Background: A needle-stick is a sharp-pointed instrument used for puncturing tissues or passing a ligature around or through a vessel, but possibly also it could be a sharp instruments or objects for other purposes. Healthcare workers (HCW) can easily contact infections with blood-borne pathogens such infections are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), when health workers are exposed to occupational blood diseases through the use of sharp instruments and
needle sticks.
Objective: This research investigated the prevalence, causes and prevention of needle stick injury among healthcare workers at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Owerri.
Materials and Methods: The sample size was fifty respondents while the major instrument for data collection was a well constructed, validated and reliable tested questionnaire, including observations made. Data obtained was analysed using frequency distribution, and chi-square.
Results: Results of the a study indicated majority of the injuries occur during injection procedure (34%), recapping (14%), and improper disposal of used syringes and needle (6%), stress had (6%), overfilled disposal boxes also recorded (2%) and lack of experience among workers had (0%). Sex of respondents recorded 86% for female and 14% for male.
Conclusion: A standard and understandable programmes to avert NSI should be encouraged.. Examples of such measures are as follows: recapping should be avoided, the use of disposal containers should be encouraged, surgical gloves and other safety devices can also be used to reduce a high cause of developing chronic blood-diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Keywords: Needle- stick injury, hepatitis, healthcare workers, occupational hazard, disposal containers


Objective:  T o investigate the types of dental emergencies that occurred during the lockdown period in Italy (12th March—4th May) and to investigate future therapeutic preferences related to the use of different types of appliances .  Material and Methods:  A questionnaire dedicated to assessing dental emergencies during the lockdown period and surveying the resumption of orthodontic practice was submitted to clinicians in digital form. The first part of the questionnaire, focused on the orthodontic emergencies that were encountered in relation to the different types of orthodontic appliances and how these were resolved. The second part of the questionnaire was devoted to the resumption of clinical practice; in particular, it was designed to assess whether and what percentage of clinicians are willing to change the duration of appointments in relation to the different types of appliance used, asking them whether their approach to orthodontic treatment would change in the coming months as compared to the pre-COVID-19 era.  Results: Results show that in most cases (82%), the percentage of patients who experienced a dental emergency was less than 5% and that far fewer emergencies were attributable to removable (5.7%) than to fixed appliances (94.3%). Looking ahead, clinicians expressed a greater preference for using removable (60.8%) rather than fixed appliances (39.2%) .  Conclusion: During the lockdown, there relatively few orthodontic emergencies, many of which were handled by telephone consultation. However, a far lower percentage of emergencies were generated by removable (e.g., clear aligners) as opposed to fixed appliances (e.g., multibracket equipment), likely influencing the decision of the majority of clinicians to opt for removable appliances in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.


Background: The prediction performance of a case-based reasoning (CBR) model is influenced by the combination of the following parameters: (i) similarity function, (ii) number of nearest neighbor cases, (iii) weighting technique used for attributes, and (iv) solution algorithm. Each combination of the above parameters is considered as an instantiation of the general CBR-based prediction method. The selection of an instantiation for a new data set with specific characteristics (such as size, defect density and language) is called customization of the general CBR method.
 Aims: For the purpose of defect prediction, we approach the question which combinations of parameters works best at which situation. Three more specific questions were studied:
 (RQ1) Does one size fit all? Is one instantiation always the best?
 (RQ2) If not, which individual and combined parameter settings occur most frequently in generating the best prediction results?
 (RQ3) Are there context-specific rules to support the customization?
 Method: In total, 120 different CBR instantiations were created and applied to 11 data sets from the PROMISE repository. Predictions were evaluated in terms of their mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE) and percentage Pred(α) of objects fulfilling a prediction quality level α. For the third research question, dependency network analysis was performed.
 Results: Most frequent parameter options for CBR instantiations were neural network based sensitivity analysis (as the weighting technique), un-weighted average (as the solution algorithm), and maximum number of nearest neighbors (as the number of nearest neighbors). Using dependency network analysis, a set of recommendations for customization was provided.
 Conclusion: An approach to support customization is provided. It was confirmed that application of context-specific rules across groups of similar data sets is risky and produces poor results.


As our university is preparing for the appraisal by the Ministry of Education, it is time for our library to introduce the international quality standard, ISO 9000. This paper discusses how to apply ISO 9000 family standard to establish perfect system of users' satisfaction in our library.


Artificial systems that think and behave intelligently are one of the most exciting and challenging goals of Artificial Intelligence. Action Programming is the art and science of devising high-level control strategies for autonomous systems which employ a mental model of their environment and which reason about their actions as a means to achieve their goals. Applications of this programming paradigm include autonomous software agents, mobile robots with high-level reasoning capabilities, and General Game Playing. These lecture notes give an in-depth introduction to the current state-of-the-art in action programming. The main topics are Table of Contents: Introduction / Mathematical Preliminaries / Procedural Action Programs / Action Programs and Planning / Declarative Action Programs / Reactive Action Programs / Suggested Further Reading


The pressure changes in the pharyngoesophageal segment (PE) during swallowing showed more complicated patterns than in other part of the upper digestive tract. The wave form in PE showed a characteristic pattern, which was consisted of mainly two segments. One was a negative pressure wave, and the other was a positive pressure wave, which was preceeded by the former. The latter corresponds to so-called peristaltic wave caused by the contraction of the muscles in PE. The former indicates the relaxation of PE during swallowing, but its cause could not be explained only by the relaxation of the muscles in PE, because the manometric relaxation time was longer than the electromyographic one. This study was performed in five adult volunteers to define the genesis of the negative pressure waves in PE during swallowing. The conduction speed of the peristaltic waves was also measured. Intraluminal pressures were measured with intracorporeal pressure recording type microtransducers. Electromyograms of cricopharyngeus muscles were recorded simultaneously with the pressure waves using bipolar needle electrodes. The mean relaxation time of PE was 570±290 msec, which was measured from pressure waves. On the other hand, that of cricopharyngeus muscles was 490±90 msec. The former was statistically longer than the latter. The pressure in PE began to drop before cricopharyngeus muscle stopped the electromyographical discharge. So it was concluded that laryngeal elevation was also important for the


The TIFY family, a plant-specific gene family with the conserved motif of TIF[F/Y]XG, plays important roles in plant growth, development and abiotic stress response. This family encodes four subfamilies of proteins, including ZIM-like (ZML), TIFY, PPD and JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ). In this study, 17 TIFY family genes were identified in cucumber through genome-wide analysis, including one PPD, two TIFYs, four ZMLs, and 10 JAZs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TIFY proteins from cucumber and other plant species can be divided into seven groups, which were designated as TIFY, JAZ I–IV, ZML and PPD. An analysis of conserved domain distribution demonstrated that there are four other domains (Jas, CCT, PPD and GATA domains) in CsTIFY proteins. Tissue expression profiling of the CsTIFY genes revealed that some of them displayed development- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Expression analysis based on transcriptome data and qRT-PCR revealed that the expression levels of some cucumber TIFY genes were altered under multiple abiotic stresses. In addition, several CsJAZ genes were downregulated in cucumber plants under root-knot nematode (RKN) infection, suggesting that they negatively affect the resistance response of cucumber to RKN. Our findings lay a foundation for further functional studies of the TIFY family genes in cucumber.


Ecocentrism, or green ideology, offers a perspective on the relationships between human beings and nature that is radically different from the human-centred outlook within which democratic decision ...


This paper presented the design of a novel intelligent warehouse system for energy meter storage, named Intelligent and Agile Warehouse System(IAWS). The IAWS aims to improve operation efficiency, increase the scanning accuracy and achieve unmanned operation. To this purpose, it is equipped with the Auto Container Stacker, the Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV), the Portable Terminal, the Manipulator, and other automatic equipments. Different kinds of goods in standard shelves are allocated in this warehouse. AGVs are in charge of transporting the goods to the destination. The Auto Container Stacker is designed for container stacking and data collecting from the barcodes and RFID tags on the energy meters and containers. AGVs take the containers to the target position guided by the magnetic navigation system. The warehouse management system(WMS) is responsible for inbound and outbound management, as well the mission optimization and dispatching. The system is confirmed to be feasible in the aspects of both technology and cost by filed-experiment.


Observations on insect pollinators revealed that more than 11 species of insects belonging to order Hymenoptera and Diptera frequented cherry flowers. of all the flower visiting insects, honey bees Apis mellifera and Apis cerana were the most abundant and comprised more than 55% followed by Lasioglossum sp. 33% and Xylocopa valga 3.78%. Peaks of abundance and activity of all these insects were observed between 1100-1400 h and during the mid flowering when the temperature ranged between 21.5-25.00C and flower density between 24 to 100%. Foraging rates on an average were 7.7, 7.5, 2.7 and 24.03 for nectar collectors of Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Lasioglossum and X. valga, respectively. Apis mellifera foragers on an average carried heavier pollen and nectar loads than Apis cerana and Lasioglossum sp However, X. valga carried more number of loose pollen grains than Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Lasioglossum sp and Eristalis sp. Percentage fruit set was significantly higher at 100m (28.2%) from the apiary than at 500m (9.0%). Similarly, number of colonies/㏊ also significantly influenced the fruit set fruit yield/plant in the cherry orchards.


The study attempts to examine the influence of Monday effect on stock return. The Monday effect is an example of a seasonal anomaly that is when the stock return is significantly negative on Monday. The variable used is the return index. The population in this study is the Indonesian Stock Exchange and the Singapore Stock Exchange. The samples used were LQ45 and the Straits Times Index (STI) in the period January 2010 - December 2012. Statistical methods were used to test the hypothesis covering ANOVA, multiple regression, linear regression. First, it can be concluded that there is no effect on the phenomenon Monday LQ45 and STI during the period 2010-2012. Second, it can also be concluded that the returns on Monday in LQ45 and STI are not concentrated at week 4 and week 5 during the period 2010-2012. The third results in this study it can be concluded that the LQ45 index returns and STI on Monday systematically unpredictable based on market conditions Friday the previous week during the period 2010-2012.


Abstract This article aims at contributing to environment trade debate by evaluating the impacts of international trade on emissions of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides for the Indian economy during 90s using Input-Output techniques. The article has constructed an index of pollution terms of trade. Using the Input-Output table of 1991–92 and 1996–97 for India we have computed pollution terms of trade for the content of CO2, SO2, and NO x . Results show that the indices are below 100, indicating that India produces goods that are more environment friendly than goods it imports, thus challenging the pollution haven hypothesis for India. The article has also offered explanations for these results.


Does thickness count? Central corneal thickness has been added to the surrogate clinical features that help define and understand the enigma of glaucoma. A recent study determined the predictive value of central corneal thickness for the development of glaucoma in ocular hypertensive subjects. The results showed that correction of intraocular pressure readings for central corneal thickness is probably of little clinical value and that central corneal thickness is probably merely a biomarker for anatomical structural factors that contribute to the pathology of glaucoma.


Abstract The present paper reports the cytogenetic examinations on detection of Philadelphia chromosome performed in patients with CML in the Prešov region in 1995-2004. The results of cytogenetic examinations on 72 samples of bone marrow cells in pacients with suspected diagnosis of CML have been analyzed.. Philadelphia chromosome in bone marrow cells of patients with suspected diagnosis CML in the Prešov region (1995-2004) was detected in 944% of cases. In one patient a complex translocation involing chromosomes 8 9 and 22 was identified. One patient has showed extra numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations. Mosaic karyotype of the Ph chromosome was found in 59% of cases. The results of cytogenetic analyses confirm diagnostic and prognostic significance of Philadelphia chromosome in patients with clinical diagnosis CML. Conventional cytogenetic analysis remain the standard method for purposes of diagnosis monitoring of the therapeutic response and minimal residual disease in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.


The powerful competitive traits of a learning organization are well documented. Companies in the future will have to provide new and innovative techniques if they hope to survive and prosper. These techniques will revolve around knowledge management. However, research on using knowledge management as a tool to increase learning is minimal. Knowledge management systems provide a new vehicle to effectively and efficiently disseminate knowledge, skill and expertise throughout an organization. Knowledge management is an outgrowth of the "information society". Currently, research and implementation of knowledge has centered on the outside customer service and outside customer relationships. Little has been written about the use of knowledge to serve the training needs of the firm. This study combines the powerful competitive traits of a learning organization with knowledge management traits to potentially increase the positive effects of both.


This paper considers wide-band DOA estimation using the spatial resampling method for coherent averaging. In this paper a rough estimate of the resampling error distribution is obtained. Careful examination of this distribution yields an improved resampling formula suitable for, but not limited to, arrays with finite sensors. It is shown that the proposed formula yields resampling error much less than that of conventional resampling. Moreover it is shown how the resampling error can be more reduced by proper choice of the focusing frequency. Based on the this resampling formula a perfect focusing scheme is then proposed and its performance is evaluated and compared to other wide-band methods through simulations. Simulations showed quite satisfactory and robust performance of the proposed scheme. It was shown that it succeeds in situations where all considered wide-band methods fail. In addition it is bias-free and can be implemented quite efficiently. Hence it is quite suitable for reliable real-time DOA estimation in reverberant environments.


Wearable assistive devices assist rehabilitation and recuperation; however, their development is impeded by traditional control paradigms. Presented is a novel control structure for a WAD, whose joints are antagonistically actuated by pneumatic McKibben actuators. Here, we discuss the actuators and controller's two sub-sections: the joint torque controller and the differential pressure controller. The joint torque controller tracks a desired joint trajectory point and utilises the iterative Newton-Euler algorithm, via the simINEA Simulink library, to generate a desired torque. The differential pressure controller tracks the desired torque and, via the simDeltaP Simulink library, generates a desired PMA pressure. The simDeltaP's pneumatic McKibben actuator model parameters have been experimentally determined and are presented. The discussed control architecture has been deployed to and executed in real-time on a 1GHz ARM-based Cortex-A8 computer running the Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot) Linux distribution. Results of the real-time execution of the control structure on the remote target are given for desired trajectory points, where we present and discuss the joint torque and differential pressure controllers' outputs.


Objective: Our study was to evaluate microbial profile of the patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM). Methodology: A detail assessment and clinical examination were taken to all 100 subjects. Single use Mini-tip Culture swabs were used to harvest the middle ear microflora through the tympanic membrane perforation. Much care was taken to avoid surface contamination and the swabs were transported to the microbiology department of the hospital for culture and sensitivity testing. Results: Data was analyzed by using simple statistical methods with the help of MS-Office software. Conclusions: Active CSOM is more affected in younger age group. And most causative organisms of active CSOM are Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)


We deal with the design of active noise control systems for ventilation ducts with a pair of loud-speakers based on sampled-data ℋ∞ optimization, in order to improve our previous study with a single loudspeaker. The resultant controller requires lower computational complexity for the implementation, compared to the standard time-varying adaptive controllers, since it is time-invariant and the order is comparable. Moreover, the effect of Swinbanks' source is automatically recovered by the ℋ∞ optimization. The benefit of the proposed method is also confirmed from experimental results for a real house, where the achieved noise attenuation level is about twice as much as that of the single loudspeaker case.


In this paper,the generalized incomplete information system is taken into consideration,in which unknown values are considered as not only absent but also missing.In this kind of generalized incomplete information system,the characteristic relation is deeply investigated.The classification analysis based on the characteristic relation is discussed due to the two possible unreasonable situations.Therefore,two kinds of new characteristic relations,named as type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ, are proposed respectively.Then,characteristic relation of type Ⅲ is constructed by combining the advantages of the previous two new characteristic relations.Finally,an illustrative example is analyzed to indicate the validity of the three new characteristic relations when dealing with the generalized incomplete information systems.


Background: The −174G/C polymorphism in interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene has been extensively investigated for association to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, results of different studies have been inconsistent. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship of IL-6 −174G/C polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk by using meta-analysis. Methods: All eligible case–control studies were searched in PubMed and EMBASE. Odds ratios (ORs) with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association. Results: A total of 5316 cases and 10 757 controls in 21 case–control studies were included. Obvious heterogeneity among studies was detected, and no significant association was observed between the IL-6 −174G/C polymorphism and AD risk. After exclusion of three studies, the heterogeneity disappeared and significant association was observed between the polymorphism and AD risk in Asians (CC vs. CG+GG: OR = 0.5; 95%CI, 0.33–0.75) but not in Caucasians. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggested that the −174G/C polymorphism of IL-6 gene would be a protective risk factor for AD in Asians. To further evaluate gene-to-gene and gene-to-environmental interactions between polymorphisms of IL-10 gene and AD risk, more studies with large groups of patients are required.


In recent years, PV (Photovoltaic) system installation increase is not only in quantity, but also in large system or even in power plant. The accumulated installed capacity is getting large, and this could affect entire grid power management and scheduling. Based on this consideration, solar irradiance prediction becomes very important to estimate PV power generation, and the generated power will affect power deploy, schedule, or even the entire power grid stability. This project is aimed to provide an efficient solar irradiance prediction model to predict the installed PV system power generation and also for the evaluation of future large-scale grid-connected PV system or PV power plant. The purpose of this project is to apply Recurrent S_CMAC_GBF (RSCMAC) to predict extreme short-term Solar Irradiance. Currently, most studies of the solar irradiance prediction focus on Global Hourly Solar Irradiations (GHSI) and their purpose is to predict the installed PV system power generation, so it can be used to evaluate the installation benefit. Recently, the amount of PV system tend to be higher, therefore, the PV system power generation stability becomes more and more important. The most critical factor that affects PV power system stability is Solar Irradiance, because it affects both system voltage and current. Therefore, this project utilizes RSCMAC to develop a solar irradiance prediction model and to verify its feasibility.


In the research on developing a digital nuclear power measurement equipment some mainstream microprocessor technologies are compared and an embedded PC microprocessor system based on PC/104 bus is set as the equipment platform,which makes the equipment have all advantages of compact struc- ture,high reliability,convenient adjustment and short development cycle.A concept design on the nucle- ar power measurement equipment is covered in this paper,and a principle prototype of the equipment with all expected functions is developed.


Ob|eetive To analyze the result of B ultrasonic examination to a group of people in one community in Shantou City,and provide a scientific basis of healtheare and disease prevention for the community people.Methods The result of B ultrasonic examination of 5 313 community people was analyzed.Result 1 485 cases and 16 kinds of diseases were found,which accounted 27.95%.521 cases of fatty liver were found,the morbidity was 9.8%.287 cases of kidney stone,the morbidity rate was 5.4%.191 cases of gallbladder stone,the morbidity was 3.6% of the total cases;133 cases of kidney cyst,the morbidity was 2.5% of the total cases.Conelusion The main diseases were fatty liver,kidney stone,gallbladder stone, renal cyst,etc.


The Langweil model of Prague as a three-dimensional illustration of the city is a unique work of art unlike any other in the world. The model made from paperboard on a wooden construction was created in 1826-1837 by single man Antonín Langweil, an assistant at the university library in the Klementinum. The model contains over two thousand buildings from the historic heart of Prague in a perfect and realistic state with all the structural and decorative details of the facades. Approximately half of the buildings in the model were later demolished or radically rebuilt in the real Prague. In 2006 Prague City Hall together with the City of Prague Museum announced a public tender for Digitalization of the Langweil model of Prague. KIT Digital Company (ex. Visual Connection) spends more than two years by this project and hundreds people finally participated at this project. This paper refers about digitalization of this model. Fig.1: Langweil model


3 weeks ago, we released a special feature in memory of SPARKLEHORSEs Mark Linkous and tackled a tough subject of an artists suicide, that haunted the ...


Objective: To elucidate the role of mitochondrial prohibitin in multi-drug resistant CCRF-CEM cells by determination of expression status of the prohibitin.Methods: The total mitochondrial proteins from CCRF-CEM cells or paclitaxol-resistant CCRF-CEM cells were extracted. The isolated proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and then analyzed using ImageMasterTM 2D Platinum software.The protein spots on the gel were analyzed by MS and identified by comparison to SWISS-PROT database and NCBInr database.Results: One of the two mitochondrial prohibitins was over-expressed in CCRF-CEM/paclitaxol by 68.6%(per protein volume expressed) compared with that in CCRF-CEM cells.Conclusion: The mitochondrial prohibitin may reduce multidrug resistances against the paclitaxol-induced CCRF-CEM cellular apoptosis by regulation of the mitochondria activities.


In this factious context the ambiguity of any image is exploited by both parties. Nationalists put forward the independence of mountain-dwelling Basques from invading Romans as the reason for the successful maintenance of much of their distinctive mythology. To them, Basque Christianity is both distinctively fervent and neo-pagan in many aspects. But to the distinguished Spanish historian Sanchez Albomoz this same lack of romanization explains Basque 'backwardness' and their 'irrationality': it is only the descendants of cave-dwelling pagans who could be prepared to shoot or blow up so many Spanish policemen. This indigenous use of local stereotypes clearly serves political interests. But their appropriation by foreign journalists wanting to colour their grey articles only furthers readers' miscomprehension of what is happening in this northern triangle of the Iberian peninsula. All the more pity then: an attempt to understand Basque nationalism could conceivably make people cast a fresh eye on other problems even closer 'to home'.


It is very useful because we can measure precise exercise volume at indoor and outdoor space, and receive push message and retrieve for exercise information by smart-phone at any-time and any-place if a fitness healthcare system base on IoT is utilized. This system is interlocked with IoT module including sensing device in sports equipment, IoT gateway, smart-phone, smart-band and server by internet. In this paper, when this ,"a fitness healthcare system base on IoT", software is developed, a proper analysis and design method for practical affairs try to be presented due to showing software development analysis method and design method such as flowchart and UI design.


This bachelor thesis is to present a method for solving linear SDD matrix equations based on a combinatorial approach following the work of [1], well as provide a basic framework for efficiently implementing this method (or variants on them) in actual programs. Based on previously existing combinatorial solvers, this method has a significant speed advantage compared to more well known iterative matrix solvers when applied to large problems, for sparse matrices increasing in complexity at a nearly linear pace with matrix size. It also has a slight edge in speed compared to older combinatorial methods. This bachelor thesis will attempt to present this method in a compact yet accessible manner, simplifying its implementation in a programming environment. Aron Rindstedt • Uppsala University • January 2014


7 ES P E Poster presented at: INTRODUCTİON ➢ The most common type of diabetes in childhood is type 1 diabetes. The group of diabetes called MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young) is much more rare. ➢ Mutations that occur in the MODY 2 glucokinase gene cause disruption in the perception of the resultant glucose level and, consequently, impaired insulin release, leading to the development of diabetes. ➢ Because of mild, non-progressive hyperglycemia, medical treatment is rarely recommended to the patients. ➢ In our clinic, we performed continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in 8 patients who were diagnosed with MODY 2 by genetic analysis. With this study we aim to reveal the presence of hyperglycaemic periods in a day. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Results of Our Cases With MODY Type 2 Diabetes


Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of using "U"-shaped auricular cartilage for repairing nasal alar cartilage defects,then summarize its advantages.Methods 35 patients with nasal alar defects underwent the free transplanting of unilateral or bilateral "U"shaped auricular cartilage,harvested from Conchal Fossa(CF),Intertragic Notch(ITN) and Tragus(TG)area,and its efficacy was assessed.Results The method for repairing alar cartilage defects with "U"-shaped auricular cartilage from Conchal Fossa(CF),Intertragic Notch(ITN) and Tragus(TG)area indicates good and reliable efficacy.In addition,the donor sites were left with few defects or deformities.Conclusion "U"-shaped auricular cartilage form Conchal Fossa(CF),Intertragic Notch(ITN) and Tragus(TG)area is similar with alar cartilage in morphology and anatomy.The application for repairing nasal defects is worth promoting because of the reliable clinical efficacy and satisfactory results.


We consider the importance of the study of per capita gross regional product as a summary measure of living standards in the region. Investigated parameters that determine the low level of per capita gross regional product in the subjects of the CFA in relation to Russia in 2011 to calculate the indicators that define the low level of per capita gross regional product in the subjects of the CFA in relation to Russia. The analysis of the loss of Gross Regional Product by economic activity CFA in 2011. The result of these calculations is the conclusion that the Russian employment structure (positive effect) and labor productivity (a negative effect lower values than in the CFD) CFD gross regional product will decrease 3665 489.26 thousand rub. Identified reserves of increasing actual productivity, based on the values and capital-assets ratio. Draw appropriate conclusions.


The invention relates to a macromolecular composite flocculant and a preparation method and an application thereof, belonging to the water treatment technical field, in particular to a macromolecular composite flocculant prepared by combining polymeric aluminum sulfate and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride and a preparation method and an application thereof. The composite flocculant comprises the following raw materials: 85-95% of polymeric aluminum sulfate water solution and 5-15% of polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride water solution. The invention provides the ideal macromolecular composite flocculant and the preparation method and the application thereof which have the advantage of simple preparation method, low production cost, wide sources of the raw materials, good decoloration effect to raw water with high chromaticity color and high humic acid, less dosage, clean and transparent treated water, safe and reliable drinking water and good deoiling effect to oily sewage. The composite flocculant can be widely used in the flocculation and defecation treatment and decoloration and deoiling treatment for drinking water, industrial circulating water, industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater.


We consider the problem of recovering a complete (i.e., square and invertible) dictionary A0, from Y = A0X0 with Y e Rn×p. This recovery setting is central to the theoretical understanding of dictionary learning. We give the first efficient algorithm that provably recovers A0 when X0 has O(n) nonzeros per column, under suitable probability model for X0. Prior results provide recovery guarantees when X0 has only O (√n) nonzeros per column. Our algorithm is based on nonconvex optimization with a spherical constraint, and hence is naturally phrased in the language of manifold optimization. Our proofs give a geometric characterization of the high-dimensional objective landscape, which shows that with high probability there are no spurious local minima. Experiments with synthetic data corroborate our theory. Full version of this paper is available online: http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.06785.


Abstract The migmatites with Kfs-poor leucosomes from the Svecofennian domain of southern Finland are characterized by a suite of anastomosing leucosome veins and patches characterized by low and varying abundance of K-feldspar with or without cordierite. These leucosomes are generated by in situ melting reactions at different P-T-aH2O conditions. Microtextural analysis in conjunction with thermocalc calculations and geothermobarometry show that these rocks were metamorphosed under granulite facies conditions at 700–750°C, 4–5 kbar and aH2O = 0.4−0.7. The formation of cordierite coronas around garnet and the late crystallization of andalusite suggest that the final stage of the P-T history was characterized by decompression and cooling to within the andalusite stability field, estimated at 500–650°C and 3–4 kbar. U-Pb and Sm-Nd conventional analyses of monazite and garnet, respectively, from different parts of these migmatites (mesosomes and leucosomes) indicate that, within error limits, all leucosomes were formed at about 1878 Ma during a single tectonometamorphic event. Since there is no evidence of an earlier high-grade metamorphic event in this area, it is assumed that this is the approximate age of peak metamorphism and partial melting.


We propose and demonstrate a scheme enhancing the performance of optical access networks with Manchester coded downstream and re-modulated NRZ coded upstream. It is achieved by threshold level control of a limiting amplifier at a receiver, and the minimum sensitivity of upstream is significantly improved for the re-modulation scheme with 5Gb/s Manchester coded downstream and 2.488Gb/s NRZ upstream data rates.


In this paper, we present a new solution to build a reactive trajectory controller for object manipulation in Human Robot Interaction (HRI) context. Using an online trajectory generator, the controller build a time-optimal trajectory from the actual state to a target situation every control cycle. A human aware motion planner provides a trajectory for the robot to follow or a point to reach. The main functions of the controller are its capacity to track a target, to follow a trajectory with respect to a task frame, or to switch to a new trajectory each time the motion planner provides a new trajectory. The controller chooses a strategy from different control modes depending on the situation. Visual servoing by trajectory generation and control is presented as one application of the approache. To illustrate the potential of the approach, some manipulation results are presented.


Vehicle mobility in cold and challenging terrains is of interest to both the US and Chilean Armies. Mobility in winter conditions is highly vehicle dependent with autonomous vehicles experiencing additional challenges over manned vehicles. They lack the ability to make informed decisions based on what they are "seeing" and instead need to rely on input from sensors on the vehicle, or from Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) or satellite data collections. This work focuses on onboard vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus sensors, driver input sensors, and some externally mounted sensors to assist with terrain identification and overall vehicle mobility. Analysis of winter vehicle/sensor data collected in collaboration with the Chilean Army in Lonquimay, Chile during July and August 2019 will be discussed in this report.


To systematically summarize and critically review the available literature regarding the functional outcome of the urgent superficial temporal artery to the middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass surgery in stroke patients associated with MCA lesions.

 The current systematic review was conducted and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis statement. Medline (PubMed), ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and google scholar (manually searches) were systematically searched up to August 2021. The eligibility criteria were defined as all the patients who had MCA‐territory strokes due to MCA/intradural internal carotid artery lesions that underwent same‐admission superficial temporal artery‐MCA bypass surgery. The strokes with cervical internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral artery lesions/strokes were excluded. The checklists produced by the US National Heart Lung and Blood Institute were used for quality assessment. Demographic variables, clinical findings, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, the time interval between symptoms to surgery, imaging results, endovascular treatments, surgical notes, mortality rate, follow‐up findings, modified Rankin scale scores, and all reported medical records were extracted and analyzed with SPSS software (ver. 23).
 P
 values ≤0.05 were considered meaningful.

 The initial search yielded 3050 records, and 13 articles met the inclusion criteria and entered this systematic review. A total of 165 patients were pooled for data analysis. Nine studies had data regarding neurological deficits before and after surgery. Except for 5 patients, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score after the operation was the same or better than the preoperative score. Eleven out of 17 patients in 3 studies showed early neurological improvement (a decrease in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≥4 points at 3 days) after bypass surgery. Functional outcome was stated in 10 studies. Overall, a good functional outcome (modified Rankin scale=0–2) was achieved in 9 out of 21 (42.1%) patients at discharge and in 44 out of 59 (74.5%) patients at 3 months follow‐up. Lower age was associated with favorable outcomes. Long‐term graft patency was excellent in 99.5% of patients. Postoperative hematoma and mortality (all noncranial) rates were 3% and 3.6%, respectively.

 The current study suggests that early superficial temporal artery‐MCA revascularization should be considered an available option in younger patients (<60‐year‐old) with MCA territory strokes who fail medical treatment.


In the article is considered a possibility to raise the cultural level of speech skills and abilities of students (future teachers-philologists) with its further use within the multicultural space as an important mean of intercultural communication and competence approach using the phraseological fund of language. Taking into account the role of animals in the formation of speech content, we not only define the nationally-marking stereotypes but also find the common and different features in the phraseological system of the different languages that gives grounds for the study of both native and foreign language in the conditions of differentiated teaching for overcoming the difference between the two language systems. The topicality of this problem is conditioned by the many-sided processes of modernization and eurointegration in the sphere of professional higher education, where the priority belongs to the study of languages as a mean of intercultural communication within the conversational-business speech. That is why the subject of our research is a ratio between zoomorphic phraseologisms of Ukrainian and English as one of the preconditions of the students' communicative competence


We propose a new methodology for enhancing the spatial resolution of unsupervised classification through a fusion of multispectral and visible images. The new method, DFuSIAL-C (Data Fusion through Spatial Information-Aided Learning for Classification), relies on automatically extracted invariant points (IPs), assumed to have the same land cover type in the two data sources. In contrast to typical methods, DFuSIAL-C does not require a full spatial, spectral, and temporal overlapping between the data sources and allows for the fusion of data from different sensors. An evaluation of the proposed method, compared to a state-of-the-art pansharpening fusion method, is carried out using Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images. Our experimental results show that the DFuSIAL-C obtains unsupervised classification maps with a significantly enhanced spatial resolution and an overall accuracy (OA) of 85%. Furthermore, we show that the proposed method is preferable when full overlapping is not available due to the acquisition by different instruments.


The Canadian Active Control System is a national network of twelve continuously operating geodetic quality GPS receivers equipped with external atomic frequency standards. Each GPS tracking station provides dualfrequency pseudorange and carrier phase measurements in real-time at 1 Hz to a central computer where wide area GPS corrections are generated using filtered ionospherefree combined pseudoranges and predicted ultra-rapid GPS orbits. In contrast to the technique of fixing one of the station clocks, the central process estimates satellite and station clock phase offsets with respect to a Virtual Reference Clock (VRC) that is maintained as a weighted mean of all estimated receiver clocks. The VRC is related to the smoothed mean GPS system time as provided by the broadcast clock parameters of tracked satellites, and its alignment is maintained by regular steering operations. This approach mitigates the effects of instabilities of individual station frequency standards and provides continuity of the time reference. This paper discusses the use of this system to monitor GPS satellite and receiver clocks. First, the central computing system provides continuous synchronisation of the network of GPS receiver clocks and GPS satellite clocks at the ns level. Second, using the wide area satellite orbit and clock corrections, users can synchronise dual-frequency GPS receivers in real time at a precision consistent with the satellite clock estimates. INTRODUCTION The Geodetic Survey Division (GSD) operates, in conjunction with the Geological Survey of Canada, the Canadian Active Control System (CACS). It comprises of a Master Active Control Station (MACS) and a network of continuously operating GPS data acquisition stations, called Active Control Points (ACPs), which are distributed across the Canadian landmass and track all GPS satellites in view. The GPS data from several ACPs are contributed to the International GPS Service (IGS). The NRCan Analysis Centre (EMR), also located at GSD, processes the Canadian and a portion of the global IGS data to generate daily precise GPS satellite ephemerides and clocks, earth orientation parameters (EOP), ionospheric, tropospheric and terrestrial reference frame information, as well as rapid GPS orbit predictions [Tetreault et al, 1998]. Twelve of the CACS tracking stations (Figure 1) facilitated by real-time data communication form the Canada-wide network of Real-Time ACPs (RTACPs). Another RTACP (USN2) is located at the U.S. Naval Observatory, in Washington, DC, and an additional one (RAYM) is located at the Ottawa GSD offices and serves for development purposes. Data from these RTACPs are communicated to the Real-Time Master Active Control Station (RTMACS) in less than two seconds for processing and storage. The RTMACS combines the tracking data and forms ionosphere-free, carrier-phase filtered pseudoranges to compute in real-time, clock phase offsets for all available satellites and receivers, using the predicted IGS ultra-rapid GPS satellite ephemerides and fixed RTACP coordinates. Corrections to the broadcast satellite orbits and a grid of vertical ionospheric delays for a single layer model of the ionosphere are also generated. The corrections to the broadcast satellite clocks and orbits along with the ionosphere model make up the GPS corrections service (GPS•C), which facilitates real-time GPS positioning of about half a meter horizontally and a meter vertically (1σ), when using geodetic quality receivers. The system architecture, data communication infrastructure and the real-time application software are described in Caissy et al [1996]. The RTMACS configuration, processes and the GPS•C positioning performance are described in Skone et al [1996] and Lahaye et al [1997]. Solving for all available clocks at each epoch requires a time reference and usually, as most IGS Analysis Centres do, this reference is achieved by removing a selected (reference) clock from the system of equations. All clock phase offsets are thus estimated with respect to the selected clock. In the context of a real-time system, with potential communication interruptions and variable delays, this technique proved inadequate, especially in the light of two requirements of the GPS•C service: maintaining continuity of the reference clock and maintaining its alignment to GPS time within reasonable bounds. To meet these requirements, we have implemented a so-called Virtual Reference Clock (VRC) that is maintained as a weighted mean of selected clocks in the system. Since the clock weights need to be controlled automatically, performance measures based on clock models were developed. Specifics of the VRC implementation and clock models were described in Lahaye et al [1998] and are summarised in a section


The article is dealing with some issues of legal regulation of remote working, which extensive application was caused by the pandemic. Authors analyze the legislation, concerning distance working, as well as the introduced law "On Introducing Amendments to The Labor Code of the Russian Federation, in relation to distance and remote work". As a result of the research a set of questions for the legislator is posed. Furthermore, certain improving the introduced law proposals based upon detected collisions and contradictions of the legal writing, are framed in the article.


We have developed a method for producing spatially stable micron-scale liquid targets of flexible shapes at kilohertz repetition rate for use in air and vacuum, by perturbing 5 and 30 μm diameter streams with femtosecond laser pulses and monitoring the temporal development of the perturbation. Using water, we have produced features such as 2.1 μm diameter droplet and 1.3 μm diameter neck with less than ±0.3 μm shot-to-shot variation, with prospects for further reduction in size and variability. The use of such micron-scale targets can be expected to prevent conductive heat dissipation, enhance field strength for ion acceleration and allow spatially-deterministic laser-cluster experiments.


The article describes conceptual and functional-logic models of a perspective Russian-Tajik machine translation system. The system is planned to be realized by the international development team.


With signs that the Chinese economy is coming under increased strain as a result of the coronavirus, can we expect a serious demand and supply shock?


The presence of predators in a habitat is considered a stabilizing force in the population of herbivores, contributing to the balance of the ecosystem. However, the predator's overpopulation causes a drastic reduction of primary consumers, exceeding the capacity of the ecosystem and endangering the entire food chain. To solve that situation, density control actions are being implemented by man, for balance maintenance purposes or to prevent damages. Often, in the council of Azambuja, there are carried out these actions, by Hunting Associations to control the carnivore population in forest areas, in particular the egyption mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), for their allegedly effect on the lagomorphs population decline. The objective of this study was to describe the capture process end-to-end: how the authorization is required, how is it done in the field, how the fiscalization is made and the results on the biodiversity. The methodology used was the record of the process, interview of the people responsible in field for these actions, and consultation with the national authorities involved. It was verified that the national services which controls these actions (National Institute for Nature Conservation and Forestry) and responsible for the evaluation of the licenses requests, issued these ones to a local hunting association, without any previous study of those two species population's densities or maximum carrying capacity of the environment for them. There's no effective supervision of the implementation of this action in the field. It was also clear that hunters use these actions, not to guarantee the ecosystem balance, but to eliminate predators in order to increase the lagomorph's population for the hunting season. So a process that first established the ecosystem's balance can and may do exactly the opposite.


Groundwater arsenic contamination and sufferings of people have been reported in 20 countries in different parts of the world. The magnitude is considered highest in five Asian countries and the severity is in order of Bangladesh>India>Mangolia>China>Taiwan. In all these countries, more and more groundwater withdrawal is taking place because of increase in agricultural irrigation. In India after West Bengal and the bordering districts of Bangladesh, arsenic in groundwater was detected in part of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura. Maximum arsenic content was observed in Jorhat (Titabor, Dhakgorah, Selenghat and Moriani Block), Dhemaji (Sissiborgoan and Dhemaji Block), Golaghat district (Podumani Block) and Lakhimpur (Boginodi, Lakhimpur Block) in Assam; West Tripura (Triania Block), Dhalai (Salema Block) and North Tripura (Dharmanagar Block) districts in Tripura, Thuobal (Kakching Block) in Manipur and Dibang valley (Midland) in Arunachal Pradesh. The groundwater of these blocks of five states is affected with arsenic contamination. A long-term environmental planning is essential to blunt the danger from such pollution.


Provided are a method for deleting characters displayed on a touch screen and an electronic device. According to the method, an amplitude threshold range of deleting gesture identification is set by the electronic device according to the size of characters displayed on the touch screen of the electronic device; the detected irregular touch gesture of a user, which is formed by a slide on the touch screen, is transformed into corresponding track coordinate sequence, and all track points in the track coordinate sequence are determined to be located within the amplitude threshold range; the coordinates of a plurality of key track points are determined from all the track points of the track coordinate sequence, and the touch gesture is determined as a deleting gesture when the coordinates of all the key track points meet a preset deleting gesture identification rule; and when the touch gesture is determined as the deleting gesture, characters in the touch screen area, corresponding to the track coordinate sequence, are deleted within the amplitude threshold range. By taking advantage of the touch screen, characters displayed on the electronic device are deleted manually.


Using the-same-length probes to detect point mutations of genes, the mismatch discrimination ratios of the probes with different GC content vary greatly. Oligonucleotide microarray for detecting single nucleotide mutation and deletion of codon 245, 248, 249 on exon 7 of p53 was designed and fabricated, all the probes had similar Tm. The probes display similar mismatch discrimination ratio. The result got by oligonucleotide microarray is consistent with that by DNA sequencing. The experiment settles the foundation for preparing oligonucleotide microarray for detecting the mutation of all the hotspots of p53.


Abstract: This research is conducted by the purpose to describe the effectiveness of the acceleration program in German Department of State University of Malang, the perception and also the projection of acceleration program students about the program. This study uses correlational-quantitative research method. The research instruments used are in the form of documentation of student learning result and questionnaire sheets. The analysis conducted i.e. normality test, homogeneity variance test, independent t-test and Mann Whitney test. Furthermore, interpretation and discussion of data is being established. Based on the results of the data analysis, it is concluded that the acceleration program runs effectively. The learning achievement of students from acceleration program appears higher compared with students from non-acceleration program. However, even an effective programs do not escape the shortcomings and advantages. Based on the results of the questionnaire filled by students from acceleration program (the questionnaire in this case is not the main focus of hypothesis testing), it is known that acceleration students are very enthusiastic and convinced that they will graduate soon by this program. However, during the process of the program, found that the confidence of respondents began to decrease and afterwards emerging problems that felt inhibit them. Keywords: learning achievement, acceleration program, PASCH, German department, German language


This article describes the methods and tools of promotion of print media, defines media marketing, analyzed the entire complex media product promotion.


A geolocation system is disclosed including a plurality of tag readers (10) which receive spread spectrum emissions from a plurality tags (16). An auxiliary transmitter (300) is provided with the readers in order to provide information needed by the tags.


This study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of Pekanbaru city government supervision in order to cope with the rise of the presence of persons who are not responsible for the trade in subsidized fuel oil in the year 2011 to 2012. Problem in this study is not optimal surveillance conducted by the State Government Department of Industry and Commerce as vastness of space coverage This study found the first implementation of the supervision by the Department of Industry and Trade is less visible is the rise of subsidized fuel retailers. Both retailers of subsidized fuel does not pay attention to the safety aspect when - time may threaten the safety of the people. Third-party retail outlets is still a lack of socialization (General Fuel Filling Station) in the procedures and rules set together - together with the government. Fourth is still a lack of cooperation between the Department of Industry and Trade, Police, pegelola gas station (Fuel Filling Stations General), the public and other parties to minimize the widespread circulation of subsidized fuel retail. Keywords: Monitoring, the role of government to fuel the rise of retailers


Alongside global warming, droughts are expected to increase in frequency, severity, and extent in the near future, which will likely result in significant impacts on forest growth, production, structure, composition, and ecosystem services. However, due to spatial and temporal characteristics, it is difficult to monitor and assess the potential effects of droughts. Remote sensing can provide an effective way to obtain real-time conditions of forests affected by drought and offer a range of spatial and temporal insights into drought-induced changes to forest ecosystem structure, function, and services. Remote sensing is rapidly developing as more satellites are launched. In situ and remotely sensed data fusion techniques have achieved notable success in assessing drought-induced damage to forests and carbon cycles. Even so, constraints still exist when using satellite data. The objectives of this review are to (1) briefly review existing data sources and methods of remote sensing; (2) synthesize current applications and contributions of remote sensing in monitoring and estimating impacts of droughts on forest ecosystems; and (3) highlight research gaps and future challenges.


This research work is about Determinations of Transaminase Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) among workers in the footwear industry exposed to synthetic adhesives in Porvenir District Indoamerica Sector of the Province of Trujillo. To accomplish this work was carried out data collection which lasted twenty days, which was conducted in search of the target population, relevant surveys, the sampling and biochemical determinations for, then became the analysis of results which took two weeks time, here are the results obtained Transaminase Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) of each volunteer and was ordered prescribed parameters, obtaining: Of all the workers studied, 92% have values normal AST, of which 26% were females and 66% male. The remaining 8% presented elevated values of AST, of which 2% were females and 6% male. In turn, this 8%, 50% are people who are working among 4 to 6 years and 50%, from 10 years onwards. It also found that of all workers tested, 82% had normal ALT, of whom 20% were females and 62% male. The remaining 18% presented elevated ALT values, of which 8% were females and 10% male. In turn, this 18%, 11% are people who are working among 1 and 3 years, 22% between 4 and 6 years, 22% between 7 and 9 years and 44%, 10 years forward.


The agronomic investigation entitled, "Performance of summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.) to fertilizer levels"was undertaken at Post Graduate Research Farm, Agronomy Division of Rajarshee Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj College of Agriculture, Kolhapur (M.S.), India during summer, 2019. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design were replicated thrice with twelve treatment combinations comprises three NP fertilizer levels NP1-75% of RDF (15, 30 kg ha-1 N and P2O5), NP2-100% of RDF (20, 40 kg ha-1 N and P2O5), and NP3-125% of RDF (25, 50 kg ha-1 N and P2O5), and four potassium levels as a K0 (00 K2O Kg ha-1), K1 (15 K2O Kg ha-1), K2 (20 K2O Kg ha-1) and K3 (25 K2O Kg ha-1). Yield and economics of summer green were influenced significantly by different NP fertilizer levels. The grain yield (15.14 q ha-1) and stover yield (34.17 q ha-1) of green gram were recorded significantly highest with treatment NP3 (125% of RDF) which was followed by NP2 (100% of RDF) (14.21 q ha-1 grain and 31.55 q ha-1 stover yield respectively). Harvest index (%) of green gram was found non-significant, whereas the highest harvest index 30.69% was found with treatment NP3 (125% of RDF). Economics of summer green production viz., gross and net monetary returns as well as benefit cost ratio were found significantly beneficial with the treatment NP3 (125% of RDF) and which wasfound at par with treatment NP2 (100% of RDF). Among the potassium levels application of K3- 25 K2O Kg ha-1 was recorded significantly maximum grain yield (15.19 q ha-1) and stover yield (33.32 q ha-1) however, it was found at par with K2- 25 K2O Kg ha-1 (14.67 q ha-1 grain and 32.25q ha-1 stover yield respectively). Harvest index remain unaffected due to different potassium levels. Economics of summer green production viz., gross and net monetary returns as well as benefit cost ratio were found significantly beneficial with the treatment application of K3- 25 K2O Kg ha-1 which was found at par K2- 20 K2O Kg ha-1.


This study addressed four research questions concerning the adjustment difficulties experienced by Americans who were studying in Israeli colleges, universities, and yeshivoth.


The rare paussine genus Lebioderus Westwood, 1838 is reported from China for the first time, based on two new species, L. sinicus Song & Maruyama sp. nov. and L. maolanus Song & Maruyama sp. nov. The type series of L. sinicus was collected from nests of Carebara Westwood, 1840 ants, which is also a first host record for Lebioderus.


Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women in many developing countries. In most developing countries, monitoring the level of maternal mortality rates and ratios seems to be very difficult. Ministry of Health, in its effort to improve the registration system through the cooperation between Maternal and Child Health Section (Directorate of Public Health and Primary Health Care), Department of Health and Vital Statistics (Directorate of Planning and Resource Development) and the World Health Organization (WHO), implemented a special maternal mortality inquiry form for hospital registrations of maternal deaths started on the year 2000. Aim of the study: To evaluate the trend in maternal mortality registration during the period 2001-2007. Materials & Methods: A review of records was performed during the first half of 2008, to study the trend of registering maternal mortality over the last seven years. All the reports received by the Ministry of health for the last seven years were reviewed to evaluate the progress in hospital registration of maternal deaths. Results: The study revealed more than one and a half fold increase in the number of registered maternal deaths over the seven years period after implementing the special inquiry form, with marked variation in registration between different governorates and within the same governorate . Conclusions and Recommendations :Implementing a special maternal mortality inquiry form, by the Ministry of Health, lead to noticeable improvement in registering maternal mortality in health facilities, yet further studies are recommended to review each case of death. Key wards: Maternal death, maternal mortality ratio Introduction regnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women in many developing countries. However, deaths of young adults are relatively rare events. Therefore, in a given geographical area and period of time there may not be a great many maternal deaths. The relative infrequency of maternal deaths in a short period (such as 1-2 years) has important consequences for monitoring maternal mortality, specially if the study population or sample is too small, where the number of deaths will not be large enough to yield reliable, stable estimates. This will make interpretation, especially of trends over time, difficult. [1] New methods of estimating maternal mortality, such as "sisterhood" method, are more efficient and do not require sample sizes as large as those of conventional household surveys. But they are still limited in their ability to detect substantial changes over time. [2] One of the other limitations of sisterhood method is that it produces an estimate of maternal mortality that refers to a period of time approximately twelve years before the survey. Such estimates therefore, are not useful for monitoring changes in response to programmes being implemented now. [1] Registration of births and deaths (i.e. vital registration) is taken for granted in industrialized countries. In these countries, and in few developing countries, nearly all deaths are reported to the government. This is not the case, however, in most developing countries. One of the reasons why it is difficult (if not impossible) to register the death in developing countries is that most deaths do not take place in health facilities, where health personnel would be required to report them. Many people (especially poor people) die at home or on their way to the hospital. These deaths are not recorded. Even where records are available, under reporting may be a serious problem because of poor recordkeeping. [1] Misreporting of maternal deaths which means that the death was reported, but was incorrectly classified, i.e. not recorded as a maternal death, is another problem. According to the Tenth International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) a maternal death is defined as " The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. Thus, in order to classify a death correctly as a maternal death, it is necessary to know not only that the woman died, but also that the cause and timing of death meets the specifications. The more complicated definition of maternal mortality thus facilitates misreporting. This has the same consequences for maternal mortality statistics as not reporting the death at all, i.e. underestimation. [4] Determining the medical causes of death is much more difficult than determining timing of death. The fact that a death was maternal is often not noted for various reasons, both intentional and unintentional. Intentional misreporting of maternal deaths is common when death is due to P Hospital Registration of Maternal Mortality in Iraq 2001-2007 Batool A G Yassin.& Enaam Hasson ALSaneed 66 Iraqi J. Comm. Med., JAN. 2009 (1) complications of illicitly induced abortion, to protect the reputation of the women or her family. Unintentional misreporting of maternal death is very common. Frequently, women die of obstetric complications in emergency wards or medical wards, as opposed to maternity wards. Consequently, the obstetric origin of bleeding or infection may not be noted. In some cases the health professionals attending the women know that the death was related to pregnancy, but this information is neither requested nor recorded. Such mistakes lead to massive underestimation even in developed countries. [5], [6] In Iraq, as in other developing countries, maternal mortality was usually underestimated, and the official rates depend on surveys rather than other registrations. Ministry of Health, in its effort to improve their registration system through the cooperation between Maternal and Child Health Section (Directorate of Public Health and Primary Health Care), Department of Health and Vital Statistics (Directorate of Planning and Resource Development) and the World Health Organization (WHO), implemented a special maternal mortality inquiry form for hospital registrations of maternal deaths on the year 2000, and eventually all professionals responsible for registration and prevention of maternal deaths (all over Iraq except Kurdistan region) were trained to record, supervise and study the deaths one by one. This form was revised and improved later to include more information regarding maternal mortality. [7] Aim of the study To evaluate the trend in maternal mortality registration during the period (2001-2007). Materials and Methods A review of records was performed during the first half of 2008, to study the trend of registering maternal mortality over the last seven years. All Maternal mortality reports received by the Maternal and Child Health Section (Directorate of Public Health and Primary Health Care), from 2001-2007 were studied. Numbers of maternal deaths registered each year all over Iraq were studied in an effort to evaluate the progress in registration over this time period and compare them with those registered in the Department of Health and Vital Statistics in the Ministry of Health within the same time period. Results and Discussion: The stark figures of the global burden of pregnancy – related deaths are now so well known that they can be repeated by route without stopping to think about what can be done, to tackle what appears to be such an overwhelming problem. [8], [9] simply put, the numbers are these: each year, approximately eight million women suffer pregnancyrelated complications and over half a million die. The current study performed to evaluate the hospital registration of maternal mortality in Iraq after implementing the new maternal mortality inquiry form in the year 2000 revealed the following results: Table (1) and Figure (1) showed the distribution of registered maternal deaths by year and health department. It was found that the hospital registration of maternal death increased from 87 cases in 2001 to 220 in 2007 with a change percent of 146 %, (increased by nearly one and a half fold); whereas the data reaching the Health and Vital statistics Department showed less than one fold increase for the same period of time, yet when the special inquiry form of maternal mortality was first implemented in the year 2001, death registration to the Department of Statistics was better (87 and 93 respectively), later the improvement was more obvious on the level of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) unit although the year 2003 ( the year of the 2 Gulf war) showed a marked reduction in registration on the level of both departments. The same was true when maternal mortality ratio is estimated (table 2 and figure (2)). Hospital Registration of Maternal Mortality in Iraq 2001-2007 Batool A G Yassin.& Enaam Hasson ALSaneed 67 Iraqi J. Comm. Med., JAN. 2009 (1) Figure (1): Distribution of Maternal Death by Year and Health Department 0 50 100 150 200 25


The ability of different tissues and blood to concentrate platinum contained in cisplatin (used in treating the lung cancer) is studied by inversive voltamperometry. Maximal concentration was detected in tumor tissue (29,9+0,081 mg/kg) as compared to regional lymph nodes (3,7±0,247 mg/kg), lung tissue (1,7±0,117 mg/kg) and peripheral blood (0,8±0,086 mg/kg). The obtained results allow to use cisplatin as a radio-sensitizing agent to enhance irradiation effect while intraoperative radiotherapy of the patients with lung cancer of III stage.


This system is developed according to the standards and regulations of"The People's Republic of China Infectious Disease Report Card"issued by the Ministry of Public Health.It implements easy input and a fast generating standard report card which complies with the latest revisions and requirements.The powerful yet easily operated system integrates functions such as re- port generator,file save,output,search,statistics,data exchange and etc,m built on tree-note management which also supports complex search and fast statistic monthly and quarterly report generator,single of multiple imports,exchange data with Other med- ical departments,By implementing this system,it enhanced infectious disease report management and regulating the report con- tents,efficient the quality of the report in order to better control the infectious disease.


The influences of implantation impurities, such as BF2, B, F, As and P, as well as silicon substrate crystallinity on the formation of NiSi2 at 200–280 °C in nickel thin films on ion‐implanted silicon, have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In implantation‐amorphous samples no NiSi2 formation was detected at 200–280 °C. The presence of BF2, B, and F atoms was found to promote the epitaxial growth of NiSi2 in nickel thin films on crystalline silicon at low temperatures. Little or no effect on the formation of NiSi2 was found for As+‐ and P+‐implanted samples. The results indicated that the influences of the implantation impurities are not likely to be chemical in origin. The presence of electrically active impurities in crystalline silicon alone was not sufficient to induce the formation of epitaxial NiSi2 at low temperatures. On the other hand, good correlation was found between the atomic size factor and resulting stress and NiSi2 epitaxy at low temperatures.


The main purpose of this study is to explore the influence of corporate culture type and public relations strategy on organizational performance. The samples were obtained from the top 500 corporations in Taiwan. E-mail, regular mail, and personal interviews were used to collect primary data. A total of 491 questionnaires were distributed, and 426 valid questionnaires were collected. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. After testing, the findings were listed as: (1) Corporate culture type has a significantly positive effect on public relations strategy was partially supported. (2) Corporate culture type has a significantly positive effect on organizational performance was partially supported. (3) Public relations strategy has a significantly positive effect on organizational performance were partially supported. (4) Public relations strategy play a mediating effect between corporate culture type and organizational performance was supported.


The Uniform Low Dispersion Archive (ULDA) is a software system which, in one sitting, allows one to obtain copies on one's personal computer of those International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) low dispersion spectra that are of interest to the user. Overviews and use instructions are given for two programs, one to search for and select spectra, and the other to convert those spectra into a form suitable for the user's image processing system.


The synthesis of a new carbonyl ruthenium(II) deuteroporphyrin-IX lipoic acid derivative (Ru(PLip)(CO)) (4) and its self-assembly on Au(111) surfaces were accomplished. Ru(PLip)(CO) 4 was prepared by reduction of the ester groups of carbonyl-ruthenium(II) deuteroporphyrindimethylester 1 and further esterification with D,L-α-lipoic acid 3. The self-assembly of Ru(PLip)(CO) 4 was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The S2p XP spectrum of SAM formed by Ru(PLip)(CO) showed the S2p3/2 peak at 162.4 eV which corresponds to thiolated species bounded to gold. The influence of the interaction of porphyrin moieties on SAM stability was studied. The reductive desorption voltammogram of Ru(PLip)(CO) 4 self-assembled on gold showed an intense reduction peak at -1.02 V while when pyridine was coordinated to the central ruthenium(II) the reductive desorption peak was shifted to -0.85 V. The capacity of the modified Ru(PLip)(CO) gold electrode to detect nitric oxide (NO) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. An irreversible reduction peak which increased with time on NO exposure was registered at -0.69 V indicating NO coordination to ruthenium(II).


There are a number of electrophysiologic tools available for the study of the central and peripheral nervous system. These tools play an important role in the diagnosis and identification of the etiology of' the disease process. The technologic advances of recent years have made these neurophysiologic investigations routine and far more accessible than in the past. There are many signs that this trend will continue


The study objective is to identify physiological indicators for the systematization of basketball players' special exercises and limit values of physiological indicators with sufficient "distinctive power" in each of the allocated training load


This laboratory course was held for the eighth time from September 13– 24, 2004 at Forschungszentrum Jülich. It is open to students of physics, chemistry, and other natural sciences from all around the world. In addition, it is part of the curricula of the Universities of Aachen and Münster. The course was supported by the Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Neutron Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy (NMI3), as it was during the last years by the Neutron Round Table. This funding has been granted every year since 2000 and is of major importance to enable foreign students to participate by paying their travel expenses. The number of applications this year reached a new peak at 156, which is an increase of about 50% compared to last year. In order to accept at least a third of the students, the number of acceptances was raised from 50 to 55. The participation of foreign students increased to about 50% with a large fraction coming from Poland, which was probably due to the recent EU accession. Physics and chemistry students were equally represented at the course. The participation of female students increased continuously during recent years and, with a number of 26, is now close to parity. The neutron scattering course consists of one week of lectures and one week of hands-on training on the instruments at the FZ Jülich reactor. The lectures encompass an introduction to neutron sources, scattering theory, and instrumentation. Furthermore, selected topics of condensed matter research are presented. Also, a short introduction on how to apply for beam time at neutron scattering facilities is given. In addition to last year's program, three propaedeutic lectures were given about mathematical methods (Fourier transform), quantum mechanics, and crystal structures. This resulted from the experience that many students do not have sufficient foreknowledge from their university studies in these topics. In the second week, eleven instruments were reserved for the students' training. Among those are world-class devices such as the neutron spin-echo spectrometer, the backscattering spectrometer, and the small-angle cameras. Some experiments are more educational set-ups but the majority are experiments from "real scientifi c life." As in the previous years, the students were accommodated in the abbey of Rolduc, a former Augustinian monastery across the border in Netherlands. The lab course was completed with a social evening where students and teachers could mingle in a more informal setting. Feedback from the students was collected by a "satisfaction questionnaire" and two discussion sessions. In general, the students left with a good impression of the lab course. The new introductory lectures were appreciated. They were taken as valuable repetition, even by the students who knew the content from their university courses. The practical part of the course was clearly considered the more important part, yet still the majority of students found the 5:5 days partition most reasonable. The only unanimous criticism concerned the food in the evening, which seemed to be insuffi cient and inadequate for the active metabolism of young students. We are going to improve this—it's a promise!


Four differently substituted phenylallyllithium compounds Li · 2 have been investigated by dynamic 1H- and 13C-NMR, NOESY and HOESY spectroscopy. It is shown that a considerable barrier of rotation (ca. 40 kJ/mol) between the phenyl and the allyl moiety exists which is only slightly affected by the addition of TMEDA. The lithium atom prefers a bridged position with respect to the allylic part in solution and has HOESY contacts to the ortho hydrogen atoms of the aromatic ring.


A portable update apparatus for updating an external device by using a portable phone terminal is provided to reduce inconvenience that a user visits a service center for update and to update the external device with the latest version of firmware at any time in any place by making its size small and downloading the firmware data from the portable phone terminal. A portable update apparatus for updating an external device by using a portable phone terminal comprises the first connector(210), the second connector(220), a power source(230), a nonvolatile memory unit(250), and a controller(240). The first connector(210) is connected to a data IO port of the portable phone terminal for receiving the firmware data. The second connector(220) is connected to a data IO port of the external device for updating firmware of the external device. The power source(230) supplies the power for internal components of the portable update apparatus and the external device. The nonvolatile memory unit(250) downloads the firmware data from the portable phone terminal and stores the downloaded firmware data. The controller(240) updates the external device by using the firmware data of the portable phone terminal.


The success of any potential application for mobile robots depends largely on the specific environment where the application takes place. Practical applications are rarely found in highly structured environments, but unstructured environments (such as natural terrain) pose major challenges to any mobile robot. We believe that semi-structured environments-such as parking lots-provide a good opportunity for successful mobile robot applications. Parking lots tend to be flat and smooth, and cars can be uniquely identified by their license plates. Our scenario is a parking lot where only known vehicles are supposed to park. The robot looks for vehicles that do not belong in the parking lot. It checks both license plates and vehicle types, in case the plate is stolen from an approved vehicle. It operates autonomously, but reports back to a guard who verifies its performance. Our interest is in developing the robot's vision system, which we call Scene Estimation & Situational Awareness Mapping Engine (SESAME). In this paper, we present initial results from the development of two SESAME subsystems, the ego-location and license plate detection systems. While their ultimate goals are obviously quite different, our design demonstrates that by sharing intermediate results, both tasks can be significantly simplified. The inspiration for this design approach comes from the basic tenets of Situational Awareness (SA), where the benefits of holistic perception are clearly demonstrated over the more typical designs that attempt to solve each sensing/perception problem in isolation.


We at Carnegie Mellon University have pioneered context-aware mobile computing and built their first prototypes, including context-aware mobile phones and a context-aware personal communicator. These prototypes use machine learning and cognitive modeling techniques to derive user state and intent from the devices sensors. Context-aware computing describes the situation where a mobile computer is aware of its user's state and surroundings and modifies its behavior based on this information. We have demonstrated the power of our method to automatically derive a meaningful user context model and performed experimental measurements and evaluation. We have employed unsupervised machine learning techniques to combine real time data from multiple sensors into a model of behavior that is individualized to the user. We observe that context does not require a descriptive label to be used for adaptivity and contextually sensitive response. This makes our approach towards completely unsupervised machine learning feasible. By unsupervised learning we mean the identification of the users' context without requiring manually annotating current user states. We use unsupervised machine learning techniques to independently cluster sensor quantities and associate user interactions with these clusters. The use of this discretization enables learning from observations about the user. Each time a user interaction is observed, it is interpreted as a labeled example which can be used to construct a statistical model for context-dependent preferences. Example context-aware parameters are the following: location, nearby people and devices, calendar and other cyber sensors information, movement patterns and characteristics, user preferences, interests, and behavior patterns. By mapping observable parameters into cognitive states, the computing system can estimate the form of interaction that minimizes user distraction and the risk of cognitive overload. The capabilities herein proposed extend significantly the state-of-the-art, sometimes in a radical fashion, other times more incrementally. Our approach produces enriched observations by combining machine learning, instrumentation in software applications, sensors describing the user state, and task context information. Such diverse sensor fusion (symbolic and signal sensors) for inferring context and state goes much beyond the situation-sensing currently practiced, even in experimental settings.


Studying changes in partitioning of dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) content in both aboveground and underground perennial tissues in drought-affected grapevines could provide insights into plant response and carbon allocation strategies during stress periods. The analysis of soluble NSC and starch content in leaf petioles, due to their role in hydraulic segmentation, should also be considered. In the present research, these aspects have been investigated in Merlot grapevines grown in pots and subjected to progressive and increasing soil dehydration, and in well-irrigated vines. Drought conditions caused drastic reduction of shoot elongation and total plant leaf area development in favor of a greater biomass allocation and partitioning towards roots, where most of the NSC reserves were also conserved. Dry matter content of the perennial organs increased in stressed vines due to growth reduction, allocation of carbon reserves and possible anatomical modifications. Vines subjected to drought showed a higher NSC content in petioles, supporting the hypothesis that they are involved as compatible solutes in osmotic adjustments.


Additionalindexwords. pigment, sepal color, chlorophyll meter, bigleaf hydrangea, aluminum Abstract. A field-portable method, adapting commercially available chlorophyll content meters, has been developed to measure the anthocyanin concentration in red and blue sepals of Hydrangea macrophylla. The meters were calibrated to total extractable anthocyanin concentration. The strength of the linear relationship (anthocyanin content index vs. extractable anthocyanin concentration) was better for red than blue sepals, due perhaps to the inclusion of purplish sepals in the blue data set or perhaps to more than one mechanism for the bluing of sepals. The meters were demonstrated to be an effective tool for the measurement of relative anthocyanin concentration in hydrangea sepals as a function of bloom stage. Many cultivars of Hydrangea macro- phylla produce inflorescences bearing sepal colors that reflect the soil pH; such sepals are pink-red when the shrub is grown in neutral to basic soils and blue when grown in acid soils. The primary pigment in the sepals is an anthocyanin, delphinidin-o-glucoside (Takeda et al., 1985), whose flavylium cation provides the characteristic pink-red color to hydrangea sepals (Moncada et al., 2003). Sepals turn blue because this anthocyanin


KDF is a new water treatment medium with multiple functions in wastewater treatment, and is made of copper and zinc by a certain proportion. This paper presents KDF water treatment mechanism and research progress in removal of phenol, pathogenic matter and pre-treatment of the RO system. The problems ,such as filtration rate,bed depth and so on,in filter design are discussed.


The goal of this paper is to examine various representations of the third tone in Standard Chinese, both in academic literature and textbooks for beginners, and then evaluate what consequences the choice of representation has for tone instruction. It was found that linguists primarily prefer two models, even though slight deviations were found: either a traditional approach describing the third tone as a falling-rising tone or a model representing the third tone as an essentially low tone.

A survey of fifteen textbooks showed that a huge majority used the traditional (falling-rising) representation of the third tone; only one textbook described the third tone as an essentially low tone. Except for this discrepancy, tone instruction was found to be homogeneous across the spectrum of textbooks analysed.

After a careful discussion of the various flaws and merits of the two different methods, it was found that considering the third tone as a low tone would be beneficial for learners of Standard Chinese, mostly because it conforms to the wide distribution of low pitch third tones in natural speech and thus leads to easier rules for tone sandhi that need not be applied as often as those applicable to traditional representation of the third tone.

Finally, it is suggested that the third tone should be described as a low tone for beginners, but that more empirical research is needed in this direction to confirm the theoretical analysis. There is also much research left to be done in the realm of practical tone instruction and how to best convey tones to beginner students of Standard Chinese.


Renal dysfunctions are major predictors of co‐morbidities and mortality in HIV‐infected individuals. Unconventional T cells have been shown to regulate kidney functions. However, there is dearth of information on the effect of HIV‐associated nephropathies on γδ and DN T cells. It is also not clear whether γδ T cell perturbations observed during the early stages of HIV infection occur before immune activation. In this study, we investigated the relationship between creatinine and urea on the number of unconventional T cells in HIV‐infected individuals at the early and chronic stages of infection. Persons in the chronic stage of infection were divided into treatment naïve and exposed groups. Treatment exposed individuals were further subdivided into groups with undetectable and detectable HIV‐1RNA in their blood. Creatinine and urea levels were significantly higher among persons in the early HIV infection compared with the other groups. Proportions of γδ T, γδ + CD8, γδ + CD16 cells were also significantly reduced in the early stage of HIV infection (P < .01). Markers of immune activation, CD4 + HLA‐DR and CD8 + HLA‐DR, were also significantly reduced during early HIV infection (P < .01). Taken together, our findings suggest that high levels of renal markers as well as reduced proportions of gamma delta T cells are associated with the early stages of HIV infection. This event likely occurs before systemic immune activation reaches peak levels. This study provides evidence for the need for early HIV infection diagnosis and treatment.


In this paper we shall compute explicitly the extremal length of families of parallel segments and give some evaluations. For simplicity we limit ourselves to the 0, y)-plane R, although it is possible to generalize the results to the higher dimensional case. Hersch *[2Γ\ considered a simplyconnected domain G whose boundary contains two vertical segments a and β with respective coordinates x=a and x = b. Let ΘX9 a<x<b, be a vertical crosscut of G separating a and β as in the figure, and let θ(χ) be the length of θx. He remarked (p. 326, footnote 25)) that M{θx;a<x<b}={ dx/θ(x) Jα


The sewage treatment experiment has been performed using carbon fiber as a biofilm carrier material.In this paper,it studies the rapid immobilization mechanism of carbon fiber carrier surface.It can be found that carbon fiber could immobilize the activated sludge which contains abundant microorganism rapidly.With area analyzer,SEM and XPS,the surface characteristics of carbon fiber are investigated.And the results show that the main influencing factors are surface roughness,surface functional groups and activated carbon atoms on its surface.


An Fe(ii)-based MOF featuring a porous structure with multiple open metal sites, is synthesized by the diffusion method, for appreciable gas adsorption properties.


Hemophilia is a hereditary disease, hemorrhagic, predominantly, due the quantitative to deficiencies in the biosynthesis of factors or clotting proteins, or molecular defects (qualitative deficiencies of factors VIII and IX). This study aimed to characterize the scientific literature on quality of life of hemophiliacs in the databases of the BVS / BIREME (LILACS, MEDLINE, SCIELO, ADOLEC and MEDCARIB) according as the year of publication (2003 to April 2009), type of study and approach, form of publication (abstract and complete), linked to thematic categories, language (English, Portuguese and Spanish) and country of publication. The research is exploratory and descriptive study with prospective data and quantitative approach, carried out in electronic databases available in the BVS / BIREME. Data collection was performed in May/2009, with the use of descriptors "hemophilia" and "quality of life". During the collection, there were found 74 articles: 01 in LILACS, 72 in MEDLINE and ADOLEC in 1. In SCIELO and MEDCARIB no articles were found. Most of the articles surveyed used the descriptive study (37.8%), with a quantitative approach (55.4%), published in an abstract form (95.9%) in the years 2008 (27.0%) and 2004 (19.0%), in english (97.3%) developed in England (68.9%) and USA (14.9%) about psychological adaptation in relation to quality of life in hemophilic patients (31 , 1%), various treatments (20.3%). To avoid psychological problems and improve quality of life is necessary that the patients and their families receive more information about the disease as well as the population and health professionals. Through national campaigns can improve the quality of medical services and encourage patient adherence to treatment.


The aims of the study is to find out the effect of lighting in family room. This type of research uses observational analytic studies with case-control study designs. The result of the study shows that there is the effect of lighting in the family room (p = 0.010, OR = 4.125, 95% CI = 1,473 - 11,555), lighting in the room (p = 0.009, OR = 3.167, 95% CI = 1,398-7,174) with the incidence of pulmonary TB, while the incidence of pulmonary TB disease, whereas occupancy density had no effect (p = 0.263). The result of multivariate analysis showed that lighting in the family room had the strongest influence with TB disease (p = 0.001 and Exp (B) of 24.560).


The decomposition of trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) and chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) and Cl sorption by alkaline sorbent (CaO or Na2CO3) were investigated. Under C2HCl3/N2 atmosphere without CaO and Na2CO3, it was found that HCl, C2Cl4, and CCl4 were generated as chlorine compounds by the thermal decomposition of C2HCl3 at temperatures above 873 K. Similarly, under C6H5Cl/N2 atmosphere without CaO and Na2CO3, it was found that HCl was generated by the thermal decomposition of C6H5Cl at temperatures above 1073K. On the other hand, in the presence CaO or Na2CO3, the decomposition of C2HCl3 (C2HCl3/N2 atmosphere) and C6H5Cl (C6H5Cl/N2 atmosphere) increased, compared to the data obtained without CaO and Na2CO3. As for the Cl sorption of alkaline sorbents, the highest conversion values of CaO to CaCl2 of 0.60 and Na2CO3 to NaCl of 0.53 were obtained at 873 K under the C2HCl3/N2 atmosphere. Finally, under C6H5Cl/N2 atmosphere, the highest conversion values of CaO to CaCl2 of 0.19 at 1073 K and Na2CO3 to NaCl of 0.37 at 873 K were obtained.


In order to meet the demand of preoperative diagnoses and planning in craniofacial implant,a CT-based computer assisted system is developed and its architecture is brought forward,correlative spiral CT technology and digital image processing theory is in-troduced.The system is designed and realized step by step on the basisof function and requirement.Experiments and clinicalapplications conclude that the system improve the precision of surgical planning greatly,and it is well used in the planning of craniofacial implant.


The role of spatial variables, soil properties and overstorey structure in spatial variation of the herb-layer community in a riparian mixed forest was shown. The research were conducted in the "Dnipro-Orils'kiy" Nature Reserve (Ukraine). The research polygon was laid in a forest in the floodplain of the River Protich, which is a left inflow of the River Dnipro. Plant abundance was quantified by measuring cover within experimental polygon. The experimental polygon consisted of 7 transects and each transect was made up of 15 test points. The distance between rows in the site was 3 m. At the site we established a plot of 45×21 m, with 105 subplots of 3×3 m organized in a regular grid. Vascular plant species lists were recorded for each 3×3 m subplot along with visual estimates of species cover projection. The plant community was represented by 43 species, of which 18.6% were phanerophytes, 39.5% were hemikriptophytes, 9.3% were therophytes, 7.0% were geophytes. An overall test of random labelling revealed the total nonrandom distribution of the tree stems within the site. Constrained correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied as ordination approach. The forward selection procedure allowed us to select 6 soil variables, which explain 28.3% of the herb-layer community variability. The list of the important soil variables includes soil mechanical impedance (at the depth 0–5, 30–35, 75–80, and 95–10 cm), soil moisture, and soil bulk density. The variation explained by pure spatial variables is equal to 11.0 %. The majority of the tree-distance structured variation in plant community composition was broad-scaled. The significant relationship was found between the pure spatial component of the community variation and a lot of phytoindicator estimations of which the variability of damping and humidity were of the greatest importance. Trees stand was demonstrated to be a considerable factor structuring both the herb-layer community and spatial variation of the physical properties of soil.


In al-Qur'A¢n affirmed that God created humans in order to render the final destination or the results of its activities as a dedication to him. Activities are intended by God is summed up in the verses of al-Qur'A¢n which affirms that man is the vicegerent of Allah (khalifatullah fil `ard). In its status as vicegerent on earth cans, M. Quraish Shihab explained that the man lives in nature got the power or duty of Allah, namely prosperity or building earth in accordance with the concept defined by God. The verses mentioned above, if observed, contains the concept of the meaning of human education. Man as the Caliph of Allah given a very heavy burden. The task can be carried out properly, if people equipped with knowledge, skills and noble personality in accordance with the will of Allah. All of this can be met only through education.