Abstract Objective To determine whether a smartphone application based education programme can lower salt intake in schoolchildren and their families. Design Parallel, cluster randomised controlled trial, with schools randomly assigned to either intervention or control group (1:1). Setting 54 primary schools from three provinces in northern, central, and southern China, from 15 September 2018 to 27 December 2019. Participants 592 children (308 (52.0%) boys; mean age 8.58 (standard deviation 0.41) years) in grade 3 of primary school (about 11 children per school) and 1184 adult family members (551 (46.5%) men; mean age 45.80 (12.87) years). Intervention Children in the intervention group were taught, with support of the app, about salt reduction and assigned homework to encourage their families to participate in activities to reduce salt consumption. Main outcome measures Primary outcome was the difference in salt intake change (measured by 24 hour urinary sodium excretion) at 12 month follow-up, between the intervention and control groups. Results After baseline assessment, 297 children and 594 adult family members (from 27 schools) were allocated to the intervention group, and 295 children and 590 adult family members (from 27 schools) were allocated to the control group. During the trial, 27 (4.6%) children and 112 (9.5%) adults were lost to follow-up, owing to children having moved to another school or adults unable to attend follow-up assessments. The remaining 287 children and 546 adults (from 27 schools) in the intervention group and 278 children and 526 adults (from 27 schools) in the control group completed the 12 month follow-up assessment. Mean salt intake at baseline was 5.5 g/day (standard deviation 1.9) in children and 10.0 g/day (3.5) in adults in the intervention group, and 5.6 g/day (2.1) in children and 10.0 g/day (3.6) in adults in the control group. During the study, salt intake of the children increased in both intervention and control groups but to a lesser extent in the intervention group (mean effect of intervention after adjusting for confounding factors −0.25 g/day, 95% confidence interval −0.61 to 0.12, P=0.18). In adults, salt intake decreased in both intervention and control groups but to a greater extent in the intervention group (mean effect −0.82 g/day, −1.24 to −0.40, P<0.001). The mean effect on systolic blood pressure was −0.76 mm Hg (−2.37 to 0.86, P=0.36) in children and −1.64 mm Hg (−3.01 to −0.27, P=0.02) in adults. Conclusions The app based education programme delivered through primary school, using a child-to-parent approach, was effective in lowering salt intake and systolic blood pressure in adults, but the effects were not significant in children. Although this novel approach could potentially be scaled up to larger populations, the programme needs further strengthening to reduce salt intake across the whole population, including schoolchildren. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1800017553.


To solve the problem of power quality in the port electronic equipment, a set of system is constructed including linear compensation, active filter and on-line monitoring, aiming at monitoring the reactive power compensation, harmonic filter and power quality parameters on-line. Phase current harmonic content and voltage total harmonic distortion rate of the system can be decreased by the application of this technology, thus the wastage of the electrical equipment is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved.


Introduction. The article describes the documents of the Russian archive of Y.P. Sapieha of 1608– 1611, which supplement the systematized fund of Pereslavl-Zalessky and its county as part of the previously reconstructed collection of papers. Methods and materials. The methods of source analysis, elements of archeographic, paleographic, linguistic source characteristics of texts are used. Published materials discovered by the Swedish researcher E. Lefstrand in the State Archive of Sweden, contain little-known episodes from the life of Pereslavl county, reflected in the petitions of representatives of different strata of the population submitted to the impostor False Dmitry I, and Hetman Sapieha in the period from mid-autumn to the end of 1608. Analysis. The new documents, as their study shows, significantly replenish one of the sections of the Sapieha Russian archive, which includes letters, formal responses and petitions from residents of Zamoskovye and Pomerania. Results. In the process of multidimensional analysis, new information of a documentary-substantive and pragmatic nature was revealed, clarifying the actions of the government army under the command of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky in the situation around Pereslavl-Zalessky, shedding light on important details of the functioning of the Tushinsky regime in the Zamoskovye and the circumstances of the overthrow of the power of the Poles in the captured county lands; the role of petitioning as a form of fixing reliable information about the events that took place and their direct participants. Authors' contribution. N.E. Tyumentseva correlated the papers with the sections of the reconstructed archive and with the available chronological information, gave an archaeographic description of the documents; N.A. Tupikova read the texts, outlined the principles of their reproduction, carried out a source analysis and general editing of the article.


Abstract : This is the 48th volume in the Occasional Paper series of the U.S. Air Force Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). This timely and insightful set of papers written by two USAF area specialists provides complementary -- and together comprehensive -- coverage of the critical topic of Arab perceptions of United States policy. Further, the papers expand that coverage to address in detail some of the implications of those perceptions for U.S. military presence and policy in the region. Brent Talbot focuses his analysis on the key segment of the region's population that stands between the totally dispossessed and deprived radical base and some entrenched, corrupt regimes. This Arab majority, he argues, can reshape the region's states into culturally compatible and accountable (if not purely democratic by western standards) revisionist Arab and Islamic political and economic states that are much more compatible with U.S. values and presence. This is a significant message in terms of the longer-term strategic postscript to the current U.S.-Iraq conflict. Mike Meyer focuses his analysis at the more operational level of U.S. military personnel on the ground in the region, but comes to complementary conclusions as to U.S. public diplomacy and presence. He argues that American military personnel and programs must purposefully shape the relationships -- and through them perceptions and attitudes -- with the emerging military and political leaders in this region of transition. This approach also provides a key element to the state-building exercise that will likely soon present itself. Together, the two papers suggest a wisdom of experience -- academic and practical -- that is essential to the high-stakes endgame that lies before us.


A low rate of thrombus formation and hemolysis is an important factor for the development of a rotary blood pump.Poor fluid dynamic characteristics of blood flow are main factors that cause thrombus formation and hemolysis.Some essays demonstrate that CFD is a convenient and effective approach to analyze the behavior of blood in a heart assist device.CFD modelings are widely used for predicting pressure-flow curves,hydraulic efficiencies and scalar fluid stress levels of LVAS.In this study,we evaluated a motor-driven nonpulsatile left ventricular assist device(LVAD) by means of CFD.The blood pump chamber(stroke volume 76mL) and the inflow and outflow port were evaluated by CFD analysis.We adopted three-dimensional distribution of CFD results for inner blood flow state qualitative evaluation.The computed pressure-flow characteristics of the pump were in good agreement with the measurements.CFD offers a convenient tool for the general assessment of pressure-flow performance,fluid force estimation and blood damage level in the flow domain.


SHC,GRB2and mSOS.Itwasdemonstrated thatthese constituents werelinked toRasactivation bythecharacteristic decrease inRaf-1mobility onSDS-PAGE,whichwas maintained for60 min aftera single bolus ofadministered EGF.Whileinsulin administration (15tg/100 gbodyweight) ledtoinsulin receptor ,3subunit tyrosine phosphorylation andinternalization, there waslittle detectable tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC,recruitment ofGRB2,association ofacomplex withmSOSoranydetectable change inthemobility ofRaf-1. Therefore, innormalphysiological target cells invivo, distinct signaling pathways arerealized after EGForinsulin receptor activation, withregulationofthis specificity mostprobably occurring atthe locus oftheendosome.


Law enforcement officers in Nebraska, as in many other states, are required to collect data concerning the perceived race of persons contacted in traffic stops and the cause for the stop. This data is then used to identify patterns of possible racial profiling. Nebraska's system forces officers to choose between six races. Interviews of officers in one police department found that their personal understandings of race did not conform with the six categories provided. This flawed collection approach, when framed within an analysis of the issues inherent in racial profiling, shows the need for policy reform in data-collection schemes.


December 10 is Human Rights Day, and this year will celebrate 70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The theme this year is "let's stand up for equality, justice and human dignity", a fitting exhortation for the year ahead in India.


This paper describes a surface permanent magnet (SPM)-type vernier motor, whose design is based on the torque equation for the motor. The output characteristics are calculated using both the torque equation and voltage equation on the γ and δ axes. In this study, the rotor diameter, turns per phase, and core length are optimized in order to achieve the design objectives. These are a maximum output power of more than 10.5 kW (a pull-out torque of more than 1000 N·m), a power factor at 7 kW of more than 90%, and an efficiency at 7 kW of more than 85%, under an operating voltage, frequency, and synchronous speed of 400 V, 50 Hz, and 100 min-1, respectively.


In this paper, we study the Bisector surface, which defines the line of curvature on a surface play an importance role. Firstly, the Bisector surface constructed by a point and a space curve given in Euclidean 3-space. Then, it is investigated that the necessary and sufficient condition for directrix curve of this surface to satisfy line of curvature. After this, we classify the Bisector surfaces.


Social services and public services are facing a remarkable diversity of clients today. Existing tools for communication do not always work or are not used efficiently. To better bridge the communication gap between service providers and multilingual immigrant clients, Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie, an independent organization, recognized and subsidized by the Flemish government to develop expertise on migration, integration and ethno-cultural diversity set up a joint exploratory research with Ghent University and Kind & Gezin (K&G), the organization that monitors childcare for the Flemish authorities in Belgium. Closely collaborating with practitioners and policymakers, Ghent University researchers analyzed 74 video recorded conversations between K &G service providers and immigrant mothers, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The project was financed by Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie, the data collection was done by Kind & Gezin, the filmed excerpts were coded, analyzed and systematically incorporated into Nvivo10 by Ghent University researchers. In cooperation with the language policy coordinator of Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (Pascal Rillof), Ghent University researchers developed a communication matrix listing the communication tools which are, can and should ideally be used in a service context so that more cost-efficient and effective service can be provided without sacrificing service quality. The matrix serves as a benchmark against which public service encounters with new speakers of Dutch may be measured in the future. The results have been delivered to Kind & Gezin for further follow up and training of the organization's staff.

Tying in with the colloquium's thematic concern of the tension between institutional deontology and practices of language use, we will juxtapose the findings of our research to the new policies on migration and integration in Belgium, focusing on four principal questions: first, why is proficiency in a single 'national', 'legitimate' language invoked as the touchstone of social cohesion and integration?; Secondly, what do the language requirements enshrined in these policies entail for the day to day practices of service providers working with multilingual immigrants?; Thirdly, are the policies workable?; And, finally, can a communication matrix which builds on emic concerns of clients and service providers, add to delegitimizing the use of the 'national', 'legitimate' language in public service encounters with multilingual immigrants?


The paper presents the developments of novel mesh generation algorithms over complex glaze-ice shapes containing multicurvature ice-accretion geometries, such as single/double ice horns. The twofold approaches tackle surface geometry discretization as well as field mesh generation. First, an adaptive curvilinear curvature control algorithm is constructed, solving a one-dimensional elliptic partial differential equation with periodic source terms. This method controls the arc length grid spacing, so that high convex and concave curvature regions around ice horns are appropriately captured, and is shown to effectively treat the grid shock problem. Second, a novel blended method is developed by defining combinations of source terms with two-dimensional elliptic equations. The source terms include two common control functions, Sorenson and Spekreijse, and an additional third source term to improve orthogonality. This blended method is shown to be very effective for improving grid quality metrics for complex g...


Objective: The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate our experience on open cystolithotomy and intracorporeal cystolithotripsy in children with bladder stones. Material and Methods: A total of 23 children with bladder stones were treated at our center between 2007 and 2016. Transurethral removal with basket catheter, transurethral cystolithotripsy / percutaneous cystolithotripsy with laser or open cystolithotomy approaches were preferred. The patients were evaluated according to the operation technique, stone burden, and complications, and compared with each other in terms of these criteria. Results: Three girls and 20 boys, ranging in age from 1 to 16 years were evaluated. Stone sizes ranged from 5 to 50 mm. We preferred transurethral cystolithotripsy in 7 patients, percutaneous cystolithotripsy in 4 patients, open cystolithotomy in 8 patients and transurethral removal with basket catheter in 4 patients. Twenty (87%) patients had no complications. Complications occurred in three patient consisting of a mucosal laceration in one patient and lower urinary tract obstruction due to residual stones in the postoperative period in two patients. The average stone size was 22.6±12 mm in all patients who underwent open cystolithotomy and 16 ± 9.04 mm in patients where the other methods were used. Conclusion: We believe that open cystolithotomy is the most effective treatment method, especially for stones greater than 2 cm.


Objective: To detect the feasibility of tissue microarray so that a new method could be provided for research. Methods: Two tissue microarray blocks were manufactured and stained on the sections cutting from them by HE,immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) methods were manufactured and compared with the normal sections. Results: The cores on slides were basically accordant with requirement of research, and there were no significant differences between the results of tissue microarray and normal sections that were dealed with immunohistochemical method. Conclusion: Tissue microarray has characters of high-throughput, economy and low rate of experimental error; it might be a new technique in scientific researches in the future.


This study focused on the effect of reciprocal peer tutoring strategy in teaching rational algebraic expressions to the mathematics performance of the Guindulungan National High School students. There forty (40) Grade 8 students who were randomly selected as the subjects of the study. A Quasi-experimental research design was employed in this study. Pre-test and post-test questionnaire on rational algebraic expressions was used as the main instrument of the study. Quantitative analysis on both pre-test and post-test scores of the students were made using this method. The simple frequency and percentage counts were used to analyze the students' performance before and after the reciprocal peer tutoring strategy was introduced. t-test was utilized to determine the significant difference between the students' performance in mathematics before and after the reciprocal peer tutoring strategy. This test was set at 5% level of significance. The minimum t-value of 1.665 was used to determine the significance of the test.  The results revealed that there is a significant increase in the students' mathematics performance in learning rational algebraic expressions using reciprocal peer tutoring strategy. This means that reciprocal peer tutoring strategy is effective in increasing students' mathematics performance.


AbstractWe continue our study of generalized probability from the viewpoint of category theory. Assuming that each generalized probability measure is a morphism, we model basic probabilistic notions within the category cogenerated by its range. It is known that the closed unit interval I = [0, 1], carrying a suitable difference structure, cogenerates the category ID in which the classical and fuzzy probability theories can be modeled. We study generalized probability theories modeled within two different categories cogenerated by a simplex Sn = {(x1, x2, …, xn) ∈ In: $$
\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n
$$xi ≤ 1}, carrying a suitable difference structure; since I and S1 coincide, for n = 1 we get the fuzzy probability theory as a special case. In the first case, when the morphisms preserve the so-called pure elements, the resulting category SnD, n > 1, and ID are isomorphic and the generalized probability theories modeled in ID and SnD are "the same". In the second case, when the morphisms map each maximal element to a maximal element, the resulting categories WSnD, n > 1, lead to different models of generalized probability theories. We define basic notions of the corresponding simplex-valued probability theories and mention some applications.


Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) is one of the major species for freshwater cultivation in China, but all fries cultivated are wild elvers captured in estuaries. The shortage of fry has already limited the development of eel aquaculture. Research on the eel artificial propagation techniques must be carried out to satisfy the need of aquaculture. This paper briefly reviewed the advances of reproductive biology of the eel from several aspects, included; (a) artificial induction gonadal development and maturation and spawning; (b) some reproductive biology of post-ovulated eel; (c) the development of embryo and larva. And the latest advance in Japan was especially particularized. Japan has already reared the artificial larva to the adult eel with the body length of 20 cm, and realized the whole artificial culture from the eggs to the adult eels in the laboratory. At last, some questions existed in rearing fry were indicated, and further research must be considered both internal cause and external cause, then the fry and fingerling of the eel could be truly produced in a large scale.


The shake table test on 'tie column-ring beam-cast-in-place slab'recycled aggregate concrete(RAC) block masonry structure was conducted with Wenchuan Wolong seismic wave.Not only the dynamic properties of structure,but also the test phenomenon and the dynamic response of the model under intensity 8 of frequently occurred,basic and seldom occurred earthquake were tested.On the basis of test results,the model's maximum drift angle under three occurrences was respectively less than the allowable value of earthquake resistant structure recommended by the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings.Tiny cracks were found on the wall,however it showed RAC masonry structure constrained by 'tie column + ring beam'system exhibited a good seismic behavior and was able to resist the earthquake action under each level of fortification intensity in the location.It is concluded that RAC masonry structures were able to be promoted in the earthquake hit-area reconstruction.


In most countries, red blood cells (RBCs) can be stored up to 42 days before transfusion. However, observational studies have suggested that storage duration might be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. While clinical trials are under way, impaired metabolism has been documented in RBCs stored in several additive solutions (ASs). Here we hypothesize that, despite reported beneficial effects, storage in AS‐3 results in metabolic impairment weeks before the end of the unit shelf life.


1 ENT Department Timiooara, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeo" Timiooara 2 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeo" Timiooara Summary: Introduction: The purpose of the study was to analyze the surgical, functional and oncologic results in patients with glottic carcinoma treated by CO2 laser surgery. Material and Methods: In the ENT Department Timiooara between 1998 and 2007 were treated by endoscopic CO2 laser surgery 288 patients with glottic carcinoma T1a, T1b, T2 and N0. Endoscopic laser CO2 surgery was the primary and solitary management for curative resection of the glottic carcinoma. We performed four types of cordectomies depending of the stage of tumor. Postoperative control examination included videoendoscopical procedures and neck sonography for early detection of cancer recurrence. Results: In our experience tracheotomy was not required. The mean follow-up was 36 months, range 12 to 48 months. The oncologic results at 36 month showed no recurrence of disease in 93.1% of cases. The vocal results obtained in our series were very good. Conclusions: Endoscopic CO2 laser surgery represents an efficient treatment method with superior oncologic and functional results to conventional surgery. The oncologic radical character was achieved only when the indications, contraindications, oncologic objectives and CO2 laser specific principles were followed.


Repeated construction and vague function orientation of the creative industry parks in China begin to appear.The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of Beijing and Shanghai in developing creative industries.It concludes that Beijing should develop cultural industries based on the collaboration between science and technology parks.Beijing needs to establish a common service platform to promote the development of a Cultural Creativity Industry Cluster in accordance.


It was long thought that most of brain creatine was of peripheral origin. However, recent works have demonstrated that creatine crosses blood-brain barrier only with poor efficiency, and that CNS must ensure parts of its creatine needs by its own creatine synthesis pathway, thank to the brain expression of AGAT and GAMT (creatine synthesis) and SLC6A8 (creatine transporter). This new understanding of creatine metabolism and transport in CNS allows a better comprehension of creatine deficiency syndromes, which are due to deficiencies in AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 and mainly affect the brain of patients who show severe neurodevelopmental delay and present neurological symptoms in early infancy.


Article which reviews the annual SSA exhibition, held at the RSA, Edinburgh.

'Other stand-out work includes Andrea Geile's vast yet delicately designed haybales, Level the Field No8 - No12, made from corten steel with their sensual rounded sides, and Inge Panneels' Off the Map, which is a zig-zagging sea of glass on which a wee glass 'paper boat' floats. The spirit of the late George Wyllie, a pioneering president of the SSA from 1986-1989, and architect of The Paper Boat (1990) lives on.'


"This study aims to analyse the factors that may influence fraudulent financial reporting using the fraud hexagon model. The subjects of this study are the infrastructure sector companies listed on the stock exchanges of every ASEAN country for the period of 2019-2021. This study uses logistic regression with F-Score as the measurement for the dependent variable. The result of this study suggests that financial target, change in BOD, and CEO's education affect fraudulent financial reporting. While financial stability, external pressure, e-procurement, electronic whistle blowing system, change in auditor, and CEO's military or political connection do not affect fraudulent financial reporting. This study advances the knowledge of variables that may influence fraudulent financial reporting using a few new proxies for the fraud hexagon's element, namely the e-procurement, electronic whistle blowing system, CEO's education, and CEO's military or political connection. The findings of this study have provided several practical implications for the company's stakeholders to prevent fraudulent financial reporting. In the context of the fraud hexagon, this research is the first study to date that can show the significant and positive relationship between CEOs' education and fraudulent financial reporting. The limitations of this study are the short observation period and the low R-square of the model."


NATO forces rely on satellite communications (SATCOM) for the larger part of their intra-theatre wide-area network (WAN) communication requirements. Lack of SATCOM bandwidth and increasing costs make it necessary to explore non-SATCOM alternatives for intra-theatre WAN wireless transmission services that can cope with the demanding operational requirements of modern military expeditionary operations. NATO Communications and Information Agency has been conducting investigations and experimentation of new concepts and technologies in this area, culminating in a comprehensive vision for a mix of next-generation wireless WAN terrestrial transmission systems. However, it is very difficult to gauge the true potential of these types of systems in expeditionary operations. On the one hand, such operations have a large gamut of possible scenarios; on the other hand, different stakeholders have different views and interests. Commercial vendors prefer to use benign wireless scenarios against which to gauge their systems, whereas military users want to know the true potential of terrestrial wireless systems in the real world. In this context, the Agency developed a practical methodology to assess the performance and potential of wireless WAN systems in expeditionary operations scenarios. This paper presents that methodology and applies it to the mix of future-generation WAN wireless transmission systems for NATO Expeditionary Operations, and presents the results to the military communications community.


This article examines the emergence of means-tested old age pensions in Ontario in the context of the Great Depression and World War II. Ontario's old age pension scheme, it argues, was launched in 1929 with weak political commitment, little bureaucratic-preparation, and an almost complete absence of administrative experience at the provincial and municipal level in assessing and responding to need on a mass scale. The article examines the complex interplay among federal, provincial, and local government authorities in the politics of pension administration throughout the 1929-1945 era, arguing that local control of pension decision-making in the early years of the Depression provided two divergent models of pension entitlement both as charity and as an earned social right. After 1933 governments at both the provincial and federal level centralized decision-making over pension administration in order to standardize and restrict pension entitlement, contain its rapidly rising costs, and enforce more efficiently the concept of parental maintenance upon children. World War II undermined the concept of pensions as charity by broadly expanding the boundaries of entitlement both for the elderly and their children. By 1945 means-tested pensions had few supporters within or outside of government, laying the basis for the emergence of a universal system of old age security in 1951.


Objective To explore the protective mechanism of Puerarin on brain after global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.Methods The rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham operation group(S group),only exposed anatomically without cerebral ischemia and reperfusion ;ischemia and reperfusion group(IR group),global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion with administration of equal volume of normal saline through abdomen;Puerarin group(P group),global cerebral iscbemia and reperfusion with administration of Puerarin through abdomen.Global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was induced by means of Pulsmelli's four vessels occlusion method.The expressions of TNF-α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA were determined by In situ hybridization at 2 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h after global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.The number of surviving neurons was calculated through Olympus microscopy after HE staining in hippocampal CA 1 region tissues.Results Compared with IR group,the expressions of TNF-α mRNA and IL-1 βmRNA in P group were significantly decreased(P0.01 and P0.05),and the number of surviving neurons was obvisously increased(P0.01 and P0.05).Conclusion The protective effect of Puerarin on rat brain might be associated with decreased expressions of TNF-α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA after global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.


In this study, a new type of rotary friction damper was proposed for the seismic retrofitting of building structures. The rotary friction damper was composed of 2 rotary friction pads, 3 steel plates, and 9-13 bolt holes. The clamping forces can be modulated for realizing the various yield moment of the damper. The test results indicated that the proposed damper showed stable hysteretic behavior and the designed yield moment could be obtained according to the applied torque and the number of bolt holes. Numerical analyses of a moment-frame retrofitted with the proposed dampers should that the seismic performance could be enhanced according to the yield moment of the dampers.


In this paper we demonstrate an optical isolator on a Silicon-on-Insulator waveguide platform realized by the adhesive bonding of Ce:YIG on top of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. An optical isolation of 25dB is experimentally obtained.


The seismic response of single-story, one-way asymmetric building with semi-active variable dampers with two-step viscous damping algorithm is investigated. The response is obtained by numerically solving the governing equations of motion. The effects of superstructure eccentricity ratio, uncoupled time period, and uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency ratio are investigated on peak responses of lateral, torsional, and edge displacements and accelerations, as well as damper forces. It is found that the semi-active dampers reduce the lateral-torsional deformations significantly and effects of torsional coupling on effectiveness of control system are more sensitive to variation of eccentricity and torsional to lateral frequency ratio.


Comoe National park (NPC) located in the North-Eastern of Cote d'Ivoire, is the largest park of West Africa (1.150.000 ha) and has been classified as the world inheritance by UNESCO in 1983. Since 2003, UNESCO classified this park on the list of the reserves in danger. This organization thus recommended a more rigorous management of NPC, with an integration of the bordering populations to this activity. For the installation of such an operation, it is necessary as a preliminary to give a report on the places. It is within this framework that, this study carried out this floristic prospecting. Our first objective was to produce a flora of this area in the South of the park. Then, our preoccupation was to characterize the various biotopes by groups of species and to evaluate their diversities. Using a satellite image, we positioned 30 squares pieces of 5 m side in 5 types of vegetation, with 3 in savannas and 2 in forest. We obtained a flora is rich of 266 species from higher plants, with 177 in the pieces and 89 in the itinerant statements. Floristic diversities decrease from the galleries forests (5,96) to the types III of savannas (4,55), while passing by the forest small islands (5,87), the types I of savannas (5,20) and the types II of savannas (4,66). The species responsible for the diversity of the various ecosystems are the accessory species. For an efficient protection of this flora, it is necessary to centre the observations on this group of species.


Although there exist a number of single color constancy algorithms, none of them can be considered universal. Consequently, how to select and combine existing single algorithms are two important research directions in the field of color constancy. In this paper we use ridge regression, a simple yet effective machine learning approach, to select and combine existing color constancy algorithms. Two algorithms are proposed using ridge regression in this paper. In the first method (combination of existing color constancy algorithms), the color of the light source is estimated based on the results of existing single color constancy algorithms using ridge regression. In the second method (selection of existing color constancy algorithms), the proper algorithm for a given image is selected by ridge regression based on natural image statistics. Then it is used to estimate the color of the light source. The proposed two algorithms are verified on a large data set with more than 11,000 images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods are competitive with the state-of-the-art methods.


In this paper,an analysis made of the properties of natural dyestuff from chestnut shell and dyeing experiments were conducted on wool fabric with it.Orthogonal experiments were performed through selecting condition of dyeing temperature,dyestuff solution,pH valuae of bath and NaCl solution.Through determining the relative parameters,the best dyeing condition was selected.At the same time,the color fastness was tested.The research results show that the dye solution is stable in boiling water,whereas its stability to acid and alkali is weaker.The optimized dyeing procedure of natural dyestuff from chestnut shell is dyeing temperature 100℃,the dye solution X,pH value 5,the NaCl solution 9.3 g/L.The dry,wet rubbing fastness and washing color staining fastness of fabrics are perfect.


Surface age determination is quintessential for understanding and to reconstruct the geo-chronology of any planetary body. The chronology and stratigraphic reconstruction of terrestrial rocks is accomplished by way of radiometric dating, index fossils, lithostratigraphic correlation, etc. However, in the case of remote planetary bodies, with little accessibility to their rock samples, the Crater Size Frequency Distribution (CSFD) is a well developed method for determining surface ages using remote sensing techniques. India's moon mission, Chandrayaan-I carried a Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) having high spatial resolution (5 m) and stereo viewing. In the present study, the TMC datasets have been utilized for lunar surface age dating using CSFD and comparing with the radiometrically derived ages of the samples returned by Apollo missions, followed by extension of the same technique for other mare basins, the Copernicus crater and correlating the cratering events in the Taurus–Littrow valley with the Tycho event.


The abundance of salmon populations early in the history of large in-river commercial fisheries may be estimated from the total seasonal commercial catch when enough information exists with which to estimate the harvest rate, provided that the clumped distribution typical of seasonal runs of salmon and within-season catches do not nullify the expected operation of the law of large numbers when catches are aggregated over the entire season. Simulated data with varying degrees of within-season clumping is used to evaluate the accuracy of the binomial likelihood and the negative binomial likelihood in the Gamma-Poisson parameterization for estimating the terminal run size of salmon populations. The fishery is modeled as a terminal in-river fishery in which returning adult salmon encounter the gear as they migrate upstream during a daily period of ten hours over a ten week season, for a total season consisting of 700 hourly runs. Both the run of fish and the daily fishery are modeled on an hourly basis with the hourly run of fish simulated to exhibit various degrees of clumping at daily and weekly scales. Binomial and Gamma-Poisson likelihoods are employed in a Bayesian framework to estimate the total return from the aggregate catch for the entire modeled season. Results are evaluated by comparing principal moments of the estimated seasonal run to the true simulated value. Catch data at a finer scale of one week is also analyzed using both the total weekly catch and all of the hourly data for the week to further evaluate the reduction in precision and the increase in bias when the estimate of the total run is based on the aggregate catch instead of the individual hourly catches. Results show that the accuracy of the results with either likelihood depend on how informative the prior on the average harvest rate can be parameterized. When a moderately informative unimodal prior is defensible both likelihoods perform reasonably well with similar bias and precision. When a


In this paper we analyse the typical inter-cloud scenario, with particular reference to the negotiation of a CSA (Cloud Service Agreement). Thereafter, the roles of the main players - customers, providers, brokers, and auditors -- are taken into account along with reciprocal trust relationships. On this basis, we propose a hybrid model for ranking cloud services. By means of the proposed model we take into account QoS measurements performed by independent Brokers plus certifications made by Auditors. Furthermore, in addition to objective QoS measures, the described model represents an attempt to integrate a reputation system which involves the community of Cloud users in a typical inter-cloud scenario. Indeed, they are supposed to interact with brokers in order to release feedbacks based on their direct experience, and send opinion (recommendations) to potential Cloud customers.


The purpose of this report is to provide the details of a feasibility study regarding the installation of Pavegen tiles in the new Student Union Building at UBC. The study was conducted based on a triple bottom line analysis, considering economic, social and environmental factors of the manufacture, transport, installation, service life and disposal of the product. There is limited information available regarding the manufacturing process of the product as this is considered a trade secret, however a reasonable qualitative/comparative analysis was performed. A qualitative description of the emissions associated with transport and disposal is presented, as well as a quantitative cost analysis of the product through its service life. It is difficult to quantitatively analyze the potential social effects of the project, but by utilizing survey data collected from previous SEEDS project reports on similar topics, a justifiable projection was attained. The report concludes with a summary and analysis of the findings in the form of recommendations as to how the project should move forward. Briefly put, we have determined that the current proposal for an installation of Pavegen tiles is not desirable or in line with the goal of sustainability and increased environmental awareness held by the new SUB. Instead, we suggest an alternative implementation scheme using a smaller number of tiles in conjunction with other innovative green technologies in a space we have tentatively dubbed the "Green Corner."


Currently, is verified a growth of the participation of mobile devices in the access of available multimedia content in P2P networks. However, the majority of these devices still having limited access to these networks, because almost all the available content is created exclusively for PCs. Aiming to improve this access, this paper presents a possible solution based on content adaptation in P2P network architecture. In this solution are used semantic web services, software agents and ontologies. A application to telemedicine domain is developed to illustrate the proposed architecture.


The periodisation of modern world history is an important theoretical problem in the research field of the world history. Since 1980s, Chinese scholars have made further exploration of many issues such as the definition, feature, research contents, standards and reasons of periodisation, upper and lower limit, as well as inner periodisation.


For traditional algorithms, it is difficult to extract effective image information from infrared images with low signal-to-noise ratio. Based on the four-bar target image in actual engineering, this paper proposes an infrared four-bar target definition evaluation function under the interference of high-energy noise. This method uses the statistics of the sum of the gray values of the four-bar target in the vertical direction, and introduces the length of the four intersection points to characterize the sharpness of the four-bar target image. Experiments show that this method can effectively identify the clear image sequence segments in a set of zoom four-bar target images, which provides an effective basis for the camera to fix the focus.


Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a common, costly, and potentially preventable condition. Since the 1990s, governmental agencies and professional organizations have published clinical practice guidelines for PU prevention. However, translating these guidelines to the bedside continues to be a challenge. Increasingly, health care organizations are deploying interventions to improve PU prevention, yet there is little evidence about which of these interventions can be successfully implemented in routine care settings through quality improvement (QI). Accordingly, we sought to identify and characterize nursing-focused QI interventions for inpatient PU prevention. Literature synthesis to identify the features and outcomes of QI intervention studies can yield important information about what approaches to consider when aiming to achieve specific QI goals. Previous literature syntheses on PU prevention have included articles from multiple settings but have not focused specifically on QI. For example, Gould et al. (2000), who examined hospital and community interventions for PU prevention in the United Kingdom, concluded that the evidence base for PU preventive interventions is sparse. Tooher et al. (2003), reviewing studies of successful PU guideline implementation across health care settings, concluded that active as compared to passive strategies were associated with better outcomes and that the relative effectiveness of strategies could not be determined. We know of no other literature syntheses targeting inpatient nursing QI interventions. QI interventions in health care organizations address structural and/or process changes, as defined in the Donabedian framework. We identified studies of structural features relevant to PU prevention (for example, implementation of care protocols, wound care teams), and examined their effects on processes of care (for example, percentage of patients who received PU screening within 24 hours of admission), and/or patient outcomes (for example, PU incidence). The objectives of this review were to: (1) describe the kinds of intervention strategies used; (2) describe the types of process and outcome measures Performance Improvement


The traditional matching algorithms based on gray relating have neither scale invariability nor rotational invariability.In this paper,a novel algorithm based on local maximum entropy was introduced.The result which has the maximum reliability was obtained through the matching between the regions which contain the feature points based on cross correlation theory.Because the matching was only executed among the feature points and the matching constraints such as epipolar and ordering were introduced.The time-eonsuming and mismatching rate were decreased largely.The discrete depth map was obtained finally.


AbstractThe article presents three different systems of professional activation for people with disabilities and promotion of their employment such as: the quota system, motivating employers and a system based on civil rights. The purpose of the quota system is to force the employers to employ people with disabilities in the open labor market. However, the system is bi-directional. On one hand, the law obliges employers to hire these people in a certain proportion. Then employers are trying to achieve suitable employment rate to avoid paying insurance contribution. On the other hand, employers are encouraged to maintain this index to continuously receive grants from public funds. A system based on civil rights is different in its essence. Its purpose, as in the quota system, is to enable people with disabilities to gain and maintain jobs. It does not, however, oblige employers to hire these people, only enforces the rights guaranteed under the Constitution. The last model is based on motivating employees. It is associated with the flexicurity approach. It is also referred to as the "golden triangle" because it consists of three components: a flexible labor market, social security and active labor market policy. This model operates on a gentlemen's agreement between the government and the participants in the labor market. Acceptance by all stakeholders is an essential condition of its operation.Keywords: People with Disabilities; Employment; Labor Market; Employment Policy; Market Instruments.IntroductionIn European countries there are many different systems of professional activation of people with disabilities as well as those supporting their employment - from the most extreme ones, i.e. quota system and system based on different rights - to hybrid solutions that combine elements of both.. However, despite legal, formal and substantive differences, as well as those concerning principals of operation and financing, the aim of all currently active systems is basically the same: assistance in the employment, activation and professional rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. The integration (or reintegration) of persons with disabilities on the labor market faces many problems. So far there is little evidence of the fact that the diverse political activities taken in this direction have given satisfactory results.Employment policyThe legislative approach regarding the promotion of employment of persons with disabilities is probably subject to the most intense discussions in the policy context concerning disability. During the '90's, along with the introduction of anti-discrimination legislation in many countries, this discussion had been even stormier. It seems that there is a significant difference between the approach based on civil rights and the approach that is based on the employment of people with disabilities based on indicators of the amount. The third way is based on incentives for employers to employ persons with disabilities. At the same time recent economic events (the economic crisis of 2009) suggest that a different approach may be less contradictory than it is usually maintained.Employment policy based on the quota systemThe purpose of the quota system is to force the employers to employ people with disabilities in the open labor market. However, the system has a two-way function. On one hand, the law obliges employers to employ such people in a certain proportion. In this way, in the model solution, the main objective of the employer is not to maximize profit, but to create new as well as maintain already existing jobs for people with disabilities.In most European countries the policy is based on compulsory norms of the employment, determined in a special Act of Employment or Employment Promotion of Persons with Disabilities. In accordance with such provisions, employers are bound to employ a certain percent of employees with disability: in Greece - 8%, in Italy - 7%, in France and in Poland - 6%, in Germany - 5% (see Table 1 in Annex). …


Aim. Development and optimization of enzyme immunoassays for quality control of pseudomonas recombinant vaccine. Materials and methods. Recombinant proteins in intermediate products and for completeness of adsorption control were detected in sandwich immunoassay using specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Detection of the antigen in the vaccine was carried out on the residual amount of antibodies specific to toxoid or OprF that did not bind to the vaccine preparation during the preincubation. Results. ELISAs have been developed and optimized for the quantitative determination of the components (toxoid and membrane protein OprF) of the Pseudomonas recombinant vaccine during the production process. It has been established that: the methods are specific for the determination of toxoid and OprF, the quantitative limit determination has acceptable reliability, the possibility of choosing interpolation of the calibration dependence within the analytical area is shown, the accuracy and precision meets the acceptance criteria, the technique is stable under the conditions of the analysis. Conclusion. Methods can be used to control the quality of the drug during its developing and storage.


Forces between dielectric particles induced by optical fields can bind them into new systems, varying from optical molecules to large aggregates. Here it is shown that surface plasmons can bind resonant dielectric particles to the waveguiding surfaces resulting in stable levitation of the particles by the optical forces alone. At the same time, the particles can be propelled efficiently along the surface. The predictions follow from solving the 3D electromagnetic problem of plasmon scattering on a dielectric microsphere near the metal surface. To tackle the problem, an accurate and fast hybrid approach is developed: the fields are expanded into 2D angular components which are calculated using finite‐difference time‐domain simulations. The rigorous numerical results are also explained qualitatively using an analytically solvable model in which a resonant magnetic dipole illuminated by a plasmon interacts with the surface. The particle binding to surfaces is a remarkable outcome of the strong optical interaction at nanoscale and it may offer new configurations for particle manipulations by guided waves, especially in chip‐scale structures.


Many plants and/or organs require chilling to break their dormancy (Coville, 1920; Doorenbos, 1953; Nienstaedt, 1967). Generally, the optimum temperature is between 0° and 10 °C (Coville, 1920; Doorenbos, 1953; Nienstaedt, 1967). Temperatures required may be continuous, sequential or alternating. The establishment of appropriate protocols for breaking dormancy will permit comparisons between laboratories and produce more effective treatments for commercial use. Romberger (1963) has identified three phases of dormancy: 1) correlative inhibition, 2) rest, and 3) quiescence. Correlative inhibition occurs when buds do not grow because of inhibitory effects caused by apical dominance or lateral dominance (Samish 1954). This period has also been referred to as "Summer Dormancy" (Doorenbos, 1953). The rest phase, also called "Winter Dormancy" (Doorenbos, 1953), occurs when a bud does not grow because of the effects of an internal factor within the bud (Doorenbos, 1953). Quiescence, "Imposed Dormancy" (Doorenbos, 1953), refers to the condition when bud growth is inhibited because of unfavorable environmental conditions (Samish, 1954). Lang (1987) referred to these three phases of dormancy as "Ecodormancy" (correlative inhibition), "Endodormancy" (rest), and "Paradormancy" (quiescence). The termination of the endodormancy (rest) period in temperate plant organs of various species requires a period of chilling (Coville, 1920; Doorenbos, 1953; Nienstaedt, 1967). The duration of the chilling period and the temperature required to overcome endodormnacy (rest) are genetically controlled (Bennett, 1950; Nakasu et al., 1982; Nooden and Weber, 1978; Samish, 1954; Sherman et al., 1977). The prerequisite of the chilling period for the termination of endodormancy (rest) was first observed by Knight (1801) and subsequently studied by many researchers (Chandler et al., 1937; Coville, 1920; Molish, 1908). The effective chilling period ranges from 250 to 1000 hours (Samish, 1954; Vegis, 1964). Erez and Lavee (1971) indicated in peach trees, 5 °C is the optimum temperature to satisfy the chilling requirement. Fluctuating temperature has been proposed to be more effective in satisfying the chilling requirements of deciduous fruit trees (Erez at al., 1979; Lyr et al., 1970; Samish and Lavee, 1962). However, Lavender and Cleary (1974) found that fluctuating temperatures under natural conditions were less effective in overcoming chilling requirements than a constant temperature in many coniferous species. In addition, chilling requirements may vary with age for a given plant species (Nienstaedt, 1966) and variation within species also occurs (Sharik and Barnes, 1976). Scalabrelli and Couvillon (1986) found that terminal buds required less chilling temperatures than the lateral buds of 'Redhaven peach. Long photoperiods may partially compensate for the chilling requirement in many plant species (Garber, 1983; Nienstaedt, 1966; Olmested, 1951). They postulated that low temperature and photoperiod are not entirely independent since long daylengths could partially compensate for insufficient chilling. A continuous 24-h photoperiod can break dormancy in many plant species (Downs and Borthwick, 1956; Kawase, 1961; Wareing, 1956), while a continuous dark photoperiod will cause budbreak of trees only after their chilling requirements have been satisfied (Wareing, 1956). Artificial breaking of endodormancy (rest) period has been practiced since the early 1900s (Doorenbos, 1953). Early methods used to force spring-flowering shrubs were: injury (Jost, 1893), acetylene (Johanssen, 1896), ether (Johanssen, 1900), electric current (Bos, 1907), and warm water bath (Molisch, 1908, 1909). Dormancy-breaking treatments were also used on temperate fruit trees grown in warm regions of the world which lacked sufficient chilling temperature to overcome rest naturally (Black, 1952). The amount and time of application of dormancy breaking agents, depends on the stage of physiological growth and genetic makeup of the plants (Erez, 1987; Fuchigami and Nee, 1987). Black (1952) indicated that most dormancy-breaking treatments should be applied at the sublethal (near-lethal) levels in order to be effective. Workshop Papers and Authors


The patient's admitting diagnosis from the emergency department (ED) was a urinary tract infection (UTI), one of most common diagnoses of our Acute Care for Elders service. He was a frail 84-year-old resident of a nearby nursing home with faded blue, watery eyes. He showed little expression as our team introduced ourselves. He had a history of psychiatric disease and a diagnosis of dementia. The combination meant that he might be challenging to interview, but he was alert, attentive, and answered questions appropriately. He knew that he had fallen, that he was in the hospital, and that he had a facial laceration. The drainage bag of a urinary catheter was visible on the side of the bed. This piqued our interest. A quick assessment revealed a suprapubic catheter. The patient told us that he was unable to urinate without it and that he had no discomfort over his bladder or in his back. What about fever or chills? The answer to each of these was no. When asked why he was falling, he simply stated that he was unsteady. We proceeded to the physical examination which revealed no tenderness in the lower abdomen or back, and no irritation at the suprapubic catheter site. In a patient with a long-term catheter, the differential diagnosis quickly turns to a urinary source to explain a behavior change. After all, UTI is the most common infection in nursing homes, occurring in 3% to 5% of residents annually, more frequently in catheterized patients than those without catheters.1 This patient had a history of UTIs with multidrug resistant bacteria, perhaps the result of frequent courses of antibiotics. Thus, when he fell at the nursing home 10 days earlier, he was started on a broad spectrum antibiotic, imipenem, to cover a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella. After 10 days of imipenem, several more falls, and a facial laceration, the patient was sent to our ED for further evaluation. By the time we appeared at his bedside, the ED team had reviewed his positive urinalysis result, sent his urine culture specimen, given another dose of imipenem, and admitted him for UTI, but something didn't add up. Urine tests are quick and easy to obtain, thus fueling a "culture of culturing," the common practice of sending urine for urinalysis and culture every time a frail older patient has a change in condition, regardless of the likelihood of a UTI. In this patient's case, urine tests were drawn through the catheter already in place. But the common urine tests, urinalysis and urine culture, have remarkably poor utility in frail older patients. As a result, the test results can be misleading. As common as UTI is in nursing home residents, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB)—the term for bacterial colonization of the bladder—is more common, occurring in more than 30% of nursing home residents, and 100% of those chronically catheterized.2 While the bladder in young adults is typically sterile, in a patient like the one described herein, it will never be. Thus, relying on urine testing to diagnose UTI in the absence of localizing symptoms is flawed, and sometimes dangerous. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a benign condition that, according to high-quality evidence, generally does not require treatment.3 Overexposure to antibiotics can lead to Clostridium difficile infection and multidrugresistant organisms, both of which are a scourge on nursing homes.4 Scapegoating of UTIs for the myriad behavioral and functional changes that occur commonly in frail older patients may delay identification of the correct diagnosis. After 10 days of treatment with antibiotics, the diagnosis of UTI had not been reevaluated for the patient, even though his supposed symptom of UTI, falling, had not improved on appropriate antibiotics. Injecting a healthy dose of skepticism, a strategy that may help clinicians combat cognitive biases,5 would be of use in making the diagnosis. With my best poker face, I turned to my team and posed the teaching attending's most potent question: What would you like to do for this patient? When the team proposed to admit him for UTI and continue the imipenem to complete 14 days, I knew we had an opportunity to challenge the common approach to treating UTI in nursing home residents. We began with the reason the patient was in the ED to begin with—the falls. Probing further, the team was not particularly concerned about symptoms referable to the urinary tract or even sepsis. We continued to examine our thinking. Raising an eyebrow, I wondered aloud if this patient could have persistent, refractory UTI despite 10 days of broad spectrum antibiotics, accounting for falls and nothing else? Probably not, the team agreed. This realization felt deflating until we refocused on evaluating the falls. Suddenly, there were many new ideas: dehydration, medications, gait and balance abnormalities, hearing and vision impairments. The team quickly developed an extensive differential diagnosis and reengaged with the case. The resident next pointed out that the patient's heart rate was 50 beats per minute since presentation. Might that finding be related to the falls? PERSPECTIVE


Recent experimental studies indicate that net drag reductions can be achieved in a turbulent boundary layer by placing a tandem configuration of large-eddy manipulator blades in the outer region of the boundary layer. However, the mechanisms responsible for the observed wall-shear reductions are not well understood. Furthermore, discrepancies exist among independent experimental studies regarding the magnitude of the attainable net drag reduction. A fundamental argument is made regarding the source of the observed wall-shear reductions. It is shown that the tandem manipulator is not a low-drag device. The implication is that the momentum deficit in the wake of the manipulator is a prominent contributor to the observed wall-shear reductions, not necessarily that the ability of the large eddies to transport momentum is hampered. The behavior of the wall shear downstream of the device, obtained using hot-film wall-shear sensors, is consistent with the entrainment, mixing, and consequent deceleration of low-momentum fluid from the wake of the manipulator. With the aid of direct measurements of wall shear, an upper bound is placed on the attainable net drag reduction by establishing a lower bound for the device drag. It is concluded that small net reductions (~ 5 percent) may be attained at large downstream distances (≳ 100 boundary-layer thicknesses). This conclusion is consistent with most net drag assessments made independently by others in which the momentum-balance technique was employed. However, the result is not consistent with reports of large net reductions (~ 20 percent) over shorter distances (~ 50 boundary-layer thicknesses). Efforts are also made to explain the observed effects in terms of turbulent structure. The turbulent spot is employed as a prototype structure for the large-scale, organized motions in the turbulent boundary layer. Dramatic wall-shear reductions occur in the region of the spot occupied by the large vortex structure. Such reductions are also evident when the spot is propagating in transitional and fully turbulent ambient boundary layers. Although the transport properties of the vortex structure may be affected by the manipulator, it is proposed that an important source of the wall-shear reductions is the transport by the large vortex of low-momentum fluid in the wake of the manipulator. Some effects of a three-dimensional manipulator are also explored. The design of the device is based on a crude model of the three-dimensional structure of the turbulent spot. Although it appears that the device inhibits the spanwise growth of the spot, its overall effect on the wall shear of the spot and the turbulent boundary layer does not represent an improvement over the effectiveness of a comparable tandem configuration.


The results of a study using the methodological apparatus of the theory of fuzzy logic and automation tools for analyzing input data for risk assessment of projects for the implementation of automated information components of organizational and technical systems are presented. Based on the model of logistics projects for motor transport units, the method for assessing the risks of projects implementing automated information components of non-commercial organizational and technical systems has been improved. To do this, let's analyze the peculiarities of implementing ERP projects as commercial ones and investigate the specifics of the activities of state institutions, when successful tasks, and not economic indicators, lay the foundation for the assessment. It is considered that it is possible to formulate a system of risk assessment indicators for reducing the effectiveness of projects for implementing automated information systems in non-commercial organizational and technical systems. A meaningful interpretation of the fuzzy approach is carried out regarding the formalization of the risk assessment process for projects of automated information systems of public institutions. A tree of fuzzy inference is constructed based on the results of a study of the description of indicators and expert assessments on the risk assessment of the implementation of the project of such an automated information system. The improved method differs from the known ones by the use of hierarchical fuzzy inference, which makes it possible to quantify, reduce the time to evaluate project risks and improve the quality of decisions. An increase in the number of input variables leads to an increase in complexity (an increase in the number of rules) for constructing a fuzzy inference system. The construction of a hierarchical system of fuzzy inference and knowledge bases can reduce complexity (the number of rules). The development of a software module based on the algorithm of the method as part of corporate automated information systems of non-commercial organizational and technical systems will reduce the time for risk assessment of projects for the implementation of automated information systems.


The development of copper-pyrite deposits in the southern Urals is characterized by an increase in depth and, consequently, a complication of mining and geological conditions. As a result, there is a significant increase in the volume of work on the sinking of mine workings, delivery, and rollback of the extracted ore mass. Justification of management decisions on the delivery of diesel fuel to the mine is executed to find the optimal model of the technological scheme of delivery of diesel fuel (diesel fuel) and other fuels and lubricants (further – fuels and lubricants) in the deep horizons of the underground mine (in the sequel - in the mine) with the development of recommendations on designing an optimal model of method of delivery. The latter is achieved by comparing the competitive models of delivery of DT to the mine: fuel tankers (hereinafter-TK) on an inclined ramp, through a pipeline laid in a cased well and in specially equipped mine trolleys and their combinations with a reasonable choice of the optimal model of the technological scheme. According to the results of the research developed methods of rational organization and management of the movement of diesel fuel based on material flows on the principles of logistics concepts, ensuring the formation of counter-flows model logistic schemes. From the above studies, it follows that the delivery of DT to the mine in special trolleys is optimal with minimal time and cost of delivery to deep horizons Gaiskiy underground mine.


INTRODUCTION 411 I. HOW THE CURRENT PATENT SYSTEM CAME TO BE 414 A. Case Law 414 i. Markman-Cybor 414 ii. Telegenix-Phillips 415 B. Scholarship in Academia 417 i. Empirical Analyses 417 ii. Proposed Reforms 419 C. America Invents Act 422 II. AN ANNUALLY PUBLISHED USPTO DICTIONARY TO IMPROVE NOTICE 423 A. How a USPTO Dictionary Would Work in the Patent System 423 B. Addressing Arguments in Phillips 425 C. Addressing Professor Miller's Concerns 427 CONCLUSION 430


A VIRTUAL LABORATORY FOR DESIGN, TEST AND EVALUATION OF AUTONOMOUS AGENTS Simone Strippgen University of Bielefeld Department of Linguistics and Literature P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany E-mail: email@example.com ABSTRACT This paper introduces the 3D simulation environment INSIGHT, a virtual laboratory, which is carefully designed to complement experiments with mobile robots in complex environments. INSIGHT supports the design and debugging of control concepts for behaviour-based autonomous agents and allows to study the e ects of the systematic variation of agentenvironment parameters in elaborate experiments. Concluding, the paper proposes a simulation complemented approach for the design of autonomous agents. THE `PHYSICAL AGENT MISERY' Behaviour-oriented AI tries to build up intelligent behavior bottom up, i.e. cognitive abilities are constructed on the basis of sensomotoric abilities. It is still unclear how a scaling up from simple reactive behaviours to complex `intelligent' behaviour can be achieved. The complexity of the agents which have been developed in behaviouroriented research so far somehow seems to stagnate: agents are following walls, avoiding obstacles, pushing boxes, going towards a lightsource, following each other, and recharging. The conventional design process for the development of autonomous agents using robots can be characterized as a two step procedure (see g. 1). First of all, an agent with a certain set of behaviours has to be designed. After that, the agent must be evaluated in series of testruns under both constant and changing environmental conditions, in order to study the stability of the behaviour. Among others, technical di culties of working with robots are explicitly made responsible for the lack of progress (Steels, 1994a). The design of an agent is often left to the individual skills and intuitions of the designer. The developer comes up with a conceptual model of an agents behaviour maybe in uenced by ndings in biology or ethology which she tries to verify by testing it on physical agents. The conceptual model is then iteratively re-de ned and modi ed according to the outcome of robotic testruns. This strategy is not favourable, because the debugging of control programs is extremely time-consuming and laborious. In most cases, the agent can only be observed as a `black box'. The outcome of a robotic testrun is very hard to interpret, a failure in the behaviour of the agent need not necessarily originate in a failure on the conceptual level. It can simply be due to a Real World Artifacts (Robots) Testruns Test series Biology Ethology Observation Intuition


Stabilization of oxidized sulphidic mine waste deposits with alkaline by-products could be a way of controlling ARD. Mixtures of alkaline by-products (10% by volume) and oxidized waste rock have be ...


This paper examines attitudes toward taxes on the rich and middle class in the United States with emphasis on the impacts of political ideology and party identification. Using the 2016 General Social Survey, we estimate bivariate ordered probit models for a full cross-sectional sample, and subsamples stratified by party. Results suggest that proposals to reduce income and wealth inequalities and/or fund large federal expenditure increases by raising taxes on the rich will have difficulty in gaining the political traction necessary for success. Any proposal to raise taxes on both the rich and middle class has almost no chance of passage. Findings also indicate that party affiliation moderates ideological impacts on opinions of taxes on the rich and middle class, in some cases substantially.


This paper adopt the method of document and video observation to study on the technique of Azarenka and Sharapova in the 2012 Australia Open women's singles final,in order to provide reference for Chinese tennis players to develop their ability in training and competition.


The article is devoted to the problem of correlation of verbal and nonverbal codes. It focuses on interconnection of verbal and nonverbal components of web-sites, the significance of emotions in the process of perception, and some basic rules which are to be taken into account while making the advertisement to be effective.


The oil has become such an important part of our day that neither one sees its ability polluting. For the case of vegetable oil, CONAMA resolution 357, in article 34, establishes with the level of pollution is 50 mg/mL. In case of spill in seas and contamination of water bodies comes to the wide application of macrophytes as sorbents. Biochar of inflorescence of Typha sp. was prepared to 350oC, under nitrogen and caracterized as buoyancy, hidrophobicity and the fears of moisture, ash, lignin and screens. Elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry, scanning electronic microscopy and thermogravimetry analysis were carried out. The aim of the present study was to treat oily wastes generated in home environments, in restaurants and in the supply of fuel with this biochar. Synthetic samples were kept in contact with the biochar in a dynamic system in order to check its efficiency. The sorbed oil content was calculated and achieved yields as high as 95% to 99% depending on the time of contact. Increased efficiency of removal was achieved with the treatment in a column packed with biochar, cob of milled corn and peanuts milled and roasted, in which the aqueous phase was obtained free of oil. Real samples passed through this bed and fulfilled CONAMA 357 standards. The results showed that the biochar is able to retain more than 20 times its own weight of oil. Despite this high efficiency, after treatment of the waste oily, the biochar is impregnated with oil and becomes a reject in potential. Data from elemental analysis allowed evaluating a range of values for higher heating value of biochar (38.33 - 45.59 MJ/kg). These values indicate that the biochar impregnated with oil is a waste capable of generating energy such that the charcoal (27,84MJ/kg).


Encapsulation, invented in 1953 by B.K. Green & L. Schleicher employed in the laboratories of the National Cash Register Company, Dayton, USA, is defned as a technology of packaging solids, liquids, or gaseous materials in miniature, sealed capsules that can release their contents at controlled rates under specifc conditions. Encapsulation involves the incorporation of food ingredients, enzymes, cells, or other materials in small capsules. Microcapsules offer food processors a means to protect sensitive food components, ensure against nutritional loss, utilize otherwise sensitive ingredients, incorporate unusual or time-release mechanisms into the formulation, mask or preserve flavors and aromas, and transform liquids into easily handled solid ingredients. Various techniques are employed to form microcapsules, including: spray drying, extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, coacervation, layer-by-layer, and interfacial polymerization method. Recent developments in each of these techniques are discussed in this review, comprehensively.


Reforestation is typically performed by manually planting seedlings of desired trees by a small team of workers. The workers, referred to as planters, has a very physically demanding job that requi ...


The numerical simulation was performed on gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen shear coaxial injector as orthogonal array was applied to guide injector design.The injector combustion location was selected as the indicator of injector performance.The effect of injector mass flowrate,oxygen pressure drop,the hydrogen to oxygen velocity ratio as well as the angle of oxygen post tip on the combustion length were investigated.The range analysis and variance analysis on the results of numerical simulation indicate that the increase of injector mass flowrate make the combustion location far away from the injector faceplate,injector mass flow plays a predominated role in combustion location;and a higher velocity ratio of hydrogen to oxygen shortens the distance between the combustion location and the injector faceplate;the oxygen element drop and the angle of oxygen post tip have minimum impact on combustion location.


The article describes the most popular methods for developing, testing and practical use of electronic educational resources in the process of practice-oriented education of undergraduates. The author gives a detailed description of the latest innovations in the use of digital content and virtual environments in education. The substantiation of the high efficiency of the practice-oriented training courses for undergraduates, which suggests the need to displacement priorities from the use of traditional educational resources on the electronic. Consistently reveals the main advantages of using e-learning resources in the final phase training of highly qualified personnel.


Background and Objectives: Many studies have well documented that there is a positive association between body mass index and systolic blood pressure as well as body mass index and diastolic blood pressure. The present study examines body mass index and blood pressure in two Arunachal Monpa populations namely the Dirang (low altitude population) and Tawang (high altitude population) Monpa. Material and Methods: Healthy, 303 adult Dirang (Male: 146, Female: 157) and 472 Tawang (Male: 210, Female: 262) Monpa were randomly selected. The body mass index cut-off value for Asian people was considered as recommended by the WHO expert group (WHO 2000). While blood pressure values were classified according to the WHO expert committee (WHO 1996). Results: This study reveals a positive relationship between body mass index and blood pressure. Mean SBP and DBP both were considerably higher among the Dirang than that of the Tawang Monpa. Blood pressure values were correlated more with body mass index among the Tawang Monpa than their counterparts. Conclusion: Present study is indicative of altitudinal stresses on biological traits in highlander Tawang Monpas than that of the Dirang Monpas.


Hurricanes have traditionally been perceived as intense but relatively small scale phenomena, with little effect on the large scale climate system. However, recent evidence has suggested that hurricanes could play a much more significant role in global climate. Here we prescribe Atlantic hurricanes in a global coupled climate model to show that, climatically, the strong hurricane winds can strengthen the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) that is responsible for an increased northward meridonal heat transport (MHT), and the hurricane rainfall tends to weaken the MOC and to reduce the MHT. The net effect of the hurricanes on the MOC and MHT depends on the outcome of these two competing processes. This result implies that hurricanes may indeed play an important role in the coupled climate system and need to be studied further in high resolution global coupled models.


By UV mutagenesis and subsequent enzyme production conditions optimization by SSF,a mutant strain Bacillus pumilus 2080 was obtained from Bacillus pumilus 1.894,and around 15300 U/g of the alkaline protease productivity could usually be achieved by the strain.


Esterase isozyme of Tussah silkworm was investigated using PAGE method concerning different developing stages, organs and varieties. Activity and the kinds of esterase in the midgut varied among different developing stages. The activity and numbers of esterase loci were both higher in massive ingestion stage than that in other stages, suggested that the expression of esterase isozyme related to the development of Tussah silkworm. The kinds and activity of esterase varied greatly among different organs of Tussah silkworm larva. Esterase in fat body and midgut had higher activity and more kinds than that in other organs, indicated that the activity of esterase isozyme was closely related to the function of specific organ. The esterase isozymes were expressed differently among different varieties, but all the varieties shared a common esterase loci at Rf 0.65. The result of clustering analysis with UPGMA method showed that 33 Tussah varieties were classified into 4 groups, most varieties had closer relationship with their female parents, indicated that female parents play an important role in line separation breeding. The result suggested that more attention should be paid on the selection of female parents during the process of hybrid breeding. For some of the varieties bred by system separation method, part of their characters that come from their parent line may tapered gradually during long term intensive selection while some specific characters strengthened, resulted in the far blood relationship with their parents.


In the present study, we characterized the angiotensin II (AII)-induced relaxations in the phenylephrine-precontracted rabbit mesenteric arteries with endothelium. 1) AII-induced relaxation was consistently observed in the rabbit mesenteric arteries with and without endothelium, but not in the aortic segment with endothelium. 2) AII-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was markedly inhibited by (L-NNA, ), methylene blue () and LY83583 (), respectively. 3) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin () strongly decreased the vasorelaxant response to AII irrespective of the presence of endothelium. 4) 7-Ethoxyresorufin () and clotrimazole (), inhibitors of cytochrome P-450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism, greatly attenuated the vasodilator response to AII. 5) Carbacyclin, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin () caused concentration-dependent relaxations in the mesenteric artery with endothelium, which were inhibited by L-NNA and methylene blue. 6) AII and significantly stimulated cyclic GMP formation in the mesenteric arteries with endothelium, which was inhibited by L-NNA and methylene blue, respectively. 7) AII enhanced synthesis of and 6-keto from the arterial segments with endothelium, which was inhibitable by indomethacin, but not by L-NNA. In conclusion, the vasorelaxant responses to AII of the rabbit mesenteric artery with endothelium are subserved by arachidonic acid and its metabolites produced via activation of cyclooxygenase and cytochrome P-450 enzyme as well as by nitric oxide.


Design is a complex problem solution and stepwise refinement process. Learning can improve the ability of designer and computing system based on experiential knowledge effectively. This paper presents an object model that forms the basis for designing knowledge representation and a classified approach by decision tree first. Then it introduces the architecture of a multi agent design concept learning system and learning process among designers and multiple agents.


Air travel can be extremely dangerous. The use of radar technology has made piloting airplanes and managing air traffic in our nation's skies safer. Radar technology provides controllers with more information, more precise data, and faster, than traditional pilot voice communications alone would provide. Radar technology has allowed air traffic controllers to manage more airplanes in a much safer environment than prior to the advent of radar. Air traffic in the United States has gradually increased over the past several years since September 11, 2001, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) projects this growth to continue. To manage the increase in air traffic, the FAA reduced the separation distance between aircraft within radar control to not less than five miles, and in some cases, three miles between airplanes. However, wireless communications' industry has recently required an increased use of the radio spectrum to satisfy the user demand for emerging technologies. This increased use of and further demand for more radio spectrum, now used by air traffic control, may reduce the efficiency and capacity of the national airspace system. Can air traffic controllers manage air traffic safely and maintain required separation distances given the encroachment of wireless technologies in air traffic control radio spectrum?
U.S. Government studies show that wireless technologies, when operating on the same radio frequency as air traffic control radars, induce lost or corrupt radar data. This study examined how controllers use ground-based radar and transponder system data and whether lost or corrupt data would make a difference in managing air traffic. Additionally, this study uncovered how technical specialists support the air traffic mission in terms of radar data. This project used an ethnographic method of inquiry, including observations of, and interviews with, participants in an air route traffic control center. The results of this ethnographic study can provide the basis for other studies on interference to radar used for air traffic control. This research also forms the basis for further study on how corrupt or lost radar data affects air traffic controllers' ability to track aircraft.


Knowledge based controller for a balance control model is presented in this paper. The design of the controller was based on the human control of the same process. Developed controller is tested by means of simulation and operation on the laboratory balance control model. The simulation results of the controller as well as a statistical description of the experiments with developed controller and human control is presented in the paper. Verification is based on experiments with an intelligent controller and a human control of the same plant. The results obtained with the developed intelligent controller (set up time, control error, speed, speed range) are satisfied and similar to the results of human control.


Dynamic property analysis is one of the key aspects for the analysis of large span structures.The determination of structural analysis model,which is important to the analysis accuracy,is the key for that analysis.Based on the equivalent strength principle,a way to simplify the structural analysis model is proposed,followed with the comparison for the main aspects of structure dynamic analysis. \[


C -EDITOR Doug Kirsner's chapter appears first in this book but it really begins with the essay of Bruce MacFarlane who correctly claims that his examination of the causes of Australia's economic buoyancy "will form a backdrop to the arguments of my co-authors. . . " Broadly MacFarlane's argument is this: Australia passed through a first period of boom economic conditions in 186090, then a long trough (1890-1939), and finally a second boom period starting after the Second W orld W ar and continuing today. In both boom periods the "prosperity achieved was in no small way due to the migration of capital from Britain and America into Australia . . . [the capital] came largely from the profits of colonialism, obtained at the expense of the immiseration of the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America." This inflow of capital fostered local capital formation and was one reason for the comparative well-being of Aus tralian workers, from whose surplus-value local capital would normally have had to be accumu lated. T heir well-being was also compounded by a relative labour shortage throughout Australian history. As the beneficiary of British exploitation of its colonies, Australia had thus to be seen as a part of Britain and not itself exploited. Mac Farlane argues that within the overall picture of an Australia which is "an aggressive outpost, first of British imperialism and later of American im per ialism . . . rather than the victim . . . " the specific difference of Australian development is this: ". . . whereas most countries had development through im portation of goods from low-wage coun tries at the price of internal cyclical unemploy ment, Australia was able to enjoy analogous bene fits through the effect of labour-saving inventions made possible by capital inflow."


A two-dimensional rheological profile crossing the northeastern Japan arc was created to evaluate and distinguish various styles of post-seismic deformation relating to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The calculated profile is based on recent rock-mechanics studies and geophysical observations that explain observed patterns of geodetic strain accumulation and shallow seismicity prior to the earthquake. Viscosities were then calculated assuming stress-change magnitudes commonly associated with interplate earthquakes. Re-cently derived flow laws for various rocks and minerals predict the presence of weak zones that developed via processes likely operating in the lithosphere (e.g., partial melting and shear zone development). Strain localization into weak zones explains low viscosity estimates ( 10 18 – 10 20 Pas) from post-seismic creep after inland earthquake events. Our calculations reveal significant lateral variations in strengths and viscosities across the northeastern Japan arc. These viscoelastic lithospheric structures should be taken into account in order to differentiate viscous relaxation from other post-seismic deformation processes.


The paper reviews important concepts in the studies and conceptualization of varieties of English across the globe. The philosophical backgrounds underpinning these varieties of English are put forward, showing the arguments surrounding the modelling of varieties of English across the board. Kachru's three circle model which has clearly been cited and revised in the literature is discussed, showing its contribution and importance to the categorization of varieties of English in three different developmental stages. A commonly understudied model, a Map of World English is brought to the fore front, showing how the common shortcomings of Kachru's Three Circle Model have already been accounted for in the literature. The other main contribution in this paper is the proposal of a model accounting for the evolution of outer circle varieties of English from the perspective of Nigerian variety of English. In other words, the historical events involving the evolution of Nigerian variety of English is clearly permissible for such similar outer varieties such as Ghanaian, Singaporean, Indian English, except for idiosyncratic socio-political events that are less relevant for the development of the language all the years long.


I am writing to comment on the paper entitled "Respiratory health and individual estimated exposure to traffic-related air pollutants in a cohort of young children" ( Occup Environ Med 2007; 64 :8–16). The paper looked at the health effects of various components of air pollution as they depended on distance from major traffic arteries in and around Munich, Germany.

The key finding I want to examine is the observed association of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels and nocturnal cough in very young children.

Morgenstern's Table 4 shows that NO2 concentrations varied from 19.4 to 71.7 μg/m3, with a mean of 35.4. Those concentrations are much lower than those that have been demonstrated to have …


T h e Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Charles A. Dana Research Institute Beth Israel Hospital Boston, Massachusetts The following was received past the deadline for the Spring C.P.O., for which it was intended. Because of the interest in the subject it addresses, we are printing these comments here. Anyone wishing to respond to the points the author raises may do so through letters to the editor. Our thanks to Dr. White for submitting his editorial. The Editor


A number of recent studies have indicated that the extent of the elastoplastic stage in nanocrystalline polycrystals, with grain sizes smaller than several hundred nanometres, is appreciably larger than that for coarse-grained polycrystals (i.e. grain sizes larger than ≈1 µm). The so-called tangent modulus approach has, accordingly, been used in order to identify the extent of this stage and to define the stress at which all the grains of a polycrystal become plastic. In this work, the applicability of this methodology to single-phase polycrystals, where deformation is accommodated by dislocation slip, is examined in the context of a grain size dependent elastoplastic self-consistent model. Assuming the size distribution is the primary cause of inhomogeneous yielding among the grains of a polycrystal, the stress–strain behaviour of a number of lognormal, fcc polycrystals with varying mean grain sizes and standard deviations is simulated. The true yield strength of the polycrystals is determined by monitoring the evolution of the volume fraction of yielded grains as a function of imposed deformation. It is found that yielding is essentially complete when the tangent modulus (i.e. the work hardening rate) of the polycrystal drops below ∼E/20, with E being Young's modulus. A simple statistical model for the simulation of the elastoplastic response of polycrystals is introduced. Using this model, the offset strain corresponding to the onset of macro-plasticity in copper polycrystals having different grain size distributions is determined.


This is an outline of the law of proprietary estoppel with reference to the most significant decisions in this area in England and Hong Kong.


Abstract Recently, it has been argued that political competition may have similar effects on economic performance as it does on market competition. This study empirically examines this proposition by linking political competition with the Human Development Index (HDI) of the Indian states. The findings suggest that politically-competitive governments perform well along the HDI. A more detailed analysis also shows that rural India benefits most from the intense political competition compared to urban India. We also found that if the same government rules a state for a relatively long period, it helps the state to achieve a higher HDI score. Increasing voter participation is found to be positively associated with HDI score, but this finding is confined to the sample of major Indian states. Increasing public spending on developmental activities is also found to have a positive and significant effect on HDI performance.


The concept,research content and direction of biological manufacturing were elaborated,Chinese biological manufacturing progress,application situation,development trend and existing problems were analyzed,and the prospect of the development of biological manufacturing was put forward,in order to provide reference and guidance for the manufacture of biological research and industry development.


new stopped-flow device particularly suitable for X-ray absorption spectroscopy in dispersive mode has been built. Time-resolved measurements of X-ray absorption spectra have been made for reactions in mixed solutions of (i) iron(II1) nitrate and catechol and (ii) iron(II1) nitrate and sodium thiosulfate with time resolutions of -5 ms to a few seconds. Two-step variation of the spectra was observed for the former reaction, while one-step variation for the latter. Introduction Using the energy dispersive X-ray absorption spectrometer/l-3/, a whole profile of an absorption spectrum of interest can be recorded simultaneously without any mechanical motion during the measurement. Thus, the method is suitable for time resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Preliminary results of time resolved experiments using dispersive X-ray absorption spectrometers were reported by Matsushita et a1.141, Fontaine et a1.151 and Sayers et a1.161. In these proceedings Tourillon et a1.171 also give more detailed report on the time-resolved in-situ investigation of the inclusion of metallic aggregates within a conducting polymer using the dispersive EXAFS technique. In the present paper we report the present status of the stopped-flow experiment for kinetic studies of reactions in solutions using the dispersive X-ray absorption spectrometer at the Photon Factory. The stopped-flow method using optical absorption in visible region is an established technique in studying kinetics of reactions in solutions. In the X-ray region, stopped-flow scattering experiments were performed using synchrotron radiationJ8-101. In one/lO/ of these works, a new stopped-flow device having a slit type mixer was developed and used, which give uniform mixing over a large window area of the observation cell. In the previous report/4/, we used this type of device for the preliminary stopped-flow Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19868104


Objective To test the minimum inhibitory concentration(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC) of combat trauma plaster(TMJ) for standards of clostridium perfringens and bacteroides fragilis.Methods TMJ andperidex metronidazole cream was diluted into different concentrations,then clostridium perfringens or bacteroides fragilis suspension were added respectively.Bacilli concentration was 105 cfu/ml,bacterial growth was observed after anaerobic culture conditions,and then the MIC and MBC of the two medicines were compared.Results The MIC of TMJ was bacteroides fragilis 1 μg/ml and clostridium perfringens was 1 μg/ml,while the MBC of TMJ was bacteroides fragilis 1 μg/ml and clostridium perfringens was 2 μg/ml.The MIC of peridex metronidazole cream was bacteroides fragilis 4 μg/ml and clostridium perfringens was 1 μg/ml,while the MBC of peridex metronidazole cream was bacteroides fragilis 8 μg/ml and clostridium perfringens was 2 μg/ml.Bactericidal coefficient rates of the two medicines were over 99%.Conclusion TMJ can have satisfactory bactericidal action for spore and non-spore anaerobic bacterial.