The purpose of this study is to find intrinsic value (fair value) of shares of PT Indosiar Karya Media Tbk in 2011 by using the Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF), Price Earning Ratio (PER), and Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA). Besides that, this study also aimed to compare the intrinsic value (fair value) of shares of PT Indosiar Karya Media Tbk with market prices to determine whether fair value of shares of PT Indosiar Karya Media Tbk in 2011 is overvalued or undervalued. Methods of analysis used to assess fair value is by using valuation/valuation by the method of discounted dash flow and market based. The further focus on methods of assessment, the authors set the valuation method discounted free cash flow to firm for discounted cash flow and using the method of price earning ratio (PER) and the methods of Enterprise Value to EBITDA for the assessment of market based. Based on the calculation of the valuation of shares in PT Indosiar Karya Media Tbk by the method of discounted free cash flow to firm, price earning ratio (PER), and enterprise value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA), it can be drawn several conclusion: the price of fair shares of PT Indosiar Karya Media Tbk is ranges from Rp 340 to Rp 1.115. The result of stock assessment by the author suggests that the market price of PT Indosiar Karya Media Tbk is currently undervalued, so worth the investment or acquisition, PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk through its subsidiary Surya Citra Media Tbk buy a controlling premium of around 15% to 25% higher than at fair prices or about Rp. 1.282 to Rp. 1.394.


and hermeneutics, in particular as it was practiced by Richard Simon, of whose impact he gives a magisterial account. Secondly, and relatedly, several articles touch on or are devoted to the implications of quietism, including a perceptive study of the movement in terms of archaism and modernity, and two incisive accounts of its controversial exponent, Madame Guyon, for whom the Bible, interpreted as 'une immense allégorie de l'intérieur', afforded a whole sequence of inspirational female role-models. A third group of studies concentrates on the impact of single figures (the English Catholic theologian Henry Holden, the Dutch Protestant Grotius, the influential pastors Pierre Jurieu and Jean Claude), or groups of texts (the spiritual output of Leibniz or the early writings of Bossuet), in the course of which some surprising elements of common ground between the Catholic and Reformed traditions are brought to light. Several chapters are of more general interest: the first of the book, for example, provides a formidably well-focussed definition of the governing term of 'Catholicism', within which the category of 'les chrétiens sans église' is already adumbrated; and its sequel, dealing with the vexed question of mystical experience, builds impressively on it. A similarly definitional chapter on dévotion, with its inbuilt risk of unorthodoxy, is again enlightening in its view of the phenomenon as a precursor of 'l'individualité moderne' (and Freud is a distant but significant figure on the horizon in a few of the pieces, notably when such issues as cas de conscience are foregrounded). Other chapters are less clearly linked to the general drift (Cardano on the interpretation of dreams, for example, or an annotated list of early eighteenth-century censors, or indeed the final excursus on the evolution of the concept of 'origin' into the twentieth century, for all its breadth of reference), and no part of the series is, in any stylistic or rhetorical sense of the term, literary in its emphasis. The erudition is impressive throughout, however, though not often lightly worn, and the presentation is unremittingly old-school: footnotes are many and long; a reading knowledge of Latin, German and Greek and, more rarely, Spanish and Italian is taken for granted (not of course a problem for readers ofFS); and, as is likely to occur in this kind of publication, the independent chapters are only occasionally made to interlink. The remarkable exception is the trio of pieces devoted to Fénelon which, focusing on the Maximes des Saints, Télémaque and the correspondence with Guyon, discern the underlying thematics of the father's sacrifice of the son as the central issue in the prelate's exploration of heterodox theological premises under the cover of classical myth.


Science, like evolution, is often remarkably convergent in itsgenerativityofnewideasanditsexplorationofnovelconcep-tualterritory.Justasevolutionhasrepeatedlyconvergeduponcommon phenotypic solutions to problems of survival andreproduction among species of differing lineage (Morris,2010), the history of scientific inquiry, and that of develop-mentalscienceinparticular,hasalsobeenmarkedbyconcur-rent and homologous discovery by a sometimes striking si-multaneity in its arrival at shared theoretical insights alongpaths of differing origins and trajectories. Thus, it has beenwith the emergence of "differential susceptibility to the envi-ronment": a construct—really, a shared solution to a set ofcompelling conceptual and empirical dilemmas—that formsthe centerpiece of this Special Section of Development andPsychopathology.Inspired by a provocative and broadly attended sympo-sium ("Do Children Vary in Their Plasticity? DifferentialSusceptibility to Rearing Experiences") at the 2009 AnnualMeeting of the Society for Research in Child Development(SRCD), the Special Section explores the convergence oftwo theories conceptualizing reactivity to environmentalstimuli as an indicator of sensitivity or susceptibility to envi-ronmental influence. The "biological sensitivity to context"theory advanced by Boyce and Ellis (2005; see also Boyceet al., 1995) originated in empirical observations of differ-ences in children's autonomic and adrenocortical reactivityto challenge and posited a context-sensitive endophenotyperendering a subset of children unusually susceptible to therisk-inducing and development-enhancing influences of bothnegative and positive early social environments. At the sametime, the "differential susceptibility" theory posed by Belsky(1997,2005)startedwiththequestion"Whyshouldchildhoodexperiences influence later development?" Based on reflec-tions prompted by this question, it hypothesized that childrenshould differ in their susceptibility to rearing environments asabet-hedgingstrategyagainstanuncertainfuture.Boththeoriesconverged on evolutionaryexplanationsofwhyandhow indi-viduals vary systematically in their sensitivity or "permeabil-ity" to experiential and contextual influences on developmentand health.Moststudentsofchilddevelopmentdonotpresumethatallchildrenareequallysusceptibletorearingandothercontextualexperiences; a long history of research on Parenting Temp-erament interactions clearly suggests otherwise. Nevertheless,muchworkstillfocusesoncontextualeffectsthatapplyequallyto all children and thus fails to consider the possibility thatwhether, how, and to what degree early experiences influencechilddevelopmentmaycriticallydependuponindividualchar-acteristics. All four empirical papers presented at the SRCDsymposiumexaminedtheextenttowhichsuchchildcharacter-istics moderate effects of early rearing experiences on chil-dren's adjustment and development. Drawing on biologicalsensitivity to context or differential susceptibility theory, eachpaper focused on a phenotypic, endophenotypic, or genotypicmarker of reactivity as a moderator of susceptibility to rearinginfluence. In the first two papersthe moderator was biological


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the range of diagnostically acceptable digital radiographs and film as a function of exposure time, as well as the relationship to dose reduction and consequences for dental practice.

METHODS
Five systems for intraoral radiography were used to take a series of radiographs, with increasing exposure times, of five different dry bone specimens. Seven observers evaluated the 25 series of radiographs. The observers had to determine which radiographs of each series were acceptable for dental diagnostics and which radiograph of each series they preferred.

RESULTS
For Ektaspeed Plus film, the exposure time for the preferred radiograph was 0.52 s, with a range of diagnostically acceptable radiographs from 0.23-1.02 s. The preferred radiograph of the solid-state systems required less radiation than film (Sirona, 0.13 s; MPDx 0.35 s). The exposure range of these systems is narrow. In contrast, the exposure range of the phosphor plate systems is very wide. The preferred radiograph of the phosphor plate systems required high exposure (Digora, 1.21 s; Gendex DenOptix, 1.16 s).

CONCLUSIONS
All digital systems require less exposure than film for diagnostically acceptable radiographs, but this is less obvious for preferred radiographs. Solid-state systems alert the dentist when a too long exposure time is used by a lack of image quality; phosphor plate systems, however, produce good quality radiographs even at high exposure times, which may result in an unnecessarily high dose.


Supersymmetry remains compelling theory over 30 years in spite of lack of its discovery. It could be already near the corner our days, therefore present and upcoming experiments are crucial for constraining or even discovery of the supersymmetry.


A method was developed to clean-up and detect total patulin in of apple,hawthorn and tomato products using HPLC-MS/MS.Clear juice was diluted directly with acetonitrile and cleaned-up with MycoSep 228 multifunctional clean-up column.Cloudy juice or solid samples were pre-treated with pectinase,extracted with acetate ethyl,and then cleaned-up with MycoSep 228.Chromatographic separation was performed on a column Atlantis dC18 and determination was achieved by HPLC-MS/MS with ESI-(electronic spray ionization).The results demonstrated that the linear ranges are from 1.0 μg/kg to 200 μg/kg with the detection limit of 2.0 μg/kg.The average recoveries and the relative standard deviations range 76.0% to 95.3% and 5.4% to 11.2%.The method is simple,rapid,accurate and suitable for the quantification and confirmation determination of patulin in apples,hawthorn,tomato products.


The management of breast cancer patients in the current COVID-19 outbreak is challenging. Myelosuppression associated with cancer treatment may increase the risk of infection in both hospitals and at home. We implemented the following strategy to reduce myelosuppression of adjuvant
 chemotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) changing the original regimen of AC×4→wT×12 to wT×12→AC×4. (2) substitution of standard paclitaxel with nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel). For 43 patients who completed nab-paclitaxel
 treatment, the compliance rate was 100%, without interruption or delay of nab-paclitaxel treatment. Dose reduction was necessary in 2 patients (4.6%) due to peripheral neuropathy. Thus, 98.6% of the planned doses were administered. As expected, the adjusted adjuvant regimen was safe and well
 tolerated. Therefore wT×12→AC×4 treatment procedure may be considered for breast cancer patients during COVID-19 pandemic.


Abstract The current study investigated the sensitivity to change of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-34 (CCAPS-34), a multidimensional measure designed to assess the mental health problems common in college students across seven domains. The results suggest that the CCAPS-34 is able to capture change taking place during treatment.


In this paper, we explore one of the oldest labour market phenomena documented in the literature: the added worker effect. This refers to the labour supply response of secondary earners of the household to the main earner's job losses. Using longitudinal data for Colombia, we find that when the head of the household becomes unemployed, the labour supply of the female partner increases between 9 and 20 percentage points. Such response appears during the first 6 months of the unemployment spell of the household head. In addition, within 1 year of the unemployment shock, household members under college age were more likely to enter the labour market and less likely to be in tertiary education.


We propose a new approach for lossless data compression to reduce the amount of data transmitted by Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) by several-fold. Our approach uses an indexing technique inspired in the concept of generalized deduplication to compress data by a) finding matches of similar (not necessarily equal) data chunks, and b) exploiting data chunks previously stored in the Edge (or Cloud) by the same or even other CPS devices. We propose a mathematical model to predict the gains based on the number of previously received chunks and validate it using simulations. We show that compression factors of 23-fold are possible even with a limited number of previously stored chunks in the Edge. Gains of 2.8-fold over DEFLATE compression on differential samples are possible even for small data chunks (16 B) for synthetic data. Using real-world CPS data sets, we show that our technique can provide gains of up to 2.9. We also show our solution's processing speed in a Raspberry Pi 3 can be as high as 163 MB/s.


While the advances in Computed Tomography (CT) technology allow better detection of pulmonary nodules by generating higher-resolution images, the new technology also generates more individual transverse reconstructions. As a result, the efficiency and accuracy of the radiologists interpreting these images is reduced. Double reading by two human observers has been shown to improve the detection of lung cancer. Given the increased cost of double reading and the variation among radiologists' interpretation, the objective is to develop computer-aided tools that could be used as 'second readers' when interpreting lung images by apriori rating the nodules based on automatically discovered image-semantics mappings.


The invention discloses an embossing device for embossing a non-woven fabric with a concave-convex pattern. The embossing device is provided with an unreeling mechanism, a sizing mechanism, a drying mechanism, a flattening mechanism, a coloring and knurling mechanism and a reeling mechanism. The coloring and knurling mechanism comprises a machine frame which is provided with more than one dandy roll set. The dandy roll set comprises a dandy roll and a transmission roller, the surface of the dandy roll is provided with the concave-convex pattern, and a concave-convex figure is formed on the surface of the non-woven fabric through the concave-convex pattern. The coloring and knurling mechanism further comprises a pigment transferring mechanism. By means of the structure, the non-woven fabric is sized, dried, heated and flattened and then enters the coloring and knurling mechanism, the dandy roll set in the coloring and knurling mechanism can color and emboss the surface of the non-woven fabric at the same time, or the non-woven fabric is only embossed but not colored. Purely mechanical and automatic production is adopted, and the production efficiency is extremely high.


For any Lagrangian Kahler submanifold M C T* Cn, there exists a canonical hyper Kahler metric on T*M. A Kaihler potential for this metric is given by the generalized Calabi Ansatz of the theoretical physicists Cecotti, Ferrara and Girardello. This correspondence provides a method for the construction of (pseudo) hyper Kahler manifolds with large automorphism group. Using it, an interesting class of pseudo hyper Kaihler manifolds of complex signature (2, 2n) is constructed. For any manifold N in this class a group of automorphisms with a codimension one orbit on N is specified. Finally, it is shown that the bundle of intermediate Jacobians over the moduli space of gauged Calabi Yau 3-folds admits a natural pseudo hyper Kahler mnetric of complex signature (2, 2n).


In this paper,the research progress of stair climbing wheelchair at home and abroad is introduced.From two aspects of mechanical structure and control system design,some key technical problems which restricting it for practical promotion are discussed,and its future trends are expected.


In this paper two simple tests to distinguish between unit root processes and stationary nonlinear processes are proposed. New limit distribution results are provided, together with two F type test statistics for the joint unit root and linearity hypothesis against a specific nonlinear alternative. Nonlinearity is defined through the smooth transition autoregressive model. Due to occasional size distortion in small samples, a simple bootstrap method is proposed for estimating the p-values of the tests. Power simulations show that the two proposed tests have at least the same or higher power than the corresponding Dickey-Fuller tests. Finally, as an example, the tests are applied on the seasonally adjusted U.S. monthly unemployment rate. The linear unit root hypothesis is strongly rejected, showing considerable evidence that the series is better described by a stationary smooth transition autoregressive process than a random walk.


Compared with the non overlapping verbs,the overlapping verbs have the features as enhancing the actions in semantic meaning,incrcasing the self sufficience in grammar,adding the focal point in language use.Therefore the overlapping verbs distinguish themselves in the verb itself in sematic meaning,syntax and pragmatics and they show their own noumenon.


A comparative evaluation of the codes and legislations incorporated by four countries, namely, Australia, Britain, New Zealand and the U.S. for enhancing energy efficiency in the buildings of their countries, is presented.


Voting among replicated data collection devices achieves trusted data delivery to the end-user in a hostile environment. Failures may occur during data collection process: such as data corruptions by malicious devices and security/bandwidth attacks on data paths. How often a correct data is delivered to the user in a timely manner depicts the voting QoS. We study a model-based approach to inject faults in a data collection system for verification purposes. We advocate a stress-test of the system, i.e., subjecting the system to harsh conditions, to assess its resilience. The paper provides experimental studies of a voting system under injected faults, with message & time complexity analysis.


Annexin 1 (AnxA1) is an anti‐inflammatory protein with established activity in a range of in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Recently, some of these inhibitory effects have been associated with activation of a specific G‐protein coupled receptor, termed FPR like‐1 (FPRL‐1). Freshly isolated human neutrophils (1x106/ml) were incubated (10 min; 37°C) with or without AnxA1 prior to perfusion over TNF activated (10 ng/ml; 4h) human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) at 1 dyn/cm2 for 8 min, then 6 random fields were recorded for analysis. In some experiments neutrophils were also incubated with a specific FPRL‐1 antagonist WRWWWW or with a selective anti‐FPRL‐1 mAb. Analysis of adhesion molecule expression was performed by staining neutrophils, incubated with or without AnxA1, with specific monoclonal antibodies against L‐selectin, CD11b and PSGL‐1 and measuring fluorescence by flow cytometry. Incubation of neutrophils with AnxA1 resulted in a marked reduction in firm adhesion, but not rolling, onto HUVEC monolayers when compared with untreated neutrophils. This effect was FPRL‐1 dependent since abrogated by WRWWWW and anti‐FPRL‐1 mAb. AnxA1 did not modify neutrophil adhesion molecule expression. These results indicate that AnxA1 interferes with neutrophil recruitment onto the endothelium under flow conditions in vitro, causing a significant reduction in adherent cells. This effect of AnxA1 does not result from alteration in the adhesion molecules investigated, however there is evidence for the functional involvement of FPRL‐1.


An electronically steerable antenna includes at least one driven element, at least one controllable counterpoise element, and a support structure on which the driven element and the controllable counterpoise element are disposed. The controllable counterpoise element has at least one geometric characteristic which can be varied. A radiating angle of the driven element is selectively controlled, at least in part, by modifying the geometric characteristic of the at least one controllable counterpoise element. The counterpoise element may include multiple conductive segments, at least a subset of which may be adapted to be individually electrically connected together so as to modify the radiating angle of the driven, element.


An optimization model based on the fuzzy maximum entropy method is proposed for the data stream evolving clustering problem. In the model, the fuzziness and effectiveness of cluster partition are described by fuzzy membership and information entropy, respectively. An optimization object function is defined. In the sliding window, the clustering processing of the data subset is construed as an optimization problem. In this way, the inner structural features can be depicted effectively, and the continuity between contiguous windows is preserved simultaneously. The solution of the optimization problem is used as the basis of concept drift detection; as a result, the validity of the detection result is guaranteed and the varying trends in cluster structure can be easily captured. In the simulation, artificial and real datasets are used to verify the performance of the proposed method, and existing evolving clustering algorithms are introduced for comparison with our algorithm for testing purposes. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the developed algorithm. Under the same conditions, the new method is superior to other clustering algorithms with respect to the accuracy of clustering and concept drift detection; it also reduces computational load and memory usage effectively.


My daughter Anne brought me to Boston' s Logan Airport to catch the Northwest plane departing 8.20 P.M. for Amsterdam. A few hours in the air and we heard that one of the engines had become naughty, and so we returned to Boston. Better late than dead. After an hour at Logan we departed again and arrived at Schiphol (Amsterdam) at 2.15 P.M. (instead of at 8 A.M.). A peeved nephew with wife and child was waiting; he had already been at the airport since 8 A.M. I was also peeved, and so we cancelled our peevishness against one another. Henkjan Struik, wife Betty, and son Thomas (aged 10) received me hospitably in their home in the inner city. I spent one day and a half in Amsterdam, saw my sister-in-law Truida, now twice a widow, in her pleasant apartment on the Nassaukade. She had to sell her old home on the Bloemgracht for a good price; the house is now beautifully restored with two ornamental laterns and an old-fashioned gable-stone "De Eenhoorn" (The Unicorn). It is part of a general restoration of ancient houses in Amsterdam, quite successful. On August 2, Wednesday, I met Joop Morrien, of the CPN paper "De Waarheid" (Truth, Pravda), and we saw restorations and the building in which the paper is produced. I was of interest as an old timer, probably the only still surviving charter member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (founded 1918). Morrien, I find, has given me a nice write-up in the paper. In the afternoon I took the train to Utrecht, where after some search in a suburb I found the publishing house "Het Spectrum." Last winter I prepared a new Dutch translation of the Concise History of Mathematics at the request of Het Spectrum. I talked with editor De Jong who told me that they had little trouble with my handwriting (who can type Dutch in Boston?) and I may expect printed proofs in September. And so I hope for the best, since one of my Utrecht colleagues has kept an occasional eye on this business. Early in the morning of Tuesday, August 3, I boarded a train to Hamburg. I love such train rides with glances here at Deventer, Osnabriick, and Bremen. At the Central Station in Hamburg, arriving at 2:15 P.M., I met by appointment my friend David Rowe--he is the colleague who prepared that interview published in The Mathematical Intelligencer (New York) and NTM (Leipzig). He was with Karin Reich, from Stuttgart, whose work on the history of differential geometry I know.


SCRUGGS, BERT. Translingual Narration: Colonial and Postcolonial Taiwanese Fiction and Film. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2015. 216 pp. $65.00 hardcover. The object of scrutiny in Translingual Narration: Colonial and Postcolonial Taiwanese Fiction and Film is the formation of colonial identity or consciousness during Japan's rule of Taiwan from 1895 to 1945. Specifically, Bert Scruggs examines the colonial identity of the Han Chinese people who had settled in Taiwan before the Japanese occupation. Many of them came from southern China and the language they spoke, which became known as Taiwanese, originated from the Hokkien dialect of Fujian province. Since Taiwanese was a vernacular without a written form, the literature of these people was written in Chinese and, during the colonization, in Japanese. Apparently, it is in this linguistic context that Scruggs uses "translingual narration" to refer to the body of materials of his study: short fiction of the colonial period, as well as films of colonial topics produced in colonial and postcolonial times. Readers interested in colonial and postcolonial conditions will uncover such conditions in the specificities intricately carved into the ideological contours of a textual landscape. However, readers interested in translingualism might find its treatment compromised by conceptual limitations. Scruggs's selection of fiction and film cogently shows the impossibility of pinning down a colonial Taiwanese identity in the colonizer-colonized dichotomy. As Scruggs notes when outlining the theoretical horizons in chapter one. for one thing, 'Taiwan never attained independence or underwent formal decolonization" (5), but only passed from the hands of imperial Japan to those of a Chinese republic. For another, it was under Japanese colonization that the Taiwanese people experienced modernity, which, besides advancing material progress, stimulated awareness of personal choice, social opposition, and social empathy beyond the confines of colonialism. This conceptual frame enables nuanced readings of the colonial texts. The study delineates free will in the main characters of Weng Nao's "The Remaining Snow," Wu Zhuoliu's "The Doctor's Mother," and Wang Changxiong's "Torrent," examined vis-a-vis ambivalence and mimicry in colonial identity construction in chapter three. Chapter four locates agency and action of revolutionary change in Yang Kui's left-wing fiction, in contradistinction to the works of Yang Shouyu, Wang Shilang, and Zhu Dianren, which only passively reflect activism (72). Turning to the colonial female writers Zhang Bihua, Ye Tao, Huang Baotao, and Yang Qianhe, chapter five situates their female characters' abilities to transcend class and ethnic boundaries in "a hegemony of matrimony" (96), one that while prescribing women's roles as wives and mothers, paradoxically unified women in colonial Taiwan through common matrimonial concerns. The sixth and last chapter observes "cultural solastalgia"--a term used by Scruggs to describe the longings for a vanishing Taiwanese culture as a result of both colonialism and modernity (115; see also Albrecht et al, "Solastalgia," Australasian Psychiatry 15.1 [2007])--in Zhu Dianren's "Autumn Tidings," Lil Heruo's "Fengshui," and Wang Changxiong's "Torrent," before exploring affective and pragmatic memories in the filmic narratives of Viva Tonal: Tiaowushidai, Ltide haipingxian (Emerald Horizon), Nanshin Taiwan, Wuyan de shanqiu (Hill of No Return), and Tianma Chafang (March of Happiness). In all these discussions, Scruggs facilitates critical intersections between global theoretical perspectives and Taiwanese studies vantage points, assessing their applicability to specific colonial and postcolonial circumstances along the way. …


The development of technologies for the efficient conversion of methane and other light hydrocarbons is becoming vital to the chemical industry. The main technologies for methane conversion are based on solid and liquid catalysts such as metals, oxides and oxide-supported metals. Methane is a highly stable molecule, and the analysis of the catalytic activity of materials with respect to the C-H bond cleavage in methane is of paramount importance for the development of novel methane conversion catalysts. One of the most promising methods for studying methane activation over a catalyst is H/D isotope exchange between the gas and condensed phases. The method provides reliable in situ information on the cleavage of chemical bonds in molecules and allows researchers to elucidate the elementary steps of catalytic methane activation and the stable intermediates involved in the activation process. This paper focuses on the critical analysis of H/D isotope exchange studies of the methane activation mechanism over various metals, oxides, composites, and other catalysts, from the earlier studies to the recent advances in the field. The existing theoretical and experimental approaches to study the H/D exchange between methane and a catalyst are discussed in the paper. A critical analysis of the structure-composition-catalytic activity relationships of the catalysts with respect to methane activation is provided.


Kiswahili, the most extensively spoken language in Eastern Africa, has been described as the most dynamic and adaptable Bantu language, both structurally and lexically, in order to meet its expanded communicative roles. One of the major structural changes, which have occurred, is the reinforcement of the earlier syllable structure and the development of flexibility in the system so as to accommodate other consonant and vowel combinations in the onset and rhyme. This evolution has made Kiswahili unique among the Bantu languages.


Traffic congestion is a common transportation problem around the globe, especially in populated cities, which leads to the issues of traffic management and its safety. A major cause of accidental deaths on the road is due to either the absence of quick medical assistance or traffic-mismanagement. Traffic network management system aims to reduce traffic congestion, delay, and to improve the level of service (LOS) of the urban streets and intersections. Jordan as most of the growing countries has suffered from the impacts of highway mode of transportation. This paper discusses effects of using smart traffic station control in Jordan transportation system by testing different scenarios using Cupcarbon simulator, these scenarios are tested to utilize the benefits of IoT and smart cities applications. CupCarbon is a Wireless Sensor Network design and simulation tool. It is a discrete and multi-agent event Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) simulator. Networks can be designed and prototyped in an ergonomic user-friendly interface using the OpenStreetMap (OSM) framework by deploying sensors directly on the map. CupCarbon simulator is used to model various scenarios which show the actual roads and vehicles movements in the implementation. Two scenarios have been tested to select the optimum route from accident's position and the nearest available hospitals, in order to enhance the rescue time operations.


4 Introduction 4 Background and Related Work 5 Program Requirements 5 O Navigation Diagram 5 O Home Page 6 O Movie Page 6 Implementation 8 O Technologies Used 8 O Client-Server Architecture 10 O API Implementation 10 O Database Model 13 Conclusions and Future Work 14 References 14


This text features a proactive and personal approach that creates mutually beneficial customer relationships. Advice is given on how to select appropriate clients for the IAM system, how to hire and train an account management team, and how to conduct workshops to discover the needs of customers.


Water for injections is one of the most popular diluents used for preparation of parenteral dosage forms. The European  Pharmacopoeia recommends two methods for the determination of  subvisible particulate matter: Light Obscuration Particle Count Test  and Microscopic Particle Count Test. The Russian Pharmacopoeia,  13th ed., additionally allows for the use of the Coulter principle  (Electrical Sensing Zone method). Thus, a procedure had to be developed for subvisible particles determination in water for  injections based on the Coulter principle (hereinafter — procedure).  The article presents the results of development and validation of the  procedure, i.e. the characteristics of accuracy, dilutional linearity,  ruggedness in terms of the time factor, and repeatability for particles more than 10 μm in size. The results of subvisible particles  determination obtained with the help of the developed procedure based on the Coulter principle were compared to the  results obtained with the help of the light obscuration particle count  test. The accuracy of the developed procedure was supported by the  statistical insignificance of the differences between the obtained  results. The values of ruggedness in terms of the time factor (NMT  14 %) and repeatability (NMT 15 %) did not exceed the established  acceptance criterion which is equal to the acceptable limit of the  instrument error for particle count in the tested samples (20 %). The  dilutional linearity of the procedure was demonstrated  (coefficient of determination R2 = 0.999). The results obtained  during the validation studies support the possibility of using the  Coulter principle for the assessment of subvisible particles in water  for injections.


Web Services Resource (WS-Resource) consists of static Web service interface and dynamic stateful resource.According to the different characteristics of the two components,we proposed an Attribute-Based Two Level Access Control (2L-ABAC) on for WS-Resources.Attribute retrieval is essential for ABAC systems because they are based on their decisions on attributes of users,so 2L-ABAC employs access control policies publishing mechanism to inform users of the needed attributes.Access control policies of Web Services are static and those of resources are dynamic,correspondently two publishing methods,WSDL attachment and metadata exchanging,are adopted for each level respectively.2L-ABAC inherits from the ABAC model the capability of authorizing unknown users from other security domains,besides its flexibility due to the hierarchy design model.Moreover,this architecture can be implemented by extending the standard specifications such as XACML and SAML,so it has broad applicability for WS-Resource based systems.


The growth of energy consumption driven by a rise in traffic rate demand and services, requires cellular operators to extend their infrastructure to meet these demands. To address this issue, deployment of low power base stations (BSs) in traditional macrocells have recently being considered to offer high data rates and simultaneously reduce the load of the macrocellular networks. However, the massive and unplanned deployment of small cells and their uncoordinated operations raise important questions about the energy efficiency in the heterogeneous cellular networks. In this paper, the impact of deploying a number of pico BSs on the system performance of macrocellular network is investigated. We analyze the energy efficiency of the downlink macro-picocells heterogeneous network, measured by the traffic capacity divided by the power consumption of the BSs. An adaptive power control based on the iterative-waterfilling scheme has been implemented to control the power among the macro and the pico BSs. The numerical results show that the total macrocellular capacity improves as the number of pico stations increases, but the energy efficiency is improved only for a reasonable number of pico base stations. Moreover, the iterative-waterfilling power allocation scheme improves the energy efficiency even with introducing more pico base stations as compared with other power allocation schemes. This work provides essential understanding for successful deployment of power efficient heterogeneous networks.


Objective: IV baclofen was used to treat refractory migraines/daily headaches associated with muscle spasm of neck muscles in an outpatient headache clinic. Background IV baclofen is not available in the USA, although an oral preparation is widely available. A sterile preparation of baclofen (2.5mg/ml, pH 6.6) was made with a compounding pharmacist, and studied to reduce refractory muscle spasm accompanied by migraine headaches. Design/Methods: 56 patients were treated in the clinic with pulse oximetry monitoring. 5-10 mg of IV baclofen given at intervals of 10-15 minutes with rating of muscle spasm and headache/migraine by patients every 15 minutes. A 0-10 scale was used to monitor muscle spasm and migraine severity. Results: Average initial refractory headaches were rated 8.1/10; muscle spasm was rated 9.1/10 by patients. Patients were treated (up to 6 times) with IV baclofen; half were treated once. Headache severity diminished to 3.0/10 (p Conclusions: IV baclofen is a safe and efficacious treatment for refractory migraines/headaches associated with muscle spasm in an outpatient setting with pulse oximetry monitoring. This is a new and unique approach to treatment, where active treatment is provided. Side effects were minimal; double-blind studies for this medication are definitely warranted, given the impressive initial open-label results. Type B GABA receptor activity may be altered or reduced in the maintenance of migraines and muscle spasm and baclofen is postulated to play a modulatory role in this system. Supported by: This is an investigator initiated study - NOT supported by any pharmaceutical company. Disclosure: Dr. Krusz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cagle has nothing to disclose.


PURPOSE: To obtain silver powder having sufficient density, high purity and a spherical form by heating an aerosol of an unsatd. soln. of a pyrolyzable silver-contg. compd. so as to volatilize the solvent and to decompose the silver compd. CONSTITUTION: An unsatd. soln. of a pyrolyzable silver-contg. compd. such as AgNO 3 in a thermally volatile solvent such as deionized water is prepared. The concn. of the soln. is preferably about ≤90% of the saturation. The soln. is dispersed in an inert carrier gas to obtain an aerosol consisting of droplets of the soln. The aerosol essentially consists of droplets in the density lower than the density at which aggregated droplets causes 10% reduction of the density. Then the aerosol is heated to a temp. higher than the decomposition temp. of the silver compd. but lower than the melting point (960°C) of silver. The temp. is preferably, ≥600°C when the carrier gas is N 2 , and, ≥900°C when the carrier gas is air. Thereby, the solvent is volatilized and the silver compd. is decomposed to form finely devided particles of pure silver. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


Purpose – Institutions of higher education (IHE) should be leaders for demonstrating sustainable building, landscaping, and operational practices. IHEs intensely use resources and are nearly microcosms of the larger world. Yet, relatively few IHEs have assumed a strong leadership role by pursuing sustainability in a comprehensive manner. In particular, few examples exist where top administrators have made sustainability a high‐profile, campus‐wide priority. In the absence of strong administrative leadership, proponents of sustainability need to develop strategies that do not assume a top‐down approach.Design/methodology/approach – This article examines the institutional structures and demands at many IHEs that make it unlikely that top administrators will make sustainability a priority. It also examines why supporters of sustainability will have to contend with faculty, staff, and students who may not see sustainability as an important issue or who must engage in sustainability efforts within the constrai...


The preparation of the salts (Et4N)SnCl5, (Bu4N)SnCl5, (Et4N)SnBr5, (Et4N)TiCl5, (Et4N)Ti2Cl9, (Et4N)TeCl5, and (Et4N)Te3Cl13 is described; the infrared spectra (400–90 cm.–1) of all the compounds and the Raman spectra of the tin compounds are reported. The spectra indicate that the tin and titanium compounds are salts of the trigonal bipyramidal ions SnCl5–, SnBr5–, and TiCl5– while for the TeCl5– ion the symmetry is probably lower than that of a square pyramidal structure. For (Et4N)Te3Cl13 the probable structure is (Et4N+)(TeCl3+)3(Cl–)4, and (Et4N)Ti2Cl9 appears to contain the chlorine-bridged Ti2Cl9– ion. The assignment of the vibrational spectra of solid tellurium tetrachloride is discussed.The infrared spectra of some salts of the hexahalogeno-ions SnCl6–, SnBr6–, TiCl62–, TeCl62–, TeBr62–, and the Raman spectra of the TeCl62– and TeBr62– ions are also reported, and evidence is presented for interaction between the anion bending fundamental ν4 with lattice modes for the tin and tellurium compounds.


To study the changes of T-lymphocyte subsets,NK cells and serum immunoglobulin in patients with hepatitis B,the T-lymphocyte subsets and NK cell quantity were detected by flow cytometry and serum immunoglobulin by immune nephelometry in 150 patients with hepatitis B and 30 cases of healthy controls.The results showed that the numbers of NK cells in patients with hepatitis B was lower than that of control(P0.01).The numbers of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ in patients with chronic hepatitis,chronic severe hepatitis and liver fibrosis were decreased.The numbers of CD3+CD8+ in patients with chronic severe hepatitis was significantly lower than that of normal group(P0.01).There was no significant change in acute hepatitis B compared with normal group(P0.05).The serum levels of IgG and IgA in patients with chronic hepatitis,chronic severe hepatitis and liver fibrosis were significantly increased compared with normal controls(P0.01).The immune function was disturbed in patients with hepatitis B.The detection of the immune function has clinical significance in the diagnosis,treatment and predict prognosis of hepatitis B.


In this paper, the results in [11] have been improved upon and a new simpler proof is given in dimensional form.


The effects of several variables on the optimum design configurations of composite and noncomposite steel bridges are studied in this paper. Spans of up to 100 feet long and different bridge widths were considered. Several graphs and tables are provided to guide designers towards the least costly design. A Vax 11/785 computer is used to obtain data and a Lotus 123 program is used to create bar graphs with an HP plotter. The effect of the following variables on optimum cost are studied: (a) spacing between the beams; (b) influence of different loading types (the HS20, the HS25 and the permit load); (c) concrete strength; (d) the influence of using different types of steel on optimum configuration (two different yield strengths of steel were considered: 36 ksi and 50 ksi); (e) the degree of interaction between concrete and steel; and (f) the influence of provision of lateral bracing. The influence of variation in costs on optimum design were also studied. (TRRL)


Aluminium is used as a matrix material in most of the aerospace and equipment due to its high aspect ratio. In the present investigation fly ash has been reinforced in Al-SiC metal matrix, and its mechanical properties were evaluated. The fly ash reinforced composites were fabricated using stir casting method at various weight percentages viz. 10%, 15% &20%wt% to the molten metal after solidification, mechanical properties viz. Impact test and Hardness test were carried out, and results were analyzed. The microstructure of the composite was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show an increase in the hardness and impact strength up to 15% of fly ash content.


3 Abstract Optimization technologies and methods can be used to effectively reduce component design-time and weight, to improve component strength, to "tune" structures to accommodate modal targets, and to generally improve component robustness. In this paper Topology Optimization, Topography Optimization and Size and Shape Optimization, as they apply to aerospace-related applications, are discus sed. Topology Optimization is considered in the determination of material placement in order to minimize component stress and mass. Topography Optimization for the stiffening of plate type structures is dis cussed. In order to achieve required structural frequencies, Topography Optimization produces bead patterns to drive component stiffness to acceptable levels. Size and Shape Optimization for Design Fine Tuning and for optimally meeting design requirements such as stress, strain, buckling, frequency, displacement, etc., is considered. Size and Shape Optimization minimizes component gage thicknesses, adjusts component radii, and updates component shapes to produce more optimal structures. Examples relevant to the Aerospace Industry are given to demonstrate optimization for metallic and composite structures.


A solid fuel launch vehicle is a rocket with an engine that has been widely used in aerospace missions. Utilizing such launch vehicles depends on the simplicity of the manufacturing, maintenance, operation and development of the control systems. The purpose of optimization in solid fuel launch vehicles design is to find the best possible design for the mission with regard to the available equipment, constraints and infrastructures. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to optimally design a launch vehicle for customized missions based on successful experiences, as well as technology, manufacturing capabilities and facilities. In this context, NSGA-II Intelligent Optimization Algorithm is considered based on multi-objective optimization principles and Mass-Energetic concepts. The optimal design of the launch vehicle is performed by applying intelligent algorithms and technological opportunities and limitations. The result showed that the present optimization method can design the launch vehicle based on technological limitations.


This article seeks to explain how militarism and export dependence influence the biosphere's ability to meet the consumption-based demands placed upon it by human populations. The authors examine key predictors of per capita Biological Capacity, an estimate of the resources utilized in the production of final goods and services, in order to assess two broad areas of literature. First, the "Treadmill of Destruction" argument suggests that an increase in military spending and armed conflicts causes environmental degradation, reducing Biological Capacity. Second, the "Ecologically Unequal Exchange" approach indicates that underdeveloped states with higher levels of export dependence will also have reduced Biological Capacity. Our findings largely confirm both hypotheses. Results also indicate that diminished Biological Capacity plays a key role in explaining the negative association found in previous studies between export dependence and domestic consumption among low income countries.


An artificial antigen forming the C34 trimeric structure targeting membrane-fusion mechanism of HIV-1 has been evaluated as an HIV vaccine. The C34 trimeric molecule was previously designed and synthesized using a novel template with C3-symmetric linkers by us. The antiserum produced by immunization of the C34 trimeric form antigen showed 23-fold higher binding affinity for the C34 trimer than for the C34 monomer and showed significant neutralizing activity. The present results suggest effective strategies of the design of HIV vaccines and anti-HIV agents based on the native structure mimic of proteins targeting dynamic supramolecular mechanisms in HIV fusion. 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


Exercise 1.5. For each F ∈ Xi we de ne eF ∈ C by eF (G) = { 1 F = G 0 F 6= G . Then {eF }F∈Xi is an orthonormal basis for C w.r.t the weighted inner product when w = 1 (that is w ≡ 1), but it is not necisarily orthonormal w.r.t w = degX . Notation 1.6. We will be interested in the inner products derives when w ≡ 1 and when w = degX , and speci cally with adjoint maps with respect to these inner products. To avoid confusion, for a given f ∈ C we denote its adjoint with respect to 〈·, ·〉1 by f† and its adjoint with respect to 〈·, ·〉degX with f ∗.


Currently, people's demands for clean, fair, transparent, and accountable governance must be taken seriously and systematically. To be more accountable a strategy is needed in preventing fraud by maximizing the competency of the apparatus and whistleblowing. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the influence of Servants' Competence, Whistleblowing, on Fraud Prevention in Village Fund Management. This research method uses descriptive and verification surveys, and field data collection uses a questionnaire technique, this research is associative research, where in this study there are variables that are related and can influence other variables. The population of this research is village government officials in the Madang Suku II sub-district, East OKU district. Data processing using SEM PLS 3.0 analysis tool. The results of this study are: (1) there is an influence of Servants' Competence, on the prevention of fraud in the management of village funds, (2) there is an effect of whistleblowing on the prevention of fraud in the management of village funds.


This study compares the effects of shadowing and those of repeating during six repetition trials in terms of two aspects: repreduction rate and type of reproduced words, 48 university students performed both shadowing and repeating six tirnes each, and their recorded voices were analyzed to see if there were any differences between the two kinds of training methods in terms of the reproduction rate and the number of function and content words reproduced correctly on each repetition trial, The results indicated that four or five repetition trials were enough to improve the rate of reproduction to a level near the ceiling point. It was also fbund that the panicipants could reproduce more content words with shadowing than with repeating, whereas some reduced function words were reproduced from the first trail of repeating, all of which may refiect differences in the language processing between shadowing and repeating perfbrmances.


The saturation surface of cassiterite, SnO2, was determined for liquids in the system K2O–Al2O3–SiO2 as a function of bulk composition and temperature. At fixed K2O/Al2O3 cassiterite solubility varies weakly with SiO2 concentration (76 to 84 mol%), temperature (1350° to 1550°C), and log (fO2) (−0.7 to −5.3). Cassiterite solubility is also approximately independent of composition in liquids with molar ratios of K2O/Al2O3 lessthan equal to 1 (peraluminous liquids). As K2O/Al2O3 increases from 1 (peralkaline liquids), however, cassiterite solubility increases steeply and approximately linearly with K2O in excess of Al2O3. It is proposed that potassium in excess of aluminum combines with Sn4+ to form quasi-molecular complexes with an effective stoichiometry of K4SnO4.


A pixel-based motion compensation (MC) technique where a motion vector is determined at every pixel is investigated. Image sequence compression using the present MC technique will require less bits for prediction error than that using conventional block-based MC techniques. One of the main problem of pixel-based MC is how to save the number of bits for the motion vectors. For this problem, some constraint is imposed between neighboring motion vectors. Experimental results have shown that the present MC technique can attain higher compression rates than a block-based MC technique for image sequences with large motion.


This thesis is aiming to describe and understand the access to and evolvement of necral land (burial and crematory grounds) in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania and one of the most rapid ...


The awareness of nutrition playing an important role in sports performance. Many factors can impact the performance of a sports person during competition which may be related to different domains. The most commonly encountered nutritional related problem among sports person is their failure to consume sufficient total of food energy. Food is composed of six basic substance: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Each one of these has specific function in providing nourishment for the body. For the sportsman, it is of critical importance to recognise what each does to his body under the physical, mental and emotional strains of competition. The duration and the intensity of the exercise involved in a given sports will determine the principal source of energy used in meeting the work demands of that particular sports. The certain nutrition and dietary approaches an enhance the sports performance and also nutrition is essential for an athletes good performance. The athlete's diet should be high in carbohydrates, moderate in proteins and low in fat.


International law emerged as a professional academic specialization in a 19th century European context of wide-ranging public debates about the nature and cultural significance of science. Ever since, the status of international law as an academic discipline has been intimately connected with the capacity of international lawyers to demonstrate that our discipline is properly scientific. Yet the ideals of science upon which international lawyers have drawn in seeking to demonstrate the scientific nature of our work have not remained static. This article explores how those shifting ideals of science have shaped the concerns, questions, methods, and theories adopted by professional legal scholars in different times and places, including the 19th century Cambridge of Whewell, the 20th century Vienna of Kelsen, the post-war New Haven of McDougal and Lasswell, and the globally networked university of the 21st century. In returning to the historical debates out of which today's highly stylized versions of positivist and policy-oriented international law emerged, the article shows that while scholars of international law have shared a commitment to scientific values of rationality, progress, and objectivity, they have understood those commitments as requiring different forms of conduct, different means of producing knowledge, and different relations to the state.


SUMMARY This paper introduces a method for restoration of missing arbitrarily shaped image segments using combined discrete orthogonal transforms (DOT). The missing segment texture is successively interpolated/extrapolated using the texture of the correctly decoded segments belonging to the same object, thus having the same texture pattern.


published online May 11, 2011; J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Blommaert, Lara Dabiri, Jean Ruf, and Regis Guieu Michele Brignole, Jean-Claude Deharo, Luc De Roy, Carlo Menozzi, Dominique Follow-Up of a Distinct Form of Atrioventricular Block Syncope Due to Idiopathic Paroxysmal Atrioventricular Block: Long-Term This information is current as of May 20, 2011 http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/j.jacc.2010.12.045v1 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is


Fractal analysis is currently in full swing in particular in the medical field because of the fractal nature of natural phenomena (vascular system, nervous system, bones, breast tissue ...). For this, many algorithms for estimating the fractal dimension have emerged. Most of them are based on the principle of box counting. In this work we propose a new method for calculating fractal attributes based on contrast homogeneity and energy that have been extracted from gray level co-occurrence matrix. As application we are investigated in the characterization and classification of mammographic images with SuportVectorMachine classifier. We considered in particular images with tumor masses and architectural disorder to compare with normal ones. We calculate, for comparison the fractal dimension obtained by a reference method (triangular prism) and perform a classification similar to the previous. Results obtained with new algorithm are better than reference method (classification rate is 0.91 vs 0.65). Hence new fractal attributes are relevant.


Wools that moths cannot digest and that are several times as resistant to the action of alkalies and certain other damaging agencies can be obtained through a proc ess developed by Research Associates of the Textile Foundation at the National Bureau of Standards. Neither the softness nor the strength of the wools is impaired by the process which consists of transforming the chemical linkages of the wool that involve sulfur to more stable ones. The well known sensitivity of wool to attack by moths and to damage by alkalies constitutes its greatest defect. Hence, improved resistance to such de structive agencies should prove of value in such common uses as clothing, blankets, carpets, and in certain indus trial applications where it may be exposed to the action of harmful chemicals.


It is described an electrochemical cell (10) for recovering electrical energy, in particular a fuel cell, which comprises an acting as anode first electrode (14) and a functioning as a cathode, second electrode (16) and a solid electrolyte layer, in particular flat executed (12), wherein the first and the second electrode (14, 16) on the solid electrolyte layer (12) is in ion-conductive contact. According to the invention it is provided that the solid electrolyte layer (12) as the supporting structure of the electrochemical cell (10) is formed.


Imitational innovation is an effective way of cultivating enterprise core competence.Starting from the analysis of the difference and relation between imitational innovation capability and core competence,from the angle of combined innovation and organizational learning,the paper studies how to cultivate enterprises core competence by imitational innovation.


The characteristic feature of urbanized terrains is the occurrence of a multipath phenomenon resulting from channel scattering. Empirical studies show that this phenomena significantly influences on an angular dispersion of received signals and hence a quality of a radio link. The effect of this scattering can be minimized by shaping a beam width of a transmitter antenna. In addition, the maximum radiation direction of the emitter antenna is of great importance for the angular dispersion. The assessment of the impact of the transmission antenna pattern on the angular dispersion is obtained on the basis of simulation studies. In this case, the power angular spectrum (PAS) is used to evaluate the angular dispersion of the received signals. Based on PAS, the rms angle spread (AS) is determined. This measure is used to assess the influence of the transmitting antenna radiation pattern on the angular dispersion at the reception point. For modeling a radio channel typical for the urban areas, a multi-ellipsoidal propagation model is used. This model is based on the transmission characteristics of the channel such as the power delay profile or spectrum (PDP or PDS). Based on PDP/PDS, the coaxial ellipsoid parameters are determined. These ellipsoids represent the occurrence locations of radio wave scatterers. The obtained simulation results show the significant impact of the half-power beam width and the maximum radiation direction of antenna pattern on AS, and thus on the quality of the wireless link.


Femtosecond laser microfabrication of a 3D microstructure with single-exposure or 1D scanning is realized by the 3D focal field intensity engineering. The two rapid techniques can be switched to fabricate a complex microstructure.


Charity activities are usually implemented in the form of giving and sharing to others for help reduce social problems. In Padang, West Sumatra there is a sharing movement known as Kopi Dindiang (KD). The purpose of this study was to describe social practices in the arena of sharing (charity) type Kopi Dindiang in the Padang city. This Study uses a qualitative approach to the type of descriptive and informants using purposive sampling techniques. In analysing this research the writer uses social practice theory from Pierre Felix Bourdieu which discuss several concepts namely habit, field and capital with the formula (habit x capital) + Field = social practice, and data collection techniques through interviews and observations. The results of this study indicate that the habit and capital owned by agents do not always determine the success of a field. The proof is that social practices in the field of type Kopi Dindiang have decreased in existence due to several constraints from donors and outlet owners. such as causes of inactivity of Kopi Dindiang outlets which also relates to the structure that has been determined, as 3 less active and 5 the causes of inactivity of Kopi Dindiang donors. While the authors found 7 of habit from donors and owners of Kopi Dindiang outlets.


Examples of the method for manufacturing an image sensor according to the steps of forming the wiring and the interlayer insulating layer to be connected to the circuit on the semiconductor substrate on which a circuit is formed; Forming a photo diode comprising a first doped layer and the second doped referred to on the interlayer insulating layer; A step of passing through the photodiode to form a via hole exposing a part of surface of said wiring; Forming a barrier pattern that covers the exposed surface of the second doped layer in the via hole; Forming a contact plug to the wire and such that the first doped layer is a connection in the via hole; Etching the upper portion of the contact plug; And forming an insulating layer on the upper contact plug; includes. Image Sensor


School administration payments as a means of supporting the teaching and learning process, administrative payments that are still manual must be supported by a computerized system. The research method I use is a data collection technique consisting of observation, interviews and literature study, while the software development method is the waterfall method. The waterfall method consists of software requirements analysis, design, coding, testing and support. The author builds a school administration payment information system using the Java NetBeans IDE 8.1 programming language. By building a computerized system, it is hoped that it will be able to produce more precise and accurate information to help minimize errors. Information systems can run well with the support of technology, work procedures and good human resources


A walk through survey was conducted at Johnson and Johnson Products, Sherman, Texas in January, 1984. The purpose of the survey was to determine the feasibility of including the facility in a NIOSH industry-wide study of ethylene-oxide mortality. The facility produced a large variety of gauze products, sponges, and plastic items that were sterilized with an ethylene-oxide/carbon-dioxide mixture. Cobalt-60 was also used to sterilize certain products. A review of personnel records showed that approximately 1,700 persons had been exposed to ethylene oxide for at least 3 months. The authors conclude that the facility meets all of the eligibility requirements and should be included in the NIOSH study.


Conversion of pastureland into cropland has occurred at a rapid rate on the central to northern Great Plains. A reduction in total acreage of pastureland from this conversion has resulted in a decline of total numbers of beef cows in the same region. One method to mitigate the decline in cow numbers is to increase carrying capacity of the remaining pastureland acres. Introducing warm-season annual grass species into perennial coolseason grass pastures to increase dry matter production during the midsummer time period that perennial cool-season grasses would be most dormant is one strategy that may be able to boost production. An increase in production during this time period could result in an overall increase in total land area biomass production to be able to maintain or increase the number of cow units per acre of pastureland.


The matrix interpretation of the spectral iteration technique (MSIT) has recently been shown to provide rapid convergence for the electromagnetic problems associated with 2D homogeneous dielectric scatterers in the resonance region for both TM and TE incidence. The MSIT is presented in a form suitable for use on 3D homogeneous dielectric and lossy-dielectric scatterers. Rapid convergence on test problems in the resonance region is demonstrated with significantly fewer than /sup 3/ square root (N) iterations, where N is the number of unknowns, needed for electrically large scatterers. The bistatic RCS computed from the MSIT for spheres with a range of permittivities and diameters up to 2 lambda /sub 0/ are shown to be in good agreement with analytic solutions. Current distributions from some initial tests on lossy-dielectric thin plates show well-behaved and symmetric results.


Objective:To investigate the status of life and social support among premenopausal women in Jiangsu.Methods:With multi-stage cluster random sampling,464 premenopausal women were selected from Zhenjiang and Xuzhou to undergo the questionnaire.Results:Only 0.2 percent cost was of spiritual requirement.The awareness rates of premenopausal were low,and south were higher than north.The southern prevalence of chronic disease was lower than northern,while that of mammary gland disease was higher than northern.The score of social support was 40.5±7.3,considered as medium level.Conclusion:With the enhancement of health education and social support,the life quality of premenopausal women will be improved.


Research on cross-media topic analysis and information retrieval methods, which utilize semantic of multimedia data to describe cross-media documents. As the emerging of multimedia data on Internet, text based methods cause the problem of inadequacy of semantic, so a uniform semantic presentation on different media data is very important for information retrieval system. Cross-media topic analysis and information retrieval methods are proposed in this paper. Firstly, generative method and visual topic learning algorithm are used to construct visual topic model and map visual data to text topics. This method can solve the problem of consistent semantic description of cross-media data. On this basis, cross-media topic tagging and integrated search are achieved. Using the proposed method, a food safety information retrieval system is established and experiment results also show its effectiveness.


MRI offers a conceptually appealing approach since it is a real 3D method. The necessary (ultra) high magnetic fields are well tolerated by the subjects even in long-term studies. Sub-mm resolution is achievable with various tissue contrasts. Those structural advantages are to be seen alongside with still long scanning times and thus the need for adequate synchronization techniques for moving organs. In this study, a synchronization method was developed, which compensated breathing movements.


The current advances in fluorescence microscopy coupled with the development of new fluorescent probes and detectors provide the tools to study protein associations in living specimens using FRET microscopy. Upon energy transfer, donor fluorescence is quenched and acceptor fluorescence is increased (sensitized), resulting in a decrease in donor excitation intensity or lifetime. The fluorophore molecule used for FRET imaging has a characteristic absorption and emission spectrum that should be considered for characterizing the FRET signal acquired using one- and two-photon excitation FRET microscopy. There are a number of methods to avoid, minimize or correct the spectral bleedthrough (SBT) contamination in intensity-based FRET, each having specific limitations depending on the level of sensitivity desired. We have developed an algorithm to correct the contamination in the FRET image to estimate the energy transfer efficiency (E%) and the distance (r) between donor and acceptor molecule. In this presentation we explain the influence of back-bleedthrough signal in quenched donor channel, acceptor excitation wavelength exciting donor component of the double labeled specimen (we call them additional SBT in this paper) and its influence in the calculation of energy transfer efficiency and the distance between donor and acceptor molecules. Considerable amount of additional SBT signals were observed in the intensity based multiphoton FRET microscopy compared to the one-photon FRET microscopy.


An acoustic lens was used as a collimator to measure periodic surface backscattering. Techniques to align and focus the acoustic lens are described. The performance is evaluated in the context of classical lens aberration theory and was checked experimentally. Using these methods, an experimenter is able to measure high‐frequency backscattering in a constrictive tank environment without interference from target edges or concern that far‐field conditions are being compromised. Limitations on the method are discussed. [Work supported by ONR.]


We obtain the Lie symmetries of two (2+1)-dimensional differential-difference equations based on the extended Harrison and Estabrook's geometric approach that is extended from the continuous differential equations to the differential-difference equations. Moreover, it is shown that both of the two equations possess a Kac–Moody–Virasoro symmetry algebra.


The CLAS experiment E02‐104, part of the EG2 run at Jefferson Lab, was performed to study the hadronization process using semi inclusive deep inelastic scattering off nuclei. Electron beam energy of 5 GeV and the CLAS large acceptance detector were used to study charged pion production. The high luminosity available at Jefferson Lab and the CLAS large acceptance are key factors for such measurements allowing high statistics and therefore multidimensional analyses of the data. Both the multiplicity ratio and the transverse momentum broadening for carbon, iron and lead relative to deuterium are measured. Preliminary results for positive pions are discussed.


Infrastructure has been an inspiring strength for economic growth and development in India. However, the Infrastructure in India is still in the developing phase. In context of the PPP based Road infrastructure projects, it is generally observed that such projects cannot meet the target and requirements as the Indian companies lack scientific management Technology to challenge the risks. Much of the risk of a PPP projects comes from the complexity of financing, taxation, law regulatory, acquired technical documentation and construction process involved in a major infrastructure venture. Main risks, their analysis and management on road infrastructure projects are explained in this paper. After risk analyse, Risk management framework are presented for managing risks on PPP based road projects in India. In view of the findings it is suggested to set up Regulator to the PPP Road projects which could oversee the fast changing overall socio economic environment and suggest measures to lessen risk and create win-win situation to all stakeholders.


Summary form only given. The lifetime of semiconductor quantum well (QW) lasers is limited by the formation of defects at the facets or in the bulk of the active region. Usually long time aging tests combined with special physical investigations are used to analyze the quality of manufactured lasers. Here, a physical method is presented which allows the precise detection of defects in broad area Fabry-Perot lasers. This method bases on the analysis of longitudinal mode spectra measured below threshold.


AGC(Anti-Glare coating) glass which has the property to reduce the glare on the PV(Photovoltaic) module by the reflection of sunlight on the PV module was evaluated. In spite of the similar properties of the transmittance with AGC and ARC(Anti-Reflective coating) glass, the reflectance of AGC glass was higher than ARC glass due to diffuse reflection. It was observed by measuring gloss and haze. Moreover, the same effect was observed on the manufactured PV module samples. The glare reduction by reflection of sunlight on the PV module in outdoor exposure was visually observed for AGC module and the luminance value of the AGC module was decreased about 90% compared to the ARC module. The AGC module was observed diffuse reflection, but the output power was similar to the ARC module.


This paper describes the process by which a literature review is conducted. It begins by identifying the purpose of a literature review, and then explores how key words can be used to define the scope of the review, how the review can be organized into t hemes and how conclusions can be drawn from the literature to inform further studies. Examples from nursing and health care are provided to illustrate the processes described.


This article considers Alfred Deakin's role in the formation of Victorian water legislation and how the knowledge he developed on the subject later informed the federal water policy debate. Deakin's formative years in colonial politics and his role in the creation of water policy are examples of where he first imparted the philosophy of state action to encourage economic and social outcomes. In the Victorian parliament he engaged in a fundamental debate about the future of that colony's development and firmly established the foundations of later legislative and administrative action over water resources. Deakin's initiatives represented a specific form of social liberalism that incorporated a broader developmental agenda. Furthermore, Deakin's approach to water resources policy informed and influenced his contemporaries throughout the federation movement and in the newly formed Commonwealth parliament. This article has been peer-reviewed.


To evaluate the crystal growth characteristics of vibration welding, Inconel 690 alloy was welded when subjected to synchronous mechanical vibrations. This study employs arc oscillation welding along with vibrations to obtain structures with the preferred orientation. The results show that the surface normal orientation of grains in vibrationless weld was {420} preferentially, but they were {200}, {311} and {420} preferentially in vibration welding. The microstructure between the first and the second pass weldings illustrates that vibrations disconnect the dendrite growth from the first pass weld to the second. The most recent grains were formed without relating to the neighbouring grain. In the vibrationless weld, the grain orientation was either parallel or perpendicular to the orientation of the nearby grains. Hence, the grains subjected to vibration welding have three orientations, but only one when subjected to vibrationless welding. On the other hand, secondary dendrite arms were rarely observed during vibration welding, but dendrites with orientations parallel to the vibration could grow easily and strongly. This result illustrates that vertical vibration encourages vertical dendrite growth and restricts their horizontal growth. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MEP2007305]


The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between family firm characteristics and IPO initial returns. The family firm characteristics chosen in this study are family firm status, share overhang, and family members on board. The control variables such as auditor reputation, firm size, firm age, and offer size are included based on previous research which finds that the value of IPO initial returns are influenced by these variables. A total of 96 firms which conducted IPO activity in Bursa Malaysia from year 2008 to 2014 are selected as the sample. The collected data were analyzed by using several data analysis techniques in order to answer the research questions.


The article is devoted to some theoretical questions related to stereotypes of perception. It discusses basic concepts related to the formation of ethnic stereotypes of Chinese representations of the Russians. The interpretation of the behavior of one culture members by the representatives of the other contributes to stereotypes beliefs about the lifestyle, customs, habits, i. e., on the system of ethno-cultural characteristics of a certain people. In the basis of such ideas are simplified mental representations of various categories of people overestimating the similarity between them and ignoring the differences. In situations of intercultural contact stereotypes are effective only when they are used as a first good guess about the person or situation, rather than being viewed as the only true information about them. A model describing the communicative behavior of the Russians is proposed, which includes a commentary on the stereotypes of perception of Russians by Chinese. It gives the examples of stereotypes about Russians. The study can be used in the work with the representatives of another culture.


Fig. I. Diagrammatic representation of the iodine cycle. Note the increased uptake of iodide by the thyroid and increased hormone output indicated by the larger arrows. When the thyroid concentrates more iodide there is less available for renal excretion. as being frequently entirely unnecessary. It is chiefly in the larger centres where the more costly radioiodine tests have become particularly useful for the delineation of those "clinically doubtful" cases in which no decision has been reached by other methods. Radioiodine tests possess many advantages of simplicity, convenience, and the most important, specificity in the particular aspect of thyroid function being tested. Radioiodine tests may be considered usefully only in terms of that aspect of iodine metabolism


Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of preterm birth (PTB) and the risk factors for different gestational age subgroups of preterm birth in China. Methods: We carried out a descriptive cross-sectional study encompassing all singleton live births (24+0 to 41+6 weeks) with completed data in 23 provinces in China from 2010 to 2017 during investigation period. We compared both the preterm group (24+0 to 36+6 weeks) and preterm subgroups (<32 weeks, 32+0 to 33+6 weeks, and 34+0 t0 36+6 weeks) with the term group (37+0 to 41+6 weeks). We collected information on maternal and fetal characteristics from medical records. Logistic regression was use. Results: The prevalence of PTB was 7.4% (15,833/215,254) in singleton births. After adjusting for maternal age, parity, and potential risk factors in univariate analysis, the high-risk factors for PTB at <32 weeks were placental abruption (aOR=41.52; 95% CI, 25.89–66.58), placenta previa (aOR=40.04; 95% CI, 32.00–50.09), chorioamnionitis (aOR=11.06; 95% CI, 8.738–14.02), and hypertension disorders in pregnancy (HDP) (aOR=3.564; 95% CI, 2.930–4.335). Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) was significantly associated with PTB at 34–36 weeks (aOR=5.763; 95% CI, 5.049–6.577), particularly with spontaneous PTB (aOR=10.04; 95% CI, 8.79–11.47). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was significantly associated with PTB at 34–36 weeks only (aOR=1.156; 95% CI, 1.054–1.267). Conclusion: Placental abruption, placenta previa, chorioamnionitis, and HDP were more predictive of early PTB; GDM and ICP were more predictive of late PTB.


Regional economic integration is the key to achieving prosperity and stability. However, intra-regional trade in South Asia accounts for not more than 5%–6% of their total trade. This study aims to examine the role played by regional economic integration in determining the economic growth of South Asian countries over the period 1980–2015. Since shocks in one country may affect another country in the region, this is taken into account in the article by employing methodologies that are robust to cross sectional dependence. Specifically, continuously-updated and bias-corrected (CupBC) of Bai et al. (2009) and Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test (2012) have been employed to estimate long-run coefficients and determine the direction of relationship among the variables, respectively. The findings suggest that economic integration increases economic growth significantly in this region. However, contrary to popular belief, both democracy and human capital are negatively related to economic growth. Bidirectional causality is found between economic integration and democracy, regional integration and human capital, democracy and human capital and, democracy and labor. This study also presents several policy implications for South Asian countries.


This article describes research conducted by the Illinois Department of Transportation to measure the amounts of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations present on 3 pairs of bridges in urban, suburban, and rural environments. One bridge in each pair was washed with water alone, while the other was washed with water and a chemical salt remover. Salt concentrations were measured on each before surface preparation and after pressure washing. The existing coating was in acceptable condition for overcoating; power tool cleaning was specified with blasting only being done at the beam ends under the joints. Washing was a preliminary step before power tool cleaning. The tests were performed over corroded areas before power tool cleaning. Detailed findings are provided and discussed.


Based on literatures about fusarium wilt of banana published in the world, this article outlines the progress of the research on this disease, including its distribution, symptoms, occurrence reasons, damage to the production, anti-fusari-um wilt breeding and possible mechanism of disease-resistant cultivars. The present worldwide management measures are also discussed, with reference to scientific researchers attempting to find integrated solutions to control of this disease. Fusarium wilt of banana is considered as one of the most destructive worldwide diseases of banana , caused by a kind of soil epiphyte, and is badly endangering the production of banana, which arise extensive attentions and researches. The essential solution is to breed new cultivars incorporated with high cropping, good quality and high resistance to fusarium wilt. Many achievements have been obtained in breeding fields, such as mutation breeding, cross breeding, genetic engineering and somatic hybridization and so on. However, research on the anti-disease mechanism of disease-resistant cultivar is initiated just now.


Except in situations where a bone projectile point is found embedded in a human body, osseous projectile points tend to be unreliable artifacts for quantifying their relative importance as weapons in conflicts. Owing to their relatively softer raw materials, however, bone and antler points are less frequently found in direct contact or actually penetrating the victims' bone compared to lithic projectiles. This study of the typical and easily recognized projectile points from St. Blaise on the shore of Lake Neuchâtel (Western Switzerland) shows that even if these points originated from hunting weapons, most of them were perfectly suited to killing humans as well. These projectiles come from a finely excavated, water-sieved site. The role of taphonomic loss related to the way these projectiles were used is reviewed. In addition, the divergent mechanical properties of bone and antler projectile points, especially as this relates to their penetrating properties, is discussed. A certain group of points from St Blasie and elsewhere in the late Neolithic of Swizerland is characterized by a tight uniform iconic style and dimensions. This may very well reflect strong identity with an important grouping within society as opposed to fulfilling the role of social markers between groups. Thus, although the use of these points for hunting in these Neolithic societies is clear, their occasional use on humans and the degree of human conflict in this period must remain ambiguous.


A defect study in MOVPE‐grown ZnSe heteroepilayers on GaAs was performed. Monoenergetic positrons revealed clear differences between the as‐grown sample and one heat‐treated in different atmospheres. By changing the atmospheric gas conditions during heat treatment, we could separate two kinds of defects in the as‐grown sample with different depth profiles. The as‐grown sample revealed large numbers of dislocations near the GaAs interface due to lattice mismatching and the formation of vacancies below the surface. It is concluded that heat treatment in zinc vapor is essential to reduce the concentration of native defects in MOVPE‐grown ZnSe film on GaAs.


SUMMARY Theregulating effects ofIL-4andpokeweed mitogen on IgEsynthesis invitro byhumanperipheral bloodleucocytes hasbeencompared withthecorresponding effect oftheseregulators on the expression ofIgEmRNA. Thelatter was measured bydotblothybridization withanoligonucleotide coding fora unique sixaminoacidregion oftheCHe2domain.Specificity oftheoligonucleotide probe was established byitsinability tohybridize withRNA extracted fromHMY-2 (IgG) andXQ15(IgM)secreting cell lines whilst producing intense signals withRNA extracted fromtheIgE secreting cell line U266.Whilst IgEmRNA was detected inRNA extracted fromPBLofbothatopic andcontrol subjects, spontaneous IgEsynthesis was restricted toatopic PBL.IL-4increased both IgEmRNA andIgEsynthesis inallPBL samples butPWM, whilesignificantly increasing IgE mRNA expression either failed tomodify IgEsynthesis oractively suppressed it. Theassaysystem employed toquantitate IgEsynthesis invitro was showntobeinhibited bybothIgEbinding factors andIgGanti-IgE autoantibodies whichareproduced inPBL cultures. IgEmRNA levels might therefore more accurately monitor theregulatory effects ofIL-4andPWM on IgEsynthesis than quantitation oftheIgEbyradioimmunoassay.


Modernization is a global and dynamic compound concept.As we all know,the Industrial Revolution in the process of modernization first began in British,and then extended to Western Europe and the eastern of North America on the other side of North Atlantic.Then in the latter half of the 19th century,it extended to the eastern part of European continent and the western part of North American.Since then,Australia in the Pacific and Japan in the eastern Asia had also entered the development of modern capitalism.Recalling the history of world modernization,it is our firm belief that there are many experiences and lessons from which we can learn.


The effect of four grinding aids on adsorption quantity of naphthalene series superplasticizer on the surface of cement particles was studied,and the mechanism was analyzed combining with lots of literature.The results show that the adsorption quantity of naphthalene series superplasticizer under different period of time is glyceringlycoltriethanolaminewithout additiveinorganic matter A,which consistent with the influencing results of grinding aids on adaptability of cement and additive.The adsorption quantity is larger,the adaptability is worse,vice versa;and the adsorption quantity of inorganic matter A is the lest,it can improve the adaptability of cement and additive.This study denies the bad effect of grinding aids on adaptability of cement and additive.


In this paper, we propose a novel sleep apnea identification system by adopting a sleep breathing monitoring mattress which utilizes the ultra-wideband (UWB) physiological sensing technique. Unlike traditional methods which need wearable devices and electrical equipment connected to patients, the proposed system detects apnea in a non-conscious and non-contact way by using UWB sensors. The proposed system is built by a machine learning technique in the offline stage, and detects apnea in the online stage by using our designed apnea detection algorithm. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed apnea identification system efficiently detects sleep apnea without diagnoses undertaken at hospitals.


Radar Absorption Material (RAM) can absorb microwave, therefore is useful in assuring Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) for consumer electronics or achieving RF stealth for military platform. The specification of RAM is usually described in return loss per unit distance; however, the Radar Cross Section (RCS) is a more complicated function of frequency, shape, material, and incident angle. In this article we demonstrate the efficacy of RAM on the RCS of a simple square metal plate with Multi Level Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) simulation for 3 GHz microwave at 30˚ incident angle with different thickness of RAM, and found the RCS reduction can be as large as -15 dBsm.


Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis (IGH) is a common pigmentary disorder affecting a large number of individuals. Many patients seek medical attention due to aesthetic concern. However, no standard treatment is available.


In order to obtain high sperm livability after thawing of frozen boar semen, the different combinations of 1st and 2nd dilution with egg yolk tris-dilutor (E), skim milk dilutor (S) and E+S (1 : 1) were studied, Acrosome system of pre and post-frozen spermatozoa in the dilators of different combination was also studied Fertility of frozen semen in the dilators of different combination was tested. The results obtained from these studies were as follows 1. The semen in first dilator with E+S and second dilator with S showed highest post-thawing livability among the treatments. 2. The semen in 1st dilator with E+S and 2nd dilator with S showed highest livability among four diluents during 7 hrs storage at room temperature after thawing. 3, Sixty to 70% of spermatozoa were injured in acrosomic system especially as a slight injury by freezing of semen. This injury of acrsomic system was somewhat inhibited by 1st dilution with EMS and 2nd dilution with S. 4. None of the two sows inseminated with frozen semen in 1st dilutor with E and 2nd dilutor with E was pregnant, but one of the four sows inseminated with frozen semen in 1st dilutor with E+S and 2nd dilutor with S was pregnant and produced five litters with two female and three male pigs, and another three were not pregnant.


A method for automatic gain control of a front-end for a digital video receiver is provided. The method includes the following steps. First, a radio frequency signal is received and converted to an intermediate frequency signal. Then, the IF signal is amplified according to a gain. Next, the amplified IF signal is demodulated into a base-band signal, and the base-band signal is encoded into a transport stream. After that, a DC level of a pulse width modulation signal is controlled by at least one variable resistor to adjust the gain, the PWM signal being related to a setting of the gain. Afterwards, a BER measurement at each potential setting of the gain and the variable resistor under one or more power levels of the RF signal is read, and an optimum setting of the gain and the variable resistor is selected according to the BER measurements.


This paper makes the case for establishing and discussing the status of the architectural education and in particular moving towards sustainable development and the role it will play in developing. First, it describes architectural education and what it entails, how architecture pedagogy takes on different criteria ensuring that academia responds to technical advancement, society requirements and future world strategies. This research will present analysis that explores the current examples of Palestinian universities. It is recommended that architectural educators should strive to balance the way in which students view relationships with the physical and social world.


The Four-horned Antelope is a woodland dwelling ungulate and mainly occurs in low density in its range. Available information on the current distribution of the species is sketchy and sparse. It was recorded from the Pilibhit forest division in Terai Arc landscape of Uttar Pradesh, India, during camera trapping exercises carried out for the estimation of tiger population. Automatic cameras at 30 trap stations, for duration of 40 occasions produced a capture of this elusive Four-horned Antelope.


Developing land-use practices that lead to sustainable net primary productivity in rangelands are important, but understanding their consequences to population and community processes is not often accounted for in basic ecosystem studies. Grazed and ungrazed upland ecosystems generally do not differ in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), but the underlying mechanisms and the concurrent effects of defoliation to vegetative and reproductive biomass allocation are unclear. To address this, we measured evapotranspiration (ET), NEE, and its constituent fluxes of ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) with live canopy leaf area index (LAIlive; m2 live leaf area/m2 ground area) and aboveground leaf, culm, and reproductive biomass in plots of clipped and unclipped squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) growing in intact sagebrush steppe. Clipping reduced LAIlive by 75%, but subsequent re-growth rates in clipped plots was similar to LAIlive accumulation in unclipped plots. Concurrently, ET and NEE was similar between clipped and unclipped plots, with NEE primarily determined by GEP. GEP was initially lower in clipped plots, but then converged with unclipped GEP even as LAIlive continued to increase in both treatments. GEP convergence was driven by higher whole-plant photosynthesis (GEPlive = GEP/LAIlive) in clipped plots. Ecosystem water use efficiency (GEP/ET) was reduced by 16% with clipping, due to low GEP/ET 2 weeks following defoliation, but GEP/ET converged before GEP levels did. Proportional reproductive biomass was higher in E. elymoides (21.4% total biomass) than in P. spicata (0.5% total biomass) due to lower allocation to specific leaf and culm mass. Clipping reduced reproductive effort in E. elymoides, in terms of total reproductive biomass (−56%), seed mass per unit leaf area (−64%), and seed mass per flowering head (−77%). We concluded defoliation increased canopy-level light penetration, facilitating rapid recovery of ecosystem fluxes, but that allocation to vegetative regrowth supporting this led to lower reproductive effort in these range grasses. Insights from studies such as this will be useful in formulating systems-based land management strategies aimed at maintaining annual productivity and long-term population and community goals in semiarid rangeland ecosystems.


INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1025 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND: THE WATER CRISIS IN FLINT, MICHIGAN ............................................................................ 1026 A. Flint's former glory as the "Vehicle City" ................... 1026 B. Structural impediments: hyper-local governance and budgetary constraints .................................................... 1029 II. BACKGROUND: THE CITY OF FLINT'S CONTAMINATED AND COSTLY WATER SUPPLY ...................................................... 1031 A. The toxicity of Flint's water supply ............................. 1031 B. The expense of curtailing expenses .............................. 1034 III. POTENTIAL MEANS OF DIRECT COMPENSATION FOR FLINT RESIDENTS ........................................................................... 1036 A. Recourse through litigation .......................................... 1037 B. Victims' Compensation Funds ..................................... 1044 CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 1058


A turn back straight flume with constant bottom slopes was designed and developed for conducting tests of the settling of hydrodynamic flocculation of fine sediments in the Changjiang River estuary. The flume consisted of 7 channels with a total length of 339.3 meters, a device for adding salt water and sediments, and an outpour water control system. Testing water depth of the flume was 25 cm and its testing discharge was 0.0025 ~ 0.0200m~3/s (current velocity was 5 ~ 40cm/s). Test results show that stable water currents exist under different current discharging conditions, when guiding plates is used in bend way of flume and submerged dam constructed for low current speed. This flume is suitable for tests of the settling of hydrodynamic flocculation of fine sediments.


This research has developed a model of glasses to guide visually impaired using ultrasonic sensors and microcontroller. The steps of research and development include the following steps: 1) Preparation: Need assessment; 2) Development of Hardware: Study of Construction, Microcontroller, and Sensors; 3) Development of Software: Study of Algorithms and Programming; 4) Testing : Function of Module, Review, Refinement; 5) Integration: Installation of Software on the Hardware, and Packaging; 6) Final test of Product Performance; and 7) Reporting: Documentation of Results. This research is in collaboration with the Association of Indonesian Blind (ITI). The resulting glasses can detect the presence of an object through an ultrasonic sensor emits and captures infrared light. Reflected light then arrested, calculated the time reflect, and obtained the distance, subsequently forwarded to the vibrator module. Distance information is converted to the frequency of vibration. For a distance of 0-1 meters vibratory frequency is 50 hertz, the distance between 1-3 meters vibratory frequency is 30 hertz, the distance between 3-5 meters is 10 hertz vibratory frequency, and over 5 meters silent vibrator. Initially planned be installed three sensors are front, left, and right glasses with vibrator respectively, but in fact it is quite a hassle, then ultimately fitted only one in front of the sensor. To detect objects left and right, the user can perform alone or as a round head glanced left and right. The results that the user can detect the presence of the foreground object, left, and right up to a distance of 5 meters. However, users need to adapt as early habit of using a stick. Glasses blind is very helpful for users spicually Indoors. Keywords—Glasses, visually impaired, Ultrasonic Sensors, Microcontroller


Neutrosophic sets (NSs) handle uncertain information while fuzzy sets (FSs) and intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFs) fail to handle indeterminate information. Soft set theory, neutrosophic set theory, and rough set theory are different mathematical models for handling uncertainties and they are mutually related. The neutrosophic soft rough set (NSRS) model is a hybrid model by combining neutrosophic soft sets with rough sets. We apply neutrosophic soft rough sets to graphs. In this research paper, we introduce the idea of neutrosophic soft rough graphs (NSRGs) and describe different methods of their construction. We consider the application of NSRG in decision-making problems. In particular, we develop efficient algorithms to solve decision-making problems.