Through her literary works, Nicaraguan poet, author, and revolutionary Gioconda Belli employs graphic images of sex and the female body in an effort to empower women and stir up a revolution against inequality in the realms of sexuality, reproductive health, and politics. A woman who is highly in tune with her sexual needs, Belli has an inclination toward eroticism in her writing, which she uses to put forth her views of feminism and social equality. Believing that woman are entitled to sexual gratification and exploration equal to that of males, Belli glorifies the female anatomy in her works, presenting the female sex as a beautiful, sensual being to be celebrated, not shamed or constrained by predetermined social constructs. Depicting encounters with injustice and discrimination in the field of reproductive health, Belli exposes the trauma, health issues, and indignity that women often receive in the medical setting regarding their sexual health, demanding that reforms are made for women's reproductive rights. Finally, Belli uses images of sexuality and sensuality for political purposes in her work, particularly metaphors of sexual intercourse to represent the political revolution against the Somoza dictatorship transpiring in her home country of Nicaragua. In her novel, The Inhabited Woman, her memoir, The Country Under My Skin, and her poetry anthology, From Eve's Rib, Gioconda Belli strives to empower women sexually and politically by using graphic imagery of sex as a medium to inspire the idea of revolution.


The mass-media production of pontifical charisma made of the papal voyage to Canada a veritable mass-communication celebra tion. But, it is precisely in this that the event has taken on its speci fic religious dimension, structuring into one single emotional communion the paradoxical identity of a public otherwise dis pensed.


ABSTRACT Using a simple displacement field the vertical uplift behaviour of a single rigid pile (or pier) embedded in a frozen sandy soil is analyzed. Results of the analysis are represented by curves from which the magnitude of the butt movement can be estimated for given uplift forces. The procedure outlined in the paper is directly applicable to piles embedded in moderately to heavily overconsolidated clay deposits.


lief is that we have in our National Congress a body " well adapted to devise laws of order best suited to every exigency that can arise in a deliberative assembly." Let us therefore adopt home practice and procedure, he says-especially if thereby parliamentary rulings in different states may be at one, and the business of national conventions be transacted "with ease, rapidity, and mutual understanding." M\ost certainly, let us!-if such adoption will lead to such results. The compiler has aimed to give " a complete system of rules", deduced from House and Senate practice, " adequate for the governing of any assembly". That is a large task to essay, and only after many tests can it be (letermined whether he has been completely successful; for the curious and kinky parliamentary questions and complications which may arise in long and perhaps fierce discussions, no man can foresee. Perhaps the best purpose the book will subserve will be as a book of reference in disputed cases--to settle the question of congressional usage. To such reference-use, an admirable table of motions and their applicability or non-applicability, an alphabetical arrangement of topics, a full-faced bringing out of the salient thought of each paragraph, and a citation of the best authorities in a few mooted points-all conduce. In brief, a handy book to go with, and stay by, the parliamentarian or presiding officer.


This research was psychological convergence research for job satisfaction improvement of emotional worker, and verified the effects of jobscape on psychological welfare and moderating effects of ego-resilience through the relation between jobscape and psychological welfare. Research hypothesis was verified by SPSS 20.0 program based on surveys from workers in travel agency in Seoul. As a result, jobscape that includes physical, emotional and social environment has a positive effect on psychological well-being and has a negative effect on psychological burnout. Moreover, ego-resilience plays a moderating role in relation among these factors. Based on the result, this study suggests that jobscape is an important factor in psychological welfare of the employees in tourism industry and emphasizes the importance of role of the employees' ego-resilience by revealing ego-resilience as an important moderating variable.


From March to May 2021, this study was carried out in the Asahan University research facility. This study's goal was to ascertain how administering natural ZPT green bean sprout extract and planting media affected the growth of lemon plant cuttings ( Citrus limon L.). It was a randomized block design that was used (RBD). The first of the two components in the factorial treatment design is the administration of ZPT natural green bean sprout extract (Z) at four levels: Z 0 = no immersion, Z 1 = one hour of immersion, Z 2 = two hours of immersion, and Z 3 = three hours of immersion. The second factor is how growing media (M) are treated, with M 0 being moss and topsoil and M 1 being cocopeat and topsoil, and M 2 being chaff charcoal and topsoil, at three different levels. The proportion of live cuttings (%), the number of days before shoots appeared (days), the shoot height (cm), the number of leaves (strands), and the length of the roots were the parameters measured (cm). Almost all of the observed parameters, with the exception of the age at which shoots developed from cuttings, did not respond significantly to the administration of natural PGR extract of mung bean sprouts, according to the data. While this was going on, the treatment of the planting medium had a very big impact on the parameters of root length and leaf count that had been measured. In the meantime, the treatment of the planting medium had a very substantial impact on the parameters of root length, number of leaves, and shoot height that were measured. The percentage of live cuttings and the age at which shoots first developed, however, did not appear to have any discernible effects. Citrus limon L. cutting growth was not significantly affected by the interaction between the response of administering natural PGR extract of green bean sprouts and planting media, according to all measured parameters.


Non-parametric tolerance limits are used to make sure that production will not be outside specifications for non-normal populations. They are constructed usually at the beginning of a process run. These limits do not reflect changes of tolerance level over the lifetime of the process. This article proposes the continuous assessment of process tolerance. The procedure utilizes the exponentially weighted moving average method and provides evidence of process tolerance over the lifetime of the process. The resulting tolerance limits are shown to be narrower on average and exhibit considerably lower variability than the non-parametric limits commonly used. The sample size required for these tolerance limits can also be reduced by a considerable amount over time.


Abstract The modernization of Turkey is usually covered as a process primarily generated after the foundation of the Turkish republic. This is a clearly simplistic image that neglects to bring in the continuities between the nineteenth‐century Tanzimat reforms and the Republic itself. These continuities may even be traced to the earlier rise of a Turkish bureaucratic class (circa 1780). Another aspect of this simplification is that it neglects the type of institution building policy that goes back to the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II (r. 1876–1909) and the type of synthesis between Islam and modernity that was promoted by an intellectual elite between 1908 and 1923.


Liver, the largest organ in the body is being evolved to maintain the body's internal milieu and also protect itself from the challenges it faces during its implementation. It is a essential organ having assorted functions. It theater a significant position not only in the metabolism, production and storage other than  in the detoxification of a lot of endogenous and exogenous compounds and converting them to less toxic substances for excretion. A number of herbal preparations are available in the market Liver cell injury caused by a range of toxic chemicals (certain chemotherapeutic agents, anti-biotic, carbon tetrachloride (CCL 4 ), paracetamol (PCM), thioacetamide (TAA) etc.), excessive alcohol consumption and microbes is well-studied. The present review is aimed on liver, its function, liver diseases, types of drug induced hepatotoxicity and their mechanisms of liver damage and clinical scenario. Keywords: Hepatotoxicity, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Liver injury, Paracetamol.


The purpose of this work is to study new evaluation methods of the cyclic errors in Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). In order to achieve this objective, a measuring procedure of cyclic errors and application of Fourier Analysis to the testing data were accomplished. Measurements of distances between consecutive lines of the scale were also obtained and the results have shown the existent manufacturing errors and suggested frequencies and period of errors of electronic division. After data analysis one can conclude that some times cyclic errors can be hidden and at other times wrongly evaluated. The determination of the period of the cyclic errors makes possible the use of strategies to minimize cyclic effects during measurements and positioning error calibration. A cyclic period of four millimeters was confirmed in the low frequency tests and a comparison of the cyclic errors influence during calibration of the positioning errors with and without a compensation strategy was made and results have shown that the standard deviation decreases approximately sixty-five per cent.


Aim. Formation of sustainable economy of Russia on the basis of the criterion of dynamic equilibrium between reasonable and expedient state intervention in the course of economic processes and market self-regulation.Tasks. To analyse the peculiarities of economic models of developed countries of the world; to propose a comprehensive approach to the formation of a sustainable economy in the context of economic theory; to clarify the structural organisation of the model of economic dynamics and to determine the indicators that signal the change of phases of the economic cycle; to substantiate the expediency of using the method of system identification of the objects under study to carry out systemic modelling of the structural organisation of a sustainable economy; to propose a logical scheme of the Russian economy, sustainability of economic processes in Russia.Methods. In the article on the basis of application of the method of system identification of the studied objects the methodology of structural organisation of sustainable economy is substantiated, which includes the reasoning of its structural elements — market environment, state economic policy, the main tools of which are state economic strategy, state regulation of the economy and market self-regulation. The synergy of the latter determines the possibility of maintaining market equilibrium and creates the required conditions for social production and social reproduction.Results. The necessity and possibility of transition from a market economy, unable to withstand global challenges and maintain equilibrium state, to a sustainable one has been revealed. The necessity to develop a comprehensive approach to the formation of the structural organisation of a sustainable economy in Russia, taking into account the provisions of economic theory and assuming the possibility of managing economic dynamics, implemented through state economic policy, has been established. The structural organisation of the sustainable economy of Russia, including the market environment, state economic policy, state economic strategy, state regulation of the economy, market self-regulation, social production and social reproduction, has been formed. The twofold result of the functioning of sustainable economy in the proposed form is effective use of production factors and economic growth.Conclusions. The substantiation of views, concepts and ideas outlined in the study allowed us to form a dynamic system design of the structural organisation of the sustainable economy of Russia, which is based on certain principles, functions and methods. Thus, in the structural organisation of sustainable economy the role of the principle basis is played by the state eco[1]nomic strategy, organisational and functional — by state regulation, methodological — by market self-regulation. The possibility of application of these tools of state economic policy is conditioned by the action of the driving force of sustainable economy — state economic policy, and the expediency of application — by the state of the market environment.


The Traumatic Bone Cyst (TBC) is an uncommon intraosseous non-neoplastic lesion of the jaws that almost affects patients in the second decade of life. The literature is replete with a multitude of names that refer to this lesion; underscoring ignorance of its etiopathogenesis. We present an overview of TBC and report a case that further corroborates one of its proposed etiologic hypotheses. The patient was a young male whose mandible was the jaw affected. The lesion was asymptomatic and discovered on routine radiographic examination. At operation, the bony cavity was seen almost empty and the scant material available for histological examination showed features consistent with the definitive diagnosis of the lesion.


PURPOSE: A state monitoring apparatus is provided to prevent the damage of data in an internal memory unit by monitoring the occurrence of induced noise or lightening. CONSTITUTION: A solar cell array state monitoring apparatus includes an amplifier(420), converters(430, 440, 490), and a central processor(405). The amplifier amplifies plural channels in order to match inputted photovoltaic voltages or current signals with a solar cell array by inputting the photovoltaic voltages or the current signal. The converter changes the amplified signal into a digital signal. An insulation unit disconnect with the digital signal outputted by the converter. The central processor inputs the digital signal disconnected by the insulation unit.


The aim of this study is to review the multi-perspectival characteristics of Steven Holl's museum architecture. Multi-perspectives in his works show not only museum characteristics that intend movement and spatial experience but also his own concretization of phenomenological architecture. Holl's multi-perspectival characteristics are developed from the concept of parallax. Beyond, however, simple spatial experience, his multi-perspective can be considered as a case to dissolve Western dualism of the subject and the object in architectural field. Multi-perspectives in his architecture appeared as the maximization of visual experience through diversification of view points and vanishing points. Holl seems to intend to make the variation of vanishing points by overlapping of visual frames and changes of view points by movement. In this situation, lights plays important role in shaping multi-perspectives. Lights from various directions not only act as elements of view making but also affect view configuration its changes through time. In these respects, Steven Holl's multi-perspectival approach is the his continuous and concrete realization method of phenomenological architecture beyond theoretical application.


X-ray powder diffraction provides useful discrimination between brass specimens that occur as contact traces. Phases are identified and under favorable circumstances may be quantified. The copper/zinc ratio within a single-phase brass can be estimated with ease to ±1%.


Customer are asset that must be mainten by companies especially for e-commerce applications in order to gain customers who do repurchase intention. This study aims to analyze the effect of Customer Perceived Value, Customer Trust and Customer Satisfaction on Repurchase Intention Of Services Provided By Shopee Online Shop. The population was consumers who have made transactions more than once, and the sample was 90 respondent of Shopee online shop customers in Manado . The method of this analysis was quantitative method with Multiple Liniear Regression (MLR) with the help of IBM SPSS version 25 software. The result of this study indicate that Customer Perceived Value, Customer Trust, and Customer Satisfaction has asignificant positive effect on Repurchase Intention. This reseach suggest that companies can maintain and improve Customer Perceived Value, Customer Trust and Customer Satisfaction for Shopee users in Manado to get Repurchase Intention.


The building of the credit institution is the basis of the money market development. At the same time, the money can the benefit the credit institution and advance it. During the development of the money market, we need the help of the credit institution. So it's very important to discuss the relationship between them.


Alkali-metal-initiated polymerization of dienes has been known since the 19109. Metallic sodium and potassium have been known as ionic initiators for quite some time.3 However, the designation of metallic lithium as an initiator has not always been unequivocal.


It is possible to achieve the required quality indicators of seed material when sorting the grain mass both after harvesting and before sowing crops in the fields. The most effective method of grain purification from impurities is optoelectronic sorting due to the use of a wide range of selective features. One of the main indicators of the efficiency of an optoelectronic installation for sorting of seed material is the positive effect obtained as a result of an economic assessment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is assessing the damage caused by plant diseases to farms and calculation the economic effect of using modern optoelectronic technologies of machine vision to identify phytopathologies at an early stage of wheat seed development. (Materials and methods) The economic efficiency of the optoelectronic device for seed sorting developed at the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin was determined in accordance with GOST R 57330-2016 «Industrial automation systems and integration. Maintenance and repair systems. Key performance indicators» and taking into account reference data. It was shown that the reliability of the results is confirmed by the multiple repetition of studies and the reproducibility of the results obtained, the use of generally accepted methods, instruments and mathematical processing of experimental data. (Results and discussion) It was found that when used for sowing in the fields of a fraction of seeds sorted by an optoelectronic installation with high germination, it is possible to reduce the seeding rate of winter wheat from 192.1 to 182.2 kilograms per hectare, and the specific economic effect per hectare is 198 rubles. It was revealed that the net annual profit per 1200 hectares from the introduction of an optoelectronic installation for pre-sowing sorting of seeds will amount to 237,600 rubles; the payback period of the proposed installation is 1 year 3 months. (Conclusions) It was stated that an optoelectronic device for sorting seeds of various agricultural crops is effective from an economic point of view both at grain cleaning enterprises and in laboratories for analyzing the quality of grain products.


The article suggests Jobberns' view of geopolitics ultimately rested on the work of British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder overlain by the writing of American political geographers. Jobberns' geopolitical thinking was, however, also strongly informed by his being a Freemason. WWII, as the overshadowing external event of Jobberns' early years at Canterbury, amplified his interest in geopolitics both as a way of understanding the world and, at a time when geography was not universally accepted as a university discipline, as a means of promoting to a wider public the utility of a geographical perspective on world affairs.


A DEVICE FOR DISTRIBUTING AIR INTAKE FOR CARBURETOR A DEVICE WORKING MANUAL, ESPECIALLY SAW MOTOR CHAIN WAY THAT WORKS OF ARRANGEMENTS WINTER AIR COOLING HEATED BY THE CYLINDER 7 ENGINE IS MOVING THROUGH OPENING OF PASSAGE TO 13 CARBURETOR, THEN THAT SUMMER SCHEME THE PASSAGE OPENING 13 is closed by a 14 VALVE IS WAY UP TO ROTATE AROUND POWER AN AXIS. VALVE WITH 14 OR CLEAR OR closes the opening 13 PASSING IS ADVANTAGEOUSLY MADE SO AS TO SERVE IN ITS POSITION OPENING RELIEVING THE OPENING OF PASSAGE, ORGAN DEFLECTOR RETAINING THE WARM AIR COOLING AND OFFICER THIS WARM AIR COOLING TO CARBURETOR.


The special educational ideas of post-modernism provides new perspective to adult education in China,the education stresses on pluralism,diversity,open,equality and creativity.This article introduces the objective of post-modernism education,curriculum view and teacher-student view and its important enlightenment for adult education in China.


The time-limited search model was developed for military operations for evaluating human search performance as a function of time, originally using static imagery but later expanded to accommodate moving sensor situations. Previously, we introduced an application for using this moving sensor search model to optimize a forward-facing sensor look-down angle for a given forward vehicle speed. In this work, we build on the optimization model to accommodate sensors that may be pointed in any direction, using coordinate transforms. This allows us to determine probability of detection for a given target as a function of a more generalized camera pointing direction. While this methodology may be applied for any target of interest such as road potholes, tanks, or IEDs, here we determine probability of detection of a Burmese python against a grass background.


Quantitative analysis of the microstructure image must first go through a serious of processes from geometric distortion correction,histogram modification,contrast enhancement,image smoothening,image sharpening,image binarization to image division and so on.Then to extract the shape haracteristic parameters,the texture feature parameters and the spatial relationship parameters.As microstructure image processing is a difficult and repetitive work with large amount of data,this paper presents a method--Microstructure Image Quantitative Analysis System,which can batch processing and make functions customizable.It also expounds the design goal,the overall system design,function module design and realization principle.All the results show that the system can greatly improve the working efficiency of researchers while analysing the quantitative of microstructure images.


There are few described cases of metastatic carcinoma from the prehistoric eastern United States and none primarily differentially diagnosed from the southeast. A mature adult female exhibiting several large lytic cranial lesions suggestive of neoplastic disease was identified in a late prehistoric Mississippian Period (AD 1200–1600) context. Burial 371 is from Ledford Island, a Mouse Creek phase (AD 1400–1500) site from the Chickamauga Reservoir of southeastern Tennessee. It is the only case in this reservoir (total adult n = 843). The radiographs of the otherwise asymptomatic postcranium yielded radiolucencies in both proximal femora, both medial clavicles, the sternum, the surviving humeral metaphysis and fragmentary innominate. The locations are all consistent with metastasized carcinoma. The identity of the possible primary lesion is argumentative. Age, sex and the mixed nature of the osseous response are consistent with carcinoma of the breast but not to the exclusion of bronchogenic, thyroid, or kidney cancers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Objective To investigate the clinical significance of the platelets variances in systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) or sepsis of critical illness.Methods Patients who suffered from severe SIRS and sepsis were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups,survivor group and non survivor group by 28 Day's suvival rate.Platelet counts and acute physiology and chronic health evaluaton Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ) score were perfomed immediately after hospitallization,3,7 and 10 days.Results APACHE Ⅱscore was much higher,but no difference in the two groups immediately after the hospitalization.However,it increased markedly in non survivor group and decreased dramatically in survivor group 7 days after therapy.There was significant difference between the two groups(P0.01). Platelets were slightly decreased in both groups immediately after the hospitalization.After three days of therapy,it increased to the normal range in the two groups.However,it progressively dropped in non survivor group 7days and 10 days later,and it was significantly different from survior group(P0.001).Conclusion Platelet variances is sensitively responsive to prognosis of SIRS and sepsis in critical patients.


Topoisomerase II is able to transport one DNA duplex through another in an ATP-dependent manner and thereby modify DNA topology. In addition, topo II has been identified as a major component of the mitotic chromosome scaffold. Thus topo II may play both a structural and a catalytical role in the regulation of chromosome architecture during the cell cycle. Extracts prepared from the eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis recapitulate the major cell cycle events in vitro and have allowed a wide range of experimental manipulations of the chromosome cycle. Topo II and other proteins can be immunodepleted, or inhibited at precise stages of the cell cycle with various inhibitors, and the resulting effects on chromosome structure examined by a wide range of biochemical techniques. We review here studies on the role of topo II in nuclear assembly, DNA replication, chromosome condensation, segregation, and decondensation. Topo II is not required for the first, rapid stage of sperm decondensation following fertilization but is required for chromatin decondensation following assembly and growth of the nuclear membrane. Topo II acts behind the replication forks to decatenate sister chromatids during S phase, and this close association with replication forks seems to seed the assembly of a subchromosomal structure that subsequently promotes correct condensation of sister chromatids in mitosis. Topo II is then required at the metaphase-anaphase transition to resolve the last intertwinings between sister chromatids and ensure their proper separation. Mobilization of a small, chromosome-bound population of topo II by sumovlation seems required for this process. Future studies should provide further insight on the interplay between topo II and other regulators of chromatin and chromosome structure.


The recent reform of consumption tax has attracted much attention.We should treat the regulating role of consumption tax from a rational aspect.And at the same time,we should study its future reform direction actively.By enlarging its range and changing its collection point,we can improve it once more.


Long acting local anaesthetics and inferior alveolar nerve block in children can cause loss of sensation and proprioception in a large area supplied by that particular nerve. Similar to the maxilla in mandible also, adequate level of anaesthesia can be achieved in the desired site of treatment by using a short acting local anaesthetic. Early return of normal sensory feedback after using short acting anaesthetics can be helpful in preventing self-harm.


Insights in modeling are often surprises that occur as part of the modeling process. These can happen in many ways and for many reasons. This paper discusses how some such surprises occurred in real applications based on personal experiences of the author. The goal of the paper is to help develop a better understanding for the types and the impacts of surprises that may occur in practice, which in turn hopefully can lead to more effective modeling.


Abstract : During cruise 102 of the R/V Atlantis-II in the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project (JASIN), surface meteorological data were gathered by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution personnel from two moored buoys and from the ship. One buoy (JASIN W2/WHOI 651) carried a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and a Vector Measuring Wind Recorder (VMWR); these instruments provided 18 days of intercomparison data and 38 days of meteorological data from 30 July to 6 September 1978. The other buoy (JASIN H2) carried a VMWR and gave 25 total days of data from 16 July to 10 August, and from 26 August to 1 September. A PET computer, hardwired to sensors positioned on the ship, displayed data that were logged during both legs of the cruise. Manual data were gathered by the science watches. This report describes the PET system, and displays and compares all the data. VAWR hourly meteorological data are listed for the 38 day period. Scientific interpretation of these data, such as calculations of heat fluxes, will be published separately. (Author)


The objective of this research was to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of bivalvia pempek (Pilsbryoconcha sp.) by using fasting pre-treatment bivalvia to the raw material and different pempek formulation. This research was conducted on February until July 2014 at the Laboratory of Fishery Product Technology, Chemical Laboratory of Technology of Agricultural, Faculty of Agriculture, and Bioprocess Laboratory of Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University. The Factorial Randomized Block Design was used with two treatment factors that were repeated twice. The treatment factors were consisted of pre-treatment to the bivalvia (without fasting and fasting for 24 hours) and comparison of  the composition of bivalvia meat and tapioca flour (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). Parameters observed were physical analysis (gel strength and degree of white) and chemical analysis (water content, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate). The results of this research showed that average value of gel strength of bivalvia pempek ranged from 208.20 gf to 463.70 gf and degree of white percentage ranged from 45.47% to 51.33%. The average value of the water content ranged from 85.50% to 84.20%, ash content from 0.55% to 0.90%, protein content from 3.82% to 7.31%, fat content from 1.26% to 1.91%, and carbohydrate content from 9.83% to 12.05%. The best treatment was fasting pre-treatment by using water for 24 hours with a ratio 50% of bivalvia meat and 50% of tapioca flour (1:1)


The Al_2O_3 dispersion-strengthen copper and CuCrZr alloy vacuum was brazed with filler Ag-Cu-Ti.The influence of brazing temperature and holding time on microstructure and tensile strength was studied.The CuCrZr alloy and joints properties were analyzed by the process of direct quenching after vacuum brazing and then aging treatment.The results show that when the brazing temperature is lower or the holding time is shorter,the metallurgic reaction is not strong and the connection is not tight;when the brazing temperature is higher or the holding time is longer,the filler seriously infiltrates into Al_2O_3 dispersion-strengthen copper.There is not enough filler to fill the weld and this is the reason why get poor tensile strength.The properties of CuCrZr alloy can be partial recovered after subsequent aging treatment.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cleansing effect of recently developed alkaline ionized water, e-WASH, on microorganisms of the denture surface. Materials and methods: Removable partial and complete dentures were randomly assigned to the experimental group of 41 dentures, and ...


Abstract One of the contributing factors for the increased obesity rate in China is the reduction of physical activity and exercise. With this as the backdrop, understanding Chinese students' motivation toward physical education (PE) and physical activity is a worthy area of study. The purpose of this study was to examine Chinese students' motivation for physical activity using Nicholl's (1989) achievement goal approach. A total of 984 Chinese students from six schools in mainland China participated in the survey measuring achievement goals, motivational regulation, perceived competence, attitudes toward PE, and physical activity. Using cluster analysis, four goal profiles were found. Three clusters were similar to the "highly motivated," "moderately motivated," and "lowly motivated" clusters found in previous study (Wang, Chatzisarantis, Spray, & Biddle, 2002). One additional cluster with a "moderate task/moderate ego/high perceived competence" goal profile (Cluster 2) consisted of 39.6% of the sample and was unique to the Chinese sample. This cluster was found to have the lowest external regulation and high identified regulation and intrinsic motivation; they also had the most positive attitudes toward PE and reported highest participation in physical activity. There were gender differences among the four goal profiles. The majority of the Chinese students did not have an ideal goal profile adaptive for long term motivation. Therefore, there is a need for intervention to increase the task orientation and perceived competence of Chinese students in PE


For the first time previously developed iodine resonance spectra source has been tested in flash photolysis experiment. Quantitative measurements of concentration kinetics of iodine atomic species in a I2+O3 system are possible. The 183.038 nm resonance absorption transition of I(2P3/2) in previously developed EDL has been studied; dependence of self-absorption and self-reversal on iodine partial pressure in the discharge volume has been measured. The search for optimal conditions for an iodine EDL with minimized self-absorption and sufficient intensity were made. In condition of flash photolysis with previously described method it is possible to determine the emission temperature, oscillator strength and corresponding absorption cross section for the I(2P3/2) transition at 183.038 nm. With special set-up shown here it is possible to use the continuous light sources for absorption spectroscopy of molecular iodine species together with atomic iodine line soruce for resonance absorption spectroscopy of atomic iodine sepcies. There are evidences that bromine sources could be used in similar ways.


This book is a re-publication of previously published articles or talks, as Antrim's entry on the faculty page of Trinity College, Hartford, CT reveals. It consists of an introduction and three chapters (homeland, cities, regions). It purports to establish that there was a 'discourse of place' in a broad range of texts and a more limited range of images (i.e., maps) that were produced, mostly in Arabic, during the first centuries of the Abbasid dynasty. In its three chapters, Antrim extracts anthologies, historical chronicles, and geographical works; and supplements this with further extracts from the occasional travel account, astronomical work, or religious treatise [2]. These brief extracts, which are never given in the original language, are joined by way of quotations and summaries in an easy flowing combination of the reformulated opinions and interpretations of previous researchers. The author's own contribution seems to consist in:


The invention provides a liner plate vacuumizing mechanism which comprises a push plate assembly, two linear plates, a fixed plate, a guide seat, bearings, a tension spring, an air cylinder, fixed columns and two guide columns. The push plate assembly is fixed to the fixed plate. One ends of the two linear plates are connected to the fixed columns. The guide seat is connected to the fixed plate. The guide seat is connected with the guide columns and can slide along the guide columns. The bearings are fixed to the guide seat and connected with the air cylinder. The tension spring is connected between the two liner plates. The push plate assembly comprises a U-shaped plate and a cover plate. One side of the U-shaped plate and one side of the cover plate are welded in a non-aligned manner for vacuumizing. By means of the structure, the beneficial effects of being convenient and easy to operate, reducing cost and improving production efficiency are achieved; and when a product is subjected to bagging and sealing packaging, the sealing line of the product can be kept smooth, and bagging or sealing doses not need to be carried out again.


The utility model discloses a kind of blower fan apparatus, including: housing, it is formed with air channel;Fan, is arranged in air channel;Motor, is used for driving fan around pivotal axis;Housing is formed or connects to be had: operating handle, is used for operating blower fan apparatus;Operating handle is arranged on the outside in air channel.Also disclose a kind of backpack blower fan system, except above blower fan apparatus also includes: bear equipment, attachment means and battery bag etc., bear equipment for bearing for user;Attachment means is for transmitting forces between blower fan apparatus and Backpack device;Wherein, attachment means is respectively connecting to bear equipment and blower fan apparatus.Above scheme improves operating experience by the design of operating handle, bearing equipment can help user to alleviate the impact that operation tool device is brought by the weight of battery bag simultaneously, being simultaneously connected with device can be at tool device with bear transmitting forces between equipment, alleviate the operation burden of user, improve the comfort level of user operation.


Abstract Many have suggested different ways of conceptualizing mental health conditions in mental health services. However, eliciting the unicity of the individual experience of mental health conditions in the diagnostic process remains challenging. In this position paper, we describe the diagnostic process in psychiatry and outline three challenges for which insights from the design research paradigm, in particular so-called generative sessions, may represent an opportunity for innovation. We suggest that by implementing generative sessions, conversations about individual experience can be initiated, the focus on diagnostic categories can be shifted towards personal variation, and the integration of empirical evidence of recovery can be facilitated. Therefore, we argue that exploring generative sessions in the diagnostic process can stimulate incremental and iterative advancements in diagnostic systems. To test its hypothesized impact on clinical practice, we recommend several directions for further research in co-creation with traditional mental health professionals, people with mental health conditions, and people with lived experience.


Information on doing library research and finding information in the fields of Public Health and Health Sciences Instructions for using Medline via ProQuest


Abstract : The goal of this project was to (1) assess the validity of medical claims information for tracking breast cancer diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes; (2) use Medicare data, linked SEER cancer registry data, and claims data from large firms to analyze trends in diagnosis rates and staging, treatment, expenditures, and outcomes for Americans with breast cancer; and (3) analyze the cost effectiveness of alternative patterns of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. The first part of Section B reviews the work done on creating cohorts of breast cancer patients and assessing the validity of the selection procedure. The second part discusses our findings on trends in breast cancer costs, treatments, and outcomes with a particular emphasis on changes in the productivity of breast cancer care. The third part reviews our work on measuring the cost effectiveness of alternative patterns of diagnosis and treatment, and introduces some innovative statistical methods we developed to help address the problem of bias. The conclusion section reviews the main findings and describes the areas for future research identified by this project.


The present investigation was undertaken to prepare and evaluate the crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) films as rate controlling membranes (RCM) for transdermal drug delivery application. The drug free films of SA were prepared by mercury substrate method and evaluated for thickness uniformity, tensile strength and water vapor permeation (WVP). The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Drug diffusion characteristics of the films were studied using diclofenac diethylamine as a model drug. The prepared membranes were thin, flexible and smooth. Tensile strength measurement and DSC analysis suggested that as the crosslink density increases, the tougher membranes were formed. The WVP and drug diffusion were dependent upon the crosslink density and thickness of the films. The permeability was decreased with increasing crosslink density and thickness of the films. The molar mass between the crosslinks and crosslink density were calculated using empirical equations. The primary skin irritation study indicated that the prepared membranes were less irritant and safe for transdermal application.


The utility model discloses a check tool which can check a taper angle accurately and rapidly, can remove unqualified products in batch products to reduce or prevent slip faults and can be used for rapid measurement when processing taper holes. The taper angle check tool comprises a measuring sleeve and a measuring rod. The taper angle check tool is characterized in that a dial gauge is arranged at the top of the measuring sleeve; a big cylinder is arranged at the bottom of the measuring sleeve; the measuring rod penetrates from the bottom of a sleeve hole of the measuring sleeve and is arranged in the sleeve hole via a positioning screw and a positioning slot so that the measuring rod can move axially and limitedly in the sleeve hole; a small cylinder is arranged at the bottom of the measuring rod; and a spring is arranged between the big cylinder and the small cylinder.


Following Quiggin (1994), we propose a choice model that accounts for individuals' regret concerns. This model, which is general and does not specify an additive or a multiplicative form for the regret-utility function, is based on the concept of choicelesss utility which generalises the concept introduced by Loomes and Sugden (1982). The use of the choiceless utility paradigm allows us to give a general definition of regret which can accommodate many regret-utility functional forms and any information structure. In addition, we stress a particular feature of our model of choice, which incorporates the fact that choosing, independently of any emotion, can be painful simply because it implies giving up some opportunities. We refer to that phenomenon as a psychological opportunity cost. Moreover, as regret is intrinsically related to the concept of feedback about the foregone alternatives, we order the feedback structures according to a regretful individual preference. We show that the less informative the structure is, the higher the utility of a regretful individual. We also focus on information value, and consider two cases: that of non-flexibility, where information arrives after the choice and cannot be used to determine the optimal strategy; that of flexibility, where information arrives before the choice. We show that information value is negative when there is no flexibility, and that it can also be negative even if there is flexibility.


The invention discloses a determination method of a material's uniaxial constitutive relation through biconical indentation prediction. By the use of two different diamond cone indenters (shaped as a cone or a right square pyramid), a smooth material's surface undergoes quasi-static indentation loading so as to obtain a continuous loading P-depth h curve; loading curvature C is obtained through the curve loading section; and through simple treatment, the material's uniaxial constitutive relation is predicted. By the method, the defect that existing cone indentation technology requires long-range finite element calculation and depends on multistage regression fitting to obtain complex numerical relationship and the like is overcome, and harsh technological requirements for solution to constitutive relation in the prior art are avoided. The method of the invention can be used in mechanical effects analysis of material's constitutive relation and relevant factors under loading conditions such as creep deformation, impact and the like. The invention is of great significance for acquisition of uniaxial mechanical properties of materials with a small structure or a welding structure widely existing in key projects such as micro electro mechanical system, aerospace, nuclear power, high-speed railway, oil and gas transportation, biomedical engineering and the like.


Karl Mittermaier (1938–2016) completed a work in 1987 titled The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand: Dogmatic and Pragmatic Views on Free Markets and the State of Economic Theory, published for the first time in 2020. Here I treat Mittermaier's rich meditation, which I interpret as a pursuit of greater coherence in classical liberal thought. Mittermaier emphasises the moral, cultural, and institutional preconditions of a liberal market order, and argues that some of the preconditions depend on people feeling that they have reason to embrace such classical liberal principles. The preconditions, then, depend in part on the perception of coherence and appeal of the liberal order.


Computational resources on modern high-performance computers are underutilized mainly due to hardware and software performance bottlenecks. Identification of bottlenecks is primary goal of performance analysis, and performance tools are essential for this purpose. In this poster, we demonstrate a case study of the use of the TAU Toolkit to tune the front tracking computational fluid dynamics application FronTier on Argonne's IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer and scale it to entire system with 62% efficiency.


Nowadays the issue of children, food and nutrition because cases of malnutrition are still high. Indonesia is still a country with children with "malnutrition status" which is below the standard of World Health Organization it is below 10%. The problem of malnutrition affects the development of children or is known as stunting. There are 10 villages in Kulon Progo which have become the stunting special location. Kulon Progo is the first area in DIY to conduct a stunting campaign against the public. This study aims to analyze and criticize more deeply the strategies and tactics in public communication carried out by Dinas Kesehatan Kulon Progo to communicate stunting campaigns, using a qualitative descriptive approach. This study uses the concept of Atkin & Rice, Ostegard, Lee, and Rogers & Storey about Public Campaign Communications and also Public Campaign concept from Lee & Ostegard. Data collection methods and techniques used are secondary data of literature reviews, thesis, journal articles, and other sources related to the object and research of the researcher. The analytical technique used interactive analysis from Miles & Huberman. Overall, the stunting campaign program still has problems in the planning stage, especially the evaluation of the campaign program which only focuses on the final impact, without evaluating the concept of campaign communication strategies and tactics to be able to identify deficiencies as a reference in developing further strategies and tactics.


A direct zonal coupling method was proposed for solving the flows past airfoils with a hinged oscillating flap in this study. The entire computational domain was divided into three zones. The grid in the zone around the hinged flap (zone 1) moves with the oscillation of the flap, whereas the grids in other two zones (zones 2 and 3) are redistributed to the position consistent with the grid in the zone around the flap. The governing equations in the moving frame were applied to zone 1 and those under the stationary frame were applied to zones 2 and 3, respectively. By using this kind of treatment, the grid on the zonal interface is 1-to-1 matched. The coupling between the zones is direct. Both the geometric and flow conservations are entirely satisfied. The unsteady flows past NLR7301 and NACA64A006 airfoils with a hinged flap oscillations were taken as the validation examples in the present study. The accuracy of the proposed method was demonstrated by the computational results compared with the experimental data.


RODRIGUES, J.C.Z. The Use of Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis to determinate the microbiota profile of broiler chicken against Salmonella Enteritidis. Botucatu/SP, 2015, 122p. Disssertation. (Master)School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidante Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 2015. The intestinal microbiota of birds plays a fundamental role in the development of their production potential to ensure the proper functioning of a gastrointestinal tract and immune system closely linked to it. So many additives have been used to encourage the growth of a healthy microbiota, however, we still have no information about the desired profile for her. So we set out to use the Gel Electrophoresis with Temperature Gradient (TGGE) to assess the cecal microbiota of birds fed diets plus halquinol, caprylic acid and Lactobacillus, and subsequently challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). At 10, 20, 30 and 42 days old were quantified immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgY and interleukins 17:08 assessed cecal colonization IF (CFU / ml), cecal tonsil histopathological observation, and those related to resulatados cecal microbiota evaluated by TGGE method. The treatment with caprylic acid was equally effective in reducing the halquinol colonization by IF, followed by the group treated with Lactobacillus. IL-8 and IgM concentrations shown maturation and compared with the local and systemic immune development of the poultry, however, we do not identify relationship with the increased complexity of the microbiota between different trtamentos and challenged groups. In this study it was also not possible to reproduce the TGGE. Key-words: Salmonella, broiler, TGGE, intestinal microbiota, immunity


A single-loop referenceless clock and data recovery (CDR) with a compact frequency acquisition scheme is presented. A bang–bang phase–frequency detector (BBPFD) is proposed that tracks the frequency difference by detecting the drift direction of the non-return to zero bit stream with respect to the multi-phase clock and generates UP/DN output signals accordingly. When frequency locked, the BBPFD is degenerated into the conventional bang–bang phase detector (BBPD). The UP/DN output signals from the BBPFD are thus connected directly to the loop filter, thereby reducing the acquisition time without any loss of cycles. The effect of sampling phase mismatch is analyzed, and the capture range is calculated. In addition, the frequency acquisition time is analytically derived and verified by simulation. The proposed CDR has been implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process and occupies an active area of 0.047 mm2. The measured capture range is 6.7–11.2 Gb/s, and the frequency acquisition time is less than 2.19 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The proposed CDR achieves error-free operation (BER < 10−12) for PRBS31 pattern and consumes 22.5 mW at 10 Gb/s.


The objective of this paper is to test different methods for detecting anomalies in environmental monitoring of CO2 geological storage sites. This type of monitoring relies on a baseline that is performed before injection. Data collected during injection are then compared to this baseline in order to detect deviations from a normal behavior. A robust method for detecting anomalous measurements would have few false positives (i.e. when an anomaly is wrongly detected) and false negatives (when a real anomaly is not detected). We use a dataset of soil gas measurements that were collected in 36 different locations in the surrounding of a CO2 storage pilot in the South-West of France. We consider CO2 and O2 concentrations in soil. The dataset is modified in order to simulate a leak. We compare the performance of four different methods. The first method uses a threshold in CO2 concentrations. The second method compares measurements with a threshold in the CO2 and O2 relationship (respiration line). The third method fits a Bayesian hierarchical model to the data, accounting for variability between measurements locations. The fourth method fits a Bayesian model to the CO2 / O2 relationship. The Bayesian models both use the same method: a "normal" model is fitted to the baseline data. An additional "anomalous" model (same model but with higher deviation) is tested with the measurements collected during injection. Bayesian inference is used in order to check which of these two models fits best to each measurement. With the data used in this paper, the Bayesian version of the CO2 / O2 relationship has the best results in terms of false positives and false negatives. One advantage of using a Bayesian approach is that the result is a probability that a data point is an anomaly, allowing for a natural interpretation. However, Bayesian approaches may be harder to communicate to lay people.


Introduction: After completing a five year undergraduate degree, all newly qualified doctors in the United Kingdom undertake a two-year Foundation Programme which aims to provide them with the necessary experience, supervision and guidance to prepare them for a career in clinical medicine. Foundation Doctors are paid members of the team and undertake a variety of clinical rotations with supervision from senior colleagues, a process that is regulated by a UK Foundation Programme Office. Objective: This paper aims to provide a reflective analysis of this programme to greater inform the international audience. Methods: A critical reflective analysis utilising the SWOT format (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), conducted by two Foundation Doctors working in the UK. Results and Discussion: We identified a well-established programme which enabled graduates to gain a broad range of clinical experience as a paid doctor but one with considerable variation at both individual and group level. Long-standing shortcomings of being a junior-doctor including long hours and excessive paperwork were still prevalent. We highlighted potential opportunities and threats within the current system, some of which were dependent upon larger political systems governing the NHS in the UK. Conclusion: The Foundation Programme is a robust approach to the training and development of early career doctors. Further research and a deeper international dialogue on the best-practice in this field is needed.


South Africa suffers from high levels of crime and violence. So Apartheid has been replaced by violent crime. Apartheid's physical violence could be seen as South African Police regularly suppressed protests marches. The South African police killed approximately twenty thousand young people during the Soweto Uprising of 1976 when black students protested against the use of Afrikaans as language of instruction. Besides, the xenophobic attacks of 2008, 2009, 2015 and 2019 indicate that crime is extremely high in South Africa. Similarly, the United States of America continues to record high rate of violent crime, particularly, in African American neighbourhoods. Crime has recorded untold suffering on blacks in both communities and is still felt today. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the Politics of Criminology in the selected plays of Athol Fugard and August Wilson. Using the Postcolonial theory and Psychoanalysis, the paper argues that blacks are lured by whites to commit crimes that would prevent them from engaging in mainstream activities. Thus, crime in this context is observed as a political manoeuver used by whites to exclude Africans and African Americans respectively. Consequently, the characters in the selected plays of both authors are deracinated from their patrimony and cultural identity. The paper further argues that crime like sin seems to have an indefinite path, but it can be reduced if many blacks study and practice law in racial communities. The way forward to the problem of crime lies in the comprehension, application and the mastery of black codes vis-à-vis white laws. Therefore, it is observed that Fugard and Wilson have contributed immensely to African and African American criminological thought.


In a 2005 study report in the International Journal of Cancer an experiment was done were they feed rats any combination of flax extracts tumor growth rate was significantly lower in all of the flaxseeds fed rats Due to decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis; Lung metastasis incidence was reduced up to 70% by all treatments; distant lymph node metastasis was significantly decreased (52%). Total metastasis incidence was lowered (42%) in the lignan combined with flax oil fed rats [1].


This paper considers several options for addressing cumulative effects in strategic planning, one of which is through strategic environmental assessment (SEA). The adoption of the EU Directive on the assessment of effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment and its future incorporation into UK law by 2004 will have implications for the consideration of cumulative effects in strategic planning. An interview survey of 28 government regulators, experts, practitioners and planners revealed current understanding of cumulative effects, what cumulative effects issues could be addressed at the various planning levels and how they may be addressed through SEA. The findings helped inform the development of a framework for integrating cumulative effects assessment into the SEA and plan-making process. The proposed framework identifies key steps and activities in the SEA process to address cumulative effects.


Received March 26, 2013; Accepted May 09, 2013 Abstract: Evaluation of quality parameters of gasoline, which has been traded in the Republic of Kosovo since 2008, is considered as a monitoring contribution in the frame of overall study of hydrocarbons which are used for energy production, transport, industry and others. The paper focuses primarily on the identification of the main parameters that determine the quality of gasoline, in their compliance with international standards and Kosovo's administrative instructions. For a period of four years the information taken from customs and accredited laboratories has been processed for the analysis of hydrocarbons. While gasoline is considered a less polluting than diesel fuel or crude oil, the study deals with the evaluation of motor performing parameters such as distillation curve Engler, density, number of research octane, number of motor octane, indicators t 10 , t 50 , t 90 , etc.. However, in many gasoline samples exceeds in sulphur content is noticed, in aromatic compounds and in vaporization values of gasoline that directly affect environmental pollution. The material through monogram, constructed by laboratory experimental data and calculated by the help of computer programs, gives a complete picture of gasoline quality situation, where for each parameter the numeric value is expressed and percentage of samples that did not meet the referred standards. Keyword: gasoline, monitoring, density, vaporization, octane number, sulphur content


This study explored the effects of a gender-based violence prevention program called Owning Up on a group of middle school students in Tampa, Florida. The majority of participants were African-American at-risk youth who voluntarily participated in the intervention. This study is novel in that it is one of the first to empirically validate curricula that addresses an array of aggressive behaviors. A mixed methods design was used to gain insight into significant changes over time, as well as treatment integrity throughout the implementation. Findings from the study found females to be more aggressive than males on all forms of aggression across time. Additionally, results suggest that minimal gains were found between pre- and post-test administrations indicating that the intervention with this particular group may have not been effective. Cultural fit, systems-level issues, and problem-solving tactics are discussed to explain the findings.


The features of no grounded neutral system and the problems existed in running are analyzed.On the basis of this.the principle of operation about microcomputer automatic regulating and compensating device (arcing coil) and technology improvement in practical application and effect were introduced.


A series of benzo-fused and norbornene-fused 1,3,2-dioraphosphepanes have been synthesized and conformationally studied by proton and phosphorus-31 NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The NMR data are best interpreted in terms of chair-chair equilibria in which substituents on phosphorus (phenoxy, dimethylamino, and phenyl) show a remarkable preference for axial positions. Twist conformations cannot be completely ruled out, however


antI formi, for the expulsion of iintestinal worms ; to wlhiclh, inideed, all " bittors" appear to be inimilical. In another case, a tapewormn was expelled after a large quantity of very strong coflee hlad b-een drunk. There is aniother renmerdy ot vrhich I am about to try the effects, in consequence of its strong recommiiiiendation by 'riedrichl of Heidelberg; arid that is the picronitrate ot' potaslh (Kili p)icronitrictc)n) .* I maly rerkarli, thlat it would appear that in certaini cases tlhere is an attempt otn the part of tlhe bowel to dislodge thie wormi, aparL fiom iriedicine exhibited. Thus I know of one, a private case, in which for mlaniy years the patielit has had the tapeworm, anid whlo, every few montlhs, experiences violenit griping-, with nausea (never vorniting) anid diarrlhmea, for about lhalf a day, with conconmitant expulsion of several yards of the worta. He lhas never found the root or lhead of the anirnal; but he does Iiot appear ever to lhave soughlt for it very sy sternatically. In another case of wiliclh I have inotes, the patient observed tlhat, conitrary to what is usually thoughit to be the case, lhe had had three worms of large size expelled within a shlort period of eacll other, in each of which. the head was fotind. This observation, thoughi. stated lhonestly by the patient, may, of coulrse, lhave beenl erroneous. More thlan oinee I lhave fouindl that the trenia and the ascaris lumlbricoides have existed in the human bowel at the samyie time.Witlh one more remiiark I will conclude, antd it is one which umiay possiblvy lave a practically beneficial effect; andl that is, tllat I think there miiay be reason for believing that the tania may be cominmunicated to infants and chilldren from othlers, and in the following mnatnner. Its almost all cases, there is reason to think that a tmTnia does not exist very long witllin the intestine* witlhout portions or joints being passed, nlot only by stool-i.e., with the fieces-but also by their spontaneouisly working thleir waay through the anus, and " skedaddling" (to uise an expressive Scotch p1drase) front tIme person, adhering to the garrmients, or falling on the gr-oundei. Now, I have knrown cases in which thlere is reasoni to thlinik that these fragmients, whichl sooni desiccate, slhrivel, and become rcduced to a small brownishcoloured imiass, may have been picked uip by children, often crawling, inifants, who are ever ready to hmosince npon and lput in their miioutlh every crumb ot criiiumblike substance which they cani see, and thlus hIAve been introduced into the digestive organs. I have no certainity of this but I thinlk it is a point wotthy of consideration and attentiotm, nn(ll one to be mienitioined to parents in cases where tle tanmia is knownl to exist in any miiemibers of a family. I liope slhortly to be able, if permitted, to produce throuhl the medium of this JOUnNAL sorne observations with regard to the use of strychnia in the treatument of disease, gathered frotn hospital notes.


The primary objective of this research is to develop the contextual relation between the barriers of cellular manufacturing system (CMS). Moreover, this paper is also helpful to interpret collective impacts of these barriers and to identify driving barrier (which helps to achieve other barriers) and dependent barriers (which are mostly achieved by driving and linkage barriers). A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to rank these barriers, and interpretive structural modelling approach has been used to model the structural relationship between these barriers. CMS barriers have been analysed through matrice d' Impacts croises-multipication appliqu´ean classment (MICMAC) analysis (based on their driving power and dependence power). The purpose behind the MICMAC analysis is to analyse 'Key Barriers'. Key barriers are those barriers which influences all other barriers. These barriers require management consciousness so that the management can effectively manage its assets in a systematic and impressive way.


We determined the cytotoxic effect of iron nanoparticles of 70 nm, with a single per oral administration in an experiment on white outbred mice. Morphological changes were evaluated in the internal organs. Thus, changes depend on the concentration of nanoparticles at long-term per oral exposure: identified violations of the structure of the liver, kidneys and spleen as venous plethora and degeneration of cells at 250 and 500 mkg / kg dose of nanoparticles are reversible, changes in the organs were pronounced with a dosage of 1000 mkg / kg.


[Objective] The aim was to identify the mutants of millet Changnong35 induced by different concentrations of EMS, so as to construct a millet mutant library. [Method] Foxtail millet cultivar Changnong35 which is widely used in agricultural production, was treated with 0.8% and 1.0% EMS; and then seven traits of mutants were investigated analyzed, to classify the mutants into different groups. [Result] 282 mutants in the M1 generation related to plant type were obtained, of which, 100 mutant plants treated with 0.8% EMS can be divided into 10 groups; 182 mutant plants obtained by using 1.0% EMS can be divided into 17 groups. The analysis results of the mature plant type traits of the M1 Generation showed that, plant height, diameter of stem under spike, diameter of the first internode under spike and internode number of the mutants treated with 1.0% EMS were significantly different from those of control, while those of mutants treated with 0.8% EMS did not show significant difference from those of control. [Conclusion] The inducing with 1.0% EMS was more conducive to obtain a large number and different types of mutants from Changnong35.


Objective To establish the Steiner's cephalometric norms for a Nepalese population, compare the gender and inter‐racial variations in dentoskeletal and soft tissue structures, and to test the null hypothesis that there are no racial differences in cephalometric measurements between Nepalese, Caucasians and other populations. Design Prospective, cross‐sectional study. Subjects and methods One hundred and twenty lateral cephalograms of Nepalese subjects aged 16–21 years with class I normal occlusion and balanced facial aesthetics were selected. The cephalometric variables were measured. An independent one sample t test was used to compare the Steiner's ideal values with Indo‐Aryan Nepalese means and independent t test to compare Japanese means with Mongoloid Nepalese means and Mongoloids with Aryans. Intra‐investigator error was assessed with Lin's concordance method and the reliability of aesthetic evaluation of the photographs was tested with Cronbach's alpha. Results Nepalese Mongoloid males possessed more protrusive lips (Z angle mean difference, 8°; P<0·001) than the Indo‐Aryan males. Mongoloid females had more protrusive mandible (SNB angle mean difference, 3·7°; P<0·001), greater class II skeletal bases (SND angle mean difference, 3·5°; P<0·001), longer SL length (mean difference, 5·6 mm; P<0·01), more proclined upper incisors (U1–NA mean difference, 6°; P<0·01) and a more protrusive lower lip (lower lip–S line mean difference, 0·9 mm; P = 0·003), lower lip–E line (2·0 mm; P<0·001) and Z angle (4·4°; P<0·001), than the Indo‐Aryan females. Differences between the Nepalese sample and published Caucasian and Japanese norms are also described. Conclusions Differences in the cephalometric values exist between the two ethnic groups in Nepal, as well as between our Nepalese sample and published Caucasians and Japanese norms. The norms published in this article will be useful when planning orthodontic treatment in Mongoloid and Indo‐Aryan individuals.


Abstract The paper summarizes the recent studies of lattice dynamics in Betaine Calcium Chloride Dihydrate (BCCD), which are not included in the review by G. Schaack and M. Le Maire (1988). The hard harmonic mode method used previously for determination of amplitudon and pseudo-phason modes in BCCD is formulated in a general manner. It is shown why and how the well-known coupled damped harmonic oscillator model can be systematically used for determination of the bare soft mode parameters directly from a single experimental spectrum. Transmission maximum in IR spectra used previously for monitoring the modulation vector is assigned to the anti-resonance effect caused by coupling between the soft and the transverse acoustic mode.


The new generation of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) has enabled minimally invasive surgical procedures for implantation. Herein we present two alternative approaches for minimally invasive LVAD explantation following cardiac recovery, avoiding a sternotomy and improving patient safety.


1. Superparasitism has been rendered many times as detrimental for fitness, although there are examples in which the competing winning larvae compensate for its development. Here, we studied if, in the host‐parasitoid system Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) – Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae), larvae have compensatory mechanisms during development to overcome competition.


A nonlinear theory is derived for the thermal parametric instability in an inhomogeneous plasma in the weak-turbulence approximation. The instability reaches a saturation level because of nonlinear absorption of the pump wave as this wave is converted into plasma waves at fine-scale density inhomogeneities. The intensity of the density fluctuations and the plasma-wave level in the saturation stage are found. There is a hysteresis effect in the instability: The instability is cut off at a pump amplitude far lower than the instability threshold. The theoretical results are compared with experiment.


The study to synthesize methacrylic butanol ester with heteropoly acid as catalyst has been reported. The effects of catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature and the ratio of the reactants were examined. The best experimental condition to react was determined. The catalytic vitality and repeatability of the catalyst was discussed. The synthesized product was supervised with gas chromatography and confirmed with IR and H-NMR.


Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of "Yiqi Kangfu Deocition" for the treatment of postoperative breast cancer at early period.Methods Seventy-six cases were randomly divided into two groups: treatment group in which 38 cases were treated by "Yiqi Kangfu Decoction",and control group in which 38 cases were treated by western medicine therapy.After 10 days of treatment,the clinical efficacy was evaluated.The TCM symptom score,KPS score,wound drainage and CRP level were observed.Results There were significant differences in symptom score,CRP level between before and after treatment in each group,and significant differences were found between the two groups after treatment(P0.05);after treatment,there were significant differences in KPS score and wound drainage between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion "Yiqi Kangfu Decoction" can alleviate the clinical symptoms in postoperative patients with breast cancer and can decrease the surgical stress response,promote physical recovery after operation and wound healing.


BACKGROUND
The symptoms and their progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are typically studied after the diagnosis has been confirmed. However, many people with ALS already have severe dysarthria and loss of adequate speech at the time of diagnosis. Speech-and-language therapy interventions should be targeted timely based on communicative need in ALS.

AIMS
To investigate how long natural speech will remain functional and to identify the changes in the speech of persons with ALS.

METHODS & PROCEDURES
Altogether 30 consecutive participants were studied and divided into two groups based on the initial type of ALS, bulbar or spinal. Their speech disorder was evaluated on severity, articulation rate and intelligibility during the 2-year follow-up.

OUTCOME & RESULTS
The ability to speak deteriorated to poor and necessitated augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods with 60% of the participants. Their speech remained adequate on average for 18 months from the first bulbar symptom. Severity, articulation rate and intelligibility declined with nearly all participants during the study. To begin with speech deteriorated more in the bulbar group than in the spinal group and the difference remained during the whole follow-up with some exceptions.

CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS
The onset of bulbar symptoms indicated the time to loss of speech better than when assessed from ALS diagnosis or the first speech therapy evaluation. In clinical work, it is important to take the initial type of ALS into consideration when determining the urgency of AAC measures as people with bulbar-onset ALS are more susceptible to delayed evaluation and AAC intervention.


Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) and it is a major health burden worldwide. Despite the increasing trend of microvascular complications in developing countries, there is limited evidence on predictors of CKD among diabetic patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of CKD among DM patients. Methods A retrospective follow-up study was conducted among type 1 and type 2 DM patients in Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 437 newly-diagnosed diabetes patients were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were extracted from patients' medical records. Cox proportional hazard model was fitted and a 95% confidence interval was used to select significant variables. Results Overall, 15.56% of patients developed CKD, with an incidence rate of 2.29 per 1,000 person-month (PM) (95% CI=1.79–2.93). Female sex (AHR=0.51, 95% CI=0.27–0.94) was found to be a protective factor of CKD, while positive proteinuria (AHR=2.85, 95% CI=1.48–5.55), having hypertension (HTN) (AHR=2.31, 95% CI=1.03–5.56), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) <40 mg/dL (AHR=3.19, 95% CI=1.73–5.98) were significant predictors of CKD. Conclusion CKD among DM patients continues to be a significant public health problem in health-care settings of Ethiopia. The current study found being female was protective, while positive proteinuria, HTN, and HDL-C <40 mg/dL were risk factors for CKD. We recommend health professionals to give more attention to DM patients with the identified risk factors.


In this paper, I want to show that a reasonable thesis on truth in fiction, Fictional Vichianism (FV)—according to which fictional truths are true because they are stipulated to be true—can be positively endorsed if one grounds Kripke's justification for (FV), that traces back to the idea that names used in fiction never refer to concrete real individuals, into a creationist position on fictional entities that allows for a distinction between the pretending and the characterizing use of fiction-involving sentences. Thus, sticking to (FV) provides a reason for a metaphysically moderate ontological realism on fictional entities.


It has taken many years to change society's attitude towards the circumcision of young boys. The rate of circumcision in Australian neonates peaked in the 1950s at over 90%, although in some parts of the world (New Zealand and the United Kingdom) the rate was already declining by that time. In Australia, the current proportion of boys who undergo circumcision, estimated from Medicare data, is about 10%. This fall is a result of a shift in community attitudes and of recognition that there are health risks associated with the procedure and no health advantages. One of the steps reflecting the changing attitudes in the 1960's was a shift to the use of analgesia for neonates undergoing the procedure. Never-the-less, circumcision is still performed for male infants and boys for religious and cultural reasons. The pathway to changing the attitudes and hence rates of female circumcision is likely to follow the same slow road. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined by the World Health Organization (2008) as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Around the world there are 130–140 million women and girls who have undergone the procedure. It is interesting to note the tone of the language that is attached to female circumcision, particularly the use of the term female genital mutilation. There is some debate and concern regarding the language, with the term female genital cutting (FGC) now being advocated as more respectful to the women who have undergone the procedure. Alternative expressions that may be appropriate to use when talking with women, their families and their respective communities include traditional female cutting or female circumcision. Taking these issues into account the expression FGM/C will be used throughout this document. FGM/C covers a spectrum of procedures, from very minor cutting, where in some cases the women may be unaware that anything has been done to their genitalia, to more significant procedures. There is an international classification of FGM/C, although the classification is not without problems. For example, the external appearance of the genitalia of a young woman who has had FGM/C performed may result in the labia majora being joined in the midline suggestive of a more significant or severe procedure (e.g. a "type 3", implying that the clitoris and labia minora have been completely removed), but underneath the labial adhesions, both the clitoris and labia minora may in fact be untouched. Legislation was introduced in most states of Australia and in many countries specifically aimed at preventing FGM/C. In addition to this, special workers were funded to assist in the community education programs. Publications about the severity of the consequences of FGM/C tend to emphasize the severe consequences which, as for boys, can include haemorrhage, infection and death. The prevalence of urinary tract infections and dysmenorrhoea are actually reported to be no different to uncircumcised women. Complications similar to those described by Ekenze et al. also occur but can fortunately be corrected. There is undoubtedly a high rate of dyspareunia amongst women until a de-infibulation is performed, but it would appear from reports that sexual function and satisfaction may not necessarily be affected despite the outspoken beliefs of anti-FGM/C activists . Adult black women particularly from African countries report that the focus of health professionals can inappropriately turn to the state of their genitals rather than their presenting health problem. For children of African origin, concern that FGM/C would be performed during a visit to their country of origin has led to some children being referred to child protection services. Although the concern to protect the children is real, great care needs to be taken that we are not stigmatising these families with the risk of reducing their confidence to seek appropriate health care. A 1999 survey of obstetricians and gynaecologists found no reports that FGMC was being undertaken in Australia. Our team of specialised paediatric and adolescent gynaecologists at the Royal Children's Hospital has not seen any children with acute complications of FGM/C. Thus the likelihood of FGM/C occurring in Australia is very low. There is also evidence that the rates and severity of the procedures being undertaken overseas in high risk countries is reducing. A further challenge related to culturally driven genital procedures is that of cosmetic genital surgery, in particular labial reductive surgery, or labioplasties. Medicare data across Australia demonstrate a 5 fold increase in labioplasties across all ages since 1994, with a similar increase in <25year olds. In theory this should represent only medically indicated labioplasties. As it is unclear what medical condition is driving this increase, one is left concerned that it represents a cosmetically driven practice . Certainly a Google search for labioplasty supports the impression of substantial interest in this culturally driven genital surgery. What about genital piercing to the labia minora or clitoral hood? This would also fulfil the WHO definition of "other injury to female genitalia". Both the labioplasties and piercing are occurring in teenagers and minors in Australia, although there is no age limit in the WHO definition. Are we being consistent? Internationally, people have suggested that all girls returning to countries that are high risk countries for FGMC should have a genital examination prior to departure and on their return. Despite being keen to see an end to FGMC, I do not think this would be a desirable state of affairs, potentially traumatic to the girls, difficult from a clinician perspective due to the potentially subtle changes of FGMC and racially discriminatory. Finally, it would be incredibly inconsistent when we are not taking any action against the providers of labioplasties and piercings to our Caucasian teenagers. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01629.x


This research is follow-up study of Kim Ji-Hyun?Kim Ho-Kee?Jung Chang-Mu(2010) and Kim Ji-Hyun?Kim Ho-Kee(2010). The fields of technology for applying to U-City are extensive and each type of technology within the sector is diverse. Such being the case, the purpose of this research is to suggest a process(or method) for analyzing economic efficiency of U-City technologies. The process is composed of few works that technology classification, deduction of assessment items, making questionnaire, survey and analysis. By using conjoint analysis, we can calculate few results like values of each technology, marginal rate of substitution between assessment items. Those values are very useful to analysis economic efficiency of U-City technologies. This research has its meaning as attempt to suggest methodology for creating a standard of judgement that can be used to choose more efficient technologies.


In this work we study the dielectric behavior of a binary composite, barium titanate (BaTiO3) and epoxy resin (RE) which is used as a matrix; the characterization of the mixture is done by time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) in a frequency range between DC and 10GHz. The composites are mixed at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure. In order to see the influence of BaTiO3 over the epoxy resin, we made different combinations. The experimental results are compared to the Lichtenecker modified Law; this model gives a good concordance with the experimental curve and it is situated between the two limits of Wiener Laws (upper and lower). This confirms the efficiency of MLL model in predicting the behavior of binary mixture. The importance of this study appears in the application of these composites in developing components in the telecommunication field.


However, our tendencies here very often go too far. We sometimes build massive walls between our home life and our work life. We talk to our colleagues only about work matters. We do not inquire about their personal lives. We do not offer up stories or details from our personal lives. In the end, we show them a small slice of ourselves, one that does not seem terribly human or interesting. The results include colder than necessary relationships and a lack of focus on fun family and life issues, which ultimately explain why we're at work in the first place.


Object : The purpose of this study was to investigate aging-related changes of intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles in their strength, cross-sectional area and volume, force control, and multi-digit synergies. It was hypothesized that aging would negatively affect distal muscles (intrinsic muscles) more than proximal muscles (extrinsic muscles). Method : Nine young and eleven older right-handed participants underwent MRI scans of the hand and forearm. Muscle cross-sectional areas and volumes of the intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles were determined. Result : Muscle volume of the intrinsic muscles were larger in the younger group than the older group while muscle volume of the extrinsic muscles did not differ. For the cross-sectional area, both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the younger group were larger than the older group. The maximum strength of the intrinsic muscles of the young group was 31% greater than the older group ( vs , p


Considering The Efficient-Market Hypothesis (EMH) and a recent Brazilian corruption scandal involving the company JBS and politicians, this study aimed to analyze whether the disclosure of the scandal abnormally affected the stock pricing of Brazilian companies that operate in the American market by issuing ADRs. The results show a loss of value on the day after the event and a cumulative post-event loss, which opposes the EMF; abnormal returns were found and there was not a rapid adjustment of prices.


Haenioproteus nieleagridis Levine occurs in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo L.) throughout most of their range in North America (Greincr and Forrester, 1980, J. Parasitol. 66: 652658). Its prevalence varies from 5% in Pennsylvania (Kozickv, 1948, J. Wild!!. Nlanage. 12: 263-266) to 87% in southern Florida (Forrester et a!., 1974, J. Protozool. 21: 494-497). Little is known about its life cycle. Attempts to transmit the infection by inoculation of blood and tissue homogenates have not been successful (Bierer et a!., 1959, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 135: 181182). Several other avian species of Haemoproteus are transmitted! by biting flies, viz. hippoboscid!s or ceratopogonidis belongiiig to the genus Culicoides (Levine and Campbell, 1971, J. Protozoo!. 18: 475-484). Hippoboscic! flies have been record!ed! rarely from wild turkeys collected in Alabama, Arkansas, N'lississippi and! \Vest Virginia (Kellogg et al., 1969, J. Med. Entomol. 6: 329-330) an! have never been found on wild turkeys collected! in Florid!a (Forrester, unpubl. data). It is unlikely that they conk! maintain the high prevahences of the parasite found in the southeastern United! States. In Nlay 1982, a study was initiated on the epidemiology of H. meleagris withi thie assumption that the most likely vectors were biting flies of the genus Culicoides. This note reports the


ABSTRACT The spontaneous combustion disaster caused by low-temperature oxidation of coal often leads to mine fire which poses a serious threat to the safe mining of underground coal resources. Due to the complexity of coal and the variability of gas atmosphere, it is difficult to prevent the spontaneous combustion of residual coal in goaf. In this paper, the radical characteristics during oxidation of lignite, bitumite, and anthracite in anaerobic, anoxic, and normal oxygen atmospheres were measured by preparing mixed gases with different oxygen concentrations. On this basis, the spontaneous combustion characteristics of different-rank coals under different oxygen concentrations were explored. The experimental results show that the primary radical concentrations of different-rank coals are quite different in the initial stage of oxidation. Among the three types of coals, anthracite has the highest primary radical concentration while lignite has the lowest primary radical concentration. As the oxidation proceeds, the radical concentration of lignite grows at a significantly higher rate than those of bitumite and anthracite. In addition, the g factor values of the three types of coal all increase slightly with the rise of temperature, and the g factor value of lignite is always greater than those of bitumite and anthracite. During coal oxidation, the ΔH values of lignite, bitumite and anthracite vary in the range of 0.78–0.70, 0.6–0.48, and 0.70–0.50, respectively. The ΔH value of lignite is larger than those of bitumite and anthracite, but it experiences a smaller decrease than bitumite and anthracite. With the increase of oxygen concentration, the radical concentration and g factor of coal increase while the line width decreases. Through the analysis, the growth rate of radical concentration and g factor, instead of radical concentration, were used to evaluate the oxidation capacity of coal. The results reveal that the radical reaction in lignite is more sensitive to oxygen than those in bituminous and anthracite.


Accidents caused by natural phenomena such as lightning are serious problems for the diffusions of wind power generations. Those problems affect the safety and reliability of wind turbine generator systems. Most of the breakdowns and malfunctions of the electrical and control systems inside wind turbines are caused by a rise in ground potential due to lightning. To solve those problems, the field tests have been carried out so far. In this paper, new measurements of transient grounding characteristics have been carried out at a wind turbine in the vicinity of the Sea of Japan, and new data of the transient characteristics have been obvious.


Most studies of adult education align this with life change but my research project tells a different story revealing that mature women training to work in childcare were seeking continuity in their lives, engaging with activities that connected aspects of the family, workplace and educational experience and constructing a sense of personal identity through these linkages. The recently completed project studied a group of mature women who enrolled on an Early Years Supervisors" course over a ten-year period in a Further Education (FE) College in Eastern England. This was a vocational course, funded at times by different government initiatives - local, national or European - as part of the broader aim to raise standards within childcare in the UK and because of its work orientation might have been accessed for predominately instrumental purposes: to support a career in childcare work. Expecting that to be the case, I anticipated that the majority of the women would talk about career paths, salary structures and end goals but found that not to be the case. Instead, they discussed a range of alternative motivations that we shall look at further in this paper. First, however, I shall describe briefly the nature of the research, to provide a contextual framework.


The present article studies the relation between learning styles in language learning and educational culture in Romania before and after the fall of the communist regime. The sample consists of 204 Romanian students learning Spanish in Madrid. To measure learning styles, the Cuestionario Honey Alonso (CHAEA) was used. Educational culture, understood as behaviors, beliefs and attitudes with respect to the learning process, was analyzed using the Cuestionario de Cultura Educativa (CCE), based on the cultural dimensions theory and model by Hofstede (1986, 2001). Significant changes were found in educational culture and dominant learning styles between both periods, revealing among others a decrease of the number of theorists and reflectors in the language classroom and a correlation between reflection, oral participation and periods.


The term 'information world' has been widely used by LIS scholars in a rather cursory manner. Building upon a range of existing concepts in LIS literature, and drawing on evidence from interviews of 40 people of different social statuses, this paper offers a redefinition of the 'information worlds of individuals' concept within the framework of three definitional elements: substance or contents, dimensional boundaries and dynamic for change. It is meant to be a concept that describes individuals and their aggregates rather than communities or social environments. In this way, it parallels the 'way of life' concept of Savolainen but differs from the 'small world' concept of Chatman and the 'information use environment' concept of Taylor. Through such a reconceptualization, this study aims to enhance the term's analytical utility for such issues as information poverty, information inequality and information behaviour. In particular, it hopes to offer a broader conceptual basis for information inequality analysis than that based on information access; it also hopes to help bridge the divided perspectives on work-related information behaviour and everyday life information-seeking behaviour when an integrated approach is called for.


Solenoid Valve is a kind of typical low voltage electrical appliance with special working characteristic. Take FDF (FDF is a series of model of solenoid valve Sanhua company produces) series solenoid valve for example which applied widely in refrigerating system. Its temperature rise, vibration noise and so on are key points affecting the product quality. At present, the research on solenoid valve mostly specific to the field in system response time and structure design and it lacks the analysis on the overall performance indexes and optimal design. Therefore, the development of miniaturization, less consumption of the energy and the artificial intelligence of solenoid valve will be restrained. The simulation analyzing system for dynamic characteristic and temperature calculation in working state, dynamic characteristic analysis and integrated optimized design is built and it forms unique database of electrical appliance characteristic analysis and simulation design. It focuses on optimization design module in this paper. The changing regularity of the temperature rise of the electromagnetic mechanism is researched and concluded based on the 3D simulation in electromagnetic and temperature field. And the regular is brought into the optimization design of electromagnetic mechanism. Ant colony optimization is used in the optimal design for the overall performance index, and the dynamic process of the closing state and closed in long term working state are also considered at the same time. The design result is quite satisfied.


ABSTRACT Testing at the Spreen Site, 41RN108, in west-central Texas, located a cache of 31 thin bifaces, 6 scrapers 1 point/knife base, and 1 core. All were made from locally available gravels. Eighty percent of the implements were broken. The types of breakage suggest that many, although not all, failed during manufacture. The context of the tools, the occurrence of heat-spalled tools, wear on edges of broken implements, temporally distinct resharpening episodes, and the absence of refitable pieces suggest that these implements were prehistorically collected. The recovery and caching of potentially serviceable tool fragments from a relatively chert-rich region is interpreted as representing labor-saving opportunities too good to ignore. The cache suggests that prehistoric scavenging of discarded tools and late stage manufacturing rejects may have been a common practice. The cache example provides a cautionary lesson about the value of broken implements and the reuse of generalized preforms.


The present invention relates to a system and a method for producing and using a group III nitride crystal which generally has improved ultraviolet transmittancy or increases the same in various wavelengths. The crystal can be used in many UV optical and UV optical semiconductor devices.


bjectives:Although posterior lumbar fusion operations had been reported to accelerate spinal degeneration, there have been only a few studies for their biomechanical effects. We have studied the change of motion range at the vertebral joint one level above the fusion(UVJ) in pedicle screw fixation group(PSF)(n=13) where facet capsule was destroyed and in posterior lumbar interbody fusion group(PLIF)(n=8) where it was spared. Patients and Methods:The patients were divided into early(3 to 6 months) and late(over 12 months) according to postoperative follow-up period. The flexion, extension and flexion-extension angles(FA, EA, FEA) were measured at the UVJ with pre-operative, early and late post-operative films. Results:Mean age and male to female ratio were 52.7±9.3 and 1:3.2. Mean follow-up periods were 144.1± 30.0 and 528.8±160.3 days in early and late groups, respectively. The FEA and FA in the late PSF(11.8±3.1, 8.5± 2.9) were significantly greater than pre-operative angles(7.8±3.9, 5.1±3.7)(p<0.01, p<0.05). All angles in the PLIF showed no significant changes with time. The FEA and FA in the late PSF(11.8±3.1, 8.5±2.9) were significantly greater than those of the late PLIF(7.6±2.3, 3.4±2.0)(p<0.01, p<0.001). All angles at early follow-up period were similar between PSF and PLIF. The EA showed no significant change in relation with follow-up period or fusion method. Conclusion:As a result, the facet capsule injury in pedicle screw fixation seems to be related with increased flexion angle or degeneration of the adjacent joint above the fused vertebra in the late phase.