Importance
Similar to other patients with acute myocardial infarction, patients with type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) are included in several value-based programs, including the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program and the Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program. To our knowledge, whether nonischemic myocardial injury is being misclassified as T2MI is unknown and may have implications for these programs.

Objective
To determine whether patients with nonischemic myocardial injury are being miscoded as having T2MI and if this has implications for 30-day readmission and mortality rates.

Design, Settings, and Participants
Using the new International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code, we identified patients who were coded as having T2MI between October 2017 and May 2018 at Massachusetts General Hospital. Strict adjudication using the fourth universal definition of MI was then applied.

Main outcome and Measures
Clinical adjudication of T2MI and 30-day readmission and mortality rates as a function of T2MI or nonischemic myocardial injury.

Results
Of 633 patients, 369 (58.3%) were men and 514 (81.2%) were white. After strict adjudication, 359 (56.7%) had T2MI, 265 (41.9%) had myocardial injury, 6 (0.9%) had type 1 MI, and 3 (0.5%) had unstable angina. Patients with T2MI had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities than those with myocardial injury. Patients with T2MI and myocardial injury had high in-hospital mortality rates (10.6% and 8.7%, respectively; P = .50). Of those discharged alive (563 [88.9%]), 30-day readmission rates (22.7% vs 21.1%; P = .68) and mortality rates (4.4% vs 7.4%; P = .14) were comparable among patients with T2MI and myocardial injury.

Conclusions and Relevance
A substantial percentage of patients coded as having T2MI actually have myocardial injury. Both conditions have high 30-day readmission and mortality rates. Including patients with high-risk myocardial injury may have substantial implications for value-based programs.


A fully coupled nonlinear simulation tool (CAsT) using Morison based theory was developed to predict dynamic response of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT). Performance of the simulation tool in prediction of dynamic response to sea states was validated through one water tank experiment in this paper. Besides, hydrodynamic coefficients were evaluated from numerical simulation and were validated with another water tank experiment. Significance of radiation damping, axial Froude-Krylov force on slender members and dynamic behavior of mooring system were investigated and clarified. In addition, systematic comparison of results from FAST and CAsT was carried out and discussed in this research.


A fundamental problem in network reliability analysis is to find the connectedness probability of a random graph, subject to perfect nodes and link failures. If, in addition, we consider independent link failures with identical probability ρ, the connectedness probability is known as the all-terminal reliability. It is well-known that the all-terminal reliability is a polynomial in the variable ρ ∊ [0,1], and its determination belongs to the class of NP-Hard problems. In this paper we address the following network design problem: given a fixed number of nodes and links p and q, find the graph that maximizes the reliability polynomial uniformly on the compact set ρ ∊ [0,1] for all (p, q)-graphs whenever it exists. These graphs are called uniformly most-reliable graphs. There exists easy graphs, where the reliability polynomial is obtained in a straightforward manner. The interplay between easy graphs and uniformly most-reliable graphs is first studied. Then, Wagner graph is discovered as a uniformly most-reliable graph, inspired by greedy augmentations of a cycle. The paper is closed with a conjecture on the existence of (n, n + 4) uniformly most-reliable graphs.


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GENERAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Book reviews
The philosophy, politics and economics of information. Archie L Dick.
Pretoria: UNISA Press, 2002, 184p.
ISBN 1 86888 202 0 (sb)
Price: In South Africa: R129; Other countries in Africa: R148, 20
This book offers a fresh, new look at information, and this approach opens the door to focus on the contemporary
debate on information philosophy and the political economy of information. The book is divided into four segments
(which the author refers to as an information circuit) namely, the representation of information, its production,
regulation, and the consumption of information. As the author ..


To investigate whether job involvement is positively related to the degree to which their jobs influence the nonworking lives of employees, 51 clerks and 38 policemen were given a measure of involvement and three measures of occupational determinateness, each of which reflects the impact of an individual's work on a particular aspect of his life outside the work setting. In both groups the greater the involvement of employees with their jobs, the greater the impact of their work on these aspects of their nonworking lives. Comparing the two groups, the policemen's jobs were more significant for their self-images, the policemen's choice of friends was more strongly influenced by their work, and the policemen's leisure-time interests and activities reflected their work more closely. Despite being highly involved with their jobs the work roles of the clerks did not have a very strong impact over their nonworking lives. It is argued from this finding that a high degree of involvement is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a high degree of occupational determinateness.


Few studies that have been conducted on Korean immigrant elders have been carried out in areas without Korean ethnic enclaves due to their small numbers and proportion. This nonprobability cross-sectional study utilized a structured survey to examine the relationships of acculturative stress, coping, and depressive symptoms among 108 non-institutionalized Korean immigrant elders residing in areas without Korean ethnic enclaves. Multivariate analysis results indicated that acculturative stress might be the most significant risk factor for depressive symptoms, which could decrease coping efficacy of social support and increase somatic symptoms of Korean immigrant elders residing in non-Korean ethnic enclaves. Implications for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.


This article examines the transformation of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) and discusses the implications of such transformation on the promotion and protection of human righ...


System for simplified operation and / or handling of an automation system, which in cooperation with a control system, in particular a process control system, knowledge-based and / or empirical as well as historical information with real-time information, in particular alarm messages, available or accessible linked, said information and / or links to or references recorded information and / or process conditions by means of a first data processing means, accessible secured, in particular stored, and can be made available over at least a dedicated communication link, in particular a network or bus system, for at least one second data processing device for further use.


The electrical impedance of quartz crystals was measured during electropolymerization of poly (2,2'-bithiophene) (PBT) and poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) from acetonitrile and propylene carbonate. Due to the viscoelastie behavior and the high surface roughness, application of the Sauerbrey equation to relate frequency shifts to mass changes leads to systematic errors. A novel procedure is presented to calculate the mass changes, the viscoelastic properties (complex shear modulus), and the surface roughness of the conducting polymer layers from the shift of the resonance curve of the quartz crystal. The dependence of the surface morphology of PEDT and PBT on the preparation conditions could be monitored in situ. The values of the complex shear moduli show that these polymers have rubber-like behavior. The damping increase of the quartz at the initial stages of the polymer deposition is mainly a surface roughness effect. As the polymer thickness increases, internal friction (viscoelasticity) also begins to contribute to the damping.


ABSTRACT This article conceptualises citizenship in Gramscian terms, as a contested element of struggles for hegemony within civil society. Based on ethnographic snapshots from Cyprus, it is shown how the agency of migrants from the nearby region not only subverts a restrictive border regime, but also challenges a hegemonic paradigm of citizenship shaped by colonialism, ethnic conflict, as well as crisis and austerity. At the same time, struggles for legal recognition occur in a state of relative autonomy from this social contestation of citizenship. They rather express a desire for freedom of movement as a right in itself, in a context where legal citizenship is becoming synonymous with mobility.


Maize seedlings were studied for their expression patterns of ABP1-mRNA and ABP1. In situ hybridization did not reveal hot spots of ABP1-mRNA accumulation. This result was supported by northern hybridization. In coleoptiles the ABP1-mRNA remains constant during day 1 to day 5 and is of low abundance (1.3 pg/μg total RNA). Northern blots indicated that in primary roots the mRNA level is even 10 times lower. Neither ABP1-mRNA nor ABP1 was found to be concentrated within the outer epidermis of the coleoptile. Analysis of immunostained western blots did not reveal pronounced differences in ABP1 content on the basis of equal amounts of fresh weight or total protein. We therefore assume ABP1 to be more or less equally distributed among the cells of the shoot tissues of maize seedlings.


In this article, the microhardness and wear resistance of the high-entropy FeCrNiTiZrAl alloy are studied on model specimens and on turbine blades made of 20Kh13 steel. The alloy was made by mechanical alloying and subsequent annealing in a vacuum furnace. The study showed that the obtained alloy is a high-entropy alloy with a microhardness μ = 740 HV, which is at the level of the microhardness of metallic glasses, but 2-3 times higher than the microhardness of stainless steels. The friction coefficient of the FeCrNiTiZrAl coating is k = 0.06, which is 10 times less than the friction coefficient of the titanium nitride coating (k = 0.65). The wear resistance of the high-entropy FeCrNiTiZrAl coating is much higher than that of stainless steels, and it leads to the fact that the cost of titanium nitride coating on turbine blades is 2 times higher than the cost of FeCrNiTiZrAl coating, that is, the economic effect is obvious.


Submitted for the DAMOP12 Meeting of The American Physical Society Ionization of Excited Atoms in Intense, Low Frequency SingleCycle Fields SHA LI, ROBERT JONES, University of Virginia — We have employed intense THz pulses to explore strong-field, single-cycle ionization of low-lying Rydberg states in the low-frequency limit. In contrast to the ground-state atoms commonly used as targets for intense laser experiments, excited atoms and polar molecules can exhibit large linear Stark shifts in the presence of static or slowly varying fields. These shifts can have a significant effect on the ionization probability and dynamics in the field. In the experiments, sodium Rydberg atoms are laser-excited using two ns dye lasers and then exposed to a single-cycle, ps THz pulse produced via optical rectification in LiNbO3 of a tilted pulse front, 100fs, 780nm laser pulse. A time-of-flight spectrometer is used to record the ionization yield and energy distribution of the ejected electrons as a function of principal quantum number and the THz field strength. The measurements are compared with those of previous experiments on long-pulse microwave and ramped-field ionization of higher-lying Rydberg states and with the results of classical Monte Carlo simulations. Robert Jones University of Virginia Date submitted: 27 Jan 2012 Electronic form version 1.4


Connected embedded systems and cyber-physical systems exhibit larger attack surface than isolated ones. Control-flow integrity (CFI) is a set of techniques to prevent attackers from redirecting program control-flow and performing arbitrary computation, by detecting and checking control-flow transfers. Currently CFI for real-time systems either operate in-line with code execution, often depending on hardware mechanisms for improved performance and/or security guarantees, or focus solely on budget management when performing CFI out-of-order. In this work, we exploit the predictable release pattern of periodic real-time systems to create a novel CFI framework. This framework (1) consists of a novel real-time task model, which explicitly considers CFI related execution along with the regular portion of the tasks, and (2) presents a novel hardware-assisted trusted scheduler to enable a unique combination of out-of-order and in-line control flow enforcement on forward edge and backwards edge, respectively, to minimize performance overhead while ensuring real-time deadlines. Our framework provides the flexibility to model arbitrary forward-edge CFI as security tasks, so that we may strategically schedule them, and provide schedulability and correctness analysis to explicitly ensure that CFI verification is always performed on time without affecting the timeliness of the real-time tasks. Simulations show that our new task model outperforms existing work in terms of resource usage, thus allowing for more complex and sophisticated CFI to be implemented. We implement our approach on real hardware and microbenchmarks confirm that our approach has comparable in-line overhead as existing work.


EMBOLISM of one of the main arteries of an extremity, while not a common condition, is a decidedly important one. Its results (gan-grene and amputation) are so serious ad to call for special thought and effort along any line that offers reasonable hope of averting them.


Anton-Babinski syndrome describes visual anosognosia, asomatognosia and confabulation in patients presenting after non-dominant brain injury most often secondary to stroke or in some cases head injury. We present a case of a 67 YO gentleman who had a history of left occipital stroke, who presented with diffuse headache of four days' duration. CT scan head and MRI of brain showed an acute onset right ischemic occipital infarction and an old left occipital infarction he suffered a year prior to current presentation. Patient was witnessed to be hallucinating and confabulating during his admission. Charles Bonnet syndrome describes visual hallucinations observed in patients presenting with blindness. Various theories, which we will discuss, have been proposed to explain the reason behind the symptoms seen in Anton-Babinski and Charles Bonnet syndrome. We believe this a rare case of Anton-Babinski and Charles Bonnet syndrome presenting in one patient after having suffered infarction to both occipital lobes.


General' objects, which are specially prepared to possess restricted spatial frequency spectra, have been used in the conventional Lau experiment to obtain experimental proof for the existence of lateral periodicity arising from axial periodicity, for a subclass of axially periodic wavefields in an incoherent situation.


necessarily desire to limit their luggage, and it seems a pity that the book could not have been issued in a more easily portable form. Mr. von der Osten's journey in Asia Minor lasted nearly three months, and the distances covered were 4,428 kilometres by automobile, and 179 kilometres on foot or horseback. In the introduction (p. 4) a description of the three " Hittite " types of pottery will be found. On pp. 66-7 Mr. T. G. Allen describes the black granite statuette (PI. vi) seen at Kirik Kaleh as "A Middle Kingdom Egyptian Contact with Asia Minor" and compares it with figures in Chicago and Berlin. 0. W.


Background  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by a defective skin barrier. Despite the well‐recognized role of proteases in skin barrier maintenance, relatively little is known of the contribution made by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to the inflammatory process in AD.


The durability of concrete material after exposure to elevated temperatures is important for the serviceability prediction of concrete structures in a fire disaster scenario. Existing researches show that an appropriate amount of basalt fiber can significantly improve the splitting tensile strength and chloride penetration resistance of concrete. However, the mechanical properties of basalt fiber concrete after elevated temperatures and its durability properties are still not clear. In this paper, the mechanical properties, carbonization law, and chloride ion penetration law of ordinary concrete and basalt fiber concrete under high temperatures are studied. The concept of a burnt layer for concrete exposed to elevated temperatures is proposed, and the thickness of this burnt layer for concrete under different temperatures was measured. The results show that the addition of basalt fiber can inhibit the carbonization of concrete at elevated temperatures, diminish the thickness of the burnt layer, and significantly improve the chloride penetration resistance of concrete.


Abstract In the hundred years since Sigmund Freud published his paper on Leonardo da Vinci, psychoanalysis and art theory have been developing along parallel trajectories. Where once psychoanalysis focused on the motivational conflicts of the creative artist and art history focused on the artist's product, both fields have today converged on the study of creativity as a process. On March 19, 2011, the Postgraduate Psychoanalytic Society and Institute hosted the conference, "Psychoanalysis, art and creativity: Dialogues on the creative process". The speakers were Harold Blum, M.D., Rosalind Krauss, Ph.D., and Joseph Lichtenberg, M.D. Their three presentations are included in this volume. The Introductory Remarks put these papers into historical context and trace their common ground while challenging the boundaries of both disciplines.


The integration of a model composition operator into a system is a challenging task: the properties associated with such operators can drastically change how the developers will be able to use it. In this paper, we describe a modelling framework that allows a software developer, who is not an expert in model composition, to describe the interface of the operators she wants to use, and describe the properties she expects from them to fit her needs (e.g., idempotence, commutativity, associativity). This abstract description is used to pilot a property-based testing approach on generated code. We applied the approach to two case studies: feature model composition and Git merging.


This paper presents the design and development of an innovative multiagent system based on virtual organizations. The multiagent system manages information from wireless sensor networks for knowledge discovery and decision making in rural environments. The multiagent system has been built over the cloud computing paradigm to provide better flexibility and higher scalability for handling both small- and large-scale projects. The development of wireless sensor network technology has allowed for its extension and application to the rural environment, where the lives of the people interacting with the environment can be improved. The use of "smart" technologies can also improve the efficiency and effectiveness of rural systems. The proposed multiagent system allows us to analyse data collected by sensors for decision making in activities carried out in a rural setting, thus, guaranteeing the best performance in the ecosystem. Since water is a scarce natural resource that should not be wasted, a case study was conducted in an agricultural environment to test the proposed system's performance in optimizing the irrigation system in corn crops. The architecture collects information about the terrain and the climatic conditions through a wireless sensor network deployed in the crops. This way, the architecture can learn about the needs of the crop and make efficient irrigation decisions. The obtained results are very promising when compared to a traditional automatic irrigation system.


More and more vehicles are equipped with in-vehicle monitoring systems, and there are now a wide variety of these systems on the market. For the most part it serves as a feedback system for drivers and others by keeping tabs on things like how they drive, when they drive, and where they drive it. Many also give in-vehicle notifications if pre-set limits are violated (for example, hard acceleration). It is the driver's behaviour on the road that is being watched, such as speed or the severity of the incident (for example, seat belt use). When a motorist's propensity to engage in certain behaviours is tracked, the system may provide a risk assessment for that driver. It may also make it possible to find ways to lessen the likelihood of a car accident for the driver. We will investigate the use of a black box to reduce emissions in automobiles in this research report. Block diagrams are used in this part to illustrate how we plan to construct the project and its many components. This prototype incorporates sensors for further security. The RISC architecture, on which the ARM processors are based, has allowed for a tiny implementations and very low power consumption.


This paper investigates the impact of environmental policies on environmental quality and on economic welfare. Its point of departure is Michael Porter's hypothesis that environmental regulation may actually raise enterprises' productivity through "innovation offsets". We first review Porter's arguments and the ensuing discussion with his critics. Then we develop a variation of Porter's theme by investigating environmental policies in a model with "rationally X-inefficient" firms. The term "rationally" X-inefficient is used to designate a setup where Xinefficiency does not necessarily arise out of irrationality or "human weakness". Rather, it arises out of the institutional separation of firms' ownership and management, where managers act as agents for the owners, who are the principals. Under this setting managers will pursue at least partially their personal objectives which cannot be expected to be perfectly congruent with the principals' objectives of profit maximization or cost minimization. This conflict between agents and principals is the source of X-inefficiencies in our model. We proceed with investigating the impact of government regulation. For this, we integrate the X-inefficiency in a model with imperfect competition in the product market. The "green" perspective enters through the assumption that one of the factors of production generates pollution. We investigate two types of policies, (i) regulatory policy of the "command-and-control" type, where the government directly requires the firms to use a certain environmentally friendlier technology and (ii) tax policy, where the government imposes a tax on the polluting production factor thus attempting to diminish its use. We show that environmental regulation of the command-and-control type can raise the efficiency of the allocation by putting pressure on firms to improve X-efficiency. The same policy can also be expected to improve environmental quality, thus generating a "double dividend". We also show that a traditional tax policy generates the same "double dividend". However, it may be less effective in improving welfare. JEL-Classification: Q 20, L 1, D 2 IWH ___________________________________________________________________


These taxes are payable directly to the tax commissioner within two days after the federal taxes have been paid. All moneys received are transferred daily by the tax commissioner to the state treasurer. Onehalf of the amount collected is paid by the treasurer, in quarterly installments, to. the treasurers of the several counties of the state, the payments being apportioned to population (1920 federal census) in the ratio which the population of each county bears to the total population of the state. The other half of the moneys collected is retained by the state. This act is administered at small expense to the state» as two part-time employees and two full-time employees transact the entire business on the part of the state. Additional assistance is rendered as occasion requires by the several county commissioners, who are statutory agents of the tax commissioner for the enforcement


In this study, we examined whether the Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR) predicted pre-service teachers' schema development for inclusive classroom teaching. Where previous studies have employed grade point average (GPA) as a criterion measure, this study employed a validated measure linked to standards-based classroom practice. The study was conducted in the final semester of the teacher education programs at three Australian universities. The results showed the explanatory power of the ATAR was close to zero for the students studied. The implications of the findings for teacher education and for using the ATAR as an indicator of teacher quality are discussed.


The design of internally cooled electrical coils for the production of high intensity magnetic fields presents many new aspects and combinations of the familiar modes of heat transfer. However, the customary methodology appears to be sufficient for preliminary analysis and understanding of those problems. This methodology comprises the derivation of a qualitative, approximate equation expressing the relative performance of the various parts of a system, followed by an examination of this equation in order to locate the limiting features of the system. These features are then investigated by more powerful methods, which in turn provide guidance for development research in the laboratory. (auth)


The connotation of Wai-lim Yip's comparative poetics is rich,which has been researched much by Chinese Academic circles.But the anxiety to culture in his comparative poetics still need more discussions.This article attempts to discuss this kind of anxiety through reading his theory text: Wai-lim Yip's comparative poetics Discloses his scholar's anxiety always,and he continuously attempts to seek ways to solve this crisis in his research.We can find out the continually diligence in the positive and dialectical manner when treating China and the West culture itself and the cultural exchange in his research.So can we find out the sense of cultural ecology hardship in his carefully examines on the cultural characteristic and the cultural reality.


This paper presents enhanced remote manipulation of tools for D&D tasks by extending teleoperation with teleautonomy and tele-collaboration. This work builds on a reactive, agent-based control architecture, which is well suited to unstructured and unpredictable environments, and cobot control technology, which implements a virtual fixture that can be used to guide the application of tools with passive force-feedback control. Developed methodologies are tested using simulation, and then planned to be implemented using a structured light sensor and cobot hand controller on a dual-arm system to measure the enhanced performance of key tool operations that are tedious and difficult to perform purely by teleoperation. This work significantly leverages some 2000 hours of operational experience gained during the D&D of the CP-5 reactor at ANL using a dual-arm remote manipulator system, as well as DOE's investment in the dual-arm system itself, which will serve as a test bed for the proposed investigations.


4504Background: Patients (pts) with mUC are in need of novel therapies. Enfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody–drug conjugate that delivers a microtubule-disrupting agent to tumors expressing Necti...


Most of the pitched roofs of existing buildings in Europe are covered by non-white roofing products, e.g., clay tiles. Typical, cost effective, cool roof solutions are not applicable to these buildings due to important constraints deriving from: (i) the owners of homes with roofs visible from the ground level; (ii) the regulation about the preservation of the historic architecture and the minimization of the visual environment impact, in particular in historic centers. In this perspective, the present paper deals with the development of high reflective coatings with the purpose to elaborate "cool" tiles with the same visual appearance of traditional tiles for application to historic buildings. Integrated experimental analyses of reflectance, emittance, and superficial temperature were carried out. Deep analysis of the reflectance spectra is undertaken to evaluate the effect of different mineral pigments, binders, and an engobe basecoat. Two tile typologies are investigated: substrate-basecoat-topcoat three-layer tile and substrate-topcoat two-layer tile. The main results show that the developed coatings are able to increase the overall solar reflectance by more than 20% with acceptable visual appearance, suitable for application in historic buildings. Additionally, the effect of a substrate engobe layer allows some further contribution to the increase of the overall reflectance characteristics.


AIDS has significantly changed life expectancy for persons with hemophilia (1). In the United States, multiple cause-of-death mortality data were examined from 1968 to 1989 to compare death rates and cause by year. From 1968 through 1989, 2792 hemophilia A deaths were reported. From 1969-1971 to 19791981, median age of death increased from 39 to 57 years with a result of increased widespread use of clotting factor concentrates. However, from 1979-1981 to 1987-1989, the median age at death decreased to 40 years due entirely to the effect of AIDS and associated diseases. The clinical course of HIV infection in hemophilia patients appeared to progress more slowly than in other risk groups. This apparent difference correlates with the age o f seroconversion to HIV, i.e., younger patients progress more slowly. The expected survival o f the HIV infected persons with hemophilia has been reported to be 25 % in those living more than twenty years (2,3,4). The most useful clinical predictors o f longevity include age, measurements o f T helper cell levels, and p24 antigen levels (5,6). Other medical and psychological factors also affect longevity. Prophylaxis therapy for opportunistic infections, prompt diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections, good nutrition and healthy life styles have all provided incremental increases in disease free survival. Coinfection with hepatitis C and CMV may also decrease longevity. HIV has been reported to accelerate progression to hepatic decompensation and CMV infection in HIV infected individuals may produce severe, often fatal outcomes(7). Psychosocial support of individuals with hemophilia and HIV infection may improve longevity. One Swedish study examined the effect o f the availability of emotional support for the patient to the rate of deterioration of the patient's CD4 counts. These investigators reported that hemophiliapatients with little emotional support had a more significant decline in CD4 counts(8).


The susceptibility of different strains of mice to the teratogenic action of corticoids is determined by the sensitivity of the embryo and by the protective properties of the maternal-embryonic complex. The sensitivity of embryos can be determined by direct injection of corticoids into the amniotic sac while the degree of protective properties can be determined by comparing the effects of corticoids administered intraamniotically (ia) and intramuscularly (im) to different strains of mice. Exploring these relations, we applied 0.1 mg hydrocortisone on day 13 of pregnancy ia and 5.0 mg corlisone acetate on day 12 im to A/J, C57BL/6, CBA, and C57BL/10 mice, and to some of their F1, F2 and F3 matings. The effect was evaluated on day 16 of pregnancy by recording dead fetuses and fetuses with cleft palate. We found (1) there are differences both in sensitivity of embryos and degree of protective properties of maternal-embryonic complexes; (2) the main factor determining susceptibility of the maternal-embryonic complex to the teratogenic action of corticoids is degree of protective properties; (3) the differing sensitivity of embryos can be the cause of interstrain differences in susceptibility to corticoids only if there is no substantial difference in protective properties of the maternal-embryonic complex; (4) the sensitivity of F1 hybrid embryos is essentially influenced by hybrid vigor.


The stance an individual takes toward self-examination is crucially important in the effectiveness of self-confrontation through videotape. A helpful stance for self-examination can be fostered or impeded by the characteristics of the specific culture which develops in the group setting. The group may concentrate on behavior elicited within the group and witnessed by all group members, or it may concentrate upon behavior which occurs outside the group. The extent to which it focuses on either kind of behavior will determine the quality of data around which self-examination can evolve. A theory relating the relevance of videotape self-confrontation to the group setting postulates that the optimum time for videotape feedback comes at a point of intersection between two major developments: that of the group as a particular kind of reference organization and the preparation of the individual for self-examination. The group becomes an arena in which individuals explore a wide variety of roles; the group members function as a very specific reference group. Group members encourage one another to engage in role taking, a process by which one examines objectively reactions to one's self. The therapeutic group evolves through a number of stages corresponding to the classification of reference groups: the individual comes to the group from his identification group with his values and role membership already formed though unexamined; initially the group functions as in interaction group in which membership is relatively unimportant but the platform for behavior is meaningful; the group then becomes a valuation group in which its value grows and its standards are set; finally, as an audience group, there is active evaluation and active attending to the evaluation. Meanwhile the individual moves from unexamined role behavior to role-playing "group member" in which he goes through the motions of a group member until he learns the process of reflexive role taking, a self-conscious learning about self. Hypotheses concerning videotape feedback within the group concern the following areas: 1) the relation between the group leader's attitude and the intrusion of the equipment into the group; 2) the increased learning engendered by the mutual use of videotape between group members; 3) since videotape information is less loaded with transference than personal feedback, it can be attended to more directly; 4) the readiness of the individual to use the information is a function of his development within the group; 5) because of its contiguity to behavior, videotape feedback within the session is most helpful; and 6) short edited segments of videotape are most useful.


In this article we consider organisation, gender and higher education, and what we term the routinisation of inequality, drawing on an empirical research investigation in Sweden and England. We und ...


The present paper is devoted to an extension of recent work on solid He/ sup 4/ using a heuristic approach. The anomalous or negative isobaric expansion coefficients of the solid, in equilibrium with the anomalous liquid He/sup 4/II, will be reevaluated in terms of the here derived approximate compressibilities of the solid based on sound velocity data. The entropy of solid He/sup 4/ will then be obtained in terms of the recent Los Alamos determinations of entropy changes on solidification and of two different sets of entropy values of the liquid along the melting line. The latter yield two distinct sets of solid entropy values. While numerically these are different, they appear to be much too large to be accommodated by simple phonon excitations of the solid at temperatures below T/ sub 0/(p/sub m/), the temperature of the heat capacity anomaly of the liquid at the melting pressure line p/sub m/. Below T/sub 0(p/sub m/), both of these numerically different solid entropies exhibit temperature variations of such strength as to rule out their description in terms of simple phonon entropies. In addition, the two sets of solid entropies give rise to molar heat capacities of the order of the gasmore » constant R, at the approaches of T/sub 0/(p/sub m). The preceding thermal anomalies will be discussed from the viewpoint of the equilibrium between the fundamentally anomalous liquid and the solid. Analysis of the liquid entropy yields a new set of onset temperatures of the ordering process responsible for its peculiar transition phenomenon. The thermal anomalies, at or in the vicinity of the melting line, suggest peculiar dispersion and distribution properties of the frequency spectrum of solid He/sup 4/. Direct experimental investigations of the above apparent anomalies of the static thermal properties as well as of transport properties of this solid near the phase separation line seem to be of interest. (auth)« less


The impact of globalization on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has received a lot of attention in international circles in the past few years. This paper contributes to the policy debate by using firm-level data from the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finance to examine the effect of globalization on the performance of minority-owned and white-owned SMEs in the United States. Our measures of globalization capture two important aspects of globalization: international trade and foreign direct investment. We find that minority-owned businesses that operate in more globalized regions earn lower profits. In contrast, globalization has no significant effect on the profits of white-owned businesses.


Five samples of Al 2 O 3 /AlPO 4 (Al/P = 1.75) and Cr 2 O 3 -loaded Al 2 O 3 / AlPO 4 (wt% Cr 2 O 3 = 5-25) were prepared. The catalysts were obtained by ther- mal treatment of the corresponding samples in air at 823 K and were characterized using XRD and DTA techniques. The textural properties (surface area, total pore volume and mean pore radius) were determined from nitrogen adsorption data obtained at 77 K. The acidic properties of all the samples were measured calorimetrically. The catalytic conversion of isopropanol was studied using a microcatalytic pulse technique. No spinel structure was detected by both XRD and DTA techniques and only Cr 2 O 3 was detected for samples containing ‡ 15 wt% chromia. Loading Al 2 O 3 /AlPO 4 with Cr 2 O 3 led to significant changes in the tex- ture, surface acidity and catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts. Al 2 O 3 /AlPO 4 catalysts exhibit no dehydrogenation activity, whereas loading with Cr 2 O 3 favoured the dehydrogenation of isopropanol to acetone.


In this paper, we give the new type of reverse weighted Lp norm inequalities and their important applications to studying stability of some inverse problems. Especially, we will see their applications to inverse problems in non-homogeneous linear differential equations.


Aims and objectives:The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between type of cataract and anatomical dimensions i.e., axial length and refractivity of the eye, also to find out relationship between cataract and its type with that of axial length, and relationship between different type of refractive errors and cataract were included in the study. Eye examinations included detailed torch light examination of the patient's eyes, cycloplegic refraction and retinoscopy, slit lamp biomicroscopy, A-scan ultrasonography and keratometry. Cataract is graded on the basis of Lens Opacification Classification System II. Stastical analysis:Statisical analysis was carried out using student 't' test and data was analysed using SPSS version 17 software programme. Observations:150 subjects were studied with 84 females and 66 males. Mean age of the patients was 67.8 + 9.5 years. 66 eyes out of 154 had posterior subcapsular cataract, making it most common cataract combination in the study. Out of 154 eyes, 4 eyes were hypermetropic, 139 were emmetropic and 11 eyes were myopic. Out of 11 myopic eyes, 4 had nuclear with posterior sub capsular cataract, 4 had nuclear cataract alone and rest 3 had cortical with nuclear with posterior sub capsular cataract. The grade of nuclear cataract in this study increased with increasing age. Conclusions:The most common type of cataract in elderly age group is nuclear sclerosis. The mean refractive error in terms of spherical equivalent in nuclear cataract was -2.35 D, and -1.76 D in non nuclear cataract. In the myopic group, the most common type of cataract is nuclear type. Nuclear cataract leads to a myopic shift in refraction. A positive correlation was found between spherical equivalent and axial length, axial length and nuclear opalescence and, age and nuclear opalescence. A negative correlation was found between spherical equivalent and nuclear opalescence, and age and spherical equivalent. ejpmr, 2015,2(5), 1283-1292. . SJIF Impact Factor 2.026


The invention discloses a low-power-consumption SRAM word-line voltage achievement circuit and method based on FPGA. The system comprises a bandgap reference circuit, a control circuit, a reading/writing decoding circuit, a word-line voltage generating circuit, an address decoding circuit and an address output circuit. The bandgap reference circuit is used for providing a base voltage; the control circuit is used for generating a control signal and a reset signal; the reading/writing decoding circuit is used for obtaining is located in a state according to controlled selection, and generating a partial pressure selection signal; the word-line voltage generating circuit is used for setting word-line voltages for a circuit zero clearing state, a writing state and a reading state respectively, and adopting the base voltage as a reference voltage, and selecting and obtaining a word-line voltage value under the state of circuit is located according to the received partial pressure selection signal; the address decoding circuit is used for decoding an SRAM address to be configured, and obtaining a decoding output signal; the address output circuit is used for transforming the decoding output signal into the word-line voltage value under the state of the corresponding circuit is located, and outputting the word-line voltage value to the SRAM to be configured when the decoding output signal is effective. According to the low-power-consumption SRAM word-line voltage achievement circuit and method based on FPGA, different word-line voltages are adopted, thus both reading correctness is guaranteed, and the power consumption of an overall chip is lowered.


Aim: This study aims at identifying some delivery outcome determinants in teenage mothers and evaluating the effect of booking in light of these parameters. Study Design: A retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Teenage mothers who delivered in a teaching hospital in Nigeria over a 5-year period (between 1


The statistical problems associated with estimating the mean responding cell density in the limiting dilution assay (LDA) have largely been ignored. We evaluate techniques for analyzing LDA data from multiple biological samples, assumed to follow either a normal or gamma distribution. Simulated data is used to evaluate the performance of an unweighted mean, a log transform, and a weighted mean procedure described by Taswell (1987). In general, an unweighted mean with jackknife estimates will produce satisfactory results. In some cases, a log transform is more appropriate. Taswell's weighted mean algorithm is unable to estimate an accurate variance. We also show that methods which pool samples, or LDA data, are invalid. In addition, we show that optimization of the variance in multiple sample LDA's is dependent on the estimator, the between-organism variance, the replicate well size, and the numberof biological samples. However, this optimization is generally achieved by maximizing biological samples at th...


We apply techniques originally developed for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) towards the more challenging task of Automatic Recognition of Lyrics in Singing (ARLS). Our system is based on a deep bidirectional recurrent neural network architecture and the Connectionist Temporal Classification objective function. Due to a lack of suitable song datasets for training data, we train the system on speech utterances transformed to more closely resemble singing. Testing the system on monophonic singing (i.e., isolated vocals) shows that it successfully understands words from the training set and can apply them during testing, but it requires a significant amount of training data and time in order to achieve superior performance.


In the presented work we describe about new class of optical sensors. These optical fiber sensors can be designed using photonic crystal fibers. The optical fiber network has grown and roughly 35% of high speed communication is done through it. We propose a novel photonic crystal fiber application other than regular communication as a sensitive temperature sensor. In the current paper we have demonstrated proof-of-concept of a modern thermometer using photonic crystal fiber (PCF). This paper shows that propagation angle varies due to the change in birefringence which depends on the temperature. The paper also explains the use of the Sagnac interferometer for such application. Sensitivity of the PCF sensor with respect to operating wavelength is calculated from simulation and the values are 0.109, 0.123 and 0.147 rad/°C-m for 543, 975 and 1310nm incident light respectively.


The crime of corruption is a special offense which is regulated separately in the criminal law book. In the process of handling corruption cases, the principle of priority or precedence in the settlement process applies. This is in accordance with Article 25 of Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption, which states that investigations, prosecutions, examinations in court in corruption cases take precedence over other cases for prompt settlement. This study aims to determine the application of material criminal law to the crime of livestock budget corruption in the case of decision Number 1/Pid.Pra/2019.Pn.Lsm, and to find out how the judge's considerations in making a decision on the crime of corruption in the livestock budget in decision Number 1/ Pid.Pre/2019.Pn.Lsm. This study uses a descriptive normative legal research method. Sources of primary and secondary legal materials, data collection techniques are library research, while the analysis of legal materials used in this study is qualitative analysis. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the application of material criminal law to perpetrators of corruption in the livestock budget in the case of decision number 1/Pid.Pra/2019.Pn.Lsm is that in its development, pretrial arrangements are regulated in Article 1 number 10 Jo. Article 77 of the Criminal Procedure Code, there is often treatment of law enforcement officials who are not really serious in reaching the material truth so that the person concerned does not get real legal protection from the state. For that obtain real legal protection from the state. For this reason, such developments can be accommodated through whether or not the determination of suspects is legal and whether the seizure is legal or not, it has been recognized as being the area of pretrial authority, so as to minimize arbitrary treatment by law enforcement officers. It is recommended that law enforcement officers, whether prosecutors, lawyers and judges, must have good knowledge of legal science, especially regarding the criminal law of corruption. If his actions are based on the proper application of criminal law from law enforcement, a sense of justice can be felt for all people.


Text detection in videos is an important step to achieve multimedia content retrieval. In this paper, an efficient algorithm which can automatically detect, localize and extract horizontally aligned text in images (and digital videos) with complex backgrounds is presented. The proposed approach is based on the application of a colour reduction technique, a method for edge detection, and the localization of text regions using geometrical properties. The output of the algorithm is text boxes with a simplified background, ready to be fed into a system for subsequent character recognition. Our proposal is robust with respect to different font sizes, font colours and background complexities. The performance of the approach is demonstrated by presenting promising experimental results for a set of images taken from different types of video sequences.


The Media in Question. Robert Ferguson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 203 pp. $24.95 pbk. Robert Ferguson's goal is to mount a "vigorous defence" of media and cultural studies; to assess recent reappraisals of the purpose and role of media and cultural studies; and to evaluate the importance of changing definitions, approaches, and contexts. The book, he suggests, should "provide a platform for critical investigation and intellectual development" and stimulate a "way of learning and teaching that will challenge students, teachers, and lecturers in media and cultural studies alike." Ferguson, who teaches media culture and communication at the Institute of Education, University of London, tries to accomplish this formidable task in part by posing questions. Indeed, he argues that one "may discover that the formulation of questions is sometimes just as revealing as the formulation of answers." Ferguson's terrain is too vast for such a short book, which contains chapters about ideology, semiotics, postmodernism, realism, race, gender, and technologies, among other topics. Each is only about sixteen pages long, however. Ferguson acknowledges the absences and says he did not intend to provide an encyclopedic overview. The omissions may be acceptable to one group of potential readers (e.g., faculty, lecturers), but perhaps not to another group with different needs (e.g., students). The target audience seems unclear, but readers who are interested mainly in the questions Ferguson poses might find the book sufficiently detailed, although many useful questions are never posed. Those anticipating the promised defense and assessment of media and cultural studies might find it superficial, for much is missing. One of many examples is Ferguson's cursory treatment of ethnography. The approach "is a major and often most productive and rewarding research enterprise." Well, okay. He does not need to devote ninety pages to the method, but the treatment is so superficial, readers new to the field will have no clear idea why ethnographic research is productive and rewarding. Ferguson also dismisses objective approaches without defining them adequately, a task that would require at least a chapter. Ferguson addresses one of the central quandaries of communication research, although he does not put it this way: The magnitude of a question is inversely related to the amount of rigor one can bring to the study of that question. He critiques quantitative research, which he reports, rightly, is too often preoccupied with rigor, rendering some research mechanical and arid. It frequently yields "little more than the satisfaction of obeying some rules which have been invented in order for the analyses to take place," and its practitioners "tend to work toward preconceived ends. …


A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with increasing left lower quadrant pain, nausea, and persistent retching and vomiting of 48 hours' duration. The pain ranges from dull and aching to cramping; it has become generalized, and there is no specific relieving factor. During the last 12 hours, she has also had fever and chills. She has no urinary symptoms, hematemesis, melena, diarrhea, constipation, or abdominal distention.


Entstehung der Qumr an gemeinde by H. Stegemann. Readers should be informed of the crucial significance of this passage; moreover Goldstein's claim that Jonathan is the Wicked Priest (p. 66) would have been strengthened by noting the detailed arguments for that conclusion presented by the two scholars just mentioned. These comments should be placed in the context of my great admiration and appreciation to Goldstein for the dedica tion, brilliant perceptions, and creative insights which he has shared with us. His commentary should be required of all serious and advanced students.


Recent empirical work has demonstrated a strong correlation between growing income inequality and polarization of political elites in the United States. To analyze this correlation, we provide a dynamic model of party competition in which two policy motivated parties compete both for votes and donations in order to win elections. We assume that parties know the distribution of voters and donors but are unsure of the relative importance of each group. As a consequence, parties take divergent (polarized) positions and election outcomes are stochastic. We also assume that moving policy outcomes to the right increases income inequality and shifts the distribution of donor ideal points to the right. We show that along the equilibrium path, polarization and income inequality are positively correlated. Increased polarization results more from the policy changes of the party favoring policies to the right rather than the party favoring the left. Finally, a victory by the right favoring party in any election implies more polarization in the future.


To determine the relationship between nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) expression in mitochondria and neuronal cell apoptosis after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury. The effect of drug administration on PC12 cells was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Hoechst 33342 staining. The morphology and function of mitochondria were investigated with electron microscopy and rhodamine 123, respectively. The activity of adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1), lipid peroxide, and antiperoxidase enzymes was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Relative expression levels of NF-κB were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, an NF-κB inhibitor) and nerve growth factor (NGF) not only reduced apoptosis but also had a protective effect on mitochondrial structure and function in a PC12 cell LPS damage model. The subcellular distribution of NF-κB demonstrated that NGF, diterpene acid atractyloside (ATR, an ANT1 antagonist), and PDTC alleviated increases in mitochondrial NF-κB after LPS-induced injury. (1) NF-κB is activated in mitochondria via uptake of ANT1 during apoptosis following LPS-induced injury in neuronal cells; (2) NGF not only decreases the activity of NF-κB but also reduces ANT1 activity, which in turn decreases NF-κB levels in mitochondria and suppresses mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.


The development of vaccine candidates for COVID‐19, and the administration of booster vaccines, has meant a significant reduction in COVID‐19 related deaths world‐wide and the easing of global restrictions. However, new variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 have emerged with less susceptibility to vaccine induced immunity leading to breakthrough infections among vaccinated people. It is generally acknowledged that immunoglobulins play the major role in immune‐protection, primarily through binding to the SARS‐COV‐2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and thereby inhibiting viral binding to the ACE2 receptor. However, there are limited investigations of anti‐RBD isotypes (IgM, IgG, IgA) and IgG subclasses (IgG1–4) over the course of vaccination and breakthrough infection.


As modelling foundation's thoughts,sketch was confirmed as far more as European Renaissance period,was introduced into China until 20 Century and becomes a significant approach for analysing of objective natural and modelling art regulation in current art teaching.The sketch lesson of college entrance examination in our country is mainly about Character portraits,this paper talks about the learning process of it.


Some existing and possible measures on the organization and financial legal regulation of the functioning of separate economic zones in the Russian Federation are under analysis in the present article. It has been noted that these measures are within the sphere of both federal and regional bodies of power. The author concludes that it is necessary to elaborate some successive acts of the authorities of the Russian Federation subjects at the initial stage of the establishment of separate economic zones and consolidate them in a single document of the Russian legislative system.


This time of profound changes challenges the culture and education world. The crisis of all sort that world shakes to indicate the need to create new ways of thinking. In this process of transformation, science and technology play a fundamental role. So various alternative scenarios appear in the possible or thinkable future. They say what the world can be, at least, in the next twenty-fi ve years. The societies of the uncertainty and risk today, prevent: new ways of thinking are needed to imagine the world to come. Not only the peace of the world is at stake, but also the life itself is in danger.


The primary responses of flexible pavements are defined using both elastic and viscolastic models, and it is shown that either elastic or viscoelastic or a combination of these theories may be used to formulate the mechanistic model to predict primary responses of flexible pavements when they are subjected to certain types of loading and environmental conditions. Two prototype pavements were tested under constant temperature and moisture conditions (care was taken to eliminate as much variability of the inplace material properties as possible). Thus different modes of loading were utilized in the testing program. Two mathematical models formulated from layer system theory were selected to simulate the behavior of the 2 prototype pavements. A three-layer linear viscoelastic-elastic computer program (VESYS I) and a pseudo non-linear elastic program (CHEV 5L W/ITERATION) were utilized to compute pavement surface deflections. A comparison of these values was then made with those measured in testing the two pavements. The asphalt characteriztaion procedures are detailed. Actual measured pavement deflections due to static and dynamic loadings were compared with predicted values. The results of the study show that linear visco-elastic theory does in general represent the time dependent behavior experienced by pavements under three different loading conditions. However, the predictive capability of the program is better under static and dynamic Type B loading than for Type A loadings. The instantaneous elastic deformation which takes place under static loading and the resilient deformation which takes place under dynamic loading was shown to be affected by the non-linearities of the pass-layer materials. The results of this research indicate that the pavement response to all modes of loading utilized in this study is time-dependent in nature and, all indications are that it is for the most part viscoelastic. Non-linearities are also evidenced for certain modes of loading.


The present research work has relationship with the sales budget and its importance to determine the income at exporting companies, this development shows that the budget is a very important tool for companies, already that allows you to draw up a plan of operations, where its information is obtained through studies of different factors surrounding the entire enterprise environment, reason by which you must create strategies and procedures so that the company has the ability to of it faces the different variables involved in the competitive market. Data from previous periods are important to get a current sales quotation, where are observed the variations that occur in sales and results reflecting revenue operations, determining whether or not it is favorable for the company. The success or failure of the company revenue will depend on hit and run correctly for sale budget.


Although cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves functional capacity in heart failure patients, a blunted heart rate (HR) response remains after treatment. So we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the physiological pacing rate (PPR) in CRT patients.


The influence of groundwater flow effects on freezing processes in soil is analyzed by means of finite element method. The latent heat involved in a phase change is taken into account by virtue of the enthalpy, which is defined as the integral of heat capacity with respect to temperature. The analyses are carried out in an example of a two-dimensional freezing process with a groundwater flow field.


Short-term technical assistance has been provided to improve programme design or implementation in nine countries facing protracted crises1. Each assignment tackles a priority theme identified collectively by humanitarian and development partners, complementing and catalysing efforts by national governments and their partners to enhance the well-being of chronically poor or vulnerable populations, those affected by crises, those living in conflict situations and/or refugees. The assignments focus on linkages between humanitarian action and social


Child Labour in Sivakasi Smitu Kothari Most studies on child labour have focused on the economic factors leading to employment of children and their recommendations have slopped at stressing the need for improvement of working conditions, payment of better wages, provision of facilities for schooling and stricter enforcement of applicable laws, This study of child labour in Sivakasi, where 45,000 children work-in the match and fireworks industries, seeks to go beyond the surface reality and investigate:


A more precise expression for the angular deviation from the Bragg law and the angularrange of X-ray diffracted by perfect crystal are derived. The critical angle of the total re-flection of X-ray from the surface of crystal is obtained naturally by the new expressions,which well coincides with that deduced in optics in consideration of the refraction. Twopeaks appear on the rocking curve when X-rays shoot at the surface at a small glancing angleand simultaneously on the side of crystal although the double-crystal is in (n, -n) setting,which is called the "edge effect". The angle between these two peaks on the rocking curvecan be used to measure the number of electrons in an unit cell of crystal.


A new artificial boundary condition for two‐dimensional subsonic flows governed by the compressible Navier–Stokes equations is derived. It is based on the hyperbolic part of the equations, according to the way of propagation of the characteristic waves. A reference flow, as well as a convection velocity, is used to properly discretize the terms corresponding to the entering waves. Numerical tests on various classical model problems, whose solutions are known, and comparisons with other boundary conditions (BCs), show the efficiency of the BC. Direct numerical simulations of more complex flows over a dihedral plate are simulated, without creation of acoustic waves going back in the flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Natural gas is a natural product. It con tains over 90 percent methane, along with ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are also usually contained in natural gas. Gas from various countries is fed into the German grid, supplemented by biogas and, in the future, additional hydrogen, which is generated according to the powertogas principle as a buffer for excess electricity. The calorific value, as the decisive factor in billing, varies significantly with the gas composition. Therefore, measurements at distribution points in the gas network or at industrial consumer sites are essential and yield information about the amount of energy provided.


This paper describes an approach based on evolutionary algorithms, HIDER (HIerarchical DEcision Rules), for learning rules in continuous and discrete domains. The algorithm produces a hierarchical set of rules, that is, the rules are sequentially obtained and must be therefore tried in order until one is found whose conditions are satisfied. Due to the computational cost of the evolutionary algorithms, we have developed a preprocesing method to reduce the number of examples from the database. This method, named EOP (Editing by Ordered Projections), has some interesting characteristics, especially from the point of view of the application of axisdparallel classifiers. We have tested our system on real data from the UCI Repository, and the results of a 10dfold crossdvalidation are compared to C4.5's and C4.5Rules'. The experiments showed that HIDER works well in practice.


This paper presents a new type of antenna fabricated by micromachining technology for mechanical beam steering with two degrees of freedom of motion. A V-band two-dimensional mechanical beam-steering antenna was designed and fabricated on a single high-resistivity silicon substrate using microelectromechanical systems technologies. A fabricated antenna is driven by magnetic force to overcome the limit of electrostatic actuation, and a polymer-based hinge structure is used to increase the maximum scanning angle to as much as 40/spl deg/. Simulation result for validating the mechanical beam-steering concept is presented. In addition, mechanical properties such as static actuation angles are investigated together with microwave properties such as the return loss and radiation pattern at the V-band.


The longitudinal shearing force of running vehicles(LSFRV) is computed and the mechanism of pavement damage studied. The finite element model of semi-rigid pavements is created and the stress intensity factor of crack under the effect of LSFRV computed. LSFRV is a stochastic process obeying Gaussian distribution whose standard deviation can be gotten by the longitudinal vibration pavement spectral density of running vehicles and the longitudinal vibration model of running vehicles. The crack extending speed from top to bottom is evidently faster than the crack from the bottom to top. The speed changes with direct proportion to the fourth power of the LSFRV. The pavement damaged by the LSFRV is far greater than that damaged by the vertical tyre forces.


In 1851, two years after the publication of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Thoreau wrote the following sentence in its defense: "I trust that it does not smell [so much] of the study and library, even of the poet's attic, as of the fields and woods; that it is...[an] unroofed book, lying open under the ether and permeated by it."1 To be sure, this journal entry is partly a response to critics like James Russell Lowell, who objected to the digressive "snags" of the travel narrative.2 But it is also a key to how Thoreau read his own text. Despite the book's many speculative and critical essays, its poems and anecdotes, Thoreau would have his readers realize how his experiences in nature, his life under the open sky, informs the text as a whole. More specifically, his assertion that >4 Week is "permeated" by the ether strongly suggests the importance of those landscape passages where the light of the ether, or sky, brings revelation. As several modern critics have noted, A Week represents Thorea...


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The association between childhood adversity and adult impairments has been known for decades. Scientific advances now are helping us understand how early relationships, experiences and environmental influences can leave a lasting signature on the genetic predispositions that


This study reports the changes in number of breeding Starlings Sturnus vulgaris as recorded in seventeen areas distributed over all Sweden in 1981—2002. The number of breeding attempts declined by about fifty percent, consistent with the general decline observed in the Swedish Breeding Bird Survey. In no area was a long-term increase observed. There was no consistent geographical pattern; areas with declines and areas with stable populations occurred in all parts of Sweden. Reduction of farming and grazing intensity was probably the most important factor since the populations did not decline in areas with continued active farming. The declines were confined to small infield sites surrounded by large forests. Hence the general decline is probably driven by rapid habitat deterioration at numerous small sites rather than by a slow, similar decline in all habitats.


The aim of the article has been pointed out, what are the main challenges arise from the interaction between the transparency and the structure of the social welfare administration. Used the organizational change theory, originally Mintzberg 1979, (Ferlie & Geraghty 2007) and followed the local government`s duties, however, the function of the decision-making process takes in. The strategy of research (methodology) utilised was the collective case study, I followed the information-oriented selection, triangulation has been used as a mixed method of acquiring data. According to the result, there the five challenges existing: 1) The social work profession does not regulate as the profession in the local government, however, the position is the ambivalent and without the professional power; 2) The structure of administration is involving the non-professionals, who are professionals in another field or the about non-educated members; 3) The decision-making process regarding the clients is distributed among different levels; 4) The practice undermines the independence of the social worker, and the social worker cannot protect the rights of the client; 5) The biggest challenge, reflect at the cases, the decision at the client level is politicized. Therefore, I argue, that the Social Affairs Committee or Social Affairs Committee of Municipal Government, the units of the administration of welfare in the local government, they act not necessary.


Ismail Cem (1940-2007) was a Turkish intellectual and social democrat politician who served as the Turkish Foreign Minister between 1997 and 2002. Cem spent his life investigating the characteristics and problems of Turkish modernization and social democratic solutions to these problems. Ismail Cem wrote on every aspects of Turkish history but especially Cem's critic of Kemalism (modernization paradigm of Turkish Republic which was identified with the founder of modern Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Ataturk) is very interesting and valuable since he was an important part of Kemalist-leftist intellectuals of the country but also offered a different vision than classical Kemalist elite. This article aims to make an analysis of Cem's views on Kemalism and its pecularities from other interpretations of Kemalism.


An analysis method of structure-borne sound on a steel or aluminium structure such as a ship is examined at low frequencies. The finite-element method is used to calculate the vibrational power flow of simple plate models on an actual ship structure. MSC/NASTRAN is applied to calculate the velocities at grid points and the forces on elements of a structure. These NASTRAN outputs are transformed to the vibrational power flow of a structure. The application of a FEM model to the power flow calculation is discussed. Both beam elements and plate elements are considered as structural elements. A simple plate model is analyzed to verify the power flow distribution on a superstructure and to predict the influence of the damping treatment upon the power flow. Finally, it is shown that this method can be applied to predict the input power from a noise source like a main engine to the hull structure of a high speed ship.


A full-duplex radio-over-fiber system with sextuple optical millimeter-wave generation transmit OFDM signal utilizing two parallel phase modulators is proposed.2.5 Gbit/s OFDM signal is modulated on the optical millimeter wave with 60 GHz frequency and transmitted to the base station over standard single-mode fiber(SMF).The generation principle and the transmission performance over fiber of optical millimeter wave generation are analyzed by theory and simulation,respectively.The results show that OFDM have more advantage than NRZ in ROF system.


This speech was delivered by the Augustinan nuns of the monastery of Santi Quattro Coronati in Rome, during the days of the summer school in Lucca. They defined the key places of monastic life which can be found in every monastery. Before being defined as a cultural and religious heritage, a monastery is first of all the home of those who inhabit it and it has its own traditions and peculiarities.


In most work environments people archive both the real and digital versions of their documents. But unlike the digital world, in the physical world locating a document can become a very time consuming task. The reason for this is the lack of a direct connection between the physical and digital versions of documents.
 The Smart Filing System combines the benefits of the digital and the real world providing an augmented filing cabinet. The system benefits by linking the physical world with the digital desktop world. In our setup, we implemented an add-in for MS OneNote™. Furthermore, real folders and cabinets are extended with devices for direct input and output. This allows us to search and browse through digital documents using MS OneNote™. Simultaneously, our system also allows a feedback in the physical world, by highlighting the corresponding folder in the filing cabinet. In this paper we describe the hardware and software implementation our prototype system, and present the results of a preliminary pilot study of its use.


objective:To research the effect of pH on culturing Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.Methods:Trichomonas vaginalis were divided into four groups which cultured in pH 5.8?6.2?6.6?7.0 respectively,three index:the sum total of the parasite including the living and the dead,the number of live individual and the rate of the living were recorded every day. Results:In the pH 7.0 group,the three indexes were significantly lower than that in the other groups from the second day to the fourth day,no remarkable peak of live individual and peak of living rate were found.In the pH 6.6 group,the number of the living and the rate of living were obviously higher than that in the other groups from the first day to the fourth day.Conclusions:Trichomonas vaginalis couldn't be suited for the condition with pH 7.0 and could be well suited for pH6.6.


This paper studied a new kind of dynamic multi-stage facility layout problem under dynamic business environment,in which new machines may be added into,and old machines may be removed from the plant.A mathematical model and the batch arriving pattern were presented.By studying how to add/remove machines into/from the plant,two random events of adding/removing machines and three dispatching rules were provided.The corresponding simulation optimization algorithm under stochastic demand was presented.Finally,the effectiveness of the algorithm and simulation system was verified by real-world examples.


Metamaterial surfaces with a low refractive index have been recently proposed in the design of the low side lobe level horn antennas based on engineering dispersion method. This paper explores a linearly polarized square horn antenna in the Ku-band for communication satellite reflector antennas. We study the designs of broadband metasurfaces and their use as coating layers on the interior E-plane walls of the horn. The design process includes combining the Particle Swarm Optimization technique with a full wave electromagnetic solver to model dispersion-engineered metasurfaces with surface impedance characteristics that support the desired hybrid modes. The obtained optimized metasurface is a low refractive index metamaterial with negligible losses that improves the conventional horn properties over the frequency band. The symmetric far field radiation patterns, the low side low levels and cross polarization levels and the aperture field distributions verify the hybrid mode operation of the horn. Moreover, this technique promises for a lighter horn with an easier manufacturer method compared with the conventional dielectric core loaded and corrugated horns.


Zr-doped TiO2 nano photocatalyst obtained with a various trace amount of Zr, by using the sol-gel method. Several spectroscopic techniques applied to characterize the structures and properties of nano-photocatalyst. It founded that the effect of doping Zr ions to the TiO2 lattice led it to improve the surface properties and decreasing the particle size of nano-photocatalyst. Therefore, it causes increasing specific surface area and photocatalytic activity as compared with pure TiO2. The results revealed that there was an inverse relationship between the growth of the crystallite size of the nano photocatalyst and the decline of the molar ratios of Zr. The photocatalytic activity of the nano photocatalyst employed for the decolorization of Congo red as an Azo dye in the aqueous solution under UV irradiation in a batch reactor. The results exhibited that the TiO2/Zr0.0004 brings the best photocatalytic activity.


In the practical world, limited and small samples without enough information are always existed for the data measured or the system to be analyzed. Grey system is a useful processing way to study these kinds of data or system, especially for small-sample data and incomplete information. Considering that time delay is existed in some system identification problems, a class of grey time-delay model was given and disused including grey time-delay model and fractional grey time-delay model. The analysis and calculation was researched by Simulink block diagram via Matlab software in the whole paper. Experiment and simulation showed the proposed time-delay grey model can be used to express the system with time-delay problem. By the Simulink block diagram, it can improve the calculation efficiency and make the results easily analyzed for complex grey models.


Laser light-scattering interferometry or the Phase/Doppler technique has been used in a wide variety of particle-sizing applications, including diagnostic studies of combustion processes, nozzle sprays, and droplets in the atmosphere [1-5]. In this technique, radiation from a laser is split into two or four beams, the beams are focused and crossed over a very small measurement volume. As the droplets or particles pass through the intersection of the laser beams, scattering occurs and temporal and spatial frequencies of the droplets or particles are recorded to obtain droplet velocities, diameter, and concentration. The principle behind this measurement technique is similar to that for the laser Doppler velocimetery, except that scattered light is detected at large angle using two or more photodetectors. If a two-beam system (1D or one-component system) is used, particle size (0.5 to 10,000 μm) and particle velocities can be simultaneously measured in one direction on a microsecond time scale (down to 0.8 μs). With the two-component system (2D system), these parameters are assessed in two directions. In short, a Phase/Doppler instrument allows measurements of temporal and spatial information for a particle field. In contrast, the droplet size measured with laser Fraunhofer diffraction [6,7] represents a line-of-sight integral measurement, and droplet velocity information cannot be obtained.


One of the main concerns of christian colleges in our country is how to plant christian identity in the college culture. It belongs to their basic work. And also it's a matter of approaching entire members to preach the gospel in their college. There are various ways to preach the gospel. Among them, this thesis is to show how effectively we preach the gospel to foreign country through short-term international mission & service corps. KIT's IMSC has explored this thesis. Strategies of KIT's IMSC missionary work are as follows: First, coincide the orientation of our missionary work with that of local missionaries. Second, train members of our team thoroughly. Third, carry out missionary work continuously. Fourth, unite students with faculty & staff in the college harmoniously and actively support them from college authorities. These results are from the activity of continuous IMCS. I hope that the existing problems of short-term missionary work will be improved effectively through this study.


Abstract : In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, the intelligence community saw a dark shadow cast across itself. Though the specific intelligence failures cannot yet be determined, there are some known pieces of information. The success of intelligence during the Cold War, a predictable bipolar war, resulted in a strategic intelligence system that supported the information requirements of that bi-polar world. Our intelligence analyst trained to use deductive skills to quantitatively determine the internal and external jostling of the bi-polar system. Since the end of the Cold War, America's adversaries have undergone significant transformation moving away from standing formation armies prepared for force on force battles. Rising from the ashes of the relatively predictable bi-polar global system are new networks and bands of ideologically and culturally motivated groups capable of exercising the power of globalization while taking advantage of both tacit and complicit state support. While US military analysts ardently constructed a mostly quantitative method of analysis to determine how former adversaries executed their game plan, the cultural complexities of the current global construct do not behave in manners friendly to this form of analysis beyond the local tactical level. Accordingly, senior intelligence analysts, in particular, now find themselves ill equipped to understand, much less predict, our nation's new real and potential adversaries.


Business Management students are constantly molded towards understanding that organisations are more than just a 'calm water simile', and as Stephen Robbins puts it in his book, it's more of a 'rough water simile'. Organisations are constantly changing and facing new challenges, by constant improvisation and market competition. The entire 21st century was shaped through the lacunae and constant developments from nineteenth century scenario.


The individual effects of chemical plant defenses on food preferences in small mammals have been explored in many studies. However, the combined effects of dietary fiber and tannins on feeding preference have received considerably less attention. Here I search for differences in feeding behavior of alternative experimental diets differing in fiber (cellulose = F) and a secondary metabolite (the hydrolyzable tannin, tannic acid = TA) in two sympatric rodent species that live in the Mediterranean environments of central Chile. I used the herbivorous burrowing caviomorph rodent Octodon degus (specialist), and the granivorous Sigmodontine Phyllotis danvini (generalis!). These species differ in their trophic niche, and likely in behavioral and physiological features to cope with plant defenses. In preference trials with isocaloric diets, both species prefered dietary items with low F and TA. I conclude that non-energetic dietary features influence feeding strategies, and that generalis! and specialist species behave in the same way. Future studies dealing with the ecology of foraging on chemical plant defenses should focus more explicitly on the interactive effect of different plant defensive compounds instead of on the isolated effect of single factors.


The invention discloses a method to prepare high-purity capsaicin monomers. The separation solvent system is composed of alkyl halies, alcohol, water, etc. The separation solvent system is arranged in the separating funnel, and is shaken and then kept still for stratification, the upper phase is taken as fixed phase and the lower phase as mobile phase. A proper dosage of sample is weighed and dissolved in the mixed solution of the upper phase and the lower phase. Firstly, the fixed phase is pumped to fill fully a chromatographic separation column at the specified flow rate, and then the head end of the column is connected with a six-way sample-feeding valve. The speed controller is started; when the rotational speed reaches to 800r/min, the sample solution is pumped into the mobile phase at the flow rate of 2.0mL/min; when the mobile phase effuses from the chromatographic column, the sample is loaded, and each separated peak is collected; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is adopted to measure the purity, and three monomers i.e. dihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin and nordihydro-capsaicin are achieved. The method is applicable to the preparation of such three high-purity capsaicin monomers by the crude extracts of the capsaicin obtained through various approaches. The method is characterized in simple operation, low production cost and free of organic solvent residue; and the method can be promoted for the preparation of high-purity capsaicin monomers.


Customers are the essential factor in the organization. The business has to support the customers' preferences and demands for creating the customer loyalty, which make the customer still purchases with the particular company. The customer may feel dissatisfied with the service when he or she receives the delay of services and they do not know the channel for filing the complaint, and also the current complaint handling in the organizations still has the problems. Therefore, we, developers of this project implemented the Smart Complaint Management System (SCMS) consisting of the mobile application, chatbot and web application, for solving the customer's dissatisfaction issue. Furthermore, the SCMS has the service for classifying the complaint, then automatically direct to the responsible department, and the service for finding the similar complaint to avoid submitting the duplicate complaint. The test result shows that this system is able to reduce the time and procedures for complaint handling, increase the channel for filing the complaint, and increase the channel for progress reporting and tracking the status of the complaint.


Kari, Jaana Lifelong physical activity and long-term labor market outcomes Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2018, 154 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Business and Economics ISSN 1457-1986; 184) ISBN 978-951-39-7325-4 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-7326-1 (PDF) This thesis examines the longitudinal associations between leisure-time physical activity, educational attainment, and labor market outcomes. Data are drawn from the ongoing longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, which is combined with register-based data from Statistics Finland. The thesis consists of four empirical studies organized in separate chapters. The study chapters are preceded by an introductory chapter presenting the background literature and an overview of the thesis, including the research questions, data, and main results. Chapter 2 analyzes the role of childhood physical activity in academic achievement and subsequent educational attainment. We find that physical activity level and an increase in physical activity level during childhood are positively related to grade point average at the end of compulsory basic education and years of post-compulsory education in adulthood. Chapter 3 examines the association between childhood physical activity and adulthood earnings. The results show that, among men, childhood physical activity is positively related to long-term earnings calculated over a 10-year period. Among women, no such clear relation is found. Chapter 4 further studies the relationship between childhood physical activity and long-term labor market outcomes by focusing on employment and unemployment. The results indicate that childhood physical activity is positively related to employment months and negatively related to unemployment months. As well, persistently active individuals have the highest employment levels and lowest unemployment levels compared with other activity groups. Chapter 5 scrutinizes the role of annual earnings in self-reported and objectively measured physical activity. The results suggest that higher incomes are associated with higher self-reported physical activity in both genders, whereas the results from the objective measures of physical activity are gender-specific and depend on the measurement day (weekday vs. weekend).


Foreword Arjuna Parakrama Introduction: From World Englishes to Unequal Englishes Ruanni Tupas and Rani Rubdy PART I: APPROACHES TO UNEQUAL ENGLISHES 1. Inequalities of Englishes, English Speakers, and Languages: A Critical Perspective of Pluralist Approaches to English Ryuko Kubota 2. Unequal Englishes, the Native Speaker, and Decolonization in TESOL Rani Rubdy 3. Structures of Feeling in Unequal Englishes Joseph Sung-Yul Park 4. Global English and Inequality: The Contested Ground of Linguistic Power Peter Ives PART II: ENGLISHES IN NEXUSES OF POWER AND INEQUALITY 5. 'Just an Old Joke': Chinglish, Narrative and Linguistic Inequality in the Chinese English Classroom Eric S. Henry 6. English in Japan: Indecisions, Inequalities and Practices of Relocalization Glenn Toh 7. Performing Gayness and English in an Offshore Call Center Industry Aileen O. Salonga PART III: ENGLISHES IN CHANGING MULTILINGUAL SPACES 8. Earning Capital in Hawai'i's Linguistic Landscape Christina HigginS 9. Glocalization and the Spread of Unequal Englishes: Vernacular Signs in the Centre of Beijing Lin Pan 10. Singlish Strikes Back in Singapore Chua, Siew Kheng Catherine PART IV: ENGLISHES IN UNEQUAL LEARNING SPACES 11. Contesting the Raj's 'Divide and Rule' Policies: Linguistic Apartheid, Unequal Englishes, and the Postcolonial Framework Vaidehi Ramanathan 12. Unequal Englishes in Imagined Intercultural Interactions Phan Le Ha 13. Preparing Teachers for 'Unequal Englishes': The D-TEIL Experience in Cuba Ian Martin and Brian Morgan


Objective:To evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic operation in treatment of hypovolemic shock caused by ectopic pregnancy. Methods:26 ectopic pregnancy inpatients with hypovolemic shock underwent laparoscopic operation in our hospital from October 2004 to February 2006 were analyzed retrospectively . Results: The laparoscopic operation in all the 26 ectopic pregnancy patients with hypovolemic shock was performed successfully. The mean operation time was 44. 8±12. 4 min, no one required shift to laparotomy and no perioperative complications happened. Conclusion: Even in women with ectopic pregnancy with hypovolemic shock, laparoscopic surgery can be performed safely and effectively by experience laparoscopists with the aid of optimal anesthesia,advanced cardiovascular monitoring,and active therapeutic shock.


The invention discloses a pair of intelligent glasses, which can acquire information such as words, sounds, portraits and pupils and can supply corresponding service through a cloud server, and a working method of the intelligent glasses. An information acquisition unit is used for acquiring external data information; a micro processing unit receives and processes the data information which is acquired by the information acquisition unit; a wireless communication unit is connected with the cloud server; a display unit is connected with the micro processing unit and used for displaying the data information which is sent by the cloud server and processed by the micro processing unit; and a power supply unit is used for supplying power to the intelligent glasses. The working method comprises the following steps that: the information acquisition unit acquires the sounds or images; the wireless communication unit sends the sounds or the images to the cloud server; the cloud server supplies the corresponding service according to different requirements and returns a result to the micro processing unit; and the display unit or a sound receiving unit supplies the result to a user.


Intercropping could efficiently prevent soil nutrient losses caused by extensive agriculture. The present study aimed to assess the effect of green manure on the nutritional status of orange trees cultivar 'Pera' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). The plants were grafted on 'Cravo' lime trees and were then planted in a 7x4m space. Four different treatments corresponding to the evaluated green manures were employed: jack bean (JB) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), lablab (LL) (Dolichos lablab L.), pigeon pea (PP) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp), and Brachiaria (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf) as control. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in split-plot time, with six replicates, with four treatments (green manures) and two plants per evaluation. The nutritional status was assessed by using the DRIS method (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System); the yield and the macro and micronutrient levels contained in green manures and in the control was also determined. The nutritional diagnosis indicated that, in the two years of experiment, plants treated with green manure showed better nutritional balance index compared to Brachiaria. This suggests that, over time, green manure can lead to better nutritional balance. Pigeon pea treatment showed the highest yields, compared to control, in the two evaluated crop cycles (2004/05 and 2005/06).


PurposeThis study explores faculty members' (FMs') perceptions of the internationalization of curriculum (IoC) at the undergraduate level through the collection of data from two countries: Pakistan and the UK. The similarities and differences in internationalization strategies were explored. Historical and existing educational ties between the two contexts and an equally emerging focus on internationalization at home (IaH) provided a major cornerstone for this study.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative data were collected from two universities using a cross-sectional and comparative research design by employing a reliable and valid scale with three subscales: curriculum embedded in labor market information, curriculum embedded in employability skills and curriculum embedded in global citizenship (CGC). A comparison between the perceptions of these two universities, by taking perceptions of FMs across their disciplines, and experienced and less experienced FMs was made.FindingsThe findings indicate a global influence on the local context for IaH and the importance of experienced FM. Various disciplines in these universities are congruent with respect to these three subscales, except for one, the CGC for engineering and design. The findings reveal the global influences on the local contexts in the internationalization of curriculum and the relevance of experienced FMs in terms of curriculum and labor market experiences rather than years of service. The findings examine the importance of IaH in both contexts. Since the study was quantitative in nature, an in-depth understanding of FMs' experiences could not be obtained.Practical implicationsGlobalization and intercultural ties have led to IaH, as intercultural ties and connections seem to contribute to IoC. Context- and discipline-related differences provide implications for IoC, considering sociocultural and institutional factors.Originality/valueThis study provides a new perspective to help understand the influence of globalization on internationalizing higher education.


This paper describes how there are a limited number of experimental results available on the retrofit of prestressed concrete structural elements. In addition, there is a lack of analytical models that deal with the flexural performance of such elements. This paper addresses the latter problem by presenting a methodology for analysis and design of prestressed concrete flexural elements strengthened with externally bonded, fiber reinforced composites. The method provides systematic suggestions on the analysis and design of strengthened prestressed concrete beams with both bonded and unbonded tendons. The method can be used to determine the flexural capacity and to compute stresses and strains in concrete, tendons, and externally bonded fiber reinforcement. Compared to existing experimental data on carbon strengthened beams, the model provides very good prediction of the flexural performance of strengthened prestressed beams. The equations are also applicable to other fiber types including glass, steel, and aramid.


CONSUMER PRICE INDEX THEORY Chapter Titles Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Basic Index Number Theory Chapter 3: The Axiomatic or Test Approach to Index Number Theory Chapter 4: Stochastic Approaches to Index Number Theory Chapter 5: The Economic Approach to Index Number Theory Chapter 6: Elementary Indexes Chapter 7: The Chain Drift Problem and Multilateral Indexes Chapter 8: Quality Adjustment Methods Chapter 9: Seasonal Products Chapter 10: The Treatment of Durable Goods and Owner Occupied Housing Chapter 11: Empirical Examples CHAPTER 4: STOCHASTIC APPROACHES TO INDEX NUMBER THEORY1 Draft: April 16, 2021 Erwin Diewert University of British Columbia Table of