This paper aims to identify and describe the role of coastal women in coastal environmental management. The study was conducted on coastal communities living along the Malabro Beach Area – Tapak Padri in Bengkulu City. Collected based data from some informants selected by snowball sampling techniques including groups of women traders, fishermen, and village tourism management groups. Meanwhile, the required data is collected through group focused discussion techniques, interviews, and observations. Data analysis was done out simultaneously along with the process collecting data using analytical techniques that are commonly applied in qualitative research. Research produces information that the role of coastal women in coastal environmental management includes; (1) efforts to institutionalize values in the community and future generations, namely the efforts made by coastal women to socialize as well as pass on values about environmental cleanliness to community members and future generations, ( 2) behavior keep to maintain environmental cleanliness, namely the form of coastal women's behavior in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment as one of the coastal environmental management efforts. Forms of behavior to maintain environmental cleanliness are: waste management and not throwing garbage, arranging business premises, not polluting sewers, and providing clean water sources, (3) complying with prevailing restrictions, namely is attitude and behavior of coastal women to the rules and applicable sanctions, including not throwing garbage in coastal areas, both on the beach, the sea and even sewers around their homes; no longer "membuang air besar" (BAB) on the beach, not allowed to cut down trees and not to take coral in the sea. Keywords—role; coastal women; coastal environmental management


45 P25. FOLDING PROPERTIES AND MITOCHONDRIAL TARGETING OF THE PRION-LIKE PROTEIN SHADOO IN NEURONAL HYPOTHALAMIC CELLS A. Pepe1, R. Avolio1, D.S. Matassa1, F. Esposito1, L. Nitsch1, C. Zurzolo3, S. Paladino1,2, and D. Sarnataro1,2 1 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5-80131, Naples, Italy 2 Ceinge-Biotecnologie avanzate, s.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore, 486-80145, Naples, Italy 3 Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenese, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, CEDEX 15, France.


Typically, the charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) can be shifted in time. This flexibility can be used to reduce the cost and/or network impact of charging, and even to provide ancillary services. The focus of this paper is on the use of charging flexibility for cost minimization, either from the perspective of PEVs or from the society's point of view. Charging control approaches can be classified along two dimensions: a) The decisions can be taken locally by the PEVs (decentralized control) or centrally by an agent, typically called aggregator, (centralized control), b) The decision-making agent(s) (PEVs or aggregator) can take decisions that are socially optimal (cooperative), or can behave strategically, maximizing their own profit. We describe approaches that correspond to the related four possible configurations, and which take the uncertainty in driving patterns and the market-related uncertainty into account. We perform simulations with real market data and realistic driving patterns to compare the different approaches. Results show that the benefit from exploiting charging flexibility is substantial, even if the agents behave cooperatively. Moreover, driving uncertainty has a minor impact on costs compared to market-related uncertainty.


The regulatory mechanism of Ca2+ influx into the cytosol from the extracellular space in non‐excitable cells is not clear. The "capacitative calcium entry" (CCE) hypothesis suggested that Ca2+ influx is triggered by the IP3‐mediated emptying of the intracellular Ca2+ stores. However, there is no clear evidence for CCE and its mechanism remains elusive. In the present work, we have provided the reported evidences to show that inhibition of IP3‐dependent Ca2+ release does not affect Ca2+ influx, and the experimental protocols used to demonstrate CCE can stimulate Ca2+ influx by means other than emptying of the Ca2+ stores. In addition, we have presented the reports showing that IP3‐mediated Ca2+ release is linked to a Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space, which does not increase cytosolic [Ca2+] prior to Ca2+ release. Based on these and other reports, we have provided a model of Ca2+ signaling in non‐excitable cells, in which IP3‐mediated emptying of the intracellular Ca2+ store triggers entry of Ca2+ directly into the store, through a plasma membrane TRPC channel. Thus, emptying and direct refilling of the Ca2+ stores are repeated in the presence of IP3, giving rise to the transient phase of oscillatory Ca2+ release. Direct Ca2+ entry into the store is regulated by its filling status in a negative and positive manner through a Ca2+‐binding protein and Stim1/Orai complex, respectively. The sustained phase of Ca2+ influx is triggered by diacylglycerol (DAG) through the activation of another TRPC channel, independent of Ca2+ release. The plasma membrane IP3 receptor (IP3R) plays an essential role in Ca2+ influx, by interacting with the DAG‐activated TRPC, without the requirement of binding to IP3. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1503–1516, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


It is currently estimated that 20% to 25% of the adult population has nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatic steatosis is one of the features of metabolic syndrome, which includes diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. These features are significant risk factors leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality. Hepatic steatosis is therefore present in many older donors. Impairment in cognitive function associated with acute alcohol intoxication is a major factor contributing to mortality from motor vehicle and other accidents. Approximately 12% to 20% of organ donations stem from injuries precipitated by alcohol use, andmany of these individuals are found to have hepatic steatosis. As a result, hepatic steatosis is found in about 15% to 25% of potential organ donors. The negative impact of severe hepatic steatosis on graft dysfunction during the immediate posttransplant period has long been recognized. Donor livers containing greater than 30% to 50% steatosis are at increased risk of developing primary nonfunction and delayed function and are associated with reduced graft and patient survival. Historically, these livers were not routinely used for liver transplantation (LT) unless the potential recipient was critically ill and/or the transplant team was willing to accept these risks. Persons with significant hepatic steatosis have also been excluded as candidates for living liver donation because of similar concerns. Over the past decade, the number of patients on the LT waiting list, the waiting time to receive a donor liver, and pre–LT mortality have all increased. In an effort to blunt this trend, the use of so-called marginal donor livers, including those with significant steatosis, has increased substantially. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common indication for LT. Nearly half of all LT recipients in North and South America, Europe, and Australia develop cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma secondary to chronic HCV. The recurrence of chronic HCV following LT is universal, and progression to advanced bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis occurs in approximately 30% of these patients within 5 years and in approximately 40% within 10 years of LT. Numerous studies have attempted to define those factors that are associated with progressive fibrosis in LT recipients with recurrent HCV. Many different factors have been implicated in various studies. However, the one consistent finding in nearly all of these studies has been allograft rejection and its subsequent treatment with either high-dose steroids and/or monoclonal antibody preparations. Hepatic steatosis is known to lead to more rapid fibrosis progression in patients with chronic HCV, and a recent study has demonstrated that this also contributes to progressive fibrosis of the LT allograft in patients with recurrent HCV. Several studies have examined the impact of steatosis within the donor graft on the severity of recurrent HCV and/or survival following LT. The most recent of these studies by Briceno and colleagues from Reina Sofia University Hospital (Cordoba, Spain) appears in this issue of Liver Transplantation. The study by Briceno et al. suggests that severe steatosis of the donor graft is associated with earlier recurrence of chronic HCV, more rapid fibrosis progression, and a reduction in graft survival. An extensive list of donor and recipient factors were evaluated with univariate analysis and then multivariate analysis to identify those factors associated with decreased graft survival in this study. Donor graft steatosis greater than 30%, donor age greater than 55 years, and a cold ischemic time greater


WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France


Recently, grammar-based fuzzers have been proposed to automate the generation of testing data. Grammar-based fuzzers differ from traditional fuzzers because the fuzzer is provided a grammatical definition of the test objective for the system under test. A novel fuzzer, Policy Generator (PG), is introduced. PG utilizes a number of heuristic techniques to improve space coverage over existing fuzzers. A simple grammatical test-bed, firewall policy generation, is used to compare the performance of these two systems. The set of test cases produced for this scenario are examined and each algorithm is evaluated against a number of novel grammar-based coverage metrics. The empirical study demonstrates that PG generates superior coverage compared to current generation techniques.


Using the theory of intertextuality,this paper analyzes the intertextual relationship among Marguerite Duras' four works in different periods:Barrage contre le Pacifique,Eden Cinema,L'Amant de la Chine du Nord.The four works are tacitly interrelated but each is specific and independent in its own way.The different scenes the four works created and the interactive relationships among them leaves ample room for the study of intertextuality in Duras' works.


Subject to the invalidation of part unglued structure of thermal protection systems(TPS)of reusable launch vehicles(RLV),a two-dimensional model is introduced on part unglued structure of TPS,and the temperature field and the thermo-stress field of the heat transfer model is computed by using the finite element programming-ANSYS.According an idiographic example,the result is given that the unglued gap was hard to spread under the thermo-stress,when the thermal resistances of the pastern and of the radiation heat transfer in the vacuum gap are equal,without exoteric strength.The conclusion could be used in the design of the pastern of TPS.


This paper discussed the how to build the Cadastral Management Information System under the cities and counties two-tier management mode,brought forward the integrated desgin concept of"centralized management and distributed deployment,"and provide the detail solutions of how to deploy the Cadastral Management System data- base and application under the cities and counties two-tier management mode environment.The article explained how to use a mature GIS ca- dastral management and work flow process technology to implement the spatial data management,land registration,approval,and other opera- tions;discussed the processes and methods to build Cadastral Manage- ment Information database,including a detailed description of the data acquisition,storage,input,output and updating processes in the urban GIS spatial data management system.Finally,using Guang'an City Mu- nicipal Cadastral Management Information System as an example,the article expatiated on the detail function setup of the County land re- source manage department in cities and counties in the Cadastral Man- agement Information System;through the detail processes of cadastral data management,business aproval and so on in the Cadastral Manage- ment Information System in Guang'an City,,further explained the de- ployment and using of the Cadastral Management Information System un- der the cities and counties two-tier management mode.


The use of biomass, bio-waste and CO2 derived raw materials, the latter synthesized using H2 produced using renewable energy sources, opens new scenarios to develop a sustainable and low carbon chemical production, particularly in regions such as Europe lacking in other resources. This tutorial review discusses first this new scenario with the aim to point out, between the different possible options, those more relevant to enable this new future scenario for the chemical production, commenting in particular the different drivers (economic, technological and strategic, environmental and sustainability and socio-political) which guide the selection. The case of the use of non-fossil fuel based raw materials for the sustainable production of light olefins is discussed in more detail, but the production of other olefins and polyolefins, of drop-in intermediates and other platform molecules are also analysed. The final part discusses the role of catalysis in establishing this new scenario, summarizing the development of catalysts with respect to industrial targets, for (i) the production of light olefins by catalytic dehydration of ethanol and by CO2 conversion via FTO process, (ii) the catalytic synthesis of butadiene from ethanol, butanol and butanediols, and (iii) the catalytic synthesis of HMF and its conversion to 2,5-FDCA, adipic acid, caprolactam and 1,6-hexanediol.


EDITOR,—We challenge Fehmi Akcicek and colleagues' argument against the use of albumin in the nephrotic syndrome on two counts.1 The first concerns the selection of patients. The urinary protein loss, plasma creatinine concentration, and prior drug treatment are not given in their report, but we assume that the patients had not received either corticosteroids or diuretics. The mean excretion of 2.96 litres of water and 275 mmol of sodium after intravenous frusemide, implying weight loss of about …


Ontologies [11] are now ubiquitous and many of them are currently being ported into logical formalisms, most notably description logic (DL) [2]. It is inevitable that such migration might introduces inconsistencies – both in terms of logically and ontologically – which could be far from obvious. This motivates the recent research topic of explanation of DLbased ontologies. Explanation comes in two flavors: pinpointing [5, 21, 15] which addresses the source of inconsistencies found in the ontology and debugging [14] which recovers the ontology into a consistent state. Since the latter often requires information from the former, we consider axiom pinpointing as essential for both flavors of the explanation problem. Much of the research in this area is focusing on expressive DLs, in which standard reasoning alone is already highly intractable. In this paper, we investigate this problem in a tractable extension of EL which is useful in life science applications. We have discovered that pinpointing is inherently intractable – despite the tractable logic considered – if all information is required. This is due to the combinatorial blow-up of possible sets of axioms. We develop a labelled algorithm for axiom pinpointing based on the EL subsumption algorithm and the known labelling technique used in tableau algorithm. For implementation purposes, we restrict this algorithm to computation of only partial information, for which polynomial-time algorithm can be obtained. We have experimented this approach on GALEN [18] and found that even partial information can already help ease the way an ontology is being debugged.


hree articles in this issue are about caprenin, a randomized triglyceride primarily composed of caprylic, T capric, and behenic acids. Caprenin has physical properties that make it suitable for use in food as a confectionery fat. These articles describe a series of studies that were conducted to corroborate the safety and metabolism of caprenin and to quantify the absorption in humans of very long-chain fatty acids, primarily behenic acid, in order to determine the caloric value of caprenin. The first article describes the results of a study conducted with thoracic-duct cannulated male and female rats, which shows that caprenin, as expected, was qualitatively digested and absorbed by the same physiological pathways as those used to assimilate traditional dietary triglycerides. In the second article are presented the results of a series of short-term feeding studies to evaluate the biological effects of triglycerides of capric, caprylic, and behenic acids. Included are a 23-day study in adult male rats, a 28-day study in adult male hamsters, and a 28-day study in weanling male and female rats. Caprenin was nontoxic at levels of up to 15% of the diet. Behenic acid was shown to be readily metabolized but only partially absorbed. The unabsorbed behenic acid was excreted in the feces and thus was unavailable for usable energy. The third article presents the results of a human fat balance study designed to measure the absorption of very long-chain fatty acids in humans fed a chocolate-flavored confection made with caprenin and consumed as a component of a typical balanced diet. These data were then used to calculate the caloric value of caprenin as 5 kcallg compared to 9 kcallg for other dietary fats.


Indonesian Reform aims to eradicate corruption, collusion and nepotism in order to achieve a sense of public justice and a sense of peace that can be accounted for through legal arrangements so as to achieve a sense of justice, legal certainty and benefit for the society. One of the goals of the reform is to eradicate corruption with the enactment of Law No. 31/1999 jo. Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Eradication of Corruption Crime. The goal in eradicating corruption in Indonesia is to restore financial losses to the state and the country's economy. At last, the Law on the Enforcement of Criminal Actions of Corruption is based on the fact that corruption is considered as an extraordinary crime, because corruption is not only a crime that harms state's treasure, but also can have impact on all development programs, threatening education quality, threatening development quality, falling quality of education, and poverty is not handled. If state money is corrupted, then programs to implement the state's goals will not working and results in the state's failure. In criminal law, there are two legal subjects, namely person and corporation. Humans here are said to have legal subjects because they have rights and obligations. Likewise with a corporation which is a business entity, both legal and non-legal entity which also has separate rights and obligations. Article 20 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 31 of 2009 states that if corruption is committed by or on behalf of a corporation, criminal prosecution or conviction can be made against the corporation and/or its management. The main punishment that can be imposed against a corporation is a fine with the maximum penalty being added by one third of the maximum penalty. In addition to fines, additional penalties may be imposed in the form of freezing part or all of the corporate's business activities, revocation of business licenses, dissolving and/or prohibiting the corporation, confiscation of corporate assets for the state, and/or takeover of the corporation by the state. This research is a legal research. It studies legal principles and legal norms in the laws and regulations related to corruption and corporations, by applying statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach.


While Roald Dahl's Matilda offers a critique of oppressive, colonizing adult practices, it also makes clear the difficulty posed by the tyranny of gendered social scripts. Focusing both on historical and fictional parallels suggested by the text, this paper outlines the limited choices Matilda is offered as role models, highlighting in particular the way she is positioned as a double for Miss Trunchbull.


In the United States, all treatment programs receiving public funds are required by law to regularly submit admission and discharge data, inclusive of the forced/involuntary termination or administrative discharge of clients, to their local state authorities. In some states, this requirement even extends to programs not receiving public funds. The aim of collecting discharge data—collected under the auspices of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association [SAMHSA]—is to assist state and county authorities, funders, and accreditors to monitor recovery-focused program performance. However, investigation here undertaken shows that published discharge data from many state treatment settings are perennially and grossly underreported or misreported. This paper reports on evidence that points to systemic failure of regulatory supervision of treatment settings and the ethical breach in duty and consequent legal culpability in reporting medical data. Policy and practice implications are discussed.


Soy sauce is a condiment made of soybeans fermented in high salt concentration (18-22%
NaCl) called moromi. Efforts to prevent sodium overconsumption has led to salt reduction
in moromi. However, it could alter the microbial community dynamics during
fermentation, resulting in undesirable sensory changes. This study investigates the effect
of moromi starter cultures, Tetragenococcus sp. and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, on
microbial population changes during reduced-salt moromi (6% NaCl) fermentation. Both
microbes were inoculated at different times, concentrations, and ratios, and the changes in
total bacterial and yeast population during fermentation were monitored by culture on
tryptic soy agar (TSA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA), respectively. The results showed
that the inoculum size could shorten the bacterial exponential growth as it increased.
Moreover, increasing the proportion of Tetragenococcus or Z. rouxii by two-fold could
enhance the yeast and bacterial population, respectively by ∼3 log CFU/mL.
Simultaneous inoculation suppressed bacterial growth, while sequential inoculation of Z.
rouxii could maximize bacterial growth up to 7.38 log CFU/mL. However, a synergistic
growth in simultaneous inoculation was observed when 5% inoculum with an equal ratio
was used. This study could help researchers and manufacturers determine appropriate
inoculation procedures to control fermentation better.


Cladding pumping is a technique whereby high power broadstripe diodes and diode bars are employed as efficient pump sources for double-clad rare earth doped single-mode fibres. Output powers ranging from several hundred milliwatts to several tens of watts have been attained with this technique. Important application areas include telecommunications, medicine, laser marking and laser radar


Most of the state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures are manually crafted by experts, usually with background knowledge from extent working experience in this research field. Therefore, this manner of designing CNNs is highly limited and many approaches have been developed to try to make this procedure more automatic. This paper presents a case study in tackling the architecture search problem by using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize an existing CNN Architecture. The proposed methodology uses VGG-16 convolutional blocks as its building blocks and each individual from the GA corresponds to a possible model built from these blocks with varying filter sizes, keeping fixed the original network architecture connections. The selection of the fittest individuals are done according to their weighted F1-Score when training from scratch on the available data. To evaluate the best individual found from the proposed methodology, the performance is compared to a VGG-16 model trained from scratch on the same data.


Contemporary information technologies allow people share ideas and collaborate fast and almost for free, so there are objective grounds for transformation. Indeed, talented programmers create innovations that involve numerous counterparts. Moreover, people voluntarily create terabytes of content and eventually they become peer-to-peer newsmakers, attracting attention to certain things and events in a self-organized manner.


This paper proposes a method to estimate the NAIRU for the U.S. It shares the notion of Estrella and Mishkin (1999) that defines the NAIRU as a leading indicator of inflation changes over the policy horizon. Our alternative construction offers a more theoretically sound and practically useful estimate of the NAIRU.


In this study, the parameter sensitivity of the level 1 and 2 assessments of the excessive acceleration failure mode in the International Maritime Organization second-generation intact stability was analyzed. Monte-Carlo simulations were conducted using the input parameter space, which was generated using a Gaussian distribution, and a variance-based sensitivity analysis was performed using the Monte-Carlo simulation results. The longitudinal and vertical positions of the check point, natural roll period, and roll decay coefficient were selected as input parameters for the level 1 assessment, whereas the roll damping coefficient and effective wave slope coefficient replaced the roll decay coefficient for the level 2 assessment. The results revealed that the highest total sensitivity index for the level 1 assessment was the natural roll period, which was 0.8, and the effective wave slope had a total sensitivity index of 0.5 for the level 2 assessment. This indicated that the uncertainty of the natural roll period was dominantly propagated to the resultant value of the level 1 assessment, while the effective wave slope coefficient was the most sensitive parameter in the level 2 assessment. The uncertainty in the input variable was found to cause the opposite decision if the resultant value was close to the criterion value under a given loading condition.


The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the navigation image shown on the display screen 320. This image is controlled by the processor 215 for receiving a navigation command is selected on the touch screen 205 of the second display device (200). The touch screen 205 is divided into a number of navigation in the control region (210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280). Each navigation control area is related to the different navigation command. When the selection is an area of the navigation control area of the touch screen 205, the navigation control area and the associated navigation commands selected are sent to the processor 215. To the processor 215 receives the transmitted navigation command and executed, the navigation images. While the boundary of the control region are not hidden, you can see normally, in response to a user input may be revealed on the touch screen 205. Touch screen, control areas, a processor, a display screen, a navigation command


Ultraviolet and infrared images are widely used to detect potential defects of electric equipment in advance. However, With the continuous expansion of the scale of electrical equipment, almost all the data is still uses manual analysis, which has some shortcoming example high cost. In order to improve the intelligence level of electric equipment detection, this paper proposes a multiple images identification method for electrical insulator based on two stage cnn network. First, a deep convolutional neural network identification model is built based on Faster-RCNN with initial weights in VGG. In addition, combine with the dataset expansion method example rotation, 462 images of electrical insulator are used for training. Finally, this model is used to identification image of equipment. The experimental show that the method proposed in this paper for electrical insulator map accuracy reaches 96.51%. Therefore, the proposed method can improve the identification accuracy, and provides condition for electrical equipment state detect.


Information on the structure of the brain, cranial nerves, encephalic vasculature, and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (Upper Cretaceous, Wapiti Formation, Alberta, Canada) is presented based on computed tomographic scanning of an isolated braincase followed by 3D visualization. The resulting digital cranial endocast and endosseous labyrinth are the most complete for any ceratopsid, to date, and are compared with physical and digital endocasts of other ceratopsians. In general, the structure of the brain of P. lakustai, as inferred from the endocast, was relatively primitive and much more like extant nonavian diapsid endocasts than like endocasts of archosaur groups with derived brains, such as pterosaurs, hadrosaurs, or coelurosaurs (including extant birds). Total brain size is relatively small, and none of the externally discernable brain regions (e.g., olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, cerebellum, optic lobes) are expanded. Currently, there are insuffi cient data to determine whether the simple structure and small size of the brain of P. lakustai are truly plesiomorphic or represent apomorphic reduction (evolutionary Note: An animation of the 3D visualization of the digital endocast is available on NRC Research Press' Web site at http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ books/books/9780660198194.html.


Abstract Bypass transition in flow over a flat plate triggered by a pair of dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuators mounted on the plate surface and aligned in the streamwise direction is investigated. A four-species plasma–fluid model is used to model the electrohydrodynamic force generated by the plasma actuation. A pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices is created downstream of the actuators, leading to the formation of a high-speed streak in the centre and two low-speed streaks on each side. As the length of actuators increases, more momentum is added to the boundary layer and eventually a turbulent wedge is generated at an almost fixed location. With large spanwise distance between the actuators (wide layout), direct numerical simulations indicate that the low-speed streaks on both sides lose secondary stability via an inclined varicose-like mode simultaneously, leaving a symmetric perturbation pattern with respect to the centre of the actuators. Further downstream, the perturbations are tilted by the mean shear of the high- and low-speed streaks and consequently a 'W'-shaped pattern is observed. When the pair of plasma actuators is placed closer (narrow layout) in the spanwise direction, the mean shear in the centre becomes stronger and secondary instability first occurs on the high-speed streak with an asymmetric pattern. Inclined varicose-like and sinuous-like instabilities coexist in the following breakdown of the negative streaks on the side and the perturbations remain asymmetric with respect to the centre. Here the tilting of disturbances is dominated by the mean shear in the centre and the perturbations display a 'V' shape. Linear analysis techniques, including biglobal stability and transient growth, are performed to further examine the fluid physics; the aforementioned phenomena at narrow and wide layouts, such as the secondary instabilities, the 'V' and 'W' shapes, and the symmetric and asymmetric breakdown, are all observed.


Natural and Nature-Based Features (NNBF) have been used for decades to support a variety of objectives in coastal and riverine systems. Some types of NNBF, such as river restoration, use of bio-engineering, wetlands and beach and dune projects, have been a longstanding part of flood risk reduction strategies in Europe, the United States and elsewhere. However, stimulated by the outcomes of recent major storm events, there has been a growing interest in developing a more technically sound engineering approach to support the 'mainstreaming' of all types of NNBF into more comprehensive and sustainable flood defense systems (in conjunction with conventional flood defense systems).
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is leading a collaborative project to develop international guidelines to inform the planning, design, construction, and operation or NNBF projects. Participants in the international team come from several countries and organizations including the United Kingdom and the Netherlands and include representatives from government, academia, and the private sector. This paper will describe the emerging issues and likely content of the guidelines including aspects such as guiding principles, design rules for more novel forms of NNBF, spatial upscaling of flow-slowing measures across catchments and adaptive management of NNBF measures.


Let X be a continuum and define the hyperspace C (D,X)={A∈C(X):D(The symbol is abbreviated)A}. The main results of this paper are (1)Let Xand Y be continua. A mapping f: X→Y is confluent if and only if for any D∈C(X), f(C(D, X))=C(f(D),Y). (2) Let X,Y be continua and let h: X→Y be a homeomorphism. Then C(D,X)≈C(h(D),Y). (3)Let X be a continuum and let D∈C(X). Suppose A∈C(D,X) is such that D(The symbol is abbreviated)A(The symbol is abbreviated)X. Then A is terminal at D if and only if A is a cut set of C(D,X)


While the so(所) was included within the bugok(部曲, special administrative districts of lowborn class) system, it differed from communities such as hyang(鄕) and bugok(部曲) in terms of its organizational method and tax collection structure. Differences were also exhibited across different periods. The so, which served as a village within the gun and hyeon administrative system during early Goryeo, was organized under the control of government districts. The products produced in the so were in principle collected by the administrative units who had jurisdiction over them. However, in the case of certain types of products, the residents of the so directly submitted the goods to the relevant agency of the central government or delivered them to the area from which the demand emanated. As they belonged to the same jurisdiction as the residents of the gun and hyeon, the residents of 'early-Goryeo' so were not, at least superficially, distinguished from those of the gun and hyeon. Unlike the so of 'early-Goryeo' which did not have any government officials holding the position of sori(所吏) or sosa(所司) assigned to them, such government officials (sori) were set up to assume control over the actual work duties related to tribute taxes within the so of 'late-Goryeo.' In this regard, the exploitation or subjugation of the so began in a full-scale manner from the 13th century onwards. The desire to seize control over the so by power organizations or people such as the royal family and Buddhist monasteries and temples became more intense during the final period of Goryeo. To this end, powerful households or individuals' placing of the residents of the so under their direct control in a manner that circumvented their registration with the state(蔭戶, eumho) proved to be an outstanding characteristic of the so system of 'late-Goryeo'.


The final ten to at the most fifteen years of the 2oth century have frequently been characterized as a period of profound crisis in Brazilian literature. Along with this diagnosis-which is not, it may be said in passing, unique in any way either to our country or to its ideologues-one hears of a crisis in literary culture, of a crisis in literary education @-maqdo] . 'In the following pages I will presuppose arelation ofnecessity behveen various diverse terms: literature, literary life, literary culture, literary education, literary desire [vontade],literary fetishization. Literature exists only if there exists a literary life; literary life exists only if there exists a literary culture, that is, a more or less codified system of collective reference to a determined, yet flexible, canonical repertoire of texts, at bottom fictional and poetical, within a secular civilization that has relegated to a second plane sacred texts of monological reference such as the Bible, the Torah, or the Koran. The history of literary culture, in the translinguistic, occidental and now even almost global sense of the expression, and of literary cultures, in the particularized, regional and national sense, is the agonistic history of the dialectic between the trajectory of belles lettres and instances of canonical legitimation. The lively and rapid movement of belles lettres, which derives from the marketplace and the public sphere, is always producing anti-canons. In turn, literary culture can survive only if there exists literary education as a central aspect of "education" in the larger sense (in the sense of paideia). The history of education is the subjective and objective history of educational institutions in which are produced, reproduced, and circulated shared intellectual values, ethics, and attitudes, hermeneutical traditions, as well as the codes and rituals of scholarly practice and thought. In Brazil today, such educational institutions are, solely and exclusively, the universities2 From a socio-structural point of view, literary culture is a result of literary desire, organized in discourses and practices whose thematic obsessions, as well as whose formal limits and possibilities, border on a largerpolitical-pedagogical space in which conflicts are decided in relation to the foundational principles and greater ends of the society, understood as whatever social group (national, regional, local, transversal, virtual) in which the existence of such a desire is registered and verified. Literary desire is what defines literary fetishization, without which no text has either sense or value.' From the institutional point of view, literary desire nurtures the formation of the formative tradition, defining a horizon for writing's social responsibility. In the case of Brazil, writing's responsibility has been linked traditionally to its role in the construction of an efficient state. One should remember here Antonio Candido's classic thesis about the period that he called the "formation of Brazilian literature" (the 18thand 19Lh centuries), during which the pattern for intellectual and literary life was instituted in our country, a pattern marked by a certain duality in social roles in which the writer is also frequently a professional politician, and, more often than not, the professional politician a


When homeschooling parents discuss public schools, they often draw on their own notions of citizenship and each parent's view of public schools is also likely influenced by his or her larger view of government's proper role in society. I recently completed a three-year study designed to seek a better understanding of these issues. In particular, I explored homeschoolers' interactions with broader social institutions – especially public schools – and I examined the relationship between parents' homeschooling decisions and their notions of democracy. This investigation brought to light several tensions reflective of larger conflicts faced by Americans. In a pluralistic society it is very difficult, if not impossible, to arrive at educational policies that are acceptable to all involved or that fully meet the needs of all students and families. It is often equally difficult for parents to steadfastly match their private decision-making to their public vision of schooling. In this article, I draw on democratic theory – and the categories of liberal, communitarian, and deliberative democracy – to highlight the tensions between the ideals that homeschoolers espouse and the implementation of these ideals in their daily lives. Some homeschoolers, notwithstanding their contrary choice for their own children, support a communitarian vision of the public schools. Other homeschooling parents voice a liberal critique of the "indoctrination" of public schooling, yet their children remain subject to their own indoctrination. And still others would support the public schools if those schools taught these parents' vision of morality and truth, but they condemn the schools for teaching contrary metaphysical views. This article explores those contradictions and offers some insights into how these inconsistencies surface in the broader discourse surrounding education in America.  March 2002 Kariane Mari Welner.


The by-product of sulfated process titanium dioxide, ferrous sulfate, is used to prepare the micaceous iron oxide, which is further coated with ferric chloride to form the title micaceous iron oxide pearluster pigment.


The aim in this paper is to provide a review of current public attitudes to animal welfare mainly in Australasia, Europe and North America. Data available across the various sectors is very uneven with the majority focusing on farm animals, followed by animals used in research, companion animals and very little on the other sectors. Equally, depending on the sector, most data relevant to livestock come from Europe and Australia, while much of the data on animals in research come from North America and Europe. Nevertheless, across all of the animal sectors for which there are data, there clearly is a widespread belief that animal welfare is important. To the extent that community values alone provide a barometer by which decision makers can adopt strategies that reflect those values, it is important to know what the community thinks. However a consistent approach for obtaining community attitudes over time needs to be adopted, in a way similar to the Eurobarometer approach with regard to farm animal welfare. Perhaps one objective for the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy could be to auspice such an approach. Attitudes to animal welfare as a generic issue Attitudes are learned dispositions which are often invoked both in everyday use as well as in research to explain behaviour. The antecedents of attitudes include a range of demographic, personality and other variables that underlie a range of beliefs. Before reviewing current community attitudes relevant to the various animal sectors, it is relevant to identify some of the key demographic variables that are associated with attitudes to animal welfare as a generic issue. These variables tend to underpin all attitudes to animal welfare. Gender is the most prevalent variable that is related generally to animal welfare attitudes. Matthews and Herzog (1997) studied the personalities of 99 undergraduate psychology students from West Carolina University. In general, personality showed little or no relationship with attitudes towards animal welfare but women generally had more positive attitudes to animals than did men. Herzog (2007) in a later study reviewing gender differences in human animal interactions, found that in 31 studies, women were found always to be more sympathetic to the treatment of animals than were men. A variable that is also correlated with gender is empathy with women generally showing higher scores on empathy than men. Taylor and Signal (2005) found a significant correlation between empathy and attitudes towards animals in a sample of undergraduate sociology and psychology students. Once again, females scored more positively on attitudes towards animals than did males. In a later study, Signal and Taylor (2007) surveyed 543 respondents from the general community and 389 from animal protection groups in Australia. As expected, respondents from the animal protection groups showed a more positive attitude towards animals and higher levels of empathy than did respondents from the general population. Females in both groups reported more positive attitudes and higher levels of empathy than did males from the corresponding groups. People's beliefs about the mental life of animals often shape their attitudes to animal welfare. Knight, Vrij, Cherryman and Nunkoosing (2004) found that, more than a range of demographic variables, belief in an animal mind was consistently negatively associated with approval of the uses of animals across a variety of situations including experimentation, teaching and entertainment. Again, women tended to be less supportive of the uses of animals in these situations than were men, and, not surprisingly, meat eaters were more in favour of the uses of animals in these contexts then were non meat eaters. A more recent study by Knight and Barnett (2008) involving a qualitative analysis of interview material from eight UK participants concluded that people tend to differentiate between animals on the basis of the perceived mental capacity of each animal and the participant's familiarity with that animal. Similarly, while people tended to believe that it was appropriate to use animals for certain purposes, their views with regard to particular animals was also based on their experience with that species. In general, respondents had limited knowledge of animal use procedures and practice, and there was a suggestion that this involved an active avoidance on the part of participants so that they could avoid the cognitive dissonance associated with their uses of the animals on one hand (eg eating meat) and of the practices associated with the management (eg on-farm housing and husbandry) of those animals on the other. This is consistent with Knight, Nunkoosing, Vrij and Cherryman's (2004) earlier finding that people adapt their attitudes to specific contexts and may actively avoid learning about specific animal procedures and uses to minimise cognitive conflict. Pagani, Robustelli and Ascione (2007), in a study of children aged from nine to 18 years, found that most were against hunting, the use of furs and leather clothes and the use of animals in zoos. While a small majority of girls were against zoos (64%) boys were evenly divided. Generally girls were more opposed to the uses of animals in these ways than were boys. Clearly the gender differences in attitudes to the uses of animals begin at an early age. It is unclear what the reasons for gender differences in attitudes to animal welfare are. To the extent that gender differences in empathy may be linked to both gender and gender role feminity (Karniol, Gabay, Ochion and Harari,1998) however, it is clear that women represent a significant grouping in the community in regard to attitudes to animal welfare. Community surveys need to ensure adequate representation of both males and females to ensure that the results are representative. Also, any analysis of the behavioural consequences of attitudes to animal welfare should probably consider males and females separately.


We report a case of a 21-year-old shepherd who presented with fever, left hypochondrium pain and splenomegaly. Blood tests showed thrombocytopenia and high liver enzymes. Computed tomography scan revealed the presence of hypodense lesions suggestive of splenic infarction. Echocardiography was without abnormalities. Laboratory evaluation for thrombophilia was negative. A bone marrow aspiration and a bone marrow biopsy were normal. Brucella serology was positive. The patient was treated with doxycycline, rifampicin and streptomycin for 12 weeks. Fever, abdominal pain and thrombocytopenia resolved promptly. At one year of follow-up, he remained well and no splenic infarction could be detected on ultrasonography.


Graphene/quantum dot (QD) hybrids have recently emerged as a new class of functional materials due to the enhancement of exciton dissociation and electron transport between graphene and QDs, giving potential applications in photocatalysts, photodetectors and photovoltaics. Herein, we report a simple approach to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–indium phosphide (InP) QD hybrids, wherein the growth of InP QDs on graphene nanosheets and the reduction of GO occur simultaneously. The electron microscopy indicated that uniform InP QDs with size of 3.4–5.5 nm were well distributed on the rGO nanosheets. The charge transfer between rGO and InP QDs was analysed using Raman and PL spectra, confirming that the hybrids enable efficient separation of the photo-induced charges. The optoelectronic properties of the rGO/InP QD hybrids have also been investigated. Our results suggest that the hybrids exhibit a sensitive photoelectric response under blue light irradiation.


The multi-link system such as the musculoskeletal mechanism has a recursive dynamics representation. In order to control the body by the parallel calculation of the recursive algorithms of the inverse dynamics, the time delays of information transmission between the distributed calculation elements are required. These time delays are important to model and analyze the biological motor control as a distributed system, because the neural signal speeds are limited and the time delays are not negligible in the quick movement. And some time delays in the control loop make the moment unstable generally, but the biological motor control are stable and can handle the delays. In this paper, we focus on the function of the renshaw cell in the spinal cord of the biological motor control system. The renshaw cell forms the negative feedback loop of the motor neuron output, then we model the renshaw cell as the low-pass filter of torque output. And we propose a hierarchical distributed motor control system including the time delays for 3-dimensional movements, and the reaching simulation results that the time delay makes the movement unstable and the low-pass filter of torque output could contribute toward stabilizing the time delay loop in the distributed control system.


We consider the downlink of a wireless cellular network which consists of one Macro Base Station (MBS), multiple relays and User Equipments (UEs). In this scenario, we propose relay clustering algorithms to address the problem of inter-cluster interference. In each cluster, we adopt a time-division relaying scheme to avoid intra-cluster interference, but the inter-cluster interference still remains. In interference-aware network, an optimal clustering algorithm requires an exhaustive search, which is infeasible. Hence, we propose a clustering algorithm which improves the system capacity by exploiting the inter-cluster information. But this algorithm is implemented in a centralized manner with high complexity that requires the calculation of inter-cluster information. To circumvent this, we propose a cluster-wise distributed algorithm with manageable complexity, which shows the performance within acceptable range from the optimal one, far better than simple and intuitive algorithms because of the effect of inter-cluster interference.


Abstract The optimal design safety concept is discussed to be used in a risk communication for the seismic safety of buildings as an alternative building approval procedure. The current Japanese regulations are very rigid and yet they are only the minimum requirements, which do not certify the sufficient safety against very rare earthquakes. Conference-based consensus for the degree of safety may be preferred to the minimum requirement safety in matured society. Influences of various parameters, such as the damage levels, the variability of loads, the failure consequences, the global environmental effects and the service lifetime, on the optimal design safety are demonstrated.


Christianity existed in the region by the end of the 5th century, though Zoroastrianism (and later Islam) remained the official religion of Iran. Islam granted dhimmis, or 'tolerated unbelievers', and while certain rights varied, they were always regarded as inferior to Muslim nationals. For Muslims, conversion from Islam to Christianity (or any other religion) is regarded as apostasy, both a crime and a sin. Catholic religious orders arrived in the 17th century, while the first Western missionaries arrived in 19th century. Iran saw these influences as threats to Islam, an issue that came to the fore after the 1979 Revolution. Since then, Christians have faced waves of persecution. However, the continued dissemination of bibles (and new Farsi translations) has led to dialogue and ethical engagement with Christianity. The proliferation of bibles is attributed to the house church movement, which began to grow in the late 1990's and is conducive to the willingness of Iranians to explore Christian faith and commit to following Christ. Whichever way one looks at it, for the time being at least, despite all efforts to destroy it, Persian-speaking Christianity survives in Iran, demonstrating resilience, creativity and determination that in many ways defies Western understanding.


In recent years, biometric technologies have become one the most used ways to identify and confirm hand vein patterns. Because veins are a particular part of the human body; it is difficult or almost impossible to damage, alter or simulate the vascular trauma. In this study a computer aided palm vein authentication system is developed. All the data that we used in our research were taken from the CASIA database. The first two steps used in the system are entering the preprocessing stage to improve the relevant region extraction (ROI) and vessel appearance. The task of removing the palm vein feature is another challenging question in the work of infrared palm recognition. In this study; six features have been introduced to represent palm vein image. The first and second features are standard features which are mostly used in palm vein image processing: Local Binary Pattern and Zernike Moments. The remaining features are novel features which we developed for this study: Total Vessel Length, Vessel Density, Central Density and Vessel Propagation. Each extracted feature list is combined as a feature vector that is used to separate palm veins of different people. To test our system we used images of a small study group which is made of 20 volunteers. From each volunteer 6 pictures are collected. In total, the database contains 120 palm vein images. For matching performance cosine similarity has been used. According to the results obtained using all these methods, the novel features produce higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. STRUCTURED ABSTRACT In the last years, biometric technologies have become one the most used ways to identify and confirm hand tube patterns. Because veins are a particular part of the human body, it is difficult or almost impossible to damage, alter or simulate the vascular trauma. The palm vein * Istanbul University, Department of Computer Engineering, El-mek: firstname.lastname@example.com ** Yrd. Doç. Dr. Istanbul University, Department of Computer Engineering, El-mek: firstname.lastname@example.com *** Prof. Dr. Istanbul University, Department of Computer Engineering, El-mek: firstname.lastname@example.com 204 Amal EJJARI Pelin GÖRGEL Ahmet SERTBAŞ Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 12/23 compared with a finger or a hand's back face, it has a wider and more complex vessel pattern with an enriching feature for personal identification. These are personality-specific and even twins have different models. Since vascular models exist in the body, they cannot be played with photos, voice recordings or fingerprints, so this biometrics makes the authentication method more secure than the others . The functioning of the biometric system goes through two main stages: (i) the registration phase and (ii) the recognition phase. During the recording phase, the biometric system is programmed to identify a specific person. Once the descriptive information of that person is recorded, the system attempts to verify the identity of the person by comparing the images that are already saved in the database with the image that was received during recognition. Our study aimed to identify the scanned palm image and compare it with the images in the database to determine whether the registered palm correspond to person A or B. In order to obtain a good result we followed 3 mean stage: first stage preprocessing than feature exctraction stage and finally we did a feature matching Total Vessel Length, Vessel Density, Vessel Center Distance and Vein Propagation four methods that were developed during this study and showed a high accuracy percentage. Below there is some previous work about palm vein identification: Wang and Chen (Wang and Chen, 2011, p.311-314) created a system and tested it on a database composed from 25 images that were taking from 5 women and 20 men their age is over 20 years old. Twenty images were obtained from each volunteer at different time, 10 images for right and 10 images for left hand. The presented system and framework included image enhancement, noise reduction, subtraction, thinning, skeletonization and vein subtraction tasks. The average rate of obtained result was 93.4%, 94.8% on the right hand and 91.9% on the left hand. Another work was made by Somalia Vaid and Mishra (Vaid and Mishra, 2015). They have produced a comprehensive comparative study of basic transformations in 2015. PCA (Main Component Analysis), DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform), Walsh Transform, Inclined, DST (Discrete Sinus Transform). In this way, 128x128 pixels of palm vein images and 576 views of the database were applied to transformations. The results show that none of the applied transformations can accept any brightness and contrast image except PCA, where the brightness and contrast are 10.41% of the modified image acceptance rate. After comparative analysis of the baseline conversion, it can be said that Walsh-Hadamard has the lowest EER in the range of 0.2-17% followed by PCA with 0.6% EER followed by DCT with EER of 2.7-7%. Followed by a Slant transformation with an EER interval of 6.2-12% followed by a DST with a range of 3537% EER. In our study we used and developed news methods for feature extraction. Despite the works that used standard feature extraction method in our work we developed news feature special for palm vein. Each extracted feature list is combined as a feature vector that is used to separate palm veins of different people. The First phase in our study is the preprocessing. We first exctracted the region of interest from the images than we used the median filter in order to remove noise from images while protecting the edges. Computer Aided Palm Vein Authentication System Based on Feature Matching 205 Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 12/23 The filtering was followed by the morphologique operations and binarization. The result obtained from the preprocessing is used in the second phase which is the feature extraction stage. We first tried the standart feature extraction method which are known with giving good result, we used Local Pattern Binary (LBP) and Zernike moment methods. And we developed 4 news feature extraction method which are Total Vessel Lengths this method calculates the total vessel length in the palm of the person, as for each person the structure of the veins varies in terms of thickness and length. The second method is Vessel Density: in this method the palm image is divided into four equal parts and the total vessel length on each section is counted. The third feature extraction method is Vessel Central Density in order to achieve the central density, the image passes through the erosion process which will thin the veins in the binary image than the central density of the veins is examined to determine the identity of the person. In other words, a central point is determined in the palm and it is determined how intense the veins are in this central point. It is then determined how close the vessels at the determined point are to each other. The last method is the Vessel Propagation feature extraction method. In this feature, unlike the central density feature, the propagation of the veins in the palm is handled. To determine whether the veins are uniformly distributed, openness is measured, such as the openness of the quarters, the central span. In this method, the standard deviation of the central propagation measure is calculated. Finally after obtaining the result from the feature extraction methods we pass to the last phase which is feature matching using Cosine similarity. Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation is used to obtain a good and accurate result in our study. 120 images from the CASIA database were evaluated and their attributes were extracted. 120 images in total; for every 20 persons, 6 palm vein images were taken and all images were tested for training and test clusters. The cosine similarity is used to determine the degree of similarity between the vectors of properties of each model. And we have got the results (accuracy) like below; Local Binary Pattern 99%, Zernike Moment 98%, Total Vessel Length + Vessel Density + Central Vessel + Vessel Propagation 99.1%, authentication rates were achieved using 99% attributes. In these applications, we have achieved the highest and most reliable results by combining the four proposed features of total vessel length + vein density + central density + vein propagation.


abstract: The supercritical fluid extraction of anet essential oil was studied using CO2 as solvent. The effect of CO2 density variation in the range of 0.225 g/ml to 0.662 g/ml was analyzed. Chemical analysis revealed that oils extracted under different supercritical CO2 extraction conditions possessed a different percentage composition. Oil obtained by hydrodistillation was also compared with the extracted oils.


In Libyan secondary schools, most of students have taken and studied English language as the main and base subject for at least five to seven years before they enter secondary school. However, with all of these years of studying English, the most of students remain non proficient to speak or to use the English language properly in real life situations in their speaking and listening as well as reading and writing skills. It is suggested that the dull materials used in most English language Classroom in Libyan classroom is one of the main reasons for their lack of motivation to learn and their lack of proficiency of English language speaking.


BACKGROUND Nasal obstruction caused by a deviated nasal septum is a common problem dealt with in otolaryngology practice that successfully can be corrected with septoplasty in the majority of patients. To decrease the risks of postoperative complications, such as septal hematoma or postoperative bleeding, nasal packing traditionally has been used. However, nasal packing has been associated with increased postoperative pain, which may be due to the pressure exerted by the pack, surgical trauma to nasal mucosa, or the tension of sutures applied to the nasal septum. Numerous pain medications, such as opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and regional blocks with local anesthetics, are prescribed to patients for acute postoperative pain in general. However, all these agents have potential side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, sedation, and respiratory depression. Pregabalin is a lipophilic gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sleepmodulating properties. Pregabalin is used to reduce neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, tissue irritation, neuralgia, and fibromyalgia. A number of studies have investigated the effects of pregabalin in the treatment of postoperative pain. This literature review specifically will look at the effects of pregabalin on postseptoplasty pain management. Of note, these studies focused on septoplasty postoperative management; therefore, these findings do not apply to other sinonasal procedures.


As Fincham and Beach (2010) describe, thepositive psychology movement has developedlargely independent of relationship science, and,as a result, the two have had little interchange.We wholeheartedly agree that relationshipscience and positive psychology both willbenefit from better conceptual understanding ofpositive, appetitive processes in the context ofrelationships. We also agree with Fincham andBeach'sbasicpremise:thatrelationalflourishingis not merely the absence of distress and thatit is useful to think of relationship flourishingand distress as two functionally independentdimensions (rather than as contrasting endpointsof a bipolar scale). We are therefore gratifiedto see Fincham and Beach pursue the proposalof Gable and Reis (2001) and Reis and Gable(2003)thatappetitiveprocessesareunderstudiedandunderappreciatedinrelationshipscienceandextend these arguments to marriage and familystudies. In this reply, we address a few keyconceptual issues that, in our opinion, warrant


Light emission by inelastic tunneling (LEIT) from a metal-insulator-metal tunnel junction is an ultrafast emission process. It is a promising platform for ultrafast transduction of electrical to optical signals on integrated circuits. However, existing procedures of fabricating LEIT devices usually involve both top-down and bottom-up techniques, which reduces its compatibility with the modern microfabrication streamline and limits its potential in industrial scale-up. Here, we lift these restrictions by using a multilayer insulator, grown by atomic layer deposition as the tunnel barrier. For the first time, we have fabricated a LEIT device fully by microfabrication techniques and shown a stable performance under ambient conditions. Uniform electroluminescence was observed over the entire active region, with the emission spectrum shaped by metallic grating plasmons. The introduction of a multilayer insulator to the LEIT can provide additional freedom for engineering the energy band landscape of the tunnel barrier. The presented scheme of preparing a stable ultrathin tunnel barrier may also find applications in a wide range of integrated optoelectronic devices.


Severe sepsis associated with atrial fibrillation is rare in our practice. It is often responsible for heavy mortality. The immunodepression field (HIV 1) is an often unknown factor of severity that complicates sepsis. We report a case of a 53-year-old patient hospitalized in intensive care for severe sepsis complicated with atrial fibrillation and acute lung edema. Treatment consisted of vascular filling, antibiotic therapy, and Amiodarone. The evolution is marked by a thrombotic accident and an amputation of the foot. However, she has evolved well and was transferred to infectious diseases department on D18.


Our Jaboratory has since long heen associated with neuropharmaco· logical research. Among other methods, the one in which we have heen particulary keen is that of brain electrical activity recording. Looking hack to tbe work we bave performed in these years, l would like to present to you an account of the evolution of our techniques, showing how they bave changed along time (Table l). The first experiments were carried out in the rabbit acute preparation. In this setting we were used to ascertaiD the modificatioDs of the spontaDeous EEG induced by drugs, together with their inft.uence OD the arousal patterns due to the electrical stimulation of tbe reticular formation, oD the recruiting TABLE l Study of the effect of drugs oD the EEG Acute preparation l) Spontaneous EEG (•) Retieular form.-Activation 2) EleetrieaJ stimulation i b) A. M. Thalamus-Recruitment L ') Hippocampus After-discharge Chronic preparation 8pan.lamoll8 behaviour: Learned behaviour: l) EEG-Behaviour relations 2) Sleep-Wakefulness cycle EEG-Conditioned perfonnance relations: a) lnstrumental conditioned reward b) Instrumental discrimination reward


Abstract : This is an overall study of the whole process of projectile penetration into soil. The governing differential equations for the soil target medium are developed using the equations of motion and the continuity condition. Constitutive relationships are derived from Mohr-Coulomb theory for a rigid plastic material and from viscosity theory. The other necessary equations are generated from an experimental investigation of the penetration mechanism.


Optimizing materials for targeted applications is the main aim of materials science and engineering. Materials can of course be optimized through the design of new alloy compositions, but also by designing processing routes that lead to optimal microstructures to enhance the properties of interest. CEMEF is a research center of MINES ParisTech located in Sophia Antipolis and dedicated to materials processing. About 150 persons including more than 60 PhD students are working at CEMEF on essential topics for the understanding of forming processes for all types of materials, and in close collaboration with industrial partners. CEMEF has notably a worldwide recognized expertise in manufactured metallic materials and related processes. The works devoted to the evolution of metallic microstructures upon thermomechanical processing are based on the combination of advanced experimental assessment of physical phenomena and advanced numerical models of those phenomena. Combining high-level expertise on both experimental and numerical approaches makes a specificity of the works carried out in this field; Figure 1 is a synoptic scheme of the overall approach.


This experiment investigated differences in birth weights and survival in lambs born to hogget and mature ewes. It included 1082 mature ewes with a scanning rate of 1.87 fetuses per ewe joined and 1026 hoggets with a scanning rate of 0.80 fetuses per hogget joined, that were bred together, and lambed separately, under commercial farming conditions. At lambing, birth weight, lamb vigour score, and ewe maternal behaviour score were recorded. Lambs born to hoggets were lighter and less vigorous than lambs born to mature ewes (P<0.05). Single-born lambs were heavier at birth (P<0.05), and had greater survival at birth (P<0.05) than did twin-born lambs. Twin-born lambs were heavier (P<0.05) at birth, and had greater survival at birth (P<0.05) than triplets. There was an interaction of dam age and birth rank on lamb survival to weaning (P<0.01). At all birth ranks lambs born to hoggets had lower survival to weaning than lambs born to mature ewes, and the difference in survival increased with increasing birth rank. Lambs that had a vigour score of 1 had lower survival (83.5%; P<0.05) than lambs that had a vigour score of either 2 or 3 (88.6and 91.4%, respectively). Maternal behaviour score did not affect lamb survival (P>0.05). Lambs born to hoggets are at greater risk of mortality, so farmers need to prioritise their time and resources towards hoggets at lambing time.


This article identifies the potential of contracting to secure changes in the management and organization of community services for people with learning disabilities. Practical and theoretical arguments are deployed to identify how contract and related market factors can be used to deliver more effective and higher quality services. Possibilities for enhancing the contracting process are examined from a number of perspectives with suggestions for more proactive contracting and market management: specifying more radical and effective services and promoting quality by enabling user-centred approaches. In so doing, the article challenges many of the assumptions underlying the performance of the market in community and social care and a case is made for establishing better ac countability and more rational service planning and co-ordination based on public control. Considerations for policy, and its implementation by commissioners and devolved purchasers, are also identified.


We present a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) pass-transistor logic (PTL) gate with an active body bias control circuit and compare the proposed PTL gate with other types of PTL gates with different body bias circuits in two different 0.13 μm SOI CMOS technologies. The experimental results show that the proposed SOI PTL gate using the body bias controlled technique is superior in terms of performance and power consumption than other DTMOS PTL gates.


In March 1911 in Kiev, the body of a thirteen-year-old boy, Andrei Iushchinskii, was found in a cave. Soviet scholar Alexandr Tager, who used archives closed until 1917, showed that Iushchinskii was murdered by a gang of thieves headed by Vera Cheberiak because the gang believed Iushchinskii was going to inform the police about them. Iushchinskii and Cheberiak's son were friends. Vera Cheberiak was arrested and released in July of the same year, at which time Mendel Beilis was arrested. Beilis had been identified as the "man with the black beard," whom witnesses claimed they saw with Iushchinskii. He was a clerk at a brick factory on the territory of which Iushchinskii's body was found. Beilis was tried in 1913. The indictment charged that he had committed the murder "out of religious fanaticism, for ritual purposes."' Two questions were put to the jury. The first suggested that the murder had been committed in such a way as to allow the perpetrator to harvest the maximum amount of blood from the victim's body. The language of the question implied that the purpose was to consume the blood. The question asked whether it had been shown that Iushchinskii had been subjected to wounds which produced "five glasses of blood" and then subjected to a second series of wounds which killed him and left his body in a state of "almost complete bloodlessness." The second question was whether Beilis was guilty of the crime. The jury, consisting mostly of peasants, answered "yes" to the first question, but acquitted Beilis.2 The jury's finding left open the possibility that ritual murder had been committed. The government's case against Beilis is easily interpreted as a politically expedient form of anti-Semitism. Some historians maintain that the Beilis trial was part of the greatly weakened tsarist government's effort to maintain a strong sense of national identity by defining Jews as alien and harmful to Russia. Tager argues that the government transformed a murder case into a ritual murder accusation for political purposes: as a weapon in its struggle against the revolutionary movement, as a way of justifying


The Late Cretaceous portion of North America's apparent polar wander (APW) path is poorly known due to a dearth of suitable post-85-Ma reference poles. A paleomagnetic re-investigation of Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics (80 Ma) was initiated to fill this void and to determine the degree to which the onset of an apparent rapid episode of APW during this time interval correlates with known Late Cretaceous tectonic events. A total of 249 paleomagnetic samples (30 sites) were collected from three separate areas within the Elkhorn Mountains. Using both alternating field and thermal demagnetization, a characteristic direction of magnetization was isolate at 15 sites (a95 < 15°) which passes a fold test at the 95% confidence level. The mean pole calculated from site virtual geomagnetic poles is located at 80.3°N, 189.5°E (N = 15; A95 = 9.6°; k = 16.8). Interestingly, the Elkhorn Mountains pole is not concordant with the Cretaceous stillstand poles but is nearly coincident with the Paleocene reference pole and the recently published pole for the Adel Mountains dated at 76 Ma. These new data suggest the onset of APW which brought the pole from its Cretaceous position to near its early Tertiary position occurred prior to 80 Ma and the transition was exceedingly rapid. The onset of this rapid APW now appears to coincide more closely in time with many of the significant Late Cretaceous tectonic events, e.g., the Laramide orogeny. However, since the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics are floored by a major east-directed thrust and have undergone crustal scale deformation, the data should be viewed with caution until more results are available for this time interval.


Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is responsible for about 700 human cases of bubonic and pneumonic plague each year. Yet the disease is far more prevalent within rodent reservoirs than in humans. One of the main means of outbreak prevention is extensive wildlife surveillance, where accurate and rapid detection is essential to prevent spillover into the human population from which, it may otherwise spread more rapidly and over larger distances. Moreover, detection and quantification of the agent aids in investigative studies to understand aspects of the pathogen such as transmission mechanics, pathology, contamination risk and more. Partially based on a previously developed assay by Gabitzsch et al. 2008 we designed a TaqMan® mismatch amplification mutation assay (TaqMAMA) where a primer leverages a species-specific SNP in the chromosomal single copy ferric uptake regulator gene of Yersinia pestis. The assay allows for specific, rapid detection and quantification of Yersinia pestis using only a single species-specific marker in a highly conserved virulence gene. This low-cost and simple modification of an existing assay eliminates the need for running multiple molecular markers for pathogen detection or performing time-consuming culturing and counting of colonies for quantification.


[Abstract] Objective To construct E.coli K99 pilus expression vector.Methods E. coli K99 pi-lus forming subunit gene(fanC) was cloned by a series of subcloning method and sequenced. The mutation site was determined by the epitope mimesis of fanC subunit. Results A gene fragment containing fanC and a part of fanD genes was cloned. The fragment was significantly longer than that reported abroad. Sequencing showed a new gene fragment at the binding region of fanC and fanD. Compared with the E. coli gene in Genebank, the new fragment was identified as the inserted sequence IS1 with a length of 768bp. No obvious change was observed in the reading frame of fanD gene after IS1 was inserted. However,8 amino acids were added at the end of fanC fragment. The epitope mimesis of fanC subunit showed an obvious hydrophilic region in K99 fane C fragment. According to the previous experiences, the region was judged as the site in which epitope was located. Conclusion Inserted sequence IS1 was observed in E. coli K99 gene for the first time.


A new approach for boundary conformed toolpath generation is presented in this paper. The approach combines the numerical Laplace solution for initial parametrization and a parametric redistribution algorithm for improved toolpath generation. The Laplace parametrization can be applied to any 2D surface domain without anomalies. Our parametric redistribution algorithm can then be used to reduce the unevenness that usually occurs in Laplace parametrization. The adequacy of computational robustness and efficiency of the parametric redistribution method are tested in this paper. By applying the parametric redistribution method, both the machining efficiency and uniformity of the resultant tool-paths can be improved. The advantages of this boundary conformed toolpath generation approach are successfully demonstrated on several typical examples.


This paper empirically analyzes the behavior of the forward premium. Unlike previous research, we use data from Asia-Pacific countries and adopt the panel data approach (Bai and Ng 2004) which allows us to decompose the forward premium into common and idiosyncratic (country-specific) components. Our data suggest the presence of one common factor and the stationarity of both common and idiosyncratic factors for short maturities, leading to the conclusion of a stationary forward premium. In contrast, the stationarity of the premium is less supported by the longer maturity data. Furthermore, a large portion of the premium fluctuation is shown to be due to a common factor, particularly over the short time horizon, which in turn can be explained by economic and financial developments in the US. In particular, when the US interest rate increases and the economy declines, the common factor tends to fall.


In agriculture, globalisation over the past decades has put pressure on prices, which have also reduced farmers' incomes. Given that agriculture is an economic activity, the responses of farm owners to these developments are both economic and sociological. The economic response is to reduce the purchase price per product, which is solved by shortening sales chains, direct sales and optimising technological processes and costs, while the sociological response is to leave farms without successors and, consequently, to abandon cultivation. Crop abandonment is problematic in the hilly areas of Slovenia, where there is also a lack of interest in renting farmland. As a result, rural impoverishment and urban in-migration are on the increase. These challenges can be addressed in the future by alternative forms of business, started by entrepreneurial entrepreneurs or other family members as start-ups, which then grow into complementary activities on the farm or other familiar legal forms of business (s.p. , z.o.o.). A prerequisite for this is the establishment of a business ecosystem, an enabling environment to encourage young people to innovate throughout the food chain. The outcome of our research work is a business model of a creative/innovative hatchery that could be put into practice with the help of various institutions.


At a time when the newspaper industry is facing major structural change, they strive to find viable business models that can complement and substitute old sources of revenue. In this scenario, models that attempt to promote and preserve public interest journalism are growing, and here, crowdfunding is an emerging model to finance journalism (Aitamurto, 2011; Carvajal, Garcia-Aviles & Gonzalez, 2012; Stakston, 2016). Crowdfunding is a form of funding where individuals and organizations can apply for support from a larger number of investors. In relation to news reporting this means that journalists rely on micropayments from ordinary people to finance their reporting (Jian & Usher, 2013), and can be defined as a way to harness collective intelligence for journalism, as readers' donations accumulate into judgments about the issues that need to be covered (Aitamurto, 2011). The question is, however, whether there is a potential market for crowdfunded journalism? Crowdfunding as financing model has raised issues related to its rich and powerful possibilities, as well as invited much criticism (Bennet ,Chin & Jones, 2014). Although crowdfunding has been a topic of interest for scholars, as well as media in recent years (e.g. Gleasure, 2015; Stakston, 2016), there is still a lack of knowledge about the characteristics of crowdfunding practices and which practices are associated with fundraising success (Bellflamme, Lambert & Schwienbacher, 2013; Mollick, 2013), in particular related to newspaper organizations and funding of journalism. Drawing from theories of the sharing economy and media management, this study looks at crowdfunding as one potential viable business model for newspaper companies, and the users' knowledge of and attitudes to this type of funding. The paper aims to answer the following questions: What is the attitude of the Swedish population to crowdfunding as a form of financing investigative journalism? What conditions are necessary for crowdfunding to be accepted by Swedish news consumers, as a form of financing investigative journalism? What obstacles do Swedish news consumers experience with using crowdfunding for financing investigative journalism? The study employs survey data (N = 1006) gathered from questionnaires sent to 7 235 respondents registered at the analysis company Userneeds' Swedish consumer panel, which is when the survey was conducted included about 85 000 members. The results shows that the awareness of crowdfunding as a form of financing is low among the Swedish population. Few of the respondent state that they were willing to pay for journalism in advance. However, a fifth of the respondents were positive toward participating in crowdfunding of news. Thus, there may be potential to convert this positive attitude to a willingness to pay, if the right measures are taken. Opposed to previous research, this study showed that the respondents were willing to pay for subjects investigating injustice or maladministration, as well as subjects they had a personal interest in getting investigated. The conclusion is that the market for crowdfunding is still immature in Sweden. A prerequisite for getting this funding model to work, and not just in the Swedish market, is that the newspaper companies manage to convince the users about the added value they receive from paying for journalism in advance. Moreover, it is important that that future crowdfunding services are open with the funders' rights and obligations, and in line with previous research, this study believe that the transparency of the funding process has to be clear. References Aitamurto, T. (2011). The impact of crowdfunding on journalism, Journalism Practice , 5(4), 429-445. Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T. & Schwienbacher, A. (2013). Individual crowdfunding practices, Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance , 15(4). Bennett, L., Chin, B. & Jones, B. (2014) Introduction, New Media & Society (2014):1-8. Browne, H. (2010) Foundation-funded journalism, Journalism Studies , 11(6), 889-903. Carvajal, M. Garcia-Aviles, J.A. & Gonzalez, J. L. (2012). Crowdfunding and non-profit media, Journalism Practice , 6(5-6). Gleasure, R. (2015). Resistance to crowdfunding among entrepreneurs: An impression management perspective. Journal of Strategic Information Systems . Hunter, A. (2014). Crowdfunding independent and freelance journalism: Negotiating journalistic norms of autonomy and objectivity New Media & Society . Mollick, E. (2013). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study Journal of Business Venturing 29, 1-16. Jian, L. & Usher, N. (2013). Crowd-Funded Journalism Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19, 155-170. Stakston, B. (2016) Crowdfunding: Mojligheter och utmaningar Nordicom-Information 38(1), 92-96.


This paper experimentally validates the simulation model developed in previous work to improve the reliability and efficiency of robot arms via a passive-assist design approach. Specifically, this procedure alters the mechanical design of a robot arm by incorporating a parallel spring designed to reduce the peak motor torque and energy required to perform a specified maneuver. Our experiment consisted of a single link robot arm, worm gear transmission, DC motor, sensors, and a PC based controller. We experimentally demonstrated that our model is accurate to within 3% and that the addition of a well-designed spring can reduce peak motor torques by ∼50% and energy consumption by as much as 25%.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Aiming at the problem of insufficient information or excessive redundancy of bands selected by a large number of band selection methods at present, this paper studies the band selection method based on the fusion of information and redundancy on the basis of the maximum empirical volume (MEV) theory. A band selection method based on orthogonal projection and cross entropy is proposed by combining the two indexes to evaluate the bands. The theoretical basis of the method is described and the process of the proposed method is analyzed in depth. Finally, the advantages of the proposed method are verified through experiments and comparisons on three datasets. The proposed method has the advantages of large amount of information in the selected bands, low redundancy between bands, high computational efficiency and insensitivity to noise bands.


Optimizing manufacturing process modeling is critical to improving the efficiency and quality of manufacturing. However, manufacturing processes in general can be very complicated. A manufacturing process may involve (a) transforming a material into a new form, (b) combining different materials to form a new object, and (c) retrieving a certain part from a material as a new entity. All those activities could be confusing because many intermediate objects that exist only for a short period during the manufacturing process may have no formal names. To solve this problem, this paper proposes that composition trees (CT) can be successfully used to model manufacturing processes. Composition trees are parts of the formal notation in behavior engineering (BE), which is an innovative approach to the development of large software systems. For a composition tree, its characteristics of being intuitive, expressive and formal give it many advantages over other formal and informal modeling languages in software engineering. This paper uses a cooking case study to demonstrate how to use a composition tree model manufacturing processes. It is argued that the method could be applied to process engineering to good effect.


This manuscript describes a case-control study conducted to evaluate associations between blood manganese levels and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among Jamaican children. It appears to be one of the first reports to characterize Mn levels in a Jamaican pediatric population and to describe potentially unique dietary Mn exposure sources, and as such, would be a novel contribution to the literature. However, I have several concerns and suggestions for improvement detailed below.


The literature of various disciplines including engineering, operations research, and management science contains many problems that would have widespread application if methods could be found for solving problems of reasonable size. In general, these problems are combinatoric in nature; moderate to large-scale problems in this class have resisted solution by currently existing algorithms and heuristics. A partial list of these well known problems includes the traveling-salesman problem, the generalized truck-dispatching problem, board wiring, and the construction of minimum cost communication networks with various survival or redundancy demands. The authors report on a man-machine approach for solving the generalized truck-dispatching problem. Their results indicate that the technique is more accurate than previously reported heuristics. They further comment on application of the man-machine technique to other routing, scheduling, and network problems.


Lushaer Town's rise and development with unique historical and cultural characteristics has certain representativeness in the history of the town in Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The author tries to provide a new perspective for new urban construction there threugh aralying the connection between Lushaer and Taer Temple,the historical process of town's formation and development for temple.


Liberals often seek to ground public rules and institutions in values and beliefs that can make sense to all citizens despite their ethical diffeences. For Richard Flathman, however, this search for political "tranparency" is rooted in excessive fear of diversity and excessive optimism regarding our capacity to rationally resolve the difficulties created by liguistic and ethical opacity. He treats the result as not only philosophically incoherent, but also politically dangerous in promoting needless and unjustifiable restraints on individual purposiveness. He seeks to counter such problems with a "willful" liberalism that celebrates ethical opacity and promotes the widest possible diversity of self-making. This essay argues that, despite its many charms, "willful" liberalism suffers certain internal flaws. Specifically, Flathman's meta-ethical voluntarism works to undermine not only his commitment to equal freedom, but also the very goal of adventuresome self-making at the heart of his normative ideal.


– Teaching Performance on Educação Básica in Pandemic Time. This article considers teaching in Educação Básica, in the Brazilian context, during the Covid-19 pandemic and suspension of face-to-face classes. The survey was attended by 209 teachers from the city of Juiz de Fora, at Minas Gerais state, who answered the questionnaire used as an instrument. The objective was to analyze the thoughts, feelings, challenges, and perspectives of teachers in this period of calamity. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were performed. The findings point to emerging categorical sets that highlight the teachers' concerns with the marked inequalities, the main difficulties in curricular educational practices and the expectations of education professionals with the return to schools. © 2021, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Faculdade de Educacao. All rights reserved.


Proposing a robust designed facility location is one of the most effective ways to hedge against unexpected disruptions and failures in a transportation network system. This paper considers the combined facility location/network design problem with regard to transportation link disruptions and develops a mixed integer linear programming formulation to model it. With respect to the probability of link disruptions, the objective function of the model minimizes the total costs, including location costs, link construction costs and also the expected transportation costs. An efficient hybrid algorithm based on LP relaxation and variable neighborhood search metaheuristic is developed in order to solve the mathematical model. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid algorithm has suitable efficiency in terms of duration of solution time and determining excellent solution quality.


s The characteristics of western China were analyzed compared with that of other economic regions. Evaluation index system for comprehensive competitiveness in west region was established. Factor analysis in multivariate statistical analysis method was used to evaluate the comprehensive competitiveness of 12 provinces in west region. According to the characters of each province in western China, countermeasures to promote comprehensive competitiveness were put forward.


Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed several challenges to breastfeeding (BF) mothers. Aim: to assess Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast-fed mothers during pandemic of COVID 19. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 208 mothers-infant dyads attended to primary health office for vaccination and outpatient department of different children's hospitals in Mansoura, Egypt. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data about COVID-19 in general as well as knowledge, attitude and practice of BF during COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The linear regression revealed that mother's education is an independent predictor of COVID-19 general knowledge and attitude scores. Mothers' work and general knowledge are independent predictors of knowledge BF during COVID-19. Mothers' education is an independent predictor of attitude score. Knowledge BF during COVID-19 and attitude are independent predictors of practice score. Conclusion: Mother's education and work are independent predictors of knowledge BF during COVID-19, their attitude and practice. Recommendation: Ongoing educational program for mothers about COVID-19 and breast feeding. Keyword: Breastfed Mother, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, COVID-19, Predictors


According to basic characteristic of immittance network,a structure for a new type of bidirectional DC/DC(BDC) converter is proposed.The operating modals of the circuit of the proposed BDC converter under boost mode and buck mode are analyzed.It can be seen from basic characteristic of immittance network that under arbitrary working mode the power factor at the AC side of the full-bridge converter in the BDC converter can be ensured as unity,thus it makes the backflow becoming zero to improve the system efficiency.The relation among physical quantities in the proposed BDC converter is analyzed and the rules for optimization design of parameters of transformer and immittance network of the proposed BDC converter are given.The signal modulation strategy of the BDC converter and corresponding control strategy are put forward.Experimental results show that the proposed BDC converter possesses high performance.


Abstract Biosensor design is important to bioanalysis yet challenged by the restricted target accessibility at the biomolecule-surface (bio-surface). The last two decades have witnessed the appearance of various "art-like" DNA nanostructures in one, two, or three dimensions, and DNA nanostructures have attracted tremendous attention for applications in diagnosis and therapy due to their unique properties (e.g., mechanical flexibility, programmable control over their shape and size, easy and high-yield preparation, precise spatial addressability and biocompatibility). DNA nanotechnology is capable of providing an effective approach to control the surface functionality, thereby increasing the molecular recognition ability at the biosurface. Herein, we present a critical review of recent progress in the development of DNA nanostructures in one, two and three dimensions and highlight their biological applications including diagnostics and therapeutics. We hope that this review provides a guideline for bio-surface engineering with DNA nanostructures.


Publicity about overseas markets for lamb tends to disproportionately divert emphasis from the domestic market which has always taken from 80-90% of total Australian production. Despite this the Australian market remains largely unidentified, with some basic principles only to guide the distribution of lamb. Particular requirements of specific sections of the market have not been identified or quantified.