This article proposes an emissions market design intended to address the shortcomings of existing proposals. Part I outlines the specific dangers to human health and prosperity posed by climate change and, in particular, the dangers of doing little to slow current climate trends. Part II examines international responses to climate change and the circumstances which have made it difficult to achieve policies that are both environmentally effective and environmentally just. Part III describes the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) which, historically, has been used to address the gaping social inequities between the nation-stakeholders of climate change mitigation. In particular, Part III addresses the misconceptions that have made the principle of CBDR an obstacle to international consensus. Part IV examines the current avenues by which rapidly industrializing developing nations may participate in international efforts to mitigate climate change and the limitations of these avenues. Part V introduces the REDD initiative, its potential for sweeping change, the existing market designs proposed to integrate it into emissions trading, and the flaws of those designs. Part VI outlines my market designs for better integration of REDD into the emissions-trading market. Finally, I conclude that, despite many challenges, a just and effective consensus-based, international solution to climate change can be reached.


The current issue ofThe Journalcontains a report of yet another mechanism by which alcohol consumption may prevent the onset of coronary heart disease. Ridker et al 1 demonstrate an association between alcohol consumption and plasma levels of tissue plasminogen activator—a major component of the fibrinolytic system. This article is consistent with the sizable literature on the protective effects of alcohol with regard to coronary heart disease 2 and may account for the other half of coronary disease reduction not explained by the beneficial effects of alcohol on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The article also suggests that in addition to the antiatherosclerotic effect of alcohol via HDL-C metabolism, alcohol may affect the second step in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction, namely, coronary thrombosis. See also p 929. Conundrum is defined by American Heritage Dictionary as "a problem admitting of no satisfactory solution." The stance that the medical community


In natural-product drug discovery, finding new compounds is the main task, and thus fast dereplication of known compounds is essential. This is usually performed by manual liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) or visible light-mass spectroscopy (Vis-MS) interpretation of detected peaks, often assisted by automated identification of previously identified compounds. We used a 15 min high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (UHPLC– DAD)–high-resolution MS method (electrospray ionization (ESI) or ESI), followed by 10–60 s of automated data analysis for up to 3000 relevant elemental compositions. By overlaying automatically generated extracted-ion chromatograms from detected compounds on the base peak chromatogram, all major potentially novel peaks could be visualized. Peaks corresponding to compounds available as reference standards, previously identified compounds, and major contaminants from solvents, media, filters etc. were labeled to differentiate these from compounds only identified by elemental composition. This enabled fast manual evaluation of both known peaks and potential novel-compound peaks, by manual verification of: the adduct pattern, UV–Vis, retention time compared with log D, co-identified biosynthetic related compounds, and elution order. System performance, including adduct patterns, in-source fragmentation, and ion-cooler bias, was investigated on reference standards, and the overall method was used on extracts of Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium melanoconidium, revealing new nitrogen-containing biomarkers for both species.


BACKGROUND Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the treatment of choice in large and staghorn renal stones, and myocardial infarction is one the possible complications during and after the surgery. We investigated if renal and skeletal muscle injury, caused by percutaneous nephrolithotomy, can cause elevation in cardiac troponins (cTn). METHODS This study was conducted on otherwise healthy patients with renal stone undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. A baseline 12-lead electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and cTn assessment confirmed no cardiac pathology in any patients. Cardiac troponins T (cTnT) and I (cTnI), and also creatine kinase (CK) were assessed before and after surgery. RESULTS A total of 55 patients (69.1% males, mean age: 40.5 ± 13.8 year) were included. Serum creatinine level ranged from 0.7 to 1.3 mg/dl (mean = 1.03 ± 0.17). The level of CK was significantly increased by 469.5 ± 201.4 U/l (P < 0.001), and no positive cTnT or cTnI was observed after surgery. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that renal cell injury, caused by percutaneous nephrolithotomy, is not associated with elevated cardiac troponins. These findings show that increasing troponins in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy indicate a cardiovascular pathology.


In today's engineering and construction industries, the concepts of company loyalty, traditional competitors, and employee development are changing at a pace that has not previously been encountered in postindustrial times. In response to these changing concepts, private and public organizations alike are increasing their emphasis on long-term or strategic planning. This paper introduces strategy planning, describes the expected results of strategic planning efforts in engineering and construction organizations, and provides a case study illustration of the process for the City of Los Angeles, Bureau of Engineering (a 1,000-person public sector architectural and engineering organization). The case study describes the seven steps used by the Bureau starting with building a strategic planning team to ending with evaluation of the implementation effort. Lessons learned from the case study are used to identify several recommendations for future planning efforts in the area of strategic planning.


White noise deconvolution or input white noise estimation problem has important applications in oil seismic exploration, communication and signal processing. Under the linear minimum variance optimal weighted fusion rules, the local and weighted fusion steady-state white noise deconvolution estimators are presented by the Kalman filtering method for the general multisensor systems with different local dynamic models and correlated noises. It can handle the input white noise fused filtering, prediction and smoothing problems, and is applicable to the systems with colored measurement noise. The fused estimators are locally optimal and globally suboptimal. The accuracy of the fusers is higher than that of each local white noise estimator. In order to compute the optimal weights, the formula of computing the local estimation error cross-covariances is given. A Monte Carlo simulation example for the system with Bernoulli-Gaussian input white noise shows their effectiveness and performances.


Alvaro N. Gurovich, PT, PhD, FACSM; Lisa Rodriguez, Manuel Gomez, BS; Paulina Caraveo, BS; Luis Ochoa, MS; Francisco Morales-Acuna, MD, PhD Clinical Applied Physiology (CAPh) Lab, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, College of Health Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineer, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX


Gas-to-room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) partition coefficients have been compiled from the published literature for solutes dissolved in 1-hexyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide, {[HxomMIm]+[(Tf)2N]−}, and in 1,3-dihexyloxymethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide, {[(Hxom)2Im]+[(Tf)2N]−}. These partition coefficients are converted into water-to-RTIL partition coefficients using the corresponding gas-to-water partition coefficients. Both sets of partition coefficients are analysed using the Abraham model with cation-specific and anion-specific equation coefficients. The equation coefficients are reported for the 1-hexyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1,3-dihexyloxymethylimidazolium cations. The calculated cation coefficients can be combined with our previously determined nine sets of anion-specific equation coefficients to yield expressions capable of predicting the partition coefficients of solutes in 18 different RTILs.


Purpose To investigate the short-term changes in human axial length (AxL) in response to continuous and competing episodes of myopic and hyperopic defocus. Methods The right eye of 16 young adults was exposed to 60 min episodes of either continuous or competing myopic and hyperopic defocus (+3 D & -3 D), with the left eye optimally corrected to maintain far accommodation. During competing defocus, the eye was exposed to either 30 min or 15 min of alternating cycles of myopic and hyperopic defocus, with the order of lens wear reversed in separate sessions to assess the effects of defocus order. During each 60 min trial, the subjects watched a movie at 6 m in low photopic conditions. The right eye's AxL was measured at baseline and then at 15 min intervals using Lenstar optical biometry. A binocular beam splitter periscope system was used to maintain distance fixation (left eye) and defocus exposure (right eye) during measurements. Results AxL underwent a greater magnitude of change during continuous defocus than during competing defocus. The maximum AxL change observed during continuous hyperopic defocus was +7 ± 2 µm of elongation (p = 0.015) and during continuous myopic defocus was -8 ± 2 µm of reduction in AxL (p = 0.07). When the eye was exposed to 30 min cycles of competing myopic and hyperopic defocus of equal duration, the opposing blur sessions cancelled each other and the eye was at near baseline levels following the final defocus session (final change from baseline, both p > 0.05). When the frequency of alternating cycles was 15 min, there was a slight AxL reduction after 60 min of myopic then hyperopic defocus, and hyperopic then myopic defocus, and were -3 ± 2 µm and -4 ± 2 µm, respectively (final change from baseline, both p > 0.05) (Figure 1). Conclusions In the human eye, the AxL changes within minutes in response to short-term imposed myopic and hyperopic defocus. With competing defocus, at 30 min exposure frequencies, the effects of myopic and hyperopic blur largely cancel each other. At higher frequencies (15 min of alternating exposure), the effect on AxL of myopic defocus appears to be slightly more potent than hyperopic defocus.


Australia has been one of the majority countries in the world which has committed to the Paris Agreement and has implemented it to cut their emission. Climate change is a tremendous challenge for human being for the past 20 years, since the development of technology and the growing needs of human has driven us to find more source to fulfil our needs. Australia has agreed to cut their emission for 26-28% that is envisioned to be realized in 2030. However, the Australia's commitment becomes questionable since the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in 2016. Experts claim the approval of Liquified Natural Gas will disturb the steady graph emission of Australia. This study aims to find out and analyze the reason behind Australia massive approval to Liquified Natural Gas Project. This study is qualitative research using descriptive analysis method with secondary data types. The result of study shows that, the reason behind the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in Australia are to increase and boost up the economy for Australia while at same time open a wider job opportunities for its people.


The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of HIV knowledge on HIV‐related behaviours by developing an exploratory model based on social‐psychological theories of behaviour change. Data were analyzed from 1,351 male and female adults, both married and single, from Trinidad using hierarchical logistic regression. Higher levels of formal education were associated with higher levels of HIV knowledge while HIV knowledge was associated with concern about personal risk of HIV. HIV knowledge was also associated with both communicating with sex partners about HIV and condom possession as persons with higher levels of knowledge were more likely to talk to partners and to possess condoms. While HIV knowledge did not emerge as having a direct association with consistent condom use, both communication and condom possession (which are associated with HIV knowledge) did. The results suggest those HIV prevention programmes employing a poly‐theoretical approach could be effective in increasing talking about safer sex, possessing condoms and ultimately using condoms consistently.


A mutual-inductance coupling probe device having a longitudinal axis, a probe tip portion and a body por tion for non-destructively testing the structural integ rity of through-hole plating in plated circuit boards. A non-magnetic, highly electrically-conductive envelope, having a body portion and a probe tip portion, encases two mutually-electrostatically shielded and side-by side electromagnetic structures of high magnetic per meability and high electrical resistivity, each structure having a yoke about which is wound a winding, and further having a necked down, elongate parallel pair of mutually electrostatically shielded legs extending m longitudinally of said probe. Distal ends of each pair of legs terminate in terminal stub sections oriented perpendicularly of the longitudinal axis and forming an axial array in a wall of the probe tip portion enve lope, the axial arrays so formed being further mutually angularly displaced about the longitudinal axis by sub stantially 90°. The body portion of the envelope also encloses a switched alternating current excitation source for exciting a first one of the two windings and further enclosing means responsive to the second winding for indicating the magnitude of an induced EMF detected in the second winding,


Hydrochlorothiazide in a daily dose of 150 mg and spironolactone in a daily dose of 400 mg (100 mg of the currently available preparation) were found to have equivalent antihypertensive effects—reducing basal blood pressure, decreasing the pressor response to levarterenol bitartrate (norepinephrine) and angiotensin amide, and increasing the depressor response to a ganglion-blocking agent, trimethaphan camsylate—in a double-blind study of 11 hypertensive patients. The two diuretics, when given together, appear to act independently and additively in their antihypertensive effects. Serum potassium level, lowered by hydrochlorothiazide, was in the normal range during administration of spironolactone alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Spironolactone can thus be a useful substitute for a benzothiadiazine derivative in the treatment of hypertension. The administration of a combination of these diuretics, a thiazide and an aldosterone antagonist, can render hypertension more readily manageable.


Survey on cadmium content in thirty samples of black tiger prawn ( Penaeus monodon ) from cultivating area in the upper Gulf of Thailand during August 1990 to September 1991 had been conducted. The prawn samples were separated into whole peeled tail-off, whole peeled tail-off & deveined, headless peeled tail-off & deveined, head and vein and then analyzed for cadmium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with background corrector and dry-ashing technic for sample digestion procedure. The results showed average cadmium content 0.23, 0.20,0.08, 0.83 and 0.93 mg/kg. Estimated dietary intake for edible portions (not including vein) were 46, 36, 11.2 and 33.2 µg per day for Thais. These were well within the provisional average dietary intake of cadmium of 10-50 µg per day proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Key words: Cadmium, Fishes, Prawn, Shrimp, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.


Changes in bid-ask spreads are small around earnings announcements in general. However, there is evidence of a temporary increase in bid-ask spreads at the time earnings are announced for announcements that convey the most information, especially for announcements that are late and convey bad news. Good news releases (particularly when they occur earlier than expected) are associated with a larger trading volume reaction than bad news releases, which helps to explain the differential spread effects. Overall, the evidence indicates that those announcements that generate the most ex-post uncertainty among investors are associated with the largest spread effects.


In their attempts to get a handle on folk concepts and folk theories, naturalistic philosophers have proceeded by looking at people's intuitions about particular cases. The basic technique is simple. The philosopher constructs a hypothetical scenario and then asks people whether, for instance, the agent in the scenario is morally responsible. By varying the details of the case and checking to see how people's intuitions are affected, one can gradually get a sense for the contours of the folk theory.


Insufficient stiffness of industrial robots is a significant factor which affects its positioning accuracy. To improve the positioning accuracy, a novel positioning error compensation method based on the stiffness modelling is proposed in this paper. First, the positioning errors considering the end load and gravity of industrial robots due to stiffness are analyzed. Based on the results of analysis, it is found that the positioning errors can be described by two kinds of deformation errors at joints: the axial deformation error and the radial deformation error. Then, the axial deformation error is modelled by the differential relationship of kinematics equations. The model of radial deformation error is deduced through the recurrence method and rotation transformation between joints. Finally, these two models are transformed into a Cartesian coordinate system, and a positioning error compensation method based on these two models is presented. Simulations based on the finite element analysis are implemented to verify the positioning error compensation method. The results show that the suggested method can efficiently predict the positioning error according to the gravity and loads, so that the positioning accuracy of industrial robots can be improved with the proposed method.


Abstract In recent times, there has been an increase in adulterated honey in the commercial market owing to the lucrative nature of the honey business in Nigeria. Melissopalynology analyses can be used to obtain information about botanical and geographical origin of honey sources and to verify quality. Thus, this study was conducted to determine pollen composition and diversity in commercial honey samples from three states in Nigeria to ascertain their botanical and geographical origins. Seven commercial Apis mellifera var. adansonii honey samples were collected from three phytogeographical regions in Nigeria between 2017 and 2019. The samples were analysed for pollen content and other remaining structured elements occurring in sediment obtained using a non-acetolysed methodology. A total of 29 pollen types were identified, related to 18 families, 28 genera, and two unidentified pollen types. Fabaceae had the largest number of pollen types, followed by Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Arecaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. Among the pollen identified, 22 pollen types were from nectariferous plants dominated by Dalbergia, Fagara/Zanthoxylum, Hymenocardia acida, Irvingia gabonensis, Macaranga, Nauclea latifolia and Pterocarpus. Monofloral honey of Nauclea latifolia and Pterocarpus sp. were also identified. The geographical origin demonstrates Apis mellifera var. adansonii using nectariferous sources available from the rainforest, forest-savanna ecotone, and Guinea savanna in the southeast, southwest, and central Nigeria, as well as in the brushwood, secondary forest, and open grassland areas, suggesting their importance as pollinators or pollen disperser agent of native flora and cultivated species.


In this paper,several main preparation methods of hydrogels were reviewed.The recent research achievements of the hydrogels sensitive to temperature,pH value,light,electric,magnetic and biological molecules were introduced.The applications of hydrogels in drug controllable release,enzymes immobilization,biological scaffold materials,smart textiles,etc. were also summarized.


Behaviour of woven fabrics in all directions is important in some fabric applications. Dealing with geometrical deformation of fabric under shear stress is the main attempt of this paper. A method for detecting exterior positions of yarns in fabric, namely variation in warp-weft yarns angle and sett of yarns is developed in the present part. For this purpose, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method is modified for detecting exterior position of yarns in sheared fabric. In an empirical work, two kinds of plain weave fabrics, cotton and polypropylene, are considered and specimens are prepared in different dimensions with identical aspect ration. Exterior positions of yarns in certain elongations are computed by proposed method for each specimen. It was found that the modified FFT technique is valid for evaluating exterior positions of yarns in sheared fabric. Moreover, it is observed that there is a critical state in behaviour of woven fabric under shear deformation. In subsequent parts, the treatment of fabric under shear deformation will be simulated and compared with results of present part.


Many Regional courts and arbitration tribunals have made directions to specify or supplement the Labor Contracts Act after it coming into force,especially during the global financial crisis,few of which,unfortunately,are not defective if viewed from the angle of jurisprudence and legislative positions and it consequently leads to inconsistency of administration of the Act.Among the exiting problems demarcation of the proper parties of a labor dispute and ascertainment of the labor relations are of greater significance,including the employment relation with the agency held without business qualification but acting merely as an affiliate or on the name of other enterprise,the employment relation with those who have reached the age of retirement specified by law,and the relation with the labors having not signed written labor contract.The local directions and rules should be clarified with their merits preserved and defects corrected,based on which the Labor Contracts Act is to be modified.


Disclosed is a lithium ion secondary battery which is provided with cathode active material containing Mn, and which exhibits improved charge/discharge cycle characteristics. The secondary battery (10) is provided with: a cathode (12) having cathode active material containing manganese; an anode (14) having anode active material; a non-aqueous electrolyte (20) which lies between the cathode (12) and the anode (14); and an acidic-group containing polymer (18) which is disposed between the cathode active material and the anode active material.


Poster: "ECR 2014 / C-0627 / Low dose CT pancreatic perfusion with stellar detector: image quality improvement may potentially change the radiological work-flow" by: "L. Zhu, H. D. Xue, S. Hao, X. Wang, Y. He; Beijing/CN"


Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from 10 patients with advanced periodontitis and from 5 normal control subjects. The lymphocytes were cultured with dental plaque, supernatant of homologous fibroblast cytoplasm and Pokeweed-mitogen (PWM). The number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) was assessed after 7 days using a reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA). The stimulation levels of lymphocytes from periodontitis patients and control subjects stimulated with dental plaque and PWM were not statistically different (p greater than 0.05). In contrast, the number of ISC produced after stimulation with fibroblast cytoplasm was increased significantly in the patients group (p less than 0.05). These data support the hypothesis that autologous substances play an important rôle in the cellular immune responses of patients with severe chronic inflammatory periodontal disease (CIPD).


Sociology has a rich tradition of research indicating that neighbourhood conditions are a significant determinant of individual well-being. Much of this research, however, has been limited to urban samples in the United States and has used macro-level data. Unfortunately, the macro-level approach usually ignores the importance of individual differences that might influence response to neighbourhood conditions. Stated differently, it fails to address the question of why there is much heterogeneity in the behaviour of individuals living in the same neighbourhood. Indeed, most individuals residing in disadvantaged and disordered neighbourhoods achieve positive outcomes, a phenomenon labelled resilience. Importantly, resilience mechanisms occur at various levels, ranging from individual to broader mesoand macroprocesses. Further, these resilience mechanisms do not exist in a vacuum; they are embedded in the everyday life and activity space of the neighbourhood. Thus, neighbourhood conditions may both pose a threat to the well-being of residents while generating a cascade of multilevel resilience processes that might be used to counter this threat. Individuals who live in different neighbourhoods may be more or less vulnerable or resilient to an adverse social environment depending upon both the types of disadvantages they experience and their access to resilience mechanisms to deal with these challenges. The present paper proposes a multilevel structural resilience model that identifies three resilience pathways: (a) resilience as a mediator of neighbourhood context and individual well-being; (b) resilience as a buffering process that protects individuals from disadvantaged areas; and (c) resilience as a moderated mediation mechanism that is both influenced by neighbourhood context and, in turn, buffers the disadvantaged neighbourhood effect. It is argued that these three pathways can operate at the individual, meso-, and macrolevel. Having presented the model, we review various research findings that provide support for its various elements.


Purpose: -The purpose of the study was to find out correlation between Explosive Strength, and Agility of physical education students. Methodology: - The subjects for this study were selected from Department of Physical Education, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G). A total of 40 male physical education students (B.P.Ed) were selected. Age of the subjects was ranging between 20 to 25 years. Selected Variables were Explosive Strength, and Agility. The selected variables were measured by different items of JCR test. To find out correlation between Explosive Strength, and Agility of physical education students, Product Moment Method of correlation was used. Findings: - There exists a significant relationship between Explosive Strength, and Agility of physical education students (r = .618, p < .05).


Damien Hirst's 2017 exhibit, Treasures from the Wreck of the Unbelievable is composed of treasures uncovered off the coast of East Africa, and its accompanying documentary (Sam Hobkinson, 2017) records their discovery and exhibition. However, these treasures and their discovery were faked; although initially presented in the exhibition and film as real through staging as well as using established heritage and documentary tropes, both media play with notions of falseness and authenticity, hinting at their fake elements while also sometimes bluntly declaring them. The fake is often interpreted as a cheat, a lie, or a manipulation, and is pejoratively used and moralistically dismissed; however, the fake also causes us to consider not only what it is but what it does – its effects. After reviewing current debates on heritage and notions of authenticity, this article begins by examining the reactions to the exhibit and the film, which ranged from utter hate to adoration, as both were either despised or loved due to their fake-ness. Next, it charts the experience of both the exhibit and the film, and how they shift from heritage and documentary 'realness' to injecting moments of fantasy before their final reveal as being entirely fictional. To analyse these affects, I draw connections between theories on the sublime in order to examine how the exhibition and film produce a sense of awe for the scale, craftsmanship and detail of the exhibition through their aesthetics. Finally, I examine specific moments when the sublime breaks and the realisation of the fake shocks the viewer, by using Brecht's (1936 1964) theory on the alienation effect to posit that this creates a moment of critical awareness. I conclude by arguing that the fake therefore has an additional effect; it is not a shoddy deception, but rather a powerful force that causes the viewer to realise the constructedness, staging, and myth-making of heritage.


Transient electromagnetic fields — during or after laser/particle beam-target interaction — are a significant and hardly explored parameter. This paper proposes a new method for measuring transient electromagnetic fields, based on ultrafast high-energy electron lens radiography, that has a high tolerance for matter in the diagnosed region. With this method, a continuous point strength diagnosis helps to obtain delicate. Furthermore, dual-band diagnosis can be used to determine the field direction. To verify its feasibility, a 50 MeV electron lens radiography beamline was designed and optimized and a preliminary simulation for diagnosing circular magnetic fields ranging from 170 T·μm to 680 T·μm was performed. For a number density of 2000/pixel and ±10% non-uniformity, ±15% diagnostic field strength accuracy has been obtained. The direction diagnosis also works well. Combined with the advantages of high-energy electron beams, ultrafast high-energy electron lens radiography is suitable for transient electromagnetic field diagnosis.


We present recent developments on deformable mirrors (DM) for astronomy with ground-based telescopes. A new generation of actuators with high reliability and high performances has been developed for Stack Array Mirrors. These actuators are suitable for a large range of DMs, including future needs for Extremely Large Telescopes. Design and modelling of large DMs for Thirty Meter Telescope and European Extremely Large Telescope are presented. The Monomorph mirrors combines simplicity and efficiency to correct the wavefront deformation. Astronomical telescopes can benefit of the developments performed on this Monomorph technology for high power laser chains and for spaceborn instrumentation.


New and simple all-fiber method for generating flat-top optical pulses down to the sub-picosecond regime is proposed and demonstrated. A 600-fs Gaussian pulse is re-shaped into a 1-ps rectangular pulse with 20% energetic efficiency.


We raise the problem of evaluating the quality of bilingual sentences mined from the web, which is critical for such applications as statistical machine translation (SMT) and English as Second Language (ESL) learning. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel method that integrates multiple linguistic features related to spelling, grammar, and alignment, particularly the sentence type feature that indicates if a sentence can be parsed by the Link Grammar Parser (LGP). Promising results are achieved on a bilingual corpus of about 6 million English-Chinese sentences mined from the web, indicating the effectiveness of our proposed method.


Nalidixic acid has been described as a specific inhibitor of bacterial DNA synthesis in uiuo and in vitro (Goss et al., 1965; Dietz et al., 1966; Bourgnignon et a[., 1973). It has been reported to block the assembly of 38 S single-stranded DNA fragments into daughter chromosomes (Crumplin & Smith, 1976). Nalidixic acid also acts as a growth inhibitor of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Gross & Smith, 1972; Carnevali et al., 1976), but respiratory-deficient petite mutants of this yeast are relatively resistant to the effects of the drug (Carnevali et al., 1976). The present paper describes the effects of nalidixate on macromolecular synthesis in the prototrophic grande diploid strain of S. cereuisiae, N.C.Y.C. 239, and in a mitochondria1 DNA-less petite mutant derived from N.C.Y.C. 239 by ethidium bromide treatment (strain 239A). The effects are given of sodium nalidixate (100pg/ml) on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in yeast growing in both rich-nutrient medium (YLM) (Luha et af. , 1971) or minimal medium (YNB), which contained Difco yeast nitrogen base (0.145 %, w/v), (NH4)?S04 (3.8 mM), L-histidine (~OPM), DL-methionhe (134p~), DL-tryptophan ( 9 8 ~ ~ ) and glucose (0.28~) . Uptake of radioactively labelled adenine into DNA and RNA and of leucine into protein were followed essentially by the techniques of Slater (1973) and Hereford & Hartwell (1973). The effects of prolonged exposure to nalidixate were assessed by adding radioactively labelled precursor to an exponentially growing culture, and then immediately splitting the culture into two equal portions and adding nalidixate to oneof these. Uptakeof label in the presence of nalidixate was compared with that in the absence of the drug. In both rich and minimal media and with both the grande and petite strains considerable inhibition of synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein occurred. Over the 6h period after addition of nalidixate the rates of the three macromolecular syntheses investigated were all less than 20% of those of the controls. In YNB medium no difference could be detected between the grande and petite strains, but in YLM medium the rates of incorporation of label into DNA and protein (but not RNA) were significantly higher in the petite than the grande. Fig. 1 shows the effects of short-term exposure to nalidixate. In this experiment radioactively labelled precursors were added to exponentially growing cultures of N.C.Y.C. 239 and 239A and left for a short period before the cultures were split, and nalidixate was added to one of two samples from each culture. The results are presented only for the grande strain as these were not significantly different from those of thepetite strain. In YNB medium, addition of nalidixate caused an immediate and complete blockage of synthesis of DNA and RNA, although there was some residual protein synthesis. In YLM medium, nalidixate again inhibited all three syntheses but in none of these was inhibition complete. The similarity in patterns of immediate inhibition in grande and petite strains suggests that the difference in growth response of the two strains to nalidixate cannot be attributed to differential uptake of the drug by the two types of cell. Possibly respiratorycompetent and respiratory-deficient cells differ in their metabolism of the drug. In asynchronous cultures, as used here, specific inhibition of one of three macromolecular syntheses would not be expected to result in an immediate block on the other two. Slater (1973) showed that hydroxyurea, at a concentration which completely eliminated DNA synthesis, showed an immediate inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis by only 15 and 10% respectively. Also, although protein synthesis may be immediately blocked by cycloheximide, it does not immediately inhibit DNA synthesis (Hereford & Hartwell, 1973). These results suggest that in yeast cells nalidixate may act at a level common to all three syntheses.


Trapping processes are central to a number of thin film growth and surface processing techniques (e.g., sputter, pulsed laser, and ion-assisted deposition and reactive ion etching) that involve hyperthermal energy ion-surface collisions. In these techniques, energy transfer occurs in collisions between surface atoms and various incident ion species over a range of incident energies and angles. The use of energetic beams with control of these parameters can greatly assist in understanding fundamental trapping mechanisms. When hyperthermal energy ions are incident on a surface, they may scatter from the surface, trap above the top layer of surface atoms, or implant below the surface atoms. For trapping to occur, an incident ion must lose sufficient energy while colliding with the surface atoms that it can no longer escape the attractive potential well, which is typically a couple of eV deep. If the final location of the ion is above the top layer of surface atoms, it is considered surface trapped. We refer to the probability of this occurring as the surface trapping probability, PS, to distinguish it from total trapping probability, PT , which is the combined probability of trapping above or below the top layer. Below the implantation threshold, PS and PT are equivalent. For a given incident ion, the final outcome depends on the incident ion energy and angle, and on the surface species and structure. These factors also determine the surface corrugation seen by the incident ions. In this Letter, we show that surface corrugation plays an important role in determining PS. We have measured PT , using Auger electron spec


Motivation How is research on social issues shaped in Latin America? How much attention do researchers give to poverty and inequality? What is the focus of research on these issues? Purpose The paper aims to analyse the main patterns of academic publications on poverty and inequality in Latin America. Approach and methods A bibliometric analysis based on different sources is used to review the main trends of publications on poverty and inequality in the region between 1990 and 2014. Findings We find that although Latin America is widely recognized as one of the most unequal regions worldwide, poverty—not inequality—has been at the centre of the region's research agendas for many years. We detect a gradual shift in research from poverty to inequality, both in the academic literature and in the publications of international organizations. Policy implications These findings provide new elements to better understand how and why researchers choose certain topics over others. This understanding is important both to gain knowledge on what researchers are prioritizing, and to shed light on the relationship between those priorities and public policies to combat poverty and inequality.


Although parkinsonism after carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication is well known, neurotransmitter deficient networks that are responsible for the severity of parkinsonism have rarely been systemically evaluated.


The extremal problem of Erdos and Graham (Acta Arith.XXI, 1972, 399?408) concerning the well-known diophantine problem of Frobenius was given an exact solution for linear forms with the set of coefficients of density 12 (or more). In the present paper, we advance this up to the density 13.


Objective: The objective of the study was to know the opinion and prevalence of use of central nervous system stimulant drugs (SDs) in healthy people in open population. Methods: An electronic survey was designed with 11 questions to know the frequency of use of SD, and also questions to explore previous knowledge, opinion about the risks associated with its use and about its regulation, etc. The survey was spread by electronic social networks to persons over 18 years old of any gender. Descriptive analysis and a Chi-square test were done to find associations between variables. Results: A total of 526 surveys were conducted, 271 male participants (51.5%) and 249 female (47.3%). The median of age was 22 years old (range 18-83 years). Median scholarship was 12 years (range 6-20 years). About 49.6% were students. About 75% had prior knowledge about stimulants, 13.6% reported prior use, 26% opined these drugs could be dangerous, and 88% opined that they should be regularized. Finally, ages between 18 and 30 years old and scholarship above high school were associated with the use of SD. Conclusion: There was a frequency of 13.6% of SD use. Most of the respondents are worried about its safety and are in favor of their regularization. Being young with high scholarship was associated with SD use.


The Quiet Quitting phenomenon has exploded in its importance in organizations of all types as workers have resisted the changes in the employer-employee relationship of the past two decades. The purpose of this paper is to identify the importance of the Theory of Reasoned Action and beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors that impact Quiet Quitting. Citing from scholarly literature, we explain the four key elements of the Theory of Reasoned Action and how they impact Quiet Quitting.


Spectrophotometric determinations of acetyl CoA with malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase are likely to overestimate the amount of acetyl CoA in solutions containing acetoacetyl CoA, since commercial preparations of malate dehydrogenase may contain thiolase.


OBJECTIVE:To determine the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailablityof triprolidine hydrochloride capsules and tab1ets. METHODS: The drugconcentrations in plasma were assayed by reverse-HPLC method following a singleoral of 5mg triprolidine hydrochloride capsule or tablet or the triprolidine contractcapsules, respectively, given to each of 18 male volunteers in a randomized cross-over test. RESULTS: The peak levels (Tmax) in plasma averaged 40.3±5.6μg.L-1,40.4±4.9μg.L-1 and 40.6±4.6μg.L-1 at l.9±0.2h, l.8±0.3h and l.8±0.2h,and the areas under the drug concentrations curves (AUC) were l39.2±9.9μg.L-l,l36.6±2l.9μg.L-1, and l39.2±23.lμg.L-1 for triprolidine hydrochloridcapsules, tablets and the triprolidine contract capsules, respectively.CONCLUTION: The results of statistical analysis showed that three formulationswere bioequivalent.


To enhance the disturbance rejection of morphing aircraft, an adaptive backstepping control method based on the RBF neural network is proposed. Firstly, the aerodynamic parameters and model parameters are modeled as functions of sweep angle, and the latter is expressed as pure function of time. Then, the RBF neural network adaptive algorithm is combined with the backstepping control to estimate the uncertain disturbance during the wing transition process, so as to compensate for the control law output by the backstepping control. Thereafter, the weight update law of the RBF adaptive algorithm is obtained by Lyapunov stability theory, and the stability of the control system is proved at the same time. Finally, comparative simulation experiments are used to show that the proposed control strategy is preferable, and the error between actual values and the estimated of the RBF adaptive algorithm can be controlled within 0.05%.


In order to improve the performance of thin lm devices, it is necessary to characterize their mechanical, as well as electrical, properties. In this work, a model is developed for analysis of the mechanical and electrical properties and the prediction of residual stresses in thin lms of silver nanoparticles deposited on silicon substrates. The model is based on inter-particle diusion modeling and nite element analysis. Through simulation of the sintering process, it is shown how the geometry, density, and electrical resistance of the thin lm layers are changed by sintering conditions. The model is also used to approximate the values of Young's modulus and the generated residual stresses in the thin lm in the absence and presence of cracks in the lm. The results are validated through comparing them with available experimental data.


Purchase letter of commercial residential building is a precontract signed by developer and homebuyer before the formal contract was been signed.The deposit is arranged in most of this precontracts.While the law is not well done in this field and leads to more and more disputs.The article discused the nature of puchase letter and deposit,and the duty of deposit rule in puchase letter.


The widespread occurrence of bacterial infections and their increased resistance to antibiotics has led to the development of antimicrobial coatings for multiple medical implants. Owing to their desirable properties, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been developed as antibacterial agents. This systematic investigation sought to analyze the antibacterial effects of implant material surfaces modified with AuNPs. The data from 27 relevant studies were summed up. The included articles were collected from September 2011 to September 2021. According to the retrieved literature, we found that medical implants modified by AuNPs have good antibacterial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the antibacterial effects would be improved by near-infrared (NIR) radiation.


ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to see if benefits from water supply could be increased by utilizing price-usage information in reservoir design studies. Three pricing policies were examined. The first policy assumed no price-use relationship, and quantity demanded was based on existing community usage with a low water rate. The price of water was set to recover system costs. A price-use relationship was assumed in the second policy and the water rate was constant. The price of water was determined from the associated system which provided maximum expected net benefits. The third policy assumed the price-use relationship and the price charged for water during each billing period was a non-linear function of storage which increased as the amount of water in storage at the beginning of the period decreased.

It was found that the use of the conservation pricing policies substantially reduced storage requirements while providing demonstrable net benefits to the community and a large average supply. The conservation pricing policies substantially lowered the average price paid for water. The effect of uncertainty in consumer response to changes in price was studied by using a probabilistic price-use relationship. This uncertainty did not significantly reduce the effectiveness of the conservation policy. It was concluded that demand management by the use of a proper pricing policy could significantly increase net water supply benefits to a community.


3. Rinbaud P, Meynadier J, Guilhou J J et al. A study of immunity to cellular mediation in psoriasis. Bull Soc Franc Dermatol Syph 1973: 1: 477-478. 4. Burden AD, Muston H, Beck M H. Intolerance and contact allergy to tar and dithranol in psoriasis. Contact Dermatitis 1994: 31: 185-186. 5. Burden A D, Stapleton M, Beck M H. Dithranol allergy: fact or fiction? Contact Dermatitis 1992: 27: 291-293. 6. Burden A D, Beck M H. Contact hypersensitivity to topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatoll992: 127: 497-500. Contact Dermatitis 1997: 37: 49


Fiscal decentralization reflects the distribution financial power between the central government and local government.It can be measured through the two indicators which are expenditure decentralization and revenue decentralization.From the theoretical analysis,most studies have concluded that there is a negative incentive between the fiscal decentralization and the amount of pollutant discharge,but lacks the empirical research.Utilizing the provincial panel data from 1998 to 2009,this paper carried on the empirical analysis about the relationship between China's fiscal decentralization and the scale of pollutant discharge.The industrial waste gas discharge amount,industrial solid wastes discharge amount,industrial waste water discharge amount and sulfur dioxide discharge amount were selected as the indicators to measure the scale of pollutant discharge in the paper.The paper selected the expenditure decentralization degree and revenue decentralization degree as explanatory variables,and selected the per capita GDP,population density,urbanization level,total foreign investment,and the industrialization level as control variables.The paper divided all provinces into two groups(east and midwest) in accordance with their geographic location to carry out robustness test.The results showed that the fiscal decentralization indicator which was measured by the expenditure decentralization degree was negatively related to the scale of pollutant discharge.And the empirical results were of robustness.The relationship between the fiscal decentralization indicator which was measured by revenue decentralization degree and the scale of pollutant discharge was uncertain from the empirical point.


An online rheometer with an innovative system of height-adjustable and independently temperature-controlled slits was designed to measure the shear viscosity of extruded wheat bran fiber-containing starchy materials. The range of melt pressures and temperatures, obtained with a die, could be covered by the rheometer. A close ingredient thermomechanical history in the extruder was achieved both with the die and the rheometer, while covering an apparent shear rate from 5 to 30 s ―1 . Although minor technical problems remained, first rheological data were obtained and showed a pseudoplastic flow behavior for all recipes. The flow curves were fitted by a power law model. Wheat bran fiber addition influenced both the K- and n-values, leading to more shear-thinning melt behavior and an increase in true shear viscosity. Only a limited effect on these values was found in these preliminary experiments when further increasing the fiber content.


Dorsal agenesis of the pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly. Fifty‐eight cases were reported from 1913 till 2015, nine of which were associated with tumors. We present the 10th case, the first to be associated with pancreatic mucinous adenocarcinoma and cystic teratoma, successfully managed by Whipple procedure and total pancreatectomy.


Abstract The early Tertiary Mull-Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland, represents the thickest continuous section (1000 m from sea level to the top of Ben More) of Tertiary lavas exposed in the UK. This succession has been sampled and geochemically analysed, on a flow-by-flow basis, throughout the lava succession. Field observations during the course of this sampling suggest that the early lava flows (the Staffa Magma sub-Type) ponded in palaeovalleys along with interlava sediments. In the main part of the Mull lava succession (the Mull Plateau Group) the lava flows are on average ∼ 5 m thick. Most previous Hebridean workers have assumed that the red horizons commonly found between these later lava flows, represent weathered flow tops. However, this study has shown that in some places these red 'boles' appear to be a combination of both volcanic ash and weathered basalt. Chemically distinctive units of flows have been found throughout the succession. The two most abundant magma sub-types of the Mull Plateau Group, primitive (>9wt% MgO) basalts with Ba/Nb» 15 and more evolved (<9wt% MgO) basalts-hawaiites with Ba/Nb<15, form packets of flow units which can be up to 200 m thick. These chemically distinctive flow units have been correlated across the lava succession. However, the correlation of individual lava flows has proved difficult. The Mull Plateau Group lavas generally become more evolved and less contaminated with continental crust towards the top of the succession, culminating in the trachytes of the Pale Group on Ben More. Basaltic lavas above the Pale Group have markedly different trace element ratios, and seem to represent shallower, more extensive asthenospheric melting than the Mull Plateau Group.


This paper proposes a new algorithm for the identification of Hammerstein-Wiener system with dead zone input nonlinearity. This method is a combination of least square method and gradient method. The algorithm is simple and will give a precise identification result.


As the background of application in the field of smart health care, the flexible interaction between patients and medical system is provided by medical cyber-physical systems (MCPSs) to realize all-round three-dimensional medical service. According to the controllable and credible requirements of MCPS, it needs a secure and reliable device identity authentication mechanism to build the security barrier. Based on the blockchain technology, a lightweight authentication scheme is designed for sensor/execution devices, users, and gateway nodes in MCPS. The security analysis and experimental results show that the scheme can resist the existing attacks with better efficiency; thus, our proposed scheme can be efficiently applied to the medical field.


From the survey and analysis of human s social and economic activities, we list out the main activities that cause water and soil loss such as open up wild land, road build, house construction, mine and so on. Up to the end of 1996, the total area of open up wild countries was 34 000 hm2, there were 640 200 normal house and 251 300 cavehouse was constructed newly, total length of 93 900 km of road were built, 364 800 hm2 land surface were disturbed by digging the herbal medicine and 220 300 hm2 by spading wild divot. The calculation shows that, between 1954~1996, these activities increased the flood by 345 800 m3 the sediment by 6 029 000 t annually in average, which are account for 0.01% and 4.5% of normal runoff and sediment runoff of the Weihe river respectively.


UX methodology is becoming more firmly established in the Library sector, moving from novelty to maturity. How do we ensure that our internal processes, systems, and ethos support this? How can we make UX truly part of our daily 'business as usual', rather than being a perpetual project? Every institution is on their own journey and this article will focus on the path that we have taken at the University of York.


KAMET II Concept Modeling Language (CML) is a consistent visual language with high usability and flexibility devised to acquire and organize knowledge from different sources in a very intuitive way. Similar recent work, which suggests visual tools for supporting knowledge acquisition (KA) processes, like Cmaptools and ICONKAT, are closed environments that cannot be easily translated to more popular frameworks like Protégé. On the other hand, languages for Semantic Web used for KA, like Extensible Markup Languages (XML), are designed for machine interpretation without considering the users interaction. KAMET II CML, on the contrary, cares about the input facilities for constructing knowledge models without disregarding its complexity, and it is compatible with commercial methodologies. We describe and demonstrate the advantages of KAMET II CML by proving its consistency and formality using Concept Algebra, a mathematical structure for the formal treatment of concepts and their algebraic relations, operations and associative rules. We do a direct transformation of KAMET II CML diagnosis models to Concept Network (CN) diagrams making use of Concept Algebra. As a result, KAMET II CML models are compatible with regular ontology representations and can be shared and used by other systems without adding complexity. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.


The global economical crisis forced all farmers to increase cost effectiveness on their farms. Soil loss calculations provide important information because losing soil means losing nutrients that are expensive not only to buy but also to spread and work into the soil. The examined area has a loessy sand parent material. Intensive arable farming, high compaction and small infiltration rate result in high erodibility. WEPP and USLE model were chosen to be used to provide information from various sources and also to compare the efficiency of the models on a slope of intensive arable farmland. The results show that on the upper and middle slope sections WEPP calculates more soil loss than USLE while at the bottom of the slopes WEPP calculates much more than USLE. On-site investigations proved that the lower part of the slope is sedimented, so USLE is closer to reality at the bottom of the slope.


The Guerbet reaction of ethanol to heavier products was performed over a series of extensively characterized Sr‐substituted hydroxyapatites (HAPs) with different (Ca+Sr)/P ratios, and thus different structural, textural, and acid–base properties. The acid–base properties were correlated with the reactivity of the solids and an optimal ratio between the amount of acid and basic sites was determined (ca. 4), whereas the ethanol conversion was mainly depending on the specific surface area of the solids. The stoichiometric 100 mol % Sr‐substituted sample (SrAp‐100) was especially efficient in higher alcohols production, which can be illustrated by a total alcohol selectivity (76.4 %) higher than that of all the other solids at a 13 % ethanol isoconversion.


In this keynote address, the presenter will attend to these questions by discussing the nature of software architecture in terms of architectural structures, the role that software architecture plays in an organization, the technical, business, and social influences on software architectures, and the role of quality attribute requirements in architectural design.


The invention provides a method of improving circuit switched connectivity and a related communication device thereof for improving circuit switched (CS) connectivity for a mobile device in a wireless communication device. The method includes: attaching to a first network in a first domain and a second network in a second domain separately; and maintaining a first registration and a first mobility procedure associated with the first network, and a second registration and a second mobility procedure associated with the second network; wherein the mobile device is capable of receiving signals of the first network and signals of the second network simultaneously but transmitting signals to either the first network or the second network.


From a century to a decade ago, the news media played a crucial role in providing the public with valuable information, especially during a crisis. However, the advent of social media has brought about a change in access and distribution of the news and this may have resulted in less effective health communication during this global coronavirus pandemic. These days, social media can have a greater public reach and therefore, be the best tool to disseminate information. At the same time, there is the question of whether the important or trivial information is being shared. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of social media in providing the public with important information during the height of the coronavirus pandemic. Using Great Britain as a case study, the research analysed the kind of content on the coronavirus that had gone viral in online news sources in the United Kingdom to determine whether the information that was being shared contributed or not to effective health communication. Keywords: news, viral news, online media, journalism, crisis communication, coronavirus.


required but internally established and managed structures for the protection and fostering of minority aspirations. There is much more in each collection which is worth reading. International lawyers would do well to be acquainted with the perspectives presented in Brown. They have much thinking to do yet about the questions raised in Tomuschat. The books are roughly the same size but the Tomuschat one much more expensive. It is a pity then that Nijhoff could not run to an index when Routledge manages one for Brown. Professor Gottlieb's short essay enunciates a single, if complex, solution to the problem of protecting ethnic groups within a State. He proposes that we add to States as international legal persons "nations", amalgamations of individuals which could, if sufficiently organised, exercise some rights in international law, such as becoming a party to treaties and having a status before international bodies. Where territorial questions arise, they could be dealt with by several functional boundaries instead of by a single one as at present. He looks at how the proposition might work in a number of current disputes. Gottlieb's book is the outcome of a series of meetings held over a number of years. One of his case studies is Yugoslavia, a dispute the horrors and intractability of which have intensified during the same period. The frustration of those who seek effective action about the manifest indignities inflicted on people there is shared by Gottlieb. Perhaps the very depth and unreason of the hatreds there revealed have given him pause about the practicalities of his proposal for he embarks on a curious chapter about foreign interference in ethnic conflicts. The limits which international law imposes are faithfully recorded. Then the options for the United States are considered. Quite unaffected by what has gone before, he calls for "hard" economic sanctions, including the destruction of shipping and land-based infrastructure (admittedly under Security Council authorisation), the use of air power in support of humanitarian assistance and of special forces to liberate concentration camps and apprehend suspected international criminals, control of the media (which would include directing them to cover all trouble spots) and the use of force to inflict reprisals against wrongdoers and to punish aggressors (sic). The balance between unilateral and collective actions is not clear but, more seriously, these violent proposals seem remote from the intricate and cooperative suggestions which had appeared to be the author's main purpose in the earlier part of the essay. The limits of air power are surely apparent. Different people may be killed if this kind of policy be adopted than if there is no intervention but hardly less innocent people, unless complete identification is made between government and people for the purposes of responsibility. This would sit quite oddly with the remainder of the thesis. Most of the contributors to these books accept that a corner has been turned in the law of self-determination: that the development of internal self-determination brings with it not merely an obligation to refrain from genocide or mass killing but that States must put in place structures within the State designed to ensure the effective representation of groups as well as individuals. What these structures may be depends upon the composition and aspirations of the population. Because these are international legal obligations, other States and international bodies have a right to be interested in their performance. Implementing the obligations will be a long and involved process. The moral arguments of the philosophers seem more likely than Gottlieb's bombs to help the lawyers make that process run.


Despite the new sophisticated controllers the linear PI/PID controllers keep the leading position in industrial implementations due to their simplicity, easy and well developed design and tuning, g...


The sensitivity of detection is more concerned when small defects are important. The sensitivity of ultrasonic testing has an up limit. But there is no so called utmost sensitivity. And the up limit sensitivity is not bounded by the half of a wavelength of probing ultrasound. Noise level is the key factor to determine sensitivity. Some concepts related to sensitivity are demonstrated.


In order to solve the existing problems in current leveling such as great labor intensity,low efficiency and long observation routes in complex mountainous areas,a new method based on georobot simultaneously subtending observation for obtaining indirect height difference in trigonometric leveling was proposed.This method is based on the fact that two georobots can realize the real simultaneously subtending observation and obtain the height difference of each pair of stations.The influence of atmospheric refraction can be eliminated effectively using the observation method.And it is not necessary to measure the heights of instrument stationing and target prism to save field working time.The analysis of experimental data from the establishment of a height control network outside a long tunnel indicates that the proposed method can achieve the accuracy of second-order leveling with a standard deviation of below 1 mm/km in height difference surveying.And it can effectively improve the efficiency of second-order height control surveying with reduced field work.


(i) Chiasma frequency at metaphase has been studied in the following species and species hybrids: A. strigosa Schreb.; A. brevis Roth; A. Wiestii Steud.; A. barbata Pott; A. abyssinica Hochst. (2 strains); A. sterilis L. (2 strains); A. sativa L. var. Radnorshire Sprig; a triploid hybrid, A. barbata × A. strigosa; a pentaploid hybrid, A. abyssinica "naine" × A. sterilis maxima; and a hexaploid hybrid, A. sterilis (white) × A. sativa var. Radnorshire Sprig.(ii) The various factors that may affect chiasma frequency are discussed and it is concluded that there may be some parallelism between closeness of relationship and similarity in chiasma formation, as genetical control is one factor affecting the process. The results are examined in the light of this conclusion.(iii) The homogeneity of species in respect to proportion of bivalents with zero, one, two, three, or four chiasmata is tested by means of χ2. The test indicates no significant difference between the closely related diploid species, A. brevis and...


As a great amount of chemicals are employed to carry out the coating process of paper, the wastewater from paper mill making coated products is characterized by high levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, and total suspended solids (TSS). In this study, wastewater from a paper mill making coated products was treated by a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) after a lab-scale coagulation, resulting in COD, colour, and TSS removal efficiencies of 87.7 ± 1.0%, 33.5 ± 5.2%, and 41.4 ± 3.7%, respectively, which exceeded the biological treatment performance in the paper mill. The removal of COD and colour was attributed to the removal of recalcitrant organic matter, and the removal of TSS was attributed to the biofilm.


The new entity was discovered in the middle mountain range on the south-west of Khorramabad (Lorestan). The male of the new entity, well characterized, resembles M. sarvistana Wiltshire, 1941, but is strongly distinguished on the upper side by a lighter orange ground colour quite immaculate in the discal area, somewhat M. persea Kollar, 1849, nominative ; on the underside of the hind wings by a flat yellowish ground colour without pearly and bluish basal suffusion. The female is unknown.


INTRODUCTION The problem of impairment among healthcare practitioners and its impact on patient safety has remained a concern since the early 1980s. The American Nurses Association (ANA) estimated that 6%Y8% of nurses use alcohol or drugs to an extent that is sufficient to impair professional performance (ANA, 1984). In 1982, the ANA called out to the state nursing associations to develop ''alternative to discipline'' (ATD) programs to assist nursing colleagues with substance abuse and mental health conditions, disseminate information about substance abuse and mental health conditions as treatable, and conduct research (ANA, 2002). The ATD programs would also provide a nondisciplinary alternative for nurses, thus allowing impaired nurses to receive help and monitoring without license discipline. The Florida Nurses Association (FNA) was the first state nursing association in the United States to respond to the ANA's call by initiating and lobbying for the passage of legislation to start an ATD program for Florida nurses. Since its inception in 1983, Florida's ATD, known as the Intervention Project for Nurses (IPN), has assisted over 23,000 nurses. Most nurses in IPN receive help for substance abuse and/or mental health conditions, whereas a smaller number receive assistance with physical conditions that may impact patient safety. The Florida IPN has evolved into a national model with a reputation for excellence and is often sought out by other state boards of nursing and nursing associations for consultation and assistance in program development and evaluation. IPN's primary purpose is to protect consumers from unsafe nursing practice while assisting nursing colleagues with evaluation, treatment, referral, and coordination of support services. This approach enhances public safety while providing an avenue for the nurse's rehabilitation and retention in the nursing profession. This central mission is accomplished by way of strong partnerships with stakeholders, statewide educational (skill building) training, and case management services, along with a network of accredited evaluators/treatment programs and approved nurse support groups throughout Florida. Like most ATD programs, IPN receives calls regarding alleged impairment from nursing employers and other referral sources on a daily basis. IPN provides consultation and evaluates each call to determine appropriateness for program entry. During this intake process, each nurse is oriented to IPN, completes initial paperwork, and undergoes a formal fitness to practice evaluation with an approved evaluator. All licensees who enter IPN execute a formal monitoring agreement after treatment. Monitoring agreements range in length from 2 to 5 years, depending on the primary and secondary diagnoses. During the monitoring process, IPN provides oversight and coordination of services by way of a comprehensive case management/monitoring process. Key components include (a) communication with each participant and with his or her support network, (b) random toxicology screening, (c) weekly attendance at a facilitated support group, (d) mutual support group meetings (such as 12 Step), (e) worksite and safety to practice monitoring, and (f) treatment provider follow-up. All IPN policies are approved annually by the Florida Department of Health (DOH) and parallel many of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NSCBN) guidelines for ATD programs. The following article will highlight five areas of the Florida IPN program, which have contributed to its success and longevity. These areas include the following: 1. Maintenance of strong partnerships with stakeholders 2. Standardized accountability reporting 3. Formal approval process for evaluators/treatment programs 4. Oversight of a strong nurse support group network 5. Educational programming for skill building and stigma reduction


The present study examined the relationship between organizational health and organizational maturity by using a descriptive-correlation method. The population in this study consisted of all employees of the department of education of a district (about 190 people). Out of this huge population, a number of 127 people were selected by using stratified random sampling method, and Cochran's sample size estimation. The research instrument included two questionnaires. The questionnaire was the 44-item questionnaire of Hoy et al., (1998) called Standard Organizational Health. The other questionnaire was a 67-item researcher-made questionnaire, titled as Organizational Maturity. The face and content validity of both questionnaires were confirmed by experts. The reliability estimate for organizational maturity was estimated by using Cronbach alpha, and it was 0.77. The estimated reliability of organizational health was 0.81. In this study, two levels of analysis were observed. 1) Descriptive statistics including: frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. 2) Inferential statistics including: Pearson or relation test, the stepwise regression test, multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA). The results showed that there is a relationship between organizational health and organizational maturity (p <0.001, r = 0.621). After consideration of the dimensions of organizational health, there was a significant relationship between dimensions of prudence, building maintenance, resource support, scientific focus, spirit, permeability of organizational health ( director's authority), and organizational maturity. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between institutional integrity of organizational health and organizational maturity. The results of stepwise regression showed that among the dimensions of organizational health, (in the first step resource support, in the second step resource support, and spirit. And finally at the third step resource support, spirit, and building maintenance) can predict organizational maturity.


Coherence collapse is a dramatic spectral broadening that occurs in single-mode semiconductor lasers subject to weak (10-3–10-4) optical feedback well above threshold.1 It is a particularly vexing and elusive phenomenon because it mimics the properties of deterministic chaos and noise-driven instabilities. Here we describe what we believe to be the first experimental observation of coherence collapse using phase-conjugate external feedback. A GaAs/AlGaAs index guided laser diode (Hitachi HLP-1400) is coupled by a variable attenuator—consisting of two polarizers and a half-wave plate—to a passive phase conjugate mirror (PPCM) that uses a barium titanate crystal.2 An optical isolator is placed in the ring to make the PPCM undirectional. This avoids deleterious effects caused by counterpropagating beams. The line broadening was observed with a 16.5-GHz Fabry-Perot interferometer. External cavity modes were seen in the rf intensity noise spectra. This PPCM could produce reflectivites up to 15% at the laser facet. For these experiments, the reflectivity was varied from zero up to 2 × 10-3. At the lower reflectivites (10-4) the initially well-behaved laser experiences undamped relaxation oscillations which beat with the external cavity modes in the nonlinear laser medium to produce the broadband (~10 GHz) single-mode spectra characteristic of coherence collapse.


We developed a new indicator for CO2 concentration in seawater using dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) data as well as temperature data of seawater off Tomakomai. In order to confirm the universality of the new indicator, it was applied to ten sea areas, such as the U.S. West Coast. The result of the correlation between [$\text{DIC}+0.722\text{DO}$] and temperature of each sea area is compared with the correlation between pCO2and DO saturation.


The method described automatically eliminates the effect of a thermoelectromotive force in the galvanometer branch and doubles the sensitivity of the galvanometer to a lack of balance of the potentiometer, thus reducing to half the effect of various types of electrical and mechanical disturbances. In the measurement of small electromotive forces by means of a potentiometer, disturbances in the galvanometer branch frequently limit the accuracy attainable or increase the difficulties in obtaming a specified accuracy. These disturbances may be electrical or mechanical. In addition, the accuracy of the measurements may be limited by the sensitivity of the galvanometer or by the optical system of the galvanometer. Usually the most import.ant disturbing factor in the galvanometer and other parts of the galvanometer branch is a thermoelectromotive force. Under favorable conditions this thermo electromotive force has a value in the range from + 1 to -1 microvolt. When exceptional precautions are taken and an "all-copper circuit" galvanometer is llsed, this electromotive force usually has a value in the range from +0.1 to -0.1 microvolt. If, therefore, the accuracy of measurement is to be of the order of 0.01 microvolt, something in addition to the taking of exceptional precautions mllst be done to avoid the inclusion of the thermoelectromotive force in the galvanometer branch with the electromotive force being measured. Various methods have been used in measuring or compensating the thermo electromotive force in the galvanometer branch or galvanometer branch and potentiometer. The method most generally used 1 consists in balancing the potentiometer in the usual way and then making a second balance after reversing connections to the battery and to the source of the electromotive force being measured. The difference between the two readings of the potentiometer thus obtained is equal to twice the thermo electromotive force in the galvanometer branch and potentiometer. The double measurement gives a correction which may be applied to each of a series of measurements, provided the thermoelectromotive force in the galvanometer branch and potentiometer remains constant throughout the series. I H. Dlesselborst, Z. Instrumentenk. %8, 7 (1908).


abstractReferential metonymy, e.g. 'the moustache (= man with a moustache) sits down first', appears early in L1 acquisition (Falkum, Recasens & Clark, 2017). Yet how does it emerge in pragmatically mature but linguistically developing adult L2 learners? We used one comprehension and two production tasks, based on Falkum and colleagues (2017), to investigate metonymy abilities in 34 Japanese adult learners of English as an additional language (EAL) and a control group of 31 native English speakers. We also examined how time constraints and exposure to examples of referential metonymy affected production. In the comprehension task, both EAL-learner and native-speaker participants chose metonymic readings at above chance levels. In both production tasks, all participants produced innovative metonyms. Additionally, the findings indicate that, in L2, exposure to examples dramatically increases metonymy production, while time pressure decreases it. The results suggest that participants can both comprehend and produce novel metonyms in L2, with a possible explicitness vs. production costs trade-off.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and device for controlling a temperature of air flow in a fuel cell system. SOLUTION: In the method and device, a temperature of entering air into a steam transfer unit can be precisely controlled and a required temperature established can be maintained and a time required for the air flow to reach an optimal working temperature can be minimized. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT


These fast-switching frequency synthesizers deliver excellent spectral purity and flexible sweep functions in a choice of six models with bandwidths as wide as 50 GHz.


In the present paper,the geometric structure of the B-spline manifolds,which consists of all the B-spline functions,is given.From the definition of the B-spline manifolds of all the B-spline functions,it can be seen that the B-spline manifolds are ±1-flat.Moreover,the curvature tensor and the Gaussian curvature for two dimensional B-spline manifolds are obtained.At last,an example illustrates the validity of the Gaussian curvature obtained in this paper.


email@example.com T H E R E H A S B E E N A L O T O F TA L K recently in various USENIX/SAGE venues on how to become an independent consultant. (Well, let's be honest: when hasn't there been a lot of talk on this topic?) Most of the questions are concerned not only with the business side of consulting (e.g., taxes, whether to incorporate, insurance for the self-employed), but also with the nuts and bolts of how to make it as an independent consultant.


This book presents both theoretical and empirical studies of the current reorganization of economic, political and social relations in Britain, West Germany and Scandinavia. The contributors provide critical and well-informed commentaries on issues such as the transition from "Fordism" to "Post-Fordism", discourses and strategies of flexibility, the recomposition of labour markets and labour processes, the changing functions of the welfare state, and the transformation of the state. The arguments are illustrated using cases drawn equally from these three significant and distinct patterns of political economy. In particular, the book assesses how the need for increased "flexibility" influenced the intellectual and organizational responses of these countries to the crises of the late 1970s.


In 1996, WHO estimated that 3.3 million people in 1985 suffered severe cancer pain of which 2.5 million were left untreated (see Table 1). If the same trend continues, by 2015 there will be 4.5 million people with untreated cancer pain.1 The size of the problem is staggering, and the imbalance all too worrying. The WHO strategy as to how to deal with this enormous problem is based on three components: education, opioid availability, and government policies. The background problems are several and there are large differences among countries. These include:


The rapid measurement of gas concentrations is beneficial to a broad range of applications, including pollution monitoring, high-precision spectroscopy, and medical breath analysis. Optical frequency combs (OFCs) are a near-ideal optical interrogation source for molecular spectroscopy, combining broadband light with high frequency-precision and dense spectral sampling, characteristics which also allow short measurement times. A spectrometer based on a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) is used to unravel the comb into a high-resolution transmission spectrum, with the returned spectra rapidly fitted with a detailed spectral model for concentration extraction of CO2. We demonstrate an accuracy of 0.5% and 12% for concentration measurements of 12C16O2 and 13C16O2 respectively, with the measured isotopic ratio in excellent agreement with that expected from their natural abundances. Precision of the concentration measurements is also high, at 0.03% and 1.24% for 12C16O2 and 13C16O2 respectively. The measurement technique is also verified to be highly linear for concentrations ranging over three orders of magnitude. The spatial and temporal coherence of OFCs additionally enables the use of the full range of performance-enhancing optical techniques including resonant enhancement. Here we demonstrate the use of a multi-pass Herriott cell to enhance the effective measurement path length, which allows the continuous optical measurement of CO2 production during the respiration of baker's yeast in a closed system. Results from the yeast experiments agree well with existing literature.


Considers the technique of scale space for a range of image processing and computer vision applications. In the past both linear and morphological approaches have been used to evaluate a scale space description and it has been shown that morphological techniques possess certain advantages including speed of computation. However the existing morphological approaches produce a non symmetrical output with respect to intrusions and protrusions of a signal. The paper describes a new morphological approach for scale space description which eliminates the above problem and which therefore treats both signal intrusions and protrusions equally. Also, a new property called the AVEC property, related to scale space behaviour is defined. >


The control device of the present invention includes: a control logical database for saving control logic data; a control generating part for performing logic calculation and generating a plurality of control signals; and an operation sequence calculation part for calculating the operation sequence of an operating variable. The operation sequence calculation part is directed at interrelated operating variables in a plurality of operating variables saved in the control logical database to determine the operation sequence of a plurality of operation variables according to delay time in logic calculation during determining a second operating variable from each operating variable to add into logical calculation results of a first operating variable. The control generating part performs a plurality of logic calculations for making the plurality of measurement signals be consistent with the operating variable so as to provide a plurality of control signal to the complete equipment. During changing the operating variable in the plurality of logical calculations, the changing sequence of other operating variables associated with the operating variable is performed by determining the operating sequence of the plurality of operating variables from the operating sequence calculation part.


A comparison of hypophysectomized rats receiving cortisone with similar rats not given corticoid therapy showed that in the former the thyroidal binding of I131 was promoted during the first 16 min after I131 injection. Thyrotropin (TSH) augmented the uptake of I131 by the thyroids of hypophysectomized rats (measured 8 min after I131 injection), but did not improve the efficiency of its organic binding. When such rats were treated with cortisone before TSH was given, the binding of I131 in the thyroid was more efficient. Similarly, intact rats given large doses of cortisone had a higher percentage of thyroidal I131 in the organic form (8 min after the administration of the isotope) than did their untreated counterparts. Cortisone treatment appears to facilitate organic binding of I131 which has entered the thyroid recently.


This paper addresses the problem of a coordinated road search by multiple Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs). The key requirement is for the road to be searched by the optical sensors residing on each UAV in such a way as to guarantee a non empty intersection of their respective fields of view. This problem is cast in the framework of coordinated path generation and path following for multiple UAVs developed in the earlier papers by the authors. Thus, initially the paper provides a brief overview of the coordinated path generation and path following framework. This is followed by the presentation of the flight test results where this framework was applied to a coordinated road search scenario.


It is shown that the approach of the Consistent Q Formalism, which has proved successful in the Interacting Boson Model description of even-even nuclei, can be extended to odd A nuclei within the framework of the Interacting Boson-Fermion Model. The proposed method describes the transition between the SU(3) and O(6) symmetry limits of the U(6/12) boson fermion group, and can be applied to the odd neutron W, Os, Pt nuclei. As in the even-even case, a number of parameter-free predictions emerge for the transitional region concerning energies, B(E2) values and also single particle structure factors, and some of these are compared to existing data for the odd Os nuclei. 15 references.


Technical aspects of utilization of gas turbines for district heating applications are discussed. Economic advantages of gas turbine plants for district heating loads below 700 MWt are presented. Use of gas turbines with steam turbines in different combinations are also discussed.Copyright © 1981 by ASME


This investigation analyzes the dependency of minority charge carrier lifetime values at grain boundaries in multicrystalline silicon on the grain boundary type after P gettering and/or firing of SiNx:H layers deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. To get a broad statistics, a new method to determine the coincidence site lattice grain boundary types on large scale throughout entire 50 × 50 mm2 samples is combined with spatially resolved lifetime-calibrated photoluminescence measurements and mappings of the interstitial iron concentration. As an evaluation of the lifetime data at grain boundaries in comparison to the recombination activity of the bordering grains, lifetime contrast values are calculated. The correlation of this dependency on the grain boundary type with the impurity concentration is analyzed by the investigation of multicrystalline samples from two different ingots grown by directional solidification with different crucible material qualities. A dependency of the efficacy ...


Drifts in radial velocities of OR maser features of the three semiregular variable stars R Crt, RT Vir and W Hya have been analyzed. The radial velocities of the extreme blueand red-shifted features drifted by about 0.2 km S-l to 1 km s-l on time-scales of few months to several years. In the case of W Hya a blending effect of spectral features can account for those drifts. In the two other sources the velocity drifts are likely to be intrinsic to the clumps for which the velocities of peak emission vary due to appearance or disappearance of maser emission in the regions where circumstellar matter is still accelerated.


Objective To investigate the changes and clinical significance of serum matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) concentration in the children with heart failure(HF).Methods Serum MMP-2,plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) concentrations and left ventricular parameters were all measured in HF group and control group,and the relationship between serum MMP-2 and NT-proBNP,left ventricular parameters were also studied.Results The serum MMP-2 concentration of patients with HF were significantly higher than the control group,and it also increased with the increasing severity of HF(P0.01).The serum MMP-2 concentration and plasma NT-proBNP had significant correlations(r=0.78,P0.01).Conclusion Serum MMP-2 can be involved in left ventricular remodeling of HF and measuring its concentration is helpful to judging the severity and prognosis of HF.


Pedestrian is the VRU in urban traffic system, especially along the motorization in city, the right-of-way of pedestrian was withered, along with the development of vehicles and the road net construction. And it is withering at present. At unsignlized roadway crosswalk, pedestrian is in a poorer situation for he/she has to watch, wait, grasp the rare gaps in the rapid vehicle flows, because drivers in Beijing are impatient for any delay on their way unless they meet a red signal. In this article, two unsignalized crosswalks on roadway in Beijing are introduced. Based on statistic and observation, the behaviours and safety condition of pedestrian are described. Comparing the different traffic flow, the speeds on the roads and the gaps for pedestrian are analyzed, which are the basis for related study and the pedestrian walking situations. Speeds are measured according the types of pedestrian for study and compared with those in other conditions, which are an important parameter in behaviour analysis. Especially, not only the vehicle flow character, but also the number of pedestrians in platoon or crowds can influence the walking behaviours and safety condition. In observation, it shows that the waiting time influence the critical gap, not only the venturesome people can grasp the minor gaps. For pedestrians in a platoon or crowd can encourage each other. It results in the Game between the drivers and pedestrians, when they act in related tactic before they run into conflict area, according to the opposing parties, respectively. Gaps in vehicle flow can be enlarged by pedestrians indirectly, although it comes from vehicles directly. So the priority of right-of-way varies in different roadway, in light of the traffic condition and individuals who involved in the competition of right-of-way. The statistic of the data enriches related analysis based on observation and it useful for further research. Advices are provided for practice in engineering, and the conclusion can also be reference for similar measure. For the covering abstract see ITRD E138091. This paper is available from http://ictct.org/dlObject.php?document_nr=530&/1_2Shi%20Jiangang24_33.pdf


To characterize the severity and outcome of traumatic injuries suffered by victims of elder abuse, describe the characteristics of the perpetrators, and identify risk factors associated with severe traumatic elder abuse.


This paper demonstrates how to use the theory of causal position in practice for evaluation, systematic design, mechanization and automation in logistic processes namely in manipulation with material. For a broader usage of this complicated theory we started designing an expert system "KAUZA – X", which will be easy to operate even for non expert. The theoretical bases of a system are: the systems approach (Logistic system is made up of a set of elements and relationships.) and the theory of cauzal position (The cause of the motion of an object lies in the types of its position and in the relationships between them). The properties of the object and its utilization result in individual positions, which form a continual chain in space and are technically and organizationally interrelated. For each of many linkages, there is a process of searching for the rationality of technical – economic optimums.


University of Dar es Salaam [UDSM–World Bank Fund (C1B1) ], Tanzania.South African Department of Science and Technology (DST)/National Research Foundation (NRF) SARChI Chair for Mammal Behavioural Ecology and Physiology, University of Pretoria.


Information Systems studies of IT-enabled corruption control under-theorize corruption as an individual or social phenomenon, without considering the salience of corruption opportunity in the work environment. Drawing insights from Criminology (opportunity theory of crime), Information Systems (sociotechnical systems theory) and Public Administration (government reform in developing countries), we explain IT-enabled control of government corruption as occurring by reductions of corruption opportunity through sociotechnical reconfiguration. A case study of IT-enabled reforms at Ghana customs over a thirty-year period (1986-2015) is used to instantiate how IT enables corruption control over time by reducing corruption opportunity through reconfiguring work practices and organizational arrangements. We contribute an explanation of IT-enabled corruption control that emphasizes changing work arrangements and processes through IT, rather than changing offenders or the organizational and broader social and economic conditions-approaches that often prove unyielding. © International Conference on Information Systems 2018, ICIS 2018.All rights reserved.


In this work we identify the coherent vortices in the leeward wake of an HQ 17 airfoil with a Gurney flap. This high-lift device consists of a small plate perpendicular to the airfoil, at or near the trailing edge, with a height � of the order from 1% to 4% of the chord. The overall effect is to produce a significant increase in lift, together with a relatively minor increase in airfoil drag. Its geometry generates vortex shedding of spatial scale H, which modulates the wake and thus influence the global configuration of the flow. A numerical study was performed with the commercial software ANSYS Fluent. Simultaneously, experiments were carried out in the wind tunnel of the Aeronautical Departmental Area from the Engineering School of the National University of La Plata. With a Dantec StreamLine hot-wire anemometer, records of the instantaneous horizontal and vertical velocity components in the airfoil wake were obtained. Both the experimental data and those obtained by numerical simulation were analyzed with the continuous wavelet transform technique, in order to identify and characterize the coherent vortices in the wake. Results show the shed vortices structure and the organization degree of this periodic shedding.


Xujiahe sandstone in west Sichuan of China which is not only the important gas reservoir and producing pay, but also the one of the most deeply buried and tightest clastic reservoir rock has developed relatively favorable reservoirs for natural gas accumulation. After burial, this sandstone has experienced a complex change in the process of diagenesis, so that the secondary porosity and primary porosity coexisted in it. Based on the study of petrography, mineralogy, geochemistry and characteristic of diagenesis of this sandstone reservoir, we generalize the reservoir diagenetic features of Xujiahe sandstone in west SiChuan in the condition of deep burial, and then, conclude its formation mechanism of relatively high quality reservoirs.


The present invention provides a high detection accuracy of the fingerprint sensor. In order to solve the problem, a fingerprint sensor of the present invention comprises: configuring an electrostatic capacitance detection circuit in a matrix portion in a matrix shape, the electrostatic capacitance of the electrostatic capacitance detection circuit between the output and the fingerprint is formed corresponding to the detection signal; and an amplifier circuit, for amplifying the detection signal. Amplifying circuit has a function for outputting a detection signal to the capacitance detection circuit of the signal source. It configured such that the detection signal is transmitted from the amplification circuit through the electrostatic capacitance detection circuit to the low-potential power source line.


It is not easy for a student to present a question or comment to the lecturer and other students in large classes. This paper introduces a new audience presentation system (APS), which creates slide presentations of students' mobile responses in the classroom. Experimental surveys demonstrate the utility of this APS for classroom interactivity. key words: audience presentation system, response presentation system, mobile presentation system, classroom interactivity


This article examines the marginal position of artisanal miners in sub-Saharan Africa, and considers how they are incorporated into mineral sector change in the context of institutional and legal integration. Taking the case of diamond and gold mining in Tanzania, the concept of social exclusion is used to explore the consequences of marginalization on people's access to mineral resources and ability to make a living from artisanal mining. Because existing inequalities and forms of discrimination are ignored by the Tanzanian state, the institutionalization of mineral titles conceals social and power relations that perpetuate highly unequal access to resources. The article highlights the complexity of these processes, and shows that while legal integration can benefit certain wealthier categories of people, who fit into the model of an 'entrepreneurial small-scale miner', for others adverse incorporation contributes to socio-economic dependence, exploitation and insecurity. For the issue of marginality to be addressed within integration processes, the existence of local forms of organization, institutions and relationships, which underpin inequalities and discrimination, need to be recognized.


Complexes of divalent copper of the type CuCrO4·4Am and CuCrO4·2Am·2H2O with Am=ammonia or primary aliphatic amine, have been prepared and characterized. All the compounds reported are paramagnetic and values of μeff in the range 1.77–1.86 B.M. The assignment of the vibrational bands of the ligands and their shifts in frequency on co-ordination with copper(II) ion are discussed.