A wide variety of fieldbuses have been set up in the industrial automation system in different time periods under different environment. Therefore, during the development of industrial automation systems and control applications, the developer has to consider the interconnection of heterogeneous fieldbuses. In the paper, a heterogeneous fieldbuses interconnection architecture (HFIA) is presented to interconnect heterogeneous fieldbuses. With the help of the HFIA, it is easy and fast to interconnect heterogeneous fieldbuses. At the same time, the HFIA can be used for high-level industrial applications to control, monitor and optimize the operations of the fieldbuses systems. Profilbus, CANbus and Ethernet/IP are adopted as case studies for the HFIA architecture.


An integrated planar oscillator on a high resistivity silicon substrate generates an RF-power of 100 mW in D-band with a peak efficiency of 4.5%. The single sideband S/N ratio of the oscillator is -75 dBc/Hz@100 kHz off carrier. The investigated disc resonator with capacitive coupling to a microstrip line is manufactured by application of micromachining techniques.


The invention discloses a preparation method of an L-carnitine oral instantly-dissolving film. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) weighing raw materials and auxiliary materials comprising a film-forming material, a disintegrating agent, a filler, a sweetening agent and L-carnitine, respectively sieving the materials for standby application; (2) uniformly mixing the L-carnitine with the film-forming material, the disintegrating agent, the filler and the sweetening agent, adding purified water to the mixture, and stirring uniformly; adding edible essences and a plasticizer, uniformly mixing the added agents with the mixture, placing for a while to enable the substance to be completely expanded, degassing and coating; (3) drying, demolding and cutting to obtain the L-carnitine oral instantly-dissolving film. The L-carnitine oral instantly-dissolving film disclosed by the invention can quickly dissolve in the oral cavity, is good in taste, and suitable for varieties of people; furthermore, the preparation method is simple, short in time consumption and low in cost.


The article reveals one of the important abilities of the leader, which is manifested in the resistance to manipulative influences, which is often a destructive factor in the deterioration of the moral and psychological climate of the team. The problem of leadership is understood through the prism of the competence approach in the coordinate system of trait theory, servant-leadership, situational, behavioral, motivational and value theories. An analogy is made between a leader as a high-status individual in a group and a teacher in a university educational environment. The essence of the concept of "manipulation in official relations" is revealed as a cross transaction of type 3 (E.Bern) and on the basis of moral and ethical criteria the differences between manipulative influence and constructive hidden influence, in which the object of influence is the beneficiary, as well as the initiator of the influence, are distinguished , which is symptomatic of the pedagogical interaction between a mentor and a student. Attention is drawn to a special type of manipulative influences in service relations, which are implemented in the "leader-follower", "leader-subordinate" model and stem from the phenomenon of "obedience to authority" (S. Milgram) and the phenomenon of destructive leadership (S. Einarson). The phenomenon of "obedience to authority" is also based on the constructive hidden influence of parity interaction in the paradigm of humanistic pedagogy, which involves the achievement of a socially significant, moral goal of preparing an individual for life and work (N. Hegen). It is emphasized that the leadership competence of resisting manipulation includes not only the ability to recognize the destructive influence of the aggressor, but also to classify it according to the scenario line (N. Nepriakhin) and to choose adequate countermeasures (V. Sheinov, B. Ratnikov, S. Kara-Murza). Not only specific ways of resisting manipulative influences, depending on their type, are highlighted, but also universal methods of exposure and protection against manipulation through active, passive and counter-manipulative countermeasures are offered.


Pyramiding multiple resistant genes has been proposed as the most effective way to control wheat rust diseases globally. Identifying the most effective pyramids is challenged by the large pool of rust resistance genes, and limited information about their mechanisms of resistance and interactions. Here, using a high-density genetic map, a double haploid population, and multi-rust field testing, we aimed to systematically characterize the most effective gene pyramids for rust resistance from the durable multi-rust resistant CIMMYT cultivar, Parula. We revealed the Parula resistance gene pyramid contains Lr34/Yr18/Sr57 (Lr34), Lr46/Yr29/Sr58 (Lr46), Lr27/Yr30/Sr2 (Sr2) and Lr68. The efficacy, magnitude of effect and interactions with each other varied for the three rust diseases. A subpopulation mapping approach was applied to characterize the complex interactions of the resistance genes by controlling for the effect of Lr34. Using this approach, we found Lr34 and Lr68 have a strong additive effect for leaf rust, while no additive effects were observed for any rusts between Lr34 and Lr46. Lr34 combined synergistically with Sr12 from Thatcher for stem rust, while the additive effect of Lr34 and Sr2 was dependent on the type of rust and environment. Two novel leaf rust QTL from Parula were identified in this study, a stable QTL QLr-7BS, and QLr-5AS, which showed Lr34 dependent expression. With these findings, we propose combining 2-3 high value genes from Canadian wheat (e.g. Sr12 from Thatcher) with a foundational multi-APR cassette for desirable and durable resistance to all three rusts in Canadian wheat.


Congenital anomalies are abnormalities of structure or function present at birth and account for a high percentage of calf mortality from just before to just after calving. Congenital defects are reported in all breeds of cattle with variation in frequency of occurrence. The etiology of these defects was either genetic ( recessive gene ) or environmental which included nutritional deficiencies, endocrine disturbances, extremes of temperature during pregnancy, radiation, drugs, chemicals, toxic plants and infectious diseases ( Roberts, 1971 ). Hydrocephalus, arthrogryposis conjoined with facial cleft ( cleft lip ) in a new born cross bred Jersey calf is reported in the present paper.


The article presents the results of research on the inter-related effects of emotional dissonance, organizational identification, turnover intention, and emotional health. An overview of related previous studies is provided, along with details of the research protocol, which involved medical representatives in the city of Ahmedabad, India. It was found that employees who experienced emotional dissonance in their work were more likely to also experience impaired emotional health, and to be more likely to consider leaving the profession.


We investigate the spatially dependent relative phase evolution of an elongated two-component Bose-Einstein condensate. The pseudospin-1/2 system is comprised of the |F=1,m_F=-1> and |F=2,m_F=+1> hyperfine ground states of 87Rb, which we magnetically trap and interrogate with radio-frequency and microwave fields. We probe the relative phase evolution with Ramsey interferometry and observe a temporal decay of the interferometric contrast well described by a mean-field formalism. Inhomogeneity of the collective relative phase dominates the loss of interferometric contrast, rather than decoherence or phase diffusion. We demonstrate a technique to simultaneously image each state, yielding subpercent variations in the measured relative number while preserving the spatial mode of each component. In addition, we propose a spatially sensitive interferometric technique to image the relative phase.


Like other oil-importing countries, the Republic of Korea was surprised by the rapid oil price escalation of the 1970s. Following the lead of the United States, Europe, and Japan, Korea's energy policy in the mid-1970s was based on reducing oil imports by substituting other fuels, installing more efficient oil conversion processes, or doing without. Due in part to the urgency of the situation and in part to a lack of accumulated analytical capability, it was difficult to analyze in depth which alternatives were best, how much they would cost, or to what extent it was in Korea's best interests to bear large economic costs to reduce oil imports. Rather, Korean policymakers implemented a broad-based oil consumption reduction program to mitigate their immediate oil import problem.


The behavior of a three-terminal domain wall (DW) device with a perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB free layer and underlying hard magnets was investigated. In a Ta/CoFeB/MgO free layer without hard magnets, a current-induced DW motion in the direction of electron flow was observed. In a device having a hard magnet under each end of the free layer, we found that a DW nucleated by injecting current played an important role in the switching of magnetization. We concluded that the switching of magnetization in our device is due to the displacement in the direction of electron flow of the DW created by current. After deriving the principle of operation through experiments, we describe a way to reduce the current required for writing by increasing the thickness of the hard magnets.


Background: Malaria has maintained its historic threat to global health, with nearly 40% of the world's population being at risk of its mayhem. The increasing cases of resistance by Plasmodium parasite to the currently available antimalarial agents have led to increased scientific screening of medicinal plants for the possible development of newer agents, both for treatment and chemoprophylaxis against malaria. This study was designed to evaluate the prophylactic antimalarial activity of Combretum nigricans hydromethanol crude leaf extract in mice. Materials and Methods: The prophylactic activity of C. nigricans hydromethanol crude leaf extract was evaluated using the method illustrated by Peters. Six groups containing five mice each were used for the study. Group 1 (control) received distilled water 10 ml/kg b.w. p.o., Groups 2–4 were treated with 200, 400, and 800 mg extract/kg b.w. p.o., respectively, Group 5 mice were treated with chloroquine 10 mg/kg b.w. p.o., whereas Group 6 mice were treated with artesunate 10 mg/kg b.w. p.o. Results: The result showed significant (P < 0.05) chemoprophylactic activity in all treated groups compared with the control group. The chemoprophylactic activity of the extract was 55.4, 61.6, and 79.5% for 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, respectively. A dose-related increase in mice body weight was also observed in the extract-treated groups. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of several important active principles, including alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. Conclusion: The present study revealed that C. nigricans hydromethanol crude leaf extract possesses significant chemoprophylactic activity against malaria.


A small rectangular tank, 600 mm long, 100 mm wide and 800 mm high, was equipped with two vertical pipes (65 mm in outer diameter) at both sides of the tank and filled with water up to 600 mm high. The water in the tank was circulated to produce a flow in water by suction and ejection through holes in the two pipes. The tank was sinusoidally excited to generate sloshing oscillation in the flowing water. The frequency response characteristics of the sloshing amplitude were experimentally obtained for five flow-circulation patterns, and the natural frequencies and modal dampings of the first, second and third sloshing modes were estimated using a conventional modal analysis technique. The results showed that sloshing natural frequency decreased with flow velocity at the water surface and damping increased with it, and the sloshing oscillation disappeared at the critical speed of surface water flow. Approximate analysis of sloshing natural frequency based on potential flow theory gave us the formula f=√ /2π, k = mπ/1 where 1 = tank width and h = water depth, which off ered a good agreement of the analytical and experimental natural frequencies of sloshing. The mechanism of sloshing wave disappearance at the critical value of surface-flow velocity was discussed.


The change in phonon-drag thermopower of copper that occurs with alloying is determined for several dilute copper alloys. These results are then used to determine numerical values for the scattering parameter a, assuming pure Rayleigh scattering of phonons by the solute atoms. The values of a obtained experimentally are compared to the scattering parameter calculated for elastic scattering of long-wavelength phonons by the mechanism of mass difference alone. Solute concentrations employed in this investigation are: 0.03 at. % Au, 0.09 and 0.2 at. 70 Ag, and 0.44 at. % Si. For Cu-Au, the results indicate that phonons are scattered predominantly through the mass-defect mechanism. The Cu-Si data yield a contribution from the mass-defect term that is of the same magnitude as the contribution from other phonon-scattering mechanisms (lattice distortion). For Cu-Ag, the results indicate that phonons are scattered in this alloy predominantly by mechanisms other than mass difference. The relative magnitude of the lattice-distortion contribution is least in Cu-Au, and increases in Cu-Si and Cu-Ag in that order. The Cu-Si data are in agreement with the author's previous results, while for Cu-Ag and Cu-Au, the results are in agreement with qualitative considerations based on the range of solid solubilities in ~


A blasting measuring system which include plane wave producer was set up to measure the strain time curves of the rock bar under blasting loading. Other parameters of stress wave such as particle velocity, stress etc were also calculated by Lagrangian analysis method when the strain rate of granite is ranged from 10 3 to 10 4 s -1 . The laws of stress wave propagation were affirmed in this experiments and dynamic Young′s modulus of granite was calculated.


Mixed-flow turbine (MFT) is one type of turbines in automotive turbocharger. Multiple studies on turbine blades and flow interactions were done in this area but mainly focusing on structural responses and none on the fluid behaviours. The objectives of this paper are to compare and analyse the influence of blade-flow interactions on flow behaviours and blade loading at four MFT turbine operating conditions under steady state flow. Flow behaviours are indicated by appearances of secondary flows and blade loading is ratio of static pressure acting on turbine rotor blades over the total isentropic pressure at volute inlet. Blade loading represents capability of turbine blades to generate torque. Three validated simulations models using commercial software were developed, a non-coupled model and coupled models which consists of one-way and two-way coupled model. Non-coupled model assumes blades are rigid bodies and for coupled models, blades are deformable and share interfaces for interactions. Results show that there are differences in flow behaviours in non-coupled and coupled models that affect blade loading. Coupled models produce torque with range 1.33% to 0.60% lower than non-coupled model at most operating conditions. At 50% turbine design speed, average efficiency differences for non-coupled and coupled models to experiment data are 1.38% and 1.28% respectively. There is no significant difference in flow behaviours in one-way and two-way coupled models due to the stiffness of material of turbine blades is high but show minor differences in blade loading and torque.


Corresponding Author Deniz Esin Tekcan Şanlı Acıbadem Kozyatağı Hastanesi, 19 Mayıs, Kozyatağı Kavşağı No:24, 34734 Kadıköy, İstanbul, Turkey E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com � Informed Consent The authors stated that the written consent was obtained from the patient presented with images in the study. � Conflict of Interest No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. � Financial Disclosure The authors declared that this study has received no financial support. � Published 2021 September 20


While most systems are governed by quantum mechanics at the nanoscale, it is almost always prohibitively expensive to simulate these systems by exactly solving Schrödinger's equation. For this reason, a hierarchy of approximate models are commonly used in biology, chemistry, and materials science that allow practitioners to trade-off between accuracy and speed to simulate larger systems at longer time scales. Recently, significant attention has been devoted to leveraging machine learning to develop new and more accurate approximations. While these approximate models have typically been assessed based on their average-case performance, recent work in the adversarial example literature in other domains has offered ample evidence that this is often a poor indicator of worst-case performance. Here we show that there is a well defined sense of adversarial direction that governs the worst-case behavior for these approximate models of physical systems. Unlike in other contexts, where adversarial examples are scarce absent malicious intervention, in physical systems we show that the laws of physics can naturally lead the system to move in adversarial directions. Surprisingly, we find that these adversarial directions can exist even for traditional, analytic force fields such as the BKS potential. We verify our predictions by comparing a variety of hand-designed and machine learned models of quantum mechanical energies, including BehlerParrinello and graph neural networks trained on energies or forces, and ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. We conclude by discussing strategies that can prevent a physical model from moving in its adversarial directions, such as training on forces or adversarial forces.


Light-green rodlike single crystals of [Ni(phen)3]4 [As2W18O60]{[Ni(phen)2] [H2As2W18O60] }·12H2O are synthesized from a mixture of K14[As2W19O67(H2O)], NiCl2, phen, and NaOH in water (autoclave, pH 7.9, 130 °C, 6 d; 60% yield).


Trichoderma species are well known antagonists which have strong bio-control potential against soil borne phytopathogenic fungi. Twenty potential isolates of native Trichoderma sps.were isolated from chickpea growing region of Rayalaseema of Andhra Pradesh. The biocontrol efficacy of antagonistic organism in managing the chickpea major root rot pathogens viz., F. o. f. sp. ciceri, R. bataticola and S. rolfsii under in vitro condition. Among all Trichoderma isolates, KNN 4 showed maximum inhibition of mycelia growth by 81.1% against R. bataticola, KNPG 3 showed against S. rolfsii (80.7%) and ATPU 1 inhibited the mycelia growth of F. o f. sp. ciceri. (84.1%). Tricoderma isolates and clearly indicated that the efficacy of different isolates of same species also showed variation when tested against the same pathogen.


A significant measure of the functional value of a subject of study is the extent to which it is mastered by those who study it. If a majority fail to acquire any mastery of its contents, it is clear that the subject is lacking in value for the particular group. If there are units within a body of subject matter over which comparatively few or none of those engaged in its study gain any mastery, the functional value of those units is denied. An extended experience in teaching high school chemistry suggested the need for an examination of the content of this subject which would look toward the determination of the extent to which specific items used as instructional materials are learned.


The full set of single-crystal elastic moduli of forsterite (a.-MgZSi04) andwadsleyite (f3-MgZSi04) were measured at pressures of 3-16 GPa and 0-14 GPa, respectively. For forsterite, the pressure derivatives of the bulk (Ko's) and shear (Go') modulus are 4.2 ::I:: 0.2 and 1.4 ::I:: 0.1, respectively. For wadsleyite, the corresponding pressure derivatives are 4.3 ::I::0.2 and 1.4 ::I::0.2. These values are much lower than those reported in earlier, low-pressure studies for both materials. At the pressure of the 410-km seismic discontinuity, the roomtemperature velocity increase across the a.-J3 transition is 9.8% for compressional waves and 12.4% for shear waves. The results are consistent with an olivine fraction in the upper mantle of30-50%.


Background: Since 1991, a rapid rise in mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been observed in Taiwan in subjects aged ≥20 years. The aim of the present study was to assess whether poor survival or excess incident cases pertaining to a cohort effect or a time‐period effect accounted for such a rise.


During the last 5 years we have had the chance to develop and participate in European and national research projects in which the organizations belonging to Euroconsumers.org network were partners, and which investigated consumer needs and concerns about packaging and the circular economy. This article aims at sharing the main learnings and meaningful experiences of consumer involvement in four projects: Cirthread, Circkpack, Resss, Meno Plastica in Comune. Why is citizens' science so relevant in discussions about packaging? Because design's consumer-centric approach prevents usability problems that producers and retailers might discover too late, because UN Agenda 2030 SDG12 calls for sustainable production and consumption patterns (UN, 2022), and finally because in the New Consumer Agenda (European Commission, 2020) key priorities are green transition and consumer empowerment.


Tracheal transplantation has been envisioned as a viable option for reconstruction of long‐segment tracheal defects. We report the first human single‐stage long‐segment tracheal transplantation. Narrow‐band imaging and bronchoscopic biopsies demonstrate allograft vascularization and viable epithelial lining. The recipient was immunosuppressed with Tacrolimus, Mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids. Six months after transplantation, the trachea is both functional and the patient is breathing without the need of a tracheostomy or stent.


The loss of sucrose in the cane sugar production could reach 35%. Harvesting, loading and transporting the sugarcane contribute significantly to the total lost prior to milling, ranging from 5–25%. The aims of this research were to identify factors that influence the harvest-loading-transport system, to analyze the pattern of sucrose content loss in sugar cane before milling, and to recommend means of improving the harvest-loading-transport system according to the exixting condition of sugar factories. The implementation of the harvest-loading-transport system can be influenced by many factors, among them are the factors determining the chopping schedule (T-score) which consist of planting time, difference between below purity level and upper purity level, average sucrose content, difference between upper sucrose content and below sucrose content, maturity factor, increase coefficient, durability coefficient, shoot auger pest, plant condition, and distance. The felling system is determined by the plantation layout, infrastructure (road, bridge conditions), topography, climate and weather, and equipment for fire tackling. Keywords: cane sugar production, sucrose content, sucrose losses, harvest-loading-transport


Background: Symptoms of nausea and vomiting are suffered in cancer patient receiving chemotherapy. Parasympathetic activity could be measured by the parameters of heart rate variability (HRV). The relationships among nausea/vomiting, gastric myoelectrical activity, and HRV need to be identified. Purposes: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of parameters of electrogastrography (EGG) and HRV during chemotherapy in children with cancer. Methods: A repeated measures comparative study was conducted. Conveniently nine children with cancer (mean age: 12.7 years old) were recruited in this study during four-month period. The differences of parameters of EGG and HRV were compared pre- and post-water intake after fasting at least six hours in the morning during the period of receiving chemotherapy, ie., Day1, Day4, and Day7. EGG was recorded using non-invasive Digitrapper Electrogastrography (Synectics Medical, USA). HRV was measured by Biocom Heart Rhythm Scanner 2.0 (Biocom, USA). EGG and HRV were recorded simultaneously for 30 min pre- and post-150ml water intake. The differences of parameters of EGG and HRV were examined by repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman two-way analysis of variance by rank during the period of receiving chemotherapy. The differences of parameters of EGG and HRV parameters pre- and post-water intake were examined by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon test for paired observations. Results: There was a significant difference on the percentage of 2-4cpm slow waves after water intake during chemotherapy (X2 = 6.276, p = .045). After water intake, a significant higher the percentage of 2-4cpm slow waves on Day1 (z = -2.666, p = .008), not Day4 and Day7. On Day4, a significant lower percentage of tachygastria on pre- water intake than after (z = -1.992, p = .046). After water intake, there was a significant difference on parameter of High Frequency (HF) during chemotherapy (X2 = 11.556, p = .003). It means the HF of HRV on Day7 was significant lower than on Day1 (z = -2.666, p = .008). There was a significant lower HF after water intake than before on Day7 (z = -2.192, p = .028). Conclusion: There was significant change over chemotherapy on parameters of EGG and HRV in children with cancer. For evidence based practice, the parameters of EGG and HRV can be used as physiological indicators in clinical nursing research.


The survey on 1698 undergraduates' view of knowledge value shows that they mainly focus on the changing of life.As to the view of knowledge function,many students pay much attention to its social function of promoting the society.Most of the students emphasize the importance of understanding as well as application on the sorts of knowledge.Obviously,the students' view of knowledge includes diversification,emphasis and the characteristics of person-oriented and utilitarianism and pragmatism.


The next generation sequencing (NGS) is an important process which assures inexpensive organization of vast size of raw sequence dataset over any traditional sequencing systems or methods. Various aspects of NGS such as template preparation, sequencing imaging and genome alignment and assembly outline the genome sequencing and alignment. Consequently, de Bruijn graph (dBG) is an important mathematical tool that graphically analyzes how the orientations are constructed in groups of nucleotides. Basically, dBG describes the formation of the genome segments in circular iterative fashions. Some pivotal dBG-based de novo algorithms and software packages such as T-IDBA, Oases, IDBA-tran, Euler, Velvet, ABySS, AllPaths, SOAPde novo and SOAPde novo2 are illustrated in this paper. Consequently, overlap layout consensus (OLC) graph-based algorithms also play vital role in NGS assembly. Some important OLC-based algorithms such as MIRA3, CABOG, Newbler, Edena, Mosaik and SHORTY are portrayed in this paper. It has been experimented that greedy graph-based algorithms and software packages are also vital for proper genome dataset assembly. A few algorithms named SSAKE, SHARCGS and VCAKE help to perform proper genome sequencing.


Turbulence is a well‐known hazard to aviation that is responsible for numerous injuries each year, with occasional fatalities, and is the underlying cause of many people's fear of air travel. Not only are turbulence encounters a safety issue, they also result in millions of dollars of operational costs to airlines, leading to increased costs passed on to the consumer. For these reasons, pilots, dispatchers, and air traffic controllers attempt to avoid turbulence wherever possible. Accurate forecasting of aviation‐scale turbulence has been hampered in part by a lack of understanding of the underlying dynamical processes. However, more precise observations of turbulence encounters together with recent research into turbulence generation processes is helping to elucidate the detailed dynamical processes involved and is laying the foundation for improved turbulence forecasting and avoidance. In this paper we briefly review some of the more important recent observational, theoretical, and modeling results related to turbulence at cruise altitudes for commercial aircraft (i.e., the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere), and their implications for aviation turbulence forecasting.


Multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) composites with electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy) have been proposed as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The total capacitance of the nanocomposite combines a pure electrostatic attraction of ions and the electrochemical redox reactions of the -conjugated system of PPy. A synergy effect has been found between the two components of the nanocomposite. The mesoporous network of the nanotubular material supplies very good transport conditions for ions, and PPy enhances its conducting properties. A high ability of charge accumulation in such volumetric capacitor was obtained with capacitance values of 165 F/g of material.


In order to design a permanent magnet generator, several dynamic electromagnetic effects have to be investigated thoroughly. One of these effects is the induction of eddy currents in the conducting parts of the rotor due to the slot ripple and to negative sequence currents. These eddy currents can lead to increased temperatures in the rotor, especially under runaway conditions. Another crucial point is the choice of the right magnet volume since there is no possibility to adjust the excitation. The use of Finite Element solutions is very beneficial in this respect because all effects from iron saturation to leakage are taken into account properly. The danger of demagnetisation of the magnets in the case of a short circuit can be assessed directly by conducting a Finite Element calculation of this fault case. The effects of damper circuits on the field distribution during short circuits and other transient states can also be investigated thus enabling the designer to adjust the dimensions of these elements. In this paper, we will focus mainly on the dynamic aspects of the electromagnetic and electro-mechanical interactions between the rotor and the stator of a permanent magnet machine. In most cases, permanent magnet machines are of moderate size. Therefore, their moment of inertia is rather small thus giving rise to interesting effects in terms of rotor dynamics. During the last years, several important innovations in the field of hydro power generation have been introduced by VA TECH HYDRO, notably in the field of compact hydroelectric power generation. In the development of ECOBulbTM and HYDROMATRIX® generators, state-of-the-art calculation methods have been applied extensively. In this paper, several problems of the electromagnetic engineering process of permanent magnet excited generators are dealt with. Examples of the evaluation of dynamic electromagnetic phenomena are given, such as start-up, short circuit and synchronisation as well as loss calculations with rotating models in 3D.


Because of technological development, information propagates faster in incommensurable scales. In a context that aims to inform strikingly and clearly, image becomes specially highlighted. Thus, there has been great impact on privacy, once markedly restricted to personal circles, in such a way that each one becomes responsible for evaluating the effect of decisions on the disclosure of private information in means of communication, especially when such disclosure reaches beyond the individual level. Regarding paternal-filial relationship, it is natural that parents, on a daily basis, decide on which content to display about their children. It is up to Law, given the wide range of existing communication media, as well as the severity of possible consequences of thoughtless acts, to outline parameters so that the image exposure of children by parents can correspond to regular exercise of parental authority.


Francesco Colonna based a woodcut illustration for his Hypnerotomachia Poliphili of 1499, showing the tomb monument of a bridal couple, on the double-portrait relief by Tullio Lombardo now at the Ca' d'Oro, Venice. The name Colonna chose for the bridegroom, Sertullius, raises the possibility that the subject of the Ca' d'Oro relief is also "Ser Tullius," that is, Tullio Lombardo, and his wife. Further support for this suggestion comes from the relief's similarity to the self-portrait engraving of Israhel van Meckenem with his wife; from the form of the inscription on Tullio's relief; and from connections with other contemporary North Italian portraits of artists and humanists. The relief's purpose may have been bridal, commemorative, or both.


Abstract From measurements of the degree of association and of the optical rotation of solutions of ethylmagnesium bromide in (+)( S )-1-ethoxy-2-methylbutane [(+)-( S )-L] and benzene it is concluded that these solutions contain the species EtMgBr·2L (I), (EtMgBr) 2 ·3L (III) and (EtMgBr·L) 2 (II) which have molecular rotations [ M ] 25 D of 3.79°, 5.92° and 4.26° respectively. Equilibrium constants of 103 mole/l and 1.41 mole/l at 25° were calculated for the equilibria between these species.


Despite the large body of evidence of a volatility risk premium embedded in option prices, little is known about its behavior over the cross-section of option maturities. This study introduces maturity term structure modeling in the literature of the volatility premium. My findings are consistent with a concave, upward sloping maturity term structure, constructed on the basis of delta-hedged swaption straddle portfolios in two major currency markets (USD and GBP). I extend the application of the Nelson-Siegel model to volatility premium term structure modeling using both linear estimation techniques and state space optimization by means of a Kalman filter. The model is found to be capable of accurately fitting the premium term structure in-sample through three latent factors that correspond to the structure's level, slope and curvature. The factors are largely driven by movements in swaption implied volatility and to a lesser extent by dynamics in the forward swap rate and macroeconomic influences. Due to large randomness in the premia dynamics, out-ofsample forecasts of the term structure are inaccurate. The shape of the term structure is furthermore robust to alternative premium valuations, indicating that the Nelson-Siegel model can be successfully applied to a range of alternatively constructed volatility risk premium term structures.


The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) on reproduction was studied on male albino rats. The study was divided into three groups of six animals each. The first group (I) received distilled water serve as control. The second and third groups (II and III) of animals were administered the aqueous leaf extract daily at 250mg/kg body wt., and 350mg/kg body wt., respectively for a period of 30days. Significant decreases in the weights of testis, epididymes and seminal vesicle were observed. A dose related reduction in the testicular sperm count, epididymal sperm count and motility and abnormal sperm count were observed. The results showed that Azadirachta indica has effects on male rat reproduction, affecting the sexual behavior and epididymal sperm concentration.


The aim of this study is to evaluate the biodegradation performance of phenol in a fixed biofilm developed in sand soil media. The parameters which had been studied and may influence the biodegradation were: a) the grain size of sand, b) the rate of flow, and c) the initial phenol loading. Laboratory scale of two columns with inner diameter of 5 cm was used. The first column was packed with fine sand (0.8 mm) while the second column was packed with coarse sand (2.50 mm). Synthetic waste enriched with nuitrent was fed and recirculated to the top of columns. Phenol was introduced to the top of the sand layer. Daily samples were taken and analysed for: phenol, COD, pH, and suspended solids. The results indicated that grain size has no effect on phenol removal. The low rate of flow resulted better performance while the high loading of phenol slowed down the microbial activity.


Asthma is a multifactorial disease of the airways characterized by airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Conventional MHC-class II restricted CD4 + T cells are considered a key cell in asthma pathogenesis as they have a broad T cell receptor repertoire, providing specificity and reactivity to diverse protein allergens. This notion was challenged when a study found that invariant (i) NKT cells were the predominant T cell in the lung and BAL of all asthmatic subjects studied. This finding was provocative because iNKT cells have a very limited T cell receptor repertoire and are specific for a restricted set of lipid antigens that bind to CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC-like molecule. However, multiple subsequent studies failed to replicate the initial study and instead found that iNKT cells are present as a small fraction of the total T cells in the asthmatic lung. Thus, we believe that while CD1d-restricted NKT cells may play a role in modulating the asthmatic phenotype, they are not the critical drivers of the asthmatic response, a role we believe is still held by conventional MHC-class II restricted CD4 + T cells.


Abstract. We revisit Hardy's inequality in the scope of regular Dirichlet forms following an analytical method. We shall give an alternative necessary and sufficient condition for the occurrence of Hardy's inequality. A special emphasis will be given for the case where the Dirichlet form under consideration is strongly local, extending therefore some known results in the Euclidean case.


In this paper an Adaptive Control System, which is applied in the velocity control loop of a dc servo motor is presented. The system consists of a neuro fuzzy controller and a neural network model of the motor. It is shown how the neuro fuzzy controller is trained on-line with an error that is calculated through the neural network model. The structure of the controller is described as well as the architecture of the neural network.


Since there is no research about the forming and springback of helical springs considering the influence of the tensile force,the theory of it was established.The relationships between the bending moment,tensile force and the stress within the cross-section of spring wire respectively along with the relationship between the ratio of springback and the tensile force were discussed by applying the bending moment and tensile force together.The forming process numerical simulations of helical springs at different tensile forces were carried out by employing the large non-linear finite element analytical software ABAQUS 6.8.The results show that the springback is different when applying different tensile forces during the winding process.The larger the tensile force is,the smaller the springback is.Under the condition,it is easier for the spring wire to keep the shape being formed.For the helical springs in the course of being cold-coiled,when the other parameters are not easy to be altered except the tensile force,it is capable of increasing or decreasing it to decrease or increase the springback,respectively.


: The present study is concerned with interpretation of the available seismic data in the South Hemreen area ( Central Iraq ) , the aim of this study is to measure the amount of apparent anticline axes displacement between Fatha Formation (surface) and Jeribe Formation (sub surface) , The maximum of the value is noted at the crest of the anticline , so 1250m , 1350m , and 2800m at crest Injana , Khashem Al-Ahmar and Munsuria anticlines respectively. While the horizontal stress ( NE-SW) was lead to folded and faulted the sedimentary cover and displace the Fatha Formation horizontally , where its salty rocks played an important role in this displacement .


The free vibration of beams with variable cross-section was investigated. The governing equations for beams with variable cross-section were obtained using Timoshenko beam theory. The effect of axial and shear deformations, rotary inertia and non-uniformity cross-section were considered in the formulations. Ordinary differential equations in scalar form obtained in the Laplace domain were solved numerically using the complementary functions method. The free vibration of beams with variable cross-section was analysed. The effects of non-uniformity parameter, boundary conditions on free vibration were investigated. The results obtained in this study were found to be in good agreement with those obtained from ANSYS.


Mizuta and Ikegami 1 have reported the presence in cattle bile of an ether-soluble substance which promotes glycogen formation in the liver. We decided to repeat their experiments because the data presented are not convincing and the concept may possess significance. Methods. We have conformed as closely as possible to the general experimental plan of the Japanese observers. Young adult rabbits were fed our standard stock diet for 2 weeks. They were then placed in a stock in a wire cage to prevent coprophagia and fasted for 72 hours. The animals were then given 2 or 4 g of glucose per kilo body weight slowly intravenously (10 minutes) and 30 minutes later were given the bile extract similarly. 2.5 hours later, the animals were given pentobarbital intravenously, which induces anesthesia immediately. The liver was frozen in situ with CO2 within a minute. The frozen liver was crushed to powder and a weighed portion placed in 30% KOH, digested and analyzed for glycogen by Somogyi's method. The results were calculated and expressed as the percent of glycogen in the powder. The extracts were made from freshly frozen cattle bile. One extract, A, was made by rendering the thawed bile slightly alkaline (pH 8.0), evaporating to dryness in vacuo at a low temperature for 24 hours, and extracting the powder with ether and removing the ether in vacuo. A second extract, B, was made by slightly acidifying the thawed bile (pH 4.0) with phosphoric acid, steam distilling for 6 hours, the distillate being extracted with ether and the ether removed in vacuo. A third extract, C, was made as in the first extract, A, except the thawed bile was slightly acidified (pH 4.0) with phosphoric acid.


The paper presents the experience of complementary feeding in children with manifestations of food allergy. The 4-day food rotation diet proposed by a group of authors from the Children's Health Research Center (2009) for children 3 years of age and older has been used. The diet has been modified for babies of the first year of life who have manifestations of polyvalent food allergy, which could maximally extend the range of foods and minimize the clinical manifestations of food allergy. It is concluded that to diversify the range of complementary foods, it is appropriate to use the 4-day food rotation diet designed by a group of authors from the Children's Health Research Center; the first complementary foods should include specialized commercial infant formulas proven to be hypoallergenic.


A systematic experimental study has been conducted for dynamic properties of natural soft clay employing an improved cyclic triaxial apparatus. Undisturbed samples with various void ratios and plasticity indices picked up from a alluvial clayey layer have been tested to reveal the following important facts : (1) The rate of the time-dependent increase of the shear modulus of clay can be approximated by a simple experimental equation in which only plasticity index is used. (2) The damping ratio of clay remarkably decreases with time implying that in situ clay will exhibit smaller damping ratio than that measured in the laboratory. (3) The strain-dependent variation of the shear modulus ratio is very sensitive to the plasticity index of the cohesive soil. The higher the plasticity, the lower will be the rate of the strain-dependent decrease of the modulus. (4) Based on the experimental results on clays with different consolidation histories, the current practice of combining the in situ small strain modulus with the laboratory modulus ratio vs. strain curve to estimate the in situ large strain modulus to be used in dynamic response analyses of grounds may be justified for engineering purposes.


The personality of editors refers to the embodiment of their relatively steady mental inclination and psychological merits gradually formed in the practice of editorial activities.The personality includes moral,cultural,and aesthetic dimensions.Only with the harmony of the three dimensions can the utmost and most ideal personality be formed.


Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (Time-Driven ABC) was introduced in 1997 by Kaplan and Anderson in order to provide more precise information on costs and profitability of products / services and allows, as its promoters claim, to understand better and lower the costs, complexity of the activities of an enterprise using the "equations of time." This paper presents the results of a case study on the implementation of Time-Driven ABC in a distribution company from Dambovita, concluding that the method can be used for complex and dynamic activities, which characterizes the logistics of distribution companies.


Decision-tree algorithms are known to be unstable: small variations in the training set can result in different trees and different predictions for the same validation examples. Both accuracy and stability can be improved by learning multiple models from bootstrap samples of training data, but the "meta-learner" approach makes the extracted knowledge hardly interpretable. In the following paper, we present the Info-Fuzzy Network (IFN), a novel information-theoretic method for building stable and comprehensible decision-tree models. The stability of the IFN algorithm is ensured by restricting the tree structure to using the same feature for all nodes of the same tree level and by the built-in statistical significance tests. The IFN method is shown empirically to produce more compact and stable models than the "meta-learner" techniques, while preserving a reasonable level of predictive accuracy.


Financing lease has been the dominant mode of civil aircraft lease in china. However, the question of law on financing lease has never been clearly defined. Using comparative analysis, this paper studies the significance of integrate contract law for the characterization of financing lease contract Iaw,and discusses in detail the legal characteristica of aircraft financing lease by contrasting traditional lease of property, hire purchase and money loan for consurmption.


Monotone technique is applied to investigate solutions of PEVP of second order differential equations in case of lower solutions greater than upper solutions


Second malignancy after bone marrow transplantation is a rare event, invariably fatal (Deeg et al, 1984). When a repeat bone marrow transplant is contemplated the choice of conditioning and measures to prevent graft versus host disease (GVHD) is difficult without clear guidelines. This is illustrated by the following case. The patient was 42 years old when he presented with pancytopenia (Hb 10.3 g/dl. WBC 2.0 x 109/1, platelet count 53 x 10q/l). Five months after little response to oxymetholone, he received an allogeneic bone marrow graft from an HLA identical sister, with cyclophosphamide conditioning only (50 mg/kg for 4 d). Despite cyclosporin A prophylaxis, grade 11-111 skin and gut GVHD developed on day +11. rapidly responding to methyl prednisolone. No further GVHD, acute or chronic, occurred. The blood count was slow to rise and 5 months later a 'top-up' of marrow from the same donor was given, without further conditioning but continued cyclosporin A. The blood count improved and no further GVHD occurred. He remained well until 5 years later when he presented with symptoms and signs of raised intra-cranial pressure, subsequently shown to be due to CNS leukaemic infiltration. Bone marrow aspiration confirmed acute myeloid leukaemia (MI subtype) but unfortunately it was not possible to obtain cytogenetic analysis. He achieved remission with conventional treatment and at that time the marrow chromosomes showed a female karyotype. He then received a further bone marrow allograft, without purging, from the original donor. Conditioning included cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg for 2 d and total body irradiation 7.5 Gy mid-line dose in a single fraction with cyclosporin A prophylaxis. Engraftment was rapid, grade 1-11 skin GVHD occurring on day + 12, easily controlled on steroids. The blood count continued to rise steadily but at day + 56 grade III-IV skin and conjunctival GVHD developed. This responded to steroids, only to be superseded by grade IV gut GVHD. which proved fatal, despite full supportive therapy and a 5 d course of Camplus (an IgG anti-T cell monoclonal antibody). Two separate issues of this case merit discussion. Firstly, the aetiology of the acute leukaemia is not clear. It is disappointing that cytogenetics studies could not be carried out. as it is not known whether the leukaemia was in a donor or recipient cell line. An aplastic presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is recognized (Breatnach et al, 1981) but the leukaemia is usually manifest by 6 months. Host cells may have been sublethally exposed to cyclophosphamide, but in Seattle, only one of over 400 patients transplanted for aplastic anaemia, using a similar schedule, has developed acute leukaemia (in host cells). However, this was at 7 months post-transplant (Klingeman et al, 1986) inferring that the aplasia was a prodrome of acute leukaemia. Secondly, the occurrence of fatal gut GVHD was unexpected, for although the patient had suffered grade 11-111 GVHD after the first transplant, this had responded to steroids and no further GVHD occurred on exposure to the 'top-up' marrow. This is in contradistinction to the findings of Bolger et a1 (1986) that, in general, GVHD worsened after a second infusion. In retrospect, T cell depletion of donor marrow may have been beneficial, but only with a substantial risk of marrow failure or leukaemia relapse. In future, predictive tests of GVHD, such as that of Vogelsang et al(1985), using reactions of donor lymphocytes against recipient skin in culture, may be useful in the management of similar cases.


The US military has made considerable progress in developing counterinsurgency (COIN) strategy and doctrine, including the publication of Army Field Manual 3-24 and the military's successes in working with the population to stem the insurgency in Iraq. The short-term goals of COIN are now fairly well understood: engage the population and win their support. Whichever side wins the support of the population--either the host nation (and US forces that support it) or the insurgents--wins the battle. The battle is not the war, however. The long-term goal of a counterinsurgency campaign requires the creation of a functioning state, a government that can stand on its own, provide for its citizens, and promote regional and international stability; this achievement is victory in a counterinsurgency. Transitioning from the short-term success of population engagement to long-term viability of the host nation is far more difficult and less understood. It is important for the military to understand the long-term goals of counterinsurgency in order to take the appropriate measures in the near-term that support the objective of creating a functional state. To that end, this article outlines three analytical stages to achieve victory in COIN: population engagement, stability operations, and the creation of a functioning state. It contends that actions taken in the early stages of COIN should always keep in perspective the long-term goal of creating a viable state. Without this foresight, actions taken in the short-term may undermine the stability of the state and result in defeat. Stage 1: Population Engagement Most scholars agree that insurgency is a form of political violence that aims to challenge the existing authority in a state, be it the government or an occupying force. Insurgent violence, in other words, is not random violence but violence with a greater purpose. French insurgency expert David Galula defines an insurgency as "a protracted struggle conducted methodically, step by step, in order to attain specific intermediate objectives, leading finally to the overthrow of the existing order." (1) The US Army and Marine Corps counterinsurgency field manual echoes this definition, describing insurgency as "an organized, protracted, politico-military struggle designed to weaken the control and legitimacy of an established government, occupying power, or other political authority while increasing insurgent control." (2) Unlike conventional wars, where one military aims to defeat another on the battlefield, the center of gravity in insurgencies is the population. (3) In other words, the battle between insurgents and the state is a tug-of-war for the loyalty and support of the population. Galula contends: If the insurgent manages to dissociate the population from the counterinsurgent [the government], to control it physically, to get its active support, he will win the war because, in the final analysis, the exercise of political power depends on the tacit or explicit agreement of the population or, at worst, on its submissiveness. (4) Without the population's support, insurgents cannot survive. Likewise, without the population's support, a state's government lacks legitimacy and is unlikely to survive. A successful counterinsurgency strategy requires winning the population away from insurgents by drawing on a mixture of kinetic and nonkinetic actions. Finding the balance between kinetic and nonkinetic operations is perhaps the greatest challenge in the early stages of a counterinsurgency. (5) If the goal is to build rapport with the population and win their trust, then kinetic operations alone are unlikely to achieve this end. If the population and insurgents are intertwined, as they usually are in the early stages of COIN, then kinetic operations run the risk of collateral damage to the individuals and infrastructure, which will cause a loss of trust and support. …


Abstract : Four fully configured and networked IBM/RISK 6000 3BT work stations with peripherals have been purchased for performing high level ab initio calculations on high energy compounds


This memo specifies methods for text media handling in multi-party
calls, where the text is carried by the RTP protocol. Real-time text
is carried in a time-sampled mode according to RFC 4103. Centralized
multi-party handling of real-time text is achieved through a media
control unit coordinating multiple RTP text streams into one RTP
session, identifying each stream with its own SSRC. Identification for
the streams are provided through the RTCP messages. This mechanism
enables the receiving application to present the received real-time
text medium in different ways according to user preferences. Some
presentation related features are also described explaining suitable
variations of transmission and presentation of text. Call control
features are described for the SIP environment, while the transport
mechanisms should be suitable for any IP based call control
environment using RTP transport. An alternative method using a single
RTP stream and source identification inline in the text stream is also
described.


As one of the series of studies on the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the mechanical behavior of polycrystalline metals, the transient behavior of plastic flow stress of prestrained polycrystalline aluminum at atmospheric pressure immediately after hydrostatic pressure soaking of 2000kg/cm2 for 1 hour was discussed experimentally in the present paper. From the present study, the following conclusions have been obtained: (1) At reloading after the pressure soaking, it was observed that the yield stress of the metal at reloading decreases transiently in comparison with the flow stress of the metal in the tension test at atmospheric pressure but it returns asymptotically to the original flow curve as the deformation advances. It was also observed that the pressure soaking has no influence on ductility of fracture of polycrystalline aluminum. (2) It was observed that the yield stress at reloading after pressure soaking decreases remarkably with increasing the prestrain formed by pulling at atmospheric pressure. This becomes more and more evident for the test specimen with finer grains. (3) As a structural change caused by pressure soaking of the material, the transient increase in number of moving dislocations in the metal resulting from decrease of frictional stress and locking force in the material can be considered. It is suggested that the yield stress at reloading after pressure soaking decreases because of the accelerative effect of moving dislocations. (4) As for the strain-rate dependence of the influence of pressure soaking, it was obtained that the decrease of the yield stress under high strain-rate at reloading after pressure soaking is smaller than that under low strain-rate. This result was explained in terms of the increase of frictional stress caused by the strain-rate dependency of the material. (Received June 2, 1972)


High voltage adjustable speed drive systems offer significant advantages in many applications such as a fan, pump, or blower. In these applications, the adjustable speed drive systems achieves a higher level of system efficiency.Usually, low voltage inverters with output transformer were used for a high voltage induction motor drive system. Recently, direct drive inverter system without output transformer has proposed and investigated. This inverter system is composed of single phase unit inverters and outputs multilevel voltages.In this paper, pulse width modulation (PWM) technique suitable for high voltage direct drive inverter systems are discussed. At first, conventional multi-level PWM techniques based on the sub-harmonic method are shown and evaluated using time domain simulation. Next, new PWM method is proposed. This method has advantages that a modulation principle is very simple, distortion of the output voltage is very low, and well balanced switching losses among the unit inverters are achieved. Finally, simulation and experimental result are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.


Soil column simulation experiments were used for the study on water and salt movement under different straw mulching ways.The results showed that water evaporation from deep soil layer was reduced significantly,and the movement of soil salt from deep layer to topsoil was also reduced,because the role of capillary in soil was destroyed by the deep mulch,which formed capillary barriers under plough layer.Straw mulching on topsoil decreased water evaporation,but the effects of maintaining water and restraining salt was not distinctly.Comparing with other treatments,deep straw mulch with surface straw mulch showed better effect on maintaining water and restraining the assembling of salt on topsoil.The deep straw mulch with surface straw much ensured the growth of crop due to the lower salinity condition in the plough layer.


AbstractThe C4 photosynthetic pathway is a series of structural and biochemical modifications around the more primitive C3 pathway that improve the photosynthetic efficiency under specific climatic conditions. Hence, the origin and subsequent geographical expansion of the C4 plants likely reflects a record of climate change. Multiple paleoatmospheric pCO2 proxies indicate a critical CO2 threshold was breached ∼30 Ma, that potentially selected for CO2-concentrating mechanisms to overcome photorespiratory stresses imposed on the basic C3 pathway. Details of the C4 pathway's earliest origins remain enigmatic given the paucity of the geologic record. Nonetheless, δ13C proxy records from paleosol carbonates, ungulate teeth, and plant-derived compounds indicate C4 plants likely represented an important component of plant biomass by the Early Miocene. Low CO2 levels appear to be a precondition for the development of the C4 photosynthetic pathway; however, comparisons of δ13C proxy records indicate that the timin...


Globalization is rapidly tak ing place in our world. Although there are some advantages, globalization also brings about a lot of problems, especially in the relationships between different cultures. For the lim it of the paper, I try to present briefly some m ain reasons for the conflict between cu ltu ral world outlooks in the Era of Globalization through the philosophical and intercultural viewpoints. I will reflect on some works by W ittgenstein and offer some solutions based on W ittgenstein's insights.


A new Meldrum's acid compound 5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was prepared by 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diox-ane-4,6-dione with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde in ethanol and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray crystallographic techniques. It crystallizes in triclinic, space group P-1 with a = 9.1249(6) Å, b = 9.9060(8) Å, c = 14.4640(16) Å, α = 85.1440(10)º, β = 84.7750(10)º, γ = 89.388(2)º, C 14 H 14 O 5 , Mr = 262.25, V = 1297.3(2) Å 3 , Z = 4, D c = 1.343 g/cm 3 , F (000) = 552, µ = 0.102 mm -1 . The 1,3-dioxane ring is in a distorted envelope conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak intermolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonds.


Monetary policy is the process by which the Central Bank or Monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest. Every year Reserve Bank of India changes the cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), prime lending rates (PLR), Repo Rate etc, to control the money supply of the country. This paper aim to discuss about the impact of reverse repo rate and cash reverse ratio in the share price of banking companies listed in National Stock Exchange. The analysis of the study showed that the security prices reacted to the announcements of reverse repo rate and cash reserve ratio.


Almost every country in the world face the problem of counterfeit currency notes, but in India the problem is acute a s the country is hit hard by this evil practice. Fake notes in India in denominations of Rs.100, 500 and 1000 are being flooded into the system. In order to deal with such type of problems, an automa ed recognition of currency notes in introduced by with the help of feature extraction, classification based in SVM, Neural Net s, and heuristic approach. This technique is also subjected with the computer vision where all processing with the image is done by machine. The machine is fitted with a CDD camera which will scan the image of the currency note considering the dimensio ns f the banknote and software will process the image segmen ts with the help of SVM and character recognition methods. ANN is also introduced in this paper to train the data and clas sify the segments using its datasets. To implement this design we are dealing with


This study examined the perspectives of Latino/a immigrant parents about the place of English in their lives. The parents described how they had come to the United States with intentions of learning English, but various obstacles made it an overwhelming challenge. The author questions whether, despite rhetoric to the contrary, financially struggling immigrants may not be meant to learn English because they play a role in the nation's economy that could not be easily filled if they assimilated. Aside from making financial advancement a pipe dream, the language gap limits these parents' opportunities to shape their children's values, development, and education.


In order to clarify the logic line of knowledge governance performance,we construct a conceptual model including the moderating effect of organizational slack,the mediating effect of governance mechanism,knowledge attribute and knowledge subject characteristic.And this model is verified by hierarchical regression analysis based on the data of 173 questionnaires.The result shows that knowledge attribute is negative to the knowledge governance performance while knowledge subject characteristic is positive to the knowledge governance performance.Three knowledge governance mechanisms have the full and part mediating effect to the knowledge attribute and the knowledge subject characteristic.And the organizational slack has positive moderating effect to this intermediary effect.This uncovered mechanism has practical significance to the construction of knowledge system、reasonable proportion of knowledge mechanism and the promotion of knowledge governance performance by using the design of knowledge governance mechanism.


The three-dimensional structure of the iron-containing superoxide dismutase (EC 188.8.131.52) from Pseudomnas oval has been determined at 2.9-A resolution by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement. The molecule is a dimer of two identical subunits with one iron atom per monomer. The conformation of the enzyme is completely different from that of the eukaryotic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. Each subunit consists of about 50% a-helix plus three strands of antiparallel pleated sheet. The iron atoms are coordinated by four protein ligands, one of which is the side-chain of histidine-26. Crystals of complexes with the inhibitors azide or fluoride are considerably more resistant to irradiation than those of the free enzyme. The structure of the apoprotein is identical to that of the iron-containing molecule. The superoxide dismutases (SODs; EC 188.8.131.52) are metalloproteins that catalyze the reaction


We experimentally demonstrate an interferometric protocol for multiplexing optical states of light in a lossless manner, with potential to become a standard element in free-space communication schemes that utilize light endowed with orbital angular momentum (OAM). We demonstrate multiplexing for odd and even OAM superpositions generated using different sources. In addition, our technique permits one to prepare either coherent superpositions or statistical mixtures of OAM states. We employ state tomography to study the performance of this protocol, and we demonstrate fidelities greater than 0.98.


Twee laboratoria hebben samengewerkt om een geintegreerde database te maken van een Europese referentie collectie rozen met moleculaire en morfologische data en foto'sAn integrated pilot database was constructed containing administrative, morphological and molecular data as well as pictures of each variety. In spite of some encountered difficulties, it was demonstrated that two laboratories can produce substantially equivalent data and that the molecular data produced is useful as a tool for managing reference collections, prescreening and quality assurance


Generally, an automatic fingerprint classification system aims to classify the fingerprints into several categories based on global features such as ridge structure and singular points. Its process basically covers: segmentation, enhancement, orientation field estimation, singular point detection, and classification. However, its performance is heavily relied on image quality that comes in various forms such as low contrast, wet, dry, bruise, cuts, stains, etc. Although a great effort has been made by previous studies to come out with various methods, their performances especially in terms of accuracy are fallen short, and room for improvements is still wide open. Thus, this thesis proposes an automatic fingerprint classification scheme based on singular points and structural shape of orientation fields. This method begins with foreground extractions using a composite method which combines local mean values of the grey-levels with local variances of the gradient magnitudes. Then, noise patches in the foreground are detected using coherence, and are enhanced using minimum variance of gradient magnitude. Next, Least Mean Square algorithm is applied to estimate the orientation fields, and a corrective procedure is performed on the false ones using minimum variance of the orientation fields. Later, an orientation image is created, and then partitioned into several distinct regions of homogenous orientation fields. The convergence point of these regions implicitly reveals an area that most likely contains a singular point. Subsequently, core and delta in this localized area are then detected using the Poincare index. Finally, based on the number of core and delta and their locations, an exclusive membership of the fingerprint can be ascertained. Should it fail, the structure shape of the orientation fields neighbouring the core or delta is analysed. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and tested using 27,000 fingerprints of NIST Special Database 14, which is considered de facto standard dataset for development and testing of fingerprint classification systems. The results obtained are very encouraging with accuracy rate of 89.31% that markedly outperformed the latest work of the renowned researchers.


An optical module for demultiplexing optical communication wavelengths is realized by incorporating a multilayer filter into a light-induced self-written (LISW) optical waveguide. For the purpose, a 24-layer-filter comprising low and high refractive index hybrid material layers is designed and fabricated by mutual spin-coating and UV-curing. The LISW waveguide by exposure to 850-nm light using bi-directional process to a photocurable resin is realized, and insertion loss difference reaches to 17.8 dB between 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm.


The ethics of placebo trials have taken central stage over the past year. As the World Medical Association drew closer to amending the Declaration of Helsinki, a polarized debate was played out in some of the major journals. 'No placebos' versus 'placebos in occasional, well scrutinized trials'. The exaggerated placebo response seen with psychotropic medications, debate about the efficacy of standard psychiatric treatments and concerns about gaining informed consent have dominated the battle scene. By the end of 2000, it seemed that the absolutism of the anti-placebo camp had won through. The plea against this absolutism has, however, lived to see another day, with the World Medical Association re-examining the situation, indicating how difficult it is to make absolute research guidelines that do not inappropriately exclude acceptable research efforts.


The talent and competency of students in Kerala are widely accepted all over the country. The IQ and EQ level are more than that of national average. Students who passed out from professional institutes are with distinction but majority are unemployed. Hypothesis test is carried out within group and between groups to identify whether the internship is necessary in industries for an Engineering graduate to get a placement in an organisation. The study analyses to bridge the gap between education system and employability in Kerala.


Recently, it has been shown that hydrophilic colloidal silica particles (Ludox) can be rendered sufficiently hydrophobic to stabilize oil in water (O/W) emulsions simply by changing the pH of the suspending medium to ∼2, and such emulsions have been shown to display novel rheology (shear thickening) compared to conventional emulsions (Wolf et al. J. Rheol., 2007, 51, 465). However, while lowering pH can render nanosized silica (∼10 nm) sufficiently hydrophobic so as to stabilize O/W emulsions, this method does not appear to generalize to larger silica particles (∼200 nm). In this present study, we explore a different approach, which employs hydrophilic, (i.e., not surface modified) colloidal silica particles to stabilize O/W emulsions in the presence of a range of cations. It appears that certain cations at high pH (in particular La3+) will render various inorganic oxide surfaces more hydrophobic. As such this makes the combination of silica particles with appropriate concentrations of Lanthanum cations a...


We present a theoretical investigation of the polarization plane rotation at light transmission—Faraday effect, through 1-D multilayered magneto-photonic systems consisting of periodically distributed magnetic and dielectric layers. We calculate Faraday rotation (FR) spectra of photonic-magnonic crystals, where cell (or supercell) is composed of magnetic layer and dielectric layer (or section of dielectric photonic crystal). We found that the FR of p-polarized incident light is increasing in the transmission band with the number of magnetic supercells. The increase of FR is observed also in vicinity of the band-gap modes localized in magnetic layers but the maximal polarization plane rotation angles are reached at minimal transmittivity. We show that presence of linear magneto-electric interaction in the magnetic layers leads to significant increase of the FR angles of s-polarized incident light in the vicinity of the fine-structured modes inside the photonic-band-gap.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is standard treatment in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Recently, nephron sparing surgery in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has emerged as a major interest. In this study, we compared oncologic and functional outcomes between RNU and SU in UTUC. METHODS: Our analyses involved 394 patients treated with RNU from 2008 to 2016 and 38 patients treated with SU from 2009 to February 2018. Patient variables were adjusted with sex, age, year of operation, T stage and grade by 1:1 propensity score matching. Progression free survival (PFS), cancer specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), upper tract cancer recurrence free survival (UTC-RFS), bladder cancer recurrence free survival (BC-RFS) and eGFR preservation rate after operation were analyzed. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, 37 patients were included in each group, and well balanced. Patients characteristecs were shown in Table 1. The PFS, CSS, OS BC-RFS rates showed no significant differences between RNU and SU (p = 0.568, p = 0.711, p = 0.119, p = 0.792 respectively). There was no significant survival difference acoording to high grade or T3 stage. However, regarding UTC-RFS, SU group is more likely to recur. (UTC-RFS 97.2% vs 91.5% at 3-year, p < 0.001) (Figure 1) In the multivariate regression model, the type of surgery failed to affect for progression, caner specific mortality and all-cause mortality. For patients who previously underwent SU, 3 patients recur at upper tract. Among them, 1 patient undergo salvage RNU, 1 patient undergo endoscopic mangement and 1 patient was died because of another casue. In terms of renal function, eGFR preservation rate after 1 year of operation, SU was superior to RNU. (78.3 ± 24.6% vs 109.2 ± 29.8%, p <0.001) CONCLUSIONS: No significant PFS, CSS, OS and BC-RFS differences were demonstated between surgical approaches for UTUC and no significant survival differences were shown according to high grade or T3 stage. But upper tract recurrence is more common in SU. Patients who underwent SU show superior results in preservation of renal function compared with RNU. Figure. No caption available. Table. No title available. Source of Funding: none


Laws governing the expropriation of real properties for public and socially useful purposes are in force in most countries. The problem of determining fair compensation for expropriated land is a very current one and has already been the subject of research. However, it deals mainly with the method of determining the value of the property without analyzing the procedure itself, and its weakest points in particular. The research objective is to develop a methodology to identify those factors that impede the entire process the most and should be eliminated in the first place. For this purpose, the authors firstly analyzed the procedure for determining compensation for expropriated real properties in Poland and identified factors that may adversely affect this process. Then, the decision support methods were reviewed. Due to the maturity, flexibility, and comprehensively verified quality, the DEMATEL method was used to achieve the research objective. This method allows for the efficient identification of all cause–effect relationships as well as key factors even in the case of very complex systems. Since the DEMATEL method is based on expert knowledge, the authors prepared a questionnaire and asked 16 experts—representatives of public administration at various levels, judges, and property appraisers—to assess the effect of individual factors on each other on a five-point scale. Finally, they analyzed the nature of the factors disturbing the course of the process of determining compensation for expropriated real properties. Thanks to the original multilevel application of the DEMATEL method, which took into account expert knowledge about the complex relationships between the factors, the authors demonstrated that in Poland the key roles in hindering the compensation determination process play two factors: the undetermined legal status and incomplete identification of real estate constituents. The proposed methodology is a universal one and may also be applied for the assessment of other administrative proceedings as well as various factors that determine them.


In moving towards the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people living with HIV, understanding HCV transmission patterns may provide insights to guide and evaluate interventions. In this study, we evaluated patterns of, and factors associated with HCV phylogenetic clustering among people living with HIV/HCV co‐infection in Australia in the direct‐acting antiviral era.


The aim of the study was to analyse teachers' interactions with students in order to track the differences in the messages given to pupils depending on their gender, and to study the opinions of students about the behaviour of their teachers. As part of the research, 34 hours of lessons (divided into 17 hours of mathematics and 17 hours of Polish language lessons) were observed. Additionally, the opinions of 68 students (34 girls and 34 boys) were analysed. The study employs mixed methods of data analysis (Stromquist 2007), combining a qualitative approach based on elements of grounded theory (Glaser, Strauss 2017) with quantitative comparisons of the frequency of the teacher's behavior, using χ2 tests. The results indicate the differing nature of teachers' interactions with girls and boys; the number of interactions and their quality are more favourable in the case of boys. Girls are more often overlooked, and their achievements and contributions are less frequently noticed. In addition, students are aware of the differences in how they are treated by their teachers, pointing out, inter alia, to the importance of providing equal treatment to all students.


A highly compact and scalable microring-laser-based optical-add multiplexer is presented for wavelength division multiplexed bus networks. The output of a 40 mum-radius microring laser is vertically coupled to a passive waveguide bus and the chip is subsequently mounted in a butterfly package with fibre pigtailing at both input and output. In the first such experiment with a microring-based module, a wavelength channel is added into a wavelength multiplexed fibre-optic link with negligible power penalty. Successful transmission of a 2lambda x 2.5 Gbit/s signal over 25 km is demonstrated for a 0.9 nm channel spacing.


In a school that has hundreds of students, the attendance system or attendance recording is a problem in terms of practicality and data capture. Especially during a pandemic like this, learning is carried out online or in a network, commonly called distance learning (PJJ). Currently, various applications of technological advances have been created and begun to replace conventional systems. One of them is an Android-based attendance application system. The purpose of this study is to analyze and design an application that can help manage attendance data more easily and accurately. System modeling uses Unified Modelling Language (UML) to describe visually, then implemented with PHP and JavaScript programming languages, React Native Framework, and MySQL database as a database. With the mobile-based attendance system, it can make it easier for teachers to conduct attendance effectively and efficiently.


ABSTRACT Zimbabwe experienced record hyperinflation of 80 billion per cent per month in 2008. This article uses new data from Zimbabwe to investigate money demand under hyperinflation using an autoregressive distributed-lag model for the period 1980–2008. The results produce plausible convergence rates and long-run elasticities, indicating that real-money balances are cointegrated with the inflation rate and signifying an equilibrium relationship between the two series. Evidence is also presented suggesting prices were driven by increases in the money supply rather than by changes in price setting behaviour. The article uses the estimated elasticity on the inflation variable to calculate the maximum level of seigniorage revenue that could be raised in the economy. Actual seigniorage levels increased dramatically after 2000, with inflation eventually exceeding the rate required to maximize this revenue stream. This is discussed in relation to international financing constraints and the collapse of the domestic tax base.


This paper lays a new road map with (a) technology forecasting capabilities, (b) technology acquisition with strategic fit, and (c) investing in strategic options as key responses to management of technological discontinuities.


The mechanical behavior of two composites, i.e., CF3031/QY8911 (CQ, hereafter in this paper) and EW100A/BA9916 (EB, hereafter in this paper), under dynamic loadings were carefully studied by using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The results show that compressive strength of CQ increases with increasing strain-rates, while for EB the compressive strength at strain-rate 1500/s is lower then that at 800/s or 400/s. More interestingly, most of the stress strain curves of both of the two composites are not monotonous but exhibit double-peak shape. To identify this unusual phenominon, a high speed photographic system is introduced. The deformation as well as fracture characteristics of the composites under dynamic loadings were captured. The photoes indicate that two different failure mechanisms work during dynamic fracture process. The first one is axial splitting between the fiber and the matrix and the second one is overall shear. The interficial strength between the fiber and matrix, which is also strain rate dependent, determines the fracture modes and the shape of the stress/strain curves.


Although in the last 10 years in Italy there has been a greater sensitivity by the legislature to the trafficking, including in relation to international commitments such as the Palermo Protocol, there are still difficulties and deficiencies in affording effective jurisdictional protection for victims of this shameful social phenomenon. Italy has started to pay a sensitive normative attention to the defence of the victims of trafficking through the art. 18 of the DLvo 286/98I that stipulates the concession of a residence permit for social protection to the people that are subject to trafficking, as well as the possibility to be inserted in programs of assistance and social integration. The aforesaid norm has allowed starting an experience that doesn't have comparisons in Europe. There is rather a protection of individual rights, which is unconditional, at least in the first stage. This is the so called "Social path", which allows the trafficked person to seek help from an association, before and independently by a complaint. The following Law 228/2003 was subsequently incorporated into a path already started four years earlier with the aforesaid Law of 1998 and it should have addressed the problems that had not been handled. The law protects victims of trafficking. In particular it envisaged the establishment of a special assistance program for victims of crimes under Articles 600 ("reduction or maintenance in slavery or servitude"), 601 ("Trafficking in persons") and 602 ("Purchase and sale slave ") of the Italian Penal Code. Victims of exploitation are guaranteed assistance and hospitality. Moreover, the law has radically changed the definition of slavery under Att. 600 Italian Criminal Code, indicating behaviour similar to it or reducing to servitude. It is a rule intended to have a particularly wide scope for punishing behaviour of exploitation in general or in particular the induction and exploitation of prostitution, work performance in conditions of complete subjugation and exploitation of employees against the employer. The original concept of slavery has been extended to include the existence of a network and thus slavery is made not only through violence, threats and deception, but also abuse of authority or profiting from a situation of need, both in order to obtain sexual services, both for the use of a person for specific job performance, or for begging. However there are still debates and open problems. It's important and necessary to incriminate and tougher penalties to be applied for the crime of trafficking in humans, which involves the violation of basic human rights. We must underline that the crime of slavery was only applied in few cases, especially when people had minor injuries. In most trials relating to such crimes the sentences included milder penalties. Also, one should ensure that the criminal action does not result in an additional stress factor and victimization resulting from inadequate methods of conducting the procedure by those authorities - police and judicial - which should guarantee the rights of individuals harmed by the offence (known as secondary victimization). Special investigation is required for activities on different levels of trafficking, such as trafficking of babies or children to be allocated to begging or forced labour, or domestic servitude. But within a European approach to the problem, we cannot speak only of the gaps of national legislation. All must be framed in the broader dimension of cooperation. It's important the value of events such as the Protocol between Italy and Romania, signed in Bucharest on July 9 of 2008, which is the source of some transnational cooperation in the areas of intervention of the European Social Fund for the coordination of measures designed to promote the social inclusion of trafficked funded ESF, such as the strategic project "Integrating market labour trafficking victims. We need to promote a strengthening of international cooperation between higher institutions and civil society in the countries mostly involved in this terrible practice.


THIS paper presents the findings from a survey by questionnaire of psychiatric disturbance in a series of just under 300 consecutive new patients attending Most previous psychiatric studies from venereology departments in England have been concerned with some specific aspect of psychiatric


In story segmentation, it is often difficult to gather the segmented data to train a new model for the purpose of supervised learning. Therefore, how to gather the useful data and to reduce the human effort on segmenting stories is an important issue. We apply active learning to selecting the most informative examples to train a supervised model more efficiently. Active learning aims to minimize the number of segmented examples by automatically selecting the examples that are most informative for the story segmenter. By this method, we can decrease the labor effort in boring story segmentation and get the same or better performance in automatic story segmentation. We also consider another problem, namely whether training data in story segmentation can be reusable or not and how the different special structures of the language influence the performance of active learning for story segmentation. The experimental results show that active learning can reduce the number of segmented examples to reach a given level of performance and that reusable training data in story segmentation still contain information that improves the performance. It is a satisfactory result


As one of the most controversial topics in international economics, the effect of the exchange rate regimes on economic performance and currency crisis is still in arguments. We find that the previous studies focus on the question without differentiating the periods. Therefore, we analyze the performance under the alternative exchange rate regime by the economic growth and inflation in steady period and the currency crisis with different developing level and exchange rate regimes. The main result include that the each exchange rate regime has its own advantage and disadvantage, and the developing level is significant in the quantity and ratio of currency crisis under the different exchange rate regimes.


It is the focus of attention that texture experiments deal with real samples which consist of a
finite number of crystallites of different size. Because of this the main sample-induced
statistics (grain statistics and grain-size statistics) have essential influence on the quality of
experimental data. This article quantitatively analyzes the dependence of the integral error
on the parameters of the mentioned statistics and the approximation goodness.


The Cophasing Sensor (CS), which measures the disturbances between the sub-apertures, is a key component of multiple-aperture telescopes. As multiple-aperture telescopes become more ambitious, requirements for the CS become more demanding: low flux (for stellar interferometers), sub-nanometric accuracy (for interferometric nullers), image with very small contrast (for wide-field telescopes such as spaceborne Earth imagers), larger number of beams (for all applications). Focal-plane sensing is a solution to cope with all these requirements, with a very simple opto-mechanical setup. Two implementations have been investigated at ONERA: phase retrieval, using the sole focal-plane image, and phase diversity, based on the joint analysis of a focal and an extra-focal images. Phase diversity can measure any mode on any source, while phase retrieval is more suited to real-time piston/tip/tilt measurements on an unresolved (or partially resolved) source. To evaluate accurately the performance of CS or other high-resolution devices, ONERA has built a multipurpose bench called BRISE (Banc Reconfigurable d'Interferometrie sur Sources Etendues). BRISE mainly includes an extended scene and a reference point source, a deformable mirror, a focal-plane CS, afocal input/output ports to interface with other instruments, and a general purpose code MASTIC (Multiple-Aperture Software for Telescope Imaging and Cophasing). BRISE has already been (or will be) used for several applications, such as the validation of CSs for Earth imaging or nulling interferometry, or the exploration of advanced nulling techniques. This paper describes the bench and the investigated CSs, the experiments performed on BRISE, and reports main results such as nanometric accuracy or three-beam nulling.


In aircraft engines the blade resonant vibration amplitude is normally reduced by increasing the structural damping by using, for example, tip shrouds. These devices dissipate the energy generated at the contact surfaces between the relative motion and the friction force. Contact parameters, principally the friction coefficient and contact stiffness, are required to characterize the dynamics of shrouded blade system. Moreover, if at these contact surfaces severe wear occurs, a loss of interference takes place and the energy dissipated by the shroud decreases. Consequently the blade vibration amplitude increases and a catastrophic blade failure could take place. In this work a test rig for the contact parameter measurements and micro wear characterization of flat-on-flat contact surfaces has been developed. The test rig works at high temperatures of up to 1000 °C, by means of induction heating. One of the specimens was attached to the rig frame, basically an inertial mass and four springs, and subsequently excited by an electromagnetic shaker. The second specimen was allowed to approach the first specimen and to rotate in such a way than the geometric contact between the two surfaces occurred at three points. In this way a real "flat to flat" contact was obtained. The two surfaces were kept in contact by means of a constant normal load. The tangential contact force was measured by a force sensor while the relative displacements between the contact surfaces were measured by two laser vibrometers. The relative displacement was kept under control by acting on the shaker force. Tangential force and relative displacement were used to describe the hysteresis loop and, consequently, to obtain the friction coefficient and contact stiffness during the wear process. The temperature is feedback controlled by using two thermocouples placed within the specimens near the contact surfaces. The expected results are the contact parameters and the wear behaviour of real flat-on-flat contact surfaces. The aim of this work is to describe the design principle of the test rig and present the initial measurements.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is defined as a state of persistent immune response to stimulation by M. tuberculosis antigens without evidence of active tuberculosis.(1) The World Health Organization estimates that one fourth of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis.(2) The main strategy for reducing the risk of developing the disease in individuals infected with M. tuberculosis, who are at increased risk of progression to active tuberculosis, is LTBI treatment,(1) which is able to reduce this risk by 60-90%(3) and is one of the main components of the World Health Organization's End TB strategy.(4)


Fifty well‐defined basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) on the face, outside the central T, were studied to establish change in size between initial assessment and surgery. The major and minor diameters were measured at presentation and when the patients attended for elective excision 21–155 days later (mean 70). The median change in major diameter was an increase of 0·5 mm (range − 3 to + 4, P < 0·05). The median change in area was 4·71 mm2 (range − 54 to + 64, P < 0·05). Although there is a statistically significant increase in major diameter and area, it was small in clinical terms. The major axis increased by > 1 mm in 8% of cases. In no case was treatment or completeness of excision compromised by waiting. A mean delay of 10 weeks between review and surgery does not appear to compromise the outcome of treatment of BCC in patients with well‐defined BCCs of the face outside the central T.


The intensive development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) has led to major changes in society. The widespread use of smartphones and mobile communications has allowed today to create new programs and services to improve human life. This development changes the established habits of human communication, the relationship between society and the environment. A social networking service (SNS) is a service (on a website or through a mobile application) that allows users to share a personal profile and establish contacts with other users. Social networking services affect the territorial organization of society and can be used for the development of both settlements and entire territories to make their development more sustainable and balanced.
The study of social networking services is currently on the rise. The joint efforts of many sciences (sociology, psychology, geography, mathematics, statistics, computer science, etc.) are needed to understand the subject essence of the phenomenon and to analyze data.
Approaches to the study of social networking services can be divided into three large groups: 1) in terms of human relations and relationships; 2) in terms of content distributed on the network; 3) in terms of spatial aspects of the functioning of the social network. In Ukraine, there are no detailed studies of the spatial aspects of the spread of social networking services at the local level.
In the Ternopil region, there is a pattern of concentration of the majority of Facebook and Instagram users in the largest cities, namely Ternopil, Chortkiv, Berezhany, Kremenets. Buchach, Borshchiv, Zalishchyky, Terebovlya, and Shumsk districts stand out among the districts by the number of users.
An important indicator that characterizes the spread of social networking services is the penetration rate of the social network, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of users in a certain territory to the population living in it. Cities of regional subordination differ in terms of the penetration rate of SNS. The highest values were observed in Chortkiv, Ternopil, Kremenets cities. The penetration rate of social networking services in the administrative districts of Ternopil region is much lower. A relatively high rate (over 30%) was recorded in Buchach, Berezhany and Shumsk districts. Extremely low penetration rate (less than 5%) is in Zbarazh, Chortkiv, Zboriv districts which are adjacent to the cities of regional subordination.
The social networking service Instagram is inferior to Facebook in level of development, and its main users are mainly young people. However, in the territories where the rate of Facebook penetration is the lowest in the region (Ternopil, Zbarazh, Chortkiv, Zboriv districts), the predominance of Instagram is noted.
Thus, the main patterns of spatial distribution of SNS' Facebook and Instagram in Ternopil region are: concentration of users in the largest cities, especially in the regional center Ternopil City (half of Facebook and Instagram users in the region); the number of users is proportional to the population in the territorial unit; small number of users and low penetration rate of the SNS' in the administrative districts adjacent to the cities of regional subordination Ternopil and Chortkiv; among administrative districts, higher indicators of social network development are typical for northern and southern districts in comparison with central ones.
Key words: social networking service (SNS), penetration rate of the SNS, Facebook, Instagram, Ternopil region.