In this paper we initially present an in-depth analysis of the semi-singularity in terms of its definition, properties and its relationship to the self-motion topology structure in the presence of kinematic constraints. Next, the topology structure is explored as a basis for the design of an algorithm structure suitable to address redundancy resolution and path planning for redundant manipulators in the global sense. The proposed top-down algorithm structure provides a global view of the search space with the help of a connectivity graph in the top layer where path options are obtained for further exploration in the lower layers under a parallelizable framework. A 3-DOF planar manipulator is used to illustrate the methodology and a case study is based on the AAI Arm. The methodology is also appropriate for the implementation of the telemonitoring concept for the kinematic control of redundant manipulators.<<ETX>>


IM Paul, JH Maselli, AL Hersh, HA Boushey, DW Nielson, MD Cabana. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):1014–1121

To determine how frequently antibiotics are prescribed during pediatric asthma visits without documented coexisting diagnoses that justify their use.

Pediatric patients <18 years of age seen in outpatient offices and emergency departments in the United States for asthma between 1998 and 2007.

Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were examined for patients seen for asthma in clinics and emergency departments. Each visit was assessed with regard …


In this paper, we present an approach for identifying Twitter bots based on their written tweets using a convolutional neural network. We experiment with various embedding methods (pretrained and trained on the training dataset) and convolutional neural network architectures and compare their performance. When evaluating our best performing approach on the actual test data set of the CLEF 2019 Bots Profiling Subtask (English language), we obtain an accuracy of 90.34%. We therefore see convolutional neural networks as a promising machine learning technique for Twitter bot detection.


Short-term demand prediction enjoys a critical position in the planning of business operations, especially in the logistics industry that needs to prepare sufficient capacity to satisfy the immediate future demand. Conventionally, short-term prediction is done by ad hoc time series analysis, such as auto regressive moving average for stationary series, or auto regressive integrated moving average for nonstationary series. One of the underlining assumptions in using the estimated coefficients from the time-series model for forecasting is that there are no structural changes between the time for model estimation and that for prediction. If there are any new changes in the data generation process, it cannot be reflected in the prediction. In addition, most of the predictions are satisfied if the estimator is BLUE. If the underlining assumption about data generation mechanism cannot be satisfied, the prediction accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The Kalman filter is an efficient recursive filter that estimates the states of a linear dynamic system from a series of noisy observations. It has been used in a wide range of engineering and econometric applications. It takes the least square estimator of a state vector from a previous time step, uses the current observation to update the new estimator, and then uses the updated estimator in the forecasting step. With the Kalman filter, more weight is being given to the estimates with lower uncertainty. Therefore, once the initial state of the model is established, the Kalman filter will provide better forecasting results based on the updated observation. In this paper, the authors develop a hybrid method that integrates time series analysis with the Kalman filter, to increase the accuracy of the short-term prediction. The developed model is applied in the case study for monthly forecasts of container ports in Hong Kong. The result shows that the hybrid model can significantly increase the prediction accuracy.


The novel Graphene Patch Antenna 'GPA' at Terahertz frequency operation requires effcient nanomaterials to operate within the millimeter wave and THz spectrum. In this paper, doped graphene is used to improve the performance of two types of patch antennas, a rectangular and an elliptical antenna. The surface conductivity of conventional (non-doped) graphene is first modeled prior to the design and simulation of the two graphene based antennas in an electromagnetic solver. Next, different graphene models and their corresponding surface conductivities are computed based on different bias voltages or chemical doping. These configurations are then benchmarked against a similar antenna based on conventional metallic (copper) conductor to quantify their levels of performance improvement. The graphene based antennas showed significant improvements for most parameters of antenna than that of the conventional antenna. Besides that, the higher chemical potentials resulting from higher biasing voltages also resulted in this trend. Finally, the elliptical graphene patch antenna 'EGPA' indicated better reflection performance, radiation effciency and gain than a rectangular graphene patch antenna 'RGPA' operating at the same resonant frequency. Along that it both gives best result when compared to normal conventional patch antennas. . IndexTerms— HFSS, CST, GPA, CNT, FEM. ——————————  ——————————


The ground-state phase diagram is obtained for an antiferromagnetic spin-1 anisotropic biquadratic model. With the help of symmetry and duality transformations, three symmetry-protected trivial phases and one dimerized symmetry-breaking phase are found. Local and nonlocal order parameters are identified to characterize these phases. Quantum phase transitions between the symmetry-protected phases belong to the Gaussian universality class with central charge c = 1, and quantum phase transitions from the symmetry-protected trivial phases to the dimerized phase belong to the Ising universality class with central charge c = 1/2. In addition, the model admits three characteristic lines of factorized ground states, which are located in the symmetry-protected trivial phases instead of a symmetry-breaking phase, in sharp contrast to other known cases.


Informed by the phrase bell hooks uses in her work on love and social justice (hooks, 2001: 22), this paper explores what a 'love ethic' looks like in a practice context. It explores the idea of 'professional love' (Page, 2011) and the ways in which this form of love is both expressed and performed at the Joanna Project, a faith-based initiative offering support to sex workers in Leeds. The Joanna Project embraces the idea of 'professional love' as a foundation of its practice, and consciously promotes a loving practice as central to their work. It is a faith-based project, operating outside of the confines of the statutory sector and because of this, can weave into its narrative a vocal, positive and performative 'love ethic'. The following discussion reflects on six interviews with the workers at the project, during which they were asked to reflect specifically on the importance of love in their professional lives. The research findings suggest that incorporating a discussion about the ways in which love is integrated into our practice is a necessary foundation for building authentic relationships, and radically transforming practice. Key Words love, professional practice, support, dignity and respect


We propose low-power techniques for wireless threedimensional Network-on-Chips (wireless 3-D NoCs), in which the connections among routers on the same chip are wired while the routers on different chips are connected wirelessly using inductive-coupling. The proposed low-power techniques stop the clock and power supplies to the transmitter of the wireless vertical links only when their utilizations are higher than the threshold. Meanwhile, the whole wireless vertical link will be shut down when the utilization is lower than the threshold in order to reduce the power consumption of wireless 3-D NoCs. This paper uses an on-demand method, in which the dormant data transmitter or the whole vertical link will be activated as long as a flit comes. Full-system many-core simulations using power parameters derived from a real chip implementation show that the proposed low-power techniques reduce the power consumption by 23.4%29.3%, while the performance overhead is less than 2.4%. key words: 3-D network on chip (3-D NoC), wireless, inductive-coupling, low power, on/off vertical link


The cosmos is thought to be awash with gravitational waves to which humanity is, as yet, deaf. Trudy E. Bell reports on USA, an experiment on an unprecedented scale designed to put that right.


The procedure of fitting the spectra associated with donor-acceptor pair luminescence arising from nitrogen-aluminum and phosphorus-aluminum pairs in 4H SiC is described in detail. We show that the fitting can be used not only for accurate evaluation of the ionization energies of the different donors and acceptors involved, but also for unambiguous determination of their lattice sites.


By design, a federated "system of systems" application offers limited control over the components and services that it is built upon. However, as the application evolves, there will be changes required to the components and services that comprise the application. As these services are likely to support multiple federated applications, not all will evolve in the same manner. It is essential to limit the scope of change resulting from this application coupling. We see the separation of "policy enforcement" from core application logic as a mechanism to better decouple federated applications. Such separation can allow policy to evolve without impacting other applications or the core services, and allow the components to evolve and still be subject to the same policy.


Reviewed by Rominder "Romi" Singh Simultaneous global drug development has been an aspiration of the drug industry for almost two decades. In reality there is a significant delay in getting the products registered simultaneously in many parts of the world, which is known as "drug-lag." Conduct of a multiregional clinical trial (MRCT) has been presented by many as the panacea to address the issue of drug-lag. The book onMultiregional Clinical Trials for Simultaneous Global New Drug Development is divided into five sections totaling 26 chapters and provides an in-depth look using case studies of how MRCT has been applied in various global studies—its success and failures. The chapters in the book provide background on simultaneous global development, MRCT design considerations, data monitoring, data analysis, and discussion of latest trends. The majority of the authors are affiliated with the biopharmaceutical industry; some are from academia and a few from the regulatory agencies (US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), CDE/China FDA, and Japan/PMDA). The book provides a cautious balance of encouragement to conduct MRCT and also provides case studies where the MRCT have failed to meet their objectives (or have generated unexplainable data). One comes away with the impression that there is a long way to go for MRCTs to succeed. Chapter 6 provides a good literature review of the various MRCTs conducted globally and it is noteworthy that 18 out of 20 studies were cardiovascular studies; many of them generated ambiguous results. However, Chapter 18 provides a good case study where MRCT was successfully applied for global registrations. Ultimately, the success of MRCT would depend on the process of how the sponsors consult and obtain a unified agreement from the health authorities on the design, conduct, and analysis of the MRCT—a recommendation made in this book. A few chapters are outstanding, as they provide a general, yet comprehensive, overview of MRCT. Chapter 15 (Lessons Learned and Recommendations Regarding MRCT from a Well-Practiced Industry Statistician) was a joy to read. Its placement should have been either in the introductory or conclusion section of the book. Similarly, the introductory chapter (Journey to MRCT) provides good historical perspective going back a few decades. The discussion on application of adaptive trial design for MRCT (Chapter 14) highlights that the classical trial design may not be appropriate for multiregional studies. The authors provide recommendations on regional–level unblinding to adjust the sample size and reallocation to modify the original assumption of treatment effect in each region based on observed interim data. Through the course of the book, there is a reference to upcoming ICH MRCT guidelines (ICH E17), which will provide guidelines and recommendations to design, conduct, and analyze MRCTs. Multiple chapters provide a refreshing point of view outside the traditional biopharmaceutical industry drug development topics discussed in the earlier sections of design, analysis, and conduct of MRCT. There is a chapter each to discuss the topics related to medical devices (Chapter 24: focused on US and "outside of US"); multinational health economics considerations (Chapter 25); benefit/risk analysis (Chapter 26); and the role of independent monitoring committees (Chapter 12)—all with a strong statistical focus. The book falls short in multiple areas. The chapters could have benefited from some consolidation, as there appears to be overlap in content and case studies, especially in the design considerations sections. There was more of a focus on "how it was" and less of "how it should be." At times it seems that there are topics introduced to box-check "hot topics" but bring little value to the discussion on MRCT— the discussion on emerging markets consideration (Chapter 21) adds little value. It was not clear why there were many pages of programming code included in Chapter 11, whereby a link to a program might have sufficed. Multiregional Clinical Trials for Simultaneous Global New Drug Development appears to be written primarily by statisticians for statisticians. While the content is focused on the statistical aspects of design and analysis of MRCT, there is discussion of some broad topics that go beyond statistics which makes it a good reference book for the drug developer.


Objective To explore the open reduction and treatment of the effect of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Methods The exclusion of foot compartment syndrome,after injury to reduce swelling after 10 to 12 days for elective surgery,they were in the lumbar epidural anesthesia completion of surgery,followed by restoration of articular surface with the dice,Bohler angle,Gissane angle,height and width of the calcaneus and subtalar joint surface,correct varus deformity,implant fixation,results of operations of surgery to determine the satisfaction of simple drainage,suture,swelling anti-inflammatory treatment after office followed up 1 year. Observe and record results of operations,efficiency=Excellent +Good. Results After treatment use the Creigton-Nebraska score,Sanders Ⅲ type of good was 89.7%,with no Creigton-Nebraska score50,effective in poorer,Sanders Ⅳ type of good rate was 87.0%,of the efficacy and poor in 1 patient,after surgical treatment of patients with type 2 comparison has no difference.One case of postoperative patients with type Sanders IV bears sural cutaneous nerve injury symptoms,One case of postoperative patients with type Sanders IV bears traumatic arthritis. Conclusion Open reduction and treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures can lead to satisfactory results.


The study evaluated the readability of warning labels on potentially hazardous substances sold in a grocery store. Findings indicated the reading level of half the key words ranged from 4th grade to 10th grade and that many words seldom taught to the moderately or severely retarded appeared frequently and others commonly taught appeared rarely. Language: en


LIANG Qichao's aesthetic thoughts of "new human" were of a specific purpose of enlightening people.LIANG Qichao combined the essential characteristics of aesthetics with the inner needs of human beings,which is of great importance to nowadays moral education.


For the exact design of a cooling supply system with ice bank the knowledge of the cooling load profile is a necessity. In many cases the cooling load profile must be estimated quite roughly during early design stages. In this article it is shown that even on the basis of this rough estimation statements about the dimension of an ice storage system can be made. For this purpose dimensionless characteristic numbers are defined, which are independent of the type of storage equipment or type of the chiller. They are only based on the cooling load profile. Especially for HVAC applications a shortcut method is proposed that can be used in early design stages.


Micro-scale sealed vessel (MSSV) pyrolysis experiments on two source kerogens, Green River (Type I) and Bellagio Road (Type II) were conducted under mild temperature conditions (isothermal) to determine product distribution (gas and oil) and to derive laboratory kinetic parameters. The apparent kerogen conversion data are derived from the FID quantified thermal extraction products (PI) and the products (P2) generated from the pyrolysis of the residues in a completed analysis. The kinetic parameters (frequency factor A and a distribution of activation energies E{sub a}) and geological reactivity predictions are derived from the Lawrence Livermore computer program (KINETICS). The results show that isothermal MSSV approach can be used to derive reasonable kerogen decomposition kinetics and product distribution information in a fraction of the time compared with the hydrous pyrolysis approach. Hydrocarbon generative potential is decreased from open-system (Rock-Eval) pyrolysis assays, gas oil ratio (GOR) are relatively constant during primary kerogen decomposition and is found to be dependent on the kerogen type.


The purpose of this study is to analyze how the influence of a leader's attitude in delegating authority to his subordinates (empowering leadership) which will have an impact on the ability of employees to generate new and useful ideas for the organization (employee creativity). This study also analyzes how individual beliefs in producing something creative (creative self-efficacy) as a mediating variable as well as employee trust in superiors (trust in supervisors) and uncertain and threatening situations (uncertainty avoidance) as moderating variables. This research uses a quantitative approach with survey method. This study uses primary data from 51 lecturers where the data is obtained using a questionnaire distributed to lecturers at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta. This study uses statistical tools Partial Least Square (SmartPLS 3.0). Based on the research results, it shows that creative self-efficacy fully mediates the relationship between empowering leadership and employee creativity.


We provide analytical and numerical evidence of a spin-triplet FFLO superconductivity in the itinerant Kitaev-Heisenberg model (anti-ferromagnetic Kitaev coupling and ferromagnetic Heisenberg coupling) on the honeycomb lattice around quarter filling. The strong spin-orbit coupling in our model leads to the emergence of 6 inversion symmetry centers for the Fermi surface at non zero momenta in the first Brillouin zone. We show how the Cooper pairs condense into these non-trivial momenta, causing the spatial modulation of the superconducting order parameter. Applying a Ginzburg-Landau expansion analysis, we find that the superconductivity has three separated degenerate ground states with three different spin-triplet pairings. This picture is also supported by exact diagonalizations on finite clusters.


. The Saemangeum has a dry surface characteristic with a low moisture content ratio due to the saline and silt soil, so the vegetation cover is low compared to other areas. In areas with low vegetation cover, wind erosion has a high probability of scattering dust. If the vegetation cover is increased by cultivating crops that can withstand the Saemangeum reclaimed environment, scattering dust can be reduced by reducing the flow rate at the bottom. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of suppressing the generation of fine dust and scattering dust by cultivating winter forage crops on the Saemangeum reclaimed land. While growing 0.5 ha of barley and 0.5 ha of triticale in Saemangeum reclaimed land, the concentration of fine dust was monitored according to agricultural work and growth stage. Changes in the concentrations of PM-10, PM-2.5, and PM-1.0 were monitored on the leeward, the windward and centering on the crop field. As a result of monitoring, PM-1.0 had little effect on crop cultivation. the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 increased according to tillage and harvesting, and tillage had a higher increasing the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 than that of harvesting. According to the growth stage of crops, the effect of suppressing scattering dust was shown, and the effect of suppressing scattering dust was higher in the heading stage than in the seedling stage. So, it was found that there was an effect of suppressing scattering dust other than the effect of land covering. Through this study, it was possible to know about the generation and suppression effect of scattering dust according to crop cultivation.


Surface grinding is the most common process used in the manufacturing sector to produce smooth finish on flat surfaces. Surface quality and metal removal rate are the two important performance characteristics to be considered in the grinding process. The main purpose of this work is to study the effects of abrasive tools on EN24 steel surface by using three parameters (Grinding wheel speed, table speed & Depth of cut). This study was conducted by using surface grinding machine. In this work, empirical models were developed for surface roughness and metal removal rate by considering wheel speed, table speed and depth of cut as control factors using response surface methodology. In this Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the optimum machining parameters leading to minimum surface roughness and maximum metal removal rate in Surface grinding process. Grinding is a finishing process used to improve surface finish, abrade hard materials, and tighten the tolerance on flat and cylindrical surfaces by removing a small amount of material. In grinding, an abrasive material rubs against the metal part and removes tiny pieces of material. Basically grinding is nothing but removal of metal at a much faster rate than was earlier done with single edge tools such as chisels. Apart from being used as material removal process, it is also used to sharpen the cutting edges of cutting tools and sharp objects such as knives, although the underlying process of material removal is the same, but with a different purpose to produce a sharp edge rather than to reduce size. The surface roughness and material removal rate have been identified as quality attributes and are assumed to be directly related to performance of mechanical pieces, productivity and production costs. For these reasons there has been research and development with the objective of optimizing cutting conditions, to obtain a desired machinability. V.S.R.Murthy et.al (1) found the abrasive wear behavior of SiC whisker-reinforced borosilicate and magnesium aluminosilicate (MAS). Composites are investigated under different conditions. Kassim S. Al-Rubaie et.al (2) In this paper the two-body abrasive wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles has been investigated. A.Barbacki et.al (3) This paper presents results of investigations concerning the surface layer alterations in hardened steels induced by turning with alumina and CBN edges and grounding with CBN grinders. Xipeng Xu et.al (4) In this paper the present investigation was dedicated to elucidate abrasive-wear mechanisms during surface grinding of a titanium alloy (TC4) and a nickel-based super alloy (K417) by using silicon carbide (SiC), alumina (Al2O3), and cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels. Anne Venu Gopalet.al (5) In this paper they studied the Efficient grinding of structural ceramics requires judicious selection of operating parameters to maximize removal rate while controlling surface integrity. K.M. Shorowordi et.al (6) studied the tribo-surface characteristics of two aluminium metal matrix composites (Al-MMC) of compositions Al-13 vol%B4C and Al-13vol%SiC sliding against a commercial phenolic brake pad have been investigated under dry conditions. S.Y. Luoa et.al (7) The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the diamond grain size, the wheel rotation speed, the table rotation speed, and the applied pressure in the vertical flat grinding on the surface roughness of silicon wafers using Taguchi orthogonal array design. Jianyi Chen et.al (8) In their research an investigation was undertaken to explore the grinding characteristics and removal mechanisms in high speed grinding of three engineering ceramics- alumina, silicon nitride, and zirconia by using brazed diamond wheels of two different grit sizes. S.A. Kori et.al (9) In the present study, the effect of minor additions of copper (Cu) on the elevated temperature wear behaviour of A356 (Al-7Si-0.3Mg) alloy have been investigated using a high temperature pin-on- disc wear testing machine. M.Janardhan et.al (10) through this paper they want to prove that cylindrical grinding is one of the important metal cutting processes used extensively in the finishing operations. Metal removal rate and surface finish are the important output responses in the production with respect to quantity and quality respectively. Sanjay Agarwal et.al (11) studied the quality of the surface produced during ceramic grinding is important as it influences the performance of the finished part to great extent. K.Kadirgama et.al (12) studied the quality of the surface produced during carbon steel is important as it influences the performance of the finished part to a great extent. This paper discusses the optimization of cylindrical grinding when grinding carbon steel (AISI 1042) and effect of three variables (work speed, diameter of work piece and depth of cut) towards surface roughness with aluminum oxide as grinding wheel. It can be observed from the above review of literatures that the surface roughness and material removal rate is strongly dependent on wheel speed, table speed and depth of cut. Therefore this paper focuses on the effect CNC Grinding parameters on surface roughness and material removal rate are reported using Response surface methodology.


Cognitive maps (CMs) were initially for graphical representation of uncertain causal reasoning. Later Kosko suggested Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) in which users freely express their opinions in linguistic terms instead of crisp numbers. However, it is not always easy to assign some linguistic term to a causal link. In this paper we suggest a new type of CMs namely, Belief Degree-Distributed FCMs (BDD-FCMs) in which causal links are expressed by belief structures which enable getting the links' evaluations with distributions over the linguistic terms. In addition, we propose a general framework to construct BDD-FCMs by directly using belief structures or other types of structures such as interval values, linguistic terms, or crisp numbers. The proposed framework provides a more flexible tool for causal reasoning as it handles any kind of structures to evaluate causal links.


Dielectric and physicochemical properties of a composite material prepared by incorporating carbon black particles into a polymer matrix were investigated. Two types of carbon blacks, having very different structures of aggregates, were used. The volume fraction of the carbon blacks ranged from 0.2% to 7%, i.e. below and above the percolation threshold concentration observed from the measurements of dc conductivity. The composite samples were characterized in terms of: swelling by a compatible solvent, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) response, and frequency variation of permittivity. First, the article attempts to evaluate the diffusion coefficient of an appropriate solvent in these materials. Sorption kinetics experiments with toluene indicate that the initial uptake of solvent exhibits a square root dependence in time as a consequence of Fick's law and permit to evaluate the effective diffusion coefficient in the range 10−11–10−12 m2 s−1 depending on the volume fraction of the carbon black in the ...


FIELD: organic chemistry, chemical technology, chemical-pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to using novel derivatives of pantothenic acid, namely ammonium salts with peptides of the following formula (I): and conjugates of pantothenic acid with peptides of the following formula (I): as growth stimulating agents, and to a method for synthesis of these derivatives wherein in formulas (I) and (II) X means Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Pro, Tyr, Phe, Trp, D-Ile, γ-aminobutyric acid; Y means Glu; Z means hydroxyl (-OH), NH 2 -group, mono- or disubstituted (C 1 -C 3 )-amide, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl ester. EFFECT: valuable properties of agent. 4 cl, 1 tbl, 1 dwg, 3 ex


Four wave mixing experiments reveal a large, free‐carrier‐induced, third‐order optical nonlinearity in HgCdSe:Fe. The nonlinearity is caused by energy‐dependent, resonant scattering of electrons from Fe impurities. A theory of the effect predicts the observed nonlinear coefficients, χ(3)≂10−6 esu, and determines the resonance width, Δ≂12 meV.


Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging framework for distributed processing of large data volumes by edge devices subject to limited communication bandwidths, heterogeneity in data distributions and computational resources, as well as privacy considerations. In this paper, we introduce a new FL protocol termed FedADMM based on primal-dual optimization. The proposed method leverages dual variables to tackle sta-tistical heterogeneity, and accommodates system heterogeneity by tolerating variable amount of work performed by clients. FedADMM maintains identical communication costs per round as FedAvg/Prox, and generalizes them via the augmented Lagrangian. A convergence proof is established for nonconvex objectives, under no restrictions in terms of data dissimilarity or number of participants per round of the algorithm. We demon-strate the merits through extensive experiments on real datasets, under both IID and non-IID data distributions across clients. FedADMM consistently outperforms all baseline methods in terms of communication efficiency, with the number of rounds needed to reach a prescribed accuracy reduced by up to 87%. The algorithm effectively adapts to heterogeneous data distributions through the use of dual variables, without the need for hyperparameter tuning, and its advantages are more pronounced in large-scale systems.


This report presents selected findings from the 1996 Nepal Family Health Survey among 8429 women aged 15-49 years. Fertility declined to 4.6 children/woman during 1993-96. Fertility was 4.8 in rural areas, 2.9 in urban areas, 5.0 among uneducated women, and 2.5 among women with a secondary or higher education. The mean ideal number of children among ever-married women was 2.7 among women aged 15-19 years and women with no children. Ideals peaked at 3.5 and 3.6 children/woman, respectively, among women aged 40-44 years and those with over 6 children. Contraceptive prevalence was 26.0% for modern methods; 26.5% in rural areas, 50.1% in urban areas, and 91.5% among women with secondary or higher education. Prevalence peaked at 42.7% among women aged 35-39 years and 39.6% among women with 3 or more children. 14.1% obtained supplies from private sources. Knowledge of at least 1 method was universal. Among nonusers, 22.8% intended to use within the year, 28.7% intended to use later, and 31.3% did not intend to use. Among previous users, 5.7% intended to use within the year, and 3.8% intended to use later. 15.7% of currently married nonusers were wary of side effects, 15.3% desired additional children, and 18.5% were menopausal. 56.5% of married women were nonusers. 16.6% of singles and 22.5% of women in unions used contraceptives. The median duration of breast feeding was 31 months. Infant mortality during 1991-96 stood at 79. The mean number of children ever born was 3.41. 11.2% of children aged under 3 years were acutely moderately malnourished; 48.4% were moderately chronically malnourished.


Abstract: The long distance transport of emulsified heavy crude oils has been shown to be a feasible alternative in the 1980's with the orimulsion project in western Venezuela, and may be an alternative in cold climate as in the peruvian Andes mountain range or in Canada plains. Most studies have been focussing on the O/W emulsion transport stage, though the overall process involves three stages, i.e. the emulsification, the O/W emulsion flow through a pipeline and the demulsification, which cannot be considered as independent issues. An integrated approach may be designed by fine-tuning formulation changes that provide property adjustments in each stage and allow to optimize the process as a whole.


An active nest of the Pygmy Eagle Hieraaetus weiskei is described, providing the first documented observation of a downy chick in late January and hence an indicative laying date of late November/early December. The first documented record of this species for Waigeo Island (West Papua Province) is presented. A prey item being carried by another Pygmy Eagle is identified as a probable Brown (Slender-billed) Cuckoo-Dove  Macropygia amboinensis , and another Pygmy Eagle had fed upon a Mountain Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus bellus .


—Temperate, montane amphibians are experiencing rapid environmental change. Better mechanistic understanding of the response of montane amphibians to accelerating changes in air and water temperatures can provide a basis for robust predictions of the vulnerability of species to future climate change. Thermal performance curves allow for quantitative predictions of responses to temperatures beyond which locomotor physiology is compromised. We designed a field-based thermal performance assay to evaluate the frequency that adult Cascades Frogs (Rana cascadae) are exposed to harmful environmental temperatures. We fit a suite of generalized additive models in an information theoretic framework to estimate thermal performance curves and found Rana cascadae optimal performance temperatures (Topt) vary as a function of mass. The Topt for the median mass of individuals in our study (17.9 g) was 20.7° C and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) was 34.0° C. We calculated the number of days during the growing season (1 July to 30 September) that the temperature exceeded the upper bound of the 80% maximal performance breadth (Tbr80), a conservative performance metric beyond which activity drops substantially, and CTmax for the median, 25 th, and 75th percentile masses in our study using contemporary weather data from 1990 to 2015. Rana cascadae did not experience temperatures exceeding CTmax, but Tbr80 was exceeded 3-13 d per summer, depending on frog size. Our results emphasize that larger individuals may be more susceptible to extreme warm temperatures. Thermal performance studies not accounting for individual variation should be interpreted cautiously.


Objective
To observe the effect of cistanche deserticola polysaccharides on learning and memory ability of different types of spatial learning and memory abilities in micey.

Methods
The 120 mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide, low and medium dose group, and Lacita group, 20 rats in each group. The low, medium and large dosage groups were given 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides, piracetam group was given 10 mg/kg Laci Staw, blank group and model group were given 10 mg/kg volume distilled water. Continuous administration for 6 weeks. Cicloheximide mice were used to consolidate memory impairment model, using ethanol to establish a model with reappearance of memory disorders. The ability of learning and memory in water maze test in mice, the mice were detected in the brain of total protein, MDA, SOD.

Results
Compared with model group, the escape latency (9.45 ± 2.86 s, 12.73 ± 10.89 s vs. 48.15 ± 30.33 s), and the first time arrived at the station (19.33 ± 3.27 s, 13.81 ± 9.79 s vs. 40.71 ± 16.76 s) was the median, large dose group were significantly shortened (P<0.05); the first time to reach the site (11.58 ± 7.04 s vs. 40.71 ± 16.76 s) in the low dose group was significantly shortened (P<0.05), the number of crossing the platform (5.46 ± 2.09 vs. 3.03 ± 1.47) in the low dose group significantly increased (P<0.05); the total protein content in brain tissue (0.76 ± 0.25 g/L vs. 0.55 ± 0.12 g/L) in the high dose group significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the ethanol model group, the escape latency (22.67 ± 18.35 s, 22.15 ± 16.22 s, 18.00 ± 13.44 s vs. 51.33 ± 22.19 s), the first time arrived at the station (16.70 ± 11.25 s, 19.75 ± 14.62 s, 9.47 ± 5.46 s vs. 30.09 ± 13.63 s) in the low, medium and high dose group were significantly shortened (P<0.05), crossing the target (5.15 ± 1.28, 4.83 ± 0.75 vs. 1.34 ± 0.83) in the low, medium and high dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05).

Conclusions
Cistanche polysaccharide could significantly improve the reproducibility of memory impairment in mice.

Key words:
Learning disorders; Oxidative stress; Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides; Mice


In this paper, a continental shelf model is presented for the Western Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The model is implemented in TELEMAC-2D. Using its unstructured mesh capabilities, the grid is refined in the Belgian Coastal Zone. In this area, the model is shown to have predictive skills for the tidal signal in the Belgian Coastal Zone using lateral boundary conditions from Topex. Then the model was used to hindcast the water levels of the cyclone Xaver in December 2013. Also during this cyclone, the model shows good predictive skills


We provide some applications of a polynomial criterion for difference sets. These include counting the difference sets with specified parameters in terms of Hilbert functions, in particular a count of bent functions. We also consider the question about the bentness of certain Boolean functions introduced by Carlet when the $\mathcal{C}$-condition introduced by him doesn't hold.


Introduction to Zhaoqing rtvu's campus network status quo and existing problems, to campus network upgrading elaborated on the objectives and functional requirements, details about the technology of University campus network upgrading programmes, and conducted an in-depth study.


Aim: The goal of this study is to explore the family physicians' perspectives of the barriers in initiating insulin for adult patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in their primary health care settings. Background: Insulin therapy often becomes necessary when oral anti-hyperglycemic agents are not enough, no longer effective or even as an initial choice. Timely insulin initiation was noticed to be a clinical problem among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) registered in primary health care centers (PHCCs) of Tabouk Province, KSA. Tackling this inertia or insulinophobia is a challenge in order to delay or prevent serious complications of uncontrolled diabetes. Our study and many other studies indicated that this therapeutic inertia is inappropriately due to many patient, system and physician-related factors. The present study aimed to investigate physicians' perspectives of barriers to insulin initiation for adults with T2DM registered in PHCCs, Tabouk Province - KSA and to identify opportunities for better outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study where 102 primary health care physicians (PHCPs) (58 females and 44 males) from multi PHCCs in Tabouk Health Province – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), responded correctly to online reliable self-administered questionnaire (Cronbach alpha of 0.77344) to address their perspectives of barriers to insulin initiation for adult patients with T2DM. All participants were physicians attending PHCCs with well-equipped diabetes care clinics. Data were collected during a period from 6th – 17th June 2021. Participants included 11 (10.8%) family medicine consultants, 14 (13.7%) family medicine specialists and 77 (75.5%) general physicians. Results: 68.6 of the study participants had barriers in initiating insulin for their patients with T2DM. A significant statistical disproportional correlation was found between the level of specialty and the rate of reporting barriers to insulin initiation (P<0.001). The top 10 listed barriers included the following: patients' refusal to initiate insulin (71.4%), physicians' fear of hypoglycemia (51.4%), inability of patients to perform home blood glucose monitoring (HMGM) (50%), physicians have no access to second opinion (44.3%), insufficient educational courses for physicians (37.1%), no family support for patients (34.3%), no clear MOH circular to support physicians' initiation of insulin at PHCCs (28.6%) , insufficient hypoglycemic medications at PHCCs (25,7%), inability of patients to manage hypoglycemia (24.3%), and patients' noncompliance to insulin regimen (24.3%). Conclusion: Despite the free of cost availability of all types of insulin, including the safest and peak less ultra-long (degludec) and long (Glargine), the availability of free of cost glucometers for all people with diabetes, the presence of a well-equipped diabetes clinic at every PHCC, the long list of guidelines and educational courses as well as an appointment system with electronic health information system (HIS), insulin inertia is a common problem among PHCPs working in Tabouk Health Region. Key words: Barriers, insulin initiation, insulin, primary health care, type 2 diabetes mellitus.


The invention discloses a tantalum-doped cubic garnet structured Li7La3Zr TaxO12 material synthesized via an intermediate phase, and a synthesis method thereof. The synthesis method comprises following steps: step 1, lanthanum zirconate, a lanthanum source, a lithium source, and a tantalum source used for doping are weighed at a metal element molar ratio according with that of Li7La3Zr TaxO12, and the above materials are fully mixed; step 2, an obtained mixture is dried at 80 DEG C for 4 to 6h, and is grinded for 30min so as to obtain a raw material precursor; and step 3, the raw material precursor is subjected to roasting at 900 DEG C for 3 to 5h, so as to obtain a one time roasted product of Li7La3Zr TaxO12, wherein x ranges from 0.25 to 1. According to the synthesis method, lanthanum zirconate is taken as a raw material; the tantalum-doped cubic garnet structured Li7La3Zr TaxO12 material is convenient to prepare; technical route is simple; roasting time can be shortened greatly; energy consumption is reduced; lithium high temperature loss is reduced; and the synthesis method is suitable for large scale production.


Abstract Gel-filled and "non-gel" capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been applied to the separation of various DNA restriction fragments. 30% HydroLink gel, polymerized inside a 75-urn I'd. fused-silica capillary, was used in the gel-filled CE. Primary results show that the HL capillary gel was simple to cast, and its stability was reasonably good under our running conditions. In the non-gel CE experiment, a buffer containing the sieving additive hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose was used to affect the size-dependent separation. The use of GC capillaries eliminates the inconvenience of separately coating the capillary walls for efficient non-gel separation. Finally, we demonstrate that it is feasible to detect native DNA fragments using indirect fluorometry in non-gel capillary electrophoresis.


The invention discloses a shopping cart for a supermarket. The shopping cart for the supermarket comprises a front seat fixing groove, a cart basket, a seat fixing rod, a rear backrest, a movable hinge, a base, a fixed hinge, a cart handle, a cart handle rod, rear wheel fixing rods, rear universal wheels, front wheel fixing rods, front universal wheels, a foot rest and a rear seat fixing groove. The shopping cart for the supermarket is characterized in that the front seat fixing groove is reserved in the cart basket, the seat fixing rod is reserved on the cart basket, the rear backrest is reserved at the bottom of the seat fixing rod, the movable hinge is reserved at the bottom of the rear backrest, the base is reserved at the bottom of the movable hinge, the fixed hinge is connected to the base, the cart handle is reserved on the cart basket, the cart handle rod is reserved at the bottom of the cart handle, the rear wheel fixing rods are reserved at the bottom of the cart basket, the rear universal wheels are reserved at the bottoms of the rear wheel fixing rods respectively, the front wheel fixing rods are connected to the rear wheel fixing rods, the front universal wheels are reserved at the bottoms of the front wheel fixing rods respectively, the foot rest is reserved on the front wheel fixing rods, and the rear seat fixing groove is reserved in the cart basket.


The incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) in intravenous drug use (IVDU) has risen over the past few decades. Usually, right-sided valves have been thought to get affected. However, we came across a case of isolated left side endocarditis in an intravenous drug user and wanted to report it.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine body mass index and pregnancy weight gain as risk factors for primary cesarean delivery in nulliparous women in a middle-class private practice.

STUDY DESIGN
Primiparous women who delivered in a private practice setting between February 1993 and July 13, 2001, were included. CIs along with Z statistics for paired count data were used to assess the statistical significance and relative importance of the relationships of body mass index and maternal weight gain to cesarean delivery. The effect of body mass index was examined as related to known confounders such as gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, and maternal height.

RESULTS
The overall cesarean delivery rate for primiparous women was 21.76%. Risk of cesarean delivery increased consistently and significantly (P <.0001) with increasing body mass index. This effect was primarily mediated through an increase in cesarean delivery carried out for cephalopelvic disproportion/failure to progress. In our practice, the primiparous woman whose body mass index is >30 kg/m(2) is six times more likely to have a cesarean delivery for the diagnosis of cephalopelvic disproportion/failure to progress than the primiparous woman whose body mass index is <20 kg/m(2). This differential in cesarean delivery rate persisted when controlled for birth weight and gestational age and continues to persist when maternal age and height are also controlled. Excessive pregnancy weight gain exerted a statistically significant effect on cesarean delivery rate. This increase was primarily related to cephalopelvic disproportion/failure to progress among the nonobese women.

CONCLUSION
Maternal body mass index is related strongly to the ability of primiparous women to be delivered vaginally without great difficulty. In fact, lean patients are excellent labor performers, particularly in contrast with obese patients. The relationship of increased body mass index to increased cesarean delivery is due to an increased rate of cephalopelvic disproportion/failure to progress. Excessive pregnancy weight gain is associated with a doubling of cephalopelvic disproportion/failure to progress rate in nonobese patients.


Field investigations were carried out at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow (UP.) during 1997–98 to study the relative efficiency of different natural urease/nitrification inhibitors in Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis cv. Hy 77) and their residual influence on the succeeding crop of mustard (Brassica juncea cv. Varona). Results indicated that urea coated with different natural essential oils was significantly superior to uncoated urea at both the rates of fertilizer nitrogen treatments. Mint herb, essential oil yield and nitrogen uptake were significantly higher with the coated urea over the uncoated urea. Treatments were more effective at 100 kg N ha−1 rate of fertilizer application; the response to sources of N was in the order: Mentha spicata oil coated urea > Artemisia annua oil coated urea > dicyandiamide (DCD) coated urea > uncoated urea. However, trend was different at 200 kg N ha−1; it was in the order A. annua oil coated urea > M. spicata oil coated urea > DCD coated urea > uncoated urea. The results indicated that these coated fertilizers applied to mint were able to yield higher as compared to ordinary urea under mint-mustard rotation. Pre-mustard soil analysis revealed that these natural coating materials enhanced the organic C and available nitrogen in soil. Seed and stover yield, nitrogen uptake and apparent nitrogen recovery in mustard were higher with the residual effect of coated urea than uncoated urea.


Growth kinetics of multimetal oxide nanomaterials, the key for structural and property tailoring, is extremely difficult to be determined due to the crystal cracking and the quick migration of metal ions in lattice originated from the big strains after long-term calcinations at very high temperature. Herein, spinel NiFe2O4 was taken as a model multimetal oxide for a case study. NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized to show grain sizes ranging from 4.3 to 780 nm by a sol–gel autocombustion method. Through a systematic sample characterization via XRD, SEM, and TEM, the grain growth mechanism for NiFe2O4 nanoparticles is uncovered to follow an Ostwald ripening model and grain boundary diffusion model, totally different from those mechanism previously reported for simple oxide nanoparticles, such as LaMer mechanism, Ostwald ripening, oriented attachment mechanism, and their combination. With this unique model, the grain growth kinetics of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles below 700 °C was determined to quantitatively sh...


ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to give criteria for the Gorenstein property of the blowup of the spectrum of a Gorenstein local ring A along an ideal I⊂A by means of the coefficient ideal of I. Moreover, we investigate the conductor ideal and the Gorenstein property of the fiber cone.


The invention relates to a relay protection device software defect tracking management system and a method. The relay protection device software defect tracking management system comprises a defect case forming module, a defect tracking module, a service life period managing module and an automatic testing module, wherein the defect case forming module performs defect analysis according to scene accident situations and accident causes to form a complete defect case; the defect tracking module generates a test case according to the defect case; the automatic testing module performs test case testing to relevant versions of software and feeds back a test result to the defect tracking module; and the defect tracking module generates a software defect report according to the test result and provides corresponding improvement solutions of the software. According to the relay protection device software defect tracking management system and the method, when relay protection accidents occur on the site, software defect analysis is performed, the defect case and the automatic test case are formed, and whether defects of the software exist in historical versions is tested, so that qualities of the relay protection device software are improved, relay protection running reliability is improved, and safe and stable running of power grids is enhanced.


The COVID-19 pandemic is still a concern for the world community, especially pregnant women who are very vulnerable to COVID-19 disease. During pregnancy, there is an increase in psychological problems and this condition can be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic which requires the implementation of social distancing. This can increase anxiety in pregnant women, making them more susceptible to perinatal depression. This study aimed to analyze psychological health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on pregnant women. The method used was a literature review using online databases including PubMed, Wiley, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and Science Direct. Selected articles based on criteria namely full text, open access, in English, and published in 2021. Ineligible articles were eliminated after being screened by title, abstract, and overall text. The number of eligible articles was six articles. The literature review results showed that pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic tend to experience increased anxiety, emotion, depression, stress, insomnia, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Mental health disorders during pregnancy have a negative impact on mothers, babies, and their families, because they increase the risk of abortion, premature birth, and mental disorders in babies born. An approach that can be taken to prevent psychological problems in pregnant women is to implement quality antenatal care, especially screening or psychological assessments for pregnant women so the problems related to mental health in pregnant women can be addressed immediately.


In order to improve observability,satisfy the demand of high-accuracy navigation,the single point calibration for gyroscope drift estimation of ARGINS is proposed based on platform rotating technology.Firstly,the introduction of the error equations in ARGINS and the use of Laplace transforms aim at dealing with the impact of IMU error on the time domain characteristics of the system; Secondly,the single point calibration is devised for the gyroscope drift of underwater ARGINS,including initial alignment,status switching and single point calibration for position gyroscope bearing drift;Finally,the single point calibration is simulated.The result shows that the single point calibration can estimate and compensate for the gyroscope drift in azimuth and control the errors in position so as to improve the navigation precision effectively.


A major problem facing computer architects is the development of methods and techniques that measure and predict the performance of their architectures. This problem arises also in designing reduced instruction set computers (RISCs). The paper studies the effect of machine instruction set on performance of a subset of RISC architectures. In particular, the study investigates the behavior and performance issues of a minimal VLSI-estate RISC architecture (LDS RISC) designed by the Lambda Digital Synthesis Group in the Department of Computational Science, University of Saskatchewan. The authors address issues in architectural design. Such as register-to-memory architecture versus load/store, instruction frequency distribution, and suitability for pipelining as they apply to the LDS architecture. An instruction simulator and profiler are written for the LDS architecture. Performance statistics are gathered during the run-time of a benchmark suite on the LDS architecture. The authors anticipate that the gathered measurements serve as the knowledge base that can be used by an architect in making detailed design tradeoffs to achieve a better architecture. The proposed modifications aim for less memory references, and faster speed than the original LDS architecture.


At present, the attention of many organizations concentrates on the Enterprise Content Management System (ECM). Unstructured content grows exponentially, and Enterprise Content Management system helps to capture, store, manage, integrate and deliver all forms of content across the company. Today, decision makers have possibilty to move ECM system to cloud and take advantages of cloud computing. Cloud solution can provides the crucial advantage. It can reduce fixed IT department cost and ensure faster ECM implementation. ECM is dynamic mix of technologies adding multifarious business need by disruptive technologies such as social, mobile, cloud and analytics.ECM mostly designed for government, corporations and media publisher etc.  To streamline the workflow while enhancing the online experiences of user product increased productivity. ECM enables to systematically manage our content and makes it simple to find, govern, use and share while connecting it to on organizations processes. Enhance the collaboration and increase compliance with workspaces that enable team member to work together efficiently. Keywords— ECM, Unstructutred growth of data in an organization, content management, and multifarious business needs, WCM, TCM and ERM.


Antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) ativity were examined using MT‐2 cells persistently infected by HTLV‐1 as target cells, and mononuclear cells as effector cells, from helathy one‐week‐old newborn babies, infants, children and adults. More than 10% of ADCC was observed in 17 newborn babies out of 22 (77.3%) and in all 67 healthy one‐month‐old babies to adults, by adding serum from anti‐HTLV‐1 positive carriers. When anti‐HTLV‐1 negative serum was added, less than 10% of ADCC was observed. If infants without anti‐HTLV‐1 antibodies were breast‐fed they had the possibility of HTLV‐1 vertical transmission. There was no significant decrease in NK activity between 90 healthy newborn babies, infants, children, or adults. These results suggest that ADCC and NK activity protect against the transmission of HTLV‐1 from mother to child.


EMS resources management is one of the determinants to maximize the number of survivors effective first response in the aftermath of mass casualties. This paper concerns a problem of patient prioritization for EMS provision by constructing a Markov Decision Processes(MDP) model. While prior research tends to focus solely on transport resources (i.e., ambulance), we show that factors on the involved hospitals (i.e., capacity and capability) in the disaster response affect optimal response policies. Experiments on hypothetical scenarios are conducted to compare the proposed model with the existing algorithms from the literature, including the standard triage practice known as START(Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment). We show that considering hospital factors can save more patients than the other algorithms in most scenarios. The results of the study suggest that capacity and capability of the hospitals participating in the response should be factored into decision makings in the EMS response to maximize the life savings.


Most people who are mentioned breath tests immediately come to mind the vision of a traffic policeman in the middle of a checkpoint, checking with an instrument if the driver of a vehicle has consumed alcoholic beverages. The suspect driver must blow into a small manual device, which after a few seconds, indicates the amount of ethanol that is circulating in his blood. This vision is real but it is only one of the applications of breath tests. The vision of the traffic policeman and the driver suspected of being under the influence of alcohol is a distorted association of breath tests, if it is taken into account that these tests, different from the objective of detecting drivers under the influence of alcohol, are being introduced increasingly in medical technology and clinical laboratory instrumentation.


Reduction of the iminium salts (2a), (3a), and (4a–c), with the Hantzsch ester (1), gives the corresponding ammonium salts, the reaction proceeding stereospecifically in the case of the steroidal systems (4a–c).


A technique has been developed to deduce exospheric temperatures from the 7320- to 7330-A emission measured by the visible airglow experiment on board the AE-E satellite. An excess emission in the measured 7320- to 7330-A brightness is noticed owing to the interaction between the spacecraft and the atmosphere. The observed brightnesses have been corrected for this effect. The galactic background emission has also been carefully subtracted. The deduced temperatures show a positive correlation with solar activity. It varied from ∼700°K in late 1976 up to ∼1700°K at the peak of this solar cycle. The presence of a nonthermal oxygen corona is inconclusive.


Preparing a porous morphology of the high-voltage lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material, belonging to the technical field synthetic material. The method is as follows: The manganese salt calcined at 10 ~ 3 200 ~ 800 ℃? H, resulting A porous manganese oxide; molar ratio of Li: Ni: Mn = 1 ~ 1.1: 0.5: 1.5 Weigh the lithium source, manganese oxide, and nickel source A, to obtain a precursor mixture; precursor into the horse muffle furnace in air atmosphere at 300 ~ 500 ℃ calcined 3 to 8? h, then warmed to 700 ~ 1000 ℃ calcined for 8 to 20? h, to obtain a lithium nickel manganese oxide material. Lithium nickel manganese oxide material particles prepared by the invention is a porous structure, controlled morphology. Lithium nickel manganese oxide in the pores of the porous deintercalating lithium may be buffered by the volume change caused by the structural stress and improve the cycling performance, and shortens the transmission distance of lithium ions, the contact area of the electrodes and electrolyte, to improve rate capability, so as to have excellent rate characteristics and cycle characteristics.


This demo shows an enhanced alternative to the Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) methods. The improvement lies in the elimination of any supplementary gadgets/devices or theft-sensitive biometric data, by substituting it with direct human-computer authentication. This approach remains secure also in untrusted systems and environments. Despite the use of different identification factors by MFA methods, the basic condition for reliable authentication is the use of the intelligence of the human brain, in the form of a static password. For security reasons, it is recommended to use different passwords for each online account. As a result, users often adopt insecure password practices (e.g., reuse or weak password) or they have to frequently reset their passwords. We solved this problem in such a way that the user reconstructs each of his passwords, calculating the response to the public challenge according to his secret by performing simple mathematical operations, i.e. adding modulo 10. For each internet account, such a challenge must be stored on the server with the correct response as a hashed password, but only the user needs to know the secret, only one secret as a universal private key for all these accounts. This secret key is used by our innovative challenge-response protocol for human-generated One-Time Passwords (OTP) based on a hard lattice problem with noise introduced by our new method which we call Learning with Options (LWO). This secret has the form of an outline like a kind of handwritten autograph (Fig. 1), designed in invisible ink. The password generation process requires following such an invisible contour, similar to a manual autograph, and it can also be done offline on paper documents with an acceptable level of security and usability meeting the requirements for post-quantum symmetric cyphers and commercial implementation also in the field of IoT. Many attempts to achieve this goal have been made for over 30 years since Matsumoto's first publication in 1991, but only two protocols have been commercially implemented: strong but very slow HB, presented by Hopper and Blum in 2000 [2], and easy and fast but very weak grIDsure (GS) presented by Brostoff et al. in 2010 [3]. Our iChip scheme has security properties better than HB and usability close to GS, while eliminating their drawbacks.


Atomic absorption spectrometry utilizing electrothermal atomization devices has proven to be the best technique available for the analysis of complex alloys for trace elements of metallurgical interest. The determination of lead, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, thallium, and tin was successfully demonstrated by direct atomization from complex, nickel-base alloy chips with commercial atomic absorption furnace equipment. The determination was carried out by first milling metal chips from the bulk sample. The sample was transferred directly to the furnace and atomized immediately with no preatomization heating cycle. A series of cast alloy standards containing the trace elements were prepared by additions to a nickel-base alloy, then subsequently analyzed by established analytical methods. Of the three commercial atomizers studied, the Perkin-Elmer model HGA 2100 proved to be the most suitable for direct determination of the trace elements of interest. The coefficient of variation of absorbance measurements varied from 7% for bismuth which is easily atomized to 25% for tin which is more difficult to atomize.


This essay considers the applicability of postcolonial theory to Irish culture and history. It develops the concept of multiple rhythms or temporalities of social struggle for which only that of nationalism is determined punctually by the struggle for the state. The domination of Irish historiography by state-oriented narratives occludes the histories and the formal or organizational aspects of other forms of social movement, such that the postcolonial project is directed simultaneously towards the mapping of such alternative movements and to the critique of statist historiographies, whether imperialist, nationalist or 'revisionist'. Where postcolonial theory has tended to emphasize the 'hybrid' nature of colonial cultures, this essay prefers to focus on the productive interface between the incommensurable social and cultural formations of colonial modernity and colonized non-modernity. At this interface emerge continually both new subaltern social formations and practices, which cannot be understood as 'traditional' and new forms of colonial state institution that are summoned into being by anti-colonial practices, for which the model of an advanced state coming to bear on a backward population is clearly inadequate. The essay draws from the history of agrarian movements in Ireland and banditry in the Philippines and from contemporary techniques of state surveillance and resistance to it in Northern Ireland.


In this paper, I develop a formalism for morphological spellout which captures the conditioning of O-agreement by scales in a maximally simple way As a test case, I show that this formalism allows a straightforward analysis of the complex verb agreement and direction marking patterns ("Quirky Inverse Marking") in Turkana.


INTRODUCTION Polyphosphates are used for a wide variety of industrial applications due to their sequestering and dispersing properties. Polyphosphate samples are commonly characterized by various end-group titration methods that provide an estimate of average polyphosphate chain length, but no information on the relative amounts of individual polyphosphate oligomers. Manufacturers and end-users of polyphosphates need to determine the distribution of polyphosphate chain lengths because chain length is known to affect sequestering and dispersing properties. A rapid method for the separation of polyphosphates with chain lengths to about 35 phosphate units is presented in this Application Note. In this method, polyphosphates are eluted from a 2-mm IonPacAS11 anion-exchange column with a sodium hydroxide gradient. The ASRS (Anion Self-Regenerating Suppressor) is used to suppress the high hydroxide concentrations needed to elute large, multiply-charged polyphosphates. Steep hydroxide gradients can be used without a substantial increase in background conductivity because of the exceptional suppression capacity of the ASRS. As a result, suppressed conductivity detection can be used to directly generate polyphosphate chain-length distribution profiles. Popular applications of this method include: EQUIPMENT Dionex DX-500 system consisting of: GP40 Gradient Pump, high-performance microbore configuration ED40 Electrochemical Detector or CD20 Conductivity Detector DS3 Conductivity Cell LC20 Chromatography Enclosure EO1 Eluent Organizer PeakNet Chromatography Workstation


Introduction: The conventional length of stay after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was 7-10 days in the thrombolytic era. Data on optimal length of hospital stay in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI is limited. Current practice at our academic institution has been to admit all STEMI patients to intensive care unit (ICU) status. Using predefined criteria, we evaluated the feasibility and safety of initial triage of STEMI patients to intermediate care (IMC) status instead of the default ICU status. Methods: Twelve general cardiology fellows triaged all patients presenting with STEMI from 8/10/2015 through 4/30/2016 to either IMC or ICU status. The average nurse to patient ratio is 1:2 for ICU status and 1:4 for IMC status. Criteria for IMC admission included successful revascularization, hemodynamic stability, and absence of major arrhythmias. Triage status and clinical findings were documented with a standard note template in the electronic medical...


Abstract Purpose Surface imaging (SI) offers a nonionizing, near real time alternative to radiographic imaging for intrafraction radiosurgery localization. In this work, we systematically compared a commercial SI system vs a commercial room mounted x‐ray localization system in phantom. Methods An anthropomorphic head phantom with fiducial markers was imaged with linear accelerator on‐board x‐ray imaging, SI, and room mounted x‐ray imaging (RM) at ±45° and ±90° couch angles for three different head tilts and six different isocenters (72 total positions). The shifts generated by the three systems were compared as functions of couch angle, head tilt, and isocenter position with the on‐board imaging shifts used as ground truth. Two sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were used to evaluate equivalence of the groups. Results The magnitude of the displacement vectors for RM minus on‐board imaging and SI minus on‐board imaging over all 72 phantom positions were 0.7 ± 0.3 mm for both cases. The RM and SI showed no significant difference based on couch angle or isocenter position. Both systems showed decreasing accuracy with increasing couch angle, but both systems agreed with ground truth to <=1.1 mm at all couch angles. The exaggerated chin‐up head orientation showed significantly different shifts for SI and RM based on increased variance in the SI measurements, although both had submillimeter accuracy on average. The standard deviation of the real time SI displacement vector was <0.06 mm over all measurements, during which the on‐board imaging panels partially blocked the lateral camera pods for half the time. Conclusions RM and SI showed similar accuracy over measurements at 72 different phantom positions. SI showed minimal performance loss with camera pods blocked. SI is a feasible option for intra‐fraction radiosurgery localization based on these phantom measurements.


We are concerned with the following elliptic equations: { (−∆)pu = λf(x, u) in Ω, u = 0 on RN\Ω, where λ are real parameters, (−∆)p is the fractional p-Laplacian operator, 0 < s < 1 < p < +∞, sp < N , and f : Ω × R → R satisfies a Carathéodory condition. By applying abstract critical point results, we establish an estimate of the positive interval of the parameters λ for which our problem admits at least one or two nontrivial weak solutions when the nonlinearity f has the subcritical growth condition. In addition, under adequate conditions, we establish an apriori estimate in L∞(Ω) of any possible weak solution by applying the bootstrap argument.


The aim of this study was to investigate the implicit memory for short rhythmic tone sequences from the viewpoint of cognitive psychology. The nature of memory representation for rhythmic tone sequences was researched by using priming and recognition tasks. At first, participants were asked to rate "coherence" of a rhythmic tone sequence. Then, half of the participants performed the priming task: studied and nonstudied tone sequences, both of which were of the same intensity, were presented in succession at intervals of 2 s, and participants were asked to judge which of the two tone sequences sounded "louder." The rest of the participants performed a yes/no recognition test. The following results were obtained: 1) studied tone sequences were judged to be louder than non-studied ones in both pitch-changed and not changed conditions, 2) the priming effect decreased as the pitch changed, 3) the direction of pitch change did not influence the priming, 4) priming and recognition performance were independent of one another. These results lead to the conclusion that an implicit memory for musical rhythm exists, and pitch information is coded into the representation underlying perceptual priming of rhythmic tone sequences.


Washing hands is a simple thing, but has a very important role in everyday life. The sink system is designed to meet these needs. The sink system consists of a water faucet, and soap. The sink system has begun to be widely used in homes, schools, campuses, offices, industry and other places. This service aims to design and make automatic hand washing wasaffles so that it is hoped that it can make hand washing activities easier and more practical. Users no longer need to turn the water tap and pick up soap, just by placing their hands in a certain position, the water and liquid soap will come out automatically. The results of the implementation of the activities are the process of assembly, installation and delivery. The PKM team also conducted socialization on the use of tools to users, namely the Chasan Bosoeri Ternate Hospital. Reporting and publication is carried out after each stage has been completed. The published articles are published in the LPPM journal, Khairun University.


Abstract In the ubiquitous which is rapidly developing with ultra speed thes days, constructing the u-Campus which is using the sensor-network as its base is keep developing. Also, any information related equipments like PC and mobile, computing is possible whenever and wherever you want and due to the development of the wireless network, the service environment is continually developing. In this article, I'd like to suggest the u-Campus which is very suitable to the user's environment which had used application of mobile. In u-Campus, various techniques are adopted and applied along with development of info-communication related technidques. Especially, the new type of campus which is constructed by adopting the ubiquitous computing net-work technique to the campus of university is the u-Campus. In this article, by suggesting u-Yuhan designing methods, more effective and advanced school activities of students to make possible. Keywords : Ubiquitous, RFID, u-Campus 1.서론 현재 정보통신 분야에서는 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에 대해 관심이 집중되고 있다. 이는 현실의 물리공간과 가상의 전자공간이 융합하면서 이루어진 기존 인터넷 기반의 컴퓨팅 환경과는 다른 새로운 개념의 컴퓨팅 환경이다. 과거에는 일상생활과 컴퓨팅 활동이 서로 분리될 수 있었지만, 휴대용 단말기의 급속한 보급과 인터넷 및 무선


When a simulation begins, the queues are in a non steadystate phase and when the simulation is settled, they move towards the steady-state phase. It is known that the observations collected during the transient periods do not characterize the steady-state system and, consequently, it is important to discard the initial observations, known as initial bias. The main purpose of this project is to study the main topics in stochastic simulation output analysis, more specifically study a way to remove the initial bias. Author


This is a timely publication, reflecting the growing awareness in the psychoanalytic community that psychoanalytic education faces serious problems in its organizational characteristics, its role in the development of psychoanalysis as a science, and the unresolved challenges to developing broad applications of psychoanalytic theory and practice to a wider spectrum of emotional illness. The articles may be divided into two groups: those that deal with general problems of educational methods and institutional structure, and those others that focus on a specific aspect of psychoanalytic education, particularly supervision and the experiment of "shuttle" analysis. Deborah Cabaniss' article "Becoming a School: Developing Learning Objectives for Psychoanalytic Education" is a lucid introduction to the general problem facing psychoanalysis today. Her conclusion, in previous research, that the absence of clear guidelines for progression and graduation compromises psychoanalytic training, now leads her to the general thesis that "educational research suggests that learning objectives and clear assessment tools can help to demystify education, guide curriculum development, clarify standards for the fields, and prompt research." She stresses that the first step in the assessment of whether educational goals are achieved is the need for clear learning objectives, and explicit formulations of the ways in which students are expected to be changed by the educative process. She quotes Tyler in emphasizing that learning objectives have to include both a behavioral aspect and a content aspect, and proposes to implement these objectives as they apply to psychoanalytic education: first, identifying desired results; second, determining the acceptable evidence, and third, spelling out a plan of learning experiences and instruction leading to those results and the corresponding evidence. Cabaniss illustrates the application of these principles with the work of the Columbia Task Force on Progression and Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 28:387–394, 2008 Copyright © Melvin Bornstein, Joseph Lichtenberg, Donald Silver ISSN: 0735-1690 print DOI: 10.1080/07351690801962521


During the course from the outbreak of Sept.18th Incident to his acting as Foreign Minister,Gu Weijun successively proposed a plan of direct negotiation between China and Japan and a plan of"Jinzhou Neutralism".These prepositions not only connected with international situation at that time,but also with his own diplomatic thoughts.We should investigate it objectively.


This research and development was conducted under a work order with the Naval
Postgraduate School within project Z1178-PN.03 (Retention of Career Personnel in
Critical Ratings). The objective of this effort was to develop an index to measure the
severity of personnel loss by rating for each selective reenlistment bonus zone. The index
development was part of a project to develop and evaluate retention incentive packages.


(NOTE: THE 2008 EDITION WILL BE AVAILABLE IN MID-JULY 2008. PLEASE SEE ISBN 9780808091844). This up-to-the-minute guide helps you become more proactive and meet the growing demand for integrated audit services in the 21st century. Wide-ranging in scope, Information Technology Audits offers expert analysis, practical tools, and real-world techniques designed to assist in preparing for and performing integrated IT audits. Written by a seasoned auditor with more than 22 years of IT audit experience, Information Technology Audits provides the first practical, hands-on look at how organizations use and control information to meet business objectives, and offers strategies to assess whether the company's controls adequately protect its information systems. Practice aids are available on a free companion CD-ROM. - IT Auditing: Current and Future Views - IT Risk Assessment - Standards and Pronouncements: Internal and IT Audit - Standards and Pronouncements: External Audit - Setting Objectives and Developing an Audit Approach - Infrastructure Controls - Infrastructure Controls: Security - Infrastructure Controls: Communications - Business Process Controls - System Development - Business Continuity Planning and Disaster Recovery - Usinf Software to Audit - Web Enablement - Privacy, Confidentiality, Fraud and Other Growing Concerns: Legal and Regulatory Issues - Certification Competency Demonstration


Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham. is assessed as an endangered mangrove species by IUCN, and information on population status is lacking. The present study assesses the status of H. fomes in Mahanadi Mangrove Wetland on the east coast of India. Three forest blocks were selected and sampled for this study. Among these, the mean girth at breast height (GBH) of H. fomes was the highest in Hetamundia (HD) forest block. GBH of H. fomes was inversely proportional to the cumulative disturbance index (R2= 0.7244, p value <0.005). The relative density was maximum for H. fomes (56%) at Bhitarkharnasi (BK), and for Excoecaria agallocha at Hetamundia (HD; 35%) & Kansaridia (KD; 54%), respectively. Excoecaria agallocha is a dominant species possibly impacting natural populations of H. fomes. Climate change and rising sea levels may also negatively affect the existence of this species. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be taken for conservation of this globally threatened mangrove species prior to its extinction.


There is a distinct possibility there may be many people of color who are in leadership positions or applying for leadership positions that believe racial stereotyping creates barriers for opportunity and can hinder one's chances for success. The purpose of this research is to explore strategies used by leaders of color to overcome the threat of racial stereotyping in the Las Vegas hospitality and gaming industry, as it pertains to barriers, opportunities, and success. There are four research questions the researcher explored through leadership, strategies, assimilation and performance. The sample size consisted of twelve leaders of color in the Las Vegas hospitality and gaming industry. Leaders of color were defined as African-American, males and females, and Hispanic-American, males and females. The researcher utilized qualitative interviews as the primary instrument and chose a semi-structured interview format. The researcher asked predetermined questions while still exercising the freedom to seek clarification with follow up and improvised questions. The twelve interviewees were asked seven questions relevant to the four research questions to provide an in-depth analysis. The results of this study concluded that leaders of color have cultivated strategies to overcome the threat of racial stereotyping in the workplace. Although each leader of color in this study had never officially chronicled a professional strategy that is in direct correlation with the threat of racial stereotyping, all of the leaders have been living by a subliminal game plan that is either reactive, proactive or both. The leaders of color in this study were given, and took advantage of the opportunity to disclose what works for him or her in respect to their existence, relationships, and motivation to overcome the threat of racial stereotyping in their respected workplaces. THE THREAT OF RACIAL STEREOTYPING 1 Chapter


Fresh-water fishery has been overlooked, perhaps, because of its rather small com mercial importance in our present economy. But in primitive times, when most of the American Indians did not have the equipment required for the larger offshore fisheries, rivers and lakes, and the water along the shore, provided most of the fish they captured. It may also be submitted that a theme of inquiry does not necessarily gain significance because big quantities are involved. The archeologist values his pottery, not according to the number of tons of potsherds he can collect, but because pottery is a magic lamp that throws light on his problems of chronology; in the same manner of speaking, quantity of fish as a commodity, while not unimportant, is not the core of the theme proposed here. Rather, the value of studying the fishing of primitive folk lies in the promise that such investigations may throw a modest light on some of the problems of cultural geography.


PREDICTORS OF CRITICAL THINKING AS A COMPONENT OF AN OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT IN A GRADUATE LELVE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK Tonya Michelle Tucker July 2,2008 This study utilized the standardized California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) Form 2000 to measure students' pretest and post test critical thinking abilities prior to and upon completion of a critical thinking infused curriculum. In addition, the researcher also tested a predictor model for students' entry level critical thinking skills, as well as two separate predictor models for students' acquired critical thinking skills. The researcher not only tested each of the models using the total scores, but also for the subscales of analytic, inference, evaluation, deductive and inductive. A paired samples t test indicated there were no significant differences between pretest and posttest scores except for the inference subscale in which an increase was noted. Additional analysis indicated students with low pretest scores significantly improved on posttest; whereas students with high pretest scores produced significantly lower posttests scores. Separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to test the predictor models, which allowed the researcher to enter variables into the analysis according to the guiding conceptual models. Specifically, for the pretest and one posttest model, the variables were entered based on the generic variables of undergraduate GPA, months between


In the present lecture I propose, in deference to a suggestion emanating from your Society, to discuss the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act , 1880 (43 and 44 Vict. c. 26). The Act, as you are no doubt aware, is quite a short one, consisting of two clauses: one of which empowers a married woman to effect a policy of assurance on her own life or that of her husband for her separate use, while the other empowers a married man to effect, by means of a policy of assurance over his own life, a trust for behoof of his wife, or family, or both. In both cases the object is similar—to protect the sum assured against the husband and his creditors. Now it is impossible to appreciate the necessity of attaining this object, and the changes wrought in the law by the effort of the statute to secure it, without some knowledge of the previously existing rights of husband and wife respecting property and contracts, and of the rights of the wife and children under postnuptial contracts and declarations of trust by the husband. Such knowledge, in a non-legal assembly, I am scarcely entitled to assume. And before I deal with the text of the Act, I accordingly propose to give a brief sketch of the general common law rights above referred to, and to note the results of the cases decided on the special rights of the spouses and children with respect to policies of assurance effected on the life of either spouse. So stated, my task is not a particularly easy one. The rights and disabilities of the wife were never very clearly defined, and of their somewhat vague and unsatisfactory nature the cases on policies are typical illustrations, while the Act itself, though it involves many points of difficulty, has been subjected to very little judicial interpretation since it passed. Its provisions are, indeed, very similar to those of Section 10 of the English Married Women's Property Act , 1870 (33 and 34 Vict. c. 95), which was replaced by Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act , 1882 (45 and 46 Vict. c. 75); and upon both of these sections there have been a considerable number of decisions, which I shall refer to, if not as direct authorities, at any rate as important illustrations and analogies in discussing the Scots Statute. But even when allowance is made for this, any detailed commentary on the Act must necessarily be of a somewhat speculative character.


The research is dedicated to investigate the role of expectation to the a/location of assets, especially to time deposite assets with different maturity. The transmision among time deposite with different maturity is through the interest differential. The equilibrium condition of the allocation of time deposite assets with different maturity is what so called with term structure. Testing the equilibrium condition of term structure means reveals the perfectness of the market, and perfectness of the information. Perfectness of the information on the term structure implies that interest rate is market determined, and agents perfectly learn from the market and formulate their expectation, and in return it influences the market. Important information which is considered by the agents to reformulate their expectation is inflation rate. Agents have long memory on inflation information. Six or seven month information on inflation rate is examined by the agents in order to determine the allocation of their time deposite assets with different maturity.


Recently, some case reports mentioned adrenal haemorrhage and infarction in patients with COVID-19.[[5]] COVID-19 can affect adrenal function causing both primary and secondary AI. Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. Sir, Novel coronavirus outbreak was declared as a "pandemic" by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020.[[1]] Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) may have had multiorgan involvement including involvement of adrenal glands.[[2]] Structural adrenal gland changes with histological features showing focal necrosis have been reported. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of Indian Journal of Anaesthesia is the property of Wolters Kluwer India Pvt Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)


The inhibition effect and mechanism of mint extract on the loss of VC in the process of apple washing and pulping were studied in this paper,meanwhile,through the experiments it was compared with the effect of antioxidant as EDTA and oxalic acid,which were frequently used in food processing.Mint extract was maded by solvent extract method,content of VC was measured by spectrophotometry.The result showed that adding amount of mint's extract from 0.06 % to 0.08 % can effectively control the loss of VC in apple processing and could enhance VC preservation rate up to 76.63 %.


This paper presents a case study focusing on the structural optimization of Ontario Power Generation, OPG's fleet of power plants to meet a given CO2 reduction target by minimizing the cost of electricity (COE). The optimization takes into account the possible implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and the possibility of constructing new power plants, with or without CCS, to maintain or increase electricity to the grid depending on the growth in electricity demand. The model is formulated as Mixed Integer Non Linear Programme (MINLP) and implemented in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System). Exact linearization techniques were employed to facilitate solution development. Three mitigation options were considered in this study: fuel balancing (optimal adjustment of the operation of existing generating stations to reduce CO2 emissions without making structural changes to the fleet), fuel switching (switching from carbon intensive fuel to less carbon intensive fuel, e.g. coal to natural gas) and retrofitting CCS on existing coal fired power plants. Both, fuel switching and retrofitting CCS involve structural changes on the existing fleet. The computer programme is capable of determining the best mix of fuel, annual capacity factor for existing power plants, location and size of CO2 capture process and finally, construction of new state-of-the-art power plants, such as supercritical pulverized coal (PC), integrated gas combined cycle (IGCC) or natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) with and without CCS.


A wellhead suspension device adopting coiled tubing as production string belongs to the technical field of coiled tubing wellhead suspension devices, which is composed of a hanger body, a suspension seal component and a limiting component. The utility model resolves the defects of traditional methods which first kill well, then feed production string and mount wellhead seat seal, and resolves the defects of prior art such as the requirement on the devices of high pressure resistance. The wellhead suspension device avoids killing well before feeding the pipe string of the coiled tubing, while its pressure resistances reaches 70MPa and it can work under pressure, and the wellhead suspension device is suitable for the production string in the second completion of old well and the completion production string of new well. The wellhead suspension device has the advantages of short operation processes and the ability for reducing the pollution on producing layer and environment.


This article considers the inheritance and change of Chinese law in ancient Japan, principally on the problem of indemnity system.First of all, Section 1 covers the considerations on the atonement account by the property dedication as seen in "Nihon Shoki (_??__??__??__??_)".Conventionally, such theory had been prevailed that the indemnity system chiefly by the property punishment existed also in Japan. This theory had been based on the legends as a proof that a person who braved a crime of treason against sovereign power was escaped from his death by dedicating to the power the land and people possessed by him.However, as a result of reconsideration, it has been now made clear that these legends were just created all at the stage of "Nihon Shoki (_??__??__??__??_)" compilation as a tale to explain the origin of "Miyake(_??__??_)" and "Nashiro(_??__??_)".Therefore, death punishment was enforced to the crime of treason as a rule even before "Ritsuryo(_??__??_)" system and the confiscation of property is considered to have been executed additional punishment.This does not mean naturally that the indemnity system was not existed at all in Japan before "Ritsuryo" system. According to Chinese historical documents such as "Gishi Wajinden (_??__??__??__??__??_)" and "Zuisho Wakokuden(_??__??__??__??__??_)", it is known that the practice similar to the indemnity system was existed in Japan in about 3rd to 6th centuries in connection with the theft crime.Accordingly, Section 2 covers the considerations on the process that the practice similar to indemnity system in ancient criminal law in Japan was excluded from official punishment of the ancient state and was gradually united to non-indemnity criminal system on the model of Chinese "Ritsu".In regional community, when a certain action was taken that damaged to the community, a person concerned was required to dedicate his property as "Harahe(_??_)". This practice is said to be a kind of indemnity system in a wide sense. After "Taikano Kaishin(_??__??__??__??_)", government prohibited such private practice and, at the same time, established unique criminal law different from the criminal law in Chinese sense. This makes us suppose that unique and inherent law was generated in Japan, although Chinese law was inherited.Section 3 adds the considerations by taking example of burning punishment(house burning) from the viewpoint of inheritance and change of the law.In the ancient criminal law of China, burning punishment was executed generally by burning the man as a retaliatory punishment against the murder of relative when he did it. In Japan, there were many examples of burning the house of criminal as a punishment for the crime of treason against sovereign power.In ancient criminal law of China, there were also examples of destroying the house of criminal against the crime of treason. But such examples were rare. Besides, this punishment was executed by destruction by all means but did not use fire. Japanese ancient tradition for burning the house not only destroying it is considered to have had incantational character to cut off defilement caused by such crime, as different from that of China.To sum up, the house burning in Japan has the character of inherent law with the change by conception of crime in Japanese manner, although it has a far origin from Chinese law.Thus, Japanese ancient criminal law was not specially isolated law, but had been developed in the East Asian law system with the center in China and such inherent law had been newly created in the process of the inheritance and change of Chinese law. This is the conclusion through all the description of this article.


The Hoover Commission Reports were not written for the educator and his students. The audience was broader and the objective was immediate reform. Nevertheless, the educator must pause at this milepost and take stock. The reports are thrust upon him as inescapable materials for analysis in class and seminar rooms; they record in considerable measure the state of achievement in the development of administrative science; they challenge an examination now of the directions and scope of educational motive forces in the next phase of university education in public administration. Most teachers of public administration probably found the reports of the President's Committee on Administrative Management and of the Attorney General's Committee on Administrative Procedure to be very valuable aids in teaching. The publication of the Report with Special Studies and the Final Report provided a considerable body of material in convenient form for teacher and student use, and the over-all summary of the Committee on Administrative Management even provided material which could be used in introductory courses in American government. Also, these earlier reports dealt with problems at the growing points in the study of public administration and offered basic points of view around which discussion could be centered.