Blending of two or more polymers offers a good possibility to modify thermoplastic material so as to improve their properties. Polystyrene and high density poly(ethylene) (PS/HDPE) are two widely used commodity plastics. In this study it is proposed to upgrade the blends by using low cost nano kaolinite clay, a layered type alumina silicate. In order to generate high modulus and strength a polystyrene rich blend PS/HDPE (80/20) was selected for the study. The prepared blends have been characterized for mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus etc. Effect of different organo groups grafted kaolin clays at various loadings on mechanical and flow properties were studied. Effect of unmodified clay and modified clays such as amino and dialkylsilane grafted clays were studied. The mechanical tests revealed that tensile properties increased significantly after the addition of nanofiller in comparison to the pure blend. Modification of clay by organic groups has led to better filler dispersion and wetting of matrix. Characterization of tensile fractured specimens done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).


Silver matrix composites containing 1÷2% graphene platelets of various thicknesses were uniaxially hot pressed at 480°C in vacuum from powders ball milled for 5 hours. Two kinds of graphene nanoplatelets were added: (i) nanoflakes (FLRGO) of a thickness 2÷4 nm, which led to a higher hardness (35÷49 HV) and slightly lower electrical resistivity of the composites, than that of pure hot pressed Ag and (ii) nanographite platelets (N006) 10÷20 nm thick as confirmed by electron microscopy, which caused a similar increase in hardness up to 34÷45 HV and about a 40% higher electrical resistivity than that of pure hot pressed Ag. SEM studies showed a more homogeneous microstructure of the composites with the FLRGO graphene additions. TEM studies confirmed refinement of the thickness and lateral size of the graphene particles after milling and hot compaction down to a few nm manifested by diffused electron diffraction. The hot extrusion of hot pressed composites with FLRGO platelets caused the growth of graphene platelets and coagulation of the platelets, which contributed to a higher hardness and electrical resistivity.


Electronically tunable microwave components have become the subject of intense research efforts in recent years. Many new communications systems would greatly benefit from these components. For example, planned low Earth orbiting satellite networks have a need for electronically scanned antennas. Thin ferroelectric films are one of the major technologies competing to fill these applications. When a direct-current (dc) voltage is applied to ferroelectric film, the dielectric constant of the film can be decreased by nearly an order of magnitude, changing the high-frequency wavelength in the microwave device. Recent advances in film growth have demonstrated high-quality ferroelectric thin films. This technology may allow microwave devices that have very low power and are compact, lightweight, simple, robust, planar, voltage tunable, and affordable. The NASA Lewis Research Center has been designing, fabricating, and testing proof-of-concept tunable microwave devices. This work, which is being done in-house with funding from the Lewis Director's Discretionary Fund, is focusing on introducing better microwave designs to utilize these materials. We have demonstrated Ku- and K-band phase shifters, tunable local oscillators, tunable filters, and tunable diplexers. Many of our devices employ SrTiO3 as the ferroelectric. Although it is one of the more tunable and easily grown ferroelectrics, SrTiO3 must be used at cryogenic temperatures, usually below 100 K. At these temperatures, we frequently use high-temperature superconducting thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-8 to carry the microwave signals. However, much of our recent work has concentrated on inserting room-temperature ferroelectric thin films, such as BaxSr1- xTiO3 into these devices. The BaxSr1-xTiO3 films are used in conjuction with normal metal conductors, such as gold.


The Logistics' Investment Program (PIL) was launched during the first management (2011-2014) of President Dilma Rousseff. The PIL aimed to increase the infrastructure and logistics related to carrying loads in Brazil. However, the production of political/economic/ideological conflicting relations in Brazil, between the years of 2013 and 2016, influenced and putted end to what was planned.  In this way, the objective of this article is to describe the strategies, the guidelines and the objectives of the PIL, as well as to demonstrate the results obtained. For this, we perform bibliographical, documentary and cyberspace surveys.


Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge,attitude and practices of school children and school teachers towards oral hygiene, oral health and also to assess the dentition status in school children in rural and urban areas of Khammam. Materials and methods: In the present study 700school students of age group 9-15 years and 100 teachers were included.data on oral health KAP from school students and teachers were collected by giving a close ended questionnaire consisting of 24 and 31 pre tested questions respectively. Results: The results of this study show that most of the teachers (98%) said oral health played an important role in general health, whereas only 72.28% of students agreed with this.Most of the teachers (50%) said that brushing regularly, mouth rinsing and regular visit to the dentist will help in preventing dental problems, whereas the majority (28%) of the students answered that brushing regularly prevents dental problems. A maximum number of teachers (93%) said that they knew a clean mouth prevents dental decay, whereas only 73.28% students knew it. A total of 66% of the teachers and 56.85% of students did not know what flossis. A majority of teachers (69%) and 51.42% of students have visited the dentist.Most of the students visited the dentist when they had dental pain.More than 50% of the teachers cleaned their teeth twice daily (62%). Very few (3%) cleaned their teeth after every meal. It was found that 40%of the children brush twice daily.Majority of students used other oral hygiene aids like mouthwash and dental floss. Among children the mean "DMF-T" was 2.68 and the mean 'D' was 0.14, the mean 'M' was 0.14 and the mean 'F' was 0.15. Conclusions: Results of the present study suggest that the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of school children were less than satisfactory, whereas among school teachers it was found to be just satisfactory.This clearly shows that there is a need to improve the knowledge of school children in particular and school teachers in general. This can be achieved by conducting regular oral health education camps in all the schools and also a large number of community based oral health camps.


The frequency of space atomic clocks on board the satellites of global navigation satellite systems, as observed from the ground, shows different types of periodic variations, among which the J2 relativistic component due to the Earth oblateness. This component is often so small to be masked by the clock noise, but nonetheless it affects the stability of the clock's frequency. Here, after reviewing the theory of the J2 relativistic effect, we carefully analyze GPS clocks' data looking for the J2 periodic component. Moreover, we study its effect on the clock's Allan deviation, showing how it deforms the shape of the bump visible at an averaging time of about one half of the satellites' orbital period, due to periodic frequency variations of other origin.


Due to the scale of online environments, large numbers of learners interact with the exact same resources, such as online math homework problems and videos. It is therefore essential these are of the highest quality to help learners. Ideally, online educational resources would constantly improve based on data and input from each learner, giving a better outcome for the next. This symposium explores issues around the use of crowdsourcing to harness learners' interactions with resources like online problems and videos in order to improve these resources for the next learner. We hope to explore the benefits and limitations of thinking about learners through the lens of crowdsourcing, to imagine learnersourcing. We will discuss four ways in which researchers have leveraged crowdsourcing to help students learn in a variety of educational contexts, and in doing so we will also discuss ways in which educational theory can guide the future of learnersourcing.


Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) were analyzed in human milk from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Scandinavia. Individual samples were collected from Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing (China), Stockholm (Sweden), and Bodø (Norway) between 2010 and 2016. Mean concentrations (range) of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from the YRD were 124 [<limit of detection (LOD)-676], 146 (<LOD-1260), and 19.1 (<LOD-184) ng g–1 fat, respectively, all of which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 15.9 (<LOD-120), 45.0 (<LOD-311), and 5.50 (<LOD-29.0) ng g–1 fat, respectively, in samples from Scandinavia. MCCPs predominate in most samples, and LCCP concentrations exceed reported for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the same regions. This study is the first to confirm LCCP exposure via breastfeeding. Principal component analysis showed that the YRD samples were more influenced by SCCPs than the Scandinavian samples, which mirror different exposures to CPs between the regions. Because of a large variation in concentrations among individuals, SCCP intake via breastfeeding indicated a potential health concern in the 90th percentile among Chinese infants. Further, CP concentrations in the YRD samples from first-time mothers were on average three times higher than from second-time mothers. In order to limit the worldwide CP contamination, the inclusion of SCCPs as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention needs to be followed up, with the inclusion of MCCPs and LCCPs as well.


This article underscores the significance of Jose Donoso's "Papers", in the custody of Iowa University, in connection whith Julio Ortega's ideas about them, as made known by the newpaper "La Tercera", in Chile. In addition, a reading of homophobia as expression of a surreptitious eros, is made in the novels "El lugar sin limites" and in "El obsceno pajaro de la noche". In contrast to the homoerotic discourse that Ortega detects in Donoso, the narrators in the two best known novels of the Chilean writer express a constant rejection of the marginal characters, or otherwise expose sodomy as a form which expresses the inferiority of the underling.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a viral respiratory infection, was declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Studies from across the world centered on patient follow-up are adding to the knowledge on late complications observed in COVID-19 convalescents. Literature search was performed using databases with search terms "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "Long COVID," "COVID-19 complications," "post COVID sequelae," "COVID-19 recovery," and "persistent symptoms." Articles in English excluding pediatric (<18 years) and pregnant population were included for literature review. Studies from across the world reported various pulmonary, cardiac, hematologic, renal, neuropsychiatric, endocrine, and gastrointestinal complications and other nonspecific persistent symptoms. Several of these complications are similar to the postinfectious symptoms reported in previous viral respiratory disease outbreaks. In this narrative review, we review current literature on complications that follow recovery from acute episode of COVID-19.


In this paper, we study the following theoretical scheduling problem: the tasks of a given application have to be statically distributed and executed on the heterogeneous servers of a multi-user system on a wide area, heterogeneous network, such as Internet. The application is divided into a set of communicating tasks that may be executed on at least one, and possibly several, servers. The processing time of each task depends on the server processing it, and the communication delay between two tasks depends on the communicating servers. Task duplication is allowed. We propose an efficient algorithm that first uses a PERT-like algorithm to compute the earliest execution dates of each task and then build an optimal static solution for this scheduling problem, with a low number of tasks duplications.


A design method for the omnidirectional wireless power transmission system (OWPT) is proposed. The OWPT is realized by applying the rotating magnetic field, which is generated by the proposed transmitter. The proposed transmitter is composed by two mutually perpendicular loops fed by two excitation sources with the same magnitude but different phases. An OWPT system prototype is fabricated and measured. The experimental results validate the property of omnidirectional wireless power transmission. Furthermore, the magnetic field distribution can be steered by the feeding phase difference between the two loops. This capability enable the proposed OWPT system to focus energy for receiver moving in a limited range of receiving angle.


In the twentieth century, time became a key-concept for music – maybe the art more dependent on time. Even so, a myriad of definitions did turn this idea not only into a rich element for musical discourse but also into a conceptual battlefield in discourses about music. Unfortunately, there was an issue for this struggle between theoretical ideas and musical composition that always insisted in striking the debate: the performance. Thus, this is the aim of this short reflection: to bring performers as protagonists in the debate, listening to their experience in time and of time in performance. For this, the Augustinian link between Time and Memory is taken as a bottom line for the discussion. In understanding music as a kind of discourse, another important conceptual device will be claimed for this reflection, that is Rhetoric. The first part of this reflection recollects concepts from the Aristotelian and Augustinian approaches on time and discourse, and concludes with a review of the main definitions of time by composers in the twentieth century. The second part reviews three theoretical approaches of musical form as process. A third section comprises the embodiment of those discussions into practice in the Cello Sonata, written by Bernd Alois Zimmermann.


Biotransformations were developed to oxidize Ne-Z-L-lysine and to reduce the product keto acid to L-Z-oxylysine. Lysyl oxidase from Trichodema viride was relatively specific for L-lysine and had very low activity with Ne-substituted derivatives. L-Amino acid oxidase from Crotalus adamanteus venom had low activity with L-lysine but high activity with Ne-formyl-, t-BOC-, acetyl-, trifluoroacetyl-, or Z-Llysine. L-2-Hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus confusus catalyzed the reduction by NADH of the keto acids from Ne-acetyl-, trifluoroacetyl-, formyl-, and Z-L-lysine but was inactive with the products from oxidation of L-lysine, L-lysine methyl ester, L-lysine ethyl ester, or Ne-t-BOC-L-lysine. Providencia alcalifaciens (SC9036, ATCC 13159) was a good microbial substitute for the snake venom oxidase and also provided catalase. NeZ-L-Lysine was converted to Z-L-oxylysine in 95% yield with 98.5% optical purity by oxidation using Providencia alcalifaciens cells followed by reduction of the keto acid using L-2hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase. NADH was regenerated using formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii. The Providencia oxidase was localized in the particulate fraction, and catalase activity was predominantly in the soluble fraction of sonicated cells. pH optima and kinetic constants were determined for the reactions.


Magnetic nanoparticles have drawn attention recently due to their interesting nanoscopic features and potential applications. Various kinds of ferrite nanoparticles with diameters between 3 and 34 nm encapsulated by amorphous SiO2 were functionalized and examined for biomedical applications. From dc and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements, it was found that these particles followed the Néel relaxation system. Co–Zn ferrite (Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4) nanoparticles were prepared and the increase in temperature in the ac field was estimated for hyperthermia treatment. In vitro experiments using cultured human breast cancer cells were carried out, and a dramatic hyperthermia effect was observed. As one of the diagnostic methods, magnetic resonance (MR) measurements were performed for CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, and the samples were also evaluated as potential contrast media for MR imaging.


New records of Stigmaphyllon puberulum from the Atlantic Forest, northeastern Brazil, are presented, extending its distribution in the states of Alagoas, Paraiba and Rio Grande do Norte.


BACKGROUND
Dysplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often suboptimal and deviates from guidelines.

AIMS
To assess dysplasia surveillance behaviours and adherence to guidelines amongst a large tertiary teaching health network with a specialised IBD unit to identify areas where dysplasia surveillance could be improved.

METHODS
A retrospective audit of IBD surveillance colonoscopy practice over an 18-month period was performed using the Provation Endoscopy Database and the hospital's primary sclerosing cholangitis database RESULTS: The audit identified 115 dysplasia surveillance colonoscopies. 37% of index dysplasia colonoscopies were outside recommended guidelines. 10% had inadequate bowel preparation and only 40% had excellent bowel preparation. 28% of patients underwent dye-based chromoendoscopy and 69% underwent high-definition white-light endoscopy (HD-WLE). Dye-chromoendoscopy was more likely to be used by IBD specialists than interventional endoscopists (p=0.008) and other endoscopists (p=0.004). Only IBD specialists and interventional endoscopists used dye-chromoendoscopy. Dysplasia or colorectal cancer was detected in 3.4% of the colonoscopies. Overall, the number of dysplasia examinations was lower than expected.

CONCLUSION
Dysplasia surveillance in the IBD population remains an area of improvement given the current national guidelines. IBD specialists are more likely to perform dye-chromoendoscopy than other endoscopists / gastroenterologists. Dysplasia rates in this real-world contemporary setting are less than expected in historical studies and may represent improvements in IBD management principles and medications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


In a previous paper, we have discussed how the Landau potential (entering in Landau theory of phase transitions) can be simplified using the Poincare normalization procedure. Here, we apply this approach to the Landau-deGennes functional for the isotropic-nematic transitions, and transitions between different nematic phases, in liquid crystals. We give special attention to applying our method in the region near the main transition point, showing in full detail how this can be done via a suitable simple modification of our Poincare-like method. We also consider the question if biaxial phases can branch directly off the fully symmetric state; some partial results in this direction are presented.


A general and flexible sound synthesis method is described, which is based on controlled random excitations and parameter modifications of resonant filters. Parameters can be derived from simulations of particle/friction systems, from data extracted from physical experiments, from signal analysis (a developing yet still open topic of research), or from simple experimentation and ''tweaking.'' The algorithm has proven convincing and useful for modeling the sounds of many common objects and interactions in music and everyday life. Particle system examples include maracas, windchimes, coins in a pocket, ice cubes in a glass, shoveling gravel, breaking glass, etc. Friction systems include coins rolling along a table, squeaking floor panels and hinges, etc. Aside from being flexible and realistic, the algorithm is extremely efficient by nearly any standard of computation or memory use. Most exciting is the ability to drive and modify the parameters in real time, resulting in virtual objects and systems which a...


Gum arabic (Acacia senegal) is an important natural oil-in-water emulsifier, which is widely used in the food industry. However, emulsification performance of natural gum arabic greatly varies depending on origin, production area, tree age, the weather and changes in arabinogalactan protein (AGP) content during storage. The correlation between AGP components and emulsifying stability has been studied in detail using natural gum arabic. Molecular weight and AGP content were analysed using GPC-MALLS (Gel permeation chromatography – multi-angle laser light scattering) and emulsifying stability was evaluated by measuring the particle size of test emulsions after accelerated storage. AGP content of natural gum arabic varies greatly. Gum arabic with a higher AGP content has a higher emulsifying stability, whereas gum arabic with a lower AGP content has a lower emulsifying stability. It is very important for emulsion users to have access to a supply of high performance natural gum arabic with a higher and consistent AGP content.


This case study quantifies the savings that can be realized through integration in National Computing & Information Agency (NCIA) of the Korea Government. It is based on the process of the NCIA development project that consolidating and integrating distributed 24 agencies. And it used the widely accepted Gartner TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) Solution and applies that methodology consistently before and after integration. Specific measurement items for examining the information system integration saving cost are developed pilot test for 2 agencies through compare TCO before integration and TCO after integration. The results of measuring on information system integration in NCIA are showed lots of economic cost reduction in TCO by integrating and consolidating each computing environment in agency. Especially in detail, NCIA realized the most savings in IT Capital Cost including development of hardware, software and recovery system. Also IT Support Cost and IT Administration Cost examined more savings than before IT integration.


Gauge blocks continue to be essential reference artifacts in manufacturing because of their simple geometry, but also because they can provide very high accuracy for a reasonable cost. The calibration technique of optical interferometry can directly link gauge block central length to the distance light travels in vacuum in 1/299792458 of a second, the definition of the International System of Units (SI) of length, the metre [1]. Gauge blocks calibrated by interferometry are then used in turn as reference standards to calibrate gauge blocks by mechanical comparison techniques, subsequently propagating the definition of the metre along the chain of calibrations, each with a specified measurement uncertainty. Even though these two calibrations involve the same artifact, dominant components in the evaluations of measurement uncertainty for these two techniques are fundamentally different. This is due to the fact that the method of calibration for interferometry involves measuring light waves in air and absolute gauge block temperature, whereas mechanical comparison involves tactile probing and the important temperature measurement is actually the temperature difference between reference standard and client gauge blocks. Detailed measurement uncertainty evaluations in accordance with the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) [2] for calibration of gauge blocks by techniques of interferometry and mechanical comparison can be found in the literature (see below). Some of the dominant components of these uncertainty budgets are highlighted for discussion.


To ensure the safety of computer and network system,we adopt the technology of mobile agent by way of researching deeply on the intrusion detection system. This paper constructs the model of CVE-based intrusion detection system and discusses the mobile agent technology applied on CVE -based intrusion detection system. During the course of testing, we draw a conclusion that the agent improves the efficient of the system detection.


This exploratory study revolves around sexual and affective experiences among men who have traveled through prisons and prisons. Initially he explores how these homo-erotic and homo-affective dynamics have been presented in film and literature to continue with a couple of life stories that condense the experience of men who have had sex with other men in jails and prisons.
The experience of sexuality is subject to the scenarios where it develops, in prisons and prisons relations between men are not always given by a pulsating homosexual desire. Economic, political and psychological factors such as the exchange of goods and services, physiological or affective needs, can lead two men to consummate a sexual and even sentimental relationship.


The reason analysis for the leakage of the doubling acting hydraulic oil cylinder, and the methods for improving the leakproofness of the sealing elements: the complex guide method, the combined sealing method and the multiple sealing method.


Abstract:In line with the policy and regulations on Public Services, PDAM Tirta Mahakam needs to improve the quality of services and make continuous improvements so that PDAM Tirta Mahakam can perform its duties and roles in improving service quality.To find out more about the commitment of PDAM Tirta Mahakam in providing public services for clean water supply, a survey was needed that can provide an overview of the public perception of PDAM Tirta Mahakam customers. The results of the survey are expected to provide assistance to programs to improve services and improve clean water services.Respondents in this study were households that were registered as customers of PDAM Tirta Mahakam Tenggarong Branch until early 2019. Sampling was carried out proportionally by considering the distribution of respondents in the working area of PDAM Tirta Mahakam Tenggarong Branch. The population was based on the number of Household Connections (SRs) with a sample size of 375 respondents spread in 13 Urban Vilalges in Tenggarong District taken proportionallyThe results of the study explained that based on the Service Element, the Satisfaction Index of the Tirta Mahakam Tenggarong Branch scored 2,942. This value means that the service performance of PDAM Tirta Mahakam Tenggarong Branch is categorized as Low Service Performance. There is one service element that has good performance, namely the service element from Product Specifications with a value of 3.165 while for the other eight elements it is not good. Based on the Urban Village, only four stated that their performance was good, namely Timbau, Loa Ipuh, Mangkurawang and Panji. Eight urban villages have low service performance. One other has poor service performance, namely Loa Ipuh Darat.Based on important performance analysis, the attributes that need to be improved are due to high customer expectations, namely the smooth flow of the day, the accuracy of office service hours, the accuracy of bills with water usage, the suitability of bill costs with water quality, conformity with ability to pay, the quality of raw water, and clarity water.Keywords : Service quality; Consumer Satisfaction Index; PDAM services; Important Performance Analysis


"The need for environmental accounting and environmental disclosure has become a concern of the countries and departments responsible for the company and has become one of the most important issues For the countries and companies began to pay attention since 1990 and the reasons vary, some due to the inside of the company The aim of the research is to highlight the types of environmental and mechanical costs that are used to adapt the unified accounting system applied in municipalities to the disclosure of environmental information in the financial statements. The research was applied by conducting an analytical study of the financial reports in Diwaniyah Municipality Directorate for the years 2015-2014 The research concluded with a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that the financial reports did not disclose any quantitative, qualitative or financial information about the costs and environmental revenues of Diwaniya Municipality and its application of the principle of recognition, measurement and accounting disclosure of environmental costs and revenues issued by the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Accounting Standards. The researched to some a range of proposals. The most important of which is the need for the competent authorities to contribute to the deepening of the concept of environmental accounting and the importance of creating an accounting system with an emphasis on the need to disclose financial reports adequately on environmental accounting information."


Sayre defines for the first time the apparently diffuse avant-garde art of the past two decades in terms of its distinctly postmodern concerns. The range of arts discussed here encompasses contemporary dance, photography, oral poetics, performance art, and earthworks. "Sayre has written one of the most intelligent, sensible, and readable accounts of the tenents of Postmodern artmaking published to date."--Jeff Abell, "New Art Examiner" "No one can read "The Object of Performance" without gaining a far better idea than before of what has happened to art, and, in some measure, why. . . . I find this book consistently illuminating."--Arthur C. Danto


Background: To eliminate the pests of their crops and gardens, farmers use pesticides, where the unsafe use and lack of knowledge of using them inflict irreparable physical harms to them and those around them. Therefore, this study was done to find out which behaviors are the determinants of the safe use of pesticides among pistachio farmers in Ardakan city based on the Health Belief Model. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, with a descriptive correlational approach, was conducted in 2014 on 301 farmers selected via proportionate stratified random sampling using a researcher-made questionnaire in Ardakan city. The questionnaire consisted of demographic variables and HBM constructs, such as perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, cues to action, and safety behaviors. Results: The mean score of knowledge was 25.64 ± 7.45 out of 38, and the subjects received 60 of the score. In addition, the mean score of perceived susceptibility was 32.72 ± 7.79 out of 55, the mean score of perceived severity was 33.53 ± 8.44 out of 55, the mean score of perceived benefits was 25.99 ± 5.59 out of 30, and the mean score of perceived barriers was 17.99 ± 4.5 out of 30. Other results are presented in the section 'results' of the article. Conclusions: Given the mean scores obtained, there is a need for developing a training program based on the results to reduce damage caused by pesticides, with safe measures to be adopted.


Unequal space charge region widths on the p and n sides of a symmetrical double drift Si IMPATT diode are observed under pulsed operating conditions. The space charge region width on the p side is greater than its value on the n side and the difference is appreciable at higher current densities. This unusual behaviour in a symmetrical structure is attributed to the carrier's space-charge effect. Moreover, the deviation of the avalanche region centre from the p-n junction interface is not significant at mm-wave frequencies, as commonly believed. The inequality in space charge region widths in symmetrical structure starts in the range of current levels where the conventional design mode is valid. It thus violates conventional design criteria and reduces the diode's Q and efficiency. An optimisation method for improved performance of pulsed IMPATT diodes in the conventional design mode is presented and shown by extending Chang and Ebert's symmetrical optimum design for 10–15 W pulsed power at 94 GHz.


Restoration of degraded shrublands using native shrubs is a challenging task for conservation and management with continued climate change. Investigation of native shrub species from the Lower Rio Grande Valley, USA, showed physiological tolerance to potential future extreme soil water stress though with a gradient of water use strategies that are species specific.


The precision of Lake Champlain's water level estimation is a key component in the flood forecasting process for the Richelieu River. Hydrological models do not typically take into consideration the effects of the wind on the water level (also known as the wind set‐up). The objective of this study is to create an empirical wind set‐up forecast model for Lake Champlain during high wind events. The proposed model uses wind speed and direction across the Lake, as well as wind gusts as inputs. The model is calibrated to a subset of observations and evaluated on an independent sample, considering four wind speed bins. It is tested and compared to a variant of the Zuider Zee equation on 20 wind set‐up events that occurred between 2017 and 2019 using hindcast data from five different numerical weather prediction systems (GDPS, RDPS, HRDPS, NOAA and ECMWF). A quantile mapping‐based forecast calibration scheme is implemented for each of the forecast products to correct their biases. Results show that events are successfully predicted by the proposed model at least 72 h in advance. These results are better than the other comparative models found in the literature and tested herein. Overall, significant improvements are obtained by including wind speed and wind gusts from different weather stations.


The concentrations of moderate to low boiling phenolics were determined by isolating and acidic concentrate by extraction with sodium hydroxide, freeing the phenolics by acid addition, and analyzing the fraction by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The phenolics derived from both Illinois No. 6 and Wyodak coals are primarily found in the 175-315°C boiling range. They chiefly consist of four types of ring structures: phenols, indanols, naphthols, and biphenylols/acenaphthols. With the introduction of a catalyst to the first-stage reactor, additional deoxygenation occurs, and there is a trend toward selectively reducing nonhindered phenolics


The article first summarizes some successful experiences in color designing of city tourist maps. Then it points out some problems existing in the present map designing circle. According to the structure of contents and form features of city tourist maps, the author expounds some general principles in color designing of city tourist maps with the help of color theory and aesthetic theory.


A very sensitive thin end-window portable ion chamber instrument was developed for measuring low intensities of x and gamma rays of energy less than 100 kev. A vibrating reed and a transistorized electrometer circuit is used to achieve high sensitivity and stability, and an anti-saturation circuit is also incorporated. The instrument covers a range of 0 to 300 mr/hr, and its spectral response is within ction in DDT-C/ 10% from 30 kev to 1.3 Mev with an end cap and within ction in DDT-C/ 15% from 6.5 kev to 1.3 Mev without the cap. (D.L.C.)


Based on the language mapping conducted by The Language Development and Fostering Agency, there are around 560 regional languages in Indonesia. Of all these languages, only 11 regional languages have their own literacy system. One local language that has a literacy system is Balinese. Balinese script has a vital function in the effort of documenting and transmitting various systems of knowledge found by Balinese people from the past to the present. Besides having as documentation media, Balinese script is also functional in the three important stages of Balinese people's life. From the first stage (being born), the Balinese people used the script as a provision for the burial of the placenta. During adulthood, Balinese script is also used in a tooth- cutting rite. Similarly, when the Balinese people died, Balinese script was used as rajah-rajah kajang. There are contradictions that seem to be the gap between the functionalities of Balinese script and the reality of the low knowledge of Balinese people about Balinese script. It is an indisputable fact that Latin letters dominate various spheres of life. Realizing this, it needs the effort to make people realize the potential of Balinese script in the creative process of Balinese Script Calligraphy, which is important to be studied further. Balinese script that has a rounded shape (ngawindu) is very aesthetic to be developed into aesthetic forms of a variety. Not only that, from the searches carried out in some lontar storage sites in Bali, Balinese script calligraphy contains the use of interesting language and important literary values as a medium of educational media.


A new approach in the enhancement/suppression of narrowband signals, based on the combination of the maximum output SNR and the least-squares optimizing criteria, has been presented previously. The resulting statistically-optimal null filters (SONFs) have also been presented as recursive filters. Because of their time-varying nature, optimality under the MSE criterion and the similarity to the RLS method, it is anticipated that the SONFs may be related to the well known Kalman filter. In this paper, we show the SONFs to be an alternate implementation of the Kalman filter. For the first order case we show this analytically. Due to mathematical intractability, for the higher order case we set up the mathematical formulations and use simulations for verification.


Reduced dimensionality exact quantum and quasiclassical reaction probabilities, transmission coefficients, and rate constants are presented for the O(3P)+H2(ν=0,1) and O(3P)+D2(ν=0,1) reactions on an effective potential surface given by the ab initio MOD POLCI potential energy surface reported previously plus the adiabatic ground state bending energy eigenvalue obtained from the two (nondegenerate) nonlinear potential energy surfaces reported here. The new rate constants are compared to experiment. Good agreement is found for thermal rate constants and isotope effects and for vibrationally excited rate constants.


Abstract Ni-based alloys are widely used in power generation and their oxidation behaviour in the uncoated state is of interest, especially the impact of water vapour in the air on the formation of a protective underlying alumina scale. High-temperature X-ray diffraction was applied to investigate in situ the oxide scale formation in the initial state on the alumina formers CM247DS and CMSX4 in comparison to the chromia formers IN792 and SCA425+. Post-oxidation analysis was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The samples were oxidised for 100 h at 950°C in dry air and in air with 20% relative moisture in the high temperature device on the X-ray diffractometer. In dry air, CM247 and CMSX-4 form α-Al2O3 from the beginning simultaneously with spinels and nickel oxide. The alumina scale underlies the spinels which spall partially on cooling. When adding water vapour, the same oxides were formed simultaneously resulting in a comparable oxide scale. IN792 forms in dry air mainly NiAl2O4 and transitionally CrO2 under laid by an alumina scale. With water vapour, Cr2O3 forms and the underlying alumina scale shows a non coherent dendritic structure. SCA425+ forms in dry air Cr2O3 and Cr containing mixed oxides and with water vapour a more coherent alumina scale than IN792.


Abstract Introduction This case study was developed to support learning of infectious disease concepts in a general microbiology course. Students will consider the characteristics of various specie...


Abstract : Stability and control tests were conducted on a production model OH- 58A helicopter to evaluate its flying qualities in the unarmed configuration and in an armed configuration with the XM27E1 weapon system. Limited testing was also performed to evaluate the helicopter slope landing capabilities and flying qualities with skis installed. Human factors and maintainability characteristics were noted throughout the evaluation. The testing consisted of 89 flights which totaled 85.3 hours of productive flight testing. Maintainability of the helicopter was excellent throughout the test program.


The procedure of computer-aided design module for earthwork volume is introduced.The problems concerning the earthwork computation are covered.The features of the system are analyzed.Its weaknesses are pointed out and improvement is proposed.The thesis ends with illustrations.It has been proved that the computation of earthwork aided by this module is fast,accurate and widely applicable.


Signalling systems on London Underground date from the 1940s onwards and consequently a wide range of polymeric insulated wire and cable is present. The investigations reported centre on the chlorinated diene rubber insulation surrounded by a lacquered glass braid used on earlier vital signalling equipment. The main degradation processes affecting the insulation are described and it is concluded that temperature is a critical factor; chloride salts formed on the surface of the conductor by reaction with chlorine released from the insulation also have a deleterious effect. The results of accelerated aging tests at 100°C are presented. These have been combined with observations of degradation in service in an Arrhenius type analysis that permits the lifetime of insulation in given time-temperature conditions to be estimated.


We developed a MEMS based sensor, Nanopin, for mechanical characterization of individual adherent cells. Nanopin consists of sensing tip that forms a contact with a cell, a displacement sensor, and an actuator. The feasibility of sensing was evaluated using various concentrations of agarose gel, and then the stiffness measurements of human carcinoma cells were conducted on different surfaces. After the measurements of cells, we confirmed that cells grow normally in an incubator.


REBa2Cu3Oy films require a high critical current (Ic) under a high magnetic field at 77 K when using power applications. In this study, we fabricated Sm1.04Ba1.96Cu3Oy (SmBCO) thick films prepared using a low-temperature growth (LTG) technique in order to improve crystal quality and enhance flux pinning. The LTG multilayer thick film using a (SmBCO/Sm-rich layer) × N (N = 1, 2, ...) multilayer system showed a high crystal quality. Additionally, the LTG multilayer thick film showed not only a high density of dislocations but also low-Tc particles within a high-Tc matrix. Therefore, the LTG multilayer film showed an Ic of 20.6 A/cm-width (77 K, B∥c, B = 5 T) and had a thickness of only 1.35 µm and a low anisotropy Ic for the high-magnetic-field direction. These results support to the developing possibility of power devices using a solenoid-type coil.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a method for evaluating vulnerability of rural houses to cyclonic wind for countries where systematic documentation and analysis of damage data are inadequate. The effects of important parameters such as the ratio of non‐engineered to semi‐engineered houses, types of houses like old, new, etc. wind speed and damage states on the overall probability of failure are investigated.Design/methodology/approach – A systematic procedure is presented for estimating the vulnerability of a cluster of rural houses to cyclones by performing a fragility analysis for different predefined damage states. The method is illustrated with the help of an example in which a hundred rural houses are considered in a region.Findings – The results of the study show that the ratio (ns) has significant effect on the probability of failure for the middle range of the percentile value. The number of different types of houses does not have significant effect on the probability of failure ...


Colors rarely appear alone, they usually appear together. Since the number of colors is very large, the number of color combinations is almost infinite. Conse- quently, it is difficult to investigate how people perceive and evaluate color constellations in various contexts. It seems pointless to study arbitrarily chosen combinations. To bring order into the large number of possible color combinations, a structure is needed. The following article presents such a theoretical model—a theory of colors in combination. The article is based on the Natural Color System for the order- ing of singular colors, which is in turn the practical exten- sion of Hering's phenomenologically based Opponent Color Theory. Thus, the model is descriptive, i.e., the vari- ables carry immediate meaning regarding the actual color appearance. Since the model is purely descriptive, it con- tains no information per se of whether colors are beautiful together or not. However, the model can be used as a reference structure to investigate the attributes and conno- tations of the experience of a given color combination (some examples of this are given). The most relevant attributes, or dimensions, of color combinations are categorized into three main groups, each with three subfactors: The Color Interval, with the subvariables Distinctness of Border, In- terval Kind, and Interval Size, is the perceptual phenome- non that occurs in the transition from one color percept to another. The Color Chord, with subvariables Complexity, Chord Category, and Chord Type, expresses the character of the combination, how the colors "sound" together, i.e., the totality of the Color Gestalt. The Color Tuning, with subvariables Surface Relations, Color Relations, and Order Rhythm, refers to some of the different ways color combi- nations can be varied. The present color combination model should be seen as a theoretical, albeit empirically based, starting point for further studies of people's perception of color constellations, a scientific area that still, probably because of its complexity, seems to be uncharted territory.


The origin of war refers in the article to the question of when war comes about,i e a matter of time.By the root of war it is meant why war breaks out,i e a question of cause.War in the general sense originates in the primitive society,not in the class society,an argument not only in line with classical expositions of Marxism,but also tallying with the historical fact that conflicts of diffcrent interests between different groups of interests are the common root of war,which goes beyond the social form,and space and time in addition.According to the vertical analysis of the evolution of the social form and the horizontal analysis of the content of the root of war,and with reference to the history of economic development,mans history has seen major transformations of war four times between"the poor versu the rich"and"the rich versus the poor".However,war is not the inevitabe trend of the conflict of economic interests,for the progress in mans civilization is sure to result in greater possibility of peaceful solution of the conflict of interests.So,there will not be the fifth transformation in evolution of mans war.


The invention discloses a power distribution scheme based on the maximum effective capacity and applied to a wireless multi-antenna virtual MIMO. The power distribution scheme is characterized in that for an MIMO system in a wireless network, the power control technology is applied to new users, the interference from the new users in existing users is limited to be kept at an acceptable level, and therefore the effective capacity of the existing users is guaranteed; through optimization of the guarantee of QoS in a cooperative V-MIMO, the power distribution scheme driven by the QoS of the new users is obtained; for a half-duplex/ full-duplex system of the cooperative V-MIMO in the wireless network, the problem of optimization of the guarantee of QoS in the cooperative V-MIMO is established to be a strict convex optimization problem. According to the power distribution scheme based on the maximum effective capacity and applied to the wireless multi-antenna virtual MIMO, the optimal power distribution scheme supporting statistics of the QoS in the non-cooperative/cooperative V-MIMO system in the wireless network is promoted, the effective capacity of the new users can be maximized, the effective capacity of the existing users can also be guaranteed, and the power distribution scheme for the non-cooperative/cooperative V-MIMO system is evaluated through simulation.


The EtOH extract of the leaves of Tabernaemontana olivaricata (single flower variety) provides, in addition to voacangine, voacristine, voactistine-7-hydtoxyindolenine, appaticine, and 19-epi-voacristine, two new dimetic alkaloids: conophylline [1] and conophyllidine [2]. The structures of the dimetic alkaloids were established by spectral methods and subsequently confirmed by X-ray analysis


We propose a Decentralized multi-authority Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (DCP-ABE) scheme, where any party can become an authority by creating a public key and generating private keys for the users by utilizing their attributes. Any user can encrypt data in terms of any monotone access structure over attributes issued from any chosen set of authorities without requiring any central authority. DCP-ABE utilizes Learning With Errors over Rings (R-LWE) as its underlying hardness assumption. Our post-quantum protocol is secure under selective-set model where adversaries can corrupt authorities only statically with adaptive key queries.


BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a rare variant of bile duct tumors, characterized by an exophytic growth exhibiting a papillary mass within the bile duct lumen and it can be localized anywhere along the biliary tree, with morphological variations and occasional invasion. CASE SUMMARY We present a patient with obstructive jaundice who was diagnosed with IPNB using cholangioscopy during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. Using the SpyGlass DS II technology, we were able to define tumor extension and obtain targeted Spy-byte biopsies. After multidisciplinary evaluation, the patient was scheduled for surgical resection of the tumor, which was radically removed. CONCLUSION Cholangioscopy appears to be crucial for the rapid and clear diagnosis of lesions in the bile duct to achieve radical surgical resection.


In this paper, we propose the beam-steering system using Rotman lens antenna operating at 2.442GHz which is to replace an expensive phase shifter. The overall system consists of the transmission antennas, Rotman lens and switch box. Setting the initial design conditions, it was designed and fabricated satisfying the requirements. From the result tested in the anechoic chamber, it was found that the beam can be steered using Rotman lens in the anechoic chamber. We also visually checked the beam-steering by turning on the LED of the rectenna showing the real-time beam receiving.


The laser‐induced crystallization behavior of GeTe‐based amorphous alloys has been measured with a novel multipulse laser technique. This enables the composition dependence of the nucleation rate and crystal growth speed to be independently followed. Two types of crystallization are investigated. The first involves single‐phase crystallization of quaternary alloys based on Ge39Sb9Te52, in which the composition dependence of nucleation and growth is followed as Se, S, Sn, and Si are included. Both the nucleation rate and crystal‐growth speed vary exponentially with the composition, and a correlation is found between crystallization behavior and bond strengths. The second involves multiphase crystallization in the GeSbTe ternary system. It is shown that the observed variations in crystallization behavior primarily arise from the composition dependence of nucleation rather than crystal growth. The implications of this finding for the importance of long range diffusion during crystallization in the GeSbTe sys...


Based on the previous work of modeling dynamic 3D cloud using Cellular Automata, this paper renders realistic 3D cloud for Marine Search and Rescue Simulator visual system in real-time. Physically based light interaction is implemented by Open Scene Graph with a common PC. Light scattering and absorbing is considered. After the 3D cloud integrated into the visual scene, experimental results show that it has realistic effect with fast rendering speed. It is suitable for the applications of real-time simulation, Marine Search and Rescue Simulator especially.


1. Introduction and Overview. From the Human Eye to the Multispectral Scanner. Organization of Presented Material. Cited References. 2. Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Natural Materials on the Earth's Surface. Electromagnetic Radiation and the Search for Compositional Information. The Effect of Single-Grain Indices of Refraction and Absorption on the Reflectance Properties of a Beach. The Effect of Grain Size On the Reflectance Properties of a Beach. Separation of Compositional and Grain Size Effects and Extrapolation from Beaches to Soils and Rocks. Review. Exercises. Cited References. Additional References (Uncited). 3. Spectra of Earth Materials. Vegetation, Water, and Snow. Minerals and Rocks. Review. Exercises. Cited References. Additional References (Uncited). 4. Spectral Radiance from the Earth's Surface and Its Measurement by Electro-Optical Multispectral Sensors. Reflected and Emitted Radiance Available for Detection. Multispectral Electro-Optical Sensors for Remote Sensing. Measured Spectral Radiance. Review. Exercises. Cited References. Additional References (Uncited). 5. Multispectral Image Processing Methods. Introduction. Elimination of Atmospheric Path Radiance and Additive Electronic Offset. The Electronic Display and Human Perception of Color. Spectral and Temporal Rationing. Principal Component Transformation and Multispectral Classification. Review. Exercises. Cited References. Additional References (Uncited). 6. Spatial Image Processing Methods. Introduction. Automatic Linear Feature Mapping. Geophysical Imaging. Digital Photogrammetry. Integration of Remote Sensing Data and Geographic Information Systems. Review. Exercises. Cited References. 7. Remote Sensing Applications to Mineral Exploration. Introduction. The Use of Remote Sensing in Exploration for Metals. The Use of Remote Sensing in Exploration for Diamonds and Rare Earth Minerals. The Use of Remote Sensing in Exploration for Industrial Minerals. Review. Exercises. Cited References. Additional References (Uncited). 8. Remote Sensing Applications to Petroleum and Ground Water Exploration. Introduction. The Use of Remote Sensing for Petroleum Exploration. The Use of Remote Sensing for Ground Water Exploration. Review. Exercises. Cited References. Additional References (Uncited). 9. Remote Sensing Applications to Environmental Studies and Geological Engineering. Introduction. Remote Sensing Applications for Solid Waste Landfills and Open Pit Mines. Remote Sensing Applications for Forests and Wetlands. Remote Sensing Applications for Farm Land and Coastal Erosion. Remote Sensing Applications for Pipelines and Highways. Review. Exercises. Cited References. 10. Remote Sensing Applications to Global Monitoring. Introduction. Global Monitoring of Geological Hazards. Monitoring of Human Contributions to Global Changes. Monitoring of Natural Contributions to Global Changes. Review. Exercises. Cited References. Epilogue. Appendix A: Integral Equations. Appendix B: Multispectral Sensor Systems. Appendix C: LANDSAT TM and MSS Brightness and Ratio Codes of Minerals, Vegetation, and Snow. Index. Color Plate Captions.


Campus has been developing along with the history of mankind in connection with the growth of cities. Particularly in reflection of the periodical characteristics and the unique features of the college, a master planning is drawing attention as colleges seek to grow in a global scale. The major factors of a campus such as Student Union and major lecture facilities, which are part of the central core and "quad space," are the original form of campus elements, and they are of significance in terms of formation and function. In addition, the axis of a campus that forms the general frame and reflects the urban environment plays the symbolic and functional role in the major zoning over the major and additional spots. It also plays an important role as the green element of the campus with regard to outdoor learning, small gathering, and resting of students, researchers and professors. Besides, the major elements seek the symbol of the inner and outer space of the campus as well as present the direction in it. The original form of such planning characteristics of campus elements could be found in foreign college campuses, the origin of such space, and many of domestic colleges as well are good examples from which geomorphological, geological, and environmental factors are applied. Reflected and applied are such factors in recent designing trends. In the master plan of the International campus of S university and in other plans of major design elements, the original form remains while environmental, geological and social characteristics have affected the changes and applications.


Initial evaluation of a suspected patient with AECOPD encompasses a thorough medical history, clinical examination, chest radiograph and appropriate blood and sputum laboratory investigations. Ideally, an arterial blood gas analysis should be performed in most patients to assess the severity of the exacerbation, as well as to establish a baseline from which improvement or deterioration can be measured.


Smart mobile people have a great potential to extend the existing Internet of Things infrastructures by implementing genuine ubiquitous healthcare (U-health) applications, ensuring anywhere and anytime patients connectivity. Through the forwarding of sensing data from person to person until reaching a connected medical server, concrete U-health becomes true with the emerging of future Body-to-Body Networks. Indeed, the coexistence of multiple WBANs (Wireless Body Area Networks), the communication and interactions between them extend the classical concept of WBAN and present the new paradigm referred to as Body-to-Body Network (BBN). This paradigm supports a number of innovative applications such as U-health, entertainment, interactive gaming and military, to cite a few. In this paper, we present a survey of BBNs focusing on three principal axes: energy efficiency, mobility prediction, and quality of service (QoS). Then, we present and discuss different candidate protocols that can be used in BBNs, while illustrating main BBN design challenges and several open issues.


Microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) has been actively researched in the past decade and shown to be a promising non-ionizing technology for breast cancer detection [1, 2]. TAI develops an image indicative of the internal structures of a biological sample by exploiting emanated acoustic waves from absorbed microwave energy in the sample due to the thermoacoustic effect [3]. As a hybrid modality, TAI integrates several attractive merits, including large contrast, high spatial resolution and low cost of implementation.


Two cases of limited infrarenal abdominal aortic dissection are reported. One patient was treated successfully with medical therapy alone, which resulted in complete resolu tion of symptoms and obliteration of the dissection. The second patient continued to have pain and eventually required aortic graft replacement. Abdominal aortic dissection may be an entity different from thoracic aortic dissection.


This article discusses the viability of a systems model in working with learning disabled children in the schools. The systems approach provides a contextual perspective which incorporates both the school and the family when considering a child's learning disability. Research on families with a learning disabled child is reviewed. Family factors which facilitate adjustment of the learning disabled child are explored. Implications for assessment and intervention as well as prevention of dysfunction are presented.


The 2-distance coloring of a graph is to color the vertices of a graph such that any two vertices atdistance at most two receive different colors.In this paper,we prove that a planar graph G with g(G)≥5 and △(G)≥18 is 2-distance(△+ 6)-colorable.


median OS. Results: 101 patients (pts) have been evaluated to date. MYC rearrangement was the sole abnormality in 51 cases. 34 had DH (22 with BCL2 and 12 BCL6 rearrangement) and 16 TH. Median age was 65 yrs (Range 18-93). IPI was evaluable in 95 cases (0-2 in 28 and 3-5 in 67 pts). There was no significant difference in median age or IPI comparing sole MYCr cases to DH/ TH cases. Of the 101 pts, 27 (17 MYCr, 10 DH/TH) received either R-CODOX M/ R-IVAC or DA R-EPOCH. A further 53 pts received R-CHOP or similar regimens with an equal split between MYCr and DH/TH cases. The remaining had alternative treatments and a minority received only palliation. With a median follow-up of 25 months, the median OS for pts with MYCr was not reached (NR) versus 15 months for pts with DH/ TH, p= 0.2 (Figure 1a). In pts under 70 years, median OS for pts with DH/ TH (n=36) was 13 months versus NR in the MYCr pts (n=33), p=0.02 (Figure 1b). In these younger pts with DH/ TH OS was 13 months in pts who received R-CHOP like chemotherapy (n= 23) and 15 months in those who had R-CODOX M/ R-IVAC or DA R-EPOCH (n=10). Conclusions: Patients with DH/TH lymphomas in our cohort had a dismal outcome irrespective of age and IPI emphasizing the need for newer treatment strategies. The data shows a trend towards better outcome in patients with sole MYCr compared to those with DH/TH. This difference is striking in patients under 70, with a significantly better outcome in favour of those with sole MYCr. Data collection is ongoing to investigate the outcomes according to MYC translocation partner.


The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether factors known to predict recidivism and future misbehavior are useful in predicting behavior of offenders while incarcerated. This study examined the population of all incarcerated and recently released female juvenile offenders in Louisiana (n=211). Predictive equations were developed based on demographic, offense-related, and psychological test variables including: age, race, age at first offense, number of prior offenses, history of a violent offense, history of physical abuse, history of sexual abuse, history of alcohol abuse, history of drug abuse, IQ, and Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE) Reading Comprehension and Total Math scores. The design of the study was longitudinal, examining behavior over the first four annual quarters o f incarceration. Predictive equations were developed for both number of disciplinary reports (tickets) and number of disciplinary reports weighted by severity. Weighting of disciplinary tickets was not important to predictive equations, as tickets and weighted tickets were highly correlated. Reading Comprehension was consistently the best predictor of disciplinary tickets. Results are discussed in light of recent theoretical models, stressing the timing and severity of juvenile offenders' behaviors. Specific recommendations are made for interventions with incarcerated juvenile offenders. Over time the database compiled in the course of this investigation will be potentially helpful in monitoring rates of and variables associated with behavior during incarceration, and perhaps also with recidivism in this population.


Let X and Y denote polyhedra, i : X → Y a PL immersion. A regular neighborhood of X associated with i is a regular neighborhood (e, Ri (X)) of X together with an immersion j : Ri (X) → Y such that the diagram.


After summing up the cultural and educational training model for the top sportsmen provided by the Department of Athletics,which is set up jointly by Beijing Municipal Sports Bureau and the Capital Institute of Physical Education,the author of this essay tries to analyze the special characteristics,the advantages of its ensured organization,its mechanism,the teaching plans and methods of the training and education for the students of the Department of Athletics and makes clear that this kind of program of cultural education for top sportsmen and its organizational model are practical and worth promoting.


The article is devoted to questions related to improving the measures on work with persons suffering from mental illnesses and prone to commit crimes. The author points to the need for improvement of the current legislation concerning compulsory treatment of persons belonging to the category of psychological risk.


This paper aims to analyze a possible aporia within the concept of the modernity of Agnes Heller, and to propose its solution. The aporia refers to the complex and problematic comparison between two positions supported by Heller in An Ethics of Personality and in A Theory of Modernity , referring to the distinction between high/low culture, its connection to the modern democratic system and to the development of individual personality.


The effect of repetitive measurement for quantum dynamics of driven by an intensive external force of the simple few-level systems as well as of the multilevel systems that exhibit the quantum localisation of classical chaos is investigated. Frequent measurement of the simple system yields to the quantum Zeno effect while that of the suppressed quantum system, which classical counterpart exhibits chaos, results in the delocalisation of the quantum suppression. From the analysis we may conclude that continuously observable quasiclassical system evolves essentially classically-like.


Available software packages for magnetic field parameters m odeling in working area of electric motors have a number of restrictions. For instance, the choice of design conditions and their values is restricted. As a rule, mathematical model for calculation of magnetic field components is not affordable. The computational algorithm based on well-known analytical methods of solving the direct problem of magneto statics with the usage of "secondary sources" method was proposed in this article. The article contains developed mathematical model for designing conditions of magnetic field parameters in the working area of electric motor with pole pieces. On the basis of the mathematical model a new computational algorithm was proposed and specialized software was launched. A number of experiments on magnetic field modeling in working area of engine was carried out. The obtained data allowed to increase the calculations accuracy of the magnetic system of electric motors.


Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis precipitated by antibodies generated against NMDA receptors, resulting in abnormalities in behavior, cognition, memory, and movement. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis most commonly occurs as a paraneoplastic disorder associated with an ovarian teratoma. While the symptomatic presentation of NMDA receptor encephalitis can be severe, removal of an associated ovarian teratoma generally causes significant improvement and the resolution of symptoms. Thus, accurate detection and early treatment are crucial for superior outcomes in these rare cases. We present a case of a 19-year-old African American female with a strong family history of epilepsy who was brought to the ED after having two weeks of headaches, multiple seizures over the course of the previous two days, and behavioral changes. An MRI of the brain was normal, but she had an elevated opening pressure. The constellation of symptoms and elevated lumbar pressure raised the suspicion of a paraneoplastic syndrome, and a subsequent CT of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a 5 x 4.2 cm ovarian cyst. Further examination of the features of the cyst with ultrasound revealed areas of calcification. IVIG treatment was started for treatment of a suspected paraneoplastic related encephalitis. After a discussion with neuroradiology about the differential, repeat MRI brain and an MRI abdomen revealed minimal hyperintensities within the temporal lobes bilaterally in the former and evidence of previously unidentified bilateral dermoid cysts in the latter. The patient tested positive for NMDA CSF and underwent left salpingoophorectomy and right ovarian cystectomy. After treatment, she returned to her baseline but still experiences spontaneous jerking movements. This case report discusses the early use of IVIG, communication with radiology, and the importance of maintaining a broad differential. After a thorough review of the literature, there are very few cases in which NMDA receptor encephalitis has presented with bilateral ovarian teratomas.


Transformative results of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy in patients with spinal muscular atrophy and Leber ' s congenital amaurosis led to approval of the fi rst two AAV products in the United States to treat these diseases. These extraordinary results led to a dramatic increase in the number and type of AAV gene-therapy programs. However, the fi eld lacks non-invasive means to assess levels and duration of therapeutic protein function in patients. Here, we describe a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology for real-time reporting of gene-therapy products in the living animal in the form of an MRI probe that is activated in the presence of therapeutic protein expression. For the fi rst time, we show reliable tracking of enzyme expression after a now in-human clinical trial AAV gene therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov: encoding lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase ( b gal) using a self-immolative b gal-responsive MRI probe. MRI enhancement in AAV-treated enzyme-de fi cient mice (GLB-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) ) correlates with b gal activity in central nervous system and peripheral organs after intracranial or intravenous AAV gene therapy, respectively. With >1,800 gene therapies in phase I/II clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov), development of a non-invasive method to track gene expression over time in patients is crucial to the future of the gene-therapy fi eld.


An NO/sub x/ sensor is described for determining the concentration of nitrogen oxides contained in a measurement gas in an external measurement-gas space, comprising: a first electrochemical oxygen partial pressure detecting element including (a) a first electrochemical oxygen pumping cell having an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte body, and a pair of electrodes, (b) a first electrochemical oxygen sensing cell having an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte body, and a pair of electrodes, (c) first diffusion-resistance means for introducing the measurement gas from the external measurement-gas space; a second electrochemical oxygen partial pressure detecting element including (i) a second electrochemical oxygen pumping cell having an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte body, and a pair of electrodes, (ii) a second electrochemical oxygen sensing cell having an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte body, and a pair of electrodes, (iii) second diffusion-resistance means for introducing the measurement gas from the external measurement-gas space, with a second predetermined diffusion resistance substantially equal to the first predetermined diffusion resistance, so that one of the pair of electrodes of the second oxygen pumping cell, and one of the pair of electrodes of the second oxygen sensing cell, are exposed to the introduced measurement gas, and (iv) second reference-gas inlet meansmore » for exposing the other of the pair of electrodes of the second oxygen sensing cell to a reference atmosphere substantially the same as the reference gas; at least one catalytic electrode which consists of at least one of the one electrode of the second oxygen pumping cell and the one electrode of the second oxygen sensing cell.« less


In this paper, we propose a new gating scheme that optically turns on a phototransistor by means of a novel structure of lopsided gate. Different from the conventional structure in which the gate electrode overlaps both the source and drain electrodes, the new gate structure is lopsided to form an ungated region between the gate and source, or the gate and drain, allowing light to be detected even in the gate-on state. Furthermore, the proposed gating scheme enables the phototransistor to significantly enhance its photosensitivity as large as 2,200 times higher compared to the baseline in the conventional gate structure. Owing to the optically switching-on behavior in the proposed phototransistor, we also demonstrate that three distinct states can be obtained by a modulation of electrical and optical switches.


The paper considers a class of smoothly irregular integrated optical multilayer waveguides, whose properties determine the characteristic features of guided propagation of monochromatic polarized light. An asymptotic approach to the description of such electromagnetic radiation is proposed, in which the solutions of Maxwells equations are expressed in terms of the solutions of a system of four ordinary differential equations and two algebraic equations for six components of the electromagnetic field in the zero approximation. The gradient of the phase front of the adiabatic guided mode satisfies the eikonal equation with respect to the effective refractive index of the waveguide for the given mode.The multilayer structure of waveguides allows one more stage of reducing the model to a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations, the nontrivial solvability condition of which specifies the relationship between the gradient of the radiation phase front and the gradients of interfaces between thin homogeneous layers.In the final part of the work, eigenvalue and eigenvector problems (differential and algebraic), describing adiabatic guided modes are formulated. The formulation of the problem of describing the single-mode propagation of adiabatic guided modes is also given, emphasizing the adiabatic nature of the described approximate solution of Maxwells equations.


Cognitive radar has the ability to perceive the environment and target information, and complete the work state optimization through analysis and decision. Radar's behavior is defined as all the characteristics of a radar's performance and the process of changing its state according to the law of change and the external influences. In this paper, the adaptive selection behavior principle of radar emission waveform is firstly described. Then, for the waveform adaptive selection behavior, a black box model is constructed by using neural network. The environment, target characteristics and waveform parameters are used as input training data, and the waveform selection result is taken as output. By learning the training waveform selection process of the radar, we will obtain a neural network model with the same capabilities as the radar adaptive waveform selection system, thus completing the identification of the radar adaptive waveform selection behavior. Finally, through simulation analysis, the method has good results.


Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS) combined with Venlafaxine in the treatment of treatment resistant depression(TRD).Methods Totally 47 cases of TRD patients were randomly divided into the study group(n = 24,rTMS combined with Venlafaxine therapy) and the control group(n = 23,Venlafaxine monotherapy).The study group was treated with slow rTMS 5 times each week,for 6 weeks.Hamilton depression scale(HAMD) was used to evaluate clinical efficacy.Results The effective rate of the study group was 66.67% and the control group was 34.79%,the difference was statistically significant(χ2 = 4.778,P 0.05).The total scores of HAMD in the study group were much lower than those in the control group at 2,4 and 6 weeks after treatment(P 0.05 or P 0.01).There were no significant differences in incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(χ2 = 0.038,P 0.05).Conclusion Compared with Venlafaxine monotherapy,rTMS combined with Venlafaxine has been proven to improve the depressive symptoms significantly,which is safe without serious side effects.


Mathematics modelling is now one of the areas that is important in the mathematics education arena. The essence of a modelling problem is constructing a mathematical model for the situation at hand. Assessing mathematical is a field that requires more study. Rubrics that assess the modelling process are a good beginning in finding suitable methods of assessing mathematical modelling. This article suggests an instrument for assessing mathematical modelling tasks. The instrument is a scoring rubric that is based on the modelling process.


Pharmacists are supposed to deliver services, like counseling, dispensing, and managing patients care plans. During daily routine they face problems that can hinder their job, e.g., work overload stress, or unorganized drug shelves, and unclear written prescription, which may lead to errors during drug dispensing. These errors are traumatic for the pharmacist and patient; therefore, it is crucial to reduce them and any circumstances that leads to them. In this study, we aimed to study some of the problems that face Libyan pharmacists in their daily routine and prevent them from performing their main roles as community pharmacists. An online cross-sectional survey of pharmacists in Libya was conducted over a period of four months. This online questionnaire was built using the "Google forms" application and was distributed to participants using social network groups of pharmacists. 182 pharmacists responded to this questionnaire. Almost (45%)of the respondents found it difficult to educate patients on their medicines and any related health issues. Meanwhile, the bulk majority (82%) stated that the major problem that faced them was getting a prescription written with very bad handwriting. About (59.4%) of the responding pharmacists stated that they did not have enough time to educate patients about their medications during drug dispensing. In conclusion, this study reveals some of the main challenges that face pharmacists during their daily work. Generally, it shows that it is necessary to make pharmacists aware of social and environmental factors that may complicate their work. This can be done by educating practicing pharmacists about "good pharmacy practices" through workshops and continuous learning programs. Additionally, regulating authorities should also play a role in establishing policies and laws that regulate the design of retail pharmacies.


The present paper attempts to generate an understanding of some of the processes involved in soft roll fusing and the analytical tools needed to describe them. Specifically, a fusing and material process model will be described and its elements discussed. With such capabilities at hand, we are in a good position to synthesize and design the fusing process and optimize performance.


A 45 year old female diagnosed clinically ,and histopathologically as a case of pemhigus responded well to prednisolone initially. The exacerbation of the condition on withdrawal of prednisolone could not be controlled even with sustained high dosage of prednisolone which led to multiple side effects. Dapsone in the dosage of 100 mg per day controlled the disease. The control of pemphigus in the patient by dapsone was further confirmed by withdrawal and reinstitution of the drug.


On a global scale, fish is the most important source of nutrient-dense food (FAO, 2003). However, these values may vary considerably within and among species and with feeding, season and physical conditions' activity (Agusa, 2007). In addition, the variation in the chemical composition of fish bodies is attributed to the changes in the environment, which may be related to the level of water quality factors and the variable eating conditions (Takamaet et al., 1999; Davenpart et al., 2009). The salinity of marine ecosystems may fluctuate both seasonally or a seasonally due to rainfall and oceanic upwelling or downwelling. Salinity affects water density causing circulation and stratification, especially in estuaries. Numerous chemical reactions follow the changes in salinity, hence most equilibrium and rate constants are salinity dependent. For instance, higher salinity increases pH and reduces organic matter solubility (Cai et al., 1998). ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT  Article History:  Received: Oct. 17, 2021  Accepted: Nov.16, 2021  Online: Dec. 27, 2021


To improve manufacturability and performance predictability, we seek to make a layout uniform with respect to prescribed density criteria, by inserting "fill" geometries into the layout. Previous approaches for flat layout density control are not scalable due to the necessity of solving very large linear programs, the large data volume of the solution, and the impact of hierarchy-breaking on verification. In this paper, we give the first methods for hierarchical layout density control for process uniformity. Our approach trades off naturally between runtime, solution quality, and output data volume. We also allow generation of compressed GDSII of fill geometries. Our experiments show that this hybrid hierarchical filling approach saves data volume and is scalable, while yielding solution quality that is competitive with existing Monte-Carlo and linear programming based approaches.


The objective of this paper is to propose a new method to detect the rise of equivalent series resistor (ESR) in order to realize the on-line failure prediction of the electrolytic capacitor for LC filter of switching-mode power converter. Characteristics of electrolytic capacitors are introduced in this paper. Different experimental measurements are conducted and shown to illustrate the properties of electrolytic capacitors. The proposed on-line failure prediction method has the merits of low cost and circuit simplicity. Hardware experimental results are shown to verify the performance of the proposed method.


The polarization P ≡ - of ≡ - hyperons produced by 800-GeV protons has been measured for x F from 0.3 to 0.7 and p T from 0.5 to 1.5 GeV/c. P ≡ - has a p T dependence similar to that of the A but has a different x F behavior. Also, an energy dependence of P ≡ - has been observed


The concept of new generation network (NGN) will define roles and relationships in the future Internet. The fierce competition among players in the Information and Communication (ICT) industry will just catalyze market redefinition processes, requesting from operators to promptly innovate their business models. The consumer's lifestyle will also change: individual users will be interested only in services that are intelligent (i.e., personalized and context-aware), dynamic (i.e., innovative and fun) and mobile (i.e., provisioned anytime and anywhere). A number of latest research incentives in the ICT domain are focused on automation and coordination of interactions between individual consumers and Internet service providers (ISPs). The research proposed in this paper aims to pursue similar ideas while creating a multi-agent system for automation of Business-to-Consumer (B2C) processes in the environment of the future Internet.


NiO single crystals and polycrystalline films of about 100nm thickness have been irradiated at liquid-nitrogen temperature with 90MeV Ar, 140MeV Kr, 230MeV Xe, and 350MeV Au ions. After bombardment with Xe or Au ions, transmission electron microscopy and small angle x-ray scattering reveal empty ion tracks with diameters between 2 and 4nm. These nanopores extend through the specimens and are terminated by spherical nanoparticles containing the material which is missing in the pores.


The paper proposes a novel secure distributed disk system. By dynamically exploiting file-system semantics of on-disk data blocks and sensing activities of the local file system, the disk system can be integrated with the current file systems seamlessly without changing the standard block interface between them and can efficiently manage accesses to the files from multiple hosts. And the disk system adopts a new data distribution scheme to ensure confidentiality, reliability and availability of data, and a credibility evaluation strategy to prevent some attacks from malicious clients and data servers.


Requirement analyser is an important part of isomeric platform for service-composition,the development of its tools is the premise for isomeric service-composition and workflow-calling.Discuss the service-searching mechanism according to the characteristic of the relationship between requirement analysis and service-searching.Moreover,an approach to deciding the granularity of requirement decomposition and a method for designing the frame of the service-searching engine are to be recommended.This engine presents users with simple specific-searching service,to help deriving information more quickly and more accurately.It also helps to stop unnecessary information from entering.


Improved specimen preparation techniques, low dose methodologies and related practical developments have significantly advanced "imaging" applications of S/TEM for biological materials, including 3-D tomography and absolute mass determination of macromolecules However, analytical S/TEM has often been limited to energy-filtered imaging and EELS spectroscopy/mapping for handful suitable elements which offer high cross-section for EELS (e.g., Ca, Fe). On the other hand, chemical analysis and mapping of biological specimens via EDS in S/TEM is limited by specimen stability considerations and poor x-ray collection efficiency (thus the sensitivity) of EDS. With the emerging recognition of the role of metals (e.g., Zn, Cu) in biology and the concomitant need for high analytical sensitivity in EDS, we have designed and developed a dedicated cryo-bio STEM for analytical studies in biology. The new instrument is based on the Hitachi HD-2300A model, equipped with all the traditional high sensitivity electron detectors and significantly reduced radiation damage with a controlled weak probe current (as small as 7 pA), fast scanning, and cryo-compatible operation in low-dose modes. More importantly,


The North American continent, comprising Canada and the United States of America, has a wide range of climatic, soils and cropping conditions. Surface and subsurface drainage is required to remove excess soil water in the wetter regions of the continent, as well as to maintain a favorable salt and water balance in the crop root zone in the drier irrigated regions. Drainage and water table management practices are essential for the production of food and fiber. However, these practices may sometimes cause third‐party impacts, which are largely of a water quality nature. Drainage practices have therefore evolved from removal of water for increased crop productivity, to a method of environmental control. Consequently, much effort over recent years has been in designing and installing drainage systems, which have multiple objectives. A very recent notable institutional development is the formation of the Agricultural Drainage Management Systems (ADMS) Coalition, comprised of farmers, drainage contractors and the drainage industry, government advisors, and water management and agricultural specialists, to promote research, education and adoption of drainage water management as a practice that can reduce the delivery of pollutants to streams. This paper describes the need, extent and status of drainage in North America, including water quality issues, drainage water management and disposal problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Knowledge about the presence of β3‐adrenergic receptors (B3AR) at the protein level is hampered by a lack of suitable radioligand or antibodies. Therefore we have explored a tritiated version of the β3‐selective antagonist L 748,337 as a radioligand to label B3AR. [3H]‐L 748,337 was used in saturation and competition binding experiments performed with membranes prepared from HEK and CHO cells transfected with human β‐adrenoceptor subtypes. Equilibrium binding experiments were done with isoprenaline to determine non‐specific binding and were terminated by rapid vacuum filtration over glass fiber filter plates. Saturation binding experiments showed that the affinity was in line with that reported for unlabeled L‐748, 337 and competition experiments with different agonists and antagonists were in line with that expected for a B3AR. However non‐specific binding was rather high. This was reduced markedly by coating of the filters types with polyethylimine. We conclude that [3H]‐L 748,337 may be suitable for the labeling of human B3AR, specifically if used in conjunction with polyethylimine‐coated GF/C filters. This study was funded in part by Astellas Pharma B.V. (Leiderdorp, The Netherlands).


Conceiving planned road projects that guarantee an improvement in the quality of life of the users, as well as an impact on the economic and social activities of a nation, make a design the answer to a dissatisfaction, this is how design methods are born , as a source of processing to satisfy a need economically, reliably and with the identification of data that recognize existing conditions.
In Colombia, these design methods have been extrapolated in their broadest spectrum of analyzes, studies and tests conducted in other nations with different contexts, but to a certain extent similar to their own, and in this way many of our manuals and design standards and construction are guidelines that allow us to adapt to a process in the design theme.
This undoubtedly raises in many professionals, some doubts about the work they develop even when the training of students, future engineers and Colombian designers, is willing to learn traditional methodologies, which may not respond to the models that could be applicable and amplify in factor of the evolution of the country.
Therefore, this work makes an analysis of the reliability and applicability that the design presents us through AASHTO methodologies with respect to the application of modern methods presented in the INVIAS 2016 Design Manual, where they allow us to work with the concept of master curve for the asphalt mix, and start to involve various tests as a dynamic module, and estimation of the resilient modules of the subgrade for monthly periods and climatic variations, in such a way a verification of the design with BISAR will be carried out.
Finally, as a result of the analysis, a comparison can be made between the variables most used by each method and their incidence on the final execution, life period, identifying similarities and differentiation factors on which some recommendations are based to be considered within The professional life of a pavement engineer when carrying out, executing or verifying a design.


Walking on natural terrain like soil and rock is a challenging problem that has been approached from a variety of strategies such as using sophisticated control methods, compliant legs, and compliant feet. In this paper we explore how to modify granular jamming feet for walking applications by adding stabilizing internal structures. Previous work has explored how granular jamming technology can be used to create compliant and stiffness changing feet that enable locomotion over a diverse range of natural terrain by allowing robot feet to conform around 3D multicomponent terrain such as wood chips and gravel and stiffen, preventing slip. To date, no work has been done to tune granular jamming feet for the specific application of walking. We show that adding internal structures to granular jamming membranes can increase the force they are able to resist without slipping by 1.5x while maintaining their ability to conform around obstacles. When attached to a robot, we see increases in speed of up to 1.4x, decreases in the duty cycle necessary to reach desired foot trajectories of up to 5%, and increases in traction force of up to 1.2x over a diverse set of natural terrain.


In 1992 Barry Cipra posed an interesting combinatorial counting problem. In essence, it asks for the number Sk,σ of configurations possible if a circular arrangement of k cups, each having σ stones, is modified by applying a particular transition rule that changes the distribution of stones. Carbonara and Green (1998) studied the integer sequence Sk,1 and presented a recursive formula for it:Sk = 2S2r+1 + 2r−jSd+1 + d2r − 2r+1 where k = 2r + 1 + d > 2, r ≥ 0 and 0< d ≤ 2r . Ettestad and Carbonara (2010) noted that this system is a finite Cellular Automaton, showed two interesting non-recursive formulas for Sk , and claimed that the shape of the non-zero terms in the reduced matrix for the Cups and Stones Counting Problem ( CSCP) with 2n + 1 cups is equivalent to the Sierpinski Gasket. We are proving that claim in this paper. In doing this, we extend the classic definition of the Sierpinski Gasket to discrete geometric figures.


A data receiver (10) has clock recovery (16) and data sampling (20) circuits, and a fixed local oscillator (18) for timing the data samples. The phase of the sampling clock signal (19) is adjusted based on phase error using e.g. a PLL or an early/late detector and a phase interpolator (fig.3, not shown). A data analyser (21) makes a further correction (22) to the sampling clock phase in response to the recent history of the data received. The correction compensates for jitter at the transmitter due to power supply fluctuations caused by the actual pattern of ones and zeroes transmitted (fig. 1, not shown).


OBJECTIVE:To study the difference in therapeutic efficacy between Shuanhuanglian powder injection(SHL) and ceftriaxone sodium(CS) in treating respiratory,urinary and digestive tract infections METHODS:197 patients were divided into two groups:SHL group 100 cases,CS group 97 cases After one therapeutic course of SHL and CS,the efficacy and ARDs were compared between two groups RESULTS:The total effective rates of SHL and CS group were 89% and 88 6% respectively The bacteria negative turn rates of SHL and CS group were 86 9% and 83 3% for respiratory tract infections,86 6% and 85% for urinary tract infections respectively CONCLUSION:There were no significant differences between two groups in therapeutic effect,bacteria negative turn rate and ARDs


The Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) is a not- for-profit organization established in 1989 to advance the science and technology of a broad spectrum of environmental and human health concerns to the wastewater industry and the public. It is a unique public/private partnership between utilities, academia, government, and industry, committed to funding research by leveraging resources and expertise to develop and disseminate sound scientific and technological information. Funded by subscribers, grants and contributions, WERF manages a broad array of research projects aimed at protecting human health and the environment. While WERF funds and manages projects, the actual research is carried out by individual organizations or teams composed of utilities, consultants, universities, and industrial or commercial firms. Examples of WERF's current research program include the investigation of on- line monitoring techniques for microbial and chemical contaminants in water and wastewater, optimization of processes for pathogen removal and inactivation, improved treatment of toxic compounds, and assessing the potential risks to public health from exposure to these microbial and chemical contaminants. This paper will provide an overview of the program, research funded to date, and technology needs for the future.