Visualisation of the Endometrium in Postmenopausal Women by Vaginal Sonography Vaginal sonography of the endometrium is a new me thod of controlling the substitution therapy with oestro gen and progesterone during the postmenopausal pe riod. The advantages of transvaginal ultrasonic diagno sis are that the uterus can be seen from the fornix vaginae. that it is situated at close range, and that the examination can be cond ucted whether the bladder is filled or not. The differences in thickness and structure of the endometrium, and the limitation to the surroun ding myometrium. enable sonographic detection of most of the changes of the endometrium during the postmenopausal period. In our first group of patients. we found an endometrial carcinoma in 2 out of the 60 women with postmenopausal metrorrhagia. The fin dings were confirmed histologically. Women who have regular bleedings while undergoing hormone therapy during the postmenopausal period. show signs of proli feration in the endometrium under oestrogen therapy and signs of secretion under progesterone therapy.


In this work, based on experimental observations and exact theoretical predictions, the kinetic scheme of RAFT polymerization is extended to a wider range of reactions such as irreversible intermediate radical terminations and reversible transfer reactions. The reactions which have been labeled as kinetic scheme are the more probable existing reactions as the theoretical point of view. The detailed kinetic scheme is applied to three kinds of RAFT polymerization system by utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation Method. To do this, a new approach of simulation method was used. In this approach, a multi-reaction step was used in each time step. Unknown kinetic rate constants have obtained by curve fitting of the simulation results and theoretical data, applying the least square method; or estimated by considering theoretical facts and experimental findings. The origin of the rate retardation and induction period has been understood by studying the main and pre-equilibrium stages of dithiobenzoate-mediated RAFT homo polymerization. A copolymerization system in the presence of RAFT agent has also been examined to confirm the capability of introduced simulation method in different monomer/RAFT agent systems. The simulation results were in excellent agreement with experimental data, which proves the validity and applicability of the Monte Carlo algorithm.


This predominately black and white work consists of three main images, some text and several colorful marks moving across the face of the artwork. The larger text states, "Bush and Iraq's leader have video conference."


A necessary condition for a partially symmetric inverse Mmatrix is given by means of graph theoretic in this paper.And several mistakes in [3] are pointed out by examples.


Knowledge of the existing roadway condition is vital to transportation government agencies for management and safety purposes. Verifying the presence and extent of subsurface defects/voids is vital to prevent failures and accidents from occurring. A nondestructive and noninvasive geophysical method, ground penetrating radar (GPR), which utilizes electromagnetic waves, was employed in this study. Four field projects are presented in this study to demonstrate the application of electromagnetic waves for detection of voids and anomalies. Auguring and excavation were used to verify the suspicious areas that were located by the electromagnetic waves. Voids and different subsurface features, like rebar, geo-grid, and geo-textile, were successfully detected. A large negative peak that appears in the wave form is an indication of a dry void. Void sizes, ranging from a few centimeters to several meters, were successfully detected. Early identification of concealed subsurface voids under the roadway structure can prevent major failures from occurring. The methodologies presented in this study are applicable to many other projects.


The lone star tick ( Amblyomma americanum L.) is an important pest of man, livestock, and wildlife, and it occurs in awesome numbers in certain areas of the United States. We have conducted numerous studies to determine the factors responsible for the great abundance of this tick in eastern Oklahoma (Semtner et al., 1971a, J. Med. Ent. 8 : 329–35; 1971b, J. Med. Ent. 8 : 719–25; 1973a, J. Med. Ent. 10 : 337–44; 1973b, J. Med. Ent. 10 : 618–28; 1973c, J. Med. Ent. 10 : 202–05). This study was conducted to determine longevity of adult lone star ticks under selected field conditions.


In this issue of Blood , van Keimpema et al present a novel study highlighting the role of FOXP1 in cooperation with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in the survival and proliferation of B cells.[1][1]

![Figure][2]

The FOXP1 and NF-κB pathways work together to promote the growth of normal


Artist lies [21] are artistic incursions that surpass the simulacra of the art to act in the quotidian reality. They imitate to be what they are not. These incursions can be created from an appropriate context, gaming with public expectations, being much more effective when they use technological media in their achievements. In fact, these lying incursions should motivate a critical refection on the need for more attention to deal with other lies.


This paper presents the results of a Delphi survey on the future development of electronic journals. The international expert panel comprised 45 scientists, publishers, librarians, journal agents and consultants. The survey covered five areas of interest regarding electronic journals: (1) the future role of scholarly journal literature, (2) scenarios for the journal of the future, (3) the serials crisis and the electronic journal, (4) archiving of electronic journals, and (5) new pricing and access models. The Delphi survey studied changes expected within the next 5 to 10 years. The results indicate that we are moving towards a process of substitution wherein other publication and communication channels will increasingly take over functions traditionally fulfilled by journals. Digital doppelgangers of printed journals are considered a transitional medium and will be replaced by authentic electronic journals that take full advantage of the new technologies. Electronic journals per se won't eliminate the serials crisis, but features and services introduced by new technologies are expected to offer solutions in some problem areas. Archiving will most likely be done by national depositories, possibly in co-operation with international subject-specific digital archives. Experts expect to see a coexistence of different pricing and access models, with (consortial) licensing and pay-per-use systems taking an increasingly predominant position. Throughout their history lasting over 300 years, journals have never been faced with so many changes as they are expected to see within the next 5 to 10 years.


Due to the absence of vacuum sources for electric vehicle, the vacuum booster is replaced by electronic brake boosting (EBB) system. In order to improve the driver's brake feeling based on EBB, this work fully exploits the flexible and variable power-assisted characteristics, and designs different transmission ratios according to the driver's target braking strength. To identify the driver's braking strength, an improved radial basis function (IRBF) neural network, combining self-organization method and supervised learning method, is proposed to establish the relationship between the driver's braking strength and the characteristic parameters. Based on this, the variable transmission ratio strategy is designed, and its main optimized parameters are optimized by means of multi-objective optimization algorithm to provide the driver with a satisfactory brake feeling. The strategies under fixed and variable transmission ratios are simulated and analyzed in low-speed with gentle-brake and high-speed with emergency-brake. The simulation results show that, compared with the fixed transmission ratio, the proposed variable transmission ratio shows excellent performances in both brake feeling and brake safety.


According to the characteristics of high acceleration and precision linear motor direct drive motion stage,global coupling dynamic modeling and analysis are performed in a wide bandwidth.The bond graph approach is used to build the global coupling dynamic model of motion stage,in which electrical parts,mechanical parts,flexible connection,and nonlinear friction in the system are considered.Based on the model,the influence of motor mechanical time constant,electrical time constant,friction and bolted connection on the system response performance are analyzed by Matlab/Simulink simulation language.The proposed model and analysis results reflect the basic features of this stage and influen'cing factors that can be ignored or need to be considered in system analysis and control.It lays a foundation for motor selection,system construction, trajectory planning and control algorithms design.


A protocol was developed for Plectranthus barbatus for high frequency shoot organogenesis from leaf derived callus of aseptically grown plantlets derived from mature plant explants of high yielding clones (yield of forskolin 1.5 to 1.9%) on Gamborg medium (B5) medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Shoots were regenerated from the callus on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) (2 mg/l) + naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1 mg/l). The highest rate of shoot multiplication was achieved at the 6 th subculture and more than 2000 shoots were produced from callus clump. Roots were induced from shoots of in vitro grown plantlets on basal half strength MS medium and high rooting frequencies were obtained. Regenerated plants were easily acclimatized in greenhouse conditions and later transferred to soil with 100% survival. The procedure here allows the micropropagation of P. barbatus in five months of culture and proliferated cell masses which could be used for studies of organic compounds of pharmaceutical interest.


The parable of the Futile Life, which is an excerpt of the medieval, multilingual novel Barlaam and Josaphat, conceals a unique interpretative approach, in terms of symbolism, of an ancient and intercultural mythological symbol, that of the unicorn. From a first examination of the cultural environment – textual and iconographical – of the unicorn's appearance, it would seem that the symbolic substance of this animal motif was imbued with the notions of the high virtues of the Christian ideological system (e.g. virginity, purity, salvation). However, the parabolic narrative of the Futile Life reveals another aspect. This is the aspect of the inward cruel power that drives a man to the wrong choice, preventing him from finding the proper spiritual way out to save himself after his physical death in the vanity world in which he lives transiently. Probably, the beauty of a unicorn now symbolizes something not so pure. Indeed, the story of the Futile Life is transformed into one of the most common iconographic themes in monumental Christian painting, and, at the same time, it raises reasonable concerns while seeking adequate explanations. So, through a list of relevant examples of monumental and miniature art, we will look for the beginnings of the two aspects of this ancient symbol, with an emphasis on the parable under examination, offering a new perspective on the semiotic analysis of Antiquity during the Middle Ages.


In this article, we define a pair of sequences (α, β). By using the properties of the pair (α, β), we establish a method for determining large prime numbers.


Satellite and airborne sensors provide objective observations with broad coverage across both space and time, enabling a reliable global monitoring of the Earth environment evolution. These observations are never interpreted in isolation, they are processed and analyzed using their metadata, multitemporal or multisenor observations, other scientific data or geoinformation. The methods of Data Mining support the comprehensive use and understanding of data by sorting through a huge amount of Earth Observation and other heterogeneous data to detect patterns and processes that otherwise would remain unknown.


The most widespread practice for including drawings, diagrams, and other artwork in technical documents and reports is to cut and paste. This involves reduction or magnification, cropping, and then affixing the artwork in a space left blank in the report for the picture. To save labor, minimize handling and, above all, to improve the management of the document production by keeping track of the artwork, it would be advantageous to digitize a piece of graphics, merge the graphics with the text electronically, and print out the combination as one integral product. Systems that can perform these functions are either expensive or slow, or both. The purpose of this work was to investigate ways in which art-work could be digitized, merged with text, and printed at modest cost, satisfactory speed and with a quality that is consistent with the requirements for technical publication.


Although cereals and pseudocereals are deficient in some basic components, fermentation process is the most economical and simple way, how to improve nutritional value, functional qualities and sensory properties of the final products. In our study, we focused on the evaluation of amaranth flour for preparation of new probiotic functional foods suitable for celiac patients. That is why the growth dynamics of several Lactobacillus sp. in amaranth mashes were evaluated. All the monitored strains showed sufficient growth in mashes (growth rates of lactobacilli ranged from 0.73 to 1.52 h -1 ). Based on the rates, only Lb. rhamnosus VT1 was able to grow with the values higher than 1.38 h -1 in both milk and water based mashes.


This study aims to develop learning syllabus Mulok derived from the analysis of the needs of teachers and students. The problem of this study, "How to Develop a Model Syllabus Subjects Folklore Local Content Based on Character Education Elementary Students in Bengkulu City". The measures used to achieve the goal of research is a kind of Research and Development (R & D) from Borg and Gall. Data based on syllabi and teaching materials used, the results of questionnaires and interviews. Data obtained from documents and interviews. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results of the research needed to inform folklore as a source of teaching material. The syllabus is developed will be teaching materials need to include illustrations and exercises that can improve the competence of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Folklore characters resemble good and bad characters. Both dominant characters eg: religious, hardworking, democracy, tolerance, respect, caring, peace-loving, and responsible. Suggestions folklore research is the number used as teaching materials need to be improved, documenting folklore should be continued, and experts from various disciplines need to be involved as a validator of teaching materials.


Chronic diseases are becoming a serious public health problem, including chronic kidney failure (CKF), which causes significant functional losses, limitation of activities of daily living (ADL) and impairments in quality of life. As a result, the application of instruments that assess functional capacity in clinical practices becomes relevant. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the functional capacity of patients with CKF by the ADL-Glittre test. This was a cross-sectional study, including 31 male and female volunteers, divided into two groups: CKD-G (n=19) and CG (n=12), respectively. For the statistical analysis comparing categorical variables, the chi-squared test was used, and for the continuous variables the Mann-Whitney test, with a statistical significance level of 5%. There was a significant difference between the studied groups regarding the time taken to perform the ADL-Glittre [CKD-G: 3.1 (0.5) minutes and CG: 2.5 (0.2) minutes (p=0.001)] and in the ADL-Glittre reports [normal or reduced: CKD-G (0/19) and CG (6/6) (p=0.001)]. In both variables, the CKD-G obtained lower results. In conclusion, it was observed that CKD resulted in impairment of functional capacity and that the ADL-Glittre Test proved to be an appropriate instrument for the assessment of functional capacity of CKD patients. ambas variáveis, o G-IRC obteve menores resultados. Como conclusão observou-se que a IRC resultou em comprometimento da capacidade funcional e que o Teste AVD-Glittre demonstrou ser um instrumento adequado para a avaliação da capacidade funcional de pacientes com IRC. Palavras-chave: Insuficiência Renal Crônica; Atividades Cotidianas; Desempenho Físico Funcional.


The main objective behind developing this robot is for the surveillance of human activities in the war field or border regions in order to reduce infiltrations from the enemy side. The robot consists of night vision wireless camera which can transmit videos of the war field in order to prevent any damage and loss to human life. Military people have a huge risk on their lives while entering an unknown territory. The robot will serve as an appropriate machine for the defense sector to reduce the loss of human life and will also prevent illegal activities. It will help all the military people and armed forces to know the condition of the territory before entering it.


It is a well known fact and problem for students of Plautus and Terence that the lack of corresponding Menandrian originals for the comedies known to have been adapted into Latin has forced us to operate with various conjectural theories about the amount and method of change introduced in their adapted plots by the Roman playwrights. We might have expected Donatus to have provided some help here, since he frequently cites the Greek lines that Terence altered in his own way, but Donatus proves remarkably disappointing when it comes to details of plot. There is, however, one passage in Menander's great admirer, Plutarch, which I suggest might be pressed somewhat into service, though cautiously, and it is my purpose here to discuss this passage and its potential utility. Among the questions debated at banquets, Plutarch introduces one which, reviewing what drama and poetry best suit a dinner party, singles out Menander for special praise. His speaker, Diogenianus by name, expresses total admiration for Menander's style, for his excellent mixture of playful and serious, and his appropriate handling of the erotic material of his comedies. I am interested in the last point and the way Diogenianus elaborates upon it. For him, the important point is that, after a reading of Menander at a symposium, male banqueters are put in the right mood to go home to their own wives. I do not wish to pursue that chauvinistic topic, but rather to examine the scheme of Menandrian love plots which Diogenianus develops by way of explaining his thesis that Greek New Comedy possesses a special propriety for the average male banqueter.


High-efficiency TRAPATT operation in X band has been obtained using a silicon p+?n?n+ structure with an integral-heatsink technology. 35.8% efficiency with 12.3 W output and 15 W at 30.6% efficiency have been obtained in the frequency range 8.4?9.6 GHz. Precise doping-level control has enabled a high degree of reproducibility to be realised from slice to slice, and a well characterised processing technology results in high yields of efficient devices.


..........................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................xii LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..............................................................1 Site Description ......................................................................................4 Research Objectives ...............................................................................7 CHAPTER 2: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANT MACROFOSSILS AND HYDROLIMNOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN PONDS OF THE SLAVE RIVER DELTA, N.W.T..............................................................................9 Introduction ................................................................................................9 Methodology.............................................................................................13 Sampling and laboratory procedures ...................................................13 Data analysis ........................................................................................15 Results and Interpretations .......................................................................18 Discussion.................................................................................................23


1 INFORMATION SEEKING PATTERN OF IT GRADUATES IN ENGINEERING INSTITUTES AND UNIVERSITIES IN DELHI: AN EVALUATIVE STUDY ABSTRACT Information plays a significant role in the cultural, political, social, scientific and technological developments of this knowledge based society and it has become one of the essential component for every human activity and fundamental resource for the overall development of any country. The quality of life, the prospects for social change and economic development depend increasingly on information and its exploitation. Seeking and using information are the common and essential human behaviours. Most of the time, information seeking processes assume an interaction cycle consisting of query formulation, receipt and assessment of retrieved results, and then either bringing the process to an end or reformulating the query and repeating the process until a perfect result set is found. Information seeking and using behaviours of people in various settings have always attracted the interest of researchers in the field of Library and Information Science dating back to the early decades of the twentieth century. Information behaviour studies articulating the importance of placing a specific user group at the center of research, and paying close attention to their internal motivations and needs help the information professionals for providing better library and information services, designing new information systems and enhance the existing systems for the particular community. A careful examination of the literature on the information seeking behaviour of academic community in India exposed that no comprehensive study focusing on the information seeking pattern of academic community specializing the field of Information Technology has been taken up by any researcher. Hence the present study was undertaken by the investigator. The present study is a survey based investigation of information seeking patterns of IT graduates in engineering institutes and universities in Delhi. By undertaking the present study, the researcher aim to gain an in-depth understanding of the information seeking patterns of IT graduates by exploring the information needs


Mental health disparities exist for ethnic minority populations due to inaccessible and ineffective interventions for these clients. Research findings indicate that ethnic minority clients were often assigned therapists or administered psychological interventions that were incompatible with their cultural backgrounds or life circumstances. Decades of research have identified cultural factors, such as racial/ethnic match, face concern, and social validity, as important contributors to mental health outcomes for ethnic minority populations. This chapter summarizes a research program dedicated to examining the disparities in psychological interventions and mental health outcomes for ethnic minority groups. This work also identified critical cultural factors related to treatment processes and outcomes for these groups. The chapter reviews the current efforts to translate this research program into culturally adapted and community-centered interventions as a way of reducing mental health disparities. Research challenges and future directions in the field of culture and psychological interventions are discussed.


The largest subunit of cytochrome c oxidase exists as two paralogs in most vertebrates: a constitutive COX4‐1 and hypoxia‐inducible COX4‐2. In primates and rodents, COX4‐2 is a hypoxia‐responsive gene encoding a protein with its ATP‐binding site disrupted by a disulfide bridge, precluding COX from the allosteric regulation that is exerted through the this site in COX4‐1. In an effort to understand the evolution of the gene, we examined role of the paralogs in fish. COX4‐2 of fish differs from mammals in three respects. First, the fish COX4‐2 gene does not appear to be hypoxia responsive at either the mRNA or protein level. This was shown in mammalian cells transfected with fish promoter constructs, and hypoxia treatments of cultured fish cells and whole animals. We used fish species from multiple lineages and differing in hypoxia tolerance, exposed to different degrees and durations of low oxygen. Second, the fish COX4‐2 protein lacks the structural features (paired CYS residues) that distinguish COX4‐2 from COX4‐1 in mammals. This pair of CYS residues in COX4‐2 protein appears only in the lineage of vertebrates that encompasses rodents and primates. Third, COX4‐2 expression patterns are quite different in fish. They show higher constitutive expression of COX4‐2 in all tissues, and demonstrate changes in COX4‐2 expression with development. Immunohistochemistry of tissues expressing both COX4 paralogs revealed that some tissues displayed both proteins in most cells, whereas other tissues showed cell‐specific patterns. In heart, individual myocytes expressed both COX4 paralogs, although select non‐myocytes expressed only COX4‐1. The paralog patterns also changed with size/age. Heart was dominated by COX4‐1 mRNA and protein in small fish but transitioned to predominately mRNA and COX4‐2 in large fish. The distinctions in COX4‐2 between mammalian models (rodents, humans) and other vertebrates (other mammalian lineages, reptiles, fish) bring into question the genetic origins of the paralog pair and its functional evolution during vertebrate diversification.


The paper deals with the role of consumer contract in the system of civil means of protection of rights of consumers of technically sophisticated goods. Consumer contract is viewed in terms of specific character of rights of consumers of technically sophisticated goods, namely, time limit for their exercise (15 days from the moment of delivery) and limits based on exercise of consumer rights in case of defected goods (related to termination of purchase and sale agreement).


1. Administrative data system I n 1965 the National Board of Health in Sweden designed a plan for mass screening for cervical cancer with specially trained midwives (nurses) as smeartakers. In Malmohus County in southern Sweden such a screening program was started in 1967. Each year about 15,000 women are invited to be examined. All data are given to the computer (IBM 360/40) by means of optical data sheets (IBM optical mark page recorder 1232), avoiding punchcard operators. From the tape recorded register or the County-administration those women who are to be invited during one year, are automatically transferred to a directory. Each women has an individual identification number ( year-month-day-birth number). The computer writes the name, address and identification number on all forms and envelopes. This material is sent out in advance to the 20 districts of the County. When the vaginal smear is taken, the woman delivers a questionnaire which she has filled out at home. On the basis of the questionnaires and cytological reports the computer delivers records to the gynecologist and a letter to every woman with the result of her examination. If the vaginal smear is abnormal or if the questionnaire reports abnormal bleeding, she is in the same letter given a consultation time with the gynecologist. The computer is informed of the consultation times one month in advance. The clinical findings as well as the pathology reports of biopsies or conizations are also reported to the computer. The machine produces a complete record of each patient including her check-up time. When this time has


Emotional information conveyed through facial expressions captures people's attention. While negative emotions closely related to general human survival tend to attract attention, as aging progresses, people tend to shift their attention more quickly to positive emotions than negative ones. This study utilized the dot-probe task to examine whether positive emotion bias varies with age among adults aged 20 to 69. Additionally, this study aimed to investigate whether the own-age effect occurs using photos of two age groups (i.e., a young actor and an elderly actor). The results of the study showed that participants of all age groups tended to focus more on positive emotions. The results also showed the own-age effect such that 30's age group payed more attention to positive and negative facial expressions of the young actors. These results suggest that positive emotions are recognized as important social information for all age groups, and attention bias differs according to the nature of the stimuli.


In this paper, we present different theoritical results linked with the Mojette transform that has been defined in VCIP'96. Direct and inverse transforms are extended to different implementations and the choice of the setof projections is deeply analysed. Applications for image coding and image analysis are sketched to see the links between the mojette transform with other tools : block/wavelet decomposition for coding and segmentation/texture for analysis.


When modelling security protocols by means of process calculi that express both nondeterministic and probabilistic behavior, it is customary to view the scheduler as an intruder. It has been established that the traditional scheduler needs to be carefully calibrated in order to more accurately reflect the intruder's real power. We propose such a class of schedulers through a variant of the Probabilistic Poly-time Calculus (PPC) of Mitchell et al. [12] called PPCνσ . To this end, we define two levels of schedulers: adversarial schedulers which schedule a class of indistinguishable actions, i.e. actions that we do not want an attacker to distinguish, and internal schedulers, called task schedulers, that resolve the remaining nondeterminism within the chosen class. We also show how to apply it in order to design schedulers for the analysis of cryptographic protocols that will accurately reflect an intruder's capacity for controlling communication networks, without controlling the internal reactions of the protocol under attack. We illustrate the aptness of our approach by an extensive study of the Dining Cryptographers (DCP) [9] protocol. Along these lines, we also define a new characterization of the asymptotic observational equivalence of Mitchell et al. [12] that is more suited for taking into account any observable trace instead of just one single action. Finally we prove that our asymptotic observational equivalence is congruent in accordance with the new schedulers.


Nutrient accumulation, distribution and use efficiency in 30 bamboo plant species were studied in a 14 years old bamboosetum at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Arunachal Pradesh Centre. Per cent concentration of N, P, Ca, Mn and Z n in different component of biomass had similar pattern in all the species. It was in the order of leaves > branches > stems and the concentration of K, Mg and Fe was in leaves > stems > branches. The N: P: K ratios of above ground biomass varied in different bamboo plant species (76–706 : 1 : 66–930). They showed that P was most limiting nutrient. Bamboo plant species had inherently different response to low P. Recycling of the nutrients through litters showed variability in the range of 2.7–40.9, 0.6–31.4, 1.5–21.1, 3.0–35.4, 1.0–35.4, 2.0–26.3, 0.5–8.0, 1.2–15.0 and 5.0– 39.3% of the annual uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn respectively, in different bamboo species. The pattern of nutrient-use efficiency was also different in 30 bamboo plant species.


The question as to the possibility and need to elaborate a single criterion for the effectiveness of socialist production continues to be the subject of discussion. At the present time the growth of the total mass of national income (N) independent of the correspondence between output and the need for it is practically taken as this criterion. It is calculated according to the formula:. However, the social aspect of the effectiveness of social production is not reflected in this formula. At the same time, a reduction in the normative length of the working year as a result of a shorter work week, an increase in leave time, etc., i.e., an increase in leisure time, can be viewed as a consumer good. Therefore, in our view it would be expedient (and at the same time it would not be difficult for the calculations) to enrich the adopted criterion of effectiveness somewhat by incorporating in it as a characteristic the change in the average normative duration of the working year (t). In such a case the cited formula would assume the following form: The problem of weights does not arise here.


Introduction: the purpose of this study was to determine the behavior of some factors influencing dental esthetics in male and female students of Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry (FOUA for its Spanish initials), aged 18 to 30 years. Methods: this was a descriptive- transversal study on 203 FOUA students. Direct measurements of the six maxillary anterior teeth were recorded with a digital Vernier caliper (Digimatic) ® and the lower third of the face was photographed. The statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 17. Descriptive measurements were obtained and a Student's t test was performed after testing normal distribution, in order to establish mean differences between the ideal proportions of lateral incisors. Results and conclusions: in males, the Facial Midline (FML) coincided with the Upper Teeth Line in 61.4% of the cases and both teeth lines coincided with each other in 38.6%. In females, the FML coincided with the Upper Teeth Line in 62.25% and both teeth lines coincided with each other in 31.1%. None of the subjects had the Golden Proportion between central and lateral upper incisors. The most prevalent Individual Tooth Ratio (ITR) range was the one over 80%. The average length of females' upper lip was 21.41 mm and the bottom lip 47.18 mm; in males, the upper lip measured 22.78 mm in average and the bottom lip 52.45 mm. In both sexes, the most frequent position of the upper lateral incisors' gingival margin was the incisal one.


The objective of the current study is to numerically investigate the effect of different height baffles mounted simultaneously in a 2 - dimensional channel on heat transfer and pressure drop. Three baffles of different height to channel ratios, / , of 0.1 67, 0.25, and 0.333, are used to form 9 different arrangements, or cases, of which seven cases have the same average baffle height, / of 0.167. Three of the 9 cases have equal height baffles. The Nusselt number ratio, / , and friction factor ratio, / , as functions of Reynolds number are to be studied. Two performance measures are applied, which are the standard deviation of temperature, , and the thermal performance enhancement factor, . The results shows that / , , anddecrease with Re. There is a proportional relationship between / and Re. Using a short baffle in front and a tall baffle in the back leads to decreasing the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures o f the heater plate, hence, decreasing the average σ T values by up to 52%. Comparing the cases that have the same average baffle heights indicates that mounting tall baffles in front enhances � / by 3%. For cases with equal average baffle heights, using baffles of equal height shows better performance from the point of view.


The T lymphoma Jurkat cell was treated with resveratrol(Res) at various concentrations.Then cells were observed by using fluorescence and electron transmission microscopy,and after Wright-Giemsa dyeing.The flow cytometry(FCM) was used to investigate the apoptotic rate of T lymphoma Jurkat cell.The results showed that Res cause T lymphoma Jurkat cell to undergo apoptosis in concentration dependent manner.The characteristic morphological alteration of apoptosis such as chromatin margination or condensation,nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic bodies can be observed.The typical apoptotic peak was shown by FCM,the apoptotic rates at concentrations of 0.125,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0 μL/mL were 3.01%,8.93%,17.97%,(22.45%,)32.88%,respectively,which were all significantly lower than 0.91% of control group.It's function may be attributed to the decreased expression of bcl-xl and bax in the cells,so that it cannot form the dimer of bcl-2/bax and bcl-2/bcl-xL to hold back the apoptosis.At last,the cells begun to apoptosis on caspase-depended type.


Fan-out wafer-level-packaging (FOWLP) technology has been developed with various advantages, such as smaller form factor, lower cost, and simplified supply chain for heterogeneous integration. There have been several process schemes like chip-first or chip-last FOWLP integration discussed widely in conferences in recent years. One process in all of these process schemes has in common is the use of a temporary carrier for subsequent redistribution layer (RDL) formation, chip stacking and molding processes. Although the separation of a temporary carrier from the reconstituted wafer could be achieved without significant hurdles, there were few studies addressing optimization of carrier separation for throughput enhancement. Thus, this paper is designed to address the needs in optimizing carrier separation process based upon laser ablation technology. Two phases of experiments were designed to select the appropriate laser release layer and define optimal laser settings. The first experiment was used to evaluate correlation of the laser absorption, laser energy, and spot pitch versus completeness of laser ablation. The second experiment included RDL-first FOWLP integration. At first, 300-mm glass carriers (1000 µm thick) with coefficient of thermal expansion of 8 ppm/ºC were treated by selected laser release layers. After deposition of 0.05-µm Ti/0.15 µm Cu on the glass carrier, passivation of around 8 µm was coated and patterned by lithography for electroplating Cu interconnections with a density of approximately 10% of the surface area. Subsequently, die bonding, build-up layers, or molding compound were applied on top to form a 200-µm reconstituted wafer. The reconstituted wafer was then separated from the glass carrier through a laser ablation process using a 355-nm laser to determine optimal throughput. Experiments to study correlation of laser release layer with laser settings along with a demonstration of full RDL-first FOWLP integration are discussed thoroughly to address the need of throughput enhancement, which could serve as cornerstone for realizing cost-effective RDL-first FOWLP.


The purpose of this paper is to describe the strategy and implementation activities developed by AGESIC (Agency for e-Government and Information Society) during 2015 in Uruguay to improve citizen inclusion in the Information and Knowledge Society, and to empower citizens to exercise their rights.


Over the last 5 years, the analysis of respiratory patterns presents a growing usage in clinical and research purposes, but there is still currently a lack of easy‐to‐use and affordable devices to perform such kind of evaluation.


The glorious future of particle physics, D.J. Gross the first evidence for electroweak radiative effects from the latest high precision data, L.B. Okun towards a string theory of QCD, D.J. Gross the bottom-up approach, A. Zichichi the top-down approach, D.V. Nanopoulos searching for SUSY dark matter, R. Arnowitt implications of solar neutrinos, P. Langacker neutrino masses, D.R.O. Morrison matter-antimatter symmetry, L. Maiani theoretical expectations for the top quark mass, J.L. Lopez DESY-DIS in electroweak processes, B. Wiik LEP-high precision electroweak data, S.C.C. Ting FNAL - search for top, trileptons and other effects from new physics, J. Peoples my life, N.F. Ramsey.


Multidivisional company consists of several divisions or business segments, usually in the form of profit or investment centers. Business segments are not independent legal entities, but have their own revenues, expenditures, financial result, and if it comes to investment centres decisions on the amount of investment are made. Something useful to a business segment or division may not be optimal from the aspect of the company as a whole. Business segments are also competitors. In those business segments managers have information that is not fully available to management at the highest level. Divisional managers, as agents are motivated to achieve better results in business segments that are delegated to them, and compensation schemes and bonuses can be so set that short-term financial interests of the segment dominate in relation to long-term interest of the owner increasing the company value.


Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) is a TEM technique that allows the characterization of the atomic structure in an amorphous material. It measures the spatial fluctuations in the scattering of electrons arising on a medium-range scale (1-3nm). Here, the FEM technique based on the acquisition of tilted dark-field images was applied to specimens containing nanometer sized crystalline regions embedded in an amorphous matrix. Intermetallic Co3Ti with the nominal composition of Co-23at.%Ti was made by mixing Co and Ti of high purity in an induction furnace under Ar atmosphere. The high oxidation tendency of Ti leads to the formation of some small titanium-oxide particles. After annealing at 950°C for ~100h under a static Ar overpressure to achieve the L12 long range ordered phase, the crystalline Co3Ti alloy was rendered amorphous by severe plastic deformation using high-pressure torsion (HPT with 20 turns at 8GPa). Fig. 1a shows a TEM bright-field image of the Co3Ti sample subjected to HPT deformation. Dark dots (5-10nm in size) within a homogeneous speckle contrast characteristic for an amorphous sample indicate the presence of small crystalline particles. Some of these crystalline particles light up in the tilted TEM dark-field image (cf. Fig. 1b) when a certain scattering vector k is used. Fig. 2 shows the corresponding TEM diffraction pattern of a large area. The dominance of the diffuse rings is characteristic for the amorphous phase. The particles can be analysed by EELS but in this study we want to emphasize the capability of FEM. Therefore, FEM that is sensitive to spatial differences in diffraction was applied. Fig. 3 and 4 show the FEM results calculated from tilted TEM dark-field images taken from the entire reciprocal space by varying the direction and length of k. The images were analysed statistically by calculating the mean and the normalized variance V(k) of the image intensity I(k,r): V(k)=(/2)-1, where <> means averaging over sample position r [1]. By averaging  and V(k) of images taken with a given k, plots of  and V(k) as a function of k are obtained (cf. Fig. 3). In order to analyse the crystalline particles, V(k) values of two-phase areas V(k)tp are compared with the value of the amorphous area V(k)a. The plot V(k)tp V(k)a shows peaks at positions corresponding to titanium-oxide lattice planes (cf. Fig. 4). The good agreement of the results by FEM and EELS reveals that FEM is able to identify crystalline particles and it underlines also the applicability of FEM for the characterisation of structural medium-range order in the amorphous phase.


Tray mechanism includes a tray having a storage zone, and beverages held device with receptacle, the. Beverage holding device, when the tray is extended, it may be automatically extended.


This case study provides a comprehensive description of cooperation in the Barents Euro Arctic Region (BEAR). Regional cooperation in this area includes two inter-related organizations. The first i ...


This paper deals with the recognition of nasal consonants, /m, n, η/, in American English. From an acoustic study conducted earlier, parameters found to be useful in distinguishing nasal murmurs from a set of phonemically defined impostors were used in a recognition experiment. The algorithm assumes that the boundaries of the nasals, and their broad phonetic context, are known. Our results, based on 600 sentences spoken by 60 speakers, show that nasal consonants can be distinguished from the impostors with an accuracy of 83.5%. In parallel, a nasal detection algorithm based on a local decision criterion is being developed, using the outputs of an auditory model. Evaluation of its performance on 600 sentences indicates that the nasals are found 96% of the time, with a 2 to 1 impostor-to-nasal ratio. The final step of merging the detection and recognition components has yet to be completed.


Federal and state law affecting the production and use of energy in Texas consists of a bewildering complex of constitutional provisions, statutes, caselaw, and regulatory practice. This project was intended to survey briefly this legal morass and to draft a handbook to help lawmakers, administrators, scholars, and energy producers and users cut through it. The report identifies and summarizes the principal federal and state statutes dealing with exploration, production, processing and conversion, transportation/transmission, distribution, and use of energy and relevant environmental restraints. It also contains extensive indexing and cross-referencing to administrative practices, caselaw, and more intensive scholarly analysis and commentary.


To study the CT findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis. 9 cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis proved by clinic and pathology were presented. There were 4 males and 5 females, with an average age of 53.7 years; 6 cases were idiopathic fibrosis and 3 cases were non-idiopathic one. Plain CT scans and enhanced CT study were obtained in all cases. Poorly defined diffuse lesions were showed in 4 cases and well circum scribed masses in 5 cases. The lesion could be hypodensity, inhomodensity or isodensity, and various enhancement by contrast administration. Most cases complicated with hydronephrosis or hydroureterosis. Therefore, CT could play an important role in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis,It should be diagnosed if a diffuse or mass lesion occurs in retroperitoneal space complicating with hydronephrosis or hydroureterosis.


Recent approach to complexity theory (Mary Uhl-Bien, Russ Marion and Bill McKelve, 2007) of leadership attempt to move toward "a new understanding of what leadership is, in a post-industrial school of leadership" by developing a model of leadership based in complexity science in bureaucratic forms of organizing (Mary Uhl-Bien, Russ Marion, 2009). This study has tried to drop the old paradigm of "Reductionist Thinking" to reach to a holistic view and model which can be offered by Complexity Theory and consequently succeeded here to offer: 1. A broad solution which is embedded in Complexity science. 2. General Model of Leadership as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) 3. Understand and Explain how attractors affects CAS of leadership 4. Look at Leaders Brain instead of Behavior 5. An start to Complex Plane (called here also phase space) of the complex function to simulate emerged system of Leadership.


The criminal policy of combining lenience and strictness guides the way for the legislation of criminal law.However,observing the crime and punishment changes made by the eight criminal law amendments,the trend of criminalization and penalization has not been changed.It is necessary to stick to proper criminalization and promote lenience in punishment.Meanwhile,problems in this process should not be ignored.Only in this way,can we build a constructive structure of criminal and punishment to prevent crime effectively.


We use high-throughput density functional theory calculations to screen lead-free perovskite-like materials with compositions A2BB′X6, ABX4, and A3B2X9 for optoelectronic performance. We screen monovalent A and B′ cations from Na, K, Rb, Cs Cu, and Ag, trivalent B cations from Ga, In, and Sb, and monovalent anions from Cl, Br, and I. Our screening procedure is based on formation energy and hybrid HSE06 functional predicted bandgaps. We screened more than 480 compounds and found 10 compounds that have bandgaps in the 1.5–2.5 eV range. Of these 10 compounds, seven are new, not having been reported before. We further characterize effective masses, density of states, and absorption coefficients of these selected compounds for their suitability in optoelectronic applications. All 10 of these selected compounds are lead-free and are solution processable. These compounds pave a path forward for lead-free photovoltaics and light emission devices.


An algorithm is introduced for the simulation of sound signals propagating in acoustic media. Implementation of the algorithm is achieved using C++ on a Windows 2000 platform. Then a simulation experiment using the computer program is performed to study how a sound signal is reflected and transmitted when it goes through a median interface between the air and water. Another experiment demonstrates how to use the simulation program to study the effects of a partition wall blocking noises


Taken together, these two volumes represent variations on the mainstream of peace and conflict research in international relations, normatively based on liberal assumptions, and focused on the key areas of peacebuilding and statebuilding. They equate sustainable peace with a state framework for market democracy and civil society, and will no doubt be widely read and appreciated for some good reason. In the case of the Paris and Sisk volume, this will be so especially in North America where the language and methodology employed is perhaps most resonant. The work of many of the authors included in these two books has been influential. Chapters summarise the range of issues in mainstream debates well, bringing together an interesting range of papers. Yet, to my mind the dilemma that they represent for scholars and practitioners involved in international intervention, whether conflict management, resolution or transformation, mediation and negotiation, peacekeeping, peacebuilding or statebuilding, is an old one which these two volumes, able and scholarly though they are, ultimately skirt around. Somewhere between peacebuilding as an activity focused on a 'sustainable peace' often understood as grass-roots, locally owned and resonant, and statebuilding as an institutional activity backed by the mainly western international community for its own interests and to consolidate its security and normative systems, a very unsatisfactory form of peace has emerged, which has had a minimal impact on its many recipients, and appears alien, distant, heavy handed or uncaring. Echoes of colonialism and of local everyday resistance, hidden and obvious, have arisen within the span of these agendas. It is the set of problems that emerge from these tensions, which these two volumes address in timely fashion. These tensions are between 'liberal' and 'local', between distant 'governmentality' and local political, social, economic systems, often influenced by custom or class and dynamics that fall outside of the liberal canon. These are often assumed to be without agency or capacity, but liberal experiences of statebuilding and peacebuilding have shown this not to be the case, in my view. These hidden tensions have caused a post-colonial critique of these 'peace projects' to become very


The paper is an attempt to approach the basic failures of learning English in China varsity classrooms by listing some negative factors. They include age, motivation, environment, methodology, transfer the like. The objective is expected to contribute the pygmy effort to the syllabus design that helps students to span methodological, cultural cognitive gaps in the process of learning.


Objective:To investigate the risk factor of spontaneous abortion of fertile women among rural region in Anhui province in 2001.Methods:Random cluster sampling survey, single variance analysis and multivariate logistic regression were adopted.Results:The spontaneous abortion rate in the areas from 1962 to 2001 was 4.85%, obviously higher than the average rate of China (3.60%). Results from the single variance analysis indicated that higher or lower body mass indice (BMI), women without prenatal checkup or later checkup, more embryos, unsuccessful conception control, smoking or taking pills prior to or during pregnancy increased the danger of spontaneous abortion. Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that more embryos (from the second embryo), pregnancy after an unsuccessful contraception of taking pills, smoking prior pregnancy, taking pills prior to or during pregnancy leaded to higher spontaneous abortion rate.Conclusion:There is no particular occupational risk factors of spontaneous abortion in the rural areas, but it is beneficial to further strengthen family planning, stop more birth and enhance pregnancy care for the reduction of spontaneous abortion rate and the improvement of reproduction health.


Orchidaceae are represented by ca 1200 species from the erstwhile British India o f which Habenaria Willd. is the largest terrestrial genus. Taxonomic revision of the genus Habenaria Willd. in India has been undertaken by the authors to provide detailed accounts o f genera, species and varietal level. The present paper provides distributional data o f Habenaria Willd. in India based on field survey, materials available in different herbaria and literature study.


About 10 million cancer survivors reside in the U.S. As our ability to cure cancer increases, we have begun to focus on maximizing quality of life and


How to training meet the needs of enterprise logistics talent,becomes the current urgent problems to be solved.Article by research the needs of logistics enterprises talent,introduced training meet the needs of enterprise logistics talent's basic ideas,provided a basis for vocational teaching reform of logistics in and learn from.


3D printing techniques can be used in various application fields and many researches have been reported. FDM (Fused Deposition modeling) can make multi-material or multi-color models with the simultaneous use of two or more filaments. In a dual-nozzle FDM printers, while the active nozzle is working, the remaining nozzle will be idle. The remaining molten resins inside an idle nozzle can ooze out unwantedly. The spill over from the resting nozzle produces unwanted remaining on the fabricated product. In this research, we suggest a method for optimizing building position of a model to minimize the unwanted spill-over that could possibly contaminate the final product. The method is based on minimizing the two intersection volumes. The first intersection volume is obtained by intersecting the volume defined by the first material and the Minkowski sum between the volume of the first material and the vector obtained by subtracting the center point of the first nozzle from the center point of the second nozzle. The second intersection volume can be obtained by reversing the role of the first and second volumes and nozzles. Some results obtained from the implementation using the Parasolid (Siemens) geometric modeling kernel is presented.


Perioperative oral function management was introduced in 2012 and has been taken up throughout Japan. However, except for some dental clinics, most are limited to dental hospitals, which cannot be said as enough. In order to widely apply this in the regions, it is important to establish a collaborative system between cancer hospitals and dental clinics. In addition, it is important to continue the oral function management after the patient's discharge. Especially, the collaboration between dental hygienists is also important in order to perform a high-quality oral function management. Looking forward, we need to think about future measures to make greater contributions to the health and welfare of not only the cancer patients but of all local residents.


ESPITE the promise of more accurate diagD nosis and better monitoring of glaucoma, standard clinical examining techniques have disappointed many practitioners. Increasingly, new testing paradigms to evaluate the functional status of the optic nerve are converging with new imaging methods to measure optic nerve structural characteristics to better assess patients suspected of having glaucoma and those who already have glaucoma. With this issue of Seminars in Ophthalmology, leading experts on functional and structural testing for glaucoma update the clinician on those methodologies and instruments that are being used in clinical practice. As discussed by Charles F. Bosworth and colleagues, standard automated perimetry to diagnose glaucoma is being refined with new methods of data assessment, new testing algorithms, and a better understanding of what constitutes a significant change in the visual field. Pamela A. Sample and her colleagues describe newer functional techniques that exploit the selective use of stimulus and background wavelengths (short-wavelength automated perimetry), specific psychophysical phenomena (frequency doubling perimetry), and other unique stimulus characteristics (motion automated perimetry) to detect visual function changes earlier in the established glaucoma patient. Assessment of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer in clinical practice as discussed by


Does the partisan character of governing parties play a role in the formation of fiscal policy? The conventional view is that the left tends toward excessive deficits, whereas the right practices a more prudent fiscal policy; however, strong arguments have been advanced that whatever room existed previously for partisanship in fiscal policy making has been sharply reduced by developments in recent decades. These issues are examined with a series of models that have been estimated using data from 14 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries for the period from 1961 through 1991. The evidence suggests that the relationship between partisanship and fiscal policy is contingent on macroeconomic conditions. The evidence also suggests that these differences have been reduced over recent decades.


The current status and research progress of sanitation of public articles and appliances were described on the basis of the recent literature reviews.The researches on methods for disinfection of public articles and appliances showed that the most efficient method for disinfection of haircut appliance was ultraviolet radiation disinfection.The disinfetion efficiencies of different methods for disinfection of tea sets,towels,etc,the recent new reports on the selection of sanitary parameters and sampling methods of sanitary standard for public articles were introduced also.


Emission of the second positive system of molecular nitrogen, N2(C Πu) → N2(BΠg), in nanosecond pulsed discharge in nitrogen was studied. It was shown that observed emission decay is fast comparing to known from the literature values and that the emission decay is a function of specific deposited energy at fixed gas pressure. The density of electrons was measured in the discharge and in the near afterglow, tens-hundreds nanosecond after the discharge, and compared with calculated on the basis of measured electric current. It was concluded that active electron production takes place in the afterglow due to associative ionization from nitrogen metastable molecules, and that the observed fast quenching is caused by collisions with electrons.


We are living in an age of information explosion. Computer and other electronic resources has become an indispensable tool in our society [1]. The main function of a library is to provide information to the users. With the help of electronic resources the staff, students and the researchers can access to the huge volume of information with speed and accuracy. The present paper makes an attempt to adjudicate the performance of libraries having e resource facilities. Through the evaluation the Pondicherry University and its affiliated colleges may acquire an idea regarding the improvement and further development. In addition they may be able to know the users attitude about the Library services. Therefore based on the above context this paper is significant one.


Survival of expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys and their recipients has not been thoroughly evaluated in Europe. Therefore, we compared the outcome of ECD and non‐ECD kidney transplantations in a Dutch cohort, stratifying by age and diabetes. In all first Dutch kidney transplants in recipients ≥18 years between 1995 and 2005, both relative risks (hazard ratios, HR) and adjusted absolute risk differences (RD) for ECD kidney transplantation were analysed. In 3062 transplantations [recipient age 49.0 (12.8) years; 20% ECD], ECD kidney transplantation was associated with graft failure including death [HR 1.62 (1.44–1.82)]. The adjusted HR was lower in recipients ≥60 years of age [1.32 (1.07–1.63)] than in recipients 40–59 years [1.71 (1.44–2.02) P = 0.12 for comparison with ≥60 years] and recipients 18–39 years [1.92 (1.42–2.62) P = 0.03 for comparison with ≥60 years]. RDs showed a similar pattern. In diabetics, the risks for graft failure and death were higher than in the nondiabetics. ECD kidney grafts have a poorer prognosis than non‐ECD grafts, especially in younger recipients (<60 years), and diabetic recipients. Further studies and ethical discussions should reveal whether ECD kidneys should preferentially be allocated to specific subgroups, such as elderly and nondiabetic individuals.


The aim of this paper is to explain the application of augmented reality technology in various domains, particularly in development of educational applications. Firstly, the principles of the augmented reality are explained and the manner of its usages in a broad spectrum of fields, such as medicine, education, entertainment, game, sport, architecture and tourism. We have compared most commonly used technologies and tools for development of augmented reality applications. Unity is a part of the advanced computer graphics technologies that improve contemporary computerized life with ordinarily used games and various mobile applications. Unity is employing to develop 2D and 3D applications and to deploy them on different platforms. We have created an educational discovery-based augmented reality application by using Unity.


Investments in renewable energy sources (RES) can mobilize significant capital to support renewable energy deployment. However, policymaking does not pay adequate attention to investors' motives and preferences and thus it is possible that current policies lack vital elements that appeal to potential investors. The aim of this study was to examine how Greek companies that have invested in renewables perceive RES investments and, in specific, to examine their views about economic drivers, barriers to investments and the measures that could facilitate investments. To that aim, 15 in-depth interviews were held with representatives of Greek companies and the data were analyzed with thematic analysis. It was indicated that perceiving the investment as profitable and secure was what mainly drove companies to invest while rapid depreciation was another driver. The perceived barriers requiring policy response involved the bureaucracy of the licensing procedure and the lack of grid capacity. In addition, companies that lack substantial capital find it difficult to ensure favorable conditions for loans. The most recommended measures to facilitate companies to invest in RES were to eliminate bureaucracy, expand the grid and accelerate procedures.


The development of oil and gas reserves in water depths greater than 450 metres has seen a clear trend develop in the types of platform selected for production purposes. Floating production systems (semi-submersibles and floating production, storage and offloading facilities, FPSOs), spars and tension leg platens (TLPs) dominate this trend. Until recently, the use of flexible marine risers has been largely unquestioned when floating structures have been employed to develop offshore oil and gas reserves. A major advantage of using a flexible riser was seen to be its compliancy with a vessel's motion. In deeper water, however, the ratio of a vessel's vertical movement to the water depth decreases. This reduces the effective strains applied to a riser due to a vessel's notion and allows alternative riser configurations to be adopted. Steel catenary risers (SCRs) and, to a lesser extent, hybrid users are favourable configurations for use in deepwater for both production and export purposes. Flexible pipe is inherently expensive to manufacture and is restricted in the range of environments in which it can be employed (including high temperatures and for chemically aggressive product). The use steel, and materials such as titanium, for these alternative configurations can overcome many of the disadvantages associated with flexible risers and offer promising solutions for narine risers in deeper water.


The instrumentation currently planned for the Next Generation Space Telescope will require an unprecedented number of low background, high efficiency IR arrays spanning a total wavelength range 0.6-28 μ. To obtain these arrays, NASA is funding basic research and manufacturing technology efforts in two NIR materials, one based on HgCdTe and the other on InSb, and one mid-IR material Si:As. In this brief report, we summarize the current detector requirements and some of the considerations that are evolveing into a better definition of those requirements.


Aiming at scattering center extraction problem of interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) imaging, a new method based on joint CLEAN and maximum between-class variance (OTSU) is proposed in this paper. Scattering center extraction of each ISAR image is a key step to achieve interferometric processing. Firstly, the CLEAN algorithm is applied to extract the scattering centers preliminarily and remove the influence of the side lobes to make a preliminary distinction of different scattering center regions of the ISAR image. The OTSU algorithm is used to accurately extract the scattering centers in the initially distinguished scattering center region. Simulation results confirmed the effectiveness of the method.


This research work deals with investigation of the thermal characteristics of the Darcy–Forchheimer hydromagnetic hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu/H2O) flow through a permeable stretching cylinder. The model equations, which consist of continuity, momentum, and energy equations, are converted to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations through similarity variables transformations and appropriate boundary conditions. Brownian motion and Thermophoresis effects are mainly focused in this work. The impacts of some interesting parameters over velocity, temperature, and concentrations profiles are graphically studied. The present study will be helpful in understanding the thermal characteristics of heat transfer liquids.


Viability and performance of soybean Seeds were obviously affected by pod position on the plant and storage period so that they don't have germination capacity above the standard of certified seed (75%) and produce pour performance under field conditions. The objective of the present research was to determine the effect of pod position on the plant and open-air storage conditions for 3,6 and 18 months on soybean seed quality as expressed by germination traits, seed and seedling vigor under optimal and sub-optimal conditions in the laboratory and the field during 2012 and 2013 seasons. The results revealed that seeds from the upper third part of the plant tended to have high quality including seed weight, laboratory germination before and after aging, germination rate, seedling length and its dry matter, electrical conductivity as well as field emergence. Seed quality was also influenced by storage period, the longer the period the lower seed quality. However, soybean seed can be stored safety without dramatic changes in quality attributes for 6 months. Seed deteriorating was related to the genetic makeup .Protein and oil seed content within each cultivar were not significantly affected by storage period. Oil acidity, acid value and free fatty acids were increased with increasing storage period, while Peroxide value was decreased... However, prolonging storage period up to 18 months (carriedover seeds) should be under controlled conditions in order to maintain seed quality unchanged. Furthermore, economical study is need to determining the benefit of using certain part of the plant for future plant purpose as compared with using the whole harvested seeds.


The main problem with images acquired using macro photography is the very shallow depth-of-field. In this article we present and implement an algorithm to reconstruct full focused images based on partially focused images series of the same object acquired with different focus depths. The presented algorithm consists of several phases including: image registration, depth map creation, image reconstruction and final histogram and quality correction.


This paper puts forward a fuzzy controller based on neural networks trained by Genetic Algorithm (GA). Weights and strcture of neural networks are trained Simultaneously. Simulation results show: The control system has strong robustness and resistance to disturbance.


Diabetes mellitus produces a lot of highly reactive oxygen species which have been attributed to the aetiology and pathophysiology of the disease. In view of the adverse effects associated with synthetic drugs and natural medicine being considered to be safer, cheaper and more effective, traditional antidiabetic plants can be explored. The results of the experiment showed that there were significant increases (P<0.05) in the concentrations of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) in group 2 rats (diabetic untreated) compared with normal control rats (group 1). Administration of 300 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta to rats in group 3 to 6 and 0.01mg/kg b.w of voglibose to rats in group 7 showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, LDL and TAG concentrations. On the other hand, there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in high density density (HDL) concentrations in the group 2 (diabetic untreated) compared with group 1 (normal rats). However, administration of 300 mg/kg b.w of ethanol extracts of E. hirta to rats in group 3 to 6 and 0.01 mg/kg b.w to rats in group 7 showed significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL concentration. There was no significant increase (p>0.05) in sodium and bicarbonate ion concentrations but significant increase (p<0.05) in potassium and chloride ion concentrations in diabetic untreated rats (group 2) compared with rats in normal control group. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in serum urea and creatinine concentrations in diabetics untreated rats (group 2) compared with normal rats (group 1). Administration of 300 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract of E. hirta to groups 3 to 6 and 0.01 mg/kg b.w. of voglibose to group 7 resulted in significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum urea and creatinine concentrations. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and vitamin C concentration with significant increase (p<0.05) in serum malondialdehyde concentration in group 2 (diabetics untreated rats) compared with normal rats (group 1). However, addition of 300 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract of E. hirta to Groups 3 to 6 and 0.01 mg/kg b.w. of voglibose to group 7 resulted in significant increase (p<0.05) in serum catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and vitamin C concentration, with significant decrease (p<0.05) in MDA concentration compared with the diabetic untreated rats (group 2). There was significant increase (p<0.05) in blood glucose concentration in rats of group 2 to 7 before administration of ethanol extracts of E. hirta and voglibose compared with normal rats (group 1). When 300 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract of E. hirta was administered to groups 3 to 6 and 0.01 mg/kg b.w. of voglibose to group 7, there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in blood glucose concentration compared with diabetic untreated (group 2). The administration of 300 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract of E. hirta and 0.01 mg/kg b.w. of voglibose showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the body weights of the rats in groups 4 to 7 compared with that of normal control. No significant increase (p>0.05) in the body weights of rats in group 2 and 3 compared with normal rats (group 1). When 300 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract of E. hirta and 0.01 mg/kg b.w. of voglibose were administered to rats in groups 3 to 7, there was significant increase (p<0.05) in the body weights of the rats compared with diabetic untreated rats (group 2).


It is known that vibratory stimulation of muscle tendons induces kinesthetic illusions, tonic vibration reflex (TVR) and antagonist vibratory response (AVR). In order to utilize kinesthetic illusion, TVR, and AVR in a wide range of fields, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of the three phenomena in various joints. In particular, the shoulder joint plays an important role in upper limb motion, and vibration stimulation characteristics in the shoulder joint extension direction have not yet been quantitatively evaluated. In this study, by applying vibration stimulation to the tendon of origin in biceps brachii long head and tendon of insertion in biceps brachii muscle, a multi-articular muscle, the amount of kinesthetic illusion, TVR and AVR in the shoulder joint extension direction are compared in each frequency. The experimental results shows that the kinesthetic illusion is generated not only in the tendon of origin but also in the tendon of insertion by the vibration stimulus. Also, the stimulation to the tendon of origin induces TVR at 100–120 Hz, but the vibration stimulation to the tendon of insertion does not at any used frequency range. Finally, it was found that vibratory stimulation to the tendon of insertion produced more AVR than vibratory stimulation to the tendon of origin. The results of this study provide the necessary knowledge to control artificial sensation and motion compensation in the shoulder joint extension direction.


The astronomers and the general population are fascinated with the problem of exoplanet detection. By far the largest number of detected planets are the so-called Super Earths, relatively cold planets orbiting a large, red giant star, with diameters up to 1 AU, most of them at about one hundred light-year distance from us. A rotational shearing interferometer (RSI) was proposed for exoplanet detection. Here the detection capabilities of the RSI are expanded to include the case when the interferometer is not precisely aligned on the star. The theoretical analysis is applied to the case of a Super Earth with the red giant star, displaced from the origin to the Mercury, Earth, and the Martian orbit. For errors in alignment up to the Mercury orbit, the red giant star generates a slanted radiance pattern that may be eliminated using information processing. For larger distances, analysis in the Fourier domain is feasible.


Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of dual induction chemotherapy regimen in treating patients with newly diagnosed de novo acute myelocytic leukemia(AMID and compare with those of the standard in- duction chemotherapy.Methods Standard.chemotherapy followed by either granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)regimen(dual induction group)or standard chemotherapy again(control group)was administered to pa tients with newly diagnosed de novo AML.Clinical manifestations,blood count,blood biochemical parameters and bone marrow smears were measured during the courses.Results Eighteen patients were enrolled in each group, the mean age was(38.3±13.8)years in dual induction group and(40.7±13.1)years in the control group.Com- plete remission(CR)rates were 72% vs 33% and overall response rates were 83% vs 50% respectively,with sig- nificant differences(P=0.019 nad 0.034 respectively).The periods to attain CR were(17.3±4.7)d vs(20.9±3.7)d from the ends of the treatment,were statistically significant(P=0.04).Infections,usually of respiratory tract,were the most common side effect in both groups.The difference in the incidences of respiratory tract infections be- tween the two groups was significant(P=0.044).Severe life-threatening complications as septicemia and hemorrhage oc- curred in the control group only.Conclusions Sequential dual induction chemotherapy regimen is both effective and well tolerated in patients with newly diagnosed de novo AML.


INTRODUCTION Infrared rays(IR) have been used in many areas in recent years and nowadays, many devices have been developed with the aim of heating in open,closed areas working with infrared technology.IR can cause retinopathy.They have the risk of developing periocular skin burns, corneal epitheliopathy,retinopathy.In this study, we wanted to talk about eight cases who were exposure with infrared light in a chemical manufacturing factory where Infrared light was used for drying and all of 8 patients had burning, stinging, watering,redness in the eyes.


Cell death plays a fundamental role in mounting protective and pathogenic immunity. Etosis is a cell death mechanism defined by the release of extracellular traps (ETs), which can foster inflammation, exert microbicidal activity, and is often associated with innate immune cells. Here we demonstrate that human CD8+ T cells release ETs (herein LETs – lymphocyte extracellular traps), which display unique morphology and functional characteristics. CD8+ T cell-derived LETs form strands that connect distant cells and colocalize with CD107a, a cytotoxicity marker. The release of LETs by CD8+ T cells induces death of neighboring cells without intimate cell-cell contact. Importantly, we show that the progression and severity of debilitating and mutilating forms of human leishmaniasis are associated with CD8+ T cell-derived LETs carrying CD107a+ vesicles. We propose that CD8+ T cell-derived LETs deliver cytotoxicity signals to distant target cells causing their death, providing insights into mechanisms of CD8-mediated pathology.


Apart from their role in humoral immunity, B cells can exhibit IL‐10‐dependent regulatory activity (Bregs). These regulatory subpopulations have been shown to inhibit inflammation and allograft rejection. However, our understanding of Bregs has been hampered by their rarity, lack of a specific marker, and poor insight into their induction and maintenance. We previously demonstrated that T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain‐1 (TIM‐1) identifies over 70% of IL‐10‐producing B cells, irrespective of other markers. We now show that TIM‐1 is the primary receptor responsible for Breg induction by apoptotic cells (ACs). However, B cells that express a mutant form of TIM‐1 lacking the mucin domain (TIM‐1Δmucin) exhibit decreased phosphatidylserine binding and are unable to produce IL‐10 in response to ACs or by specific ligation with anti‐TIM‐1. TIM‐1Δmucin mice also exhibit accelerated allograft rejection, which appears to be due in part to their defect in both baseline and induced IL‐10+ Bregs, since a single transfer of WT TIM‐1+ B cells can restore long‐term graft survival. These data suggest that TIM‐1 signaling plays a direct role in Breg maintenance and induction both under physiological conditions (in response to ACs) and in response to therapy through TIM‐1 ligation. Moreover, they directly demonstrate that the mucin domain regulates TIM‐1 signaling.


Introduction Many case studies in the past have shown that non-destructive GPR prospection can be used successfully to generate high-resolution images of the subsurface. The method can be of great value both to pin-point areas for future excavations and to gain information of areas where digs may be fruitless or should be avoided in order to protect the buried structures. However, traditional archaeological GPR prospection covering large areas generally is both time consuming and expensive. O...


Abstract Whakamaru Ignimbrite (Central North Island, New Zealand) cornprises a 2500-km2 cornposite sheet that grades from a single compound cooling unit near source to a series of separate cooling units on the distal edges. Degree of welding and crystallisation decreases, and percent porosity increases, towards the distal edges of the ignimbrite, These changes probably reflect both a thinning of flows and loss of heat with increasing distance from source. Local variations in this pattern result from an irregular pre-eruption topography. Thickness, temperature, and volatile content were irnportant in deterrnining the type of devitr ification products formed in the groundmass and pumice fragments in various parts of the cooling unit.


Rotator cuff structural changes are conjoint in the overhead throwing Abstract Background: Rotator cuff structural changes are common in overhead throwing athletes, such as baseball, javelin, swimming, volleyball, by increasing the risk of shoulder pain and injury. The structural alterations in elite water polo players are not well known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate shoulders of asymptomatic elite male water polo players at the beginning of the season with the hypothesis that in elite water polo athletes there are structural alterations of rotator cuff tendons due to overuse of the dominant shoulder compared to the non-dominant, like in other overhead disciplines, identifiable by ultrasound. Methods: Asymptomatic elite men


In Hybrid-Flexible (HyFlex) classes, students are typically given full control over their decisions to participate online or in the classroom. This provides them with the ability to make participation choices based on convenience, learning progress, social interaction preferences, or other factors important to them at the time. Faculty, on the other hand, do not have choices about participation mode, since they have to provide both an online and a classroom experience supporting student learning. This bi-modal approach with student freedom to choose mode is an essential (and perhaps defining) character of a HyFlex design.


Abstract This paper examines the use of aggregate measures of support (AMSs) in the proposals for the long‐term reform of agricultural support tabled by the major participants in the Uruguay Round. The USA, the Cairns Group (CG) and the EC have proposed measures based on the OECD's Producer Subsidy Equivalent (PSE), adjusted to take account of only the most trade‐distorting policies, and using a fixed reference price to calculate the extent of market price support. If the proposed 'adjusted PSEs' are used, the reductions in internal support levels in the EC cereals sector from the base periods to 1995 range from 8 billion ECU under the US proposal to 4.5 billion ECU under the EC proposal. The resulting 'producer prices' would be almost 20% higher under the EC proposal than under the other two. In terms of percentage PSEs, support to farmers would be around 20 to 25 percentage points below present levels under the US and CG proposals and around 18 percentage points lower under the EC's plan.


AIM
To characterize medication use by adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes before an initial multidisciplinary clinic visit.

PATIENTS & METHODS
A cross-sectional sample of 120 adolescents and parents reported on standardized assessment measures, with medication use data extracted from the medical chart and categorized.

RESULTS
On average, 3.2 medications were reported; 70% used more than one pain-specific medication including opioids (17%), nonopioids (31%), psychotropics/neuropathics (45%) and other medications (13%). Adolescents with complex regional pain syndrome consistently reported greatest use of opioid, psychotropic/neuropathic and other pain medications. A regression model explained 17% of the variance in pain medication use. Nonpain medication use and disability contributed unique variance - pain duration and intensity did not.

CONCLUSION
Greater attention to factors contributing to prescriptive practices, medication use and long-term outcomes is warranted.


Abstract. Commerce of live ants has increased around the world with potential negative consequences. Field-collected colonies are shipped in small plastic or glass containers, and ant colonies moved illegally need to be confiscated and killed by regulatory authorities. We obtained 100% mortality of field-collected worker ants of seven genera immersed in 70% isopropyl alcohol for 60 minutes, in 10% sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) solution for 8 hours or placing them at -11 to -28°C for 8 hours in the freezer of a refrigerator. Exposing worker ants to 20 seconds under microwave energy killed 100% in only six of the seven ant genera. Seventy-five percent of Solenopsis invicta Buren workers survived microwave treatment.


The problem of tripeptide loop closure is formulated in terms of the angles f (cid:28) i g 3 i =1 describing the orientation of each peptide unit about the virtual axis joining the C (cid:11) atoms. Imposing the constraint that at the junction of two such units the bond angle between the bonds C (cid:11) { N and C (cid:11) { C is (cid:12)xed at some prescribed value (cid:18) results in a system of three bivariate polynomials in u i := tan (cid:28) i = 2 of degree 2 in each variable. The system is analyzed for the existence of common solutions by making use of resultants, determinants of matrices composed of the coe(cid:14)cients of two (or more) polynomials, whose vanishing is a necessary and su(cid:14)cient condition for the polynomials to have a common root. Two resultants are compared, the classical Sylvester Resultant and the Dixon Resultant. It is shown that when two of the variables are eliminated in favor of the third, a polynomial of degree 16 results. To each one of its real roots, there corresponds a common zero of the system. To each such zero, there corresponds a consistent conformation of the chain. The Sylvester method can (cid:12)nd these zeros among the eigenvalues of a 24 (cid:2) 24 matrix. For the Dixon approach, after removing extraneous factors, an optimally sized eigenvalue problem of size 16 (cid:2) 16 results. Finally, the easy extension to the more general problem of Triaxial Loop Closure is presented and an algorithm for implementing the method on arbitrary chains is given.


The cis or trans-glycidic esters 1 or 7 give ring transformations with hydrazines affording optically active 4-hydroxypyrazolidin-3-ones 3 and 4 or 6 or 9 and 10, respectively, in different regioselectivities. 4-Hydroxypyrazolidin-3-ones 3 and 9 can serve as precursors for enantiomerically pure β-amino-α-hydroxycarboxylic acid amides 5 and 11 by hydrogenation in the presence of Raney-Ni.


This article explores new mechanisms through which countries can improve their connection with global innovation networks, beyond the traditional mechanisms to absorb foreign technology such as international trade and foreign direct investment. Through the case study of Chile, we discuss new opportunities and challenges associated with the development of public policies specifically designed to attract foreign entrepreneurs and international universities. This study contributes to expanding the existing literature on the globalization of innovation, while suggesting a set of recommendations for public policies.


In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), poverty rates have declined, but the absolute number of poor has increased (Beegle et al., 2016). The poor are disproportionately found in rural households which practise smallholder agriculture. Poor data availability and quality have no doubt curbed poverty alleviation efforts. Smallholder agriculture is hard to measure and the statistical capacity of many developing countries in SSA is low (Carletto et al., 2015). In this environment, this thesis shows through three separate studies, how existing data and methods can be extended to overcome usual data deficiencies in SSA and enhance knowledge on welfare. In the first study, econometric techniques used in analysis of the formal labour market are extended to understand the educational returns in agricultural productivity in Malawi. Poverty in Malawi fits the typical pattern in SSA. The majority of the poor live and work in smallholder agriculture. In settings like these, schooling is believed to be a valuable tool in lifting people out of poverty. Yet, little is known about how schooling affects agricultural productivity. The effect of education on smallholder agricultural production has been estimated for countries in SSA but no studies deal with the endogenous nature of education in the production process. This chapter contributes to the literature by estimating for the first time, the causal effects of education on agricultural productivity in SSA. An instrumental variable (IV) approach is used, using the introduction of free primary education (FPE) and the age of paternal orphanhood as IV's for education. The instruments are shown to calculate local average treatment effects for individuals who only entered school due to FPE and only left school due to paternal orphanhood. It is found that there are large differences in returns to education between the subgroups. Returns are low and insignificant when FPE is used as an IV but they are larger and there is a significant effect when age of paternal orphanhood is used. Thus, while education can have large effects on agricultural productivity, this is not so for most of the population, especially individuals specifically targeted by large scale expansions in educational access. The second study shows how existing satellite data can be used to enhance knowledge of welfare in rural agrarian areas where data on poverty is infrequent and only statistically representative for large geographic areas. Satellite data overcomes both of these limitations as small geographic areas are captured at high frequency. Night lights satellite data have been shown to correlate well with GDP but are not in areas that are not electrified, such as rural, agriculturally based communities in developing countries. This is why this study explores the use of daytime satellite data. Satellite data measuring land use and vegetation quality, have been used to model socioeconomic outcomes across regions, but no studies have explored whether daytime satellite data i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za


Mixed chimerism in a post-transplant patient with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is generally considered to be a status preceding donor-cell rejection and bone marrow failure. Here, we report on a rare, prolonged mixed chimerism in a patient with SAA who showed a full recovery in hematological and immunological status after transplantation. The analysis in this patient showed about 20% and 80% recipient-type cells of total blood cells and T cells, respectively, at two years post-transplantation, and 14% and 25% of total blood cells and T cells, respectively, at four years post-transplantation. This report describes the most comprehensive case study known to date.


The paper shows possibilities of using mathematical modelling and computer simulations for supporting fault detection in gearbox systems. The paper refers to the model given by L. Muller in which the two wheels of a gear-set are reduced to one body. The paper gives the review of the systems with one and two-stage gear-sets. The models are used to investigate influence features/factors of systems with gear-sets to vibration. The torsional and lateral vibration is considered as the signal of a gearbox condition. The factors having influence to vibration signal are divided into four groups, that is: design factors, technology factors, operational factors and change of condition factors. The paper refers to modelling of planetary gearboxes. The paper also refers to the model-based fault diagnosis. Model-based is defined as determination of faults of the system from comparison of available gearbox system measurements with a priori information represented by the system's mathematical model, through generation of residual quantities.


Abstract In this paper we analyze from the technical point of view the possibility of developing the IFMIF facility (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility) in a stepped approach from the prototypes, presently under testing in the framework of the IFMIF/EVEDA Project (IFMIF Engineering Validation and Engineering Design Activities), but with the capability to fulfill the DEMO (Demonstration reactors) needs in a first step and the fusion power plant needs in a second step. The paper is focused on the so-called DONES (DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) alternative. It is built using one of the 40 MeV IFMIF accelerators, together with a strong simplification of some of the other systems and subsystems, driven by the lower power to be handled in the DONES facility, by transferring the PIE (post-irradiation experiment) analysis to other external facilities, by reducing the remote handling activities foreseen in the facility, and by reducing the type of irradiation experiments to be performed simultaneously. A preliminary neutronic evaluation of the achievable radiation map and on the requirements for the transfer of the irradiated modules to the external facility is also presented.


THE COSTS OF CONSTRUCTING CULVERTS, STREAM CHANNELS, AND DIVERSION DITCHES MAY BE DOUBLED BY SOIL EROSION. GROUND COVER IS ESSENTIAL TO PREVENT EROSION, BUT MANY GRASSES NEED FERTILIZERS FOR QUICK ESTABLISHMENT BECAUSE OF POOR SOIL CONDITIONS OR A CERTAIN DEGREE OF INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE SOIL AND THE COVER SELECTED. THE THREE MOST COMMONLY NEEDED ELEMENTS ARE POTASSIUM, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS. LIME MAY ALSO BE NECESSARY FOR ACID SOILS, ITS CALCIUM ACTING AS A FOURTH MAJOR NUTRIENT.


This article pretends to remember the missiological aspects of the autonomy. The declaration of the autonomy happened at the 2 nd of September of 1930 in the city of Sao Paulo, a moment when Methodism was extending itself within in the city and other areas. The key question is? How the autonomy contribute to a church being in a formation process in a urban setting?


In this paper, we analyse the effects of objective and subjective knowledge about monetary policy, as well as the information search patterns, of German citizens on trust in the ECB. We rely on a unique representative public opinion survey of German households conducted in 2011. We find that subjective and factual knowledge, as well as the desire to be informed, about the ECB foster citizens' trust. Specific knowledge about the ECB is more influential than general monetary policy knowledge. Objective knowledge is more important than subjective knowledge. However, an increasing intensity of media usage, especially newspaper reading, has a significantly negative influence on trust. We conclude that the only viable way for the ECB to generate more trust in itself is to spread monetary policy knowledge.


This article introduces the main type of fault for the power car of type DJJ 1 EMU,then analyzes the basic work ing prin ciple of the disabled part and brings up the improvement project for the control system.


The Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment submits these comments on the Draft California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool ("OEHHA Tool"). The Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment ("CRPE") is a grassroots, community-based organization based in Delano, California. We provide legal advocacy for and organize in Central Valley communities most impacted by environmental pollution—low-income communities and communities of color—and push for statewide policies that protect public health and the human environment.


A Logic-Based Approach to Problems in Pragmatics After an exposé of the programme involved, it is shown that the Gricean maxims fail to do their job in so far as they are meant to account for the well-known problem of natural intuitions of logical entailment that deviate from standard modern logic. It is argued that there is no reason why natural logical and ontological intuitions should conform to standard logic, because standard logic is based on mathematics while natural logical and ontological intuitions derive from a cognitive system in people's minds (supported by their brain structures). A proposal is then put forward to try a totally different strategy, via (a) a grammatical reduction of surface sentences to their logico-semantic form and (b) via logic itself, in particular the notion of natural logic, based on a natural ontology and a natural set theory. Since any logical system is fully defined by (a) its ontology and its overarching notions and axioms regarding truth, (b) the meanings of its operators, and (c) the ranges of its variables, logical systems can be devised that deviate from modern logic in any or all of the above respects, as long as they remain consistent. This allows one, as an empirical enterprise, to devise a natural logic, which is as sound as standard logic but corresponds better with natural intuitions. It is hypothesised that at least two varieties of natural logic must be assumed in order to account for natural logical and ontological intuitions, since culture and scholastic education have elevated modern societies to a higher level of functionality and refinement. These two systems correspond, with corrections and additions, to Hamilton's 19th-century logic and to the classic Square of Opposition, respectively. Finally, an evaluation is presented, comparing the empirical success rates of the systems envisaged.