Awkward trunk postures in standing present an ergonomic challenge that cannot always be corrected through work design. In this study, a new device for trunk support, customized for benchwork, was tested to determine if changes in trunk muscle activity demonstrated its effectiveness in lowering the postural work demands associated with forward-bent standing. Ten male participants from the university stood in 10° increments of trunk flexion between 0 and 40° under three conditions: no support, leaning against a workbench, and leaning against a prototype device designed to support the trunk at the upper chest. Low back and hip extensor muscle activity was reduced by an average 60% across trunk angles while leaning against the upper chest support; whereas, leaning against a workbench produced no significant change in muscle activity. There were no changes in kinematics to indicate that leaning altered the contribution of the pelvis and spine segments to the forward-bent standing position. Leaning, however, resulted in further forward displacement at C7 by a magnitude of two-fold. These findings suggest that leaning could be beneficial for work involving forward-bent standing and/or extended forward reach.


Sir, In their recent study comparing the plasma concentrations, distribution and frequency of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] of children with premature parental and/or grandparental cardiovascular disease (CVD), Dirisamer, et al. (1) reported that it seemed possible to identify children who are at high risk for later CVD either with or without an elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level. Contrary to expectation, their data also showed a higher prevalence of increased Lp(a) ( 25 mg/dl) in the control group than in the risk group having a CVD family history; however, the reason for this could not be explained. Here we present our views regarding this point and discuss the issue of estimating Lp(a) values in children as a means of predicting future occurrence of CVD. First, permit us to point out the relationship between LDL particle size and Lp(a) levels. Since a reduction in LDL particle size is closely related to insulin-resistant states, which underlie the progression of atherosclerosis, a reduction in LDL particle size is considered a metabolic marker of insulin resistance (2, 3). In fact, it has been demonstrated that the prevalence of small dense LDL (SDLDL) particles (diameter 25.5 nm) in plasma is increased in patients with CVD, and SDLDL particles have been reported to be present even in children who suffer from obesity or hypertriglyceridemia (4). Persistence of insulin-resistant state from childhood to adulthood may be responsible for the subsequent occurrence of CVD. The relationship between LDL particle size and the Lp(a) levels in 238 schoolchildren aged 8–10 y in our birth cohort is shown in Fig. 1 (5). The method used to measure LDL size has been described in an earlier paper (4). As shown in the figure, the Lp(a) levels seemed to be inversely related to LDL particle size although statistically not significant, and an LDL particle size of less than 25 nm (the definition of small, dense LDL) was associated with a low range of Lp(a) values. Investigation of the relationship between LDL particle size and other atherogenic risk factors showed that body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride values were inversely correlated with LDL particle size and that highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was positively correlated with LDL particle size. This means that Lp(a) levels do not reflect insulin-resistant metablic states well. Second, we will now touch on the polymorphism of Lp(a), because Lp(a) occurs in more than 10 polymorphic forms (phenotypes) that are dependent on the molecular weight of apolipoprotein(a), which is the main structural component of Lp(a). These polymorphic forms are determined by variations in the apo(a) gene on chromosome 6 (6) and in some reports it is suggested


Coincident with the prosecution of investigations connected with questions of theoretical interest, considerable attention is being directed to the practical application of laboratory methods to clinical work. Some of the following tests and procedures are thus not only of interest from their theoretical significance, but promise to be widely employed by the clinician amongst his aids to diagnosis.


Historically Alabama is a region of moderate seismic activity. Since 1886 the state has experienced 65 recorded earthquakes whose epicenters are in or very near the state. Data obtained from a recently installed seven seismic-station network indicated that many greater than or equal toIII Mercalli scale earthquakes are occurring in north Alabama. The quakes occur within two principal seismic zones. One zone, the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone, is associated with the tectonic grain of the Appalachian Mountain system and has been recognized for years. Another somewhat smaller seismic zone that extends from Montgomery, Alabama, to Nashville, Tennessee (Alabama-Tennessee Seismic zone) was identified only through recently interpreted seismic data. No surface manifestation of the earthquake activity in the Alabama-Tennessee Seismic Zone has been identified, but geophysical, lineament, and joint data suggest possible structures which may be related to previous earthquake activity.


Describes a hydroformylation to prepare double ester of polyunsaturated fatty acids - Method and multi-formyl carboxylic acid ester, and the reaction in the presence of an aqueous solution containing a rhodium carbonyl / phosphine complex as a catalyst and a solubilizing agent get on.


The application of most polymer ferroelectrets is limited because of their relatively low charge stability at high temperature. By means of electrical charging at elevated temperatures, the thermal stability of the ferroelectret charge can be enhanced. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) ferroelectrets charged at room temperature show stability up to 80degC, which is already 20degC higher than the polypropylene (PP) ferroelectrets, but PEN can still not be employed when higher working temperatures are required. Here, we investigate the thermal stability of PEN ferroelectrets after charging at various elevated temperatures.


Based on analysis on current situation and problems in Bambusa oldhami shoot production in Rui'an city, Zhejiang province, measurements for promoting shoot production were offered such as construction of demonstration base and improved variety orchard, extension of practical techniques, marketing, construction of leading enterprises and brands.


Cultural deprivation has been found to affect the acquisition, development, and utilization of language for the child. Social class, home and environment variables are among the most significant as underlying dimensions of language patterns. Their influences are considered and discussed, as is language, as a series of conditional responses reinforced in the developmental process.


and published diffusion kinetics for olivine, the rate-controlling process for grain growth is grain boundary diffusion of Si through grain boundaries of forsterite. Extrapolation of our results to the pressure and temperature conditions of the earth's mantle allows us to determine the relative contribution of the various mineral phases to grain size sensitive creep mechanisms and the stability of localized shear zones.


This study aims to examine the effect of quality of governance on the
performance of financial companies in Indonesia. In this study also tested the
effect of insider ownership and capital structure on the performance of financial
companies that have the quality of governance.
The research is quantitative research using secondary data in the
observation period 2001 - 2008. The population used in this study covers all
financial companies are registered and qualified in the Corporate Governance
Perception Index and listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. With purposive
sampling method, sample selected financial companies listed in Indonesia Stock
Exchange that comes into the group of top ten best companies in the rating of the
application of corporate governance rating score CGPI (Corporate Governance
Perception Index) and obtained 30 samples of the company.
The quality of governance proxy variables used in this study is the rating score
CGPI (GOV-I), insider ownership (BOWN), and capital structure (DER) using
control variables tangible assets (TANG), the average company growth rate
(GROWTH ), the size of the company and the company's market risk
(BETA). These variables correlated with market performance variables are
proxies TOBINS'Q companies and operational performance of the proxy firm
ROA by using linear regression analysis were tested through SPSS 13:00.

The results of this study found that: (1) variable quality of governance as
represented proxy GOV-I do not have a significant effect on market performance
of financial firms, (2) variable quality of governance as represented proxy GOV-I
has a significant negative impact on the operational performance of financial
firms , (3) insider ownership variable has no significant influence on market
performance of financial companies (4) insider ownership variable has no
significant influence on the operational performance of financial companies (5)
capital structure variables have a significant positive effect on market
performance of financial firms (6 ) variable capital structure has a significant
negative impact on the operational performance of financial companies.

Key words: quality of governance (GOV-I), insider ownership (BOWN), capital
structure (DER), TANG, GROWTH, SIZE, BETA, market performance
(TOBINS'Q), operating performance (ROA)


In this paper, we present an efficient method for solving the inverses of anti-tridiagonal and anti-pentadiagonal matrices draw support from symmetric circulant matrices. In addition, we establish the connections between anti-tridiagonal, anti-pentadiagonal matrices and symmetric circulant matrices Also some numerical examples are given. 1. Introduction It is well known that (anti-) tridiagonal and (anti-) pentadiagonal matrices are widely applied in applied mathematics and engineering mathematics. They are an effective tool in approximation theory, especially in the research of special functions and orthogonal polynomials [2,7]. Therefore, they also arise naturally in partial differential equations and numerical analysis [4,5,14,15]. In many of these areas, inverses of (anti-) tridiagonal and (anti-) pentadiagonal matrices are important, So a fast and efficient computational method to obtain the inverses of them is demanded. Of course, a large number of important methods have been posed, efficient algorithms [1,8] and explicit formula [3,6,12,15] for (-) tridiagonal matrix inverse were presented. In [9] and [10], the authors presented recursive algorithm for inverting tridiagonal, ant-tridiagonal and pentadiagonal, anti-pentadiagonal matrices. In these methods, usually LU factorization is a main tool. What is new in our paper is to use symmetric circulant matrices for computing the inverse of them. In this paper, we first consider the inverses of nonsingular ant-tridiagonal matrices with the following form


He who wanted man to be sociable laid his finger on the axis of the globe and tilted it on the axis of the universe. From this slight movement I see a change in the surface of the earth, and the vocation of the human race decided: I hear in the distance the joyful cries of an insensate multitude; I see the construction of palaces and cities .... I see men gathered together at a few spots in their habitat in order to devour one another and to make a frightful desert of the rest of world-a fitting monument to social union and the utility of the arts.1


This thesis explores Yastaftūnak, a program aired on Al-Resalah, an Arabiclanguage Islamic satellite television channel, as a prime example of the fatwā show genre. Scrutinizing Yastaftūnak from different theoretical angles, I enquire into how such fatwā programs operate, why they are made and watched, and what repercussions their increasing popularity has for Muslim worlds. Considering the utilization of fatwās as a tool of societal discipline, I examine simultaneously how such discipline is embodied and performed. These subjects feed into larger arguments concerning the role of television programs in the commodification of fatwās and concurrent establishment of an "intimate public sphere." Throughout this, I probe into the ways a seemingly uniquely Islamic knowledge produced in the form of an unending stream of fatwās is given the impression of being objective, and contest this view, teasing the social, political, and economic out of what is presented as solely legal or religious.


The coastal zone is populous and prosperous,however,the increasing exploration and development seriously affect its balance,and induce environment polluted and resource destroyed,which is disadvantage for its continual development.So the environmental problems in coastal zone are what people should pay attention to.In recent years,our country pays more attention to the management of coastal zone than ever,but environmental legislative problems of coastal zone management are required to be reformed.In this case,China should learn from the foreign experience and complete the environmental legislation of ICZM.


In the near future, we might be able to use biometric analytics to help answer everyday questions such as: Is the speaker on TV being honest? How much money will I need for retirement? Will using this cosmetic really make me look younger?


The concept of scientific development provides a new perspective for studying developmental cost of a society.The cost of establishing and implementing the concept of scientific development includes at least: the cost of changing the system,the cost of related technology,the cost of mobilization and education,and the cost of time and the cost of reasonable environment.Although the scientific development strategy is very reasonable,the cost of the scientific development strategy is inevitable.


Several workers have investigated the infrared spectrum of methylammonium chloride and yet its Roman spectrum in the solid state was hitherto unknown. As some alums containing this CH3N+H3 are known to be ferrorlectric and as the Raman spectrum of a-MAC can elulcidale the symmetry and magnitude of the crystal and effects on the vibrations of the CH3N+H3 ion, we are reporting here the new Raman data on a-MAC. The Raman shifts obierved in the room temperature crystalline phase are 54, 87, 184, 960, 1000, 1240, 1439, 1465, 2783,2626, 2904, 2963, and 3020 cm-1. An analysis of the spectrum leads us to conclude that the correlation coupling effect on the CH3N+CH3 ion is small. No line is observed in the indicator band region. The presence of intense Roman lines in the high frequency region have been attributed to a Frrmi resononce between the C- H - stretching frequency and the harmonic of C-H bending vibrarions.


The Atlantic bonito rush experienced in Turkey in the Fall of 2005 coincides with the avian influenza food scare that happened exactly at the same time-period in the country. In this research using time-series techniques, we investigate how the food scare and the excess fish caught jointly influence the demand for meat products in Turkey.


Intelligent adaptive control of spacecraft is an important part of intelligent autonomous control for spacecraft.In this paper,by taking the spacecraft with deployable and retractable flexible appendage as the object,the principle and method of intelligent adaptive control are researched so as to realize the control target of high precision,high stability and strong adaptability.According to the characteristic model and the golden section adaptive control law,a parameter varying active adaptive control method based on the length of the flexible appendage is presented.This method combines the control of center rigid body with the active control of appendage.Numerical simulations show that by applying the parameter varying active adaptive control,the vibration of the attitude angle and modes can be rapidly suppressed and the overshoots are very small when the appendage deploys,retracts or is excited by resonance disturbances and that the designed controller excels other controllers.


Published in J.ofPhys. G :N ucl. Part. Phys. (1996) 601-610 bstract A new m ultiplicity distribution with m ultifractalpropertieswhich can beused in high-energy physicsand quantum opticsisproposed.Itm ay be considered as a generalization ofthe negative-binom ialdistribution. W e (cid:12)nd the structure of the generating function forsuch distribution and discussitsproperties.


When the electromagnetic wave propagates in water, the attenuation will increase with the increase of frequency, so the application of electromagnetic wave in water is limited to the low frequency band. At present, in order to realize the low-frequency electromagnetic wave radiation, the commonly used method is tuning the spiral tube coil antenna (Electromagnetic radiator). In practical application, the electromagnetic radiator used to realize high-power electromagnetic radiation usually has the characteristics of large size and many coil turns. Therefore, for the development of high-power electromagnetic radiator, there are many difficulties, such as high cost and difficult manufacture. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the relationship between the radiation performances of different sizes of electromagnetic radiator, and use this relationship to guide the development of high-power electromagnetic radiator. Based on this, this paper analysed the radiation characteristics of spiral tube coil antenna, and the application of small-size electromagnetic radiator in the development of electromagnetic radiator.


Hot deformation behavior of Fe-25Mn-3Al TWIP steel was investigated by isothermal compression on a Gleeble-1500D thermal simulator at the temperature range of 800 ℃ to 1100 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.01 s-1to 5 s-1.The results show the true stressstrain curves of Fe-25Mn-3Al steel exhibit a single peak stress at certain strain,after which the flow stress slowly decreases until the end of deformation,and showing a steady state flow feature.The peak stresses of Fe-25Mn-3Al steel can be predicted by the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy Q of 365.2 kJ / mol.The dynamic recrystallization is a main dynamic softening mechanism during the hot deformation of Fe-25Mn-3Al steel.The process of dynamic recryatallization can be promoted by the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate.


O The Jordanian Development Plan. Crown Prince Hasan, Minister of Planning Tahir Kan'an, and Minister of Occupied Territories Affairs Marwan Dudin are interviewed. O Israel Opens its Arms to 'Atallah and Sa'dallah. Al-Yawm al-Sabi' reports on Abu al-Za'im's activities on the West Bank. O Report from Damascus. A delegation of representatives from Egyptian opposition parties reports on their efforts to mediate in the on-going camps war in Lebanon. O The Constantsa Meeting. PLO Executive Committee member Muhammad Milham comments on the recent meeting in Romania between a PLO delegation and Israelis.


In recent years, in certain areas in South Sulawesi waters emerging problem of seaweed Kappaphycus sp farming in the form of algal filaments. Algae filament attached to the seaweed could cause the seaweed gradually death. The study aims to: (1) find out the type and amount of filamentous algae that attach to the seaweed cultured; and (2) analyze the relationship between the amount of filamentous algae competitors, with the growth rate and the carrageenan content of the seaweed. The research was conducted from March to May 2011, in the waterways of Barru, Takalar, and Sinjai. Observations of seaweed and its filamentous algae were conducted in the Laboratory of Fish Health and Diseases, Department of Fisheries, Hasanuddin University. The tested seaweed was grown in the long-line method, contain 100 bunches of seaweed planted. The initial weight was 50 g and the space was 25 cm. The density of filamentous algae was calculated by counting the number of filaments appeared in the tallus of seaweed. The width of observation area was 1 x 1 cm. Furthermore, the calculation of the coverage levels was conducted by estimating the coverage levels of the algae in the tallus of seaweed. The results revealed that no filamentous algae were found attached to the seaweed cultured in Barru Regency. In Takalar Regency, Neosiphonia savatieri was found, while Neosiphonia apiculata occurred in Sinjai Regency. The growth  ate of the seaweed was affected by high number of filamentous algae attached to it. However, the presence of filamentous algae does not affect the levels of carrageenan in the seaweed. Keywords: Filamentous algae, Kappaphycus sp., growth, carrageenan content


In the wake of this shock result should journalists now abandon their previously-held beliefs about covering elections? Or is there a danger that we're replacing one set of shibboleths with fresh myths?


Foraging habits of two hand-reared moose Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) calves were observed from 22 June to 20 July, 1990. The animals foraged freely while wandering in the Bialowieza National Park, Poland. The intensity of foraging was measured by counting the contacts (i.e. bites followed by swallowing of a plant part). Altogether, 4,408 contacts with plants of 42 species were recorded.


Household Registration refers to the book of registered resident household.The Household Registration System is a legal system which is used to register and manage basic conditions of population—birth,death,migration and marriage by government functional departments.Through the analysis on typical Household Registration System of Western Europe,America,Russia and Japan in the world and comparative study on comparison of ours,the paper mainly illustrates three viewpoints on Household Registration System — philosophy of civil status equality,value of protection on free migration and function of private law.The purpose of the reform on our Household Registration System is to realize the identity equality of urban and rural residents,guarantee free migration of residents and carry out the fairness and justice of law.


Adult education discipline is a special area of study, its client principles and methodology remains distinct across the globe. This paper highlights the activity areas of the practice. An attempt was also made to conceptually present the component of the discipline as it applies to the education, and skill development of recipient.


OBJECTIVE Autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (ADNDI) is a rare cause of diabetes insipidus, in which AVP serum levels are insufficient. AVP is synthesized along with neurophysin‐II (NPII) as an AVP‐NPII precursor polypeptide in the hypothalamus. After proteolytic cleavage during axonal transport, AVP and NPII are reassembled and stored loosely bound to each other in the posterior pituitary until both are released into the circulation. In this study, we investigated the genetic basis of ADNDI in a German kindred with 10 affected members spanning three generations.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper is to examine the activity of a purpose-built elective surgery unit in a busy district general hospital and the patient journey associated with same day admission to the elective surgery unit.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
This paper describes the layout of the elective surgery unit in a busy district general hospital and the associated patient journey. Early challenges are identified and potential cost savings calculated.

FINDINGS
The potential for cost savings in the NHS with purpose-built units for elective surgery are immense.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE
An elective surgery unit has not been described in detail before. Apart from its value to the NHS, hospitals in developing countries can benefit from knowing about the early challenges, described in the paper, that were faced.


Vaccinia virus RNA guanylyltransferase catalyzes the transfer ofGMP from GTP to the 5'-triphosphate or diphosphate terminus of RNA to generate the cap structure G(5')ppp(5')N-. The guanylylation reaction consists ofa series ofat least two partial reactions: (i) GTP+ E -E-pG + PPi, (ii) E-pG + (p)ppNpNpN-GpppNpNpN+ E. In the first of these, GTP reacts with capping enzyme in the absence of an RNA acceptor to form a covalent enzyme-guanylate intermediate. The GMP is linked to the Mr 95,000 subunit of the capping enzyme via a phosphoamide bond, as judged by the acidlabile, alkali-stable nature of the bond and by the susceptibility of the linkage to cleavage by hydroxylamine at pH 4.75. The isolated enzyme-guanylate complex is able to transfer the guanylate moiety to triphosphate-terminated poly(A) to yield the 5' cap structure GpppA or to pyrophosphate to regenerate GTP. Both partial reactions of transguanylylation require a divalent cation. The 5'-terminal structure of eukaryotic mRNAs consists of a blocked, methylated "cap," m7G(5')ppp(5')NpN. The biochemistry ofcap formation has been most effectively studied by using virus core-associated or core-extracted capping enzyme systems (1-6). Modification of the 5'-triphosphate terminus of primary transcripts occurs by the following sequence ofenzymatic reac-


In this paper, we identify the transfer function model relating the active power to the bus frequency using recursive weighted least square (RWLS) algorithm with ambient signals measured by the phasor measurement units (PMUs). Then, the inertia at different hierarchies, i.e. individual generator, area and the whole system, are estimated from unit step responses of the identified models. Compared to the conventional methods using transient signals, the proposed method can estimate the power system inertia under normal operating conditions as well as provide the tracking trajectory of inertia in real-time. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in the IEEE 39-bus system.


Abstract : Academic and governmental organizations have sounded the alarm that the United States is rapidly losing technical competence, and this decline places the Nation at risk. A 1983 National Science Foundation (NSF) report stated, If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well view it as an act of war. In 1999, Congress chartered the U.S. Commission on National Security/21 st Century (also known as the Hart-Rudman Commission) to provide the most comprehensive Government-sponsored review of U.S. national security in 50 years. The report highlighted a lack of U.S. technical competence as a national security threat second only to the threat of weapons of mass destruction in the hands of terrorists. This article attempts to answer the question: Does improving technical competency enhance innovation? The Hart-Rudman Commission report and many others argue that technical competence is a prerequisite for innovation. Producing technically competent Americans in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), according to such reports, would stimulate innovation. Technical competence refers to technically trained people with a high level of knowledge and skill related to one or more specific technologies or technical areas. Technically competent individuals are typified as those who have received post-secondary STEM degrees. A lack of U.S. STEM-credentialed personnel and the subsequent technologies they produce threatens national security. For the purposes of this article, national security is broadly defined as success on the battlefield.


In this work a metaheuristic technique for controller design was explored and its performance was assessed for a real-world case. We aimed at finding the optimal parameters in order to achieve a satisfactory control for the volume of natural gasoline in a storage tank. We have resorted to a flexible iterative technique for optimization. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) were considered because they constitute the most complete paradigm of Evolutionary Computation, i.e. they naturally meet all the fundamental ideas of this approach. By means of the implementation of parallel algorithms, both the computational time and programming effort could considerably be reduced. The system under control is a storage tank, where liquid hydrocarbons are collected by means of pipelines coming from various sources with their own inherent dynamics that was contemplated in our design. In particular, we have addressed the transport of natural gasoline to be extracted from the gas fields located in the province of Santa Cruz (Argentina). From the storage tank, the natural gasoline should be sent with a steady flow to a processing plant. This storage tank is a MIMO (Multiple-InputMultiple-Output) system. It consists of three inputs, which are the main flowrates originated from the gas fields known as Pico Truncado, Cañadón León and Cañadón Seco, and two control variables associated to the tank: liquid level and outflow. Unlike most of the typical multivariable control designs, the distinctive feature of this MIMO system is that it has three inputs, instead of only two. The design of this control system consists of two stages. In the first stage [1] two SISO (Simple-InputSimple-Output) systems were considered, but the interaction between both of them was not contemplated. In this work the second stage was developed by taking the interactions into account with MIMO controllers, the parameters also being optimized by GAs. As to the dynamics, the production from the main reservoirs (Cañadón Seco and Cañadón León) was considered. Besides, Pico Truncado was regarded as a complementary flow to the eventual decline of the other fields. In view of this scenario, the flows entering the storage system were controlled with a feedforward loop. In this way, a lack of supply to the storage tank was avoided. Therefore, in this paper the use of GAs is proposed to design and optimize a feedback-feedforward integrated control system to control the volume of natural gasoline at the storage tank, in order to guarantee the supply to the processing plant. Not only heuristics that produce superior solutions were considered important, but also the computational speed was contemplated as a key factor. The preliminary GAs results were obtained with constraint-dependent mutations combined with various crossovers. The experimental evaluation yielded satisfactory fitness values and relatively little computational effort was required.


ABSTRACT In the present study, under controlled conditions, the influence of temperature (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) and leaf wetness duration (6, 12, 24 and 48 hours) was studied on the severity of Alternaria leaf blight of carrot caused by Alternaria dauci. The relative density of lesions was influenced by temperature and leaf wetness duration (P<0.05). The disease was more severe at the temperature of 25°C. Data underwent non-linear regression analysis. The generalized beta function was used for fitting the data on disease severity and temperature, while a logistic function was chosen to represent the effect of leaf wetness duration on the severity of leaf blight. The response surface resulting of the product of the two functions was expressed as ES = 0.004993 * (((x-8)1.13125) * ((36-x)0.53212)) * (0.39219/(1+25.93072 * exp (-0.16704*y))), where: ES represents the estimated severity value (0.1); x, temperature (ºC) and y, leaf wetness duration (hours). This model must be validated under field conditions to be used as a forecasting model for Alternaria leaf blight of carrot.


This article draws upon evidence from four areas of the traditional performing arts in Scotland oral balladry, popular printed song, the light music (ceol beag) of the Highland bagpipe, and piobaireachd to examine the mechanisms of change and consider whether these may be in some way inimical to 'tradition'. 1 The traditional performing arts are closely related. Singers borrow tunes and re create words; musicians develop ideas from their own and adjacent musical fields; the instrumental tradition is in turn inseparable from the dance culture which it serves. Words are linked to all these activities through 'genealogies of learning,' (the process by which performers trace their descent through a succession of distinguished schools or master teachers), 2 verbal teaching routines and performance directions, and tales of every sort concerning the famous players and composers, ranging from anecdotes about people like Niel Gow, to folk tales about doomed MacCrimmons grappling with nameless horrors in the Cave of Gold. 3 All of these strands may be present in a single individual: for example, the Highland piper is an instrumentalist sometimes a multiinstrumentalist, adept also at the small-pipe, fiddle, or accordion; he will also be a singer, using chanted vocables to convey tunes and interpretations of them; many of his piobaireachds have song versions; he may also be a dancer; and he will certainly be steeped in the rich verbal lore that surrounds the pipe and its culture. Some scholars are responsive to this cultural breadth. For example, David Johnson's Music and Society in Lowland Scotland in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1972), takes the whole musical culture of the Lowlands and the institutions which supported it under review, from the most serious of 'serious' music to the most 'folksy' of folk, and traces their links with Scotland's richly varied song tradition. More recently, John Purser's comprehensive general survey, Scotland's Music. A History of the Traditional and Classical Music of Scotland from Early Times to the Present Day (Edinburgh, 1992), likewise shows a keen awareness of the creative links between the various different forms. The general tendency, however, has been to treat each strand of the traditional performing arts as an autonomous field of study. Ballad scholarship has displayed this feature particularly markedly during the last hundred years, often treating songs simply as poems which happened to possess an accompanying air which could be safely ignored in analysis. 4 A wider perspective is necessary before we can begin to generalise safely about 'tradition' and how it works. The concept of tradition is itself problematic and theories invoking it are many and various. 5 One of the most important to appear in recent years directs our attention to a phenomenon called 'invented tradition.' This springs from the perception of neoMachiavellian theorists of the right that society is dominated by elites manipulating a


A three-component reaction-diffusion model is proposed as the first example to exhibit chemical turbulence with multiaffine fractal structures, the underlying mechanism being the same as for similar turbulence discovered recently in some nonlocally coupled oscillator systems. The role played by the strongly diffusive component can be substituted by a long-wave random force, and this idea leads to our proposal of the second, far simpler reaction-diffusion model given by the randomly driven FitzHughNagumo nerve conduction equation. [S0031-9007(98)07376-1]


This thesis studies Shawna Yang Ryan's Green Island and Han-chiang Hsu's Detention, with a focus on how they open up alternative ways to confront trauma, conceive justice and foster a critical remembering of the White Terror. Chapter One reviews the existing scholarship on the 228 Incident, White Terror, and transitional justice. Then, I draw on Lisa Yoneyama's theoretical texts which investigate the post-1990s transborder redress culture and suggest a re-politicization of justice. I propose to put the 228 Incident and White Terror within Yoneyama's framework. Chapter Two and Chapter Three proceed to investigate respectively how Green Island and Detention reconceptualize the idea of justice beyond the victim/perpetrator binary opposition. Besides, I borrow the concepts of "acting out" and "working through" from Dominick LaCapra to examine the characters' traumatic experiences in these two primary texts. By presenting the characters' process of working through the trauma, I argue that Green Island and Detention foreground the future-orientation of historical traumas. In Chapter Four, I conclude this thesis via a reflection on recent issues happening in Taiwan related to the administration of transitional justice and the development of Taiwan's democracy. I intend to propel readers—especially the young generations— to reexamine their connection with historical traumas and to reconsider the meaning of justice and democracy in the present Taiwan.


This paper presents an experimental analysis to establish the fundamental relationship between bond stress, steel stress, and slip in reinforced-concrete structures. Tests were conducted on double pullout specimens reinforced with 25-mm plain round mild steel, cold-worked and hot-rolled ribbed bars that had been fully instrumented internally with electrical resistance strain gauges. The results provided examples of the longitudinal variation of the steel strain (analogous to that between cracks). The method has proved to be capable of providing sufficient data for plotting the distribution of steel stress, bond stress, and slip between flexural cracks. The relationship between bond stress, steel stress, and slip was derived from the steel strain function, and has been represented by empirical formulas.


Many address lookup methods for IP routers to improve a packet forwarding capability have been recently proposed, but evaluation on their performance prediction is very limited because of lack of consideration on actual traffic characteristics. It is necessary to consider the actual traffic characteristics to predict more realistic performances of routers, and in this thesis, we propose methods for predicting the router's performance based on the statistical analysis of the Internet traffic. Our method consists of three steps: (1) creates destination addresses based on traffic statistics derived from traced data, (2) models the tendency of packet arrivals by using ISGF, whose parameter is determined by analyzing the actual traffic, and generates address sequences by arranging addresses created in step (1), and (3) implements address lookup algorithms on a trace-driven simulator and evaluates their performance using traffic patterns generated in step (2). From simulation results, we show that our method can provide accurate performance prediction for address lookup algorithms. Furthermore, we use an approximate mathematical approach for quick performance prediction and discuss its accuracy compared with simulation results.


Theory and research have both characterized self-control as a vital human strength. Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone's (2004) Self-Control Scale (SCS) is a 36-item self-report questionnaire that assess individual differences in multiple aspects of self-control. The scale is now considered the preeminent measure of self-control in social and psychological research. This article presents studies that evaluated: (a) the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the SCS, and (b) whether higher SCS scores correlated with positive outcomes in Poland. A total of 441 Polish university students took part in the studies. Psychometrically, the Polish SCS proved to be reasonably sound, with good internal consistency (α = .89). Correlations with criteria measures showed that both full and brief selfcontrol scores were positively related to self-esteem, perspective taking, and guilt-proneness, while negatively related to personal distress, proneness to shame, externalization, and unconcern. High self-control was also associated with being conscientious, emotionally stable, and open. It is concluded that the Polish SCS offers a viable option for assessing trait self-control and for studying its relationship with a broad spectrum of psychological and social variables.


This paper reviews ten total enterprise business games currently published by major publishers and available in college classroom formats. Unique features of games are reviewed by functional area covered such as the economy and the industry simulated, marketing variables, production variables, and finance variables. A comparative evaluation of the teaching learning aspects of each game is included. Tables are provided summarizing decision inputs possible in the ten games. +++++


The DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 studies (NCT02268214, NCT02460978) evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in individuals with type 1 diabetes who were receiving intensive insulin therapy. The DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 studies (NCT02268214, NCT02460978) evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in individuals with type 1 diabetes. This post‐hoc study investigated the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in individuals with BMI ≥27 kg/m2 to assess if the benefit/risk ratio associated with dapagliflozin treatment can be further improved than that observed in the overall DEPICT population.


Different types of land use and the parking demand they generate have become important. Early studies of factors that generate parking did not fully use their results. They did not analyze grouping of land use by multiple destinations. This article reports on a study in Bridgeport, Connecticut of a department store's (D.M. Read Company's) sales, and parking demand of department store customers and downtown shoppers. It also discusses multiple destinations and their effect on parking demand.


Objective To update epidemiological data of coeliac disease on a national level in The Netherlands. Design Analysis of the records of the members of the Dutch Coeliac Disease Society up to 1st January 1992. Results The Society consisted of 2479 patient members, of whom 1983 (80.0%) were at least single-biopsy confirmed. From 1982, 1038 new single-biopsy proven members have been registered. Manifestation occurred most frequently in the first (36%) and in the fourth and fifth decades (32%) of life. Most cases were diagnosed when the patients were adults (age <20 years): 64%. Prevalence rates (per 100000 inhabitants) varied according to geographical area in The Netherlands, with an overall prevalence rate of single-biopsy proven cases of 8.1 in 1990 and 13.1 in 1992; prevalence rates were lower in the 16 largest cities (<100000 inhabitants) than in a selected group of prosperous, smaller cities (> 60000 inhabitants); respective prevalence rates (mean ± SD) 12.2 ± 3.4 versus 24.7 ± 11.2; P > 0.01. Incidence rates (per 100000 inhabitants/year) increased from +0.49 in 1975 to +1.03 in 1992. This increase in diagnoses of coeliac disease is greater than the mean increase in the Dutch population over the last 15 years ( + 0.63 ± 0.17%/year). Conclusions The number of known coeliacs in The Netherlands is low compared with neighbouring countries, although this number is rising enormously. Incidence rates and geographically varying prevalence rates suggest that factors other than increasing population numbers must play a part in this phenomenon. This study suggests an association between the high prevalence of coeliac disease and high socioeconomic status. It may be hypothesized that medical attention and/or dietary gluten content may explain this phenomenon. Further analysis is needed to substantiate the causes of this phenomenon.


This paper deals with remote spatial data management in crisis
situations through Web interface represented by the Web Feature
Service; Transactional (WFST) client application. WFST is a
service and specification of Open Geospatial Consortium that
enables client application to alter the state of feature
through insert, update, and delete operations. This way allows
users to access mapping server(s) and database(s) through
standard Geography Markup Language. Our approach is to use
GeoServer as the mapping server technology and OpenLayers as
the client system accessing both, mapping server and associated
database. OpenLayers is an open source JavaScript library for
displaying spatial data in Web browsers and providing an API
for building rich Web-based applications. Here presented case
study represents a client software for an officer in charge in
a crisis situation. Through this software the most up to date
spatial information from the place of the crisis situation to
the headquaters can be sent. Communication between the server
and the client application was realized and tested through
three independent communication channels; direct internet
connection to the satellite, wireless internet connection and
GPRS. The officer in charge can thereby draw the areas covered
by fire, points representing the position of rescued citizens
or line of evacuation route, etc. This information is then sent
and saved in the mapping and database server. At the same time
it is possible to send additional data from the server to the
client application; such as e.g. alternative evacuation route
calculated with information from another officer in charge.
This case study has been successfully tested as the part of the
crisis management infrastructure for the process of hazardous
materials transportation in November 2008.


AbstractThis study evaluates the technoeconomic feasibility of using hybrid advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) for the removal of chlortetracycline (CTC) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). E...


ABSTRACT As a result of the water security dilemma in southern Africa and the relative scarcity of the resource in the region, several scholars have referred to southern Africa as a hydropolitical complex. Using a constructivist ontology, this paper attempts to illustrate the hydropolitical complex's strengths and weaknesses in both helping and hindering an understanding of transboundary water resources by emphasising that while state-centric and/or system level analyses may lend themselves to basin-wide cooperative strategies due to the manner in which water is prioritised as a strategic resource within a river basin and beyond a basin, it displays a limited utility in explaining subnational configurations. Using South Africa as a case study, and thereby opening up the black box of the region's most powerful state, the hydropolitical complex unveils its numerous weaknesses.


The availability based tariff (ABT) structure introduced by Government of India established inter region grid discipline through Central Electricity Regulatory Commission Regulation 2009. Using this regulation the over /under injection by the generators during off-peak/peak hours are discouraged and the frequency is maintained within a range amongst five regional grids of India. This work follows the rules of frequency regulation based on unscheduled interchange (UI) charges for power flow between three interconnected area having different combinations of thermal, hydro and diesel power generators. This UI based secondary frequency control scheme is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Though the system response is slow, but it finally establish the frequency within the specified limits (50.3 Hz - 49.2 Hz) and economic power generation is maintained.


When a Certification Authority (CA) issues X.509 public-key certificate to bind a public key to a user, the user is specified through one or more subject name in the 'subject' field and the 'subjectAltName' extension field of a certificate. The 'subject' field or the 'subjectAltName' extension field may contain a hierarchically structured distinguished name, an electronic mail address, If address, or other name forms that correspond to the subject. In this paper, we present the requirements for certificate holder's privacy protection and propose the methods to protect the user's privacy information contained in the 'subject' field or the 'subjectAltName' extension field of a public-key certificat


The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a synthetic leather to manufacture a synthetic leather with excellent fouling resistance, adhesive properties and durability. The method comprises the following steps: (a) a first coating step of knife-coating, on a release film, a first coating solution containing a first liquid silicone rubber (LSR) with a viscosity of 100 or more, a stretchability of 300% or more, and a Shore hardness (shore A) of 50 or more; (b) a second coating step of knife-coating, on the release film coated by the first coating solution, a second coating solution containing a second LSR with a viscosity of 100 or more, a stretchability of 300% or more, and a shore A under 50; (c) a bonding step of bonding the release film coated by the second coating solution to a synthetic leather and hardening the same by drying; and (d) a release step of releasing the release film from the synthetic leather bonded to the release film.


In the modern world, digital signatures (DSAs) have become a crucial element in any cryptographic system. Their usage is not limited only by enterprise or banking systems. The application happens to be huger than thought. The «MUST HAVE» feature of every modern CRM or ERP system. The most widely used systems are based on the asymmetric pair cryptography. With the development of quantum computing a new problem appears for existing signatures. Some are based on the asymmetric transformation, mostly in GF or EC. Thus, quantum algorithms can solve Discrete logarithm tasks or factorization in seemingly short time and memory which makes existing schemes vulnerable. To gain enough strength either a key size must be increased, or a signature run timing, that would result to insufficiency of the signatures. Since late 70's other schemes were developed. One of them is hash-based signatures. But the machine capabilities did not allow to use them rather than RSA or DSAs. Modern hardware lacks such problems, as well as new algorithms were developed. The signature schemes can be divided into OTS (Lamport, Winternitz, etc.) and FTS (Merkle trees, etc.). Since the large scaling of systems, the later are more preferred. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the security of Merkle Tree Signature Schemes and the national standard application to it.


Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify whether virtual reality-based exercise could improve on balance, gait and fall efficacy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods : Ten patients with Parkinson's disease were randomly divided into either an experimental or control group. The experimental subjects performed vertual reality-based exercise, whereas the control subjects performed conventional physical therapy for 4 weeks. The balance, gait and fall efficacy of all subjects were assessed by using the Measurement Training and Documentation (MTD) balance system, force platform system, Korean version of Berg Balance scale (K-BBS), 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and Korean version of Fall efficacy scale (K-FES) at pre training and post training. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze change before and after intervention in intra-group. Mann Whitney U test was used to analyze changes of all variables in inter-groups. Results : Subjects in the experimental group showed significant improvements in difference of weight distribution, K-BBS scores, antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway length, ground reaction force (GRF), 6MWT, and step length following training. The changes of difference of weight distribution, K-BBS scores, AP Sway Length, GRF, 6MWT, step length and K-FES scores in the experimental group were significantly more than them of the control group. Conclusion : The result of this study suggest that virtual reality-based exercise training is an intervention to improve on balance, gait, and falls efficacy in patients with Parkinson's disease.


Thiourea derivatives have been largely studied due to the ap-plication to the fields such as molecular recognition, coordi-nation chemistry of heavy metals, molecular electronics andbioactivities [1,2]. Over the past few years electrochemicalsensors based in aroylthioureas as ionophores have been suc-cessfully developed and some basic approach to describe theinteraction mechanism of the ionophore with the heavy metalion have been investigated [3-6]. Particularly, structural stud-ies of this type of molecules have attracted much attention[7-9]. Knowledge of crystal structure of these versatile com-pounds is important to understand the behavior of these lig-ands as ionophores [10] and also the complex formation.Usually, single crystal X-ray diffractometry is the pre-ferred method for crystal structure determination of smallmolecules. However, for several materials it could be compli-cated to grow single crystals of suitable size and quality thatmake them appropriated to structure analysis. This fact is es-pecially true for the title compound. With recent advancesand readiness of software that apply Monte-Carlo/simulatedannealing or molecular search methods to powder diffractiondata [11-13], crystal structure resolution of molecular solidscan nowadays be achieved from experimental X-ray diffrac-tion data [14-18].Following with our interest about ion-recognition proper-ties of 1-furoylthiourea derivatives 3,3-disubstituted, we re-port in this paper the spectroscopic characterization and crys-tal structure analysis from X-ray powder diffraction data ofthe 1-Furoyl-3,3-diphenylthiourea (FDFT) (Scheme 1).


A canned pump is described which includes a motor, impeller, shaft, and high inertia flywheel mounted within a hermetically sealed casing. The flywheel comprises a heavy metal disk made preferably of a uranium alloy with a stainless steel shell sealably enclosing the heavy metal. The outside surfaces of the stainless steel comprise thrust runners and a journal for mating with, respectively, thrust bearing shoes and radial bearing segments. The bearings prevent vibration of the pump and, simultaneously, minimize power losses normally associated with the flywheel resulting from frictionally pumping surrounding fluid.


Let p be a prime. Recently Greenberg has given a novel representation-theoretic criterion for an absolutely irreducible representation ρ : GQ → GLn(Fp) with p | im(ρ)| to admit lifts GQ → GLn(Zp) with open image (see [Gre16, Proposition 7.1.1] as well as [Gre16, Proposition 6.1.1] for an alternative approach which applies to reducible residual representations). A crucial hypothesis for the applicability of Greenberg's criterion is that the residual representation ρ factors through Gal(L/Q) for a finite Galois extension L of Q which is p-rational. The field L is p-rational if, for LΣp(p) the maximal pro-p extension of L unramified outside the set Σp of primes above p, the Galois group Gal(LΣp(p)/L) is free pro-p of rank r2(L) + 1, where as usual r2(L) denotes the number of complex primes of L. This condition on L, which includes the Leopoldt conjecture for p and L, seems difficult to verify in practice, especially for number fields of large degree. By contrast, it is simple to exhibit many examples of finite Galois extensions L/Qp which satisfy the natural local analogue of p-rationality. Namely, if L(p) denotes the maximal pro-p extension of L, then GL(p) = Gal(L(p)/L) is free pro-p of rank [L : Qp] + 1 as long as L does not contain a primitive p-th root of unity ([Ser02, Theorem II.5.3]). This observation led us to derive a local analogue of Greenberg's result, i.e., a representation-theoretic criterion for an absolutely irreducible representation ρ : GQp → GLn(Fp) with p | im(ρ) to admit lifts GQp → GLn(Zp) with open image (in fact the lifts whose existence is ensured by our criterion have image containing the congruence subgroup Γn(Zp) = ker(GLn(Zp)→ GLn(Fp))). While the assumption that p | im(ρ)| seems absolutely essential to our method, we can, in the local case, replace the analogue of p-rationality (the condition that the splitting field Qp(ρ) = Q ker(ρ) p of ρ does not contain a primitive p-th root of unity) with the weaker condition that the residual representation ρ is unobstructed in the sense that H(GQp ,Ad(ρ)) = 0. This condition holds in particular if L = Qp(ρ) does not contain a primitive p-th root of unity (in addition to the assumption that p | im(ρ)| = [L : Qp]). When p = 2, every absolutely irreducible representation ρ : GQp → GLn(F2) is obstructed, so our results only apply to odd primes. Greenberg's lifting criterion is proved via a group-theoretic argument in which lifts of ρ are related to certain continuous homomorphisms from pro-p Galois groups to Γn(Zp) which are equivariant for the action of a finite Galois group (an idea which originated in Boston's thesis, appeared in [BM89] and [Bos91] in the global case, and has been used extensively by Böckle in the local case to describe the structure of (uni)versal deformation rings of 2dimensional mod p representations of GK for K a p-adic field (cf. [Böc00] and [Böc10])). We note that while the works just cited use this group-theoretic approach to obtain structural information (e.g. presentations) for (uni)versal deformation rings, as well as constraints on the shapes of the corresponding (uni)versal deformations, as far as we know, Greenberg's article


Abstract: Recent philosophical and social conversations around sexual consent focus mainly on two aspects of consent. One consideration is the necessary condition that consent must be present for a sex act to be sex and not rape. The other consideration involves the conditions that are sufficient for consent to be valid. However, it is our contention that these necessary and sufficient conditions are an oversimplification of the social, legal, moral, and interpersonal aspects of sexual experience. In this paper we explore and defend the controversial category of "nonconsensual sex." We argue that rape and nonconsensual sex are not equivalent. Although nonconsensual sex is morally problematic, it should be distinguished from both rape and fully consensual sex. Accepting the possibility of this category allows us to interrogate the gap between the legal and political objectives of defining and prosecuting rape, and the moral objective of cultivating ethical sexual relationships between individuals.


In this article, the totally geodesic submanifolds in the complex 2-Grassmannian G 2 (C n+2 ) and in the quaternionic 2-Grassmannian G 2 (H n +2) are classified. It turns out that for both of these spaces, the earlier classification of maximal totally geodesic submanifolds in Riemannian symmetric spaces of rank 2 published by C HEN and N A G ANO (1978) is incomplete. For example, G 2 (H n+2 ) with n ≥ 5 contains totally geodesic submanifolds isometric to a HP 2 , its metric scaled such that the minimal sectional curvature is 1/5; they are maximal in G 2 (H 7 ). G 2 (C n+2 ) with n > 4 contains totally geodesic submanifolds which are isometric to a CP 2 contained in the HP 2 mentioned above; they are maximal in G 2 (C 6 ). Neither submanifolds are mentioned by Chen and Nagano.


A spatial distribution of gamma-ray bursts which is based on a log N - log n(max) relation, where N is the number of bursts which have a maximum photon count rate in excess of n(max), is proposed. A relation of N of about n(max) exp -1.5 is predicted for the case of sources uniformly distributed in infinite, flat space. It is noted that the apparently isotropic distribution of about 100 bursts over the sky combined with the N of about n(max) exp -1.5 distribution does not permit a purely observational distance estimate for the sources. It is predicted that the data from the GRANAT and GRO missions will help distinguish between a Galactic and an extragalactic origin of the bursts. 22 references.


Background:Individuals need to recognize acute myocardial infarction symptoms in order to seek treatment promptly. Previous acute myocardial infarction symptom studies asked subjects to identify single symptoms from a list. However, people think about illnesses or respond to symptoms by considering groups or clusters of symptoms. Objective:To use Q methodology to identify the cluster of symptoms that individuals at high risk for acute myocardial infarction and their significant others believe to be associated with acute myocardial infarction. Methods:A Q sort instrument that represented a range of symptoms was developed after analysis of 140 interviews with acute myocardial infarction survivors. Individuals with known coronary artery disease or their significant others (n = 63) sorted the resulting 49 statements describing acute myocardial infarction into "most expected" and "least expected" categories. By-person factor analysis was used. Results:Four factors were identified that described different presentations of acute myocardial infarction symptoms. Respondents loaded on the following factors: Factor 1 (traditional symptoms), Factor 2 (symptoms possibly related to gastrointestinal disorders), Factor 3 (nonspecific symptoms), and Factor 4 (a variation on traditional symptoms). This four-factor solution accounted for 36% of the total variance. Conclusions:The Q methodology showed that people with known coronary artery disease and their significant others had varied expectations of acute myocardial infarction symptoms. New and various strategies need to be developed to help patients accurately identify acute myocardial infarction symptoms.


Aims: To explore the acceptability and barriers to the introduction of nurse-led routine screening and brief interventions (SBI) for alcohol misuse on general in-patient hospital wards. Methods: Screening was introduced on an in-patient ward at three general hospitals. Screening rates, numbers of referrals to alcohol liaison nurses (ALNs), brief interventions conducted and patients' access to specialist alcohol services at follow-up were measured. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted to explore staff/patient attitudes. Findings: Screening rates ranged from 17.7% to 36.6% in the three wards. The highest rates of screening and positive screening scores were recorded on a gastrointestinal (GI) ward. Attitudes of staff and patients towards the SBI process were generally positive; however, a number of current barriers to its implementation were identified. Conclusions: In order for the SBI approach to be incorporated into routine procedures in in-patient medical settings it may be necessary to provide ongoing support and training from specialist alcohol workers, and to have mechanisms that ensure the screen remains part of routine nursing documentation.


Summary Introduction: Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element in cellular metabolism and skeletal mineralization. It is well known that 90% of Zn in the entire body is found in muscle and bone. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a key regulator of Pi homeostasis and contributes to several hypophosphatemic disorders through decreased expression of the Na-Pi co- transporter type IIa (Na/Pi IIa) and Na/Pi IIc on the renal cortical brush border membrane. Whether FGF23 regulates Pi metabolism in Zn-deficient (ZnD) rats is unclear. Therefore, we measured the serum levels of FGF23 and 1,25-dihy- droxy vitamin D3 (1,25-VD3) in ZnD rats, as well as the mRNA levels of bone FGF23, renal Klotho, Na/Pi IIa and Na/Pi IIc. Methods: The bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur and urinary Pi excretion estimated using a dual X-ray ab- sorption method. Control groups consisted of rats on a paired calorie Zn-sufficient diet (Pf), and rats that were allowed to feed freely (F). Results: Compared with the Pf group, the serum levels of 1,25-VD 3 in the ZnD group were significantly reduced. Bone FGF23 mRNA expression, serum levels of FGF23, and urinary Pi excretion were significantly increased compared with the Pf group. The expression of Na/Pi IIc was significantly decreased compared with the F groups. Ex - pression of Klotho mRNA was inhibited by Zn deficiency. Conclusion: These results suggest that Zn deficiency may in - hibit 1,25-VD 3 synthase, resulting in increased serum FGF23. Moreover, increased FGF23 may reduce the reabsorption of Pi, resulting in a decrease in BMD.


Polymerization of 2-methyl-1-vinylimidazole (MVI) and 2-ethyl-1-vinylimidazole (EVI) was found to be markedly photosensitized in the presence of oxidizing metal salts such as UO2(NO3)2, Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6, Hg(CH3COO)2, AgNO3; non-oxidizing metal salts such as ZnII did not act as photosensitizers. The interaction of monomer with a metal salt is discussed on the basis of infrared and electronic spectroscopy. This photopolymerization is very specific with respect to the kind of monomer. The polymerization of noncomplexing monomer (styrene) is not photosensitized by these metal salts. Consequently, photosensitized electron transfer between monomer and metal salt via complex formation is considered to be the most probable initiation mechanism. Cupric acetate and sodium chlorolaurate, which have been reported as efficient initiators for the polymerization of vinylpyridine and N-vinylcarbazole, respectively, act as linear terminators of growing radicals. The radical polymerizability of the zinc complex of MVI was studied by means of copolymerization with styrene. The reduction of the reactivity of MVI on complexing was explained by correlating with the spectroscopic observations. Because the polymerization system is heterogeneous, a detailed discussion was not possible.


Selective grazing creates stable patches of contrasting sward height, thereby providing different growth conditions for the grass sward above and below ground and potentially affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. We hypothesized that the presence of patches leads to greater spatial variability in belowground biomass (BGB) and SOC stocks than occurs between pastures managed under different stocking intensities.A long‐term grazing experiment consisting of three stocking intensities was used for this study. We studied BGB, SOC, and soil total nitrogen (Ntot) stocks in the 0–15 cm soil depth. Shannon diversity of plant species, soil bulk density, soil phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium contents were considered.There were no significant effects of patch or stocking intensity on BGB, SOC, and Ntot stocks. Short patches had a greater Shannon diversity than tall patches (p < 0.05) and plant‐available nutrients in soil correlated positively with sward height (p < 0.05).We conclude from the current results and previous studies that higher plant species diversity with lower soil nutrient contents in short‐patch areas and higher nutrient contents together with light competition in tall‐patch areas might balance each other out with respect to BGB and SOC stocks.


In this paper, the hen feed was supplemented with different composition and content polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect of hen feed on the content of polyunsaturated fatty acid was studied in the different part of hen such as egg yolk, chicken, heart, liver, and the effect of different prescription on body weight, egg production, daily feed intake of hens was studied. The result showed that the content of DHA andα- linolenic acid in the different part of hen reached its climax after 15 days and the enriched polyunsaturated fatty acid feed had no disadvantage to body weight, egg production, daily feed intake of hens.


An epidemiological study with an objective to assess the seasonal dynamics and over winter survival of abomasal nematodes of sheep in a temperate climate of Kashmir valley, India was carried out in naturally infected sheep over a period of two years. Faecal examination [prevalence (%age) and faecal egg counts (epg), larval differentiation] and necropsy of the study animals were the methods employed. Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta were most prevalent followed by Trichostrongylus sp. however; the prevalence differed (non-significant) in the two years. Summer showed significantly higher prevalence of all the three parasites as compared to other seasons. The observations revealed arrested development (hypobiosis) within the host body during winter (P = 0.008), which was confirmed through the recovery of L4 and adult nematodes from host abomasums in winter. The present study indicates the seasonality and arrested development of abomasal nematodes in the sheep in the temperate climatic conditions and validates their strategic overwinter survival and resumption of development on the onset of suitable environmental conditions in spring. Keyword: Epidemiology, Abomasal nematodes, Hypobiosis, Haemonchus contortus, Sheep


The aim of this article is to make an overall assessment of Andreas George Papandreou's theoretical contributions during his American academic career, from the perspective of the history of economic thought. Papandreou contributed to the postwar development of economic thought in competition theory and experimental testing of consumer theory. In developing competition theory, he introduced a new method of evaluating the monopolistic power of a firm through a coefficient measuring the firm's penetration in the market. Furthermore, he suggested a way of experimentally testing whether individual preferences satisfy the axiom of transitivity. He actively participated in the methodological controversies on the realisticness of economic assumptions that took place between 1946 and 1953, and on the empirical meaning of economics in 1963, between Milton Friedman, Paul Samuelson, Fritz Machlup, Herbert Simon, and others.


Peripheral iridectomy and cyclodyalisis, as simultaneous operations, were performed on 46 eyes with different clinical forms of glaucoma. Normalisation of eye tension was obtained in 41 eyes (89.1 per cent). Postoperative complications were minimal (3 iritis and 1 hypotony).


1/1 Summary œaparelho € authenti way to control "noma fluid flow in a POA ‡ the subterra,neo and Ma ‰ throughout to control fluid flow in a POA ‡ the sound £ € the subterra,neoâ described an apparatus and medium for automatically controlling © all of auta'noma way fluid flow in a poa§o SubTerra where neo ¢ © fluid flow controlled based on a caracterastica fluid such as viscosity or density, which changes with time. fluid flows into the interior of a set of va³rtice where a fora§a the printed © centrafuga the fluid. a less viscous fluid will have a relatively higher speed and fora§a centrafuga than a more viscous fluid. The fluid exits the AC ¢ Mara va³rtice through both a va³rtice and Output Output perifa © rich. vailvula one auta'noma element moves from a £ posia§a the closed, in which fluid flows freely atrava s © © Output perifa rich, and a £ posia§a the closed flow in which fluid atrava © S Output perifa © © rica restricted. vailvula the element © a fora§a centrafuga moved by the fluid, such that a fluid having a higher centrafuga fora§a vailvula moves the element to the closed posia§a £, reducing it with the flow total fluid atrava © s va³rtice set.


Political scientists have conducted much work examining a court's decision on the merits of a case. We have concluded that ideology has a strong influence on the outcome on the merits of a decision. Furthermore, courts seek to render a decision that is closest to their own policy preferences. However, federal circuit courts within the judicial hierarchy are constrained by other actors according to the strategic model. There is an abundance of evidence showing that superior actors constrain courts' ideological preferences when such courts render decisions on the merits. However, there is a dearth of scholarship regarding judicial decision making on threshold issues. I argue that federal circuit courts set their judicial agendas by transforming their mandatory appellate jurisdiction into one that is discretionary. They achieve this goal by controlling the type of litigants who gain access to the courts by deciding cases on threshold grounds. I also argue that federal circuit courts are responsive to changes in Congress's ideology because Congress has power to control threshold issues through various mechanisms. I seek to establish that the grounds upon which a case is dismissed -jurisdictional, justiciable, and procedural -defines the parameters that constrain federal circuit courts. INDEX WORDS: Federal circuit courts, Rules Enabling Act, Procedural rules, Class action litigation, Standing FEDERAL CIRCUIT COURTS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE DOCTRINES OF PROCEDURE, JURISDICTION AND JUSTICIABILITY


Depleting of petroleum, the main energy source for the vehicles with conventional internal combustion engines (ICE), and the growing negative effects of vehicles on environment have directed several vehicle manufacturers towards studies on electric vehicles. Besides, the low efficiency of ICEs especially at lower rpms has made electric vehicles more attractive. Present researches concerning electric vehicles concentrate in several topics however, the researches effort on yield and range more than other topics. Recovering regenerative braking energy, energy management strategy with load sharing and comparison of different hybrid topologies are the topics have become prominent in EV applications. In the consideration of above matter, this study deals with experimental studies in different hybrid topologies for electric vehicle. During experimental studies a test bench is utilized for testing different hybrid topologies. The results and analysis of experimental studies are given.


Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as a common neurodevelopmental disorder that encompasses impairments in social communication and interaction, as well as repetitive and restrictive behavior, still awaits an effective treatment strategy. The involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission, and especially a deficit of GABAA receptors that contain the α5 subunits, were implicated in pathogenesis of ASD. Therefore, we tested MP‐III‐022, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) selective for α5GABAA receptors, in Wistar rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid, as an animal model useful for studying ASD. Postweaning rats of both sexes were treated for 7 days with vehicle or MP‐III‐022 at two doses pharmacokinetically determined as selective, and thereafter tested in a behavioral battery (social interaction test, elevated plus maze, spontaneous locomotor activity, and standard and reverse Morris water maze). Additional rats were used for establishing a primary neuronal culture and performing calcium imaging, and determination of hippocampal mRNA levels of GABRA5, NKCC1, and KCC2. MP‐III‐022 prevented impairments in many parameters connected with social, repetitive and restrictive behavioral domains. The lower and higher dose was more effective in males and females, respectively. Intriguingly, MP‐III‐022 elicited certain changes in control animals similar to those manifested in valproate animals themselves. Behavioral results were mirrored in GABA switch and spontaneous neuronal activity, assessed with calcium imaging, and also in expression changes of three genes analyzed. Our data support a role of α5GABAA receptors in pathophysiology of ASD, and suggest a potential application of selective PAMs in its treatment, that needs to be researched in a sex‐specific manner.


From an initial introduction of 550 woolly apple aphis parasites from Michigan in 1929 a total of 92,000 have been reared and liberated in the Hood River Valley and other points. The majority are liberated in the adult stage after being reared in caged apple trees.

The parasite is now thoroughly established in over 40 Hood River orchards and is spreading rapidly.

Degree of woolly aphis control by the parasite has been demonstrated.

Seasonal history of the parasite has been closely checked for two seasons, showing eight complete generations in 1930 and nine in 1931.


A new adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) version of the ZEUS-3D astrophysical magnetohydrodynamical fluid code, AZEuS, is described. The AMR module in AZEuS has been completely adapted to the staggered mesh that characterizes the ZEUS family of codes on which scalar quantities are zone-centered and vector components are face-centered. In addition, for applications using static grids, it is necessary to use higher-order interpolations for prolongation to minimize the errors caused by waves crossing from a grid of one resolution to another. Finally, solutions to test problems in one, two, and three dimensions in both Cartesian and spherical coordinates are presented.


Abstract Let n, a and b be positive integers. The pair (a, b) is called an integer partition of n into Diophantine pair if n = a + b, ab + 1 is a perfect square and a > b. In this paper we give, for any positive integer n, a closed formula for the number of integer partitions into Diophantine pairs.


The study examined the determinants of family planning among married people in Lagos state. The research design was the descriptive research of the survey type and the instrument used was a questionnaire titled "Perception of Family Planning among Married People." The population was all married people in Lagos state and the sample consisted 519 subjects selected through stratified sampling. One research question was raised and one hypothesis formulated to guide the study. This was tested at 0.05level of significance. Data collected were analysed using simple percentage and correlation matrix. The result of the analysis showed that all the determinants of family planning correlated significantly with married peoples' perception of family planning except child spacing with moderate relationship. Based on the findings, it was recommended that women should be encouraged through enlighten programme by government or health facilitators on the benefits of child spacing.


Empirical count data are often zero‐inflated and overdispersed. Currently, there is no software package that allows adequate imputation of these data. We present multiple‐imputation routines for these kinds of count data based on a Bayesian regression approach or alternatively based on a bootstrap approach that work as add‐ons for the popular multiple imputation by chained equations (mice) software in R (van Buuren and Groothuis‐Oudshoorn, Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 45, 2011, p. 1). We demonstrate in a Monte Carlo simulation that our procedures are superior to currently available count data procedures. It is emphasized that thorough modeling is essential to obtain plausible imputations and that model mis‐specifications can bias parameter estimates and standard errors quite noticeably. Finally, the strengths and limitations of our procedures are discussed, and fruitful avenues for future theory and software development are outlined.


In August 2011, Mitt Romney, then running in the Republican presidential primary, shocked the public when he proclaimed that corporations were people. His words came in the wake of an earlier Supreme Court decision, Citizens United, which gave corporations constitutional rights of free speech, rights formerly applied only to actual human beings. Like Frankenstein's monster, the corporation, a purely artificial entity, was being endowed with the spirit of life. Treated as a legal matter, corporate personhood has a long and contentious history. Perhaps though, Romney was offering not a legal but a philosophical argument. Specifically, he may have been addressing the corporation's ontology. Ontology is that branch ofmetaphysics concernedwith being, withwhat things are. It invites us to consider the composition of social facts and social entities. What, then, do corporations consist of? If they are not people, what are they? Historians generally, and historians of business and the economy in particular, rarely ask such questions. In part, this is because our preference is to examine causes. Ontology is not aboutwhat causes things to happen, however, but what constitutes things such that they have causal powers. A house may be constituted out of bricks, but bricks did not cause the house to be built. Whereas causation is concerned with howone thing changes or affects another, constitution is a relation among parts, about how things are so arranged or structured that they acquire their properties. Cause usually involves temporality—one


Objective To investigate the clinical feature of distributions of allergens, age and season in patients accepting allergopharma skin prick test (ASPT) in shanghai. Methods One thousand patients with nasal hypersensitivity were included in the study and performed ASPT. The distribution of 30 allergens and positive rate among different seasons were analysed. All the patients were divided into four groups according to ages: ≤17 years old, 18 to 39, 40 to 59, and ≥ 60. The positive rate of ASPT were calculated for the groups, and statistical analysis was conducted. Results Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) were the most common allergens, followed by hay dust, rubber latex, dog epidermis and cat epidermis.There was no significant difference between male and female patients(P0.05).The positive rate for autumn and winter was higher than that for spring and summer (P0.01). The positive rate descended with the age increase (P0.01). Conclusion In Shanghai Der f and Der p may be the most common allergens, the positive rate in ASPT for autumn and winter may be higher than that for spring and summer and may descend with the age.


Virus diseases of cotton have historically been of only sporadic importance to global cotton production. Recent devastating epidemics in Pakistan and other areas have brought new awareness to the potential for disaster of a pathogen once considered to be of a minor importance. Under changing conditions this pathogen(cotton leaf curl virus) has emerged as a serious problem in Pakistan and India. Cotton leaf curl virus does not occur in the United States or the rest of the western hemisphere but recent experience worldwide is a reminder that pathogens, such as this geminivirus, can be moved easily from one part of the world to another and therefor we need to be aware of the potential impact of such pathogens on local crops.


The Lausanne Congress on World Evangelization in 1974 was the largest global gathering of evangelical Christians in the latter half of the twentieth century. Lausanne was significant, in part because of the struggle between two sets of evangelical leaders: those, led by the US, who wanted to retain a focus on "evangelism," and the young radicals, led by Latin Americans, who demanded a broader attention to "social concern." This essay traces the impact of the liberalizing faction, while also following the "evangelism-first" movement and its role in the rise of the religious right in the US in the 1980s.


© 2015 Johns Hopkins University Press Film Chronicle: Pandora's Box, directed by G. W. Pabst (Criterion Collection, 2006); A Man Escaped, directed by Robert Bresson (Criterion Collection, 2013); Rififi, directed by Jules Dassin (Criterion Collection, 2014); Le cercle rouge, directed by Jean-Pierre Melville (Criterion Collection, 2011); No Country for Old Men, directed by Ethan and Joel Coen (Miramax Lionsgate, 2011); The Big Combo, directed by Joseph H. Lewis (Olive Films, 2013); The Innocents, directed by Jack Clayton (TwentiethCentury Fox, 2005); Another Year, directed by Mike Leigh (Sony Pictures Classics, 2011); Beyond Silence, directed by Caroline Link (Lionsgate, 2012); The Silence, directed by Cate Shortland (Amazon Instant Video); Silence, directed by Pat Collins (Harvest Films, 2012); The Seventh Seal, directed by Ingmar Bergman (Criterion Collection, 2009); The Silence, directed by Ingmar Bergman (in The Ingmar Bergman Trilogy, Home Vision Entertainment, 2003); Band of Outsiders, directed by Jean-Luc Godard (Criterion Collection, 2013).


A review of recent literature indicates several divergent perspectives are used currently in managing patients with spastic lower extremities. The intent of this article is to analyze methods presented in published clinical orthotic studies regarding biomechanical and neurophysiological approaches to tonereducing orthoses. Each management rationale will be briefly summarized, including biomechanical, primitive reflex activity, pressure over muscle tendons, prolonged stretch, and orthokinetics. Results of lower-extremity orthotic studies will be reviewed. Discussion will focus on current research efforts and indications for future clinical practice.


Acceptance, trust and a successful deployment of robots in human's everyday life depends both on technical implementation and on psychological aspects. The current work identifies essential features and characteristics that have the potential to increase the acceptance of robots, reduce prejudices and improve the development of appropriate and suitable robots with target-group specific features and characteristics. We present the first part of a major research project that aims to develop a valid and reliable toolkit for an encompassing measurement of human's attitude towards robots. By means of the Semantic Differential Scale a comparison of human's attitude towards robots in general and human's expectation of an ideal, personal everyday life robot has been performed. Results reveal major differences between these two concepts and the demand of robots adapted to human's requirements.


Summary.  Background: Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a small vitamin K‐dependent protein containing five γ‐carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues that are believed to be important in binding Ca2+, calcium crystals and bone morphogenetic protein. In addition, MGP contains phosphorylated serine residues that may further regulate its activity. In vivo, MGP has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of vascular calcification; however, the precise molecular mechanism underlying the function of MGP is not yet fully understood. Methods and results: We investigated the effects of MGP in human vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) monolayers that undergo calcification after exposure to an increase in Ca2+ concentration. Increased calcium salt deposition was found in cells treated with the vitamin K antagonist warfarin as compared to controls, whereas cells treated with vitamin K1 showed decreased calcification as compared to controls. With conformation‐specific antibodies, it was confirmed that warfarin treatment of VSMCs resulted in uncarboxylated (Gla‐deficient) MGP. To specifically test the effects of MGP on VSMC calcification, we used full‐length synthetic MGP and MGP‐derived peptides representing various domains in MGP. Full length MGP, the γ‐carboxylated motif (Gla) (amino acids 35–54) and the phosphorylated serine motif (amino acids 3–15) inhibited calcification. Furthermore, we showed that the peptides were not taken up by VSMCs but bound to the cell surface and to vesicle‐like structures. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that both γ‐glutamyl carboxylation and serine phosphorylation of MGP contribute to its function as a calcification inhibitor and that MGP may inhibit calcification via binding to VSMC‐derived vesicles.


Every person's goal is to be both physically and psychologically healthy. Existing applications offer personalized exercise and workouts to meet the varied user requirements. People who lack the time to visit fitness centers have found the apps to be a great relief. Also, it offers totally free plans and workout recommendations. Many people have begun using these applications after realizing how important they are to their everyday lives. This study tries to comprehend how users feel about fitness programs that are available for mobile devices. This study mainly focuses on the efficiency of fitness applications in terms of many aspects including time, cost, and accessibility. It also explores the benefits of mobile applications over workout facilities. The study also makes suggestions for ways to boost and enhance user engagement with app usage.


1 Foreword by Juliet V. Garcia 2 Introduction by Donald E. Heller 3 College Access Issues for Lower Income Students 4 Educational Opportunity in America by Brian K. Fitzgerald and Jennifer A. Delaney 5 An Issue of Equity by John B. Lee 6 Student Aid Programs 7 Federal Student Aid in Historical Perspective by Lawrence E. Gladieux 8 State Student Aid and Student Access: The Changing Picture by Donald E. Heller 9 Changing Patterns of Institutional Aid: Impact on Access and Education Policy by Michael McPherson and Morton Owen Schapiro 10 Early Intervention, Remediation, and Support Services 11 Pre-college Outreach and Early Intervention Programs by Laura W. Perna 12 Beyond Money: Remediation and Support Services Strategies for Lower Income Students by David W. Breneman and Jamie P. Merisotis 13 The Future 14 The Demographic Window of Opportunity: Launching College Access and Diversity in the New Century by Anthony P. Carnevale and Richaed A. Fry 15 Policy Priorities and Political Realities by A. Clayton Spencer 16 Index


A mass distribution is analyzed in terms of classical gravitational field theory. Newton's law of gravitation is consistently applied on the assumption that the equivalence of energy and mass according to Einstein's theory of relativity is valid for gravitational fields as well. Different from standard approaches the gravitational field, via its associated field energy, is handled as a source of gravitation by itself. Starting from these principles a gravitational self-shielding phenomenon is derived as a common characteristic of all mass/energy distributions. Moreover, it is demonstrated that even in the absence of any stimulating mass the existence of independent static gravitational fields is fully consistent with Newton's law of gravitation as long as the equivalence of energy and mass is respected. From a distance such gravitational fields appear as negative masses.


Abstract Observations relevant to the increasing occurrence of manganese and iron related dirty water problems in Australia's potable water supplies are presented with emphasis on management issues pertaining to the solution of such problems. An assessment of the areas requiring additional investigation is given. Particular results of an investigation into manganese removal in a direct‐filtration water treatment plant are provided where appropriate.


Summary from only given. We present a highly efficient single-mode all-glass double-clad ytterbium doped HF laser and show that HF technology allows versatile designs for cladding pumped fibers. A technique for achieving single-mode operation in HFs while incorporating with active dopants is also discussed. Under CW operation, the power conversion efficiency is measured to be more than 80%, which is comparable to the best conventional ytterbium doped fiber lasers. Furthermore, Q-switching and mode-locking operation of this fiber laser is demonstrated.


During meiosis, recombination between homologous chromosomes creates a physical connection that is necessary for proper chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. For many years, the paradigm used to explain the molecular mechanism of recombination has been the double-strand break repair (DSBR) model (Fig. 1; Szostak et al. 1983). (The definitions of the acronyms used in this review, in order of their appearance, can be found in Table 1.) One key feature of this model is that recombination is initiated by the formation of programmed DSBs (double-strand breaks). The meiosis-specific protein responsible for catalyzing these breaks is a topoisomerase-like protein called Spo11 (Bergerat et al. 1997; Keeney et al. 1997). The identification and functional analysis of Spo11 homologs from a wide variety of organisms, including worms, fruit flies, fission yeast, and mammals, indicates that repair of programmed DSBs is a universal feature of meiotic recombination (Keeney 2001). A second key feature of the model is the generation of a recombination intermediate called a double Holliday junction (dHJ). Differential resolution of this intermediate was proposed to determine the formation of crossover (CO) versus noncrossover (NCO) chromosomes. Recent advances indicate, however, that the decision of whether a recombination event will result in a CO or NCO chromosome occurs much earlier, soon after DSB formation (Allers and Lichten 2001a; Hunter and Kleckner 2001; Clyne et al. 2003). In addition, studies of a newly discovered endonuclease, Mus81, indicate that, in addition to dHJ resolution, COs may be formed by the processing of non-dHJ intermediates (Heyer et al. 2003; Osman et al. 2003). The decision of which crossover pathway to use appears to vary between organisms and may, therefore, be evolutionarily significant (de los Santos et al. 2003). The double-strand break repair model for meiotic recombination


Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film containing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) additive has been investigated using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface resistivity measurements. The samples measured were: as‐received; plasma‐treated; washed with ethyl acetate; aged in air; and combinations of these treatments. Analysis by XPS has been used to characterize surface species concurrently with resistivity in the surface region to assist in understanding the relationship between charge transport and surface electronic structure. Radiofrequency plasma treatment causes major oxidation effects and lowering of resistivity in the first 4 s. With the same treatment time, in the case of washed samples, surface segregation of PDMS is enhanced, causing an initial increase of surface region resistivity. Plasma treatment beyond 4 s causes saturation of the O : C ratio in the surface and a loss of charged bonds. These points also allow a description of resistivity change with ageing, which includes hydration effects on exposure to air. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Reinforced Concrete (RC) framed structures with Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) infill panels form a major portion of all the RC framed structures worldwide. The URM panels are considered as non-structural members, which is fairly good assumption under gravity loads, however, it is not the same under lateral forces. Under seismic loads, the stiffness additions due to infill panels modify the dynamic behavior of the structure significantly by altering the frequency of the structure. A research project has been taken up at Earthquake Engineering and Vibration Research Centre (EVRC), Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), Bangalore to investigate the influence of masonry infill on fundamental natural frequency of RC frames. 2D RC frames of one bay and two bay having single storey, double storey and three storeys are cast and tested for bare frame and many combinations of URM infill panels. Tri-axial shake table is used for testing. The details of the numerical analysis and experimentation carried out in the research project are brought out in this paper.


The structure of sodium lead apatite Na 2 Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 6 has been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data are: hexagonal, space group P6 3 /m, Z = 1, a = 972.1(4) pm, c = 718.6(5) pm, V = 588.1(5)10 6 pm 3 , and R = 0.038. The result of charge distribution analysis confirmed the structural hypotheses. In the Raman spectrum, the two bands observed at 935 cm -1 and at 966 cm -1 , have been attributed to the A g -E 2g splitting, in the hexagonal C 6h symmetry, of the nondegenerate symmetric stretching v 1 (PO 4 ). Translational modes of Pb 2+ have been identified at 44, 53, 56, 76 and 78 cm -1 . The results of 31 P and 23 Na magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopies confirmed the structural hypotheses.


Abstract This paper addresses the issue of participation in additional activities in foreign languages among Polish students aged 7–15. Foreign language skills are important in recruitment to secondary school and university. In the labour market, there is also a considerable wage premium for foreign language skills. Participation in such activities is therefore a form of investment in human capital. In this work we distinguish two kinds of additional foreign language activities: paid and free, and we show their different characteristics, which is our contribution to the literature. We check whether the key factors on the demand and supply side of additional activities such as family socio-economic status (SES) and size of the place of residence affect the participation in paid and free activities in a similar way. We also examine gender differences in additional foreign language activities participation. For the purpose of our analysis, we use data from the second round of the Determinants of Educational Decisions study (UDE) and apply the multinomial logit regression model. Our results indicate that family SES and size of the place of residence are important factors for probability of participation in paid foreign language activities. For participation in free activities, family SES does not matter. Therefore, these classes can contribute to equalising educational opportunities. We also find that girls are more likely to participate in both paid and free activities in foreign languages.


Wiman, in 1895, found ((5), p. 208) an equation for a 4-nodal plane sextic W that admits a group S of 120 Cremona self-transformations; of these, 24 are projectivities, the other 96 quadratic transformations. S is isomorphic to the symmetric group of degree 5 and Wiman emphasizes that S does permute among themselves 5 pencils (4 pencils of lines and 1 of conics) and 5 nets (4 nets of conics and 1 of lines). But he gives no geometrical properties of W. The omission should be repaired because, as will be explained below, W can be uniquely determined by elementary geometrical conditions. Furthermore: W is only one, though admittedly the most interesting, of a whole pencil P of 4-nodal sextics; every member of P is invariant under S+, the icosahedral subgroup of index 2 in S, while the transformations in the coset S/S+ transpose the members of P in pairs save for two that they leave fixed, W being one of these. When the triangle of reference is the diagonal point triangle of the quadrangle of its nodes the form of W is (7.2) below. Wiman referred his curve to a different triangle.