Tiivistelmä 1.Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Producer Responsibility in Waste Management........................................................ 2 1.2. Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment.......................................... 3 1.3. Aim of the Study...................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Previous Studies ...................................................................................................... 7 2.Theoretical Background of the Study............................................................................. 10 2.1. Consistency Theories: Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour ......... 10 2.2. Theory of Personal Normative Influences on Altruism........................................... 14 2.3. Multi-Attribute Models: Motivation-Ability-Opportunity-Behaviour Model, Model of Ecological Behaviour, and Integrated Model of Attitudes and Behaviour Choice ......... 15 2.4. Way-of-Life Concept and Finnish Cultural Borderline ........................................... 18 2.5. Criticism Rationality and Attitude-Behaviour Relationship.................................. 19 2.6. Theoretical Framework and Operationalisation ...................................................... 24 3.Material and Methods..................................................................................................... 31 3.1. Respondents........................................................................................................... 34 4.Results and Discussion – Mobile Phone Recycling ........................................................ 36 4.1. Recycling Behaviour.............................................................................................. 38 4.2. Importance of Recycling ........................................................................................ 41 4.3. Knowledge and Campaign ..................................................................................... 42 4.4. Deposit System as a Motivator............................................................................... 43 5.Results and Discussion – Recycling in General.............................................................. 45 5.1. Subjective Norm .................................................................................................... 45 5.2. Recycling Behaviour and Self-identity................................................................... 46 5.3. What Prevents or Motivates? ................................................................................. 49 5.4. Enough Information? ............................................................................................. 51 6.Middle-aged men and western Finland rules some vague relationships..................... 53 6.1. Demographic factors.............................................................................................. 53 6.2. Cultural differences?.............................................................................................. 56 6.3. Limitations of the study ......................................................................................... 57 7.Conclusions Portrait of a (non-)recycler...................................................................... 59 7.1. Further studies ....................................................................................................... 61 References .......................................................................................................................... 63 WWW-references............................................................................................................... 67 Appendixes ......................................................................................................................... 68 Appendix 1: Questionnaire............................................................................................... 68 Appendix 2: Code Frequencies......................................................................................... 75 Appendix 3: Code Families .............................................................................................. 77 Appendix 4: Tables .......................................................................................................... 80


INTRODUCTION Until recently, an osteocyte was defined as an "osteoblast that is embedded in bony tissue and which is relatively inactive" [1]. Recent studies implicate an active role of this cell in mechanotransduction and functional adaptation of bone tissue [2,3]. The osteocyte lies within a space referred to as a lacuna and its cell processes are contained within long cavities called canaliculi. These processes interconnect osteocytes to each other as well as to vascular channels, the medullary cavity and the periosteal surface of bone. Hence, osteocytes form a syncytium that links cells deep within bone tissue to the marrow, from which the vascularization of bone derives, and the surface of the bone, to which mechanical loads are imparted via tendons and ligaments [4]. The lacunocanalicular system provides a conduit for "metabolic traffic and exchange" and is essential for maintenance of osteocyte viability [3,5]. Given the important role of the osteocyte syncytium as well as fluid flow through the lacunocanalicular system in mechano-sensation and transduction phenomena in bone, we hypothesize that the state of the syncytium reveals the state of the tissue. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the osteocyte syncytium as well as the pericellular space defined by the lacunocanalicular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cortical bone was examined from human femora diagnosed by a pathologist as healthy or as overtly osteoporotic, osteoarthritic and osteomalacic. Samples were stained with basic fuchsin stain. Image stacks were obtained using the laser scanning confocal microscope with excitation/emission spectra comprising 568 nm/580-624 nm. Each z-stack consisted of 64 x-y images. They were rendered in three dimensions using Volocity® and OpenLab® software on a Macintosh G4 computer. In order to maintain real dimensions, interpolation parameters for the third direction (z axis) were calculated to account for the magnification used during sampling. To enhance visualization, movie sequences were produced with the stacks rotating along different axes. RESULTS In the healthy human femur (Fig.A), a myriad of osteocytes and their processes are visible across the section. The interconnectedness of the syncytium decreases across the cement line but some processes do cross the cement line and interconnect with interstitial bone as well as with neighboring osteons.


As a Complex System, our body acts as a whole system connected to the environmental incitements. It is ordered, coherent, tries to maintain the least possible entropy, saving the greatest amount of energy. We can observe its active systemic response to environmental information both when it is healthy and ill. To explain the dynamics of the systemic regulative network a theoretical model is proposed, with a comprehensive approach that allows seeing the entire regulative syste m as a continuous unicuum. The paper analyzes two points of view: 1) the connections between the quantum level and the classical one, through some principles of the QFT and through the Coherence Domains. The system is modeled as a field described by the wa ve function, with synchronous and consistent events, driven in a global computing by the quantum potential Q. The quantum potential implies the non locality, and it needs only ultra weak waves to occur, so it explains how the rapid and global activation of the organism in response to punctiform information work. The initial hypothesis is that some consistent quantum phenomena are amplified through the systemic regulative network until they become macroscopic observable. This is possible because of Coherence Domains. 2) The reactions of the different systemic networks to perturbations/punctiform information, with the first attempt to model and measure information in biology, going beyond the Shannon and Turing theories. Hopfield Networks and an informational point of view are used to address the crucial informational and organizational role of proteins and nucleic acids. With this new frame we could develop innovative therapeutic strategies, and also evolve new experimental way to make our clinical observation more precise.


For a closed linear operator A in a Banach space, the notion of a vector accessible in the resolvent sense at infinity is introduced. It is shown that the set of such vectors coincides with the space of exponential type entire vectors of this operator and the linear span of root vectors if, in addition, the resolvent of A is meromorphic. In the latter case, the completeness criteria for the set of root vectors are given in terms of behavior of the resolvent at infinity. In what follows, we suppose A to be a closed linear operator densely defined in a Banach space B with norm k · k over the field C of complex numbers.


The scenic avenue in Haoyue road joins Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake.According to the road location,the idea of the design is hill-conditions-water.The landscape design was to carry on the fine cultural traditions handed from history of Dali,and completely incarnated humanistic spatial design.Meanwhile,the design blended the long history and multipled cultures of Dali.


Cholangiocarcinoma is a complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) that affects 6% to 11% of patients and is associated with a poor


This paper was adopting intestinal normal microbiota: Micrococcus tntestinalt, sp. and Beneckea campbell, and were prepared to microecologics, also gave a rebuild of intestinal micro ecospecies for ossified eels, and research effect of increasing growth and rejuvenation to them, by the microecologics. Moreover, specially to set up double-control, including a thyroideum medicament and an empty test group, for the comparison and analysis. Our results show that the intestinal microecologics of eel, for increasing growth and rejuvenation to ossified eels, that are botth achieve striking effect. But looked the thyroideum for increasing growth to ossified eels were be very effective. Nevertheless, which for rejuvenation was failed to take effect.Furthermore, we inc-lined to believe that the could be possible still significance of effect, if again added intestinal obligate anserobes of adult eels, and the cerebiogen into this microecologics.


The phase problem is very well-known in crystallography and is particularly important for structure solution of quasicrystals. Structure solution ( initial phasing of the diffraction pattern) is the first step of atomic structure determination against the diffraction data. Many tools for solving the phase problem in crystallography were developed over the years. Besides the pioneer Patherson function method or direct methods, also the low density elimination method and, more recently, maximum entropy method or charge flipping algorithm are widely used. We propose another way of phase recovery, directly from the diffraction pattern. It has been shown, that diffraction patterns of aperiodic structures (quasicrystals and modulated structures) consists of periodic series of peaks [1,2]. The peaks are, of course, aperiodically distributed in reciprocal space. However, the envelopes of such peaks are strictly periodic. For Fibonacci sequence the shape of envelopes is given by a sinx/x – type function. In the centrosymmetric case all peaks belonging to a given series have the same phase (0 or π). Moreover, once we rescale peak positions to obtain the reduced envelope of structure factor (intensity), we can easily find the shape of the average unit cell, by applying the inverse Fourier transform. The functionality of such approach has been shown in [3] for d-AlNiCo quasicrystal. In this paper we show a few examples of model structures with recovered phases. Decorated Fibonacci sequence, Penrose tiling and Ammann tiling are used as model structures for 1D, 2D, and 3D quasicrystals respectively. We compare the results with conventionally used charge flipping method.


This conference presentation considers how the discourses of global governance institutions about the power of digital technologies to save the world frame the operations of Western human rights or ...


In order to improve the relevance and efficiency of food safety supervision, a food safety knowledge database and a named entity recognition (NER) model that can extract food safety entities such as poison, disease, and symptom has been constructed. First, the key content of ''Food Safety Accident Determination and Prevention Control'' was identified, and 8265 valid statements were obtained. It then used data cleaning and sequence marking to obtain the dataset, dividing the dataset into training, validation and test sets in the ratio of 8:1:1. The Chinese food-safety domain NER model was constructed by introducing a bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) as a vector embedding model based on a bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) combined with a conditional random field (CRF). The BERT-BiLSTM-CRF model achieved 96.96% accuracy, 83.87% precision, 87.14% recall and an F1 value of 85.48, with low model error and high accuracy, and successfully extracted eight types of entities: poison, disease, host, category, source, symptom, disinfection method and drug. The NER model for food safety based on the BERT-BiLSTM-CRF has high accuracy and can establish an exclusive knowledge base for food safety, which helps improve food safety supervision efficiency.


Wild indigenous small mammals including 83 rodents (bandicoot and black rats, and house mice) and a shrew captured from multiple sites in Vellore, south India, were tested for serological and molecular evidence of hantavirus infection. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using Hantaan virus (HTNV) antigen indicated hantavirus‐reactive antibodies in 16 (19.3%) of 83 rodents (bandicoot and black rats). Western blot (WB) using Thailand virus (THAIV) antigen confirmed hantavirus‐reactive antibodies in nine of the 16 HTNV IFA‐positive rodents. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) of lung and kidney tissue of captured mammals resulted in the detection of partial S segment sequence in a bandicoot rat. This study complements our earlier reports on hantavirus epidemiology in south India and documents first laboratory evidence for rodent‐associated hantaviruses in south India.


(57) Abstract: Modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein microspheres and methods for preparing the same, and discloses its use as an oral delivery system for pharmaceutical agents.


Highly oriented lamellar films of poly(N-dodecylacrylamide) with high molecular weights were formed by nanosegregation between alkyl side chains and a water-adsorbed main chain.


Objective To investigate the preparation and therapeutic effect of glioma-dendritic cells(DC)fusion mixture vaccine.Methods U251 cells was transfected with rIL-12 plasmid by LipofectamineTM 2000 cells was co-cultured with CIK cells.Then the U251 complex was fused with DC complex to prepare glioma-DC fusion mixture vaccine.By OX62+ screening and purification through cytometry,the purified vaccine was detected by MLR and CTL in vitro.Results The fusion cell complex was wide and full of cytoplasma,with even morphology of U251 cells after 72 h adherent culture.DC complex was fused with U251 complex(2:1),OX62+ cell was about 55% assayed by cytometry.Through screening,OX62+ cell mixture was cultured for 72 h;the fusion rate was about 14%.Conclusion Glioma-DC fusion mixture vaccine prepared in our lab could be separated and survived with displaying neuroglioma cell morphology.The MLR response from spleen of Wistar rats induced by the vaccine was more strong.The kill rate on U251 cells of CTL activated by fusion complex vaccine was higher than that of simple DC/U251 vaccine,suggesting a strong antigen specificity.


In the pig, under-nutrition in utero causes low birth weight, a decrease in muscle fiber number, and a reduction in postnatal growth rate. Low protein intake during gestation and lactation has been demonstrated to increase the loss of body protein and to reduce the visceral organ mass of the newborn piglets. The effect of under-nutrition of pregnant swine on subsequent serum hormones characteristics of their offspring was investigated. The trial involved 16 pregnant MeiShan sows. The swine were allocated randomly to one of two groups: a treatment group (n=8) and a control group (n=8). During gestation and lactation, the diet of the treatment group was decreased to 50% of their daily protein requirement. The control group was fed 100% of their daily requirement to support the swine growth throughout gestation and lactation. All of swine were artificial insemination mated. Diets provided similar amounts of metabolizable energy. In this experiment, organ weights of piglets were reported as fresh weight (grams), scaled to empty body weight (EBW; grams per kilogram ). Serum hormones of offspring were sampled at 0 d, 15 d and 35 d of lactation. Piglets were slaughtered at 0 d and 35 d of lactation for organ weight determination. The objectives of the current experiment were 1) to determine whether protein restriction alters levels of somatotropic hormones, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, thyroid hormones, and 2) to evaluate the relationship between these eventual alterations and visceral organ mass in piglets. During lactation, dietary protein restriction decreased liver, spleen and kidney mass (p 0.05). Reduced protein intake decrease mean and basal plasma GH in piglets at 0 d, 15 d and 35 d (p 0.05). Mean and basal plasma T3 were higher (p<0.01), whereas plasma T4 were lower in control group than in treatment group piglets on day 0. Mean T3 concentration on day 15 and mean T4 on day 35 were very significantly higher than control group. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that protein restriction throughout gestation and lactation alters circulating concentrations of hormones and has a negative impact on visceral organ mass. (World Rural Observations 2009;1(2); 77-86). ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online).


A SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY DURING THE 1990s was its transformation into a demand-constrained system, by which I mean a system in which output is related to the base distribution of income. When this happens, then either the actual output falls short of potential output (as in a recession) or there are unwanted inventories of commodities, or a combination of the two. The important point about a demand-constrained system, however, is that its being demand-constrained is a systematic characteristic, not a chance happening. It is this systemic characteristic that the Indian economy acquired during the 1990s.


A series of α,ω-dienes have been exposed to Ru(Cl 2 )(CH=Ph)(PCy 3 ) 2 , [Ru] 3, metathesis catalyst under acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) conditions, and the products were compared with those obtained previously using Schrock's well defined Mo and W alkylidenes. High molecular weight polymers can be synthesized using [Ru] 3 if lower monomer to catalyst ratios (with respect to [Mo] 1 and [W] 2 are used. Monomer structure plays a role since 1,9-decadiene produces molecular weights typical of ADMET chemistry, whereas 1,5-hexadiene produces only oligomers. This decrease in reactivity is attributed to a manifestation of intramolecular π-complexation of the tethered olefin in 1,5-hexadiene polymerizations. Substituents at the 2-position of α,ω-dienes also affects polymerization in that only dimers can be produced from 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene, a result similar to the same reaction performed with [W] 2. Diallyl ether oligomerizes effectively in the presence of [Ru] 3 with a ratio of cyclics to oligomers comparable to results obtained with [Mo] 1 and [W] 2.


This paper proposes the classification algorithm of fast iterative reweighted q-norm regularization Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LS SVM).The proposed algorithm can select q value via cross-validation,where 0q∞,and has the characteristic of stability,quick-converging and low time complexity.In order to test the efficiency of the proposed algorithm,it is applied to three cancer datasets.Experimental results show that the presented algorithm can obtain adaptively feature selection with better generalization performance for the classification problems than LS SVM,and its training speed is much faster than LS SVM.


In the review the authors have analyzed the interrelation between skeletal mineral density and fracture incidence in detail. Risk factors, predictors of fractures have been considered, threshold values of mineral density have been established in the sites of the greatest trabecular bone content.


The stir casting process used to manufacture the AL/Al2O3. AA2024 with matrix material alumina Al2O3 at different weight percentage ratio 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9%. Were fabricated by using cryogenic temperature (CT). It was observed that the maximum enhancement is occurred at nanocomposite containing 0.9% Al2O3 which shows improvement percentage of 9.9%, 14.63% and 14.28% for ultimate strength, yield stress and Brinell hardness respectively and the ductility is reduced by 34.57% compared to 0% by weight AA2024. It clearly shows that all the mechanical properties are improved by increasing weight percentage of Al2O3 but the best properties are obtained at 0.9% Al2O3 nanocomposite. The fatigue S-N curve tests were done for all the specimens having average of roughness between 0.2 to 0.5Mm.The fatigue endurance limit of the 0.9% wt. Al2O3 composite into two cases without (CT) and with (CT) is taken at 107 cycles. The fatigue limit at 107 cycles increases from 83 MPa for without (CT) to 89.6 MPa with (CT) resulted in 7.95% fatigue limit improvement.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-bonding polymer (SBP) (KISSCARE® Concentrated Gel, KISS-COTE Inc., Tampa, FL, USA) in relation to plaque attachment and subsequent gingival inflammation. This randomized blinded clinical study followed a split-mouth design and examined prospectively 15 participants over a 6-month period. The average plaque index (PI) and average gingival index (GI) were measured for the control and SBP groups at baseline (week 0) and again after 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Within the SBP groups, mean PI and GI at baseline, respectively, were compared to the same measures at the follow-up visits. Additionally, the control and SBP groups were compared in terms of the change in PI and GI from baseline to each of the follow-up points. For most part, the average PI and the average GI improved in both the control and SBP groups. The improvement in GI was statistically significant in both groups at weeks 2 and 4, while the improvement in PI was statistically significant at all follow-up visits. Among the areas to which polymer was applied, the average PI was statistically significantly lower than baseline at all follow-up visits. The SBP group showed significantly greater decrease in GI values when compared with the control group at week 2 (P<0.005). The overall potential benefit of SBP was too small to be clinically substantial as it may be compounded by an increase in subjects' attention to their oral hygiene during the clinical study.


A method for low-pollution premixing of liquid and / or gaseous fuels in gas turbine combustors at high combustion chamber pressures and / or high combustor inlet temperatures at which the fuel via known per se airblast nozzles, as they are commonly used for the atomization of liquid fuels into the combustion chamber (2 ) is injected, the nozzle body having at least two concentrically (about the nozzle axis 24) arranged channels (8, 10, have 26) for guiding gaseous media and (in the combustion chamber 2) injected fuel is enveloped by a sheath flow of a gaseous medium, whose oxygen content is lower than the oxygen content of air, characterized in that the gaseous cladding medium is CO


In traditional wireless communications, multiuser diversity gain comes from the diversified channel power gains across different users. In energy harvesting wireless systems, the various energy levels at different transmitters may lead to another type of diversity gain. In this paper, <italic>multiuser gain</italic> with the emphasis on <italic>energy diversity</italic> is studied for multiuser energy harvesting communications, where the scaling law of the expected throughput over the number of users is investigated. Three access schemes are considered: two centralized schemes (fixed TDMA, where users transmit in a fixed order; and energy-greedy, where the user with the highest energy level is picked for transmission) and a contention-based distributed scheme (where each user contends for the channel with a certain probability). Under both centralized schemes, it is shown that the expected throughput scales on the order of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\log (N)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the number of users. For the distributed scheme, the scaling of throughput depends on the contention probability. Particularly, when each user contends the transmission with probability <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/N$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the throughput also scales on the order of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\log (N)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> but with a discount factor <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/e$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Our analytical and numerical results reveal that compared with the point-to-point energy harvesting communication system, the multiuser throughput gain comes from two aspects: the power gain due to the increase of total energy arrivals; and the diversity gain due to the increase of energy arrival dynamics.


The professional practice of design is done through projects, which is the main method used in this discipline. Thus, four courses are contemplated  at the UPB School of Design, which seek to strengthen the necessary skills for designers to conduct adequate project management. These courses belong to the management department and deal with topics such as finances, economics, commercial rights, and project management. Previously, the course known as project management was centered on economic evaluation, while leaving aside other aspects of management. Once this had been identified, it was proposed that the course be redesigned to address more pertinent topics based on the nature of project design. Regarding the graphic design program, it was determined that thecourse would be focused on good practices for project management proposed in PMI's PMBOK Guide. These are addressed according to the specifics of projects in this field and are complemented with economic evaluation and the search for support mechanisms for project execution. As a result, educational strategies were designed with which students could relate new knowledge to past experience in order to generate significant learning.This way, students can identify the importance of each area of knowledge and of the relationship between processes by using the appropriate tools to increase the possibilities of successful projects.


If a lengthened structure gets fat in all directions and the same structure gets narrower when it is pressed, it is an auxetic structure. This happens because these kinds of structures have a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR). In this paper a comparative study of unity patterns of CAD auxetic geometries is presented. A Computer Aided Design library of auxetic geometries will be developed to apply them to architecture. The geometric behavior of the eighteen auxetic separate patterns is tested from the developed library in order to develop a systematic comparison, analyzing properties of these forms, such as their maximum achievable area reductions in relation with the total length of bars of the structure, in order to obtain a growth factor.


Introduction: Psychological disorders have created many problems for students as the most prestigious and chosen sectors of society and have greatly affected students' academic performance and also disturb their mental, emotional and social developments. This study was conducted to determine the mental health of entrance students in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from the national university entrance exam in the academic year 2014-2015. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 973 first year students (340 males and 633 females) from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 22. Results: The prevalence of mental disorders among students was 12.2%. This ratio was 11.8% in men and 12.5% in women. There was a significant correlation between students' mental health and gender as well as the place of study variable (P<0.05). Also, the students of the Health and Paramedics Faculties had the highest rate of disorder or suspected impairment. There was no significant relationship between mental health and native status, marital status and age group. Conclusion: Attention to the mental health of students is important because of the prevalence of mental disorders among students in this study and that mental disorder reduces one's ability to perform activities and educational affairs and given the important point that many of these disorders can be evaluated and predictable.


This paper proposes ProsodySpeech, a novel prosody model to enhance encoder-decoder neural Text-To-Speech (TTS), to generate high expressive and personalized speech even with very limited training data. First, we use a Prosody Extractor built from a large speech corpus with various speakers to generate a set of prosody exemplars from multiple reference speeches, in which Mutual Information based Style content separation (MIST) is adopted to alleviate "content leakage" problem. Second, we use a Prosody Distributor to make a soft selection of appropriate prosody exemplars in phone-level with the help of an attention mechanism. The resulting prosody feature is then aggregated into the output of text encoder, together with additional phone-level pitch feature to enrich the prosody. We apply this method into two tasks: highly expressive multi style/emotion TTS and few-shot personalized TTS. The experiments show the proposed model outperforms baseline FastSpeech 2 + GST with significant improvements in terms of similarity and style expression.


MLCT-based emission of this chiral complex is only "switched on" when it intercalates into the duplex. Numerous studies designed to identify the exact nature of the binding site of the complex, to outline the binding differences between its L and D enantiomers, and to delineate the photophysical details of its binding-induced optical response have been carried out. In order to facilitate the construction of mixed-motif and oligonuclear DNA binding substrates based on the Ru(dppz) moiety, we investigated the properties of achiral [Ru(tpy)(L)(dppz)] complexes (tpy = tris(pyrazolyl)methane, L = monodentate N-donor ligand). Recently, we demonstrated that the DNA binding properties of such systems are highly dependent on small changes in the structure of L; for example, while complex 1 is a typical light-switch DNA intercalator with high binding affinities for duplexes (Kb> 10 m ), complex 2 shows reduced interaction with DNA. Through experimental and computational studies, we ascribed this effect to unfavorable steric interactions involving the amino group of the pyridyl-based pyNH2 ancillary ligand preventing intercalation of the dppz moiety. To explore this unusual behavior more fully, the thermodynamic interaction of 2 with calf thymus (CT)-DNA at 25 8C as well as 10 8C and 35 8C were initially investigated through isothermal calorimetry (ITC). To aid comparisons, the interaction of 1 with CT-DNA under the same conditions was also studied. Although we have previously reported an ITC study on the interaction of 1 with synthetic homopolymers, this is the first study on genomic B-DNA. At all three temperatures, complex 1 binds to CT-DNA through an endothermic, entropically driven interaction (see Table 1 and the Supporting Information). This kind of thermodynamic signature was seen for several other Ru-


ENG L AND ADRIFT? Greater London Authority's powers were strictly limited). The rest of England was oVered a nebulous The 'English Question' is always raised in debates about devolution. In the home rule debates of the late ninevision of 'devolution on demand' that would allow a move to directly elected regional assemblies only where teenth century Gladstone argued that 'portions of England' might deal with 'questions of local and special clear popular consent had been established through a referendum. interest to themselves' in the same way as he envisaged Ireland, Scotland and Wales doing so (BOGDANOR, Strikingly, much the same wording about devolution on demand was used in Labour's general election 2002). The Fabian Society argued a quarter of a century later for a 'municipalisation by provinces' in a series of manifestoes in both 1997 and 2001. In the interim not much changed beyond incremental adjustments to the pamphlets on English regionalism (WRIGHT, 2000, p. 7). In the early 1970s, the ROYAL COMMISS ION responsibilities of the GOs, RDAs and Regional Chambers. The slow pace of policy development led ON THE CONSTITUTION, 1972, 1973, considered both an English Parliament as part of a vision of 'home England, aptly, to be dubbed by HAZELL, 2000, as 'the gaping hole in the devolution settlement'. The rule all round' and the regionalization of England, though was convinced by arguments for neither option. sense of drift on policy on England predictably allowed alternative answers to the English question to pop The Labour Party – if not the Labour government – returned to the question of establishing English regions up. Some came from within the same Labour government. The notion of 'city-regions', based on elected as part of the wider (and ultimately abortive) devolution process of the 1970s, and that question remained live mayors in the major English cities and loosely inspired by the model of the Greater London Authority (GLA), at least for some key Labour Ž gures like John Prescott through the 1980s and into the 1990s (see PRESCOTT, was pushed by policy advisers close to Prime Minister Blair and by local government circles (see STOKER, 2002). The commitment to English regionalization gained 2000). The city-region agenda took on suYcient momentum for a time seriously to rival the regional broader currency in the Labour Party as it prepared to re-enter government in the mid-1990s (LABOUR assembly agenda promoted by Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott within government and by a Campaign PARTY, 1995, 1996; REGIONAL POLICY COMMIS-


Abstract Five-day forecasts using the high-resolution T213L31 Operational Global Spectral Model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and associated analyses for summer 1995 are compared in this study to assess the model drift. It is shown here that there is extensive model warming of the lower troposphere especially over the Sahel (+7.5°C) and cooling of the middle troposphere in the tropical Southern Hemisphere. The surface heat wave episode diagnosed by the Climate Prediction Center in summer 1995 was severely overestimated (11°C). A likely cause of this major error is the inaccuracy of convection and boundary layer parameterizations in the case of extreme events. It is found that the model overestimates upper-level subtropical westerlies (+3 m s−1), low-level monsoon winds, and the Hadley circulation. The African easterly jet is weaker in the model than observed probably because initial easterly zonal wind errors evolve rapidly leading to underestimation of the jet at medium range....


Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. It has been widely considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other related metabolic disorders. However, lack of structural and dynamic information has limited FGF21‐based drug development. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we determine the structure of FGF21 and find that its non‐canonical flexible β‐trefoil conformation affects the folding of β2‐β3 hairpin and further overall protein stability. To modulate folding dynamics, we designed an FGF21‐FGF19 chimera, FGF21SS. As expected, FGF21SS shows better thermostability without inducing hepatocyte proliferation. Functional characterization of FGF21SS shows its better insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, and lower blood glucose and insulin levels in ob/ob mice compared with wild type. Our dynamics‐based rational design provides a promising approach for FGF21‐based therapeutic development against T2DM.


Background Brain metastases is a fatal consequence of advanced breast cancer with a poor prognosis. Both tumor intrinsic molecular underpinning of the primary tumor and microenvironmental brain niche factors have been reported to allow invading cancer cells to colonize and outgrow into the brain. A systemic investigation of these tumor intrinsic and microenvironmental factors using same patient paired primary breast and brain metastatic tumor samples are warranted. Methods Nine pairs of primary breast and brain metastatic tumor samples were collected for RNA sequencing. Pairwise differential gene expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were conducted. TCGA-BRCA (n=1222) dataset and a combined breast cancer cohort (n=2,765) were used for clinical and immune-infiltration correlation analysis. GSE12276 (n=204) dataset was used for brain-metastasis free survival correlation. Immunohistochemistry staining of HCMV was conducted on a total of 16 primary breast and brain metastatic tumor sections including 2 pairs. Two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were used for antiviral treatment and mechanism investigation. Results 371 up-regulated and 2,153 down-regulated genes in the 9 paired brain metastatic tumors vs. breast tumors (P< 0.05; log2 FC>1 or ←1) were identified from the RNAseq data. Reactome Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) early and late events was the top enriched pathway for the 371 brain metastasis up-regulated genes, and Reactome IL4 and IL5 signaling was the top enriched pathway for the 2,153 primary breast tumor up-regulated genes. Among the 371 brain metastasis up-regulated genes, 287 genes are also up-regulated in primary breast cancer vs. normal breast in the TCGA 1222 cohort (P< 0.05). High expression of 23 out of the 287 genes are significantly associated with shorter distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in a combined breast cancer cohort of 2,765 patients (Logrank P< 0.05), and 19 of the 23 genes are associated with poor brain metastasis-free survival (BMFS) in the GEO dataset GSE12276 (n=204)(Logrank P< 0.05). We further identified that elevated expression of 12 out of the 19 genes are consistently associated with Th2 cell activation and NK cell deactivation in the TCGA 1222 cohort, for which the immunosuppressive Th2 cells are defined by secretion of IL4 and IL5 signature cytokines. Immunoreactive HCMV immediate early proteins indicating virus infection were examined in all the 16 patient tumor tissues, and strong positive signals were seen in both the paired breast tumor and brain metastatic specimens. Preventive treatment of anti-HCMV drug ganciclovir by suppressing viral DNA replication inhibited tumor colonization in the mouse brain in the two HCMV-positive PDX models. Conclusions Our systemic analysis of paired primary breast and brain metastatic tumor tissues identified a causal relationship between HCMV infection and reactivation, immunosuppressive Th2 cell activation and NK cell deactivation, and brain metastatic outgrowth. Since HCMV reactivation frequently induce encephalopathy during chemotherapy or radiation therapy, anti-HCMV agents may represent an effective strategy in preventing and controlling brain metastases.
 Citation Format: Xin Wang, Akshjot Puri, Amna Irfan, Kun Han, Wei Qian, Liliana Guzman, Roberto Rosato, Hong Zhao, Jenny Chang, Stephen Wong. Human Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Immunosuppressive Th2 Tumor Microenvironment Facilitates Brain Metastatic Outgrowth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PD2-11.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the mediating effect of strategic management impacts the relationship between dynamic capabilities and firm performance concerning environmental munificence in 3rd party logistics (3PL) firms operating in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachVariance-based structural equation modeling algorithm and correlation analysis were applied to survey data obtained from (n = 482) a top manager from 3PL companies.FindingsResults revealed that dynamic capabilities were a strong predictor for organizational performance, environmental munificence also emerges as a key predictor for dynamic capabilities and strategic management, and strategic management fully mediates the link between dynamic capabilities and organizational performance, suggesting that they function as substitutes in affecting performance outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper provides empirical evidence of the relationship between the dynamic capability adaptation, strategic management, environment and performance of 3PL firms. As a limitation, the results are based on survey research with a limited sample size.Practical implicationsOrganizations should manage not only dynamism but also the scarcity of environmental resources found to be significant on both dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Additionally, in the logistics sector, managers should focus on the big picture while they empower and lead capable followers to transform this strategic view into operational-level changes.Originality/valueDepending on the relationships between constructs, studying environmental munificence is a different topic than the dynamic environment concept in the effectiveness of dynamic capabilities of 3PL firms. As well as dynamic capabilities at the level of individual and strategic management relationship on organization performance are confirmed.


Sir James Stephen (1789-1859), famous as permanent undersecretary in the British Colonial Office, 1836-1847, rendered great services to the cause of Negro emancipation and the establishment of equal rights for the Negroes in the British Empire. The third son of James Stephen (17581832) the ablest and most uncompromising of the English foes of slavery, the younger Stephen in 1813 accepted the post as legal counselor in the Colonial Office for the express purpose of improving the lot of the Negro slaves. He aided mightily in securing the adoption of slave registry acts in the British colonies which made possible the enforcement of the slave trade abolition law. He compelled the colonies to improve the treatment of bondmen and to give civil rights to manumitted Negroes. He drafted the British Slavery Emancipation Act of 1833 and the Order in Council which made the abolition of slavery a reality in the British crown colonies. He upheld high standards for the colonial emancipation laws which implemented the imperial act. And he secured the non-approbation or disallowance of colonial legislation which sought to deprive Negroes of the fruits of freedom.'


Air conditioning (AC) is one of the most building's energy consumer, included in building of Engineering Physisc's Departement, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). The declining of fossil fuel reserves and the increasing effects of global warming, forcing the world to switch to renewable energy sources. This paper discusses the design of solar absorption cooling system to replace conventional AC in seven lecture halls of Engineering Physic's Departement, UGM. There are some steps that have been done to design the solar absorption cooling, i.e. do a study of the potential availability of solar energy, calculate the cooling loads, analyze the thermodynamic process of the system, determine the type of collector to be used and calculate area of solar collector needed. The thermal coefficient of performance (COP) of the system designed was about 0.84 which could use some types of flat plate solar collector with each area corresponding to each efficiency values. Keyword : Air conditioning; global warming; solar absorption cooling; solar collector


This is our first issue of Interactions as the incoming editors-in-chief, very ably assisted by Rachel Clarke. We have inherited a thriving and vibrant magazine with outstanding design and content, supported by a team of excellent editors and publication managers. On behalf of our global community, we thank Ron Wakkary and Erik Stolterman for their resounding success as editors-in-chief and the robust foundations they now hand to us. They can be most proud of their achievements. As incoming editors-in-chief, our first aim is to continue their excellent work supporting our diverse and evolving HCI communities. The Special Topic in this issue reflects this ever-broadening diversity with essays from the humanities and social sciences. These four articles and introduction from the Everyday Futures Network examine contemporary and historical aspects of technology at scale. Jenny Preece's cover feature also extends the reach of HCI and interaction design (IxD) to conservation sciences. Together, these five features demonstrate HCI's distinctive and valuable ability to look both inward (to its interdisciplinary foundations) and outward (to IxD's multidisciplinary beneficiaries). However, diversity goes beyond academic disciplines and professional specialisms. Our second aim is to increase content across all of Interactions' media channels from currently underrepresented groups such as educators, students, design creatives, managers, and policymakers. Diversity becomes


Abstract The preparation of 2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α,β-D-mannofuranosyl-pyrimidine and 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-trityl-α,β-D-ribofuranosyl-pyrimidine and triazole homo-C-nucleosides 3, 4, 6, 10–17 by different synthetic approaches is discussed and their anomeric configurational assigments are made based upon 1H- and 13C-NMR data.


In May 1964, an inspector of the Moji Plant Protection Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry at Sasebo, Kyushu, found a number of maggots infesting radishes from America. It was learnt that the maggots could not survive at room temperature then. Consequently, a series of flies were obtained after the maggots had been reared in a refrigerator at about 5°C. The insect was supposed to belong to the genus Hylemya, but we failed to obtain positive identification of the species.In 1967, Mr. A. C. Pontoof the British Museum (Natural History) examined the insect and determined it as Hylenzya brassicas (Bouche), which was confirmed by Mr. D.M. Ackland of Hope Department of Zoology, University of Oxford.Hylemya brassicae, known as the cabbage maggot in economic literature, is a serious pest of cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and other plants of Cruciferae. The maggot is of European origin, but now widespread over North America as a result of the casual introduction in the 19th century. It is not likely that the maggot can succeed in establishing itself in greater parts of this country, largely due to its low hot-hardiness. Some areas in Hokkaido and the mountainous areas in Hnoshu may harbour the maggot, should it be introduced directly into those areas. The author is indebted to Mr. A.C. Pont of the British Museum, Mr. D.M. Ackland of Hope Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, for identifying the fly.


On the name of Lingui Ci School and the activity of the Lingui ci-poets,the writer thought that the viewpoint of Lingui Ci School was not tenable.Whether the leaguers of Lingui Ci School included four masters,Yuexi ci-poets or the ci-poets contacting to Wang Pengyun,their styles and theories of ci-ology were different.The Lingui ci-poets didn't form the consciousness of sect,and their theories of ci-ology were indistinct.They lacked a head and the successors.So regarded as a affinity literature group,the name of the Ci-poet Group of Lingui were more propriety.


Treatment method and existing problems of rivers in groundwater numerical simulation were discussed.Especially the problems in the treatment process with river as boundary and their causations were analyzed.And related improved methods were put forward.


A pinhole camera system giving time resolved photographs of the x‐ray source in an intense plasma discharge is described. Each pinhole projected an image of the x‐ray source onto a sheet of scintillation plastic which converted the x rays into a visible light image that was photographed with an image convertor camera. Use of twin pinholes with appropriate filters and scintillator thicknesses provided some spectral resolution. A spatial resolution of 2 mm was achieved with a time resolution of 10 nsec.


Dianthus burdurensis is here described as a new species from Burdur province (Turkey). Its distribution, habitat, and IUCN category are also given, as well as a macro- and micromorphological comparison with the related species D. masmenaeus Boiss.


In a global online economy, organizations are tasked with protecting their cybersecurity assets. Penalties from failing to protect assets, such as customer data, can severely harm an organization and even lead to bankruptcy. Cybersecurity governance programs need to be aware of the laws and regulations affecting their organizations and use applicable standards or frameworks to develop appropriate cybersecurity polices and controls. Compliance programs then need to monitor policy compliance on a continuing basis. This chapter discusses the laws, regulations, and standards that are used to create cybersecurity polices and the typical tools used to measure compliance. In addition, theoretical cybersecurity compliance research is reviewed to highlight supplementary techniques to improve compliance.


This paper describes device degradation and mobility characteristics for germanium (Ge)-channel p-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (pMOSFETs) with HfO2 gate dielectrics. In order to understand the effect of trapped charges in high permittivity (high-κ) gate dielectric and interface-trap states, we compare the hole mobility of the SiGe/SiO2/Si (SGOI) structure before and after applying an electrical stress. It is found that hot-carrier injection (HCI) and constant–voltage Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) stress cause mobility degradation in different mechanism. Even a negative-biased moderate F–N stress will give recovery of hole mobility. These results indicate that the device performance of a surface-channel SGOI device is easily affected by the specific trapped-charge state in high-κ dielectrics and interface traps.


Generosity, a charitable and kind gesture towards others, was an integral aspect of hospitality in ancient times. The concept of generosity however has not yet been sufficiently examined in contemporary, commercial hospitality. In commercial hospitality, generosity can be facilitated through a generosity economy – an economy where generous acts are encouraged and nothing is expected in return. This article aims to understand the role of generosity in commercial hospitality as part of generosity economy. A model of generosity in commercial hospitality has been developed, providing a preliminary understanding of how generosity can be created in commercial hospitality contexts. Theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research are outlined.


The design of intelligent electrical apparatus' network based on Internet was presented. Signle-chip was the core of he communication interface unit. uIP protocol was transplanted by embedded technology to constitute the network interface. The client/server architecture was adopted. The control center can visit every intelligent electrical apparatus by different IP address, implementing the telemetry and telecontrol functions. The system has the advantages of simple construction and low cost, and has been put into use.


Based on the caused eventuality, causation can be subdivided into causation of an activity and causation of change of state. By analyzing how causatives are expressed in European Portuguese and Mandarin Chinese, this study shows that these two languages exhibit quite a lot of differences in expressing causation of change of state. We have observed that quite many Portuguese verbs which intrinsically involve causative meanings do not have Chinese equivalence in simplex verb forms – their Chinese counterparts often take complex forms, including a construction we call "Causative Resultative V-Vs" (CR V-Vs). Difference is also found in the derivation direction: whereas anticausation plays a big role in Portuguese, causation is the main process in Chinese. We attribute the contrast to different expressing powers of verb roots in the two languages: while Portuguese verb roots are able to express complex meanings, Chinese roots mostly denote either a pure activity or a pure state/result.


A study was made to determine if certain well-known laws of the kinetics of development, applicable to ordinary photographic emulsions, can be applied to Ilford G-5 emulsions. A study was first made to deterniine if the development speed at the ionization mnnimum can be satisfactorily represented by the equations of Sheppard, Mees, and Nietz. The results are in good agreement with the Sheppard equation. The effect of temperature on development speed can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation for the effect of temperature on a chemical reaction. (J.S.R.)


Simple Summary The use of haematological and blood biochemistry parameters has proven to be effective and repeatable ways to monitor fish health. Testing these parameters is becoming more common in aquaculture studies. Further, it is widely accepted that fish with better health status are more likely to grow faster as less energy should be consumed for non-growth purposes. Here, a new formula (Blood Performance) is introduced, which contains five common haematological and blood biochemistry parameters: red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and total protein. The idea behind this formula is that any single component of this formula cannot be reliable enough as a biomarker of fish health and growth. However, interestingly, Blood Performance can be much more reliable and accurate for monitoring fish health and growth. Abstract Monitoring fish health in a repeatable and accurate manner can contribute to the profitability and sustainability of aquaculture. Haematological and blood biochemistry parameters have been powerful tools and becoming increasingly common in aquaculture studies. Fish growth is closely related to its health status. A fish with a higher growth rate is more likely to be a healthy one. Any change in the physiological status of the fish, from pollution to nutritional stress, can cause changes in the blood parameters. Various aquaculture studies have measured the following components: red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and total protein. However, because these parameters do not always follow the same trend across experimental fish, it is difficult to draw a firm conclusion about which parameter should be considered. Therefore, Blood Performance (BP) as a new formula is introduced, which is a more reliable indicator. This formula is simple and sums up the natural logarithm of the five above-mentioned parameters. More than 90 published peer-reviewed articles that measured these five parameters in the last six years confirmed the reliability and validity of this formula. Regardless of which supplements were added to the diets, the fish with a higher growth rate had higher BP as well. In addition, in 44 studies out of 53 articles, there was a significant positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP. Under different stressful situations, from pollution to thermal stress, the fish under stress had a lower BP than the control. Fish meal and fish oil replacement studies were further evidence for this formula and showed that adding excessive alternative proteins decreased growth along with BP. In conclusion, BP can be a reliable indicator of fish health and growth when it is compared between groups in the same experiment or farm. Although there was a positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP, comparing BP between experiments is not recommended. Standardising the haematological assays can improve the reliability and accuracy of BP across experiments.


The influence of small scale soil heterogeneity on the hydraulic performance of infiltration based sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) was studied using field data from a clayey glacial till and groundwater simulations with the integrated surface water and groundwater model HydroGeoSphere. Simulations of homogeneous soil blocks with hydraulic properties ranging from sand to clay showed that infiltration capacities vary greatly for the different soil types observed in glacial till. The inclusion of heterogeneities dramatically increased infiltration volume by a factor of 22 for a soil with structural changes above and below the CaCO3 boundary. Infiltration increased further by 8% if tectonic fractures were included and by another 61% if earthworm burrows were added. Comparison of HydroGeoSphere infiltration hydrographs with a simple soakaway model (Roldin et al., 2012) showed similar results for homogeneous soils but indicated that exclusion of small scale soil physical features may greatly underestimate hydraulic performance of infiltration based SUDS.


upon early expression of the inducing virus genome, (ii) shows similar kinetics of induction, (iii) does not involve interferon action, and (iv) appears to be manifest as an all-or-none effect. VSV can be added to the list of viruses blocked by intrinsic interference. Sindbis virus-induced intrinsic interference with VSV replication is not mediated through homotypic interference by defective interfering particles; rather, T-particle and B-particle synthesis is inhibited. Significantly, intrinsic interference has no effect on primary transcription directed by the virion-associated transcriptase in VSV-challenged cells. However, Sindbis virus appears to induce interference with the VSV-RNA synthesized subsequent to primary transcription, namely, that which is dependent on protein synthesis. Thus, the target of intrinsic interference appears to be a reaction subsequent to primary transcription but prior to the appearance of protein synthesis-dependent VSV RNA, secondary transcription.


A series of donor–π–acceptor type of 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives with ethylene as π-conjugated bridges have been designed to explore their optical and electronic properties as luminescent materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The frontier molecular orbital analysis turned out that the vertical electronic transitions of absorption and emission are characteristic as intramolecular charge transfer. The calculations showed that their optical and electronic behaviours are clearly affected by the aromatic substitute groups, but not significantly to the stability of molecules. The calculated results suggest that all the selected candidates are promising as luminescent materials for OLEDs.


Species of Tillandsioideae are usually epiphytic and portray a range of habits from st.rongly xeric with thick, narrow leaves that are densely covered with conspicuous, shield-shaped, moisture-absorbing trichomes to mesic with broad, thin leaves having few and inconspicuous trichomes. Phenetic groupings and evolutionary tree construction of the nine subgenera of Til- landsia and Vriesea and of the 36 species of T. subg. Phytarrhiza by means of cluster analysis, Wagner network, and character compatability, show subgenera with the xeric and mesic habit on the same major branches and with T. subg. Allardtia in an ancestral position on the subgeneric tree. Of the 36 species of T. subg. Phytarrhiza, the 17 of xeric habit are largely on separate branches and the five species of mesic habit, mostly Ecuadorian, are centrally located on the evolutionary tree between the xeric and the 14 semi-mesic species. A phenogram based on 43 characters and portraying overall similarity supports the separation of most of the xeric from the mesic species on the Phytarrhiza tree. The xeric and semi-mesic habits seem to have evolved several times; initially during evolu- tionary differentiation that we recognize at the generic and subgeneric levels. Xeric and semi-mesic species follow mesic ones on each of several different branches of the Phytarrhiza tree. Pleistocene climatic history in South America helps to explain the repeated evolution of species with the xeric habit. During the past decade, we have come to recognize from paleoclimatological studies in South America that the Quaternary climate, especially in upland areas, has undergone a series of humid and xeric phases. Such would have alternately favored evolution of xeric and mesic bromeliads and this seems to have occurred.


* Do babies have the devil in theme or are they divine? * Should parents talk to their infants, or is it a waste of time? * Do babies need a daily bath – or two or three daily baths? In this book, you will find answers to these and many other questions about infants and how to care for them. In fact, you'll find several different answers to each one. Most of these answers will be quite different from what the majority of contemporary middle-class North Americans or Europeans would say. Here are some examples of the contrasting views you will encounter in these pages. To the Puritans in seventeenth-century America, infants were born in sin and in need of strict direction by their parents to help them resist the temptations of the devil. To the residents of Bali, however, babies are reincarnated ancestors and gods. Everyone including their own parents, must treat infants with the respect and deference due a deity, which includes addressing them with honorific titles otherwise reserved few individuals of the highest rank . Writers of Western child care manuals stress the great importance of talking to infants to foster language development The Beng of West A World of Babies Africa also talk to their babies, but they do so because they believe young infants can understand all the languages of the world. In contrast, many other group, including inhabitants of Ifaluk, a tiny Micronesian atoll, think that babies cannot understand any thing that's said to them, so there's no point in speaking to them .


The combination of practice and teaching in high vocational colleges,which serves as an access to bring up high-quality specialized talents who are competent for the manufacture,construction,management and front line service,consists in the depth of the integration of theory-teaching and practice-teaching.At the same time,it is also an inevitable choice to improve the vocational education and the leading manner to innovate the training mode.


This article examines the taxation of road traffic in Germany and makes a proposal for its reform. The policy-oriented approach used here is inspired by the tradition of economists like Richard A. Musgrave in the United States or Gunter Schmolders in Germany who always sought to integrate fiscal theory and fiscal practice. Thus, our considerations are guided by three basic principles of taxation which are well-founded theoretically and, at the same time, flexible enough to deal with issues of policy: fairness, efficiency and practicability. They are used, at first, to show what a systematic taxation of road traffic would look like. Then, actual road traffic taxation in Germany is described and measured against this standard. It turns out that none of the different road traffic taxes or fees in Germany conform to the principles of taxation. Therefore, finally, a proposal for reform is made which is discussed not only in terms of fairness and efficiency but also in terms of political acceptability and of compatibility with European law. It is found that the reform proposed complies with the principles of taxation and European law, but that, at present, it may be difficult to win public acceptance for one of its parts Highlights  1. It is argued that road traffic taxation, like taxation in general, ought to follow certain basic principles, such as fairness, efficiency or practicability. According to these principles, taxes on road traffic can only be justified in the form of fees paid by road users and in the form of steering taxes in order to combat air pollution and congestion 2. Since road traffic taxation in Germany does not comply with the principles of taxation, a proposal for reform is put forward. As a first step, the motor vehicle tax is to be abolished and the energy tax is to be transformed into a tax on CO2 emissions; as a second step, the truck toll and the infrastructure charge are to be merged into a comprehensive toll 3. A European approach to the reform of road traffic taxation is needed, because any unilateral reform may possibly cause competitive disadvantages for German transport companies and obstacles to the flow of traffic in Europe For citation Sollner F. Road traffic taxation in Germany: the present system, its problems and a proposal for reform. Journal of Tax Reform, 2018, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 57–72. DOI: 10.15826/jtr.2018.4.1.045 Article info Received February 22, 2018; accepted March 29, 2018


FIELD: medicine, pharmaceutics. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to field of pharmaceutics and deals with application of film-forming polyurethanes, their mixtures and copolymers in pharmaceutical preparations for dermal or transdermal introduction of active ingredients. Invention also describes applicator, which contains claimed medicine and plaster, which is obtained by application of claimed pharmaceutical preparation. EFFECT: invention makes it possible to realise dermal or trasdermal introduction of pharmaceutical ingredients with increased degree of penetration. 26 cl, 8 dwg, 8 ex


The EuroClim project has developed an advanced monitoring and modeling system for climate variables. The system observes cryospheric variables using satellites and in situ measurement stations and produces a portfolio of products based on these observations. The system also provides climate model products, from both historical runs and a scenario run. The climate modeling results are provided as another product portfolio. All products are available through a web service developed by the project. The service is currently semi-operational, and will be further developed into a fully operational system in the next few years.


This article argues Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 is a postsecular retelling of the book of Job. The novel not only alludes directly to Job, but shares plot, structure, and theme. Both texts explore religious meaning; divining the nature of the transcendent is the primary task of both protagonists. Further, both texts detail an education in uncertainty: as the voice from the whirlwind "answers" neither Oedipa nor Job according to expectations, each comes to understand the innate uncertainty of life and gains the self-knowledge and wisdom to live fully in spite of and according to this ambiguity.


Epidural anesthesia is effective at pain cessation during labor, and may help a woman get through an exhausting and long labor by allowing her to rest. But other well-known and documented outcomes of EA include the following: It slows labor, leading to augmentation with Pitocin; it promotes ineffective pushing, leading to the use of vacuum extraction, forceps and excessive pulling by the birth provider; it often causes a significant drop in blood pressure, leading to the use of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal distress; and it requires intravenous fluids for precautionary measures, which often restrict a woman to laboring on her back.


PVD-coatings are fully established on cutting and working tools. On the other side they are very scarcely used for machine elements like roller bearings. Through a modification of PVD-coatings their qualification for rolling stresses was tested and improved. The simulation of rolling stresses was performed in a tribometer to get better measurability of properties. Coatings have been found which are superior to noncoated bearing steel rollers.


A kinetic model for diffusional growth of silicides in thin‐metal‐film–silicon systems is proposed. The time dependence of the growth has been shown to be a function of the morphology of the growing silicide and the controlling diffusion process (diffusion in the film, interface diffusion). If the phase grows only in depth the parabolic dependence of silicide thickness h on time t in most cases follows the relation h≂t0.5. If silicide grows only in width w, then w≂t. In the case of simultaneous change of thickness and width when h/w=const the growth is proportional to t0.33.


Unemployment and scarcity of job opportunities count as major problems suffered in villages, especially by the youth. To this end, rural entrepreneurship, particularly in tourism and ecotourism sector, may contribute to the growth of rural economy through strategic and forward-looking planning along with other factors.  Innovation and creativity are turning into one of the essential ingredients of continued development. Rural museums, such as "Eco-museum", are one of the measures taken with regard to protecting various material and spiritual phenomena resulting from traditional habitats. "Eco-museums" can be deemed as a project to support sustainability, and a significant factor for development of entrepreneurship and businesses, especially small- and medium-sized businesses. Espidan, a village in North Khorasan province of Iran, can exert such an effect and play such a role as an eco-museum. Through library resources and field studies, the present study attempts to examine the potentials of Espidan for strengthening its rural tourist properties and fulfilment of ecotouristic objectives in line with three main criteria:  public contribution, exclusive eco-museum activities, and creating social, cultural and natural conditions (the determining the vital conditions for a place to evolve into an eco-museum). A study and evaluation of the recommended criteria in Espidan indicates that the village demonstrates considerable potentials for evolving into an eco-museum. As effective steps towards achieving continued development, practical solutions have been proposed for fulfilment of eco-museum objectives as such an evolution into an eco-museum can result in rural entrepreneurship.


Objective: To study the usefulness of corneal topography for contact lens fitting.

Material and methods: An study about reflection corneal topographers is made, measurement mechanism, precision level and error sources.

Results: The differences between the measurements needed for contact lens fitting and the ones the topographer can give are described.

Conclusions: It is found that topographers are useful as guidance in fitting over irregular corneas or with high astigmatism


The Chunk theory has great influence on the teaching and learning of English vocabulary and there's much in it that we can make use of in teaching and learning English vocabulary by way of experiencing the English language encouraged at present.This paper took the main viewpoints of this theory as the point of tangency,explored its conception in teaching vocabulary within the framework of learning English by experiencing it and the implication of such a theory for the teaching and learning of vocabulary by way of experiencing English.To be specific,the author of this paper holds that the teaching and learning of English vocabulary should emphasize the input of chunks so that learners can master adequate elements of the language,combine these elements organically to form chunks in different levels,so that they can turn the learned vocabulary into the acquired chunks and make communications with the language naturally,fluently and effectively.


Background With the complexity of enterprises' operating environment, employees face increasing work pressure and task requirements, which may increase anxiety symptoms. Effective financial performance management can improve enterprises' economic benefits and create a more stable and positive work atmosphere for employees. This study explores the effectiveness of innovative financial performance management models in alleviating employee anxiety. Subjects and Methods Five companies were selected for innovative financial performance management models, with 1,200 employees participating in the study. The study subjects were evaluated using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). The experiment lasts one year and tracks, studies, and evaluates employees' anxiety symptoms and job satisfaction. Results Through the innovation of the financial performance management model, 75% of employees stated that their work pressure was significantly alleviated. At the same time, employee job satisfaction increased by 23%. In the mental health assessment, anxiety symptoms among employees who experienced innovative management models decreased by 18% compared to before the reform. Conclusions The innovation of enterprise financial performance management mode not only promotes the economic benefits of the enterprise but also effectively alleviates employees' anxiety symptoms and improves their job satisfaction. To ensure the sustained and healthy development of enterprises and the psychological health of employees, it is recommended that more enterprises consider innovating and optimizing their financial performance management models.


Internationalization is an important component of university policies globally and has become an innovative element of study programs. Clearly, to the influence of these trends, no career or university program may be excluded from decisions about internationalization, which also must be part of policies of improvement under accreditation. Reflect, then, on the incidence of this internationalization in studies of law is an obvious need at the moment, facing the recent accreditation of law degree from the Faculty of Law of the University of Costa Rica. How to perform this internationalization, how to insert it into the academic curriculum and how to invigorate it into the programming of a strategic plan are essential elements of this comparative reflection. This work is intended as a set of ideas aimed at promoting a comprehensive debate on the strategies and goals of internationalization in the framework of a renewal of the curriculum in law school.


This paper examines lexical and syntactical errors taken from compositions written by 68 second-year English major students. It shows the errors account for a considerable proportion of the whole. They exist in the following aspects: confusion of synonyms, inappropriate collocation, first language interference, and incomplete structure. In order to avoid and solve these problems, the writer emphasizes the importance of strengthening the writing basic skills.


The size scale effect on the pyroelectricproperties is studied for gallium nitride(GaN) nanowires (NWs) based on molecular dynamics simulations and the theoretical analysis. Due to the significant influence of the surface thermoelasticity and piezoelectricity at the nanoscale, the pyroelectric coefficient of GaN NWs is found to depend on the cross-sectional size. This size-dependent pyroelectric coefficient of GaN NWs together with the size-dependent dielectric constant reported in our previous study is employed to study the pyroelectric potential of GaN NWs subjected to heating. The results show that the size scale effect is significant for thin NWs (cross-sectional size in nanometers) and may raise the pyroelectric potential of GaN NWs by over 10 times. Such a size scale effect on the pyroelectricproperties of NWs originates from the influence of thermoelasticity, piezoelectricity, and dielectricity at the nanoscale and decreases with increasing cross-section of GaN NWs. It is expected that the present study may have strong implication in the field of energy harvesting at the nanoscale, as pyroelectricity offers a new avenue to the design of novel nanogenerators.


The author reconstructs the history of prescription (usucapio) on title pro suo from Proculus to the end of classical period.


This study performed research for improvement on basic concept of PBD applying suitable design method before and after LB-DECK composition. According to study, in this case, before composition, it can reduce minuteness cracks by increasing bending tensile strength utilizing polymer concrete, can expect sensuous effect, improve durability as to low permeability, and was evaluated that can reduce covering depth according as it. Also, because LB-DECK baseplate that apply the empirical design method composite is superior load resistance ability than general baseplate, safety is increased, it is expected to secure constructibility and economic performance at the same time because reinforcement arrangement method and reinforcement amount are fixed even if span effective span is increased at ultimate strength design method application.


The invention relates to an improved soil mass combined consolidation permeameter which comprises a loading system, an osmotic pressure loading system, a strain testing system and a control system connected with the osmotic pressure loading system and the strain testing system, wherein the loading system, the osmotic pressure loading system and the strain testing system are respectively connected with a soil sample (6). The soil sample (6) is placed in the loading system, the loading system compresses the soil sample (6) through an air pressure movement osmotic pressure container (11), so that the soil sample (6) is solidified; and the osmotic pressure loading system loads osmotic pressure for the soil sample (6). The strain testing system tests deformation data of the soil sample (6). The control system controls osmotic pressure and stores test data. Compared with the prior art, besides osmotic coefficient testing, the improved soil mass combined consolidation permeameter can be used for consolidation tests, osmotic consolidation combination influence tests and tests of simulating the influence of underground water pressure on consolidation, multiple applications of the permeameter are achieved, the shortcoming that a conventional osmotic pressure instrument cannot measure a high-density material is overcome, and the improved soil mass combined consolidation permeameter automatically stores data and is favorable for error analysis.


Previously, we modelled the X-ray spectra of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224−3809 using a disc reflection model with a fixed electron density of 1015 cm−3. An additional blackbody component was required to fit the soft X-ray excess below 2 keV. In this work, we analyse simultaneously five flux-resolved XMM-Newton spectra of this source comprising data collected over 2 Ms. A disc reflection model with an electron density of ne ≈ 1020 cm−3 and an iron abundance of ZFe = 3.2 ± 0.5 Z⊙ is used to fit the broad-band spectra of this source. No additional component is required to fit the soft excess. Our best-fit model provides consistent measurements of black hole spin and disc inclination angle as previous models where a low disc density was assumed. In the end, we calculate the average illumination distance between the corona and the reflection region in the disc of IRAS 13224−3809 based on best-fit density and ionisation parameters, which changes from 0.43$\sqrt{f_{\rm AD}/f_{\rm INF}}$ rg in the lowest flux state to 1.71$\sqrt{f_{\rm AD}/f_{\rm INF}}$ rg in the highest flux state assuming a black hole mass of 2 × 106 M⊙. fAD/fINF is the ratio between the flux of the coronal emission that reaches the accretion disc and infinity. This ratio depends on the geometry of the coronal region in IRAS 13224−3809. So we only discuss its value based on the simple 'lamp-post' model, although detailed modelling of the disc emissivity profile of IRAS 13224−3809 is required in future to reveal the exact geometry of the corona.


Summary form only given, as follows. The behaviour of MHD surface waves propagating at a single interface is studied by incorporating viscous dissipation via the strongly anisotropic parallel viscosity term. We consider incompressible, linear, MHD equations with a strong background magnetic field. Applying boundary condition at the interface i.e. continuity of normal velocity and the total pressure across the interface, the dispersion relation is obtained for the surface waves. It is then solved numerically and characteristic curves are plotted different values of propagating angle. It is found that modes of surface waves become damped owing to ion-parallel viscosity. The pattern of propagation shown graphically. It is conjectured then solved numerically and characteristic curves are plotted that the results are applicable for the situation in solarwind at 1 AU for values obtained from spacecraft data.


Solid/liquid separation (filtration, sedimentation, expression and centrifugation) is accompanied by liquid flow through particulate layer. Permeability data (the relationship between local specific flow resistance α and void ratio e of particulate layer) are the most important information for the analysis of a solid/liquid separation; i.e. the accurate and reliable measurement of permeability is needed for the rigorous analysis.
This study investigates the determination method for permeability data of solid/liquid systems using expression data and a simplex algorithm. This methodology is a kind of curve fitting analysis for constant-pressure expression. The details of determination method for permeability data are as follows. (i) The functional form is defined as follows: α = α1e- where α1 and  are empirical constants. (ii) The initial values of α1 and  are fixed. (iii) The optimum values of α1 and  are searched by fitting theoretical time course of constant-pressure expression with experimental expression data by algorithm of simplex method.
For efficacy evaluation of this estimation method, the permeability data of zinc oxide were determined using the method. The estimation shows a satisfactory agreement with the experimental results obtained from a compression-permeability test. The use of this method is of value in determining the permeability characteristics of gelatinous materials (e.g. organogel) which are difficult to measure by a conventional compression permeability test.


Background: There was no data how these food density could effect on glucose and visual analog levels based on hunger-filled scales in Indonesian population. Objective To determine the effect of food energy density on glucose levels and hunger-satiety sensation. Material and Methods: Seventeen women 18-22 years of age with BMI> 25, were given low energy density breakfast (n = 9) and high energy density (n = 7). The subjects were fasted for 10 hours, fasting blood glucose levels was measured as well as hunger-satiety sensation with a visual analog scale (VAS), prior to treatment. Breakfast was started at 08.00 a.m chew up to 32 times for 15 minutes. Blood glucose levels and VAS measurement were taken back in 2 hours and 4 hours afterward. Result: There was a significant differences in glucose levels between 4 hours postpandrial and 2 hours postpandrial (p = 0.031) and also between 4 hours postpandrial and fasting state (p = 0.042) in both groups. Analysis of hunger level VAS (p = 0.02) and satiety level VAS (0.04) at 4 hours postpandrial also differ significantly. Correlation analysis between hunger level VAS and blood glucose was different significantly (p = 0.01) with r = -0.59. Conclusions: The low energy density foods produce a pattern of increasing blood glucose levels were more stable, thus, more able to suppress the sensation of hunger than high energy density.


In this issue of Blood , Pabst et al report that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) "priming" improves event-free and overall survival (EFS and OS) only in those adults less than 60 years old given escalated doses of cytarabine (ara-C) for treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid


This article is based on the plenary talk I gave at the 2016 GlobELT Conference (Antalya, 14–17 April). I begin by reminding readers of the structure of the ELP and pointing out that although it was greeted with enthusiasm in most Council of Europe member states, it is not widely used in most of them (Turkey and Albania are current exceptions to this general tendency). I then elaborate on the relation between the ELP and the CEFR and sketch the ELP's history from 1998 to 2014. After that I offer answers to two questions: Why has the ELP been a relative failure in most countries? And why did the ELP succeed in Ireland with learners from immigrant backgrounds? Finally, I consider how we might make a fresh start.


The invention discloses an elbow joint active-passive combined rehabilitation training system. Pneumatic muscles serve as a power driving unit, the four pneumatic muscles are evenly distributed between an elbow sliding ring and a shoulder sliding ring in the peripheral direction, the upper ends and the lower ends of the pneumatic muscles are connected with the elbow sliding ring and the shoulder sliding ring through spherical hinges, and rehabilitation training that the sliding rings drive the elbow joint to rotate in multiple directions can be achieved by controlling single or more pneumatic muscles to be inflated and deflated according to certain rules. The rear segment of the shoulder and the front end of the elbow are sleeved with the elbow joint active-passive combined training rehabilitation system through an elastic sleeve, it is ensured that the arm can move along with movement of the elbow sliding ring, and therefore elbow joint passive rehabilitation training can be achieved. Due to the fact that the pneumatic muscles have good flexibility, when the pneumatic muscles are not inflated, the elbow joint can drive the elbow sliding ring to move, and elbow joint active rehabilitation training can be achieved. The elbow joint active-passive combined rehabilitation training system has the advantages of being compact in structure, clean and good in anti-explosion performance, and can be used for rehabilitation training for the elbow joint of a person.


The convergence of heterogeneous networks is the trend of future network development. However, many "bottlenecks" exist in the convergence such as high delay, high energy consumption, low communication rate, etc. To overcome these "bottlenecks" and to satisfy the requirements of heterogeneous networks convergence, Multi-Radio Cooperation (MRC) techniques have recently become an active realm. The MRC techniques can improve the network capacity, reduce the energy consumption of wireless devices and decrease the handoff delay by cooperation of multiple radios, management efficiency, and feasible allocation of multi-radio resources. The MRC techniques offer the feasibility of realization for seamless connectivity of heterogeneous networks.


We discuss to which extent a given earthquake catalog and the assumption of a doubly-truncated Gutenberg-Richter distribution for the earthquake magnitudes allow for the calculation of confidence intervals for the maximum possible magnitude M . We show, that without further assumptions, like the existence of an upper bound of M , only very limited information may be obtained. In a frequentist formulation, for each confidence level the confidence interval diverges with finite probability. In a Bayesian formulation, the posterior distribution of the upper magnitude is not normalizable. We conclude that the common approach to derive confidence intervals from the variance of a point estimator fails. Technically, this problem can be overcome by introducing an upper bound f M for the maximum magnitude. Then, the Bayesian posterior distribution can be normalized and its variance decreases with the number of observed events. However, since the posterior depends significantly on the choice of the unknown value of f M , the resulting confidence intervals are essentially meaningless. The use of an informative prior distributions accounting for pre-knowledge of M is also of little use, because the prior is only modified in the case of the occurrence of an extreme event. The results suggest that the maximum possible magnitude M should be replaced by MT , the maximum expected magnitude in a given time interval T . For this quantity the calculation of exact confidence intervals becomes straightforward. From a physical point of view, numerical modelsof the earthquake process adjusted to specific fault regions may be a powerful alternative to overcome the shortcomings of purely statistical inference.


This paper takes its title from a poem by the late Romantic poet Joseph von Eichendorff (1788—1857), which speaks of a song lying hidden within nature, which can only be heard when a «magic word» is spoken. Eichendorff is here speaking of a hermeneutical key which unlocks the deeper meaning of the natural world. Nature is silent and mute, until it is approached and interpreted in certain ways. This theme is significant in contemporary discussions about natural theology, considered in this paper. The enterprise of natural theology is here interpreted in terms of discernment, of seeing nature in a certain way, of viewing it through a particular and specific set of theoretical spectacles. It is argued in this paper that a Trinitarian interpretative framework unlocks this deeper meaning of nature, allowing an enhanced engagement with its proper significance. A Trinitarian vision of reality illuminates nature, allowing new levels of perception and appreciation of its significance, while at the same time opening up new apologetic possibilities with contemporary secular culture. The rise of new forms of atheism on the one hand, and neo-paganism on the other, point to the urgent need for a renewed natural theology which allows full significance of the natural order to be unlocked.


A study of the Portreath harbour wall is presented. The aim of work is to analyse the wall behaviour under wave loading in order to get its structural behaviour after that the storm in 2014 and 2018 damaged the structure. Analysis has been conducted by creating a FEM model of both the damaged parts of the wall. Results were analysed and it has been found that for the part damaged in 2014 the collapse was due to a progressive damage of the masonry, while for the part damaged in 2018 a shear failure occurred. The study is a preliminary work and further investigation with appropriate theories are required for a better understanding.


The main focus of 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Its Emerging Applications (ICEA) is on intelligent computing and its applications. As the name ICEA suggests, it provides a platform for sharing the latest research results of intelligent computing. This year, the ICEA is hosted by National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) and is technically supported by Taiwan Association of Cloud Computing, IEEE, IEEE Tainan Section, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), National Taichung University of Science and Technology (NUTC), National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), Chung-Ang University (CAU), National I-lan University (NIU), National Penghu University of Science and Technology (NPU), Sangmyung University (SMU), Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT), Tunghai University (THU), Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science (CNU), MOST AI Biomedical Research Center, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), and Hang Seng University of Hong Kong (HSU). It is our great pleasure to have three keynote speakers---Prof. Mohammed Atiquzzaman and Prof. S. Felix Wu from USA as well as Prof. Andrew W. H. Ip from Hong Kong---here to give us three keynote speeches on intelligent computing. On behalf of the ICEA 2019 organizing committee, we would like to sincerely welcome all of the participants and guests to the conference. We also would like to thank all of the members of the organizing and technical program committees for their efforts on the organization and handling of this conference to make it a great success. Last but not least, we hope that all the participants and guests will more or less get some new ideas from the keynote speeches and oral presentations of ICEA 2019 and will enjoy the stay in Tainan, Taiwan.


A two-stage GHT-based cubic spline recognition method is proposed for recognising flexible natural shapes. First, the proposed method uses cubic splines to interpolate a flexible natural shape, and a sequence of connected boundary points is generated from the cubic splines. Each such point has accurate tangent and curvature features. At the first recognition stage, the proposed method uses the modified GHT to adjust the scale and orientation factors of the input shape with respect to each reference model. At the second recognition stage, the proposed point-based matching technique calculates the difference between each specific reference model and its corresponding adjusted input shape at the point level. In experiments for recognising 15 categories of natural shapes, including fruits and vegetables, the recognition rate of the proposed two-stage method is 97.3%, much higher than 79.3% measured by the standard GHT.


Gentrification often leads to changes within urban neighbourhoods. While redevelopment and investment may improve the built environment in gentrifying neighbourhoods, there may be disruptive impacts that affect health and wellbeing for existing residents. A growing body of literature explores the impact of gentrification on the psychosocial wellbeing of residents. This study sought to understand gentrification's effects on three aspects of psychosocial wellbeing in a random sample of predominantly Black residents in two neighbourhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (n = 662). Residents were enrolled in 2011 and surveyed multiple times through 2018. We used American Community Survey data to create a tract-level measure of gentrification to categorise the 13 census tracts in the two neighbourhoods as gentrified or not gentrified between 2011 and 2018 and assessed whether gentrified tracts experienced predominantly White or Black gentrification. We then estimated multivariate regression models to test associations between gentrification status and participant-level changes in perceived neighbourhood social cohesion, neighbourhood satisfaction and psychological distress, between 2013 and 2018. Relative to participants living in non-gentrified tracts, we found those living in gentrified tracts (all of which were Black gentrified) experienced smaller improvements in perceived neighbourhood social cohesion (coef.  =−0.21, p = 0.005) and neighbourhood satisfaction (dy/dx = 0.12, p = 0.003). We found no statistically significant association between gentrification and changes in psychological distress. These results suggest that although gentrification may bring about needed resources in the community, further consideration should be given to help ensure any detrimental effects on social cohesion and neighbourhood satisfaction are mitigated.


The aerodynamic characteristic for the conductor structure of overhead lines is very sensitive to the surface roughness. A wind tunnel test with a rigid model of surface pressure measurement was carried out for typical large-diameter circular wire conductors, trapezoidal wire conductors, and equal-diameter smooth cylinders. The surface pressure characteristics of conductors and cylinders with the Reynolds number, the characteristics of wake vortex based on pressure distribution, the Reynolds number transition zone of the conductor in uniform flow field, and the wake vortex frequency and Strouhal number were studied. A method for determining the aerodynamic coefficient of the structure based on the wind tunnel test for pressure-test was proposed. And the following conclusions were obtained:1) The distribution of the mean wind pressure coefficients along the circumferential direction is studied, according to which the four zones are divided: pressure zone(positive pressure zone), increasing pressure zone(negative pressure zone), decreasing suction zone, stable suction zone. 2) The maximum mean suction coefficient is inversely proportional to the drag coefficient, so the drag force can be decreased by increasing the maximum mean suction coefficient, which provides a new idea for the development of low-wind-pressure conductors. 3) About the critical Reynolds number, smooth cylinder > trapezoidal-wire conductor> round-wire conductor. 4) Considering the design wind speeds of transmission line in China mostly between 25m/s-39m/s, the drag coefficient is smaller than 0.8 based on the research in this paper, which indicates the drag coefficient 1.2 in code for overhead transmission line of China is overestimated.


Four pure mulberry silkworm breeds viz., Pure Mysore, Nistari, NB4D2 & CSR2 and two hybrid
(Pure Mysore x CSR2 and Nistari x NB4D2) silkworms were selected for the present study. The
total soluble proteins, specific activity levels of amylase, succinate dehydrogenase, esterase and
alkaline phosphatase in haemolymph, mid gut as well as fat body tissues were estimated during fifth
instar with a regular interval of 24 h. The average values of biochemical studies were subjected to
regression analysis against each other individually to know the level and kind of correlation between
them. Of the 91 results of regression analysis, 48 exhibited positive, 40 revealed negative and 3
showed neutral status. Of the positive correlation, 7 exhibited highly positive correlation.