ORAL PRESENTATIONS isolates (6 %) could not be further classified. For all three cultured bacteria, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence between conventional and 'animal-friendly' housing systems. Statistically significant differences between the two housing systems were observed for resistance to fluoroquinolones and streptomycin. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was present in 31 % of the isolates from traditional farms, but only in 20 % of the isolates from 'animal-friendly' farms. Resistance to streptomycin was common in both housing systems, but more frequent in traditional farms (85 % of the isolates) than in 'animal-friendly' farms (74 % of the isolates). When resistance to multiple antimicrobials was compared, fewer isolates from 'animal-friendly' farms were resistant to three or more of the tested antimicrobials.


The purpose of this article is an attempt to describe the history of the Kennedys, one of the most influential families in the history of the United States of America, in the context of interlacing the fate of this family and Polish history since the eve of World War II, through the years of communist regime in Poland, until the end of the twentieth century. The multiplicity of contacts between representatives of the clan and Poland is a thing worthy of remembrance, as its individual elements are connected with the most important events in twentieth-century history of our country, including the period before the outbreak of World War II, the Cold War times, with particular emphasis on the culminating part of this history, the period of political career of John F. Kennedy and his presidency, which was called the Camelot, the time of "Solidarity" and the twilight of communist rule, and finally the revival of the democratic Poland.


OBJECTIVES
to increase participation of immigrant women at cervical cancer screening programmes.

DESIGN
pre-post study to evaluate the efficacy of recall by phone call in immigrant women.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
6,133 immigrant women in Cesena (Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy) who have never made a Pap test in the last three years.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
increment of percentage of immigrant women who participated in cervical cancer screening.

RESULTS
the recall by phone call and counselling by linguistic mediators to immigrant women from high-pressure to migrate Country moved their participation percentage to cervical screening programmes from 46% (period 2006-2008) to 56% (period 2011-2013). Linguistic mediators contacted 2,131 of these women and they verified that 1,437 of them have not made a Pap test in the last three years. These women were suggested to do the Pap test and 555 of them (39%) did it; these tests cost about 25 euros each for counselling and telephone recall. Pap tests, colposcopies, and histology results permitted to find out and treat: 2 cervical dysplasia of grade I (mild), 3 of grade II (moderate), and 3 of grade III (severe). These 6 women with moderate or severe dysplasia had an average age of 37 years and have never done a Pap test. The cost to find out these cases of moderate or severe dysplasia was about 2,000 euros each.

CONCLUSION
the recall phone call and counselling by linguistic mediators is effective and low cost to increase the participation of foreign women in screening programmes.


: The construction and characteristics of physical chemistry online open course of Nanjing University have been introduced in this paper, and the application of physical chemistry online open course has been discussed according to the practical experience of online teaching of physical chemistry course during the COVID-19 epidemic period, which could provide a reference for online teaching of physical chemistry.


Calibration of the inertial measurement units (IMU) used in navigation systems are crucial for ensuring accuracy of a navigation solution. It is common to discuss what calibration means, techniques, and algorithms can be utilized and implemented. For cost-effective measurement units it is desirable to use calibration means and approaches which are not expensive yet capable of providing sufficient accuracy. This paper thus focuses on multi-sensor inertial measurement unit which utilizes a modified sensor frames. Unlike the common IMUs which consist of 3-axial accelerometer and gyroscope frames, the proposed concept of the multi-sensor unit consists of ten modified accelerometer frames supplemented by an unmodified gyro frame. The modified frames of accelerometers are optimized for differential analogue signal processing in order to increase signal-to-noise ratio and hence overall sensing precision. Since the proposed concept of the measurement unit includes higher number of sensing frames it is required to develop a novel "easy to do and implement" calibration method which is the contribution of this paper. The proposed calibration approach was experimentally verified and results confirmed its usability.


The present invention provides a plug-in electric vehicle interlock. To prevent damage of a cord set used to charge a plug-in electric vehicle when the vehicle is driven away while the cord set is attached, an interlock can be provided to disable the vehicle. Such interlock may be based on a protective door over the charging receptacle being open or detection that a cord set is plugged in. However, in the event that the vehicle is in an activated state, the interlock is prevented from disabling the vehicle according to an embodiment of the disclosure. That is, undesirable disabling of the vehicle is prevented when either there is no indication of a cord set being coupled to the vehicle or the vehicle is in an activated state.


A superconducting static Ping Heng of the rotor and the detection means detecting method comprising detecting tooling (5) and a six-hole side blow aerostatic bearing (6); the tin side blow aerostatic bearing (6 ) located at the bottom of said detection means, detecting tooling support (5); detecting said tooling (5) is blown flotation chamber aerostatic bearing (6) of the six-hole side; specific structure to be detected (4) placed in a superconducting rotor detection tooling (5) is a thin-walled hemispherical cavity (7). By continuous, stable flotation embodiment, the measurement to be detected superconducting rotor (4) is fixed to the detection of different quality tooling imbalance azimuth [theta], calculated to be detected superconducting rotor (4) unbalance itself.


This work reports an extensive comparison of partially depleted (PD) and fully depleted (FD) SOI n-channel transistors. The devices were fabricated on SOI substrates with a silicon thickness of 45 nm and gate lengths as small as 25 nm under identical conditions apart from the channel doping. The gates were defined by electron-beam lithography. Our analysis reveals that the FD devices show better performance, but for sub-50-nm transistors silicon thicknesses of about 10 nm will be necessary for good off-currents. The PD devices, in contrast, offer relaxed technological requirements.


Objective
To investigate the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections and the occurrence and development of membranous nephropathy (MN) by studying the expression of EBV and HCMV in renal tissues of patients with MN.

Methods
84 patients diagnosed as MN by renal biopsies from January 2011 to December 2012 were included. Nucleic acid in-situ hybridization technology was used to detect EBV and HCMV in kidney tissues. SPSS 16.0 statistical software was applied for analysis.

Results
Compared with idiopathic MN (IMN), patients with atypical MN (AMN) were younger (31.42±14.5 vs 51.08±6.74, t=1.637, P 0.05); The expression of HCMV in the kidney tissues of MN was high, and higher in AMN (90% vs 63%, χ2=9.661, P<0.05) than in IMN patients.

Conclusion
The infections of EBV and HCMV in renal tissues may be involved in the pathogenesis of MN.

Key words:
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy; Atypical membranous nephropathy; EB virus; Human cytomegalovirus


Objective: To evaluate the impact of a multicomponent cardiovascular health intervention ("Healthy Start") which included a food service modification in a largely minority Head Start preschool population. The primary outcome measure was the change in serum cholesterol from the beginning to the end of the school year. Methods: Nine Head Start centers in Upstate N.Y. were assigned to either food service modification or control conditions. In addition, half of the centers assigned to the food service modification received supplemental nutrition education (FS/NU —food service modification/nutritional education), while the remaining centers were provided with supplemental safety education materials (FS- food service modification only). The control preschool centers (CON) also received supplemental safety educational curricula for children but their food services remained unchanged. Children had serum cholesterol, as well as height and weight measured at the beginning and end of the school year. A generalized linear univariate procedure was used with percent change in total serum cholesterol as the outcome variable and intervention group as the primary independent variable. Results: There was a significant decrease in total serum cholesterol among preschool children in food service intervention groups, (FS/NU and FS), compared to Controls (−6.0 versus −0.4 mg/dL). In addition to the significant difference in group means, children with elevated cholesterol at baseline were significantly more likely to have a cholesterol level in the normal range (<170mg/dL) at follow-up if they attended a preschool in the food service modification group. There was a 30% reduction in risk of elevated cholesterol in the latter compared to controls. Participation in the dietary intervention did not affect short-term growth. Conclusions: A preschool heart health intervention, "Healthy Start," designed to reduce the total and saturated fat content of snacks and meals to recommended levels was effective in reducing serum cholesterol in the study population as a whole and specifically children 'at risk'; i.e., those with initial elevated serum cholesterol.


I found Dr Ladouceur's comments in the April editorial on the qualities (or at least experiences) demonstrated by family medicine applicants—and those qualities of family doctors that appear to be valued by patients—highly enlightening![1][1] I very much suspect the same divergence applies to


The Digital Economy Act 2010 (the Act) was given Royal Assent on April 8th, 2010. The Act regulates digital media and contains many of the suggestions from the Digital Britain Report of June 2009. The Act is controversial for many reasons. First, the lack of debate surrounding the Bill left many commentators reeling. The first reading of the bill was presented to the House of Commons on March 16th 2010, was not debated at length in the Commons and pushed through in the dissolution of Parliament. Second, whilst the Act touches on many areas of a digital economy such as the regulation of Channel Four, the most contentious parts of the bill are those centred on shutting down online piracy. The spirit of these provisions is to use Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to police individual users and their use of peer-to-peer file sharing websites.


Userpsilas Reference Feedback and trust information is needed for both learners and teachers in virtual university system. In this paper, we presented an advanced Petri Net model to manage the workflow of a web-based multiple participants in virtual University. The presented approach not only can conspicuously help the developer to comprehend the interaction relationship but also to easily construct a shared and trusted virtual world. This approach was based on the scaffolding theory. Learning activities of students and teachers are supervised and understood by each others by the intelligent control system. Their behaviors including the studentpsilas self regulations and the teacherpsilas/virtual campus regulations are performed and built with trust development. Problems of providing the multi-user interaction on the Web and the solutions proposed by the Petri Net model are fully elaborated here. This paper can be used as a basic/fundamental research framework and tools to study and understand the characteristics of e-learning and to explore its optimal education application.


The gospel does not introduce a new Lord. There is no other Lord in Christianity, except Christ. God in the Old Testament is the same as God in the New Testament. Christ is the same as God. There is no other Christ. God became man in Jesus Christ to preach the gospel to humans. He went to the earth of the dead to preached the gospel 3 days in the death world, returned to the earth, and then to the heaven. This is the spiritual journey. Emmanuel is God with us. The mathematical model of Christ is ~ ≤ X ≤ ~ and X = Y. A Christian could catch up into paradise as Paul's vision. It was from the earth. It was not from heaven. It is different with Jesus Christ's journey. Christ from heaven down to earth, going to the world of the dead, returning to earth and returning to heaven. Paul's vision shows that the man catch up from the world to heaven, returned to the earth and died. He needs to wait the advent of Christ to rise up him from the death. Christ is eternal forever. The man is not yet 100% eternal. He still needs to be rise by Christ in the day of the Lord. Satan was from heaven and was thrown into the earth. It was not a spiritual journey. Satan, his angels and the false prophet have been thrown into the hell. The mathematical model of the false prophet is - ~ ≤ X < ~ and X = Y. The spiritual journey of Jesus Christ is Scholar.


This article presents an overview of the health situation in Bihar for the last 50 years. Although demographic improvements have been noted in the past years, the incidence of various diseases remains high and socioeconomic status low in Bihar. Protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia and blindness are common. Safe drinking water and sanitary facilities are still not available to a large number of people. Furthermore, a number of communicable diseases are prevalent in the country. This is exemplified in the Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis epidemic in 1992, which reported 75,523 cases and 1417 deaths. Kala-azar cases have started rising again since 1996, and it is estimated that there might be another epidemic in the first decade of the 21st century if the situation is allowed to continue. Other infectious diseases, which threaten the health situation in Bihar, are malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and HIV/AIDS. Moreover, population and decadal growth rate have more than doubled over the last 40 years. Maternal mortality remains very high, but survival chances of children have increased due to immunization and other programs. In general, it was demonstrated that the present health situation in Bihar is a matter of grave concern, and requires an urgent solution.


In the first place, why bother to look for a distinction between the two terms? Why all this fuss about the use of words which everyone recognizes to be fuzzy, and why pretend to feel concerned if they are commonly taken to be interchangeable? Many would say that the question, "What is the difference between education and schooling?" if not actually improper, involves a verbal quibble and to that extent deserves to be dismissed as a non-problem. English usage is essentially flexible in these matters, after all, not given to the terminological exactitude of other European languages.


The Libyan Association for Diabetes and Endocrinology (LADE) had its annual conference LDEC2009 over three full days on April 7-9, 2009 in Tripoli. This is the seventh in the series of the Libyan diabetes and endocrine conferences and was the fourth conference held in its extended 3-day format. The program targeted consultants and specialists in diabetes and endocrinology and other branches of general internal medicine practicing in hospitals and polyclinics as well as primary health care providers. . The conference seems to be progressively asserting itself as the key "National" event in the Libyan diabetes and endocrine circles. Many delegates were attracted to it from various parts of the country. Some delegates came for the first time from Sebha, Zliten and Sirte. The representatives of the National Ministry of Health and The Libyan Board for Medical Specialization also acknowledged its status in their speeches at the opening ceremony. LDEC2009 had more satellite events than before making the festival almost a full week . Two of these were outside Tripoli for the first time. " Sebha Diabetes Review 2009 " was held jointly by the LADE and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sebha, and the "Zawia Diabetes Review 2009" was jointly organized by LADE and the Faculty of Medicine, 7 th April University, Zawia. There was wide press coverage throughout the three days. Unique new features are the international speakers, the LADE Clinical debate, attendance by Libyan physicians in training from the UK and Italy, and the fact that it is officially held under the auspices of LADE and included its AGM with very healthy and transparent democratic discussions and accountability of the board to the General Assembly.


This work explores micromachined heterostructured waveguides that leverage strong interactions between acoustic phonons and electrons to enable radio frequency (RF) signal amplification or attenuation. A thin-film piezoelectric-on-semiconductor stack is tailored to generate high electromechanical coupling Lamb waves that are impacted by high mobility electrons within a microacoustic waveguide. Lamb waves are generated by RF signal via interdigital electrodes on the piezoelectric layer; by applying a voltage to the semiconductor layer so that the electrons lead mechanical waves, the RF signal is amplified through the acoustoelectric (AE) effect. Conversely, the signals propagating faster or in the opposite direction of the electron flow undergo attenuation, rendering the waveguide nonreciprocal. Research on the AE effect dates to the mid-20th century and until now has been mostly focused on surface acoustic waves (SAWs). In this work, enabled by high-quality bonded thin films of lithium niobate (LN) and silicon (Si), it is shown that fundamental symmetric ( $S0$ ) Lamb mode waveguides at 100 s of MHz can achieve more than 40 dB of AE gain and strong nonreciprocal transmission with less than 10 mW of bias power consumption. This could enable implementation of switches, delay lines, isolators, and circulators, which are critical for interference cancellation and full-duplex radio. The AE effect is observed to be stronger in some higher $S0$ harmonics, allowing for scaling to higher frequencies with optimized electrodes that have more relaxed critical dimensions. In addition, up to 5.5-dB sustained terminal gain measured in this work implies the potential for transistor-less amplifiers that could be implemented in concert with more traditional acoustic devices in a single-chip manner.


Objective To evaluate the relationship between the heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc) and anti hypertensive efficacy response to benazepril treatment in essential hypertension patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out to investigate baseline ECG, blood pressure changes before and after the treatment, clinical features and epidemiological information during treatment among 899 essential hypertension patients in county A of Anhui province, China. Results There was significantly negative correlation between QTc and the blood pressure drop(P0.05). 0.1 second 1/2 increase of QTc was associated with 3.6 mmHg and 3.3 mmHg decrease in SBP and DBP, respectively. When equally divided QTc into three portions, the values of blood pressure drop were appreciably attenuated with increase of QTc portions(P0.05). The significantly negative correlation between QTc and ΔSBP or ΔDBP were also observed after trend analysis. The effective rate of ΔDBP, not ΔSBP markedly dropped followed by the increase of QTc portions. Conclusions There were generally negative correlation between the QTc interval and blood pressure drop response to Benazepril treatment, baseline QTc interval may be useful in predicting short term benazepril responses.


Measurement of the area of venous ulcers using two software programs. 1 Paper extracted from Master's Thesis " Measurement of venous ulcers area using the softwares Autocad® and ImageTool: reproducibility of methods " , Objective: to compare the measurement area of venous ulcers using AutoCAD ® and Image Tool software. Method: this was an assessment of reproducibility tests conducted in a angiology clinic of a university hospital. Data were collected from 21 patients with venous ulcers, in the period from March to July of 2015, using a collection form and photograph of wounds. Five nurses (evaluators) of the hospital skin wound study group participated. The wounds were measured using both software programs. Data were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient, concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. The study met the ethical aspects in accordance with current legislation. Results: the size of ulcers varied widely, however, without significant difference between the measurements; an excellent intraclass and concordance correlation was found between both software programs, which seem to be more accurate when measuring a wound area >10 cm². Conclusion: the use of both software programs is appropriate for measurement of venous ulcers, appearing to be more accurate when used to measure a wound area > 10 cm².


In an era where social media traffics fake news websites that publishes misinformation it is imperative to provide students' experiences in The Survey Toolkit and TinkerPlots curriculum teaching sound research principles and information gathering techniques. The field-tested program was found effective in guiding students choosing research questions, writing a research report using a paragraph cluster information strategy, developing unbiased survey questions using reliable sampling, analyzing survey data with TinkerPlots, and sharing results. The paper will present support for teaching the curriculum, development based on research direction, implementation considerations, and use of the curriculum with elementary to middle school students.


Vibration characteristics of actuated Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) embedded smart composite beam are studied and it is extended to reduce the impact of resonance in cantilever beams. Smart composite beam with SMA embedded at neutral layer is studied for its vibrational characteristics under martensite and austenite conditions. The smart beam is developed as a analytical model incorporating the change in Young's modulus and damping factor under martensite and austenite conditions of SMA. The variation of natural frequency and damping are evaluated and verified with experimentation at different volume fraction of SMA. The thermo elastic nature of SMA and GFRP incorporated in the numerical model depicts the shift in natural frequency of 10% and reduction in magnification factor of 50% under actuation conditions. The frequency response of the smart beam depicts the capability of SMA in active vibration control and improvement of the structural health of composite beam. The thermo mechanical analytical model derived can be utilized to optimize the volume fraction of SMA to be embedded. The study can be extended to optimize actuation current to minimize the effect of resonance.


This essay examines the "agon" between raster and vector images, photorealism and algorithmic design, examining the theoretical implications of privileging one over the other and implicitly delineating possible epistemological futures. ( pdf for download --right click or control click to save)


In0,01Ga0,99As/In0,56Ga0,44P /Ge structures for the first tandem of three−tandem A3B5/Ge solar cells were synthesized using MOS hydride epitaxy. The p—n–junction was formed by boron diffusion into gallium doped germanium. Phosphorus and gallium profiles in germanium were measured using SIMS. We show that changes in the phosphine flow do not affect the phosphorus distribution and the p—n–junction depth in the germanium stage.


The paper demonstrates the reasons why the shadowboxing is worldwide liked,including connotation of traditional Chinese culture,delicate and profound skill of attack and defend of shadowboxing itself,and how shadowboxing plays role in "body and mind","motion and motionless" and "dharma and life-span" training in traditional Chinese culture.


Welcome to the ACM DIALM-POMC Joint Workshop on Foundations of Mobile Computing. Mobile computing and communications devices are proliferating exponentially. The mobility of distributed computing components raises a number of interesting, and difficult, algorithmic issues. This one-day workshop is intended to bring together researchers in mobile computing and distributed algorithms. To facilitate such interaction, the workshop was co-located with the ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom).DIALM-POMC 2003 is sponsored by ACM SIGMOBILE in cooperation with ACM SIGACT. This workshop is a merging of two workshops, DIAL-M (Discrete Algorithms and Methods for Mobile Computing and Communications), which was held annually in 1997-2002 as a workshop in conjunction with MOBICOM; and POMC (Principles of Mobile Computing), which was held in 2001 in conjunction with the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC), and in 2002 in conjunction with the International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC).This volume contains the abstracts of the two keynote lectures and the eight contributed papers presented at DIALM-POMC, which was held September 19, 2003. The keynote lectures were given by Amotz Bar-Noy and Deborah Estrin. We received 27 submissions, which were read and evaluated by the program committee, with the help of external reviewers when needed. Overall the quality of the submissions was excellent, and we were unable to accept many deserving papers. It is expected that many of the contributed papers will appear in more polished and extended form in fully refereed journals. Selected accepted papers will be invited for submission to a special issue on "Foundations of Mobile Computing" of the ACM Baltzer Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET) journal.


Subject of this thesis is the reverberation of the Great War in the regional newspapers in Pardubice region. I deal with impact of the Great War on the population of Pardubice region, rise of the Czechoslovakia, demobilisation of the soldiers, numbers of the fallen, wounded and retourned soldiers in the newspapers of the era shortly after the Great War. The key question of my thesis was the impact of the daily life of the population of Pardubice region after the end of the Great War. The most important part of my thesis is dedicated to regional newspapers such as Východ and Nezavislost, in whitch I was comparing characteristics of the post-war times in relation with diferent political aim of these newspapers. I was studying newspapers from the year 1918 to the year 1920.


In this work, by recent work of Lerner and Ombrasi (J. Geom. Anal. 30(1): 1011-1027, 2020), we show a maximally modulated singular integral operator which its kernel satisfying $L^r$- Hormander condition can be dominated by sparse operators. Also, the local exponential decay estimates for these operators are obtained.


The Neoproterozoic succession in the Aksu region of northwestern China forms an unconformable boundary with the lower Precambrian Aksu basement group and consists of the Qiaoenbrak, Yuermeinak, Sugetbrak, and Chigebrak Formations. The two lowermost units include distinct glaciogenic diamictites that indicate distinct episodes of glaciation. In this study, we report the LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages of detrital zircons and geochemical data from the lower Neoproterozoic strata. The age of the detrital zircon constrains the maximum depositional age to between 769 ± 10 and 727 ± 8 Ma for the Qiaoenbrak diamictites, which are associated with the Kaigas glaciation that occurred during the early Cryogenian period. The youngest detrital zircon age of 719 ± 9 Ma corresponds to the maximum depositional age of the Yuermeinak diamictites, which are associated with the Sturtian glaciation. The detrital zircons from the lower Neoproterozoic strata in the Aksu area indicated four peak ages of 2484, 1948, 861, and 647–581 Ma, which are consistent with the major tectonic episodes in the Tarim Block. The peak age of 2484 Ma represents an Archaean basement, which participated in the worldwide continental nuclei growth event from the late Neoarchaean to the early Palaeoproterozoic. The peak age of 1948 Ma may be associated with the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent, and the 861 and 647–581 Ma are likely associated with the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. The combination of geological and geochemical characteristics between the Qiaoenbrak Formation and Aksu Group indicates that the Qiaoenbrak Formation may be penecontemporaneous with the Aksu Group in an active continental margin tectonic setting. Following the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent, the margin of the Aksu evolved into a passive margin and the Yuermeinak and Sugetbrak Formations were deposited.


We study the isometric immersion problem for orientable surface triangle meshes endowed with only a metric: given the combinatorics of the mesh together with edge lengths, approximate an isometric immersion into R3. To address this challenge we develop a discrete theory for surface immersions into R3. It precisely characterizes a discrete immersion, up to subdivision and small perturbations. In particular our discrete theory correctly represents the topology of the space of immersions, i.e., the regular homotopy classes which represent its connected components. Our approach relies on unit quaternions to represent triangle orientations and to encode, in their parallel transport, the topology of the immersion. In unison with this theory we develop a computational apparatus based on a variational principle. Minimizing a non-linear Dirichlet energy optimally finds extrinsic geometry for the given intrinsic geometry and ensures low metric approximation error. We demonstrate our algorithm with a number of applications from mathematical visualization and art directed isometric shape deformation, which mimics the behavior of thin materials with high membrane stiffness.


Objective The discussion of the feature of the change of the content of NK T cell from peripheral blood in infections with Hepatitis C virus.Methods The peripheral blood in infections with hepatitis C virus is signed with the TCR Vα24 monoclonal antibody with FITC signed and the TcR Vβ11 monoclonal antibody with PE signed,the flow cytometry detects the content of the NKT cell with the double positive of TcR Vα24 and TcR Vβ11.Results The NKT cell of the group of anti-HCV+ and HCV RNA+ obviously is lower than the group of anti-HCV+、HCV RNA-and the control group(P0.01);the NKT cell of the group of anti-HCV+ and HCV RNA-and normal control group has not significant difference(P0.05).Conclusion The decline of the NKT cell population is harmful to get rid of the hepatitis C virus.


The construction of the woman exposed to violence and how she is produced in the Swedish judiciary is important to understand the view of men's violence against the woman. How the woman exposed to ...


Build some model to describe types of different social preference. Explore all composition of social preference in public game, and find some of them will disobey the dynamics of free riding. Base on the public goods game, we build five types social preference agents, and simulate this agents play public goods game.The dynamics of free riding in public game play key role at the most. And it suggests that selfishness is inevitable. Only in the case that agents in one group are altruism, the contribution will not decline. With the numbers of agents in one group increasing, much more composition can be distinguished as advantageous to improve public welfare. The belief formation mechanism make no sense in repeat game.


Using the steady–state leaky–box model for cosmic ray propagation in interstellar matter, along with the Alice Springs balloon flight data for sub Fe–Fe group, the escape length has been estimated and found to be 1.48 g/cm. The result is in fair agreement with the global fit to the escape length distribution surveyed by Ormes and Frier at the energy 100 GeV/n, which is comparable with our estimated source energy 86 GeV/n based on observed average energy and other propagational parameters.


Background Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) continues to represent a crucial problem for preterm neonates despite the new advancement in its management. Currently, management of RDS is mainly through using early continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the management of preterm neonates since birth together with early selective administration of surfactant. Lung ultrasound (LUS), as a simple and non-invasive diagnostic technique with no exposure to ionizing radiation, can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome with good sensitivity and specificity.


An analysis of the Case Concerning the Gabcikova-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), with particular reference to the law of state responsibility, admissibility of claims and defenses for breach of obligations.


Peanut is one of the oil seeds available in Sri Lanka. Peanuts and peanut products are considered as popular food items among all age groups of population, especially in urban areas. People prefer to buy peanut based food items as snacks. Peanut is shown to be a good substrate for the growth of Aspergillus sp. and for the production of aflatoxins.  Aflatoxins are potent teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic mycotoxin proven to be contained in food and feed. Present work was carried out as a preliminary study to determine the level of aflatoxin contamination in commercially available roasted and fried peanut samples collected from venders in Colombo city, Sri Lanka. Samples were tested for aflatoxins by the CB method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Degree of aflatoxin contamination was determined by densitometric evaluation. For the method validation of aflatoxin analysis, two extraction and cleanup procedures were performed. Chloroform/water extraction and Sep Pac cartridge clean up procedure were selected as the most reliable methods. Results of the study showed that 6.6 % of the tested peanut samples were moderately contaminated (12.5 ppb) and the remaining was fallen into the category of uncontaminated according to the FAO and WHO standards. Overall result of the study showed that the samples were not significantly contaminated and unnecessary doubt on aflatoxin contamination is not needed. However, effective constant monitoring, surveillance and control programs on aflatoxins contamination are important to protect consumers from aflatoxin toxicities. Therefore, screening programs which prevents unsuitable products entering to the market are recommended to evaluate the contamination. Key words: Peanut, aflatoxin, method validation, Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus Vidyodaya J. of Sci.. (2009) Vol. 14, pp 151-159


Difficulties in reading comprehension can arise from either word reading or listening comprehension difficulties, or a combination of the two. We sought to determine whether children with rolandic epilepsy had poor reading comprehension relative to typically developing comparison children, and whether such difficulties were associated with word reading and/or general language comprehension difficulties.


Nae international diversification has been fundamental to portfolio management over the past 30 years, but the benefits appear to be significantly diminished following the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Using monthly return data covering the period from 1970 through 2004, we found rising correlations between U.S. and international equity markets exceeding 0.85 since July 1997. Even the return correlation of emerging countries recently has reached almost 0.80. We also found a significant reduction in the variance of the international return correlation after the financial crisis. Portfolio managers should not expect to receive the same benefits from international portfolio diversification as that obtained prior to the Asian financial crisis.


ANOTHER ANTIHELMET LEGISLATION ARGUMENT BITES THE DUST When Ian Walker's paper appeared in Accident Analysis & Prevention in 2007 purporting to show that cars drove closer to helmeted than unhelmeted cyclists, it was quickly used as another argument against helmet legislation. But as a long-time cyclist, something did not ring true. Jake Olivier, a statistician from Australia, had the same vibes and reanalysed Walker's data. His email describes the event and the results, and my interpretation is that another antilegislation argument is now dead. Olivier writes: 'My re-analysis of Ian Walker's now famous naturalistic cycling study on motor vehicle passing distance has been published by PLOS ONE. My conclusion is that while vehicle size, cyclist distance to the kerb and city of occurrence (Bristol or Salisbury, UK) are important factors associated with close passing (<1 m), helmet wearing is not a significant factor. The real differences in passing distance when wearing or not wearing a helmet occur for distances greater than 1.5m. I first submitted this paper to AAP as it was the journal that published Walker's original work. It was primarily rejected on the grounds that there is no justification for the one metre rule (3 foot rule). My analysis was an assessment of helmet wearing relative to road safety policy that exists or is promoted in many jurisdictions. Still, that is why this paper is in PLOS ONE and not AAP. This work was actually two studies—one in road safety and the other statistical. They are meant to complement each other. The stats one is pretty dense, but it was needed to demonstrate (that) Walker overpowered his study, thereby misinterpreting his statistical results.' (http://www.plosone.org/article/citationList.action; jsessionid=B57108C74B43A32BEF8E9F2A6AB85C9F? articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0075424) Editor's note: A fascinating paper, Editorial Decisions May Perpetuate Belief in Invalid Research Findings, also in PLoS ONE, (8:e73364. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073364) highlights the importance of publishing replications in the same journal... and, if errors are found, the importance of the original authors acknowledging they were mistaken. Here is the abstract; the italicisation is mine. Social psychology and related disciplines are seeing a resurgence of interest in replication, as well as actual replication efforts. But prior work suggests that even a clear demonstration that a finding is invalid often fails to shake acceptance of the finding. This threatens the full impact of these replication efforts. Here we show that the actions of two key players—journal editors and the authors of original (invalidated) research findings—are critical to the broader public's continued belief in an invalidated research conclusion. Across three experiments, we show that belief in an invalidated finding falls sharply when a critical failed replication is published in the same—versus different—journal as the original finding, and when the authors of the original finding acknowledge that the new findings invalidate their conclusions. We conclude by discussing policy implications of our key findings. (http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371% 2Fjournal.pone.0073364)


This paper introduced an economic and environmental approach to 3-bromoindenes from simple and readily available o-(alkynyl)styrenes via a Pd-catalyzed cascade cyclization including bromopalladatio...


18 years old provide unpaid care to an adult. The aging population and the advances in health care that allow people with chronic illness to live long lives have made the issue of caregiving a national health care priority. The National Institute of Nursing Research work group on caregiving reported that an estimated 4.1 million adults aged 21 to 64 years need assistance with activities of daily living, 6.8 million persons aged 65 years and over have mobility or self-care limitations, and more than 30 million persons who need assistance after acute care are discharged from hospitals annually. According to Arno, the value of services provided by caregivers in the United States, more than $300 billion each year, exceeds the cost of expenses from homecare and nursing home services combined. Thus, caregivers are essential members of the health care team, providing approximately 80% of the homecare services in the United States for family members who are elderly or have chronic or acute illness. 4 Studies of caregiving have largely been conducted in populations of caregivers for dementia patients; however, studying caregiver quality of life (QOL) within other populations of patients living with diseases that are equally prevalent and disabling is also important. In particular, caregivers in lung transplantation are a unique population because the patients' illness necessitates both acute and chronic care. For this reason, these patients are required to have adequate caregiver support before they can be listed for a lung transplant; such support is required for assistance in the home, as well as transportation to tests and appointments. 8,9 Once the decision is made that the patient needs a lung transplant, the caregiver and patient undergo a lengthy evaluation process and are placed on a waiting list until a suitable donor organ is procured. According Quality of life in caregivers providing care for lung transplant candidates


This paper gives a brief overview of the status and prospects for fluidized bed combustion (FBC) for clean energy, with focus on power and heat generation. The paper summarizes recent development trends for the FB technology and makes an outlook into the future with respect to challenges and opportunities for the technology. The paper also identifies areas related to fluidization, which are critical for the technology and, thus, will require research. The main advantage with the FBC technology is the fuel flexibility. A compilation of 715 FB boilers (bubbling and circulating) worldwide illustrates the two main applications for the FBC technology: 1. Small and medium scale heat only or combined heat and power boilers (typically of the order of or less than 100 MW thermal), burning biomass or waste derived fuels, including co-firing with coal and 2. larger (up to 1,000 MWth) power boilers using coal (black coal or lignite) as fuel. Emerging development includes circulating fluidized beds with supercritical steam data (power boilers) with the first project coming on-line in the near future and research on oxy-fuel fired circulating fluidized beds for CO2 capture (O2/CO2 recycle schemes as well as chemical looping combustion). Research needs on the topic of fluidization are mainly related to mixing of fuel, solids and gas, including penetration and mixing of secondary air. The larger the cross section of the furnace, the more critical is the fuel mixing, i.e. this is critical for large power boilers. For small and medium scale FBC boilers burning waste and waste derived fuels, there is also a need to understand fuel and gas mixing in order to be able to lower the excess air ratio and, thus, to increase the efficiency. INTRODUCTION Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is today a well established technology for generation of heat, power and a combination of these. Yet, there has been a constant development and refinement of the technology since it reached commercial status in the early 80 ́s. With respect to the development of the technology, two factors can be mentioned which to a certain extent make the FBC development differ from that of other solid-fuel combustion technologies. First, the fuel flexibility, which is one of the main advantages of the technology, has put focus on different fuels over time since the introduction of the FBC technology. The focus of the development has also been different in different regions of the world, depending on 1 Johnsson: Fluidized Bed Combustion for Clean Energy Published by ECI Digital Archives, 2007


AS a key stage 1 co-ordinator in a large primary school, I am responsible for not only my own class of 30 year 1 pupils but also for all the children aged from three to seven years-old.


Developing this plan requires a high level of communication between the track coaches and the strength and conditioning coach. It is important for both parties to understand what the other is trying to accomplish. Without knowing which events on the schedule are the most important, the strength coach cannot have the athletes in top condition at the right time. Without knowing what the strength coach is doing with the athletes week to week, the track coach may be surprised to find his or her athletes are feeling tired and worn out as they head into their biggest meet of the season.


In this paper, we present a new algorithm for sparse adaptive filtering, drawing from the ideas of a greedy compressed sensing recovery technique called the iterative hard thresholding (IHT) and the concepts of affine projection. While usage of affine projection makes it robust against colored input, the use of IHT provides a remarkable improvement in convergence speed over the existing sparse adaptive algorithms. Further, the gains in performance are achieved with very little increase in computational complexity.


Summary form only given. We investigate theoretically the electronic structure of statistical and block copolymers of poly(p-phenylene) [PPP] and poly(acetylene) [PA]. The calculations are performed using the Negative Factor Counting (NFC) technique coupled to the Valence Effective Hamiltonian (VEH) method. We analyze the degree of spatial localization of the upper occupied and lower unoccupied levels from the wavefunctions calculated by means of the Inverse Iteration technique. As a consequence of the energy gap difference calculated for the parent polymers, the bandgap of PA/PPP copolymers can be tuned over the whole visible range depending on the relative concentrations and distributions of PA and PPP segments. An important result is the formation of spatially localized frontier orbitals within the PA moieties when these: segments cluster. Consequently, the bandgap energy strongly decreases compared to those obtained for statistical copolymers presenting similar PA/PPP relative concentrations.


Black and white photo of details of a house at 7 Heyington Place, Toorak, designed by Marcus Martin, and owned in 1936 by Miss C. Armstrong. Featured: front loggia and steps to garden.


Zirconia-yttria films containing 7 wt% Y 2 O 3 were prepared on Fe substrate by rf magnetron sputter deposition followed by 40 keV oxygen ion irradiation at room temperature. A study was carried out to investigate the chemical states of the elements of the film as well as of the Fe substrate within the interface region between the oxygen ion irradiated ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 film and the iron substrate by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the Zr oxidized states were reduced from Zr 4+ on the side of the film to Zr 3+ mixed with a small amount of Zr 2+ with depth in the interface region, and the trend of Y was similar to that of Zr, while Fe as the substrate element entered into the interface region where it was oxidized.


The aim of the work is to analyze and summarize the data of the scientific literature which highlight modern approaches to the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
In the article, on the basis of the modern literature analysis, the basic therapeutic directions and methods of surgical correction of AF are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the need to treat AF patients in accordance with the ABC strategy, which includes the prevention of thromboembolic complications (A), control of symptoms (B), as well as treatment of comorbidities and elimination of risk factors (C). The main risk factors for AF, its relationship with other cardiovascular events (including mortality, stroke rate and acute coronary syndrome) are analyzed, the main scales used to objectively assess the risks of AF are determined, and detailed analysis of different strategies for anticoagulant therapy is conducted. The main approaches to the control of symptoms by regulating the frequency of ventricular rhythm, restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm with the use of cardioversion, the administration of antiarrhythmic peptide and catheter ablation are considered. In addition, attention is paid to the need to identify and treat comorbidities, cardiometabolic risk factors and lifestyle, which complement stroke prevention and reduce the severity of AF and symptoms.
Conclusions. A large number of clinical studies is focused on AF, the main idea of which is the integrated management of AF to improve the prognosis and quality of patients' life. According to current recommendations, treatment of a patient with AF should be consistent and in accordance with the ABC strategy. Taking into account etiological factors, cardiometabolic risk factors, lifestyle, comorbid conditions will allow physicians to timely individualize complex treatment of patients with AF.


It has been seen that in the last one decade, AI/ML/DL has been considered a core research area in healthcare as we know that kidney is one among the important internal body organs helps in regulation of the fluid within the body such that it relieves the body from the existence of the waste in the body. it is difficult to detect early on by normal clinical process. Many researchers have focused their work to identify the kidney disease or classify the kidney disease using computational technology because of the mortality rate is very high in kidney patients. Primary focus of this paper is review the current research work based on computational advancement in the area of kidney disease and also identify the gaps or future scope to identify and predict the kidney disease at earlier stage.


The frame of integrate system based on PDM was discussed,and the key technologies of general CAPP frame system,such as feature expression,system development strategy and system realization technology,were explained separately.


Personalization of politics is a phenomenon that exists in political communication of the 'Western democracies' since the late 20th and the beginning of the 21 century, primarily due to the appearance of dominant individuals, such as Bill Clinton, Tony Blair or Barack Obama, politicians that, it is believed, won the elections more because of their own charisma and political messages adjusted to media environment instead of a voters support for their parties and party programs. Authors investigate whether there is any the impact of personalization in the candidate's messages and visuals (mainly political posters) in Croatian presidential elections of 2009.


A method for removing an organic additive in a ceramic honeycomb, wherein the honeycomb having an outer wall and channels that extend from one end to the other end of the honeycomb, and wherein the channels are defined by a plurality of thin partitions interleaved between the ends, comprising a) each end of the extruded honeycomb in contact with a member having a permeability not higher than the outer wall gases in the member essentially covering the ends b) heating the honeycomb to a temperature sufficient to remove the organic additive.


thinking leads teenagers to consider various points of view, do philosophical reasoning, consider a full range of prospects, and to use symbols related to abstract concepts logically in subjects such as algebra and science (Keating, 1990 cited by APA 2002:11; Weiten 2005:306: White, Hayes & Livesey 2005:139). This leaves out the autistic adolescents who are mainly concerned with details, rather than the big picture, and their concern with details explains why they are able to develop special talents and become trivia experts in specific areas (Sigelman & Rider 2006:462; Smith 2012:15). Owing to their inability to think flexibly, autistic learners have difficulties organising multiple pieces of information simultaneously to form concepts, and can be overwhelmed when presented with too much information to process. This is where the TEACCH approach helps the autistic learner break down concepts into manageable units. Unlike typically developing adolescents, most autistic adolescents lack theory of mind, display poor executive function, weak integrative abilities, or display other cognitive impairments which might have improved slightly or immensely (depending on the individual) owing to interventions (Sigelman & Rider 2006:187). Overreliance on the prompts and feedback of caregivers are significant contributors towards cognitive functioning, and core deficits in autistic learners' social and communication skills (Hume, Loftin & Lantz 2009:1330). As new friendships in middle and high school are formed on the basis of interests, strengths and aspirations, autistic adolescents are at a more increased risk of alienation and school failure if their difficulties are not understood and addressed (APA 2002:13; Carter, et al. 2013:2). Hormonal changes and the increased demands of school can exacerbate learning disabilities for autistic adolescents. In addition, problems with processing verbal information or poor reasoning skills can drive them further from their peers. Mental development is an advancement of mental processes as a result of natural growth and environmental experience (Kozulin 1994:271). The average, ordinary adolescent often questions and analyses more extensively, while the autistic adolescent's thinking is rigid. Professionals can educate parents about their role in fostering "normal" cognitive competencies and in engendering feelings of competence in their children. Research has found that feelings of competence in adolescents are directly linked to feeling emotionally close and accepted by parents (Ohannessian, Lerner, Lerner, & Eye, 1998 in APA 2002:12). These feelings might not be evident in autistic adolescents.


The doubly heavy baryon ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{Q{Q}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ (${Q}^{(\ensuremath{'})}=b$ or $c$) is different from the ordinary baryons. The production of the doubly heavy baryon can provide valuable insight on how the colored $(Q{Q}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ diquark can be transformed into the color-singlet baryon. We study the doubly heavy baryon production through the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation channel, ${e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}/{Z}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{Q{Q}^{\ensuremath{'}}}+\overline{Q}+{\overline{Q}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, within the nonrelativistic QCD framework. We calculate the baryon transverse momentum and the rapidity distributions for all these channels. Typical transverse momentum and rapidity cuts are adopted to show the properties of these distributions in detail. At a ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider that runs around the ${Z}^{0}$-boson mass with a high luminosity up to $\mathcal{L}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{34\char21{}36}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, in comparison to the Belle and BABAR experiments, it is found that sizable ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{cc}$, ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{bc}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{bb}$ events can be produced even after performing reasonable baryon transverse momentum and rapidity cuts.


A method for regulating microstructure of carbon-based composite material through rapid directional infiltration includes three steps: 1: taking natural gas and propane as carbon source substances and hydrogen as diluent gas and adopting chemical vapor rapid directional infiltration technology to prepare the carbon-based composite material; 2: within 0-50h, growing a rough layer pyrolytic carbon interface layer on the surface of carbon fiber under the following conditions: the center temperature of preform is 1, 060-1, 080 DEG C, the infiltration pressure is 2kPa-5kPa, the flow rate of natural gas is 50g for 1kg of carbon fiber preform, the volume rate of natural gas to propane is 7-8:1 and the volume rate of hydrogen to propane is 2-3:1; and 3: within 50-200h, continuously growing rough layer pyrolytic carbon on the surface of the rough layer interface layer under the following conditions: the center temperature of the preform is 1, 070-1, 150 DEG C, the infiltration pressure is 5kPa-10kPa, the flow rate of natural gas is 50-100g for 1kg of carbon fiber preform, the volume rate of natural gas to propane is 7-9:1 and the volume rate of hydrogen to propane is 1-3:1, thus realizing the generation of pyrolytic carbon with totally uniform structure in the carbon-based composite material.


The use of high temperature incubation in the purification of heat-stable proteins is a well established technique. Recently, heating of proteins was also described as a final polishing step to remove less stabile forms of apparently pure protein, thereby improving the diffraction properties of crystals [1]. In the present study, we show an example where high temperature incubation of a highly aggregation prone mutant removed heterogenic forms of the protein and allowed us to reproducibly produce well diffracting crystals. The triple substitution mutant of the plasma transport protein transthyretin (TTR) G53S/E54D/L55S rapidly forms amyloid-like aggregates in solution. Despite being very heterogenic and aggregation prone in solution, one batch of the protein was successfully crystallized in our lab [2]. The solved structure (PDB ID 1G1O), revealed significant structural changes, suggested to be of direct relevance for the mutant's propensity for aggregation. Despite extensive attempts, reproducing these crystals proved impossible, thus preventing further structural and biochemical studies of the crystallizable form of the mutant. After optimization of the protein expression and purification protocols, the homogeneity was increased and crystals were obtained. These were however small, fragile and non-diffracting. By prolonged incubation of the protein at a high temperature, less heat-stable forms of the mutant were precipitated, leaving stabile tetrameric TTR in solution. No major improvement of the resolution was detected. However, by being able to reproducibly isolate and crystallize a stabile species of the in vitro amyloidogenic transthyretin mutant G53S/E54D/L55S, further biochemical and structural characterization of this aggregation prone mutant is now possible.


InP Schottky barrier solar cells are fabricated and the device parameters are measured under solar illumination. The barrier height of n-InP Schottky contact increases by surface oxidation in wet O2 atmosphere. The oxidation time can be decreased by surface treatment with bromine water. No surface oxidation is carried out for p-type sample. The maximum open circuit photovoltage and the maximum energy conversion efficiency are 0.59 V and 6.9% for n-type sample and are 0.69 V and 5.6% for p-type sample.


Pulsed magnets provide the highest available magnetic fields for research. Non-destructive pulsed magnets that discharge a capacitor through an inductive load are routinely used to reach fields above 60 Teslas, and ever-higher fields are being targeted by a handful of laboratories around the world. The Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD) is one such cutting edge research facility [1]. Founded in 2003 [2], the HLD opened to users in 2007 and forms part of the Euromagnet network of high field laboratories. The Max Planck Society is integrated with the HLD at the ground level through the research program "Materials Science and Condensed Matter Research at the Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden", based at the MPI-CPfS [3]. Measurements in pulsed magnetic fields are subject to strong constraints that arise both from the short timescale of the experiments (some milliseconds) and the mechanical and electrical noise induced by the rapid discharge of the capacitors. It has therefore been difficult to explore thermodynamic properties of materials with high resolution; even measurements of basic transport properties are challenging. We have developed two thermodynamic probes for use in the pulsed magnetic fields which boast world-leading resolution. The specific heat experiment utilizes the adiabatic method with specific adaptations for pulsed-field work and the option for carrying out magnetocaloric effect measurements. The magnetostriction experiment sidesteps many of the limitations of the noisy environment by utilizing a novel optical method borrowed from the telecommunications industry. In the following we will present each method and some preliminary results on materials of interest.


This paper presents a simple model predictive control (MPC) approach to control the power injection system (PIS) for renewable energy applications. A DC voltage source and a single-phase inverter that is connected to the grid by an LCL filter form the PIS. Grid voltage is considered a disturbance for the system. For eliminating this disturbance, a modified model is proposed. It is usual to control output current to inject a desired power to grid. But due to the presence of the LCL filter, we face a third-order system and other states should be bounded during operation. In this work, we ensure the stability of other state variables and, consequently, system stability, by defining a proper cost function. In this regard, reference signals are calculated for all state variables. For getting the benefit of the switching nature of the inverter, we use a finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC). Proposed predictive control is implemented in a digital scheme and, thereby, the discrete model of the system is extracted. The proposed controller does not require any other control loop or modulation method. Simulation results show the effective performance of the proposed control scheme.


Functionalized 2-oxazolines containing stereogenic centers are importants precursors in organic syntesis, particularly in the synthesies of substituted lactones. 1 The enzimatic kinetic resolution is a tool widely used to obtain enriched enantiomericaly compounds. In addition, secondary alcohols are efficiently resolved by kinetic resolution. 2 In the present work, we developed a synthetic route where hydroxyl 2-oxazolines were submited to kinetic resolution. This class of compounds could be used in synthesis of bioactive chiral lactones.


Urbanization has low level,slow development speed,and is always obviously behind industrialization in Henan province.At the same time,the proportion of obtaining employment is remarkable on the high side in the primary industry.The proportion of obtaining employment is notable on the low side in the tertiary industry.By means of constructing the model of rural labor transfer,the article carries out a quantitative analysis of the restricted factors of rural labor transfer in Henan province.The results show that the primary industry has sufficient surplus labor and the insufficient room for employment in the secondary and tertiary industry that is the key restricted factor of the rural labor transfer in Henan province.Among them,the insufficient development of the tertiary industry,especially its unreasonable structure,is the important cause of insufficient labor transfer room.It gives us such policy enlightenments on speeding the rural labor transfer and urbanization in Henan province as giving consideration to increase employment chance and gross product growth in the secondary and tertiary industry,vigorously developing the tertiary industry,optimizing its inner structure,adjusting ownership structure,energetically developing the enterprises of non-public ownership of means of product.


Five polymorphic microsatellite loci have been isolated and characterized from random amplified polymorphic DNA product in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Twelve microsatellites were selected for designing microsatellite primers, of which five gave working primer pairs. They had between four and nine alleles. Observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.76 to 0.90 and from 0.63 to 0.83, respectively. Five additional fish species assessed for cross-species amplification revealed between one and three positive amplifications and between zero and two polymorphic loci per species.


the promotion, defence and conservation of cultural heritage are the aims of a wide number of institutions, both private and public that directly, or indirectly are managing increasing human, economic and financial resources. as we will see below, cultural heritage institutions are predominantly not market oriented, and the public sector is their main source of financing. they are often beyond the control of the market, which imposes efficient behaviour when competitive. therefore, their internal logic does not ensure economic efficiency. However, achieving the best performance is crucial because public resources are limited nowadays and have a rising opportunity cost. looking for the best performance, and if possible, discovering new ways to improve it, is an optimal strategy both for the financing and the operational institutions. the goal of this chapter is to analyse how the performance of these institutions can be evaluated, not to measure the different values associated with cultural heritage (see throsby, 2001). We need to begin by defining the output of these institutions, i.e. those components of cultural heritage that can be measured and can be objects of efficiency analysis. the answer to these questions will determine what institutions can be evaluated because what is good (or bad) performance is not independent of the nature and objectives of the institutions involved. However, the concept of cultural heritage is extraordinarily wide and has been changing in the last decades, from considering monuments and groups of buildings and sites to including new categories such as the intangible, ethnographic or industrial heritage of a culture's remains.1 We wish to contribute to this discussion by designing a framework that answers all these questions from an economic point of view, and this aim defines the structure of this essay. in the next section, we try to centre our aims and discuss some questions. in the following two sections we define economic efficiency and discuss the possible sources of inefficiency among cultural heritage institutions. then two sections discuss the main method-


A new species described from the middle Stephanian in southwest France is excellently preserved. Its characteristics can be compared to Sphenopteris lenis Zeiller and to Sphenopteris matheti Zeiller from the middle Stephanian of the Loire.


The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of thiamin supplementation on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed a 60% dried distillers grain plus solubles finishing ration. Level of thiamin supplementation may influence performance and dry matter intake; however thiamin supplementation did not have an effect on the incidence of PEM in feedlot lambs. Feeding dried distillers grains plus solubles at 60% of dietary dry matter provided acceptable lamb performance and carcass composition. objective was to determine the influence of thiamin level on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and incidence of PEM in lambs fed 60% dried distillers grains plus solubles.


Serum ferritin concentration was determined in 38-year-old women representative of the general female population of the same age resident in Gothenburg, Sweden. The assays were carried out on serum samples which had been frozen (-22° C to -28° C) for ten years. The values were related to haematological variables which had been examined at the time of the initial study. The distribution of serum ferritin values was markedly positively skewed. Woman with a serum ferritin concentration within the lowest three decentiles had the heaviest menstrual blood loss, no or only traces of reticuloendothelial iron in sternal bone marrow and high iron absorption of a tracer dose of labelled iron. High correlation coefficients were obtained when correlations were calculated between serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, sideroblast count in bone marrow and iron absorption. The correlation coefficients were usually higher between serum ferritin concentration and the other haematological variables than the correlations between the individual haematological variables. There was good agreement between the prevalence of reticuloendothelial iron in bone marrow and serum ferritin concentration. We conclude that bone marrow examination may be replaced by determination of serum ferritin concentration when screening for iron deficiency in otherwise healthy subjects. This seems to be relevant also in subjects with a history of recent mild infection or current use of oral contraceptives.


The structural, magnetic and electronic properties of the double perovskite Ba2SmNbO6 (for the simple cubic structure where no octahedral tilting exists anymore) are studied using the density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation as well as taking into account the on-site Coulomb repulsive interaction. The total energy, the spin magnetic moment, the band structure and the density of states are calculated. The optimization of the lattice constants is 8.5173 Å, which is in good agreement with the experimental value 8.5180 Å. The calculations reveal that Ba2SmNbO6 has a stable ferromagnetic ground state and the spin magnetic moment per molecule is 5.00 μB/f.u. which comes mostly from the Sm3+ ion only. By analysis of the band structure, the compound exhibits the direct band gap material and half-metallic ferromagnetic nature with 100% spin-up polarization, which implies potential applications of this new lanthanide compound in magneto-electronic and spintronic devices.


China banking regulatory commission (hereinafter refereed to as "CBRC") is an essential means of ensuring the steadiness of the banking of our country. Because it is still at the starting stage in our country, many insufficient aspects still exit in the system of the CBRC. So how to solve the problems and perfect the insufficient aspects in the frame of financial legal system seems to be particularly urgent and important. We should start from the several aspects such as the idea of regulatory, the system of supervisory law, the harmonious mechanism of regulators, etc. to carry on the profound reform to the system of CBRC, thus good foreshadowing can be made to perfect the financial legal system.


The ion flow velocity entering the Debye sheath is constrained to satisfy the Bohm criterion: velocity must be equal to or greater than sonic. The ion flow velocity entering the magnetic presheath (which arises upstream of the Debye sheath when a magnetic field, oblique to the solid surface is present) is constrained to satisfy the Chodura criterion: velocity‐parallel to B must be equal to or greater than sonic. The Bohm criterion, in its marginal form where v=cs, is associated with a ''gentle entry'' into the sheath with Δne=Δni, while v≳cs corresponds to ‖Δne‖≳‖Δni‖. The magnetic presheath, in contrast with the Debye sheath, is a region of quasineutrality, and thus only Δne=Δni is permitted. This might appear to prohibit supersonic flow parallel to B at the entrance to the magnetic presheath, which the analysis of Chodura and Riemann has found to be permitted, in fact. This apparent contradiction is resolved by analyzing the magnetic presheath region to bring out more explicitly the role played by inert...


In this paper, we describe a simulation performance of Vehicular Ad hoc network on different traffic models in a dynamic changing environment. The simulation results showed that as delay and jitter increases, the throughput of receiving bits decreases, the nodes stabilizes and the delay tends to drop at interval but packets do drop as the packet size increases.


In this article, a novel current control strategy is proposed to manipulate the magnetization state of the variable flux memory machine (VFMM) through a newly developed linear active-disturbance-rejection-based feedforward current controller. A linear extended state observer is designed to estimate the sum of the permanent magnet (PM) induced voltage and the disturbance voltage caused by the susceptible machine parameters to compensate for the linear state error feedback output. The voltage across the winding resistance and the cross-coupling voltage are calculated by the voltage equations and fed forward to the output of the current controller. Meanwhile, the magnetizing current pulse amplitude can be determined by the target PM flux linkage obtained by looking up the table according to the mechanical speed. Since the q-axis disturbance voltage can commonly be ignored during the steady operation, the q-axis observed voltage after low-pass filtering can be directly utilized to estimate the PM flux linkage, which is compared with the target PM flux linkage to determine whether the current manipulation is needed to achieve online remagnetization or demagnetization. Experimental measurements on a hybrid-magnetic-circuit VFMM verify the effectiveness and superiorities of the proposed current control strategy.


This study aims to identify the joint determinants of leverage and dividend policy of non-financial firms in Pakistan and India. For analysis purpose, the data is gathered from the annual reports of companies from India and Pakistan during years 2010-2014. Multiple regression analysis is used on reduced form equations to see the impact of variables on dividend policy and leverage of the firms. Literature from finance indicates that liquidity, profitability, tangible assets, institutional ownership of firm and firm size, all affect the decisions regarding leverage and dividend payment. Regression results are used to see the effect of these variables and compare them with theories from finance. The results indicate that only size of the firm positively impacts the decision to take additional debt, while all other variables have negative effect on debt policy. From second regression, both profitability and liquidity negatively impact dividend policy while remaining variables impact it positively. Additionally, only liquidity of a firm jointly determines both leverage and dividend policy.


Taking some high-quality roadbed as the research objects,the paper researches the influence of the dry-wet cycle on the permeability,the deformation and the strength of the high-quality roadbed by the triaxial shear test and the permeability experiment under triaxial compressive,and undertakes the analysis and indication,so as to provide the direction for the long-term stability evaluation of the high-quality roadbed.


The house is situated in Sitges on a horizontal ground.
Its exterior, planning and finishing are simple, traditional and adapted to the area and to the taste of its inhabitants. Therein lies precisely the success, since spontaneity and imagination and plastic expression are fundamental attributes of a successful construction.


Summary

The uteri of Welsh Pony donor mares were flushed non surgically late on Day 5 after ovulation (at 18.00 h or midnight) or on Day 6 (between 06.00 h and 12.00 h) to recover morulae or early blastocysts. Twenty-six embryos were recovered from 63 flushing attempts (41 per cent). To investigate the effects of in vitro culture and micromanipulation on the development of the acellular equine blastocyst capsule, intact and manipulated embryos were cultured for varying times before being fixed and stained for histological examination. The capsule developed normally on two non-manipulated morulae and one blastocyst cultured for 12 to 48 h. However, no development or redevelopment of the capsule occurred during 48 to 96 h in culture of the 18 demi-embryos which resulted from the bisection of two morulae and seven blastocysts. The remaining 14 embryos were also bisected and the demi-embryos transferred surgically to synchronised recipient mares within 4 h. All eight pregnancies which developed, including two sets of monozygotic twins, originated from bisected morulae. No pregnancies developed following transfer of bisected blastocysts.


Hunting, according to Matt Cartmill, is the "violent killing" of wild animals, and represents a "war waged by humanity against the wilderness" (1933: 30). In a similar fashion Marilyn French has suggested that the advent of hunting marked a profound change in human's relationship with nature, and was implicated in the emergence of 'patriarchy' ? it heralded the 'fall' from an early state where humans were peaceful, gentle and humorous folk (1986:17). Symbolic anthropologists have been equally negative towards hunting, and in gnostic fashion, have portrayed it as the antithesis of life-giving procreation and sexuality. Hunting has, indeed, had a very bad press, particularly from feminists scholars. I want in this paper to counter this negative portrait, both by offering some reflection on this literature and by briefly examining the ritual aspects of hunting in Malawi. The paper thus has two sections. In the first part, I discuss hunting with special reference to hunter-gatherers; and in the second I focus on the communal hunt in Malawi and on its ritual aspects ? aiming to counter the suggestion that hunting is always perceived anti-life, and expressive of both a gender hierarchy and a Promethean attitude towards nature.


The construction along rivers in mountainous area is always limited by special topography and geo-hazards such as collapse,landslide and reservoir bank slump.In the process of urbanization construction,artificial expansion of geological environment capacity will lead to overdevelopment and irreversible damage and destroy to the urban geological environment.Taking three cities,Badong,Wushan and Fengjie,in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,this paper discusses scientific and rational development and utilization of land resources in the cities along the river with the notion of pre-control,and analyzes the pre-control measures and their effects in the construction of these cities,so as to provide a reference for the development of geological environment resources in cities of the same kind and to put forward new thoughts and proposals for further researches on the pre-control management to protect the geological environment resources.


In order to improve the ability of transformer differential protection in the internal fault identification, this paper proposes a algorithm based on the magnetic transient model for the internal fault simulation of three-phase and three-leg transformer, the internal fault parameters of model are relative to the transformer structure. The established process of Internal fault model for three phase and three-leg transformer is given particularly. The simulating calculation considers a new fitting method for the hysteresis loop of transformer based on SVM (support vector machine) is set forth, which is original optimization of the hysteresis loop test data regression translates into the allelomorph optimization. According to the fractal characteristic of local hysteresis loop ,a research for internal fault simulation of three-phase and three-leg transformer is put up .The application of the proposed algorithm to a test system shows its validity and correctness.


This paper aims respectfully, show the current scenario of Transportation of values sector based on the analysis of its financial statements, published by the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security, to establish the possible causes of the phenomenon of oversupply of services, starting a historical background, analyzing the current situation and prospective business setting, as well as possible alternatives to driving within strategies for the industry remain financially viable


The paper details the anticipated benefits an intelligent vehicle based traffic monitoring approach holds. The approach utilises advanced technology with the potential to reduce crashes and includes the monitor of vehicle speeds and flows, the identification of high crash risk locations and other aids for traffic and crash analyses. The paper discusses the following: 1) The use of on board devices to attain exact crash points, reconstruction of crashes, including data on other vehicle's and obstruction's involvement in terms of speed, acceleration, deceleration, angle and impact points; 2) The mapping of crash data to identify high crash risk roads in terms of frequency of crashes, road attributes any other vehicle- and human-related parameters, and 3) The use of on board devices for the monitoring of traffic speeds and flows on all types of roads in relation to traffic light timings, speed limits to determine trends on a regional basis, etc. The paper concludes with a brief exploration of ways to possibly adopt the technology in South Africa.


Origins of the Approach: The Columbine Study Nature of In-depth Interview Research Ethical Research Practice - Doing It Right Foundations for a Gateway Preparing to Do the Research The Practice of In-depth Interviewing Interpreting and Displaying the Data Analysis and Reporting Tools and Technologies Through the Gateway


Thank you for downloading darwins doubt the explosive origin of animal life and the case for intelligent design. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen readings like this darwins doubt the explosive origin of animal life and the case for intelligent design, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious bugs inside their laptop.


In this paper we study fault diagnosis of systems modeled by untimed continuous Petri nets. In particular, we generalize our previous works in this framework where we solved this problem only for special classes of continuous Petri nets, namely state machines and backward conflict free nets. We show that the price to pay for this generalization is that only three diagnosis states can be defined, rather than four. However, this is not a significant restriction because it is in accordance with all the literature on finite state automata.


The research analyzes the implementation of Islamic values in the education of environmental conception. The subject of this research are the early childhood of two school s that have different principle s. Applied Islamic values in the education of environmental conceptionmake the early childhood not only realize their environment but also keeping the world, hence they realize their environment and the world from now that following Islamic rules. The type of applied the education of environmental conceptioncan be used as alternative method for teacher in teaching. So that they can build Indonesia; a healthy country, by the students' creativity. The applied this education program should have educative values, participation and constancy. This research shows that the environmental education can be created optimally by different methods which depend on the early childhood's condition and matters toward continuous development of this country.


The term "resilience" is used in many disciplines with different meanings. We will adopt the ecological concept of resilience, which epitomises the capacity of a system to adapt itself in response to the action of a force, achieving a state of equilibrium different from the original (White, 2011). Since the end of the last century, with a significant increase over the last few years, resilience has featured as key concept in many technical, political papers and documents, and appears in many researches. Of all this recent and varied range of literature, our focus is on those texts that combine resilience with strategies, processes and models for resilient cities, communities and regions. Starting from the resilience strategies developed as response for risks mitigation, the paper thus explores other approaches and experiences on cities resilience that have been conducted: the aim is to compare and identify innovation in the planning process towards risks mitigation. In this paper we present a summary of the initial survey stage of our research, with three main aims: understanding the approaches to resilience developed so far and identifying which aspects these approaches share (or not); understanding which strategies are being proposed for resilient regions, cities or social-ecological systems; understanding whether proposed resilience strategies involve innovations in urban and regional development disciplines. The aim is to understand whether the proposed concept of resilience, or rather strategies, constitute progress and contribute to innovation in the areas of urban planning and design in relation to risk mitigation. Three main families of literature have been identified from the recent literature promoting resilience as a key strategy. The first aim of the research is to understand which particular concept and which aspects of resilience are used, which resilience strategies are proposed, how the term 'city' is defined and interpreted and, consequently, which are the key concepts related to strategies for resilient cities. The families are: a) Resilience and sustainability: resilience as a way to gain sustainable development of social-ecological systems. b) Resilience and adaptation: resilience as the key concept to the adaptation strategies for climate change, natural resources use reduction and quality of local communities improvement, c) Resilience and territorial risks: resilience as a key concept for innovation of territorial risk mitigation/management strategies. The first results presented will underline: The shared resilience strategies and the common concepts taken form the resilience approach and used for the urban systems strategies management/visions; The methodological and planning instruments used for the integration of resilience inside the planning process; The innovation aspects developed by the different authors and experiences that could enrich risk mitigation polices.


Background: Avulsion or fracture of posterior ring apophysis of lumbar vertebra is not a common clinical entity and is missed often. These fractures are mostly traumatic lesions typically seen in adolescents and young adults, because fusion in this area is not complete until the age of 18 to 25 years. These fractures are occult on plain radiographs and are frequently missed due to unfamiliarity with the entity. But, CT scanning and MR imaging shows characteristic picture.
 Methods: We had 21 cases of fracture of posterior margin of a lumbar vertebral body from 1991 to 2002. Fracture in all patients were classified according to CT imaging, into the three types described by Takata et al. Out of these, 8 patients were of type I, 4 patients of type II and 9 patients of type III respectively. Focal deficit / muscle weakness was present in only three patients. No fractures of type IV (Epstein et al) was found. Twelve patients were treated conservatively and 9 patients were treated by posterior decompression with total laminectomy and removal of retropulsed fragment and discectomy. Results: The mean follow-up period was of 42 months. Conventional radiography could locate the fracture in only 6 cases and CT scan was required in all cases for stamping the diagnosis and classification. Though it is uncommon, high index of suspicion is required to diagnose it, in especially adolescent patients. All the 21 patients had good outcome following the management. Conclusion: Avulsion or fracture of posterior margin of lumbar vertebral body is not so rare entity. In children and young adults diagnosed as having lumbar disc herniation, this lesion may be the proper diagnosis. These fractures need to be accurately diagnosed because as compared to simple disc herniations these fractures require more extensive exposure and resection to relieve the nerve impingent.


To introduce the theory of time in Buddhism, let us refer to the Sanskrit and Pali words signifying "time." There are four of these: samaya, kala, ksa.a (khanza) and adhvan (addhan). Samaya means a coming together, meeting, contract, agreement, opportunity, appointed time or proper time. Kala means time in general, being employed in the term kala-doctrine or kala-vada, which holds that time ripens or matures all things. In its special meaning, kala signifies appointed or suitable time. It may also mean meal-time or the time of death, since both of these are most critical and serious times in


The present study aimed at detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of the crude drug, Morpho-anatomy of the leaves of A. spinosus Linn. was studied to aid pharmacognostic and taxonomic species identification using light and con- focal microscopy, WHO suggested Physico-chemical determinations and authentic phytochemical measures. Ama- ranthus spinosus Linn. (Family Amaranthaceae), a very common Indian plant is known for its medicinal properties and is commonly known as 'spiny amaranth' or 'pig weed', ''Kate wali Chaulai (Kanatabhajii)" in 'Hindi", cultivated throughout in India, Sri Lanka and distributed throughout the tropics and warm temperate regions of Asia, it has antidiabetic, antitumor, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, hepato-protec- tive, spermatogenic, anti-fertility, anti-malarial, antioxidant properties. The present study aims at developing a standardized profile of leaf, stem and root of A.spinosus which would be of immense use to identify and establish the authenticity of the plant A.spinosus
Keywords: A Spinosus. Linn., kanta cholai, Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical


Making use of bivariate (α, β)-fractional power series expansion scheme, we provide an analytical solution to the spatial–temporal fractional Klein–Gordon equation that has many applications in physics such as quantum mechanics, solitons, and condensed matter physics. The twofold fractional derivative orders, namely α, β ∈ (0, 1], are described in the Caputo sense. Some examples are given to show the ability and efficiency of the proposed method for solving (non)linear (non)homogeneous Klein–Gordon equation in fractal space. The obtained closed-form solutions are found to be in a consensus with the exact solutions exist in the literature when α, β → 1, which demonstrates the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.


Abstract This paper deals with the Trinidad Tachinids (Diptera) of the group of genera assembled by L. P. Mesnil (1939) as the tribe Winthemiini, of which the type genus is Winthemia R.-D. The group was subsequently recognized by F. I. van Emden (1954) and later by B. Herring (1960) but has not, so far as I am aware, been considered as a taxonomic unit in relation to the tachinids of the Americas. It is simply a relatively small section of the vast mass of genera called by Mesnil (1939, 1944) the Salmaciinae, or as we now say, the Goniinae, defined by the possession of a bristled prosternum, reclinate posterior frontals, a first post-sutural supraalar as strong as or stronger than, the first postdorsocentral, an absence of infrasquamal setulae, a second abdominal segment excavated to the posterior border and a short robust form. From the other Goniinae, the Winthemiini are separated mainly by the hairy "barrette", the pattern of the humeral bristles and the reproductive habit of depositing large plano-convex undeveloped eggs on the body of the host insect, the ovipositor having the form of a membranous tube, retractile and of moderate length, reinforced by some elongate sclerites. In the present paper, in addition to the well-known Winthemia and Nemorilla, the genera Hemisturmia and Triodontopyga have been included. The genitalia of all the Trinidad species have been studied. Their structure appears, on the whole, to reinforce the taxonomic status of the group but whether it will survive a more extensive survey of tachinid genera, remains to be seen.Seven species are described as new.


Vibration of a coupled system is studied where a stiff string (having small flexural rigidity) vibrates against a smooth unilateral parabolic boundary obstacle which is situated on a wooden plate. This is similar to the vibration of string in musical i nstruments like sitar. The boundary obstacle serves the purpose of a bridge between the string and the wooden top plate of the instrument. The top plate restricts the translational and t he rotational motions of the bridge, the phenomenon being modeled by a translational and a torsional spring whose stiffness depends on the frequencies of the string. Flexural rigidity in a string introduces inharmonicity in the natural frequencies. Our study aims to explore the effect of a finite bridge on the inharmonicity of natural frequencies of a stiff string. We h ave used Hamilton's principle to derive the equations of motion and the boundary conditions which results into a moving boundary problem where we have introduced a dynamic scaling to make it a fixed boundary problem. This in turn introduced nonlinearity into the governing partial differential equations. We have linearized the system of equations and studied the effect of different parameters along with the flexural rigidity of the string on the natural freque ncies and harmonicity.


By considering the fact that the growth of microorganisms in a chemostat is subject to white noise, we construct a stochastic chemostat model with degenerate diffusion by using a discrete Markov chain. By solving the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation, we derive the explicit expression of the stationary joint probability density, which peaks near the deterministic equilibrium. Next, we simulate the the marginal probability density functions for different noise intensities and further discuss the relationship of the marginal probability density function and noise intensities. For the statistical properties of the stochastic model, we mainly investigate the effect of white noise on the variance and skewness of the concentration of microorganisms.


A general theory is presented to account for the dynamics and stability of a slender flexible body with a rounded nose section and a truncated rounded tail section, towed underwater. Particular attention is focused on the hydrodynamic forces acting on the two extremities of the body, which are determined by means of ideal flow theory, rather than by slender body theory. To this end, general expressions were obtained for the forces and moments acting on an ellipsoid undergoing planer motions. Sufficient results are presented to illustrate (1) the dynamical behavior of the body with increasing towing speed, and (2) the effect of some parameters, such as the shape of the ends, on stability. It was found that stability is mainly controlled by the shape of the tail section of the body.


The structural-functional approach to dealing w/the multiproblem families is especially helpful when working with nontraditional and/or extended family structures. This sociological approach is described by Friedman (1981). The structural-functional approach is based on the assumption that families exist to perform certain functions for their members, which include: affective, socialization, health care, and coping functions. The ability of a family to perform these functions for their members is based on the soundness of the following structural components: role structure, power, communication patterns, and family values. A description of each structural component beginning with role structure is offered in the following sections. The nurse using this approach can assess the family with these components in mind.


Good maternal‐infant interaction is fundamental for infant well‐being, but factors influencing it during feeding in developing countries are unknown. This study evaluated whether the effects of timing of maternal prenatal food supplementation or type of counseling on maternal‐infant feeding interaction were modified by maternal postnatal stress. A cohort of 180 mothers‐infants was selected from 3300 in the MINIMat trial in Bangladesh. At 8 wk gestation, women were randomly assigned to receive food supplements (600 kcal/d; 6 days/wk) beginning either early (~12 wk) or usual governmental program (~17 wk) gestational time until delivery, and health counseling either with or without exclusive breast‐feeding counseling. Maternal‐infant feeding interaction was observed at about 3.7 mo of age in the home using the NCAST scale, and exposure to stressors (food insecurity, physical abuse, psychological abuse) and response to stress (distress) were obtained by questionnaires. Two saliva samples were collected as a measure of response to stress (awakening response of cortisol). The effect of timing of food supplementation on feeding interaction was modified by postnatal food insecurity and physical abuse. The effect of type of counseling on feeding interaction was modified by change in morning cortisol. Maternal‐infant feeding interaction benefited from earlier prenatal food supplementation and exclusive breast‐feeding counseling, depending on stress. These results give useful information for designing, targeting, and evaluating maternal food supplementation and counseling interventions.


The radiation characteristics of hemispherical helical antennas with central-feed,side-feed and top-feed are analyzed through the moment method based on curved basis function.The results indicate that hemispherical helical antenna has better impedance,pattern and circular polarization characteristics in broad band.Especially,the gain bandwidth of the top-feed one is broader and the main lobe is wider than the others.The hemispherical helical antenna has lower profile than spherical helical antenna,and it can be fixed on the reflector easily,which shows that it is of great potential value in the field of satellite communications.