Cichorium intybus is a perennial herb in the Asteraceae family that has significant ethano-medical properties and is utilized in Ayurveda and Unani therapy. The enzyme costunolide synthase contributes in the biosynthesis pathway of sesquiterpene lactones, which is thought to give the plant antimalarial action.

This work uses several in-silico techniques along with docking experiments to show the structural and physiochemical characteristics of the enzyme costunolide synthase. Costunolide synthase protein interacts with lactucin and lactucopicrin with lower energy interactions of -4.99 kcal/mol for total 3 hydrogen bonds and -6.55 kcal/mol for total 2 hydrogen bonds, respectively. One domain named CYP 450 has been found which catalyzes a variety of oxidative reactions of a large number of structurally different compounds that are both endogenous and exogenous from all major domains of life. The mitochondrial cellular localization of protein was revealed with a maximum score of 1.833.

The phylogenetic study revealed that the enzyme costunolide synthase from Cichorium intybus has a greater resemblance to Cichorium endivia and Lactuca sativa of costunolide synthase. Molecular docking findings of sesquiterpene lactones (lactucin and lactucopicrin) with Plasmepsin II protein of P. falciparum parasites after clinical trials with sesquiterpene lactones may give the more evidences and explanations for the active involvement of lactucin and lactucopicrin as an antimalarial compound.

This research will be used in future wet lab studies to figure out how the costunolide synthase enzyme regulates sesquiterpene lactones and to investigate additional regulatory enzyme involved in the synthesis of sesquiterpene lactones.


Power applications that require electronic switching converters are increasing, so as their requirements in terms of power density and efficiency. Passive components such as inductors and capacitors that make up the filters used in these switched power converters are of great impact on the size, cost and overall system performance. The use of wide bandgap semiconductors allows high switching frequencies at lower power losses when compared to the traditional Si ones, allowing the filter components to shrink. This work explores the use of SiC Mosfets in a 48V DC telecom storage application to reduce the required filter components to values that allows the use of the distribution grid inductance and the converter-grid connecting transformer leakage inductance as part of the LCL filter. It is shown that the system remains stable and the LCL filter plays its role for different types and values of grid loads connected in the capacitor branch of the filter.


This paper presents some central ideas that supported the proposal of a group of geographers to make a film about public spaces. One of the most important ideas is the heuristic value of images when treated geographically. Simultaneously, the text warns about some common behaviors that in general compromise the creative power of images in the manner which they are used and interpreted in the Social Sciences, particularly in Geography.


This paper takes the shallow-buried soft rock super-large section tunnel project in Gui'an New Area as the engineering background. The new tunnel construction technology combining CD method and bench method is proposed creatively, under the premise of taking into account the safety and construction period requirements. Firstly, the rock mass quality classification of the surrounding rock of the tunnel is calculated according to the [BQ] value. It is concluded that the construction section should be constructed according to the V-class surrounding rock. Secondly, the CD method and a new method combined the CD method with the bench method are used to simulate the surrounding rock stability value based on the FLAC3D software. The results show that compared with the CD method, the new method has less influence on the surrounding rock, which indicates that the new method is more conducive to maintaining the stability of the surrounding rock. Finally, the horizontal convergence of the two gangs and the amount of collapse of the arch are within the control target through the monitoring of surrounding rock during the excavation of the new method, which indicates that the surrounding rock and the initial supporting structure are in a safe state after tunnel excavation. This new construction method has been successfully applied in the shallow-buried soft rock super-large tunnel project in Gui'an New Area. The construction results can provide reference for other related projects, such as tunnel engineering and underground space engineering, and have certain practical guiding significance.


Complexes of random copolymers of sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonate and N-dodecylmethacrylamide (DodMAm) (poly(A/Dx), where x denotes the mol % content of DodMAm) and n-dodecyl hexa(ethylene glycol) monoether(C 1 2 E 6 ) exhibited a liquid-liquid phase separation (coacervation) when poly(A/Dx) with x 50 mol % and C 1 2 E 6 were mixed in water in the presence of a sufficiently high concentration of added NaCl ([NaCl]). Phase diagrams obtained by turbidimetric titrations indicated that coacervation occurred only within a limited concentration regime both for the polymer and surfactant. Coacervation occurred more easily at higher [NaCl]; [NaCl] should be higher than ca. 0.2 M at 25 °C for coacervation to occur. The cloud points of a mixture of poly(A/D48) and C 1 2 E 6 at varying [NaCl] suggested that the dominant effects of added NaCl were the shielding effect of electrostatic repulsion between sulfonate moieties in poly(A/D48) at lower [NaCl] and an enhancement of hydrophobic interaction caused by added salt at higher [NaCl]. From the intra- and interpolymer nonradiative energy transfer and quasielastic light scattering data, it was concluded that as the concentration of either of the three components (i.e., polymer, surfactant, and salt) is increased toward a phase boundary for coacervation, the size of poly(A/D48)-C 1 2 E 6 soluble complexes, in which C 1 2 E 6 micelles act as cross-linking junctions of different polymer chains, increases gradually at first and then abruptly near the phase boundary, ending up with coacervation at a higher concentration of the component. On the basis of these experimental data, we discussed a possible mechanism for the coacervation of poly(A/D48) with C 1 2 E 6 .


In this paper, we report on the design of a part-of-speech-tagset for Wolof and on the creation of a semi-automatically annotated gold standard. In order to achieve high-quality annotation relatively fast, we first generated an accurate lexicon that draws on existing word and name lists and takes into account inflectional and derivational morphology. The main motivation for the tagged corpus is to obtain data for training automatic taggers with machine learning approaches. Hence, we took machine learning considerations into account during tagset design and we present training experiments as part of this paper. The best automatic tagger achieves an accuracy of 95.2% in cross-validation experiments. We also wanted to create a basis for experimenting with annotation projection techniques, which exploit parallel corpora. For this reason, it was useful to use a part of the Bible as the gold standard corpus, for which sentence-aligned parallel versions in many languages are easy to obtain. We also report on preliminary experiments exploiting a statistical word alignment of the parallel text.


At the end of April in 1990, The Chinese Government announced a New Good Treatment Policy as law for the Shanghai City economic development, which meant the actual start of Shanghai's economic redevelopment.In this paper, we develop an econometric model which contains 31 variables to explain the structure of Shanghai City's economy. The model is consisted of 26 endogenous variables and 5 exogenous variables. As for the estimation method, ordinary least squares (OLS) and Orcutt procedure are adopted. We use the model to forecast Shanghai City's economic structure to be effected by the New Economic Redevelopment Policy and present the results of the policy simulation.This paper examines investment increase which will be brought about by the New Economic Development Policy. The impacts caused by the increasing investment on Shanghai City's economic structure are evaluated and assessed. In conclusion, we find facts that at the present time the investment in energy and communications infrastructure must be given the top priority, while investment balance should be maintained.


This paper introduces the wavelet transformation applied in EHV transmission line fault locating by detecting singularity and filtering,and a new method to select phase constructed by combining with module component of traveling-wave and power current.Employing the corresponding relationship between the module maximum of wavelet transformation and the singularity point ,it can be determined the time that initial traveling-wave arrives at the two ends of the line,further the fault point distance can be computed with the time.A great number of EMTP simulation experiments to be conducted shows :such method can select accurately fault phase,completely eliminate the affection of ground resistance and locating accuracy is also high.This method is basically unaffected by different fault type,phase of fault voltage and fault allocation.


This book is a comprehensive primer to the field of Life Cycle Costing and offers 12 chapters of accessible text, worked examples and introductory reading to a complex topic. While it is clearly the 'book for the course', it provides clear insight into the topic from a range of perspectives. To gain the most from the book will require the reader to be numerate and confident in tackling the underpinning mathematics, although the numerous references to and tutorial about Excel will mitigate the detailed number crunching. The initial chapters provide a concise introduction and background as to what and why engineers should be addressing in detail the issues of cost modelling across the system lifecycle. Utilising an established US product lifecycle model, the reader is drawn through an overview of System Lifecycle costing before launching into Engineering Economics and the (Economic) Analysis of Alternatives. The economic parameters (such as interest, amortisation and inflation) and the functions of cash flow analysis, sensitivity and break even analyses are accessibly explained and illustrated with worked examples and simple instructive diagrams. These chapters provide the underpinning 'economics' for the engineer as they develop the more sophisticated ideas. The concept of the Life Cycle Framework and the techniques associated with the development of costing models provides a set of useful checklists for the engineer to consider in relation to their contribution to costs but unfortunately goes little further than this. Indeed it is at this point that the detail of the book becomes less obvious and the worked examples thinner on the ground. Several of the subsequent chapters have no worked examples which, while understandable because the subject matter is becoming more complex and difficult to abstract into viable exercises, is disappointing and the references offered do not of themselves fill in that gap in a comprehensive way. The techniques chapters – addressing Simulation-based costing, Complex Systems, Software Intensive Systems, Parametric Cost estimating, CAIV, COTS and Quality – all provide a contextual picture which draws the reader in (and indeed provides good aids and checklists for use by engineers in real world situations) but ultimately leave too much to be addressed via the external referenced material. Unfortunately here, while the references are up to date the reader is left much to do to achieve a thorough and more detailed understanding. The final chapter addresses the relationship between the Project Manager and Life Cycle Costing – again with accessible text, simple diagrams and an engaging style. The issues of schedule, work structure and the associated calculations are introduced with some worked examples to assist. The issues of relationships within a project as they pertain to costing are not well represented – only the Project Manager's perspective is actively addressed. The role of the Systems Engineer in the costing exercise is vital, as it is from that discipline that much of the data pertaining to the


Background: Around the world, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is the most popular instrument to identify depressive disorders in the community. However, this scale has not been validated in Colombia. Objective: To validate the CES-D in the general population of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Method: A random sample of adults (N=266) was evaluated. After the participants completed the CES-D, a psychiatrist interviewed them to detect a current major depressive episode (MDE) using the Structured Clinical Interview for a DSM-IV diagnosis. Results: The psychiatric clinical interview identifi ed 44 (16.5%) people with MDE. The ROC suggested 20 as the best cut-off point. With this cut-off point, 102 (38.3%) people reported clinically meaningful depressive symptoms, with an observed concordance of 0.77 (95%CI 0.71-0.82); sensitivity for a MDE, 0.96 (95%CI 0.83-0.99); specifi city, 0.73 (95%CI 0.67-0.79); positive predictive value, 0.41 (95%CI 0.32-0.51); negative predictive value, 0.99 (95%CI 0.95-1.0); positive likelihood ratio, 3.53; negative likelihood ratio, 0.06; and Cohen's kappa test, 0.45 (95%CI 0.35-0.55). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.87, and four factors explained 50.3% of the variance. Conclusions: The CES-D with a cut-off point of 20 may be a useful tool for MDE screening in Colombian adults.


Microlever for atomic force microscope and microscope incorporating the microlever. # The invention is suitable for incorporation microlever an atomic force microscope (20). The microlever has a plate (1) comprising respective opposed major faces (2), and first lower faces (3) opposite and a second faces lower (4) opposed being one of the second sides under (4) opposite adapted for binding atomic force microscope (20). The microlever also comprises an appendix trace (10) located in one of the smaller faces (3) of the plate (1). also has at least one actuating electrode (5) adapted to cause a displacement of the plate (1) parallel to its larger faces (2) and a detection electrode (7) located in one of its larger faces (2).


Soil and water pollution are major environmental problem facing many coastal regions of the world due to high population, urbanization and industrialization. The hydrofacies and water quality of the coastal plain-sand of part of Eastern Niger-Delta, Nigeria was investigated in this study. Hydrogeological investigations show that the aquifers in the area are largely unconfined sands with intercalations of gravels, clay and shale which are discontinuous and however form semi-confined aquifers in some locations. The observed wide ranges and high standard deviations and mean in the geochemical data are evidence that there are substantial differences in the quality/composition of the groundwater within the study area. The plot of the major cations and anions on Piper, Durov, and Scholler diagrams indicated six hydrochemical facies in the area: Na-Cl, CaMg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. The groundwater quality of the area was evaluated using water quality index. The study identified salt intrusion and high iron content and poor sanitation as contributors to the soil and water deterioration in the area. Saltwater/freshwater interface occurs between 5 m to 185 m while iron-rich water is found between 20 m to 175 m. The first two factors are natural phenomenon due to the proximity of the aquifer to the ocean and probably downward leaching of marcasite contained in the overlying lithology into the shallow water table while the last factors is the results of various anthropogenic activities domiciled in the area. The peoples in the region are advised to imbibed good hygiene and sanitary


A methodology is presented which allows comparison between models under different modeling paradigms. Consider the following situation: Two models have been constructed to study different aspects of the same system. One model simulates a fleet of aircraft moving a given combination of cargo and passengers from an onload point to an offload point. A second model is an optimization (linear programming) model, which for given cargo and passenger requirements, optimizes aircraft and route selection in order to minimize late- and non-deliveries. The optimization model represents a much more aggregated view of the airlift system than does the simulation. The two models do not have immediately comparable input or output structures, which complicates a comparison of the two models' outputs. A methodology is developed to structure this comparison. Two models which compare favorably using this methodology are considered covalid models. We define the covalidity of models in the narrow sense as models which perform similarly under approximately the same input conditions. Structurally different models which are covalid (in the narrow sense) may hold the potential to be used in an iterative fashion to improve the input (and thus, the output) of one another. Ultimately it is hoped that we may, through such a series of innovations, effect a convergence to valid representations of the real-world situation. We define such a condition as covalidation in the wide sense. Further, if one of the models has been independently validated (in the traditional meaning), then we may effect a validation by proxy of the other model through this process.


betterment of society which lacks an evolutionary theory of international politics. However, the author's claim to establish international politics and the social sciences as an exact science using Darwin's theory is contestable, because changes within international politics are contextual rather than scientific, and indeed the very nature of material science and the social sciences is quite different.


Blanching of the Hair, A paper read before the Royal Society, London, by Mr. Erasmus Wilson, has thrown new light on the question as to what causes the sudden whitening of the hair, often produced by fright or profound grief. He cites a case in which the hair was colored white and brown alternately from end to end. The white segments were about one-half the length of the brown, and the two together measured about one-third of a line. Under the microscope, the colors were reversed, and it was obvious that the opacity of the white portion was due to a vast accumulation of air globules packed closely together in the fibrous structure of the hair, as the medulla. There was no absence of pigment, but the accumulation of air globules veiled and obscured the normal color and structure. Mr. Wilson suggested the possibility of the brown portion being the day growth, and the white portion the night growth. He also said, in reference to the sudden blanching of the whole hair, of which there were many cases on record, that during the prevalence of a violent nervous shock the normal fluids of the hair might be drawn inward toward the body, in unison with the generally contracted and collapsed state of the sur face ; and that the vacuities left by this process of exhaustion might be suddenly filled with atmospheric air. An interesting discussion followed the reading of the paper. Dr. Sharkey alluded to a recent case of sudden blanching of the hair reported by Dr. Landois, of Griefswald, in Virchow's Archiv., which was ascertained to be the result of an accumulation of air globules in the fibrous substance of the hair.


Objective To introduce clinical experience of treatment of different types of neonatal omphalocele.Methods A retrospective analysis of 21 cases with neonatal omphalocele in Shanghai Children's Medical Center and Xinhua Hospital was performed.The experience in the management of omphalocele was summarized,and the categorization of neonatal omphalocele was established.Suggestions and details in the management were introduced according to different types of omphalocele.Results There were 21 cases with omphalocele,15 cases were cured and the other 5 died.One case gave up therapy and was voluntarily discharged because of the complication.The total survival rate is 71.4%.The cause of death in 5 cases was as follows:1 was complicated with pneumonia and heart failure due to the congenital heart disease,1 died of asphyxia when sucking the breast,1 developed multiple organ failure due to liver incarceration,1 neonate died of the complication of intracranial hemorrhage,and the other one Was hospitalized too late.The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 4 years.Fifteen patients who were recovered all got good growth and development.Conclusions Precise evaluation and categorization are expected to be established for neonatal omphalocele.The type of omphalocele that is easy to he incarcerated should be supplemented.Management should be taken according to the type of omphalocele and the conditions of membranes,so as to avoid the severe bad consequences due to the improper management.

Key words:
Hernia; umbilical; Neonate


Abstract : Defining the averaging time required for measuring meaningful turbulence statistics is a central problem in boundary-layer meteorology. Path-averaging scintillation instruments are presumed to confer some time-averaging benefits when the objective is to measure surface fluxes, but that hypothesis has not been tested definitively. This study uses scintillometer measurements of the inner scale of turbulence l(sub 0) and the refractive index structure parameter (C(sup, sub n)) collected during SHEBA (the experiment to study the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean) to investigate this question of required averaging time. The first conclusion is that the beta probability distribution is useful for representing; C(sup 2, sub n) and l(sub 0) measurements. Consequently, beta distributions are used to set confidence limits on C(sup 2, sub n) and l(sub 0) values obtained over various averaging periods. When the C(sup 2, sub n) and l(sub 0) time series are stationary, a short-term average of C(sup 2, sub n) or l (sub 0) can be as accurate as a long-term average. But, as with point measurements, when time series of path- averaged C(sup 2, sub n) or l (sub 0) values are nonstationary, turbulent surface fluxes inferred from these C(sup 2, sub n) and l (sub 0) values can be variable and uncertain-problems that path-averaging was presumed to mitigate. Since nonstationarty turns out to be a limiting condition, the last topic is quantifying the nonstationarty with a published nonstationarty ratio and also by simply counting zero-crossings in the time series.


The application of the shared plate technology effectively lowered the cost of the compound die and shortened the manufacturing cycle.The main points for designing and manufacturing the shared plate of the compound die were introduced.The methods for calˉculating the offset distance and inclined angle of the electrode wire in wire cutting were mainly introduced.


Defining the restoration target is the first step towards creating a vegetation community restoration plan and is critical for measuring success of a project. We propose a method of determining restoration goals which utilizes publicly available soils data from the Natural Resources Conservation Services (NRCS) website. Ecological site data associated with each soil type provide the dominant vegetation types supported by a particular soil. These data can be used to create potential natural vegetation maps that can be used to guide restoration goals. We employed these methods on 2 barrier strandplain peninsulas in the Texas Coastal Bend—Lamar and Live Oak peninsulas, creating a map of grouped ecological sites. We then related the sites to a current land cover classification scheme by means of a crosswalk to allow for a comparison with current land cover, resulting in a simplification of the natural vegetation map. To address gaps in the vegetation information, we used digital elevation models and knowledge of existing zonation patterns in the vegetation to determine the potential natural vegetation at particular elevations. Two examples demonstrate the utility of this approach where soil and/or vegetation have been altered in a coastal environment. These methods offer a starting point for determining the natural vegetation assemblage and appropriate restoration target.


The allocation of sample size in stratified sampling by Tschuprow-Neyman optimum allocation requires the knowledge of atleast proportionate values of "within stratum variances" of the study variable, which are unknown. Rao (1968) [49] studied the problem under a superpopulation model set-up and examined the justification for replacing the unknown "within stratum vari ances" of the study variable by the known corresponding values of a related auxiliary variable. In this chapter, we consider a more general (correlated) superpopulation model, which takes into account the intrastratum correla tion among the units within the same stratum. The Tschuprow-Neyman optimum allocation is obtained under the correlated superpopulation model based on auxiliary information for stratified simple random sampling with and without replacement designs, which can be used in place of unknown


Establishment of the valid technical condition, research of relationship of cause and effect and hierarchy of the factors influencing use reliability of load-carrying structures of town-planning objects of industrial function at their reconstruction and reprofiling is the main objective of safe and reliable operation. By method of the atomic and emission spectral analysis it is established that separate elements of farms are made of the "boiling" steel that does not conform to requirements of existing rules. Values of movements, efforts on combinations of loads by snow load and ranges of distribution of potential energy of deformation on farm elements are received. The analysis of intense state of strain of roof frames of covering of the inspected industrial buildings has shown that their bearing capacity in zone of possible formation of snow "bag" from height difference and extension to workshop of higher flight is not sufficient. By results of the conducted researches recommendations for safe further operation of roof frames of covering and valid conclusion about degree of their suitability for the planned conversion and modernization of industrial buildings are formulated.


Using the neutron monitor data for the period 1954-89, several new features in the 22-year modulation cycle as well as in the well known ll-year cycles have been observed. Systematic differences and similarities in the shape of two successive ll-year cycles (viz. even and odd) and alternate ll-year cycles (viz. even-even or odd-odd) are observed, which seem to be related with the 22-yeal magnetic cycle. These observed features need to be explained on the basis of the drift model, taking into account the effect of the equatorial current sheet.


Coronary artery disease has a heterogeneous range of clinical presentations that varies from asymptomatic patients with multivessel disease to patients with one-vessel disease with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and even sudden death. Other patients have stable angina that has evolved over many years, even decades, without progressing to unstable angina or myocardial infarction (MI). Even more serious, one third of the cases of coronary disease has sudden death as its first and only manifestation. Despite being the main cause of death in developed countries, more people live with coronary atherosclerosis than die of it . Therefore, the most relevant question is not why atherosclerosis develops, but why a quiescent atherosclerotic plaque suddenly ruptures and, on top of it, occlusive or subocclusive coronary thrombosis develops. To understand this remarkable clinical heterogeneity is not easy, and only the recent advances in vascular biology have allowed the understanding of important aspects of this complex disease. This text focuses only on one form of this disease presentation, which is the acute ischemic syndrome (AIS).


In this paper the 178 Hf m2 isomer prepared through the bombardment of 27MeV α particles on natural metallic Yb foil in the CS30 cyclotron has been studied. Analysising the γ spectrum of sample irradiated by α particles, the amount of 178 Hf m2 isomer can be determined to be about 1.5×10 11 nuclei, the main long-lived isomers of sample are identified and the possible reaction paths of these isomers are deduced. By monitoring the radioactivity dose of sample, the cooling time for chemical separation is also obtained. The preliminary results are conducive to further developing the method of 178 Hf m2 isomer production.


This paper presents a study of turbulent lubrication considering thermal effects on lubricant film. By applying a turbulent lubrication equation and an energy equation to finite width journal bearings and analyzing these equations numerically, the bearing performances such as film temperature and pressure are evaluated. Moreover, the dynamic characteristics such as stiffness and damping coefficients of lubricant film and the stability of rotor are also analyzed. The results obtained here show that the thermal effects on the bearing performances and the dynamic characteristics are prominant in the turbulent lubrication.


【Elastic-factor of elastic epoxy were investigated by TMA (Thermomechanical Analysis), DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) for structure-images analysis as toughness-investigation to improve brittleness of existing epoxy resin. A range of measurement temperature of the TMA and DMTA was changed from -20( $^{\circ}C$ ) to $200^{\circ}(C)$ , and TGA was changed from $0^{\circ}(C)$ to $600^{\circ}(C)$ . Glass transition temperature (Tg) of elastic epoxy was measured through thermal analysis devices with the content of 0(phr), 20(phr) and 35(phr). Also, thermal expansion coefficient (a), high temperature, modulus and loss factor were investigated through TMA, TGA, and DMTA. In addition, the structure of specimens was analyzed through FESEM, and then elastic-factor of elastic epoxy was visually showed by FESEM. As thermal analysis results, 20(phr) was more excellent than 30(phr) thermally and mechanically. Specially, thermal expansion coefficient, high temperature, modulus, and damping properties were excellent. By structure-images analysis through FESEM, we found elastic-factor of elastic epoxy that is not existing epoxy, and proved high impact.】


Recent rules created two new ways to do that—but two older approaches are threatened. Here's an update on life in the fast-saving lane.


This paper updates prior research on aircraft leasing and contrasts the findings of current data with prior results. Usage of leases by air carriers is a means to lessen the impact of financial obligations from fleet purchases. The study revisits two previous studies, one in 1969 and one in 1991, which analyzed the incidence of leases by major air carriers. The current study updates these past studies to consider air carriers' current usage of leases. Additionally, since operating leases are not reflected in the balance sheets of airlines, operating lease information was capitalized using a present value of future operating lease payments. Then, financial debt burden ratios were computed to determine the impact from the capitalization of lease information. The usage of operating leases increase significantly from the first study to the 1991 study, and this trend continues. The incidence of leasing, the classification of leases as operating, and the percentage of operating leases to total fleet have all increased for the majority of airlines reviewed. When operating lease data were capitalized, debt ratios weakened, providing further evidence of deterioration in the financial health of air carriers.


The ultimate sensitivity of filter-analyzer-type neutron spectrometers, which are invaluable for measuring the vibrational spectra of materials, is typically limited by spurious background scattering features ubiquitous in all measured spectra. These undesirable features arise from neutrons that are elastically scattered by the sample and then are inelastically scattered by phonon excitations in the beryllium filter material. Such features can be significantly reduced by adding an auxiliary polycrystalline bismuth filter in front of the main filter analyzer. An optimal Bi filter requires a high-purity, low-hydrogen-content material with a sufficiently small crystallite grain size distribution to ensure a sharp Bragg cutoff in the energy dependence of the neutron total cross-section. We were able to produce such a material by the room-temperature compression of dense, high-purity, finely polycrystalline, Bi needles (with an average crystallite grain size of E230mm) synthesized by the rapid water-quenching of melted Bi dripped into a spinning centrifuge. This material resulted in an improved filter performance compared to that using more coarsely polycrystalline Bi synthesized via melt-casting. Published by Elsevier B.V. PACS: 29.30.Hs; 29.30. h; 25.40.Fq; 25.40.Dn; 81.05. t; 81.20.Ev


Dynamic light scattering of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) in liquid and supercritical ethane provides the first direct evidence of reverse micelles in a supercritical fluid (dense gas). Micellar hydrodynamic diameters are only slightly larger in ethane than in liquid isooctane at the same concentrations and temperature, but diffusion coefficients are more than 10 times greater. Measurements of micelle diffusion coefficient and hydrodynamic diameter versus pressure in liquid and supercritical ethane show that density has a strong effect on hydrodynamic size and suggest that micelle clustering may be significant and highly sensitive to pressure. The utility of dynamic light scattering for studying reverse micelle phases in a dense gas is demonstrated.


This paper discusses the purpose, status quo and connotation of the administration of higher vocational colleges and explores how to strengthen the research into its administration as well.


Magnetohydrodynamic, field line resonances in the Earth's magnetosphere can have very large velocity shears and field-aligned currents. Auroral radar measurements of high-latitude resonances indicate that the velocities associated with the resonances in the E and F regions are often substantially greater than 1 km/s, and that the frequencies are in the interval from 1 to 4 mHz. Assuming that these resonances are oscillating at the fundamental mode frequency, and mapping these velocity fields along magnetic field lines to the equatorial plane shows that the velocity shears in the equatorial plane are of the order of 200 km/s over a radial distance of less than 2000 km (the amplitude of the velocity fluctuations is 100 km/s). Using a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic computer simulation code, we show that the resonances evolve through the development of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities near the equatorial plane. Within this framework, the instability is taking place on dipole magnetic field lines, and the resonances form a standing shear Alfven wave field due to the boundary conditions which must be satisfied at the polar ionospheres. We find that the nonlinear evolution of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability leads to the propagation of vorticity from the equatorial plane to the polar ionosphere and that the vorticity leads ultimately to the dissipation of the resonance. This occurs within a quarter wave period of the shear Alfven field associated with the resonances.


BY 1818 THE SCOTTISH-BORN GENRE PAINTER DAVID WILKIE'S REPUTATION was well established on the European continent. Active in London, where he had been exhibiting regularly since arriving there in 1805, his fame abroad resulted largely from his own efforts, most notably through the sale of prints after such successful paintings as The Village Politicians, shown at the Royal Academy 1806, and published 1812; The Blind Fiddler, RA 1807, published 1811; The Jew's Harp, RA 1809, and published the same year; and The Rent Day, also RA 1809, published 1817. In 1814, taking advantage of Napoleon's exile on Elba, he had traveled to France in the company of the painter Benjamin Robert Haydon. Not only did the friends intend to view the Emperor's artistic spoils then on display at the Louvre, but anticipating that the Parisian art market was reopening, Wilkie sought to promote his career by visiting local print dealers. (1) In 1816 following Napoleon's final defeat he returned abroad, this time with the engraver Abraham Raimbach. Initially the pair traveled to Belgium and subsequently Wilkie alone went to Holland, where with proofs in hand from his departed companion's recently completed plate for The Rent Day, he again called on possible agents. (2) Fame he quickly discovered had its price. By 1818 unauthorized editions after his works had begun to appear, initially in France and subsequently in Germany. (3) But regardless of whether Wilkie was known from legitimate or pirated impressions, the various engravings that circulated not only confirmed but also encouraged his continental reputation. Moreover, they were instrumental in his obtaining a prestigious commission from a most eminent patron, Maximillian 1 Joseph, King of Bavaria. It is The Reading of a Will, 1820 (Figure 1), as he called it, the painting done to fulfill the royal commission that is the focus of the present study. This substantial work about legacy and inheritance came at a turning point in his career, at a time when Wilkie was rethinking his role as a depicter of humorous lower class domestic life, the very sort of paintings upon which his fame had been built. Importantly, Reading a Will also brings into focus the issue of the Hogarthian revival of the early nineteenth century and in particular its effect on Wilkie and his assumed role, whether in his own mind or in the eyes of others, as William Hogarth's presumptive heir and successor in the pantheon of greats that constituted a national school, a revitalized British School of painting. (4) In July 1818, the Marquis of Stafford called on Wilkie. A close associate of the Prince of Wales, the sometime Prince Regent and future George IV, Stafford was a prominent and wealthy supporter of the arts, one with an increasing commitment to the work of contemporary British artists and their supportive institutions. The extensive and eclectic collection he assembled at Cleveland House, his London seat, was one of the first to be opened to the public. He also was a patron of Wilkie's. After a long wait--he had previously deferred to the prince over a commission that finally resulted in The Penny Wedding, finished in 1819--Stafford had only recently obtained The Breakfast Party, 1817 (Figure 2), a modest scene of comfortable middle class life that recalls Terborch or Metsu and was indicative of Wilkie's wavering interest in portraying peasant life. (5) Of what passed between them during that visit the painter informed Raimbach. Stafford he recalled, told me he had come on business that might be of some importance to me. That he had a commission from a foreign sovereign who had one of the finest galleries in Europe. That Lord Burghurst who had written to him from Munich had stated that the king of Bavaria was desirous of having a picture of mine. The subject, size, price, and time of painting to be determined by the Marquis of Stafford. And the picture is to be paid for when done by the Bavarian Ministers. …


(ii) T w o discs. The two natural frequencies and normal modes. Tlle effect of doubling the moment of inertia of the upper disc. The effect of clamping the upper disc. (iii) Three discs. The three natural frequencies and normal modes. Clamping the upper disc gives another set of examples with two normal modes. (iv) Transients. The effect of the initial conditions on the type of vibration. Building up of oscillations when motion of the crank is started suddenly (v) Combined harmonic motions. An epicyclic motion gives the cranlr cornbined simple harmonic oscillations with frequencies in the ratio 4 : 1. The two peaks in the resonance curve appear. (vi) Higher harmonics produced wi th a short connecting rod. The first of these shows up well if the length of the connecting rod is about twice that of the crank. (vii) Shaft whirling. An example of an " eigenvalue " problem. The motor is turned round to drive a shaft directly : a disc half-way between the bearings whirls spectacularly (viii) Relaxation oscillations. I n Fig. 2 the apparatus is arranged to demonstrate the " stick-slip " vibrations which occur when the coefficient of dynamic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction. The motor drives the lowest disc very slowly as a turntable. The two rods projecting from the second disc carry hard rubber sliders which press on the turntable ; the pressure is adjusted by screws a t the top. This disc is connected by an elastic shaft to the top disc which is clamped. The action is as follows : the second disc moves with the turntable until the torque due to twisting of the shaft becomes equal to that due to static friction a t the contacts ; it then slips backwards, the motion being resisted by the lesser force of dynamic friction until relative rest, when the process repeats. (ix) T h e pendulum with vertical nzotion of i ts support. The point of support of the pendulum is driven from the motor by a slider-crank mechanism. The stabilising of an inverted pendulum is shown in Fig. 3. The production of instability in a hanging pendulum also shows up very well. The theory is, of course, more difficult than that of the other experiments, but it is desirable for students to understand the principles involved and to be able to use the stability chart for Mathieu's equation. Clearly many more applications of this apparatus could be catalogued. These experiments take a very short time to show-in fact, little longer than drawing a diagram and explaining it. Finally, I must gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. J. D. Clarke, one of my students, who has built this and much other similar apparatus for me. J C . J


In this article, the authors describe two research studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring the perceptions of online advising from the perspective of learners and learning advisors working in a self-access centre at a university in Japan. Advising is a one-to-one reflective dialogue between a learner and a learning advisor with the purpose of promoting learner autonomy. Advising normally takes place in person, and this article explores user perceptions and whether advisors are able to create an autonomy-supportive climate in a synchronous online setting. Although participants in both studies acknowledged challenges, overall online advising was conducted effectively, with learning advisors anticipating the needs of learners and utilising online tools accordingly. Although initially nervous about attending online sessions, learners felt positive emotions during and after the online session and felt supported by learning advisors.


Abstract The Mid-Lake Reef Complex (MLRC) is a large area of deep reefs that separate the two main basins of Lake Michigan. In an attempt to evaluate which of several strains of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush stocked in Lake Michigan are actively spawning at the MLRC, eggs that had been deposited by spawning lake trout were collected at three sites on East Reef. These eggs were incubated and shown to be viable and capable of developing to the emergent fry stage. The samples were genotyped at four microsatellite loci, and a proportional admixture analysis was performed to estimate the genetic contribution of the four predominant lake trout hatchery strains used to stock the MLRC. These estimates were then compared with the abundance of each strain stocked since 1985. The point admixture estimates indicated unequal spawning success among strains in the wild. Specifically, the Seneca Lake strain appeared to be the most successful, while the Lewis Lake strain was the least successful and may not be spawning ...


This Notice has been sent to you pursuant to §382 of the California Code of Civil Procedure and an Order of the Superior Court of California for the County of Alameda (the "Court"). The purpose of this Notice is to inform you of the proposed settlement of this class action litigation and of the hearing to be held by the Court to consider the fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy of the settlement. This Notice is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, an expression of any opinion by the Court with respect to the truth of the allegations in the Litigation or the merits of the claims or defenses asserted. This Notice describes the rights you may have in connection with the settlement and what steps you may take in relation to the settlement and this class action litigation.


A simple device for simultaneously measuring two spatially separated contact forces is described. The device uses a monolithic dual-cantilever touch sensor driven by a piezoelectric PZT actuator. A phase-locking method allows measurement of resonant frequency shifts at constant phase, based on the strain response of a second attached PZT. Calibration and force measurement procedures are developed to extract applied contact forces from the dual-cantilever's coupled, nonlinear response. Based on a preliminary calibration, the present device exhibits maximum relative measurement error on the order of 6%. Procedures for reducing this error are described.


The increased application of Wind Turbines in the built environment has lead to the recurrence of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT). In highly turbulent urban flow fields, VAWT present several advantages over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, mainly due to its insensitivity to yaw and aesthetics. The complex aerodynamics of the VAWT are dominated by three-dimensional unsteady flow effects, including phenomena such as wake-blade interactions, wake deformation in the rotor volume, tip vortex effects, dynamic stall and time-varying induction. The present research paper aims at understanding and quantifying the development of the near wake of a VAWT, by experimentally measuring by 3D-Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry the evolution of the tip vortices and immediately adjacent flow. A two bladed H-Darrieus VAWT model was tested in the low speed/low turbulence wind tunnel at the Technical University of Delft. Stereo-PIV measurements were used to visualize the flow in the near wake focusing on the flow field around four different tip geometries at two different tip speed ratios. The measurement planes cover several section of the rotor volume, allowing for a reconstruction of the evolution of the tip vortex and nearby dynamic stall shed wake. The formation, convection and dissipation for each tip vortex were located and quantified. A comparison the Stereo-PIV Data for the four different tip geometries shows a clear influence of the tip shape on the generation and release of the tip vortex and the influence of the tip speed ratio on the interaction between the dynamic stall and the tip vortices. The experimental results provide a new insight into the development of dynamic stall and vortex formation on VAWTs. The visualization of the flow field for the different cases provides an important database for the validation of numerical dynamic stall and vortex models


The proportion of non-point sources in water environmental pollution was greater than before, and farming activity was the most important factor in agricultural non-point sources. Because of not having a fixed point sources, it was difficult to control non-point sources. Based on the harms of agricultural non point sources, this paper summarized the existing condition of non-point sources in China, analyzed its affecting factord, discussed water environmental deterioration impacted by farming activities, and put forward countermeasures of control and management.


A systematic analysis is presented of compactifications of the IIB superstring on AdS5×S 5 / where is a non-abelian discrete group. Every possible wi th order g ≤ 31 is considered. There exist 45 such groups but a majority cannot yield chiral fermions due to a certain theorem that is proved. The lowest order to embrace the nonSUSY standard SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) model with three chiral families is = D4 × Z3, with g = 24; this is the only successful model found in the search. The consequent uniqueness of the successful model arises primarily from the scalar sector, prescribed by the construction, being


We show in a theoretical efficiency wage model where firms differ in monitoring intensity or in the effort intensity of their technologies that the impact of monitoring intensity on wages is ambiguous, a result that mirrors evidence from the empirical literature. We argue that to correctly specify the impact of monitoring on wages, the interaction between monitoring and effort needs to be modelled. Results using a worker, firm panel from Ghana which contains reasonable effort and monitoring proxies show that the return to effort is higher in poorly monitored sectors as the theory suggests.


. In this paper, we construct a length function n(w) for the com plex reflection group W = G(r,p, n) by making use of certain parti tions of the root system associated to W = G(r, 1, n). We show that the function n(w) yields the Poincare polynomial Pw(q). We give some characterization of this function in a way independent of the choice of the root system.


The aim of this article is to generate a debate on the definition and application of the territorial approach of future EU Cohesion Policy. Territorial cohesion, its instruments and tools have formed a specific 'paradigm', 'disciplinary matrix' and 'vocabulary'. However, a peculiar dichotomy resonates: the EU's global economic competitiveness objective is (usually) confronted by its territorial cohesion objectives. Permanent failure is generated and anomalies of the territorial cohesion paradigm are on the rise. Are we at the threshold of a new scientific revolution inside the EU and within its territorial cohesion matrix?


Let's start at the end the customer sees. Why do librarians, who are good at being librarians, waste time being bad at publicity management, promotion and graphic design — if they attempt any of them at all? For all too many library services, PR and marketing are yet to be invented. The textbooks are on the shelves in the 650s, but as far as those libraries' managers are concerned they might as well be on Mars. When it comes to library promotion (which seems to be something you do a quick burst of when the mood takes you) it is a case of do it yourself and do it cheap — and probably do it nasty.


Recommender System (RS) is one of the most popular applications of Artificial Intelligence which attracted researchers all around the world. Many machine learning algorithms are used to develop RSs. Choosing the best machine learning algorithm to provide users with a product or service is the most challenging task in the area of RSs. Now we are witnessing a paradigm shift in the purchase habits of people from in-shop to online resulting in the availability of online information exponentially growing every day. The ever-increasing online information and the number of online users create new avenues in RS. In an online shopping scenario, these systems must be able to recommend relevant items to the users. The RSs have to deal with the huge amount of information by filtering the relevant information based on the analysis made on the inputs made by the users during their online sessions. These systems can recommend appropriate items to users based on their interest and previous preference which can lead to increased sales. The three major techniques used to build a RS are content-based, collaborative based and hybrid-based. This paper presents the various applications of RSs and makes a detailed comparative study of different machine learning approaches used. The methodologies used for identifying research articles for analysis, the merits and demerits of different techniques in RSs and domain-specific applications of these techniques are well explained here with scientific review analysis.


pattern motor regional complexity to a segmentally distributed Bringing up the rear: new premotor interneurons add You might find this additional info useful... generator Animal-to-animal variability of connection strength in the leech heartbeat central pattern including high resolution figures, can be found at: Updated information and services publishes original articles on the function of the nervous system. It is published 12 times a year Journal of Neurophysiology


Roll and Ross [6] have written what has quickly become the classic article on testing the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) originally proposed by Ross [8]. They presented methods both for estimating the return generating process and for testing whether particular elements (factors) in the return generating process were priced in equilibrium. They found that more factors are priced than one would expect to be priced if the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) were held.


In this paper, the group classification is presented for Fisher equation with time-dependent coefficients. The analysis provided many new solutions that take the form of doubly periodic-like solutions and soliton-like solutions.


The article considers the digital transformation of the aviation industry based on twins of maintenance and repair. As a result of digitization, a set of documents and application software are formed in a virtual reality environment. The concept of a digital twin is presented in the context of a model-based system design of the helicopter maintenance process according to the technical regulations. Based on statistical modeling technologies, a model for assembling aircraft units has been developed, in which time characteristics are qualitative estimates of learning processes and the effectiveness of digital twins. The results of experimental studies based on the method of analysis of students' certification using digital twins in the assembly of aircraft units are presented. It has been established that at the production site of an aircraft repair enterprise it is effective to apply training at the first stage using digital twins, and at the second stage using real objects. Based on analytical and experimental studies, regression models are proposed for the relationship between the optimal number of trainings at the second stage and the relative coefficient of training time for successful training and certification of mechanics and electronics engineers.


The development of services has developed into the internet media, to make it easier for customers and employees in managing a job. In the problem of Lucky Photo, which covers services including printing, sales, stock of goods, purchases, and reports are not effective properly. The researcher aims to develop a service system entitled Service Information Systems at Lucky Photo. By building a web-based application, a waterfall method is needed to become a benchmark for the creation of a service information system, so the results will be obtained on a web-based application system to demand progress in a company, including services that become easier, easier customer service in conduct transactions, generate reports, and process customer data. So it can be concluded that with the construction of a new Service Information System it will be easier to make transactions, make it easier for customers, create reports, and process customer data that is embedded in the Mysql database which will become a well-systemized report.


Alternative Breaks is a service-learning program that began in 2001 as part of the UC Berkeley Public Service Center. The program has changed considerably over the last 12 years, fluctuating in trip locations, issues of focus, and participant numbers. Currently, we have ten service-learning trips that occur over spring break, two of which are accompanied by a winter break service trip and a summer internship program in the same location and with the same issues of focus. Our trips visit communities principally throughout California, in addition to trips that visit Arizona, Oregon, and the Gulf Coast. Our current issues of focus range from homelessness and poverty and immigration to animal welfare and environmental justice.


Asymptotic linear stability of time-dependent flows is examined by extending to nonautonomous systems methods of nonnormal analysis that were recently developed for studying the stability of autonomous systems. In the case of either an autonomous or a nonautonomous operator, singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis of the propagator leads to identification of a complete set of optimal perturbations ordered according to the extent of growth over a chosen time interval as measured in a chosen inner product generated norm. The longtime asymptotic structure in the case of an autonomous operator is the norm-independent, most rapidly growing normal mode while in the case of the nonautonomous operator it is the first Lyapunov vector that grows at the norm independent mean rate of the first Lyapunov exponent. While information about the first normal mode such as its structure, energetics, vorticity budget, and growth rate are easily accessible through eigenanalysis of the dynamical operator, analogous information about the first Lyapunov vector is less easily obtained. In this work the stability of time-dependent deterministic and stochastic dynamical operators is examined in order to obtain a better understanding of the asymptotic stability of time-dependent systems and the nature of the first Lyapunov vector. Among the results are a mechanistic physical understanding of the time-dependent instability process, necessary conditions on the time dependence of an operator in order for destabilization to occur, understanding of why the Rayleigh theorem does not constrain the stability of time-dependent flows, the dependence of the first Lyapunov exponent on quantities characterizing the dynamical system, and identification of dynamical processes determining the time-dependent structure of the first Lyapunov vector.


Adam Bradley. Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop . New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2009. 272 pages; paper $16.95. ISBN 978-0-4650-0347-1.


Learning English has become a nationwide endeavor in China nowadays, and a great number of researches have been conducted to analyze the state of language learning mainly among undergraduates. This survey was done to investigate the postgraduates' state of language learning at Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Science in order to stand a better position to improve their language learning. The survey shows that postgraduates have strong motivations (intrinsic and extrinsic) to learn English and consequently they make investment (spend time, effort or money) in learning English. The survey also indicates that it seems unnecessary to worry about Chinese language and culture in the context of English fever at Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Science since postgraduates have a strong identity with their mother tongue --- Chinese and most of them deny that English learning has a negative effect on Chinese learning. Consequently, postgraduate schools should help students to maintain their motivation or even expand their intrinsic motivation to learn English without too much concern about the perception that Chinese will be undermined owing to the "craze" for English learning.


We report a comparative (e, 2e) study of intereference effects in the spherically-averaged electron momentum density distributions of the outermost orbitals of CO2, ethylene and 1,3-butadiene. The experiments on the three molecular orbitals, being each composed of 2p atomic orbitals, were performed in the symmetric noncoplanar geometry and at an incident electron energy of 1.2 keV. Interference patterns have then been obtained for each molecular orbital by dividing the experimental data by (e, 2e) cross section of a 2p atomic orbital calculated by using distorted wave impulse approximation. It is clearly demonstrated that interference patterns tell about constructive or destructive nature of the overlap between the constituent 2p atomic orbitals. Furthermore, it is shown that higher instrumental momentum resolution would be required for detailed studies on interference effects in cases when two of the constituent atomic orbitals with larger spatial separation are both oriented perpendicular to the molecular axis or plane.


Over the past decade, the increasing hardware design complexity uncovered the necessity for a justified and complete functional verification process. The implementation of a fast and reliable verification environment is both challenging and time-consuming. Accordingly, running the verification process in parallel with the design is a must as it also reduces the pressure of the time-to-market problem. Nowadays, one of the most important parameters the industry seeks in any verification process is the coverage closure, since it indicates when the verification process can stop. This paper proposes a new functional coverage environment based on regression tests and assertions for protocol checking and coverage of complex sequences, justified and tested with a novel CAD tool. The environment and the tool offer a variety of optimized features through a GUI interface that even designers might find it handy to assist in any long verification process required.


The application of the simulation technology has been expanded from battle field to weapon project development.This paper expound the basic characteristics and concepts of the simulation system and simulation,and the relations between distributed interactive simulation,virtual reality simulation and the project development.Taking the tactical missile for example as well,its importance of system simulation within the project development,testing,and reducing development cost are discussed.


In this paper, we present a comparison study on the performance of cylindrical gate (CG) MOSFET with graded channel doping (GC), dual metal gate (DMG) and dual oxide thickness (DOT). We develop compact model of short channel characteristics like drain current density, transconductance and drain conductance for this new structure (GC-DMG-DOT) SG MOSFET by solving 2D Poisson equation. The results are compared with the DMG MOSFET and DMG-DOT MOSFET devices. The model results are validated by numerical simulation results obtained by commercially simulator TCAD ATLAS.


(ICU) became available, inhalation sedation is getting more and more popular among emergency physicians Despite some persisting questions, it should be acknowledged that currently there are no technical problems when providing inhalation sedation Currently, it is recognized that inhalation sedation is simple, reliable, convenient to use and it causes no significant unfavorable consequences The above is fairly enough to recommend this method for the intensive care when it is necessary The contemplated therapeutic properties of halogen-containing anesthetics could be an additional reason to use inhalation sedation However, the clinical value of anesthetic pre-conditioning and anti-inflammatory effect is still doubtful New clinical trials are needed in order to define the place of inhalation sedation in ICU


The decay rate and the energy asymmetry of the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ particle observed in the strong decay $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}+2\ensuremath{\pi}$ are discussed in the context of SU(3) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} SU(3) chiral dynamic Lagrangian.


Introduction: Though the fertility rate has decreased to 2.76 from six since 1960, it is still above the replacement level but this still leaves fertility about 50 percent above the replacement level .To develop a strategy to respond to the concerns of women unmet need, we need to understand the various reasons. Aims &Objectives: It was planned to calculate the unmet need of contraception among nonusers and to find out the factors associated with the non usage of contraception. Materials and methods: An interview schedule was prepared based on the model survey questionnaire recommended by the WHO. Based on the sample size, 600 married women of reproductive age were selected from eligible couple register and unmet need was calculated based on the method adopted in DHS.Results: The prevalence of unmet need of contraception use was found to be 18.7% (113/600). Unmet need for spacing was found to be 11.1% and unmet need for limiting is found to be 7.6%. There was no significant difference between met need and unmet need with age at marriage (x²=0.4435, P=0.8011).There was significant difference between met need and unmet need with educational status (x²=10.49, P=0.03288), number of children in the family(x²=41.47, P= 0.000), presence of male child in the family (x²=5.971, P= 0.01454) and with perceived availability.


The sea-crossing bridges that connect the two sides of the strait are becoming increasingly important for economic development, transportation, and trade as the economy grows and trade expands. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, which was recently built in China, connects Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macao, cutting travel time between the three cities in half, and is critical to the economic development of Hong Kong, Macao, and the Pearl River Delta's West Bank. The long span of such sea-crossing bridges typically ranges from a few kilometres to tens of kilometres, and they are frequently positioned near the beach.


We proposed a Vicinal Support Vector Machine (VSVM) as an enhancement learning algorithm for mammographic mass detection on digital mammograms. The detection scheme includes two steps. First, one-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) is applied for the abnormal cases detection, where only normal cases are served as training samples. Then VSVM is investigated for the malignant cases detection. The aim of this step is to decide whether a detected abnormal case is benign or malignant. For the proposed VSVM algorithm, the whole training data are clustered into different soft vicinal areas in feature space by kernel based deterministic annealing (KBDA) method. The choice of different number of clusters makes VSVM be adaptive to different data structures in the input space. We tested the proposed scheme by using 90 clinical mammograms from MIAS database. The corresponding accuracy was observed to be 84%, with an area of A/sub z/=0.89 under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. The experimental results show that the two-step detection scheme works effective and the proposed VSVM is a promising classifier for breast mass detection.


Craniofacial development is complex. Numerous populations of progenitor cells coordinate activities to produce an array of highly integrated tissues inside the developing head. However, it is not clear how some key multipotent progenitors continue to exist in late developing head compartments. The general hypothesis of this thesis is focused around the idea of an embryonic infrastructure represented by peripheral nerves that serves as a niche for glial multipotent neural crest-like cells. The nerve-adjacent glial cells can change their fate and be recruited in a targeted way to produce tissues at remote destinations during fast growth, development and regeneration. Results presented in this thesis explain how the nerves contribute pulp cells and matrix-producing cells of odontoblast lineage to the developing and growing tooth. Glial cells as an unexpected progenitor source give rise to almost half of all pulp cells and odontoblasts in the growing incisor. Furthermore, lineage tracing with colour-coding of individual recombination events allowed us to discover new aspects of tooth development and coordination between pulp cell lineage and odontoblasts. Another important component of the craniofacial compartment, the parasympathetic nervous system that targets glands in the head, is crucial for "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed" activities especially during eating, salivation and lacrimation. Importantly, neurons of the autonomic parasympathetic nervous system are located very close to or inside the tissues they innervate and appear late in embryonic development. The discrepancy in developmental timing raised new questions: how do early neural crest-derived progenitors of parasympathetic neurons reach their destinations, and how do they acquire neuronal properties in situ? Furthermore, what is the nature of those progenitor cells? Our results clearly demonstrate that cells of glial origin located in the peripheral nervous system possess multipotency and gives rise to parasympathetic neurons during later developmental stages. Peripheral glial cells arrive to late-developing tissues on the pioneer presynaptic nerve fibres. Subsequently, some glial cells change fate, navigate for short distances and then convert into neurons and satellite cells of parasympathetic ganglia. Our conclusions redraw a fundamental principle on how the peripheral nervous system develops and provide a new type of logic, where both the cellular elements, as well as, the wiring are solved by a simple deposition of the postsynaptic elements from the presynaptic. During our work we used a wide spectrum of approaches including advanced genetic tracing with multicolor reporters, analysis of numerous mouse mutants, in vitro cell cultures and 3D imaging of developing embryos. We have applied both genetic and surgical ablation techniques to the peripheral nerves and investigated targeted recruitment of glia from the nerves in each case. Peripheral glia represents a novel amenable source of multipotent progenitor cells with putative regenerative potential that in the future might be applied for the treatment of congenital craniofacial pathologies, trauma cases or used for aesthetic body treatments. LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS I. Kaukua N*, Shahidi MK*, Konstantinidou C, Dyachuk V, Kaucka M, Furlan A, An Z, Wang L, Hultman I, Ahrlund-Richter L, Blom H, Brismar H, Lopes NA, Pachnis V, Suter U, Clevers H, Thesleff I, Sharpe P, Ernfors P, Fried K, Adameyko I. Glial origin of mesenchymal stem cells in a tooth model system. Nature. 2014 Sep 25;513(7519):551-4. doi:10.1038/nature13536. Epub 2014 Jul 27. II. Shahidi MK*, Krivanek J*, Kaukua N, Ernfors P, Hampl A, Chubanov V, Romanov R, Gudermann, T, Harkany T, Adameyko I, Fried K. Novel morphological features and tissue arrangements in the tooth revealed by 3D imaging of Odontoblasts and Pulp Cells. Submitted. III. Dyachuk V*, Furlan A*, Shahidi MK, Giovenco M, Kaukua N, Konstantinidou C, Pachnis V, Memic F, Marklund U, Müller T, Birchmeier C, Fried K, Ernfors P, Adameyko I. Neurodevelopment. Parasympathetic neurons originate from nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors. Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):82-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1253281. Epub 2014 Jun 12. * Equally contributing authors


In this article, we briefly review the main aspects of the method of justifying the choice of the circuit and the parameters of the power plant of an aircraft with flight speeds from 0 to 5 Mach numbers in the early stages of design. The analysis of existing methods is carried out. The algorithm for performing operations for determining the optimum composition and parameters of the power plant, as well as the size of the aircraft depending on the mass of the payload, is stated and justified. Application of the obtained results will allow to shorten the terms of creation of competitive engines for high-speed aircraft due to a purposeful search for their rational thermodynamic and constructive-geometric appearance.


he effects of Mn excess and deficiency on the magnetoresistive properties of La-Sr-Mn-O thin films were investigated. Epitaxial and textured films of La0.72Sr0.28MnyO3-δ (y: 0.86-1.58) were prepared by rf sputtering on (100) SrTiO3 and (110) sapphire single crystal substrates, respectively. The resistivity of the epitaxial films was less than 10% of that of the textured films, and the resistivity of all the films decreased with increasing Mn content. The Mn content and substrate material affected the temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance as well as the crystal quality of the films. The nonstoichiometry of manganese played a significant role in the electric and magnetic properties of La-Sr-Mn-O thin films.


Oligopeptides with more than 90% protein content were manufactured from defatted corn and soybean with alkali protease. Their molecular weight distributions were near 411.33, 423.57Da. The half-maximal scavenging concentration of corn and soybean oligopeptides decreasing DPPH· at 0.2mmol/L was 29.48mg/mL and 52.59mg/mL respectively, and less than 1/2500 times of ascorbic acid. The reducing power of corn oligopeptides was slightly higher than that of soybean oligopeptides in the range of 2.73~27.3mg/mL. Conclusion: the antioxidant capacity of corn oligopeptides was better than that of soybean oligopeptides.


Abstract We model the time- and longitude-dependent charged particle absorption signatures caused by solid body absorbers, such as icy satellites, in Saturn's magnetosphere. The reduction in particle density caused by passage of such an absorber through a magnetic flux tube is calculated numerically. We then solve numerically for the time- and space-dependent distribution of particles in phase space assuming transport by radial diffusion and longitudinal particle drifts. The fully time- and longitude- averaged solution of the lossy radial diffusion equation is assumed to be the initial state, and the calculation is performed for up to a few complete satellite orbital periods. In this way, we obtain a numerical solution for the effects of particle absorption and transport during the most recent orbit(s) of the absorbing body around Saturn, while we approximate the result of all previous orbits of the absorber with the fully relaxed, steady state solution. We define "high" and "low" diffusion rates, depending on whether the diffusive fill-in of the absorption wake is fast or slow compared to the time before the satellite re-encounters its wake. For two cases, using parameters appropriate for the low energy charged particle (LECP) instruments on the Voyager spacecraft, we simulate count rate profiles where microsignatures have been observed. In the case of an ion microsignature near Enceladus, we cannot reproduce the data using radial diffusion rates inferred by other studies. For an electron microsignature very close to Tethys, we do find that the simulated count rate profile has a deep enough minimum that it could be detected by the Voyager instrument. In some cases, observed ion microsignatures are deeper than the maximum possible depth predicted by our model for a fresh absorption signature immediately downstream of a moon, assuming high diffusion. In the low diffusion case, our model predicts deeper signatures, sufficient to account for observed microsignatures. However, in that case, the fully relaxed solution contains dramatic changes in the initial phase space density and furthermore we would then expect microsignatures to be observed at every satelliteL-shell crossing, which is not the case.


The present invention provides a method for identifying and defibrillation defibrillation electrode system, said defibrillation electrode recognition method comprising: access defibrillation defibrillator device; defibrillation system according to preset the device to obtain a feedback signal; according to the feedback signal to obtain the type of electrode. By the method and system of the present invention can be made quickly distinguish defibrillation electrode type, defibrillators make the operation more efficient and convenient.


The invention is suitable for the field of phase-lock loops, and provides a method and a device for converting clock signals to digital signals in a phase-lock loop. The method comprises the following steps: a digit time converter receives the clock signals output by an oscillator; the digital time converter conducts first time delay for the clock signals through delay control words by the digit time converter; a time digit converter conducts second time delay for the clock signals subjected to the first time delay, and converts the clock signals subjected to the second time delay to the digital signals. According to the device, the clock signals input into the phase-lock loop is subjected to the time delay through the delay control words; the controlling for the accuracy of delay time is realized by presetting the number of the delay control words; the clock signals subjected to the time delay is converted to the digital signals by converting; therefore, the accuracy of the delay control words for the clock signals is allowed to be far more better than the time delay of a bumper, and a circuit of the delay control words is simple, and small in size.


SUMMARY

1. Larvae of the sedentary aquatic caterpillar Petrophila confusalis (Walker) construct silken retreats around which they feed; outside these clearly demarcated grazed areas, stream algae are exposed to a variety of mobile grazers. Comparisons of the algal community inside and just outside grazed zones were made for third- and fifth-instar Petrophila in the South Fork of the Eel River, California.

2. Densities of both the filamentous macroalga Cladophora and diatom assemblages were significantly reduced within the grazed areas during both larval instars. Grazing of diatoms was taxonomically non-selective.

3. In spring, the grazed zones were relatively large (mean = 22.7 cm2) and visibly increased epilithic spatial patchiness.

4. Per cent composition of diatom assemblages inside and outside the grazed areas differed during the third instar but not during the fifth instar. During the third instar, the grazed zone contained more Synedra ulna (a common immigrant) and less Gomphonema olivaceum (a late-successional species).


RNA has been recognized as the "Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)." Modern‐day definition of life includes a couple of features that is relevant for our discussion here. One is that, for an organized entity to be called alive, it should be able to replicate itself and the other is that it should have the ability to query the processes or in other words having the ability to change according to the needs of the situation. RNA fulfills both the needs. Being most versatile among all the biochemicals, having the ability to store genetic information, acting as catalytic enzyme, and using recombination and mutation to develop new niches[6] were considered to hold the most appropriate component of evolution. Recent experiments demonstrate the ease with which RNA could have formed in the early prebiotic broth; two prebiotic compounds, melamine and barbituric acid, formed glycosidic linkages with ribose and ribose‐5‐phosphate in water to produce nucleosides and nucleotides in good yields.[7] A research group demonstrated that structurally complex and highly active RNA ligases were derived from random RNA sequences,[8] suggesting randomness at some point might device key for an orderliness.


It has long been known that wax crystallization during crude oil production and transportation can cause flow assurance issues that give rise to nonproductive times and increase in costs. In this first part of the present work, measurements of the Wax Precipitation Temperature (WPT) of waxy crude oil samples, by a type of Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry (SSDSC), are reported. In this first part, we assess the suitability of SSDSC to measure the WPT of three Brazilian crude oil samples. Repeatable and reliable measurements of WPT by SSDSC are found to depend on specific experimental cooling parameters used with this technique. When appropriate parameters are used, two exothermic peaks can be detected on the non-reversing component and one peak on the reversing component (RC) of SSDSC thermograms. Furthermore, comparisons of WPT determination by SSDSC and by conventional DSC analysis show the potential of SSDSC in obtaining comparable and more reliable WPT measurements depending on crude oil composition and SSDSC cooling parameters.


Sensory, biochemical and microbiological changes and changes in SDS-PA GE patterns of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were studied in shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) muscle during storage at partial freezing temperature (—3°C; PFS) and in ice (0°C; IS).

During PFS up to 20 days there were slight changes in biochemical parameters, apparently no changes in microbiological populations, and no changes in electrophoretic protein patterns. Rapid changes in these parameters occurred in IS over the same period.

Sensory assessment of shrimps stored at PFS showed that a considerable increase in prime quality life was possible at this temperature over shrimps in IS. Prime quality life of shrimps in PFS was found to be 16 days, compared with 8 days in IS. Extension of prime quality life was attributed to the significantly slower rate of biochemical and microbiological changes at PFS compared with IS. Changes in sensory properties were associated with changes in some of the chemical properties.


The offline capacitance and dissipation factor bridge test is an industry accepted standard test to assess the health condition of ground-wall insulation of industrial motors. However, so far, it was not possible to conduct this test online on large motors due to the great difficulty in online measurement of very small motor insulation leakage currents (few mA) in the presence of large motor line currents (hundreds of amps). The line currents would produce enormous noise to mask the tiny magnetic field produced by the insulation leakage currents. A recently invented novel sensor, High Sensitivity Differential Current Transformer (HSCT), is presented in this paper that enabled online measurement of stator insulation leakage current of large industrial motor for the first time in the world. Thus HSCT also enabled to conduct the industry accepted capacitance and dissipation factor test on large industrial motors for the first time in the industry. Such an online test adds a new dimension to state-of-the-art online condition monitoring and greatly benefits the motor users to continuously assess the insulation condition since no motor outage is required.


We introduce a simple iterative group-blind multiuser detection algorithm in an asynchronous multipath CDMA network in the presence of multiple-access interference (MAI) and ambient channel noise. The technique is based on the observation that the unknown multiple-access interference can be approximated as a Gaussian random vector. This simple model allows us to estimate the covariance matrix of the MAI signal without having knowledge of the number of unknown users. Then, in the CDMA uplink, we employ the proposed noise variance estimator for turbo multiuser detection in the presence of unknown interfering users and also unknown ambient noise. Simulation results show that the proposed group-blind technique offers significant performance improvement over the subspace soft interference cancellation method in a CDMA uplink environment.


This study reviews Jean Boddewyn's contribution to research in comparative management that includes a definition and framing of the field and the formulation of three major research questions: What should be the unit of analysis in comparative management studies, what variables should be measured and compared, and what should be the purpose of the measurements and the studies in general? His early theoretical and empirical answers to these questions are compared with the state of research in this field today. Proposals are made for further refinements of the questions and new methodologies for seeking answers.


e16242 Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) outcomes continue to be dismal in the United States (US) and worldwide. Efforts are focused on early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. However, knowledge translation in PC and effective resources that address patient-provider collaborative decisions are limited and barriers to health literacy continue to impede patient understanding. Evidence increasingly supports the need for informative education for patients to facilitate shared decisions in critical cancer interventions. We evaluated the National Pancreas Foundation's APP, a visual approach to learning, to determine how shared-decision making and patient barriers to health literacy can be improved, leading to better patient-provider decisions and outcomes. Methods: Using visual formats of learning (animations, videos, and slide shows), we monitored APP website and YouTube metrics from September 2013 to February 2021. We evaluated learner activity, number of views with highest retention in US and globally. Results: APP gathered 4,551,079 views (489,091 views on the APP website and 4,061,988 views on YouTube) from over 100 countries. The majority of viewers (60%) were from the US with 54% being patients, 17% family/caregivers, 16% healthcare providers and 13% other. The animations "Understanding Clinical Trials", "Pancreatic Cancer: Treatment and Outcomes", "Pancreatic Cancer: Signs, Symptoms and Risk Factors", and "Pancreatic Cancer: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Staging" had 1,372; 4,643; 8,819 and 4,359 views respectively on the website and 180,845; 77,942; 56,151 and 23,112 views respectively on YouTube. Top expert videos viewed most were "What are the different stages of pancreatic cancer?", "What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer?", "What is a "Placebo" in a clinical trial and is it always used?", and "What should I expect following surgery to remove a malignant pancreatic cancer tumor?" with 488; 1,558; 76 and 239 views respectively on the website and 14,869; 10,917; 5,206 and 3,624 views respectively on YouTube. Conclusions: Our study suggests visual formats of education are effective in communicating complex health information to persons with poor health literacy. Pancreatic cancer education based on visual formats have vast potential to provide effective learning for patients. Continued efforts should be made to provide resources for patient-provider shared decisions and address patient health literacy barriers for best health outcomes.


Soil data is an important type of categorical data, which includes spatial data describing geographic distribution of soil and attribute data describing physical and chemical soil properties. Soil data is applied in various professional studies such as soil and land resources studies, environment protection, economic analysis and urban planning etc. The themes in these professional studies are variable, therefore, the details and contents of soil data are required diversely. Soil data generalization is one of valid methods and tools to abstract and employ corresponding soil data with the themes. From the point of view, the strategies of soil data generalization should be adjusted with diverse themes, for example, generalization knowledge, sequence of operators, algorithms of operators should be different for different themes. This paper discusses the basic principles about theme-oriented generalization of soil data, and especially explores generalization knowledge and its application in different themes.


service can take measures for the protection of the child. When the welfare of a child is endangered, the measures required for the protection of the child must be taken at the place where the child is, regardless of the child's nationality. In order to be able to decide in the best interest of the child, it is necessary in many cases to obtain or provide information about the case history, family members, or about the situation in the country of destination. In the workshop the issue of migration voluntary and involuntary linked to family re unification will be addressed. Fu11hermore, legal aspects, especially European regulations like Brussels I Ibis, or international conventions like the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of Inter national Child Abduction, will be considered. The workshop aims to raise awareness in regard to cross border family conflicts and will offer possibilities of support and assistance for the involved individuals. The International Social Ser vice through its worldwide network is a competent partner for voluntary welfare agencies, youth welfare and social authorities, guardianship and family across any borders.


The magnetic resonance spectra of 133Cs vapor were obtained using a D1 transition, a D2 transition, and a combination of D1 and D2 transitions. Maximum intensity (Imax) and line width (Δf) in the spectra were measured, and an "α value" (i.e., Imax/Δf) was defined as an appropriate figure of merit for an optically pumped magnetometer (OPM). The α value obtained using the combination of D1 and D2 transitions was tenfold larger than that obtained using the D1 transition and 160 times larger than that obtained using the D2 transition. This result indicates that using the combination of D1 and D2 transitions improves the sensitivity of an OPM.


Silicone breast implants have been used for breast augmentation and reconstructive surgery for the past 40 years. Capsular contracture is a relatively common complication (a capsule that forms around the breast implant, thereby causing a deformity and pain), and poses challenging problems for surgeons [1]. Clinically, patients with severe capsular contracture, such as those with capsular contracture grade III or IV (Baker's classification), experience pain or tenderness, which may eventually lead to poor functional and aesthetic outcomes [2]. Severe capsular contractures have been corrected by capsulotomy or capsulectomy; other treatment methods are to change the location of the breast implants or replace them with other products that have a different surface property [3,4]. There are no established methods to prevent the occurrence of capsular contracture. The exact pathophysiology of capsular contracture remains unclear, but previous studies have suggested that it is associated with chronic inflammatory factors, such as a foreign body reaction to the implant, the surface property of the implant, site of implant placement, postoperative bacterial infections, hematoma, or seroma [5,6]. Studies have examined whether inhibiting inflammatory events that cause a fibrosis is effective in preventing the capsular contracture, demonstrating that anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., calcium channel blockers), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., zafirlukast and montelukast) were effective in reducing the degree of capsular contracture [7-11]. Studies have reported, however, that ischemic changes may lead Da Han Kim, You Seong Song, Seung Yong Song, Chung Hun Kim


What does corporate leadership in manufacturing mean? Where does leadership start? What I want to discuss is the process by which we can link strategic planning with tactical execution.


Meeting The 15th International Philosophy of Nursing Conference (In association with the International Philosophy of Nursing Society: IPONS) – Theme: Healthcare and the Politics of Austerity Date 26–28 August City Dundee Country Scotland Web site http://www.ipons.dundee.ac.uk Meeting International Centre for Nursing Ethics (ICNE) 12th Annual Conference Date 7–8 September City Guildford Country UK Web site www.nursing-ethics.org.uk


We extend previous research examining the relation between interest rates and equity returns using a multivariate analysis of covariance model with a dynamic yield curve and conditioned term spread. We find yield pattern changes predict economic equity returns; that the long end-of-yield curve is a strong determinant factor; and, in contrast to previous research, we find no relation between a decrease in the short rate and equity returns. However, the conditional term spread captures a significant positive return indicating that the degree of decline in the short rate relative to the long rate is of more importance than the term spread alone.


Abstract Tolerance of sexual minorities is presumed to matter, but its effects are under-studied. Because tolerance can affect both experiences at work and division of labor in the household, we study the relationship between tolerance and the time cohabiting gay men and lesbian women spend in paid work across the United States. In the average state, the increase in tolerance between 2003 and 2015 is associated with an increase in paid work of about 1 week per year among cohabiting gay men. Though not robustly statistically significant, the increase in tolerance is associated with a decrease in paid work among cohabiting lesbian women relative to heterosexual women.


Purpose – The internet growth has created a new scientific communication system with new facilities that are competing with the traditional sources of information. The present study investigated impact of internet use on academic performance of teachers and researcher in university setup. The aim of this paper is to find out how these academics use internet sources and services? What is the user's satisfaction level with internet sources and services? And what problems has the user encountered when searching the information on the internet. It further aims to know how the user compares the internet sources with traditional information sources. Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires were distributed to randomly selected teachers and researchers in Kuvempu University, Karnataka state. Total 200 questionnaires were distributed out of which 140 duly filled questionnaires were returned. The questionnaire consisted of various questions which are designed for the teachers and researchers to elicit the impa...


The invention discloses a police electronic compass monitoring system, which comprises a front-end pan-tilt camera positioning platform, a back-end information feedback display platform and a monitoring platform, wherein the monitoring platform is used for reading pan-tilt rotation parameters according to a case occurrence azimuth, converting the pan-tilt rotation parameters to azimuth deviation information after computation and presenting the updated information through a compass icon; a pan-tilt camera is used for adjusting the azimuth and the orientation of the pan-tilt camera according to a pan-tilt control command, collecting a front-end video and outputting the video to a preset pan-tilt camera path; the back-end information feedback display platform is used for loading a real-time video of the pan-tilt camera, locating a target object according to the played video, forecasting a position of the target object at the next computation time and transmitting the position to the pan-tilt camera through the monitoring platform so as to adjust the pan-tilt camera. The system can help a commander to master the monitoring orientation around the scene during real-time commanding and dispatching, so that the patrolling and preventing work as well as the deployment and control work can be carried out quickly, and the case detection efficiency is improved.


The analysis model of the bilateral slot line excited by its even mode is simplified by the image theory. Based on the stationary variational formula satisfied by the propagation constant of planar line, the variational formula of the bilateral slot line propagation constant which takes only the slot tangential electric field as variable is given. The calculation done by the formula is simple and fast,and the results agree well with these calculated by spectral domain analysis.


In this work, using the methods of viscosimetry and thermal analysis, the concentration changes in the values of the supercooling viscosity of Al–Mg melts with Mg content from 2.5 to 95 at.% are studied. It is shown that the temperature dependences of viscosity are well described by an exponential dependence. The concentration dependence of viscosity is not monotonous and reflects a change in the chemical short-range order in the liquid phase. The concentration dependence of supercooling of Al-Mg melts is determined by the type of solid phase formed during solidification, and also reflects the most significant changes in the chemical short-range order in the liquid phase at 20 and 80 at.% Mg. Al-Mg alloys in the concentration ranges: 0-10, 40-50 and 90-100 at.% Mg are prone to non-equilibrium crystallization, the formation of quasi-eutectics and solidification without intermediate intermetallic phases.


In order to investigate the characteristics of removing phosphorus and nitrogen in wastewater with nitrate and nitrite nitrogen as electron acceptors,two anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactors were adopted to treat compounded wastewater containing phosphorus.Each reactor is with 16 L valid volume,6.5 h reaction period and 32 days SRT.The operating method was as follows:concentrated inlet-anaerobic agitation(2 h)– anoxic agitation(4 h)– sedimentation(0.5 h)– decanting.At the beginning of anoxic phase,sodium nitrate was put into one reactor(No.1),and sodium nitrite into another reactor(No.2).The reactors were run for two periods each day.The reactors could steadily remove nitrogen and phosphorus simultaneously after 2-3 weeks since beginning,which showed that the reactors were started up successfully.The average ratios of removing total phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen in the reactor of No.1 were 69% and 89%,respectively.And the average ratios of removing total phosphorus and nitrite nitrogen in the reactor of No.2 were 75% and 91%,respectively.Partial nitrate nitrogen was transformed to nitrite nitrogen while it was served as electron acceptor,and they played the role of electron acceptors together to remove nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater.It is concluded that both nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen can be served as electron acceptors to remove phosphorus,and they can remove nitrogen and phosphorus simultaneously in anoxic condition.Moreover,the efficiency of removing nitrogen and phosphorus by nitrite nitrogen is higher than that by nitrate nitrogen.