Objective: To explore clinical value of YouGui drink and total hip replacement(THR) in treating steroid-induced femoral head necrosis. Methods: Eighty patients were allocated to two groups, 40 cases each group,the patients in the observation group started to take YouGui drink instantly when they were admitted into hospital,and they accepted THR at appropriate time, the control group were operated with THR after preoperative preparation was carried out. All the patients have been followed for one year, the level of blood lipid was detected after the surgery, the complications, the incidences of osteoporosis, lacuna and density decrease of bone trabecula of the patients were compared after the surgery. Results: The observation group was lower than the control group in the incidences of osteoporosis, lacuna and density decrease prominently(P0.05), lower than the control group in the levels of TC, TG and LDL(P0.05); the observation group was less than the control group in periprosthetic fractures and prosthesis fractures(P0.05), the incidences of lower extremities thrombembolia and postoperative infection in the hospitalization period were less than these of the control group(P 0.05). Conclusion: The patients with steroid-induced femoral head necrosis who received THR taking YouGui drink before and after the surgery could effectively regulate the level of blood lipid of the patients, promote postoperative recovery and reduce postoperative complications.


Basal stem rot of oil palm caused by Ganoderma boninense is difficult to be controlled due to abundance of inoculum sources in the field. This study was aimed to determined effects of taro plants viz. Belitung taro ( Xanthosoma sagittifolium ), Bogor taro ( Colocasia esculenta ), and Japanese taro ( Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) on decay of G. boninense inocula. Pathogen inocula as rubber wood block (RWB) colonized by G. boninense was attached with main roots of oil palm seedling and buried into soil of oil palm seedling (monoculture), mixed planting of oil palm and taro plants, or of taro plants monoculture. Burying of pathogen inocula for 3 and 6 months on taro plant resulted in 2.1 times higher decay of RWB compared than oil palm monoculture. Increasing of decay also exhibited on mixed cropping system, but it was slightly lower than on oil palm monoculture. This result suggesting the benefit of taro plants either planted under monoculture or mixed cropping to fasten decomposition of infected wood debris as an inoculum source of G. boninense .


The embodiment of the invention provides an audio collection device, including an audio collection mode determining unit used for determining the current audio collection mode according to the accessed earphone type; and an audio data collection unit used for collecting the audio data according to the determined audio collection mode. The embodiment of the invention also provides an audio collection method and a mobile terminal. Under the condition of high noise in the surrounding, the embodiment of the invention collects audio data through wired earphones or Bluetooth earphones, realizes selective and directional collection of audio information and effectively restrains background noise in the audio information collection process.


We investigate the complexity of performing updates on probabilistic XML data for various classes of probabilistic XML documents of different succinctness. We consider two elementary kinds of updates, insertions and deletions, that are defined with the help of a locator query that specifies the nodes where the update is to be performed. For insertions, two semantics are considered, depending on whether a node is to be inserted once or for every match of the query. We first discuss deterministic updates over probabilistic XML, and then extend the algorithms and complexity bounds to probabilistic updates. In addition to a number of intractability results, our main result is an efficient algorithm for insertions defined with branching-free queries over probabilistic models with local dependencies. Finally, we discuss the problem of updating probabilistic XML databases with continuous probability distributions.


Given the important and strategic functions of immigration in the development of border areas, especially in maintaining the gate at the Cross Border Post, it is expected that the massive infrastructure development at the border can increase the visit of Malaysians to Entikong. Moreover, if Entikong is developed into a new tourist destination to boost the economy. This is a manifestation of the government's program to develop Indonesia from the periphery and make cross-border posts as Indonesia's proud front porch. In its implementation, it is necessary to identify risks that are the cause of project constraints. Even though an activity has been planned as well as possible, it still contains uncertainty that it will run fully as planned. For the types of risks that exist, qualitative assessment is needed to determine the probabilities and impacts of the risks. This is useful to determine the management and response to existing risks so as to minimize and avoid the impact of the risks that might occur. Risk analysis is crucial to do on every project so that the contractor is not wrong in making decisions in overcoming risks and has prepared the right strategy in dealing with risk.


In this paper, Ayelet Shachar begins by restating the main idea of her important book The Birthright Lottery : Citizenship and Global Inequality (Harvard, Harvard University Press, 2009) and then goes on to address in a constructive spirit the main themes raised by the five preceding comments written by scholars in the fields of law, philosophy and political science.


The calculation of molecular weight distribution (MWD) in conjunction with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) reactor model is computationally expensive, as both the CFD and the MWD require large...


Pursuit evasion in simple polygons is fundamentally searching for an evader in a simple polygon. Popular problems in polygon searching include the room search problem and the two guard problem. Many practical applications, such as search for an evader in a dark house, rescue of a victim in a dangerous building and surveillance with autonomous mobile robots, can be modeled by polygon search problems. In this thesis, we investigate two problems related to polygon searching. The first problem which we study is searching for a mobile evader in a simple polygonal room with two doors by a boundary 2-searcher. The boundary 2-searcher is a searcher which is equipped with two flashlights with a limited visibility, i.e., only in the direction of ray shots emanating from his position, which can only move on the boundary of polygonal region. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a simple polygonal room to be searchable by a boundary 2-searcher. We propose an algorithm for generating the search schedule, if it exists. We also show that searching a room using a boundary 2-searcher requires at most O(n) edge traversals. The second problem which we consider is searching for a mobile evader in a simple polygon using a pair of searchers. Each searcher is equipped with a single flashlight and he can see only along the direction of ray emanating from its position. The searchers are allowed to move on the boundary of the simple polygon. The pair of


The author, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a journalist specializing in issues of political economy and taxation, offers a spirited and accessible contribution to the revis...


Self-perceived health (SPH) is a powerful indicator of the general health status of older people that has been widely investigated in community dwelling populations. Its determinants have rarely been studied in institutional settings. The objective of this study was to identify the main factors that have an impact on SPH among the oldest old residents of old people's homes. In the extensive anthropological study, face-to-face interviews were carried out with 330 individuals aged 85-101 years in 13 public and private old peoples' homes in Zagreb (Croatia) and its surroundings. SRH was assessed by a single-item health measure with five options. It was analyzed as a dichotomous variable (fair/poor versus excellent/very good/good) using logistic regression. Independent variables in the models included sociodemographic and health characteristics. A total of 51% of subjects rated their health as excellent or very good. There was no association with sex or age nor with marital status, education or pension status. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for worse health perception was 1.36 (1.19-1.55) for each additional chronic condition, 1.42 (1.01-1.86) for each additional assistive device, and 1.67 (1.05-2.71) when comparing functionally dependent residents and those functionally independent. Feeling of loneliness and poor social relations were also strongly associated with worse health perception. Bad nutritional status and cognitive impairment showed significant independent effects. This study found a positive association between subjective and objective health in the oldest age. Chronic conditions, functional status and social interaction were the main determinants of self-perceived health among Croatian institutionalized elderly persons. Thus, the study revealed that, with the exception of socioeconomic factors, the same determinants of health perception in the community are also relevant in institutions among persons of very advanced age.


The revolt and the cross : Paul Claudel from La Ville

The second variant of La Ville, written in the light of conversion in 1886, bears the marks of readings made by the author at a crucial moment in the evolution of his thought. Apart from the declared animosities (towards Renan and Taine, above all), the spirit of revolt, as well as the reminiscences of the natural disaster, bring to mind Claudel's enthusiasm for the Illuminations. But that's not the only source of inspiration. Claudel, in the throes of conversion, introduces the Judeo-Christian narrative to thwart the enigma of predestination. La Ville is also based on Christian eschatological symbols : at the end of the drama these allow the son of the poet (Coeuvre) and his muse (Lâla) to carry out the general conversion. The kingdom of heaven is now, mutatis mutandis, within the reach of humankind.


The FPA is a phased array antenna developed by STC to receive DBS TV transmissions. The antenna is a high performance low cost unit designed for high volume production and as such is a new development in phased array technology.


Approximate analytical methods have been used extensively for finding approximate solutions to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In this paper we compare the recently developed direct normal form transformation with two other very well known and long standing methods, harmonic balance and the method of multiple scales. We will show that the direct normal form method combines some of the key advantages of harmonic balance and multiple scales whilst reducing some of the limitations. c 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. i i ilit t i i itt 2017.


Review(s) of: Clinical Naturopathy, An Evidence-Based Guide to Practice, by Sarris J, Wardle J., hurchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2010. ISBN 978-0-729-53926-5. $89.96.


The authors have demonstrated a stable and tunable dual-wavelength Raman fibre laser, which can be used as a pump source for a hybrid type and gain controlled C- and L-band distributed Raman and lumped erbium-doped fibre amplifiers. Intensity and wavelength tuning of the two lasing modes at 1480 nm and 1500 nm are achieved by tuning one and both of the fibre gratings used in the laser cavity, respectively.


Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate (PEGDA) Resin Development for 3D-Printed Microfluidic Devices Kamran Qaderi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Master of Science In this thesis, the successful fabrication of 3D-printed microfluidic devices will be discussed. Fabrication is performed with a low-cost commercially available stereolithographic 3D printer utilizing a custom PEGDA resin formulation tailored for low non-specific protein adsorption based on my colleagues' work [Rogers et al., Anal. Chem. 83, 6418 (2011)]. Horizontal microfluidic channels with designed rectangular cross sectional dimensions as small as 300 μm wide and 150 μm tall are printed with 100% yield, as are cylindrical vertical microfluidic channels with 300 μm designed (334 μm actual) diameters. Moreover, two different resins developed by our group are utilized in the process of 3D-printing which is the novel aspect about this thesis since other groups have not done research on this aspect of 3D-printing.


Since China is now on a stage of rapid social transformation,groups with different interests begin to separate or unite for diversified demands.The outbreak of mass conflicts reflects that contradictions between groups with different interests have become sharp and intensified.New organizations such as non-government organizations are needed as they can progress benefit appeal and coordination,political development and system innovation so as to prevent mass conflicts efficiently.Specific political systems,laws,policies,mechanism and administration related with non-government organizations should be explored and constructed.


Objective To define the best dose of PMSG/hCG for superovulation and optimize the biological purification system for genetic-modified mice of C57BL /6J background,we injected different dose of PMSG /hCG to promote superovulation,and carried out in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation. Methods 5-week old female C57BL /6J mice were injected with 4 different doses(5 IU,7. 5 IU,10 IU and 15 IU,respectively) of PMSG /hCG. Then the mice were mated with wild type male mice and embryos were obtained by cesarean section. In another approach,oocytes of superovulated mice were fertilized in vitro and then transplanted into surrogate female mice.Results In the cesarean section group,the highest rate of pregnancy was 89. 00 ± 19. 05% in the 5 IU injection group. But the difference compared with other groups was not statistically significant. In the embryo transplantation group,the average number of oocytes from 10 IU injection group was 30. 33 ± 0. 89,and the average number of 2-cell embryo was 23. 78 ± 0. 19,significantly higher than those in the other three groups. Conclusions Administration of5 IU PMSG /hCG will improve mating efficiency in cesarean section-based purification of C57BL /6J mice. 10 IUPMSG /hCG is the best dose for superovulation of C57BL /6J mice. The number of 2-cell embryos is maximized when10 IU PMSG /hCG is used in the embryo transplantation.


Dr. Sun Yat-sen's socialist thought got the historic print of its birth time but still has important realistic value in modern time.


A wireless sensor network in the healthcare system collects data from remotely observed patients using contemporary medical sensors and a reliable network. The sensors used to generate a large amount of data. Two types of unusual events that may occur during data generation are anomaly data from malfunctioning sensors that causes a false alarm or data from a reliable sensor that reports abnormal values that causes a medical emergency in the patient's health condition. To improve remote patient monitoring systems and provide better healthcare, researchers must find out how to distinguish between a genuine medical emergency and a false alarm. This study recommends utilizing Spearman's rank correlation and simple linear regression to detect outliers in medical wireless sensor networks. The outliers are identified using regression with high detection accuracy and a low false alarm rate.


Several decisions have been taken over the past few months that aim to professionalise the regulatory community in New Zealand. A professional regulatory community is increasingly regarded as essential to achieving social, environmental and economic outcomes sought by New Zealanders, and is one of the fundamental planks in New Zealand's regulatory quality management system. It is not possible to attribute this development to a single cause; nor is it a 'revelation', as dedicated regulatory professionals from a range of agencies have built the foundations over a long period of time. Contextual factors include the impact of ideas of international experts such as Sparrow, Black and


Mesoporous zinc-titanium and cadmium-titaniumpowders were synthesized. Their structural, sorption and photocatalytic properties were studied. The photocatalytic active phase anatase was founded in all samples. Zinc containing samples demonstrate the presence of zincite phase. Dependence of pore volume, specific surface area and pore radii of amount of the said dopants was investigated. The characterization results of nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements show that the obtained materials have type IV isotherms with H2 hysteresis loops. The composites showed higher photocatalytic and sorption activities as compared with pure titanium dioxide against dyes, surfactant and dichromate anion.


Participants were aged between 18 and 26, constituting a male friendship group in the Australian Arabic speaking Muslim community in the Sydney South West suburbs. Primary data consists of self-recorded conversation by the speakers during group activities in various locations including apartments, streets, cars, and work places. While the current study focuses on Australian English, relevant also is the Clyne and Kipp (2006) finding Arabic has become a significant 'growth language' amongst younger Australians, particular Muslim speakers. The theoretical approach is informed by the speech act theory (SAT) of Searle and Vanderveken (1985), and the concept of collective intentionality (Searle 1995). Utterances may be constituted by the same sentence type and contain the same propositional content, but can have different illocutionary force (IF), which can be determined by the IF marker, and therefore different illocutionary acts (IA) are performed (Vanderveken 1990). Findings show a huge 80.1% of vocatives are generic types, while the remaining 19.9% are non-generic or individual name types. Findings support the hypothesis IF is marked by prominent tone exhibited by vocatives in the sentence final position in the target utterances. It is possible the language features identified belong to a new AusE dialect.


Defining the strength and geometry of hydrogen bonds in protein structures has been a challenging task since early days of structural biology. In this article, we apply a novel statistical machine learning technique, known as contrastive divergence, to efficiently estimate both the hydrogen bond strength and the geometric characteristics of strong interpeptide backbone hydrogen bonds, from a dataset of structures representing a variety of different protein folds. Despite the simplifying assumptions of the interatomic energy terms used, we determine the strength of these hydrogen bonds to be between 1.1 and 1.5 kcal/mol, in good agreement with earlier experimental estimates. The geometry of these strong backbone hydrogen bonds features an almost linear arrangement of all four atoms involved in hydrogen bond formation. We estimate that about a quarter of all hydrogen bond donors and acceptors participate in these strong interpeptide hydrogen bonds. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The characterization of rare earth Gd and binary Mg-Gd alloy is presented.Gd has a high solubility in Mg and can realize solution strengthening and aging strengthening of Mg alloy;and the high temperature strength of Mg-Gd is superior to WE54 alloy.The research progress of multielement Mg-Gd system alloy is reviewed.The existing problems and research directions of heat resistant Mg-Gd system magnesium alloy are pointed out.


Pulmonary tuberculosis ismoderately common amongst the Nigerians, but, though cases now report more often to the hospitals for treatment, there is no conclusive evidence that its incidence is rising significantly. Anticipated -measures for the control of the disease in Nigeria are likely to meet with little success unless close account is taken of its particular characteristics in the African, and it is hoped that the following observations may serve to stress some of its features. The series of cases, though consecutive, is admittedly very small, but supports the conclusions drawn from a large number of additional cases seen during the last eleven years, but in which observations and investigations were less complete. The peculiarly virulent nature of pulmonary tuberculosis in the African is still sometimes attributed to a relatively recent introduction of the infection by the European to a country and people not hitherto exposed to it-a so-called virgin soil. It is probable, however, that the disease was introduced long before the advent of Europeans in significant numbers, possibly from the North and Near East by the old trans-Sahara trade routes. Conceptions of the importance of a virgin soil seem to imply that an inherited immunity can be established as a result of several generations of exposure to infection, but the example of the American negro furnishes no evidence in support of this supposition or in favour of a possible progressive genetic elimination of the highly susceptible. Though improvement in education, economic status, and standard of living may do much to mitigate the severity of the disease amongst the population as a whole, it seems that the violence of the disease in the African must be explained on a basis of his inborn constitutional peculiarities. The common impression in Nigeria is that pulmonary tuberculosis in the African is not amenable to treatment and is invariably fatal. That the outlook is not so hopeless as this Davies (1946) has shown as a result of twenty years' work in Tanganyika. He points out that by the time a patient presents himself voluntarily for treatment his disease, so rapid is its advance in the African, is already hopeless of cure, and such indeed is the experience in Nigeria. Apart from the obvious necessity for education of the public and for improved living conditions, isolation of the open case is a prime essential. Davies stresses that for this purpose, and for the detection of cases early enough for effective treatment, sanatoria working as isolated units are no more effective than the existing general hospitals, for both are dependent on the voluntary attendance of patients. Only by the institution of travelling teams equipped for clinical examination, mass skin tests, and miniature radiography, designed to detect the early case and the susceptible individual, and of spaced bush dispensaries based on regional sanatoria, can satisfactory results be anticipated.


A new concept for compact and low-loss Ka-band micromachined bandpass filters for next generation on-board communications is presented which combines micromachined cavities with multilayer technology on silicon. The resonator consists of a gold-plated micromachined shielding cavity with a longitudinal 20 μm thick gold-plated silicon membrane. The membrane is short-circuited at both anchored ends and it operates as a λ/2 TEM line resonator. The footprint of a single resonator is reduced by more than 50% with respect to conventional micromachined cavities using the TE101 resonant mode. The measurements of single transmission-type resonators are in very good agreement with the full-wave simulations, demonstrating a high filter robustness to process tolerance. The expected unloaded Q of the resonators for 500 μm thick layers is 600, and the measured value is above 500. Qs above 1000 are feasible with the available technology by simply increasing the number and the thickness of the silicon layers. A 4th order pseudo-elliptic filter at 30 GHz (FBW = 1.7%) has been designed and is under fabrication.


A brief historical survey is made of the use of semiconductor devices as frequency changers or mixers in radar applications, with particular reference to factors that led to the design and performance of the types CV2154-5 silicon mixer crystals. The factors that led to the choice of a coaxial construction and the part played by the insulator and its effect on admittance is discussed. A mixer crystal incorporating a germanium wafer and titanium whisker is described. This crystal has a noise factor better by 2 dB than the silicon and tungsten combination of the types CV2154-5. The necessity for positive bias, its effects on r.f. admittance and noise factor and methods of obtaining the bias when required are considered. The superior bandwidth and small spread in admittance between samples is attributed to the choice of material for the insulator. Burn-out performance is discussed and measurement of this parameter indicated. Finally, it is shown that, contrary to general belief, the behaviour of germanium mixer crystals as a function of temperature is not significantly different from silicon devices, at least over the temperature range ?80 to + 100°C.


This, the second volume of a magisterial commentary on the work of the historian Arrian, deals in depth with a crucial period (329-326 BC) of the reign of Alexander the Great. It discusses some of the earliest datable evidence for the history of Central Asia and Pakistan, and analyses Alexander's views of sovereignty and divinity. Professor Bosworth is the leading authority on Arrian, and his commentary should become a classic work of reference for historians.


This study develops a high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for simultaneous quantification of hederacoside C and α-hederin in Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. The method proposed in this study was validated in terms of the analytical parameters such as high repeatability, high accuracy and good sensitivity. The method was used to determine the content of hederacoside C and α-hederin in Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, which had been collected in Ha Giang, Lao Cai and Lai Chau. The study results show that the content of hederacoside C and the content of α-hederin ranged from 0.40 to 4.01% and 0.21 – 0.54% based on absolute dry mass, respectively.


Practice shows that a number of countries rich in natural resources have failed to achieve sustainable economic development and a high level of welfare for the population. Researchers note that the availability of natural resources is often combined in countries with corruption, public opposition and the weakness of political institutions. The economies of countries that build on the export of natural resources are too dependent on world prices for these resources. The subject of the article is the problems of poverty and political instability of Kyrgyzstan as a country dependent on gold exports. The goal is to identify the main factors that lead to Kyrgyzstan's economic backwardness, poverty and political instability in the presence of active resource exports. Objectives: to study the availability of gold and other natural resources in Kyrgyzstan, to analyze the country's exports, to consider the level of living of the population, to identify the main problems of Kyrgyzstan development and to consider the prospects of overcoming them. General scientific methods are used: system analysis – to determine the peculiarities of the economy of Kyrgyzstan, the historical method – to demonstrate political instability in the country, statistical method – to demonstrate quantitative indicators. The following results were obtained:based on the study, the main factors leading to economic and political problems of Kyrgyzstan were identified. Conclusions: on a number of grounds, the country can be attributed to countries with a «resource curse»; in the gold mining industry mostly foreign companies are present, they are involved in social projects,but every fifth person in the country lives below the poverty line and therefore a significant proportion of the population are migrant workers abroad; there is constant political instability in the country and each new government is trying to make the most of the country's gold reserves; the country will be able to get rid of the resource curse by implementing a number of recommendations for such countries, and especially by investing revenues from gold exports to in financial, physical and human capital; positive for solving the economic problems of Kyrgyzstan is its participation in the Eurasian Economic Union.


MWW type zeolite is a kind of practical catalytic new material,which has special crystal structure.The recent research and development in the field mainly involves structure,synthesis,characterization and catalysis.With the above-mentioned mainline,the recent development of MWW type zeolite is reviewed.


Searching information from the Internet via available search engines is often overwhelmed by myriad of resulting documents that are mostly irrelevant. The problem lies in the use of proper keywords arranged in the right order. This paper proposes an effective filtering approach that exploits various existing techniques through a sequence of transformations. The proposed approach employs ontology tree as a basis for keyword matching, thereby intermediate search results can be stochastically classified and clustered into their respective domains. Subsequent transformations are applied to map the results on to a document space. A user-defined ideal document is utilized to establish measured weights obtained from the Euclidean distance between a given document and the ideal document. This process is repeated until a predetermined threshold is reached, giving rise to a straightforward document filtering technique. The direct benefit from the proposed approach is low number of search documents. This, in turn, entails continual research on reducing energy consumption as the volume of information to be processed and transmitted reduces. This is essential and conforming to today's energy saving directives. It's just a matter of technology transfer to realize the proposed approach in commercial applications.


The aim of this study is to assess the perception of international medical students of e-learning in China, since medical teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic had to adapt to challenges, and students had to cope with the new teaching modality, more so international students. Therefore, the opinion of students with their first contact to a fully virtual education will be helpful to modify e-teaching to better suit the students' needs. Method: Four hundred seven medical students, in China, were recruited via social media and were asked to complete structured questionnaires, regarding technical and content aspects of their e-courses. Findings: Most issues reported were of technical nature, especially for students attending the school distantly and network instability/unavailability was frequently (52.48%). Moreover, the audio was less helpful than texts/images and the senior students were less satisfied with the technical (0.005) and content (p=0.001) aspects. They also were more critical of their teachers' performance (p=0.042). Clinical cases and scenarios also received the lowest score. Implications for research and practice: Overall students did not feel confident with the e-learning, comfortable implementing it to patients and were reluctant to embrace it. Both technical difficulties and understanding issues impeded international students from embracing e-learning medical teaching, in China and efforts need to be made to acclimatise them to this new reality.


A new approach for contour data approximation and compression algorithm is presented in the paper. Cartesian co-ordinates of an input contour are processed in such a manner that finally contours is presented by selected vertices of the edge of the contour. In the paper the main idea of the proposed procedure and compression of analysed method with the Ramer and the Tangent methods of contour approximation are performed. To compare the results, the mean square error and signal-to-noise ratio criterions were used. Number of operations that is necessary to perform approximation and compression procedures is also presented. The simplicity and the small number of operations are the main advantages of the proposed algorithm.


With the advent of autonomous robots with two- and three-dimensional scanning capabilities, classical visibility-based exploration methods from computational geometry have gained in prac- tical importance. However, real-life laser scanning of use ful accuracy does not allow the robot to scan continuously while in motion; instead, it has to stop each time it surveys its environment. This requirement was studied by Fekete, Klein and Nuchter for the subproblem of looking around a corner, but until now has not been considered for whole polygonal regions. We give the first comprehensive algorithmic study for this im portant algorithmic problem that combines stationary art gallery-type aspects with watchman-type issues in an online scenario. We show that there is a lower bound of Ω( √ n) on the competitive ratio in an orthogonal polygon with holes; we also demonstrate that even for orthoconvex polygons, a competitive strategy can only be achieved for limited aspect ratio A, i.e., for a given lower bound on the size of an edge. Our main result is an O(log A)-competitive strategy for simple rectilinear polygons, wh ich is best possible up to constants.


For a long time, in the air traffic control work of military aircraft crossing civil airways, there are many problems, such as large vertical separation, low utilization rate of airspace resources and non-standard separation standard when civil aircraft avoiding military aircraft. Civil aircraft generally avoid military aircraft at vertical separations of 1200 meters above and below, which obviously limits the improvement of airspace operation efficiency. It is an important task for all airline personnel to promote the integration of military and civil aviation, improve the utilization rate as well as operation efficiency of airspace, and promote the safe and orderly development of aviation activities. By applying the EVENT model and the concept of the risk zone at the crossing point of the air route, and calculating the collision risk probability of civil and military aircraft under different parameter combinations, the conformity degree of target level of safety of civil and military aircraft operation is tested, and the optimal vertical separation is determined, thus providing a basis for the vertical separation required by military aircraft crossing civil routes. Although in reality, the altitude maintenance ability of military aircraft will vary with different models; However, with the popularization of high performance military aircraft and the improvement of level maintenance capability, this index is no longer a constraint factor for the implementation of the reduced vertical separation. In this study, the operational risks of military and civil aircraft were calculated scientifically, and the safety of implementing smaller vertical separations in air traffic control was verified. 300 meters is taken as the vertical separation during military aircraft crossing civil routes.


Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) refers to a collection of methods that use B-splines, or some of their extensions such as NURBS, T-splines or hierarchical splines, to approximate the solution of problems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs). The method was introduced by T.J.R. Hughes and coworkers in 2005, with the aim of improving the interaction between CAD and CAE software, by using the same kind of functions both for the geometric representation of the design and for the solution of the PDEs.


One purpose of this paper is to use a reconceptualization of the idea of the state that I have developed elsewhere (Kurtz 1993, 2001, 2006) to explain accurately the location of the politics and practices social scientists so commonly attribute to the state. I contend that these practices emanate from government and not, as social scientists commonly assert, from an anthropomorphized state. The problem with the idea of the state as an anthropomorphized political agent is that it diminishes analytic insight because it allows scholars to gloss over government practices by simply attributing their outcomes to the state. Another purpose of the paper is to use these ideas to explore the hy-pothesis that governments of early state formations attempt to subvert real or perceived threats to their authority from local level organizations that comprise their nations by entrenching their authority vertically into the nations' communities and institutions (Cohen 1969a). This may be ac-complished in different ways. Governments may eliminate the threatening organizations, co-opt them, or transfer the loyalty and allegiance of those committed to them to the state's government. I will rely on data from three early states to demonstrate this hypothesis: the Zande of Africa, Inca of South America, and Aztecs of Mexico


This article presents the results of a qualitative research, with features of action research, carried out with a group of Math teachers who take part in the outreach project "Training Cycles in Teaching Math", developed at Federal University of the South-Frontier, campus of Cerro Largo/RS. It aims to identify in the teachers' journals the elements that express their experiences during the planning process of a Modeling activity in Education. Empirical data were provided through the journals of three Math teachers in which they share their thoughts about pedagogical practices based on the principles of Modeling in Education. For the analysis of the material, it was followed the Discursive Textual Analysis procedures. It was identified the emergence of three categories in teachers' journals - the relevance of continuing education meetings, ill-being indicators and reflections on the process of Modeling in Education and its implementation on classroom.


Citation: Luck, J. D., Schaardt, W. A., Forney, S. H., & Sharda, A. (2016). Development and evaluation of an automated spray patternator using digital liquid level sensors. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 32(1), 47-52. doi:10.13031/aea.32.11381


Urban drainage and flood control must compete for funding from the limited public purse. Other types of evaluation problems are: (1) The determination of the merit of individual projects; (2) the ranking of competing UDFC projects to determine priorities; (3) the determination of optimal investment timing; and (4) the determination of the incidence of costs and benefits on different population sectors so that project costs can be equitably apportioned. The UDFC systems may be distinguished into minor or major systems, both for implementation purposes and for evaluation studies and public benefits differ considerably between the two types of systems. In the case of the major flood control project, attention has been focused on the potential reduction in flood damages associated with such projects. All public programs, e.g., public safety, water supply library services, urban drainage and flood control, and others should be subjected to the type of analysis presented to identify precisely the benefits from expenditures of public funds and the recipients of the benefits.


Local election is a form of democracy in the region in choosing the head area that is set in the law number 22 of 2007, and it is an embodiment of people's sovereignty. Election practice is usually characterized by the appearance of some problems as in the district of Kuantan Singingi was held on 7 April 2011. There were some problems happened in this research such as the lack of coordination among committee, budget, facilities and human resources, socialization election and logistics. The data in this reasearch obtained with qualitative approach of primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained by means of a literature study in the form of archives, data, documentation, and literature. While the secondary data obtained by field studies in the form of observations and interviews with selected key informants based on elements of the election, supervisor election, participants and the public, with the aim to achieve the informations for this research. This study aims to investigate the performance of the election Commission in preparing, implementing, managing conflict and determining the constraints experienced by the election commission in the implementation of the election in Kuantan Singingi in 2011. The results showed that the election commission in Kuantan Singingi had conducted the implementation optimally in accordance with the rules applicable, but there were obstacles or problems happened that caused confusion in the election process in Kuantan Singingi regency in 2011. Keywords: The Performance, Local Elections, Regional Elections Commission (KPUD)


The Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH) has long-term experience in the development and fabrication of robust, compact diode laser modules for sophisticated space applications. These modules have already proven their capability several times in experiments under zero gravity conditions. Among others, FBH is currently manufacturing 55 ultra-narrow linewidth laser modules developed for the BECCAL (Bose-Einstein Condensate – Cold Atom Laboratory) apparatus. As of 2024, they will be used in the research facility operated by the German Aerospace Center DLR and the NASA for quantum optical experiments with ultra-cold atoms on board the International Space Station ISS. The facility will be used to investigate fundamental physics questions involving quantum objects with high precision near absolute temperature zero (-273.15 °C).


This model provides a closed form solution to the problem of liquidity constrained consumption with stochastic income. To keep the model tractable we employ a quadratic utility function. Income follows a geometric Brownian motion. The analytical solution exhibits a smooth, non linear, relation between consumption and income along the optimizing path even when the constraint binds. This outcome confirms the assertions in the literature that even liquidity constrained consumers may satisfy the standard Euler equation. But, in our model this result emerges from the analytical solution. I thank Enrico Saltari and Martin Forster for useful comments and suggestions. I wish also to thank an anonymous referee. I thank MIUR (Italy) for financial support (Prin 2005). All errors and omissions remain my own. Citation: Giuseppe, Travaglini, (2008) "An exact consumption rule with liquidity constraints and stochastic income." Economics Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 5 pp. 1-9 Submitted: January 23, 2008. Accepted: February 14, 2008. URL: http://economicsbulletin.vanderbilt.edu/2008/volume5/EB-08E20001A.pdf


Abstract This paper delves into the psychological crisis that leaders and managers in private higher education institutions (HEIs) encounter when transitioning into new job roles. The study employs Bridges' Transition Model to examine the internal obstacles and adaptive measures that emerge during the transitional phase, with a specific emphasis on the psychological dimensions of the transitions. The study utilised a qualitative research methodology and grounded theory approach that involved conducting in-depth interviews and analysing relevant documents to investigate the experiences of leaders and managers in the context of organisational transitions. The results of the study offer significant contributions to the field of organisational management, particularly in the area of leadership succession planning. The findings shed light on effective strategies for managing leadership transitions, promoting smoother transitions, and providing adequate support to individuals in leadership positions during periods of organisational change.


The physilogical significance of the Caa?a(c)2+-activated K + channels has been described in a various tissues especially in epithelial cells. Due to their sensitivity to Caa?a(c)2+, these channels are very important elements in the coupling of intracellular Caa?a(c)2+ signaling to the electrical properties of the cells. This study was aimed at identifying the molecular identity for the K + channels in Intestine 407 cells. RT-PCR demonstrated that expression of an intermediatea2conductance Caa?a(c)2+-activated K + channels, whole-cell recordings demonstrated a inward rectify K + channel. Single channel data shown that its single channel conductance was 30±2 pS and its activity properties are consistent with intermediatea2conductance Caa?a(c)2+-activated K + channel in human erythrocytes.


In this paper we present several measurements of single top quark production from the CDF and D0 experiments at the Tevatron. The various analyses utilize integrated luminosity ranging from 2.1 to 4.8 fb{sup -1}. The results include the observation of single top production with a combined cross section of 2.76{sub -0.47}{sup +0.58} pb for a top quark mass of 170 GeV/c{sup 2}, as well as measurements of top quark polarization and first evidence for t-channel production.


In today's environment, pervasive computing plays important role to perform data transmission between IoT objects in distributed environment which communicate, each other directly without any centralized object. Security is very challenging task in pervasive computing where simulation
 environment is distributed. In this paper, an attempt has been made to resolve this kind of issues and a secure trust based signals transmission in distributed environment of pervasive computing mechanism has been proposed. In this trust value of each IoT object is calculated on the basis
 of their context information and these objects have been distinguished on the basis of this trust value that either the object is trusted or not. Later, propose a mechanism to enhance utilization of energy of resources used in smart office environment and this has been implemented in ONE (Opportunistic
 Network Environment) simulator.


(1) A constable may exercise any power conferred by this section— (a) in any place to which at the time when he proposes to exercise the power the public or any section of the public has access, on payment or otherwise, as of right or by virtue of express or implied permission; or (b) in any other place to which people have ready access at the time when he proposes to exercise the power but which is not a dwelling.


(76) Inventor: Uday Dasgupta, Singapore (SG) (57) ABSTRACT A scheme for enhancement of the power-supply ripple rejec (21) Appl. No.: 12/704,506 tion for operational amplifiers (op-amps) and low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulators is described. The scheme adds cal culated amounts of current derived from the power-supply ripple with the input differential pair current to cancel off the output ripple, improving the high-frequency power-supply (51) Int. Cl. ripple rejection without requiring a substantial redesign of the G05F I/O (2006.01) circuitry involved. (22) Filed: Feb. 11, 2010


Chief Scientist: Art Grantz. Geological and Geophysical data (pistoncore, gravitycore, gravity, GPS) of field activity PLSTAR-1 (P-1-88-AR) in Arctic from 09/02/1988 to 09/28/1988, http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/p/p188ar/html/p-1-88-ar.meta.html.


ABSTRACT Research has shown that in addition to top-down and bottom-up processes, biases produced by the repetition priming effect and reward play a major role in visual selection. Action control research argues that bidirectional effect-response associations underlie the repetition priming effect and that such associations are also achievable through verbal instructions. This study evaluated whether verbally induced effect-response instructions bias visual selective attention in a visual search task in which these instructions were irrelevant. In two online experiments (Exp.1, N = 100; Exp. 2, N = 100), participants memorized specific verbal instructions before completing speeded visual-search classification tasks. In critical trials of the visual search task, a priming stimulus specified in the verbal instructions matched the target stimulus (positive priming). In addition, the design of Experiment 2 accounted for the repetition priming effect caused by frequent appearance of the target object. Reaction time analysis showed that verbal instructions inhibited visual search. Response error analysis showed that verbal effect-response formed an effect-response association between verbally specified stimulus and response. The results also showed that the target object's frequent appearance strongly affected visual search. The overall findings showed that verbal instructions extended the list of selection biases that modulate visual selective attention.


This study aims to develop a patient registration system that provides online outpatient registration services. With an online system the patient registration process can be done quickly, anywhere and anytime by prospective patients.
Research methodology or information system development carried out in this research is to apply the concept of full water. In developing the SIMPAS system, the initial step is to conduct a system analysis, analysis, design, code and testing, implementation and maintenance. Before the process of making an application, it is preceded by a system design using a design tool that is UML and the results of the database implemented in the application have been normalized, so that the database designed has been minimized due to duplication of data.
The results of the study resulted in the SIMPAS application developed with PHP programming and processed data stored in a MySQL database. The SIMPAS application provides one solution in the process of providing services to patients. The SIMPAS application can reduce queuing in the patient registration process. The registration process can be standardized at home through the online system and from the online registration can be used as evidence in the inspection process that will be carried out.


Requirement engineering is the first step of systems'life cycle.It is the key to getting successful systems that defining correct and integrate requirements.The framework of requiements is a templet of requirements content which should be contained in the requiremments specification.Based on the analysis of the definition and class of requirements of IEEE,INCOSE and OMG,and consistent with C4ISR/DOD AF,a requirement system framework of C4ISR system is presented considering the practical experences.


The photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an extremely useful wearable sensing medical diagnostic tool. However, the PPG signal becomes highly corrupted when the wearer is in motion, rendering the measured signal useless. This thesis develops an adaptive motion artifact reduction scheme to recover the underlying physiologic information from the corrupted signal using a collocated accelerometer as a motion reference and adaptively estimating the motion-to-artifact system dynamics. It has previously been shown that this artifact reduction scheme can be utilized, but many tunable parameters were required to model the system dynamics and performance was poor. This work quantifies algorithm performance based on confidence in the estimated system dynamics, which shows low confidence using the previous parameterization when the wearer is jogging. To improve confidence, the form of the system dynamics is established and a Laguerre series is implimented to compactly represent the system dynamics using just a few parameters that can be confidently estimated. Using the new model, heart rate and amplitude can be estimated from typical jogger data with variance similar to separate PPG sensors located on contralateral motionless hands. The standard artifact reduction scheme does not work when the physiologic signal is correlated with wearer motion. Since the signals may become correlated, this work develops a method of recovering the physiological signal even when it is correlated with wearer motion by adapting blind source seperation techniques. However, the success of this new method is limited. Thesis Supervisor: H. Harry Asada Title: Ford Professor of Mechanical Engineering


Large 3-D seismic surveys are now routinely used to delineate and assist in the development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. During the acquisition and processing of modern reflection data, special attention is given to recording and preservation of amplitude values. The reflected seismic wave amplitude depends on three groups of factors:


In this paper, a millimeter-wave phase shifter based on nematic liquid crystal is designed. The phase shifter is composed of a three-layer substrate. The millimeter wave band is beneficial to reduce the size of the device and meet the needs of miniaturization. The size is only $13.5\times 28\text{mm}^{2}$. The proposed phase shifter adopts an inverted microstrip line structure, and its phase shift degree is about 395°at 37 GHz. The liquid crystal phase shifter designed in this paper is expected to be applied in millimeter-wave reconfigurable antenna systems. .


Abstract Environmental samples of soil, plant and air dust collected after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident were analyzed by autoradiograph, and significant amounts of radioactive particles containing higher cesium-134 (134Cs) and cesium-137 (137Cs) were found. Most of the radioactive soil particles were clay sized. The main part of the radioactivity and radioactive particles of air dust was detected from the 1.1–2.0μm fraction of an Andersen sampler filter. A considerable part of the radioactive particles on the air dust filter were not water soluble. Radioactive particles attached to outdoor plant leaves persisted for nearly 1 year. Thus, soil, leaf and air dust similarly contained sparingly water-soluble, micron-sized radioactive particles each with comparable ranges of elevated radio-Cs. A sheet dilution method was proposed and used to select and purify these radioactive particles. Using selected radioactive particles, the relation between area × gray value on autoradiograph and radioactivity was estimated. Radioactivity per particle was up to a few Bq and the geometrical average radioactivity of detected particles was around 0.1 Bq per particle or less. The configuration, chemical composition, origin and formation mechanisms of the radioactive particles require clarification.


Multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) are a new paradigm in Bangladesh working for improvement to the credibility of election. An increasing number of different institutions such as civil society, media and international election observers, etc. are giving priority on the electoral process as part of their development programs in Bangladesh. In the findings, in general, the research found that international institutions, media and civil society is heavily investing to ensure free and fair election, but there is still the lack of interest and capacity in this field. These issues will be analyzed throughout this article.


Light chain proximal tubulopathy is due to accumulation of monotypic light chains within proximal tubules in patients with a monoclonal immunoglobulin due to low mass or smoldering multiple myeloma (about half of patients), or with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance. Patients commonly also have other kidney lesions related to abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin, eg, AL amyloid or light chain deposition disease. The proximal tubulopathy may manifest as Fanconi syndrome with aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, glycosuria in the presence of normal serum glucose, and proximal renal tubular acidosis. Patients are adults, mirroring the age in which monoclonal gammopathies and myeloma commonly become manifest. This lesion occurs in a small minority of patients in whom there is kidney disease related to monoclonal protein. Light microscopy: Proximal tubules show loss of brush border and sloughing of tubular cells, or frank tubular necrosis. There is evidence of intratubular and intracellular crystalline inclusions or sometimes noncrystalline accumulations of light chain. Crystals are best visualized on periodic acid–Schiff and trichrome stains. Immunofluorescence microscopy: The crystalline inclusions show monoclonal or dominant staining most commonly for k light chain (rarely l), which may only be detected after pronase digestion on paraffin-embedded tissues. Electron microscopy: Tubular injury is evident with increased intracellular lysosomes, often containing rod-, rhomboid-, needle-, or irregular-shaped crystalline electron dense material.


YULLITA SARI LIYA ANDINI, Phytoremediation Soil Contaminated of Pb and Cd Metal Using Rice Straw Fermented by Trichoderma viride that Exposure 250 Gray Gamma Irradiation. Dibimbing oleh TRI RETNO DYAH LARASATI dan HENDRAWATI Soil contamination by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) is one of environmental pollution that harmful for living organisms. The heavy metals content that exceed the threshold will be taken into the body either directly or indirectly (food chain). One way to resolve this problem is by using phytoremediation with rice straw fermented by Trichoderma viride that exposure 250 gray of gamma irradiation. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of Trichoderma viride were exposed by 250 Gray gamma irradiation to improve the ability of Pb and Cd accumulation in the root zone of sweet corn plant (Zea mays). There are three stages in the research process, that is SSF (Solid State Fermentation), incorporation, and Landfarming. The fermentation process is doing on 16-days trial. Furthermore, the results of the SSF (Solid State Fermentation) mixed in soil that has been contaminated with heavy metals showed that Trichoderma viride which added on SSF showed the real impact on the value of pH, water content of the four treated samples. Results incorporation process and then applied with a crop of sweet corn (Zea mays). Accumulation of heavy metals in sweet corn plant, analyzed by AAS. The measurement results show that the accumulation of Pb in the roots of plants in the sample K amounted of 33.66 mg/kg, sample A of 26.80 mg/kg, the sample B of 51.47 mg/kg, and sample C of 55.70 mg/kg. While the metals Cd uptake in the roots of corn plants in the sample K showed Cd uptake of 269.65 mg/kg, the sample A of 445.70 mg/kg, the sample B of 337.17 mg/kg and sample C of 336.72 mg/kg. The phytoremediation process takes place based on the fitostatbilization principle.


The detection of frailty in a community setting requires tools that assess the early stages of functional decline. For this reason, it is important to have adequate scales to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of a questionnaire (VIDA) for assessing IADL in elderly people in primary care settings and in the community, and its current level of validation. Using a Delphi study, 10 items were selected for the questionnaire, each with 3- or 4-point Likert scale response options, summing to a total score of 10 to 38 points. No gender bias was detected and the completion time was 3 to 5 minutes. The questionnaire has a high inter- and intrarater reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.88-0.97, p 0.40, except for the item "maintaining social relationships" which has a lower factor loading and correlation than the others. The VIDA questionnaire is relatively well correlated with other instruments assessing functioning (Lawton and Brody index and the Timed Up and Go test).


There is continuing interest in the trend of costs associated with pollution abatement activities. We specify an environmental production technology to model the joint production of good and bad outputs. The joint production model calculates pollution abatement costs and identifies changes in these costs associated with: (1) technical change, (2) input changes, and (3) changes in bad output production. Estimates of the relative importance of each factor are estimated using data from 1995 to 2005 for a sample of coal-fired power plants in the United States. Finally, we discuss the potential usefulness of the decomposition model for identifying discrepancies between ex ante and ex post pollution abatement costs that are linked to the underlying joint production model. Published by Elsevier B.V.


The invention discloses a novel foam dedusting agent for a coal mine. The novel foam dedusting agent comprises, by weight, 0.5%-0.7% of foaming agent, 0.04%-0.06% of foam stabilizer, 0.4%-0.5% of wetting agent and 98.74%-99.06% of water. Modified alkyl glycoside, carboxymethylcellulose, alkylphenol ethoxylates and the water are sufficiently mixed; then, the mixed liquor is poured into a mine foam dedusting foam maker to form foams; the foams are conveyed to a dust source to cover the dust source, so that dust produced by the dust source is caught and settles, and finally good underground work environments are guaranteed. A hydrophobic grouping (lipophilic group) of wetting agent molecules adsorbed on the surface layer of the water makes contact with the coal dust first and is composed of organic carbon chains, the molecular characteristics of the hydrophobic grouping are similar to the molecular characteristics of the surface of the coal dust, the hydrophobic grouping can adsorb the coal dust more easily than water molecules, and therefore the dust catching efficiency of the foams is improved, the dust settling rate exceeds 95%, and dust settling efficiency is improved.


The resolving capacities of xanthophyll pigments on thin-layers of Silica Gel, Hyflo super-Cel, and Micro-Cel C with varying concentrations of acetone in petroleum ether as the developing solvent were compared. The results showed that the resolving capacity of Micro-Cel C thin-layer was superior to others and satisfactory for the separation of leaf carotenoids in clearly separated six bands; carotenes, lutein-zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, an unidentified band, and neoxanthin, when it was developed with acetone-petroleum ether solution for 15 to 20minutes in an unsaturated chamber. Adhension of Micro-Cel C to glass was adequate without binder. Calcium sulfate used as a binder appeared to inactivate the resolving capacity of Micro-Cel C. Removing an about 0.2cm-wide layer on bo side of thin-layer slide helped to prevent 'edge effect' which gave tailing and faster solvent ascending along the side than the center. An adequate thickness of thin-layer was obtained when a 3 ml aliquot of the suspension in which l0g powdered Micro-Cel C was suspended in 75 ml distilled water was coated on a glass slide.


This paper investigates the cooperative anti-jamming distributed channel selection problem in UAV communication networks. Considering the existence of malicious jamming and co-channel interference, a location-aware cooperative anti-jamming scheme is designed for the purpose of maximizing the users' utilities. Users in the UAV group cooperate with each other via location information sharing. When the received interference energy is lower than mutual interference threshold, users conduct channel selection strategies independently. Otherwise, users take joint actions with a cooperative anti-jamming pattern under the impact of mutual interference. Aimed at the independent anti-jamming channel selection problem under no mutual interference, a Markov Decision Process framework is introduced, whereas for the cooperative anti-jamming channel selection case under the influence of co-channel mutual interference, a Markov game framework is employed. Furthermore, motivated by reinforcement learning with a ``Cooperation-Decision-Feedback-Adjustment" idea, we design a location-aware cooperative anti-jamming distributed channel selection algorithm (LCADCSA) to obtain the optimal anti-jamming channel strategies for the users with a distributed way. In addition, the channel switching cost and cooperation cost, which have great impact on the users' utilities, are introduced. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm converges to a stable solution with which the UAV group can avoid the malicious jamming as well as co-channel interference effectively.


The invention discloses a face-washing foam employing mineral salts as the principal raw materials, wherein the constituents include mineral salts 30-70%, sodium ethoxylated alkyl sulfate 10-30%, stearic acid 1-10%, humectant 0.2-10%, perfume compound and balancing deionized water.


Objective To explore the significance of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)in the diagnosis and grade diagnosis of heart failure.Methods A total of 120 patients with heart failure(observation group)were divided into NYHA cardiac function gradeⅠ,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣgroups,with 30 patients in each group,and another 60 health volunteers were as controls(control group).The serum NT-proBNP levels were detected and compared among groups.Results The NT-proBNP levels were(398.3±54.3),(1 259.0±380.6),(3 401.0±655.5)and(15 802.0±6 577.6)ng/L respectively in NYHA cardiac function gradeⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ andⅣ groups,showing significant differences among four groups(P0.05),higher than that in control group((116.6±50.7)ng/L)(P0.01).Conclusion The serum level of NT-proBNP can effectively reflect the cardiac function,and can be used in the diagnosis and grading diagnosis of heart failure.


INTRODUCTION: The Bruton9s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib is a covalent inhibitor of BTK, a member of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and induces objective clinical responses in the majority of CLL patients (Byrd et al., NEJM 2013). Interestingly this drug also inhibits L2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK), an essential enzyme for the development and effector function of Th2 and Th17 cells, and has been shown to shift the balance towards a Th1 response. The purpose of the study was to determine how ibrutinib influences the Th1/Th17/T regulatory cell response, expression of immune checkpoint blockade molecules on T cells and the functional pathogen-specific T cell recovery. METHODS: Here we present data from a clinical trial of ibrutinib versus ibrutinib + rituximab in previously treated patients (NCT02007044). Peripheral blood and serum were collected at baseline, 3 months and 6 months during therapy. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to characterize B cell subsets, T-cell subsets, expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 and T-cell effector function. For statistical analysis of pre-treatment to on-treatment measurements the paired Student t-test was used. RESULTS: Here we report on the phenotypic and functional recovery of immune subsets in 41 CLL patients treated with ibrutinib (n=17) or ibrutinib + rituximab (n=25). Both PD-1 and PD-L1 were expressed at high levels on CLL cells. Interestingly, by 3 and 6 months, there was a significant decrease in PD-1 expression from a pre-treatment median of 15% to 4% (at 3 months) and 3% (at 6 months; P CONCLUSION: Based on these data we propose that ibrutinib therapy can modulate the T cell response through multiple mechanisms which include (i) direct inhibition of ITK and skewing of the T cell response toward a Th1 profile; (ii) reduction in PD1/PDL1 expression on B and T cells and (iii). suppression of Tregs. It is unclear how ibrutinib influences the PD1/PDL1 interaction and whether this is a direct effect of the drug on essential components of B and T cell-receptor signaling or whether it is an indirect effect related to a reduction in the leukemia burden. Mechanistic studies to understand how ibrutinib modulates the PD1/PL1 axis are currently underway. Disclosures Burger:Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company: Research Funding. Wierda:Glaxo-Smith-Kline Inc.: Research Funding; Celgene Corp.: Consultancy. Rezvani:Pharmacyclics: Research Funding.


The paper provides a contrastive analysis of the Italian and Serbian tenses which can be used to express a future event that will take place prior to another future event. Its aim is to determine the differences and similarities between the various tenses used in the two languages for marking anteriority in the future, as well as to establish to what extent the two languages display differences and similarities in regard to the way anteriority in the future is expressed.


Information systems are one of the areas where public and private sector invested the most in recent years. Almost every area of life, including critical infrastructure systems (electricity, water, telecommunications, banking, etc.), is managed by information systems. These developments provide an environment for the rapid increase of cyber-attacks and their application in very different ways. In this study, Intrusion Detection Systems, one of the basic elements for information security, will be evaluated and the results obtained from a sample ANN based IDS application will be analyzed. Neural Abstract Information systems are one of the areas where public and private sector invested the most in recent years. Almost every area of life, including critical infrastructure systems (electricity, water, telecommunications, banking, etc.), is managed by information systems. These developments provide an environment for the rapid increase of cyber-attacks and their application in very different ways. In this study, Intrusion Detection Systems, one of the basic elements for information security, will be evaluated and the results obtained from a sample ANN based IDS application will be analyzed.


Inverse spinel oxide NiCo2O4 (NCO) is known to exhibit ferrimagnetic characteristics and electrical conductivity. First-principles calculations predict NCO to be a half-metal with a negative polarization of −100%. In this study, we fabricated epitaxial NCO/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions by reactive molecular beam epitaxy and observed an inverse tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect of −19.1% at 14 K, indicating that NCO has negative spin polarization. The TMR ratio monotonically decreased with increasing temperature, which was attributed to the temperature dependence of the NCO surface magnetization due to the thermal excitation of spin waves. In addition, the TMR ratio displayed strong bias voltage dependence, decreasing to less than half of the maximum value at +20 and −30 mV. These findings support the use of NCO in spintronic devices and should lead to further developments in oxide spintronics.


Interrelationships among the lais of Marie de France and the anonymous Old French narrative lais have elicited controversy over a number of fundamental literary-historical and methodological issues. Was Marie de France-whose iden tity remains an open question' -the exclusive author of the lais in London, British Library, MS Harley 978 ?2 Which lais belong to each corpus?3 A long-standing "working notion" conventionally attributes the twelve lais in Harley 978 to "Marie de France" and some twenty others to an unknown author or authors.4 This distinction has in recent decades been progressively reinforced by numerous


Phillip Tshuma is a happy farmer. Despite one of the worst droughts ever to hit his country, Zimbabwe, Mr. Tshuma's maize and small grains harvests this year are 50% more than they were in 2015, thanks to micro-dosing, the targeted application of small quantities of fertilizer in a field.


The paper aims to review the literature on the effect of workforce diversity including, gender, culture/race, age, and ethnicity, on firm performance. Many empirical papers have been reviewed in which different statistical models have been applied to data of multiple types of organizations across the regions and continents to find the association between the selected variables. The review methodology is selected to survey the literature on the impact of workforce diversity on organizational performance between the years 2000 and 2021. The reviewed literature shows that workforce diversity is significantly related to organizational performance. Moreover, this paper concludes that the positive significant influence of workforce diversity on organizational performance exceeds the negative significant impact. Also, workforce diversity is productive, if it is in appropriate balance. Whereas few studies reported no significant influence of workforce diversity on organizational performance.


Based on topological structure of network, according to distribution feature of transient energy in network and the change feature of branch phase angle difference, the criterion using branch phase angle difference was proposed, the distribution of out-of-step separation device in power system and the selection of out-of-step separation location were investigated. The rational selection of out-of-step separation location should not only suppress oscillation, but also strengthen self-restoring capability of power system. The simulation on NEW ENGLAND 10 machines testifies the validation of the proposed method.


Victim compensation funds are designed to aid people in recovering financially from criminal victimization. Somewhat surprisingly, the victim compensation fund in Texas currently has a large cash surplus and is underutilized. Police officers in Texas are responsible for providing victims information about compensation. A survey was distributed to police officers in Texas to determine their knowledge about the fund as well as factors that inhibit or predict referrals of victims to the crime victim fund. Results show that knowledge of the compensation fund, source of that knowledge, department size, college education, and perceptions of time constraints, victims, support for advising, and capability of victim liaison are all predictive of referrals. Implications of these findings and suggestions for increasing the referral rate are discussed.


Abstract A review of the research evidence regarding the difficulties of drug education programmes to reduce subsequent drug use is discussed. Important relationships and programme factors are examined in order to develop a drug and alcohol preventative programme based upon a philosophy of drug education. The essential components of programming involve early timing, the early development of attitudes relating to minimal and healthy use of drugs, decision-making skills and the development of alternatives to drugs. These are discussed within the framework of a pilot programme using a drama-based approach. A pre-test-post-test experimental and control group design using 63 subjects aged between 11-12 years was followed up 3 years after the programme concluded. The results of the longitudinal follow-up survey of drug-use habits support the effectiveness of this programme. Positive results regarding the development of more responsible drug-use levels, ability to resist peer group pressure and the influence of ...


Restaurant chains don't always know what attributes to look for when hiring multi-unit managers or what training to provide them, because this position in the corporate structure has never been well defined


Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) used alone has been shown to be a powerful tool for elemental surface characterization.1,2 Used in conjunction with another technique such as ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) or Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), SIMS becomes even more powerful. SIMS has been combined in our laboratory with both of the above techniques using quadrupole mass analyzers from two different manufacturers.The complementary nature of SIMS−ISS and SIMS−AES make them especially useful when they are used together. The weakness of one is generally the strength of the other. Specific examples of this strength−weakness relationship are shown. Interesting SIMS results at ion beam accelerating energies of as low as 100 V are discussed for materials studied in research on adhesive bonding.


This volume explores the role that emotion plays in such diverse organizationalphenomena as entrepreneurship, change, service failure, and creativity. the ...


There is limited existing research investigating the use of learning style preferences to enhance the learning and retention of motor skills despite extensive evidence that has been gathered on this topic in the academic setting. This study sought to determine the effect of instruction and feedback styles with regard to preference on learning and retaining motor skills. The motor task of dart throwing with the center bulls eye of a dartboard as the target was used. Forty-one college-aged subjects participated in acquisition trials and a retention test after being given either their preferred or non-preferred method of visual or verbal instruction based on a motor learning preference questionnaire. Subjects were blindfolded while throwing and given both visual and verbal feedback in blocked or random order during the acquisition phase. The immediate retention test consisted of 10 blindfolded throws with no feedback. Error for all trials was measured as radial error in centimeters from the center of the target. Results showed no significant effect for preference in instruction or acquisition. Subjects performed significantly better during acquisition after receiving visual feedback compared to verbal feedback. There was no difference in retention test scores between feedback order groups, however subjects who preferred visual feedback tended to have lower radial error. These findings show that preference played no significant role in learning or retention of the motor task. Subjects were better able to use visual feedback over verbal feedback to improve performance during practice and had similar performance on the retention test regardless of feedback order. LEARNING STYLES AND FEEDBACK PREFERENCE Alvine 3 Learning Styles and Feedback Preference: Use and Effects in the Acquisition and Retention of Dart Throwing The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate learning styles as they apply to motor learning, regarding both methods of instruction as well as augmented feedback. More specifically, the effects of receiving different styles of instruction and augmented feedback with regard to the learner's stated preferences for each will be investigated. "Learning style" is referred to as a learner's preferred method of receiving instruction and processing augmented feedback. The idea of using learning styles to help students/learners acquire and retain information and skills more effectively has been a topic of research and discussion in the aspect of classroom-style learning. Pashler, McDaniel, Rohrer, and Bjork offered an analysis, Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence. This provides an in-depth evaluation of research involving learning styles in the classroom as well as current perspectives on using both the preferences of students and methods of instructors. The Learning Styles Hypothesis developed from this previous research claims that learners will perform better when instructed using their preferred style of learning. Even though there is little evidence of a student's preferred style of learning resulting in better learning, the concept is still marketed and used by instructors. Pashler et al. point out that "It is also natural and appealing to think that all people have the potential to learn effectively and easily if only instruction is tailored to their individual styles" (p. #107). Literature Review Relatively little research has been done to look at the effects of learning styles and learning style preferences in the realm of motor learning in contrast to classroom learning. Teaching and learning in a motor learning setting presents distinct characteristics that are LEARNING STYLES AND FEEDBACK PREFERENCE Alvine 4 absent or different from the classroom learning setting (Dunn, 2009). Such characteristics include the dependence of motor skill acquisition on time-appropriate cues, mental-physical coordination, and sources of feedback needing to be processed in order to make adjustments in movement. These differences bring up the question of whether learning style preferences play a different and/or more significant role when it comes to motor learning. Dunn (2009) suggested the use of the VARK Inventory, a learning style preference questionnaire, to understand both coach and athlete preferences and better coordinate teacher-learner compatibility. The validity of using this questionnaire was examined in recent research reviews including a more recent publication, Perspectives on Learning Styles in Motor and Sport Skills (Fuelscher, Ball, & MacMahon, 2012). This article notes "...the athlete version of the VARK is still based on classroom content learning and not based on learning motor skills... Instead, an athlete learning styles questionnaire to evaluate preferred learning styles for motor skills should include items that are specific to motor skills in sport specific environments" (Fuelscher et al., 2012). Based upon this limitation, a more relevant questionnaire was developed for the purposes of this study. Presentation of the Skill. One of the primary aspects in the learning of motor skills is the presentation of the task to the learner. This normally occurs during the initial phase of learning. Demonstration or modeling is one strategy of presentation that encourages observational learning (Bandura, 1986, p. #47-49). This method utilizes a visual model for teaching. Existing evidence supports that vision is the preferred source of sensory information, particularly at the novice level. Visual presentation is especially useful in motor learning when the task requires the acquisition of a LEARNING STYLES AND FEEDBACK PREFERENCE Alvine 5 new pattern of coordination; the observer is able to pick up the invariant features of the coordinated movement pattern (Magill, 2011, p. #311). Other research has investigated whether receiving verbal or visual instruction is more effective for motor learning. A study performed by Al-abood, Davids, and Bennett (2001) sought to determine the constraints of visual demonstration versus verbal instruction on the acquisition of movement coordination. The main purpose of this research was to look at the central hypothesis of the visual perception perspective, which states that the observation of visual instruction, especially in early stages of learning, better facilitates acquisition because it conveys relative-motion information essential to movement coordination (Al-abood et al., 2001). In this study, 15 male graduate students were recruited to participate in a dart-throwing task. All subjects were right-handed and naïve to the task being learned. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the Modeling Group (MG) who received visual instructions for the task, the Verbally Directed Group (VDG) who received only verbal instructions for the task, or the Control Group (CG) who did not receive either form of instruction. Visual instructions were given to the MG through a videotape model and verbal instructions were read to the VDG. The dart-aiming task was modified from typical overhand dart throwing to require an underhand throw and aim at a dart board placed on the ground 3 meters from the throwing line. Subjects were instructed to attempt to score as many points as possible by throwing the darts at the board, which was modified to contain 10 concentric circles used for scoring. Subjects participated over two days, with 100 acquisition trials on the first day and 20 retention trials on the second day. Results and statistical analyses of this study showed LEARNING STYLES AND FEEDBACK PREFERENCE Alvine 6 no significant group effects for movement outcome in the overall score of the subjects. The results for movement coordination obtained through an online motion analysis system to analyze movement kinematics, however, showed a significant group effect. The MG displayed closer movement approximation to the model than the VDG despite the lack of difference in outcome scores. The motor task being learned also plays a role in determining the method of instruction that results in better acquisition of the skill. A study performed by Doody, Bird, and Ross (1985) compared the relative effectiveness of auditory and visual models in the acquisition of a timing task. Forty-eight right-handed female college students were instructed to perform a new motor task, the displacement of seven barriers, using only the right hand, over 2100 msec, using either an audio model, visual model, or both. Correct execution of this motor task would produce a distinct, rhythmic auditory pattern. Subjects were divided into four groups: Control, Audio, Visual, and Audio + Visual. Subjects in the control group did not receive any instruction, and were given Knowledge of Results (KR) after each trial, in terms of error from the goal movement time. Subjects in the three modeling groups received brief verbal description of the task before the model presentation. The audio model consisted only of the auditory pattern of task performance, in which the subjects heard the sounds associated with the barrier displacements. The visual model presented consisted of a silent video demonstrating the correct performance. For the Audio + Visual group, both the auditory and visual portions were presented. After each trial, the three modeling groups received immediate KR followed by 5 presentations of the correct model with relevant KR. LEARNING STYLES AND FEEDBACK PREFERENCE Alvine 7 Statistical analyses of the results for this study determined that all four groups significantly improved their performance during the acquisition phase. For the acquisition phase of the experiment, the main effect of groups was also significant. Post-hoc analyses showed that the absolute error for all trials in the Audio group and the Audio + Visual group were lower than the Visual group and the Control group. The Audio group and the Audio + Visual group did not significantly differ from each other during this phase. Resul


A controversy has recently arisen over whether the shell and earth mounds identified by archaeologists in northern Australia were constructed by the megapode, Megapodius reimvardt. Criteria for distinguishing human shell mounds and megapode mounds are advocated. These criteria are applied to a recently excavated shell mound from Croker Island, northwestern Arnhem Land.


The aims of this study were to define the mRNA expression profiles of MYCN, DDX1, TrkA, and TrkC in biopsy tumor samples from 64 Brazilian patients with neuroblastomas of different risk stages and to correlate altered expression with prognostic values.


The paper analyzes the main trends and stages of implementation of the administrative reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan from the collapse of the USSR till 2015. It wxamines issues relating to the reorganization of the central and regional management staff, the public service and its management, as well as issues of cooperation between the state structures with the business and society.


A double-trench silicon waveguide based on SOI chip is proposed to generate high-order OAM modes (OAM±2). The double-trench structure excites two high-order orthogonal modes with π/2 (or 3π/2) phase difference, and can couple into high-order OAM±2 modes at the output terminal. The FDTD simulation results show that the mode conversion efficiency is greater than 95% and the intersection loss is less than 0.22dB during the wavelength range of 1.3 μm to 1.8 μm. The proposed method to generate OAM beams in SOI waveguide would be interesting for on-chip integrated optical communication, optical trapping and quantum information processing.


We present an investigation on multi -decadal changes of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on surface radiation using a global chemistry transport model along with the near-term to long-term data records. We focus on a 28-year time period of satellite era from 1980 to 2007, during which a suite of aerosol data from satellite observations and ground-based remote sensing and in-situ measurements have become available. We analyze the long-term global and regional aerosol optical depth and concentration trends and their relationship to the changes of emissions" and assess the role aerosols play in the multi-decadal change of solar radiation reaching the surface (known as "dimming" or "brightening") at different regions of the world, including the major anthropogenic source regions (North America, Europe, Asia) that have been experiencing considerable changes of emissions, dust and biomass burning regions that have large interannual variabilities, downwind regions that are directly affected by the changes in the source area, and remote regions that are considered to representing "background" conditions.


This study analyzes the context of women's incorporation into the urban labor market in the recent history of Mexico. The comparative perspective of choosing sixteen cities for the analysis enables the authors to detect the patterns of general changes in this context as well as their diversity; the results show the following. First, with the exception of certain northern, especially border cities, the structure of urban employment showed a clear trend towards de-industrialization and the expansion of distributive and personal services. As a result, distributive services overtook manufacturing as the principal source of employment in some of the most important metropolitan areas in the country. Secondly, these changes were linked to an increase in self-employment in the majority of urban centers. The maquiladora centers in the north of the country, like those in Merida, were the only ones that showed an improvement in the type of insertion of the working population. Thirdly, although the real income of workers rose in urban centers, this was achieved at the cost of a greater inequity in salaries and an expansion of the wage gap between men and women. Fourthly, in light of the changes observed throughout this period of growing openness in the Mexican economy to international competition, the great majority of urban centers saw a reinforcement of the tendency towards an increase in the age of women who participate in economic activity outside the home, a lessening of the traditional exclusion of the wives of household heads from the labor force, and as a result of the significant increase in female participation in male-headed households, a reduction in the differences in the probabilities of women's working according to the sex of the head of the household.


Longevity is regulated by the daf‐2 gene network in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in the daf‐2 gene, which encodes a member of the insulin receptor family, confer the life extension (Age) phenotype and the constitutive dauer (a growth‐arrested larval form specialized for dispersal) formation phenotype. The Age phenotype is mutually potentiated by two life extension mutations in the daf‐2 gene and the clk‐1 gene, a homologue of yeast CAT5/COQ7 known to regulate ubiquinone biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrated that the daf‐2 mutation also conferred an oxidative stress resistance (Oxr) phenotype, which was also enhanced by the clk‐1 mutation. Similar to the Age phenotype, the Oxr phenotype was regulated by the genetic pathway of insulin‐like signaling from daf‐2 to the daf‐16 gene, a homologue of the HNF‐3/forkhead transcription factor. These findings led us to examine whether the insulin‐like signaling pathway regulates the gene expression of antioxidant defense enzymes. We found that the mRNA level of the sod‐3 gene, which encodes Mn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD), was much higher in daf‐2 mutants than in the wild type. Moreover, the increased sod‐3 gene expression phenotype is regulated by the insulin‐like signaling pathway. Although the clk‐1 mutant itself did not display Oxr and the increased sod‐3 expression phenotypes, the clk‐1 mutation enhanced them in the daf‐2 mutant, suggesting that clk‐1 is involved in longevity in two ways: clk‐1 composes the original clk‐1 longevity program and the daf‐2 longevity program. These observations suggest that the daf‐2 gene network controls longevity by regulating the Mn‐SOD‐associated antioxidant defense system. This system appears to play a role in efficient life maintenance at the dauer stage.—Honda, Y., Honda, S. The daf‐2 gene network for longevity regulates oxidative stress resistance and Mn‐superoxide dismutase gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB J. 13, 1385–1393 (1999)


In Comoros Islands, traditional medicine is taken an important place in sanitary system but few written information exist about that. This study aims to investigate the different uses of some plants in indigenous care system. Four plants used in Ngazidja Island were chosen. Total of 128 persons aged between 45 and 100 years were interviewed in 11 villages localized in rural areas. 80% of each was women. Results demonstrated the large use of these plants. Eighteen medicinal uses were recensed for all plants. Used to treat fifteen diseases, Cassia occidentalis was used for treatment of most diseases. However used to treat twelve diseases, Psidium guajava and Tambourissa comorensis are the least used. Euphorbia hirta is itself used against thirteen diseases. This study has been demonstrated the important use of these plants in Comorian folkloric medicine and their ability to treat several diseases.


The present invention hydroperoxide by oxidizing a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon by oxygen, to continuous process for obtaining a mixture of alcohols and ketones. More particularly, the present invention is cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, for generating a cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, to oxidation method cyclohexane in a column to form a bubble reactor. According to the present invention, while satisfying the reactor maximum oxygen concentration requirements in the headspace of to avoid the risk of explosion, it is possible to supply oxygen enriched air into the column.


Abstract : A review of published measures of control flow complexity in programs reveals three major deficiencies: loss of information, lack of specificity, and lack of analytical support. A new approach is used to characterize the control structure of a program, with the aim of defining properties and measures of control flow that can be of immediate use to programmers, regardless of their utility as complexity measures. Mathematical rigor and analytical evaluation techniques are used to define a set of properties of control structure and a corresponding vector of measures. Instead of defining the properties and measures for an entire flowgraph, they are defined at the node level, reflecting the control flow surrounding each node in a flowgraph. The properties and their measures reflect the following characteristics of control flow: nesting, iteration, structuredness, and predecessors. Algorithms for computing the properties and their measures are presented. An assessment of the computational complexity of the algorithms shows that they are feasible programming environment tools. A finite path set, representing all possible execution sequences, is evaluated as a characterizing property. Desired characteristics of the path set are defined and used to evaluate four published path subset criteria. Those criteria are shown to be deficient, so a fifth criterion is defined. However, the path set satisfying this fifth criterion is shown to be too large to be of practical use to a programmer. (Author)


The field of nanomedicine and tissue engineering has been gaining more and more interest in recent years. The use of nanoparticles in tissue engineering has brought a new dimension to this field. However, the mechanical features of scaffolds are the main factor for the governance of their potential applications. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) loaded electrospun PLGA scaffolds were manufactured. The morphology of MSN, PLGA fibers and PLGA-MSN integrated fibers were analyzed by electron microscopy imaging. The dispersity of MSN and zeta potential in colloidal suspension was analyzed. Subsequently in order to have understanding the mechanical properties of MSN loaded scaffolds; mechanical tests were performed. Results showed that MSNs are promising candidates in order to modify mechanical properties of the scaffolds and could be used as key components in various tissue engineering applications.


Compared to other countries, listed company appeared late in our country and many problems appeared during its development which affected normalization disclosure of accounting information. It has caused unnecessary loss of the majority investors and retarded our country's economy development. In order to protect the lawful rights and interests of investors, listed company's accounting information disclosure must be standardized and improved.Based on the relevant theory and current state of accounting information disclosure, this paper discussed the main problems, analyzed contributing factors and pointed out effective countermeasures to improve listed company's accounting information disclosure in our country. These are the research direction, purpose and significance of this paper.


T his text deals with the electrical properties and characteristics of semiconductor materials and devices. The electrical properties of solids are therefore of primary interest. The semiconductor is in general a single-crystal material. The electrical properties of a single-crystal material are determined not only by the chemical composition but also by the arrangement of atoms in the solid; this being true, a brief study of the crystal structure of solids is warranted. The formation, or growth, of the single-crystal material is an important part of semiconductor technology. A short discussion of several growth techniques is included in this chapter to provide the reader with some of the terminology that describes semiconductor device structures. ■


With the development and popularization of intelligent mobile phone and 3G technology,LBS( location based service)has been widely applied. In order to make passengers enjoy the convenience of LBS,we have designed a flight LBS system based on the iPhone platform through the use of Sina micro-blog SNS( social network service). The platform is based on LBS,through the user active check-in services,provides the user information of the same flight and also realizes communication of the target passengers in the journey by using of SNS. Currently,the system has been successfully developed and put into use.