cases: employment discrimination cases where, although both men and women have been injured, the discrimination has been targeted only at women. The author analyzes the recent male standing cases in the context of basic standing principles and their past application to other types of Title VII plaintiffs. The author concludes that a restrictive reading of standing in these cases is inconsistent with traditional standing principles and with Title VII's stated prupose. Throughout the Article, the author offers suggestions to plaintiffs' attorneys who must fight the standing battle in sex discrimination cases. Who has standing to protest sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?1 Historically, both men and women have had the right to seek redress for injuries they have received as a result of sex discrimination.2 In recent years, however, the federal circuits have split on whether to give men standing in one particular category of such cases: employment discrimination cases where, although both men and women have been injured, the discrimination has been targeted only at women.' * Assistant Professor, DePaul University College of Law. The author thanks Susan Bandes, Mary Becker, David Rabban, and Mark Weber for helpful comments on an earlier draft, and Stephen Jaffe and Susan Drewke for research assistance. 1. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-1 to -17 (1982) [hereinafter "Title VII"]. In general, Title VII prohibits employment decisions based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 2. See, eg., Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. v. EEOC, 462 U.S. 669 (1983) (health insurance plan providing less favorable pregnancy benefits for spouses of male employees than for female employees violates Title VII by discriminating against male employees); City of Los Angeles Dep't of Water & Power v. Manhart, 435 U.S. 702 (1978) (requiring female employees to make larger contributions to pension fund than male employees violates Title VII by discriminating against female employees). 3. "Traditional" sex discrimination is clearly at issue in the cases discussed in this Article. These cases are distinct from those holding that Title VII's prohibition against sex discrimination does not protect sexual preference, DeSantis v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co., 608 F.2d 327 (9th Cir. 1979), transsexualism, Ulane v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 742 F.2d 1081 (7th Cir. 1984), cert denied, 471 U.S. 1017 (1985), effeminacy, Smith v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 569 F.2d 325 (5th Cir. 1978), or transvestism, Sommers v. Budget Mktg, Inc., 667 F.2d 748 (8th Cir. 1982).


Cationic porphyrin derivatives such as meso‐tetrakis(4‐N‐methylpyridinium)porphyrin, TMPyP, have been shown to interact with double‐stranded DNA. The manganese derivative, Mn(III)‐TMPyP, activated by an oxygen donor like potassium monopersulfate, provides an efficient DNA‐cleaving system. Previous experimental work 1 has shown that DNA cleavage by the Mn(III)‐TMPyP/KHSO5 system was due to an oxidative attack, within the minor groove of B‐DNA, at the C5′ or C1′ carbons of deoxyribose units. The aim of this study was to use molecular modeling to elucidate the specificity of the interactions between the transient active species oxyl‐Mn(IV)‐TMPyP and the DNA target. Geometric parameters, charges, and force field constants consistent with the AMBER 98 force field were calculated by DFT methods. Molecular modeling (mechanics and dynamic simulations) were performed for oxyl‐(hydroxo)‐Mn(IV)‐TMPyP bound in the minor groove of the dodecamer d(5′‐TCGTCAAACCGC)‐d(5′‐GCGGTTTGACGA). Geometry, interactions, and binding energy of the metalloporphyrin located at the A.T triplet region of the dodecamer were analyzed. These studies show no significant structural change of the DNA structure upon ligand binding. Mobility of the metalloporphyrin in the minor groove was restrained by the formation of a hydrogen bond between the hydroxo ligand trans to the metal‐oxyl and a DNA phosphate, restricting the access of the oxyl group to the (pro‐S) H atom at C5′. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 797–805, 2003


Prenatal exposure of male or female ovine fetuses to clinically relevant doses of glucocorticoids during the time of peak nephrogenesis results in a reduction in nephron number in adulthood. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of exposure to betamethasone at 80–81 days of gestation on renal function in 16 ewes and 15 rams at 1.5 years of age. After 5–7 days of recovery from surgery for placement of vascular and bladder catheters, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), estimated as clearance of inulin and renal plasma flow (RPF) determined by clearance of p‐aminohppuric acid (PAH) were assayed by an initial loading dose followed with constant intravenous (i.v.) infusion of 0.9% sterile saline containing inulin and PAH. An acute sodium load was administrated by a continuous infusion of hypertonic NaCl (0.0375 mEq/Kg/min at 0.55 ml/min for 60 minutes) within the period of PAH/inulin infusion. Inulin clearance significantly decreased in male prenatal betamethasone exposed adults (154±18 ml/min) compared with male controls (213±18 ml/min) (P<0.05). The PAH clearance was significantly lower in male prenatal betamethasone exposed group (883±65 ml/min) than controls (1079±30 ml/min) (P<0.05). These differences were also present after normalization by body surface area (P<0.02). In contrast, the inulin and PAH clearances were similar in control and steroid exposed females. Significant increments in inulin/PAH clearance with an acute sodium load were observed in male betamathasone exposed sheep only. These data suggest that prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids alters renal function in adult male sheep by potentially decreasing GFR and RPF and that females are protected from this steroid‐induced effect.


Distillation is one of the oldest and most important separation processes used in chemical process industry. On the other hand, it presents extremely low thermodynamic efficiency, accounting for the largest percentage of the overall energy consumption of a plant. In this sense, distillation is the most referred process when it comes to energy consumption. The present work was initiated with a search for the reduction in the energy consumption in a distillation train of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) of a commercial plant for producing vinyl monochloride (MVC), which involves azeotropic distillation. The results obtained using the commercial simulator Aspen show that the reduction in the reboiler heat duty caused significant changes in both concentration and temperature profiles throughout the column due to the formation of two liquid phases. This fact is an indication that the occurrence of this 2 liquid phase causes significant changes in the operation of the column as well as on the separation to be obtained. The results also show that the operation of the column with two liquid phases throughout some stages still satisfies bottom product specification (mass fraction of H2O), and also consume less energy. The formation of two liquid phases occurs even with a reduced amount of H2O present in the feed stream. Therefore, it is necessary to verify the feasibility of operating such a column with the presence of two liquid phases, requiring, therefore, the evaluation of the dynamics of the process which will also be useful for controllability purposes. The results indicate that the temperature of some of the stages of the column can act as an indicator about the formation of the 2 liquid phase. Therefore, controllers that maintain the parameters of the processes at acceptable levels must be proposed avoiding controlling the temperature of stages with two liquid phases.


We have identified novel CE conditions for the separation of 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin‐labeled monosaccharides and oligosaccharides from glycoproteins. Using a neutrally coated capillary and alkaline borate buffer containing hydroxypropylcellulose and ACN, saccharide derivatives form anionic borate complexes, which move from the cathode to the anode in an electric field and are detected near the anodic end. Excess labeling reagents and other fluorescent products remain at the cathodic end. Fluorimetric detection using an LED as a light source enables determination of monosaccharide derivatives with good linearity between at least 0.4 and 400 μM, may correspond to 140 amol to 140 fmol. The lower LOD (S/N = 5) is only 80 nM in the sample solution (ca. 28 amol). The results were comparable to reported values using fluorometric detection LC. The method was also applied to the analysis of oligosaccharides that were enzymatically released from glycoproteins. Fine resolution enables profiling of glycans in glycoproteins. The applicability of the method was examined by applying it to other derivatives labeled with nonacidic tags such as ethyl p‐aminobenzoate‐ and 2‐aminoacridone‐labeled saccharides.


The use of microalgae biomass in order to obtain lipids is an important alternative to be studied and it has great potential to be applied in order to produce food and biofuel, for instance. However, there are some processes of its production which need further study, such as the cultivation inputs. A possibility for an alternative raw material is the effluent from superintensive shrimp cultivation with bioflocs (BF). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and nutrient removal rate of Nannochloropsis oculata cultivation in three systems: (i) f/2 - produced integrally with chemical fertilizers, (ii) BF - using of 100% of the effluent for superintensive shrimp cultivation with bioflocs and (iii) 50/50 – using 50% of shrimp cultivation effluents  and  50% from f/2 system. The microalgae presented greater biomass growth and productitvity in BF system but less lipids and esters accumulation. Concerning nutrient removal, f/2 system showed better performance, which may indicate that the cultivation in BF systems takes longer to reach the stationary growth phase.


Nuclear transcription factor κB(NF-κB) is a kind of important nuclear transcription factor. It is a kind of transcription factor that can control cell survivals and apoptosis related genes. The study finds that the NF-κB is related to the occurrence, the development of the tumor and the drug resistance. It can inhibit the activity and the growth of tumor cell. Therefore, inhibiting the activity of NF-κB will become a new method for the treatment of tumor.


Work during the reporting period can be separated into four main topics. Highlights include oxygen evolution, proton transport, acid-base induced fluorescence changes, and mass spectrometer studies. Under some conditions we have observed the apparent transition of S/sub 1/ to S/sub 2/ in the dark. Redox titrations showed that this transition has a midpoint potential of 400 mV at pH 7, and a pH dependence of 60 mV per pH unit. The proton uptake and release that apparently accompany the reduction and oxidation of plastoquinone were found to oscillate with a period of two in flashing light. Proton release associated with the O/sub 2/-evolving system was found to oscillate with a period of four in flashing light; however, only one-half of the protons seemed to be liberated in the final O/sub 2/-evolving step. We found that three to four protons per electron were transported from the outside to the inside of the thylakoid, which suggests that at each coupling site one electron transports two protons simultaneously. Further evidence was obtained for a base-induced backflow of electrons to the System II acceptor Q. A subsequent fluorescence transient, which could not be readily rationalized in the context of standard models, was also observed.more » Using whole algae, we observed that molecular O/sub 2/ directly competes with CO/sub 2/ for photosynthetically generated reducing power via a process unrelated to carbon metabolism. In a study using CO/sub 2/-depleted chloroplasts, we found that bicarbonate was not the immediate source of O/sub 2/ in the bicarbonate-dependent Hill reaction.« less


1Learning analytics is one of the most active research topics in the field of education and educational technologies. Yet, research on learning analytics still has to address many topics related to the application of learning analytics techniques, such as competence-based learning, learning analytics-based interventions, cross-validation of extant research, standards for learning analytics, or learning analytics and instructional design. In addition, the emergence and growth of new technologies in educational contexts (e.g. smartphones, virtual and augmented reality, social networks) and the ever-changing nature of existing ones bring new challenges and opportunities for research and practice in learning analytics. This piece introduces the fifth edition of the track on Learning Analytics at Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, an edition aiming to further expand the discipline. The document details the review process and provides an overview of the accepted submissions, and concludes with some reflections about learning analytics and remarks from the authors based on their experience from the past five years as Track Chairs


Chinese economy has experienced a rapid growth since the implementation of reform and opening up policy.Its GDP has surpassed Japan and became the world's second largest economy.However,the widening income distribution gap has undermined the economic accomplishments as well as the social stability.The author holds that the urban-rural gap,regional differences,class differentiation,unequal distribution of wealth between different industries is the main reason that caused the problem.Moreover,the price scissors between industrial and agricultural products,low level of industrial structure in rural areas,rural unemployment and the financial inequality has led to the difference of urban-rural income.Likewise,the geographical gap of the income between eastern and western regions is the result of policy variations.The selfishness of the government and enterprise,educational inequality and uneven distribution of social capital in the same place result in a different social class and its different income levels.The administrative monopoly,the benefits difference between the state sector and the private sector determine the income gaps between different industries are amidst all possible reasons of the problem.


Levy processes have become cumulatively popular in finance because they describe financial markets in a more accurate way than models based in Brownian motion. For the purpose of pricing debt value by structural model, we not only assume the interest rate is stochastic and model the dynamics of firm value return as a Levy process by the sum of a Brownian motion and compound Poisson process which is often called a jump-diffusion process. Generally speaking, the jump risk is assumed nonsystematic, and hence diversifiable. In order to describe the effect of nondiversifiable jump risk such as subprime mortgage crisis, we presume the jump risk is a systematic risk.


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Background:

It is common for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) patients following auto-HCT to undergo surveillance imaging to monitor for disease progression or relapse. Although post auto-HCT surveillance imaging is employed at most centers, the literature remains unclear on how this practice affects overall survival. Furthermore, surveillance imaging results in significant amounts of radiation exposure as well as invasive procedures to work up false positive findings. We studied cHL patients who underwent auto-HCT at three transplant centers to define how many surveillance imaging studies were obtained, how often relapses were detected by surveillance imaging versus clinically (based on signs, symptoms or laboratory findings), and whether survival was improved if relapse was detected by surveillance imaging versus clinically.

Methods:

Classical HL patients who underwent auto-HCT between 2000 and 2013 were identified using clinical databases. Pre-transplant patient and disease characteristics were collected. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined. Patients were classified as having "radiographic" or "clinical" relapses. PFS and OS were compared for these two groups.

Results :

A total of 148 patients with cHL who underwent auto-HCT were identified. Patient characteristics are presented in Table 1. Of these 148 patients, 20 relapsed or progressed prior to or at their initial post-transplant disease assessment (day 100 evaluation). The remaining 128 patients were then analyzed to determine which patients had relapse/progression, and how relapses were detected. 31 patients relapsed post day 100 evaluation. The date of relapse for 2 patients was unknown, and these patients were excluded. For the 29 remaining patients, the median time to relapse was 389 days post-transplant. Of these patients, 14 (48%) had relapse detected clinically and 15 (52%) had relapse detected by surveillance imaging. Comparing the radiographic and clinically detected groups, median PFS post auto-HCT was 426 vs 318 days respectively (p= 0.62, log rank test) and median survival post auto-HCT was 1270 vs 931 days respectively (p= 0.71, log rank test, Figure 1). For patients who never relapsed after auto-HCT, a median of 6 surveillance imaging studies were performed (with a median follow up of 5 years post-transplant).

Conclusions:

In cHL patients post auto-HCT, the majority of relapses were detected by surveillance imaging. However, the survival of patients with relapse detected by surveillance imaging was not superior to those whose relapse was detected clinically. Given this, combined with the radiation exposure and cost associated with surveillance imaging, the practice of surveillance imaging post auto-HCT appears to have limited utility in cHL.

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Disclosures Hari: Janssen: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Spectrum: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy. Hamadani: Takeda: Research Funding; Cellerant: Consultancy; MedImmune: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy. Fenske: Seattle Genetics: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Millennium/Takeda: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Honoraria.

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A survey of microtechniques used in the IR spectroscopy of radioactive substances and of spectra measurement methods is presented and examples of applications are described. (auth)


ATR Group is an Italian company that specialises in R&D, design, prototyping and production of structural parts and components in advanced carbon-fibre composite materials.


Azolium and metalated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) functionalised metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated as adsorbents and heterogenous catalysts. Here we describe the structures of two sets of 1D polymeric structures, {[M2(μ2-HCOO)(HL)2](NO3)·xDMF}n (M = Zn, x = 1, 1; Cu, x = 1.75, 2) and {[M3(HL)4(H2O)4](NO3)2·xDMF}n (M = Co, x = 2.75, 3; Mg, x = 0, 4; Mn, x = 1.5, 5), prepared from reactions of 1,3-bis(3-carboxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide (H3LBr) with M(NO3)2·xH2O (M = Zn, Cu, Co and Mg) and MnCl2·4H2O. These pack as porous and non-porous 3D materials, respectively. In the case of the known Zn(II) material 1, which we reveal to be porous, we also report metalation of the NHC precursor concomitant with framework synthesis to give {[Zn2(μ2-HCOO)(HL)1.6(L–Cu–Br)0.4](NO3)0.6·0.75DMF}n (1-Cu). Compounds 1, 2, and 1-Cu show H2 adsorption enthalpies of −9.9, −9.1, and −9.7 kJ mol−1 respectively, and allow the effect of micropores decorated with charged imidazolium moieties, or NHC–CuBr entities, on H2 adsorption to be probed.


Abstract Martensitic stainless steels (SS) have been used widely for oil-country tubular goods (OCTG) because of their high strength and excellent corrosion resistance in carbon dioxide (CO2) gas wells. Cr-rich precipitates form after tempering heat treatments of martensitic SS. These precipitates can affect the corrosion resistance of martensitic SS in environments simulating CO2 gas wells because Cr is considered to be an important element for improving corrosion resistance. The effects of chemical composition and tempering heat treatments on corrosion rates and pitting potentials were investigated to clarify the effect of precipitates on corrosion resistance of martensitic SS in environments simulating CO2 gas wells. The general corrosion index (GCI = Cr − 12 C + 0.77 Ni + 10 N [mass %]) was confirmed as a good index for estimating corrosion rates of martensitic SS in environments simulating CO2 gas wells. The term "C coefficient/Cr coefficient" (−12), was defined as the amount of Cras carbide precipit...


Describing Dube's work as architectonic, Ferguson discusses the work installed by the artist in his office doorway. Brief artist's statement. Biographical notes.


Objective:To study the pathogenesis、clinical situation and prognosis factor of porencephaly.Method:Retrospectively follow-up and analyze 7 cases porencephaly of department of neurology and pediatrics in 5 years,which were confirmed by CT or MRI,investgate the perinatal state and labor history,summarize age of onset of illness、clinical situation、neuropsychology estimation、pathology situation.Results:Five cases were infected or injured at perinatal or infant period,2 cases couldn't be proved because of their parents death.Their age of onset of illness are 8~78 years old;Most symptoms are intellect developmental lag、epileptic attack and dazed;These focuses(cavities) are alone,6 cases lie in cerebral hemisphere,only 1 case at cerebellum hemisphere;There are 6 normal cases in language function and 4 normal cases in opto interspace,IQ of super 80 scores are 6 cases,78 score is one case;1case was operated in order to drain,cavity wall is made of connective tissue.Conclusion:Porencephaly maybe occur any locus of brain,it is relate to infect or injur at perinatal or infant period,cerebral hemorrhage and a large area cerebral infarction are main reasons at adult.Nerves clinical situation is appeared early or late,prognosis and symptom are connect with locus and dimension.


Fluidized-bed technology has been commercially applied over several decades. However, there is still a lack of knowledge that can provide detailed understanding of the combustion process in the furnace. Especially, understanding of mixing of fuel particles is crucial in order to be able to optimize the number of fuel feeding ports as well as to lower the excess air. Thus, it is important to develop tools for reliable design and scale up of fluidized-bed boilers, including modeling from first principles by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

In fluidized-bed boilers, there is typically a low mass fraction of large fuel particles in an inert bed of finer solids. The fuel particles are considerably larger than the inert bed material and a conventional Lagrangian Particle Tracking method is not able to correctly handle this difference in size. The method would typically use a single grid in which the size of computational cells is based on the size of the fuel particles. In such a case, it is not possible to accuratly resolve the flow of the carrier phase and the behavior of the inert particles. Therefore, in the present work, a three-grid method, including a fine, a coarse and a moving grid, is proposed. The fine grid is employed to resolve the flow of the carrier phase and to treat the small (inert) particles, whereas the coarse grid is used to calculate the drag forces acting on the fuel particles. Furthermore, moving cells are used in order to correctly calculate the pressure gradient force on the fuel particles.

To investigate the performance of the methodology, several numerical cases are simulated. Using a statistical analysis developed in the present work, preferential positions and the dispersion coefficient of the fuel particles under different operating conditions are obtained. The detailed motion of the fuel particles in the form of upward and downward velocity is studied. In addition, two types of boundary conditions are tested; a uniform velocity profile at the distributor and a non-uniform velocity profile obtained by including the air-supply system in the computational domain. The numerical results are compared to available experimental results.


As explained mathematically, the magnitude of the' diabolo' effect in sintered nuClear-fuel pellets is a function of the slope and position of the sinterability curve and the density gradient existing in the green pellets. If sinterability is represented by a straight line passing through the origin, the diabolo effect is negligible; this condition can be fulfilled when using a deactivated powder. In any other case, the density gradient must be kept as low as possible to produce sintered pellets of regular shape. This is discussed as a function of powder roughness, lubricant quality, lubrication technique, and compaction characteristics. When the sinterability curve cannot be adapted and powder quality and lubrication conditions are fixed, the possibility stilI exists of minimizing irregularities in sintered diameter by using a single-action press and compacting the powder in an adapted conical die with a moving lower punch. IN 1969, techniques for producing nuclear oxide fuel pellets were described, using a double-action rotary-press with lubricated dies!,2 to avoid prior treatment of the powders and to lower manufacturing costs. This procedure allows one to form pellets correctly from the non-freeflowing powders generally received but does not solve the problem of distortion of the sintered pellets, which results from heterogeneous compaction. In most cases, cylindrical green pellets become' diabolosha ped' (end diameters greater than centre diameter) during sintering and centreless grinding is then necessary to obtain the exact dimensions required. However, grinding is expensive, mainly because it damages some pellets and produces powder scrap that cannot be directly repressed. Furthermore, all ground pellets must be dried before filling into the fuel-element cans. On the other hand, when centreless grinding is foreseen, the rnanufacturer deliberately makes sintered pellets the mean diameter of which exceeds the size nominally required. In this way, the minimum diameter of the smallest pellet meets the specification and the other


Intracontinental foreland basin is a kind of abroad developmental basin in the west of our country, it s development is an orogeny and coupled basin developing process in the interior of the continent which is far away from the collision subduction zone, and the controlled factor of the process is extremely complicated. This paper starts with the complexity of the tectonic of our country, and analyse the controlled factor's types of the intracontinental foreland basin' s compound dynamic evolution process: multistage tectonics' compound stress field、the effect of A subduction、 the magmatism、the thermal dilatation、 the gravitational sliding、the effect of inflation、the effect of difference compressive force and the rebound action due to the effect of dismantle sink, etc. We talk about the influence mechanism and the combined action of the influencing factor, at the same time, we take the Kuche intracontinental foreland basin as an example analyzing the compound dynamic evolution process. The influence on the evolution process by the associative action of these factors above can not be ignored. We may know the dynamic mechanism and the evolution process well only when we think about these factors at the same time. But less consideration was given to the associative action privously , so it is very consequent to research the influence on the evolution process by the associative action of these factors above.


High contrast materials, i.e., materials with a high refractive index and low optical loss, are of wide interest for nanophotonics and metasurface designs at optical and near infrared wavelengths. We explore aluminum antimonide (AlSb) as a high contrast nanophotonic material, using the design of high contrast gratings (HCGs) for low loss dielectric mirrors as an example. The high index of refraction and low absorption coefficient of AlSb in the visible wavelength range enable designs of HCGs that can be effectively optimized to form mirrors with 93.5% reflectivity at red visible wavelengths. We detail a co-sputtering synthesis method for AlSb films, and achieve our target high index of refraction of 3.5 for 635 nm light. We also find that the high sensitivity of AlSb oxidation requires specific handling procedures in developing deposition processes to yield a near zero absorption coefficient.


Abstract This work investigates the formation of as cast defects in knit line regions and their effects on local mechanical properties in a thin walled high pressure die cast AM60B magnesium alloy component. The defect distributions and the tensile and bending properties of specimens cut from knit line and other regions are compared. Numerical simulations of the mould filling process, computed X-ray tomography experiments and reports from the literature are used to formulate an initial explanation for the occurrence of metal front dispersion in knit line regions. This is an initial study for a future project investigating knit line formation and process–structure correlations in cast magnesium alloys.


The X-ray shadow of a tube has previously been used for determining the diameter of the bore. The present investigation was designed to test the suitability of a similar method for capillarity measurements, and observations were made of the rise of mercury in copper and steel tubes and between vertical copper plates. The results were satisfactory.


The excitation of persistent photoconductivity followed by photoquenching has been demonstrated in copper-compensated silicon-doped semi-insulating GaAs (GaAs:Si:Cu). These processes allow a switch to be developed which can be closed by the application of one laser pulse ()1064 nm) and opened by the application of a second laser pulse (A21OO nm). In order to further understand the operation of such a switch the dark current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a switch based on the GaAs:Si:Cu material are investigated using both dc and pulsed electric fields. Experimental studies are also performed on the closing phase of the switch using a 0-switched Nd:YAG laser. In these studies the transition from persistent photoconductivity to non-ohmic current transport is illustrated.


Purpose: to analyze masticatory function within different facial types through clinical and electromyographic evaluation of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Methods: sixty-five children aged six to 12 years old, males and females, who met the study criteria, were selected. The clinical evaluation of mastication was performed based on the MBGR protocol, as well as the electromiography of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles, on the right and left side in directed continued mastication. The data were analyzed considering the significance level of 5%. Results: in the clinical evaluation of mastication, no significant differences between the three facial types studied were observed, except for a tendency to significance in unexpected muscle contractions, with the highest occurrence observed in dolichofacials (66.67%), followed by mesofacials (46.67%) e brachyfacials (26.83%). Through electromyographic evaluation, no significant differences between the three groups studied were observed. Comparing the muscles within each facial type, a higher electrical activity of the right masseter muscle over the right temporal, and a higher electrical activity of the left temporal muscle over the right temporal muscle (p=0.049) was verified. Conclusion: the results of clinical and electromyographic evaluations of mastication did not differ within the facial types, suggesting that the pattern of facial growth itself is not a determinant in the modifications of the masticatory function and these modifications might be related to other variations not taken into account in this study.


Superposed state of quantum registers can be used to describe inflationary universe. One can speak of a quantum superposition of universes during inflation. It has been proposed by Zizzi that a cosmic consciousness event happened at the end of inflation which acted as a blueprint for the future minds to come. The post inflationary universe organized itself into quantum and classical modes. I propose in this paper that biological organisms can be viewed as quantum computer and black hole quantum computers which organize themselves into quantum and classical modes. The biological organisms can be further subdivided into various subroutines. It is further suggested in this paper that the results of the computation by biological organisms are the universals which are partially similar to the universals obtained by quantum computation in the universe. This is reminiscent of the situation in the hologram. I also suggest that biological organisms are deSitter horizons of actual organisms which exist in multidimensional space. The biological networks may use quantum telepathy for co-coordinated activity.


A general analysis of potential- or field-based finite element solvers for axially uniform electromagnetic waveguides is presented. Explicit equations for the set of permissible gauge transformations are derived, which are later utilized to identify side effects that may affect the reliability of present approaches. We show that such limitations can be eliminated by an enhanced formulation employing a decomposition of the transverse components of the vector potential together with a particular choice of gauge. Numerical results support our findings.


The invention relates to an aqueous dispersion (P) of at least two different polymer resins (P1) and (P2). (P1) is a copolymer which can be obtained by copolymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers in the presence of at least one polyurethane resin that has polymerizable carbon double bonds, (P2) is a polyester which has functional hydroxyl groups and has an acid number of < 25 mg KOH per g of polyester, and (P) can be obtained by a method having at least four steps (1), (2), (3), and (4). The invention also relates to an aqueous coating composition containing the aqueous dispersion (P), to a method for at least partly coating at least one substrate metal surface, which is coated with at least one primer coat, with a topcoat using the aqueous coating composition, and to an at least partly coated substrate which can be obtained using such a method.


Abstract This paper investigates how sodium and calcium ions affect the aggregation of TiO2 particles in aqueous solutions of high pH. Optical microscopy and sedimentation rate and rheological measurements are used to characterize the aggregation. The surface charge and calcium adsorption densities are measured as a function of the total calcium concentration. The aggregates' size is maximum at a negative electrokinetic potential (-35 to -40 mV) when the surface excess of calcium equals almost half the ionized surface sites' density. Similar results are obtained at three values of the solid-to-solution volume ratio, provided that the calcium content is expressed in terms of moles per gram of solid. We propose that this aggregation between strongly negative particles is due to an attractive potential created by an ion-ion correlation, a phenomenon expected in systems with a high surface charge and divalent counter ions. In the presence of sodium ions, at pH 11, the dispersion stability increases to above 10-1M. This phenomenon is attributed to the occurrence of hydration forces.


E-learning is learning through the use of technologies. It is growing at a rapid pace. Today more organizations are taking up e-learning. While e-learning technology has matured considerably since its inception, there are still many problems that practitioners And when come to implementing e-learning. One of the main problems is the complexity of integrating these systems with content and with other business systems. If e-learning is to be successful, it is important that we must provide greater access to education and support educational programs that reflect broader strategic business goals. It is our belief that the e-learning industry should learn key lessons from e-business. This paper discusses the limitations of current e-learning systems and how an e-learning ecosystem can help organizations to achieve the benefits of an integrated approach to develop e-learning systems.


Compact spinning is the modification of existing ring spinning technology. The structure and quality of yarn are improved by using this spinning technique. This experimental work explores the effect of air suction pressure on the quality of compact yarn. Due to this reason, five samples of 52 Ne yarn were produced using different negative suction pressures such as 17 mbar, 19 mbar, 21 mbar, 23 mbar and 25 mbar (1 mbar = 100 Pa) in Suessen Elite@ system by changing the frequency of inverter. Samples were collected and then results were carried out. After that, the quality parameters of the produced yarn such as Mass variation (CVm%), Imperfection index, Hairiness and Count Strength Product (CSP) were analyzed along with calculating the power consumption against different suction pressures using the inverter frequency. Finally, the test results showed that yarn obtained from 23 mbar negative suction pressure was optimum considering the yarn quality and power consumption compared to others. This experimental work will provide an idea for spinners' to choose optimum suction pressure for producing minimum imperfection and hairiness of compact yarn.


Sometime in the period 1300-48, English population reached its high point in the Middle Ages. All agree that it rose rapidly in the thirteenth century and dropped catastrophically in 1348-77. Its course in the first half of the century, however, is the subject of two sharply divergent opinions. One is that population increased gradually to about 3,700,000 at the outbreak of the plague, a point at which "the agricultural people were being crowded." The other opinion is less exact: population reached its height about 1315, when the great famine and pestilence of 1315-17 reduced the population markedly and started a decline, restrained perhaps by a mild recovery in the two decades before 1348. According to this second theory population was much denser than the 3,700,000: even in the late thirteenth century, England had a "starving and over-populated countryside," with "the poor sokemen of Lincolnshire — [struggling] to support five people on five acres of land," and "a society in which every appreciable failure of harvests could result in large increases in deaths in a society balanced on the margin of subsistence." This study will discuss first the pattern of English society as it appears in Domesday Book and the descriptions of manors called extents, which must be understood in order to estimate population properly. Next, it will consider some interesting evidence concerning social class differential mortality. Third, it will try to estimate the mortality of the 1315-17 famine and pestilence. Fourth, it will take up the trend of population change from 1300 to 1348. Fifth, it will consider the reliability of the poll tax data. Lastly, it will discuss the problem of household size and its relationship to the total population of England in the period.


Ice-core measurements have indicated that the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO 2 and CH 4 show glacial-interglacial variations in step with Antarctic temperature. To obtain more insight into the nature of this relationship for cycles of different frequencies, measured time series of temperature, CO 2 , and CH 4 are reanalysed. The results indicate that the temperature signal consists of a linear superposition of a component related to CO 2 with a period of ~100 000 yr and a component related to variations in the obliquity of the Earth's orbital plane with a period of ~41 000 yr. This suggests that either there operate very different feedback mechanisms at the different time scales or that CO 2 is not merely a~passive follower and amplifier of the glacial-interglacial variations in Antarctic temperature.


Background: The tax legislature has a lot of freedom in shaping the tax burden. However, this should not lead to unjustified differentiation of taxpayers' situations, in particular to different taxation of persons in an equal situation. This would result in a breach of the principle of tax justice. In income taxes, the determinant of fair taxation is taxpayer solvency based on income criterion. In the doctrine of tax law, the 'ability to pay' rule is the basis for the principle of fair taxation. The tax legislature should seek to assess a taxpayer's personal situation in order to assess the tax according to his/her ability to pay.
Research purpose and methods: The aim of this research is to analyze how the theoretical assumption of fair taxation is accomplished in the personal income tax act. The object of this research is one of the elements, which shape tax basis – tax deductible costs. This will make it possible to determine whether the 'ability to pay' principle is taken into account by the legislature in the process of assessing income by considering an individual's tax burden. The research was carried out predominantly using the empirical-dogmatic method.
Conclusions: The analysis showed that the 'ability to pay' rule is not taken into account by the legislator in the process of shaping income, and thus the individual tax burden. The principles of settling tax costs are arbitrarily determined by the legislator under tribute power. This leads to unfair taxation in a horizontal level (horizontal tax justice).


Heavy ion beams of 400 kW and 70 kW are generated at the RISP by in-flight and ISOL methods, respectively. Front-end system for the in-flight at the RISP consists of two 28 GHz superconducting ECR-IS with 10 keV/u, a LEBT with two 90 degree bends and two bunchers with 40.625 MHz, a RFQ with 81.25 MHz and 300 keV/u, and a MEBT with two re-bunchers. The front-end system design studies have been performed to optimize the beam and accelerator parameters to meet the required design goals. For this, we performed front-end simulations with two-charge state beams and present the design performance and results of the beam dynamics.