INTRODUCTION Many of the known visual systems in nature are characterized by a wide field of view allowing animals to keep the whole surrounding environment under control. In this sense, dragonflies are one of the best examples: their compound eyes are made up of thousands of separate light-sensing organs arranged to give nearly a 360° field of vision. However, animals with eyes on the sides of their head have high periscopy but low binocular-ity, that is their views overlap very little. Differently, raptors' eyes have a central part that permits them to see far away details with an impressive resolution and their views overlap by about ninety degrees. Those characteristics allow for a globally wide field of view and for accurate stereoscopic vision at the same time, which in turn allows for determination of distance, leading to the ability to develop a sharp, three-dimensional image of a large portion of their view. In mobile robotics applications, autonomous robots are required to react to visual stimuli that may come from any direction at any moment of their activity. In surveillance applications, the opportunity to obtain a field of view as wide as possible is also a critical requirement. For these reasons, a growing interest in omnidirectional vision systems (Benosman 2001), which is still a particularly intriguing research field, has emerged. On the other hand, requirements to be able to carry out object/pattern recognition and classification tasks are opposite, high resolution and accuracy and low distortion being possibly the most important ones. Finally, three-dimensional information extraction can be usually achieved by vision systems that combine the use of at least two sensors at the same time. This article presents the class of hybrid dual camera vision systems. This kind of sensors, inspired by existing visual systems in nature, combines an omnidirectional sensor with a perspective moving camera. In this way it is possible to observe the whole surrounding scene at low resolution, while, at the same time, the perspective camera can be directed to focus on objects of interest with higher resolution.


The materials for writing Jin Ping Mei Cihua are numerous,compared with other novels,especially in quoted poems.There are more than 90% from The Outlaws of Marsh,Words Books of Song and Yuan Dynasty,classical Chinese novels of Yuan and Ming Dynasty,dramas of Yuan and Ming Dynasty and historical poems.The numbers by statistics are 65 from The Outlaws of Marsh,28from words and books of Song and Yuan Dynasty,28 from classical Chinese novels of Yuan and Ming Dynasty,21 from dramas of Yuan and Ming Dynasty.


The utility model discloses a hollow I-shaped steel which uses coiled plate as material to be cold bent via a cold bending machine to be welded and shaped. The utility model is characterized in that the I-shaped steel is formed by coiled steel plate, which upper and lower wing flanges are hollow and middle web is composed of layered two steel plates, while the layered points are welded. The utility model is shaped by cold bending machine, with simple manufacture. Under same bearing ability, the hollow structure can save 1.92-19% steel. Under same section area, the transverse bearing ability is improved 9.58-45.96%, and longitudinal bearing ability is improved 37.05-58.79%, while the transverse and longitudinal bearing abilities are balanced. The inner side of wing flanges of the hollow I-shaped steel is used as strength bar plate to improve stability. The utility model can be widely used as beam and posts of building industry.


In this study, the effect of plasmon resonance on magneto-plasmonic  spherical core-shell nanocomposite enclosed in a dielectric host medium is theoretically investigated by applying electrostatic approximation (esa) and Maxwell-Garnet effective medium theories to obtain magneto-optical parameters such as; effective electric permittivity and magnetic permeability as well as the corresponding extinction cross-sections. Likewise, for a fixed size of QDs (of radius  nm) numerical analysis was performed to determine the plasmonic resonance effect by varying the parameters such as the metal fraction (β) and the dielectrics (εh) of the host medium on the magneto-plasmonic nanostructures (nss). The results depict that graphs of absorption, scattering, and extinction cross-sections as a function of wavelength have two positions of resonance peaks. The first set of peaks are in the ultraviolet (uv) and the second located in visible regions. These peaks originated from the strong coupling between a regular periodic vibrations of surface plasmons of silver (Ag) with the excitonic state of the dielectric/semiconductor at the internal ( ) and external (Ag/host) interfaces. As β increases, the absorption and scattering cross-sections are blue-shifted in the first peak and red shifted the second set of peaks. Similarly, as εh increases or as β decreases, the sets of resonance peaks for extinction cross-section gets enhanced; while keeping one of these parametric quantities fixed at once. The resulting surface plasmon resonance effect might be utilized in a variety of applications that combines both the plasmonic and magnetic core-shell nanostructures ranging from UV to Visible spectral regions.


INTRODUCTION: Colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is common in older kids with cystic fibrosis (CF) and there is increasing evidence that transmissible strains may cross-colonise patients. PA colonization is usually difficult to eradicate with antimicrobial therapy and, in some children and younger patients, infection is associated with rapid decline in pulmonary function and increased hospitalization. Diffuse bronchiectasis is seen in patients with cystic fibrosis. CASE REPORT: A 19-year-old male with CF severe lungs disease and liver insufficiency presented with coughing and breathing difficulties with wheezing progressed to generalized bad situations and Pseudomonas aerigenosa opportunic suprainfection. The effect of combined three antibiotics therapy was very successful as eradication of Pseudomonas aerigenosa. Lung physiological tests were pathologically changed with obstructive and restrictive reductions of vital pulmonal parameters. DISCUSSION: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common potentially lethal genetic disease in the white population. Improvements in life expectancy have led to an increased recognition of lungs and hepatobiliary-pancreatic CF complications. CONCLUSIONS: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease usually diagnosed by abnormal sweat testing. Despite the best efforts by CF clinic pediatricians, patients with CF eventually reach the point of respiratory insufficiency, and lungs can no longer sustain, and patients need lungs transplantation.


Visual and auditory masking tests and perceptual-motor tests were administered to 39 brain-injured, non-defective children, aged 6 to 12, and to a comparison group of intact children of the same age. The masking tests in both modalities followed a rough continuum of meaningfulness (and therefore of presumed level of distraction) of the mask. Analysis was done of inter-modal and intra-modal scores, within and between the experimental and comparison groups. Results showed that the brain-injured group had less differentiated functioning in the auditory modality, as compared with the intact group and with its own visual functioning. Results are interpreted in terms of differences between audition and vision. The susceptibility of auditory functioning to attentional disorders is also discussed.


We compared the efficiency of removing cosmetic eyeliner deposits from soft contact lenses with a variety of surfactant cleaners. Four types of daily cleaners were used to clean two groups of soft contact lenses (Group 1 and Group2: FDA classification) contaminated with an eyeliner. The lenses were cleaned in a Clensatron 700CL Automatic Contact Lens Cleaning unit. The amount of lens contamination before and after cleaning was quantified by digitising a photograph of the lens surface. We found that: 1. the eyeliner was less likely to adhere to Group 2 lenses, 2. the efficiency of removing eyeliner was independent of the cleaning solutions we used; when contaminated, Group 2 lenses were generally easier to clean, 3. the Clensatron unit was not as efficient as digital rubbing in removing the eyeliner.


Pneumatic products employ compressed air to execute mechanical actions. The atmospheric compressed air contains moisture which is removed using air dryers. Specifications of the air dryers vary dynamically as the atmospheric compressed air is required to be dried for reaching varied dew points. This kind of dynamic variations can be faced if agile manufacturing (AM) criteria are adopted. The AM paradigm enables a company to respond quickly in accordance with the customers' dynamic demands. Considering the dynamic demands of the air dryers, the AM criteria need to be mapped with the characteristics of the air dryers. This paper reports a research in which this mapping exercise has been theoretically and practically carried out. The results of this exercise indicated that refrigeration and regenerative types of air dryers are found to possess maximum AM characteristics. The paper is concluded by appraising the need for more researches and applications in this direction.


Introduction Since the seventies, many horticultural crops heavily relied on methyl bromide (MB) to control soilborne pests, diseases and weeds in Italy. As one of the major consumer of MB, after its inclusion among substances that deplete the ozone layer, Italy was forced to invest many resources in the development and implementation of alternative strategies for soil disinfestation. Such activities have been strongly and effectively supported by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory.


Who has knowledge and how it is communicated between groups can help determine who has power in wildlife management. Despite a trend toward more transactional processes that purposefully incorporate stakeholder knowledge, technical and science-based information remain dominant inputs for wildlife governance in the United States and elsewhere. Thus, most decision-making rests with wildlife managers and politicians, depends on scientific knowledge, and includes varying involvement of local stakeholders. Resultant tension from top-down wildlife governance can result in conflict over stagnated decision-making in wildlife management. Understanding public perceptions of knowledge and power can help improve management effectiveness that balances top-down and bottom-up approaches. We used Michigan wolf management as a case study to explore these ideas, the first study to our knowledge to explore this relationship in regard to a delisted endangered species. Through semi-structured interviews of highly involved stakeholders throughout Michigan (n = 21) 6 months after wolves were delisted in August and September 2012, we qualitatively explored public perceptions related to 1) power inequalities among groups and 2) the role of scientific knowledge in decision-making associated with hunting wolves in Michigan. Emergent themes related to relationships between power and knowledge in wolf management were 1) sources of knowledge for decision-making, 2) political power overrides science in decision-making, 3) special interests disenfranchise other publics, and 4) mistrust of decision-makers exists among stakeholders. With further testing and validation, these themes might inform predictive models and inferential studies useful for public participant planning and stakeholder engagement. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.


Catalysts are required for the oxygen evolution reaction, which are abundant, active, and stable in acid. MnO2 is a promising candidate material for this purpose. However, it dissolves at high overpotentials. Using first‐principles calculations, a strategy to mitigate this problem by decorating undercoordinated surface sites of MnO2 with a stable oxide is developed here. TiO2 stands out as the most promising of the different oxides in the simulations. This prediction is experimentally verified by testing sputter‐deposited thin films of MnO2 and Ti–MnO2. A combination of electrochemical measurements, quartz crystal microbalance, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is performed. Small amounts of TiO2 incorporated into MnO2 lead to a moderate improvement in stability, with only a small decrease in activity. This study opens up the possibility of engineering surface properties of catalysts so that active and abundant nonprecious metal oxides can be used in acid electrolytes.


In this article, an elegant methodology to correct the positioning errors of the focalization system in a radiotelescope is presented. Two different solutions are presented in two bands. In one case the solution is highly stable with tolerance positioning. In the other solution, the tolerance in the positioning and the focal distances of the lenses are very low. But a method to correct these tolerance problems and getting the accurate focalization parameters of the radiotelescope is proposed. New 40 m radiotelescope of the National Observatory (Spain) is used to validate results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2074–2077, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21849


The nature of legislation is to control human relations and actions by words. Legislative writing displays relative uniformity though, as a genre, some variations are allowed across legal systems, as in the case of arbitration laws. This article focuses on the generic variation of two arbitration laws: the UNCITRAL Model Law on the International Commercial Arbitration (hereafter UNCITRAL) and the Brazilian Arbitration Law 9.307/1996 (hereafter BAL). Arbitration is an alternative form of confl ict resolution based upon the free will of the parties to invest arbitrators, (not the judiciary) with the jurisdiction to settle disputes in a contract of commercial nature. The claim is that the analysis (at surface level) of textual organization and legislative style in the data cannot account alone for an explanation of how legislative information is functionally realized in order to achieve its communicative intent. To explain this we, therefore, also consider how legislative information is packaged by means of some textualization devices (qualifi cational insertions, binomial and multinomial structures and textual-mapping) and conclude by showing how recontextualization is realized in the data by means of generality, fuzziness and vagueness of terms and expressions.


A simple and robust algorithm for computationally efficient design optimization of microwave filters is presented. Our approach exploits a trust‐region (TR)‐based algorithm that utilizes linear approximation of the filter response obtained using adjoint sensitivity. The algorithm is sequentially executed on a family of electromagnetic (EM)‐simulated models of different fidelities, starting from a coarse‐discretization one, and ending at the original, high‐fidelity filter model to be optimized. Switching between the models is determined using suitably defined convergence criteria. This arrangement allows for substantial cost reduction of the initial stages of the optimization process without compromising the accuracy and resolution of the final design. The performance of our technique is illustrated through the design of a fifth‐order waveguide filter and a coupled iris waveguide filter. We also demonstrate that the multi‐fidelity approach allows for considerable computational savings compared to TR‐based optimization of the high‐fidelity EM model (also utilizing adjoint sensitivity). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 25:178–183, 2015.


The approximation-solvability of the following class of nonlinear variational inequality (NVI) problems, based on a new generalized auxiliary problem principle, is discussed. Find an element x∗ ∈K such that 〈(S − T ) (x∗) , x− x∗〉+ f(x)− f (x∗) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ K, whereS, T : K → H are mappings from a nonempty closed convex subset K of a real Hilbert spaceH into H, andf : K → R is a continuous convex functional on K. The generalized auxiliary problem principle is described as follows: for given iterate x ∈ K and, for constants ρ > 0 andσ > 0), find x such that 〈 ρ(S − T ) ( y ) + h′ ( x ) − h′ ( y ) , x− x 〉 +ρ(f(x)−f(x)) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ K, where 〈 σ(S − T ) ( x ) + h′ ( y ) − h′ ( x ) , x− y 〉 + σ(f(x) − f(y)) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ K, whereh is a functional onK andh′ the derivative ofh.


This article seeks to provide a historical context for the current state of the media. It concludes that the political bias, and capacity to produce journalistic scandal, so conspicuous in recent years among leading newspapers and television networks, reflects the impact of major cultural, market, and technological developments.


The dynamic viscosity under pressure of three mixtures of pentaerythritol ester lubricants (PEs) has been measured using a rolling-ball viscometer for several temperatures with an experimental uncertainty of 3%. The first one is a multicomponent mixture of several PEs named in the present work as PEC5-C9 lubricant; the second one is a binary mixture of pentaerythritol tetra(2-ethylhexanoate), PEB8, and pentaerythritol tetraheptanoate, PEC7, with a PEB8 mole fraction of 0.6670; and the third one is another binary mixture of PEB8 and pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate, PEC5, with a PEB8 mole fraction of 0.6911. The two binary mixtures, xPEB8 + (1 − x)PEC7 and xPEB8 + (1 − x)PEC5, have been prepared with the same viscosity grade as the PEC5-C9 lubricant (VG32). A total of 1176 experimental measurements of the rolling time have been performed at pressures up to 60 MPa for the determination of 196 dynamic viscosity data points. The viscosities of these binary mixtures have been compared with the predicted values ...


Despite tremendous efforts that have reduced maternal mortality rates in Burkina Faso, thousands of women still die every year from complications arising from pregnancy and childbirth, says a new report by Amnesty International, which maintains that most of the deaths can be prevented.

Amnesty says there are many reasons why women in this impoverished west African country do not receive the health care they need. These include: "lack of information on sexual and reproductive health and rights; women's low status, which undermines their right to decide whether, when and how many children to have; social and economic barriers, notably the cost of medical …


Objective To establish a HPLC method for the determination of puerarin in Biaoxu Ganmao Granule. Methods The HPLC system consisted of the Phenomenex LUNA-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)column,the mobile phase consisted of MeOH(21)-H2 O(79),the flow rate was 1.0mL·min-1,the column temperature was 30℃,The UV detector was set at 250nm. Results The linear response range was 0.023~0.460mg/ml(r=0.9999). The average recovery of puerarin was 99.1%,and RSD1.52%. Conclusion The method is simple,rapid,accurate and repeatable. It can be applied in determination of Puerarin in Biaoxu Ganmao Granule.


Using the research methods of literature review,investigation and analyses of the theory,based on the analysis of the connotation and practical or immediate significance of sports industry venture capital investment,this Paper discusses problem of exist sports industry venture capital investment in our country,put forwards developing train of thought of sports industry venture capital investment in our country,main is strengthen streaking of sports industry venture capital investment in our country propagate,train men for profession sports industry venture capital investment in our country,standard sports industry venture capital investment move,perfects the law supervise management system et al.


Diffusion of C and O in calcite depends strongly on the presence of defects in the calcite and of HzO in an accompanying fluid phase. Previous experimental studies of the diffusion of O at 700~ for example, show that the diffusion coefficient D ranges over nearly three orders of magnitude from 10 -13 to 10 -16 aSpH2O ranges from 400 to 0.1 MPa. Values of D for C also depend onpn2o, although the dependence isn't as well determined as it is for O. We have attempted to isolate the extrinsic effects on C and O self diffusion in calcite by determining the diffusion coefficients from single crystals of annealed calcite that were heated in an atmosphere of isotopically labeled CO2. Experimental methods


Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play important roles in postnatal neovascularization. However, the interaction of these two pathways is not fully understood. The present study utilized CoCl2 treated‐endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) (EPCs exposure to CoCl2 are under mimic hypoxia) to examine the expressions of HIF‐1α and HGF and futher to assess whether or not the inhibitor (2‐methoxyestradiol [2ME2]) of HIF‐1α decrease the HGF expression. In addition, to investigate the effects of HGF on the proliferation and tube formation of EPCs under mimic hypoxia, EPCs were transfected with NK4 (HGF antagonist) plasmid and exposed to CoCl2, then the proliferation of these EPCs was assayed by MTS and the tube formation capacity of these EPCs on Matrigel was detected. The analysis indicated that CoCl2 treatment induced HIF‐1α expression of EPCs, and futher promoted HGF expression. While after 2ME2 was used in CoCl2 treated‐EPCs, HGF expression was markedly inhibited compared with non‐pretreated EPCs with 2ME2, which also showed that HGF expression in EPCs was mediated by HIF‐1α. Further, the results showed that after EPCs were transfected with NK4 in spite of being exposed to CoCl2, their proliferation activity and tube formation capacity were weakened, which in turn indicated that HGF could promote the proliferation and the tube formation of EPCs, and this process might be regulated by HIF‐1α.


Objective:To discuss the value of MSCT in diagnosing Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome.Methods:Both plain scan and contrast-enhanced scan with 64-slice spiral CT were performed in 16 patients of FHCS with complete medical records.The CT features,clinical and pathological features were analyzed.Results:Plain MSCT scan showed that all patients had varying degrees of liver capsule thickening;8 patients had subcapsular fluid;8 patients were associated with a small amount of pleural effusion.On the arterial phase of contrast-enhanced scan,the hepatic capsule in all patients was enhanced and thickened in varying degrees.15 cases were significantly enhanced,1 case was mild enhancement.The local liver parenchyma of 5 cases was involved,which showed the patching or class of triangle enhancement on the arterial phase.12 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease pelvic sheet showed inhomogeneous enhancement film accompanied by a small amount of fluid.Conclusion:MSCT can timely,accurate diagnoe inflammation around the liver,which has high clinical value.


ABSTRACT This study examines the alliances between Cuban and Southern planters before 1861 as a means of counteracting the rise of abolitionism across the Atlantic. The massive expansion of slavery in Cuba and in the US South in the first half of the nineteenth century led Cuban and Southern planters to perceive new geopolitical cartographies that challenged existing cultural, linguistic, and political borders. These alliances were not solely fashioned to preserve slavery in the southern United States or in Cuba, but rather as a piece of the larger battle between the pro-slavery and abolitionist forces of the Atlantic world in which the future of slavery was at stake. By analyzing essays written by Ambrosio Gonzales, Cristóbal Madan, and John S. Thrasher, I argue that in the mid-nineteenth century, slavery had the capacity to forge hemispheric alliances that transcended cultural and political links, thus helping to imagine alternative futures for the region.


A combination of technical innovations, system cost reductions transport industry restricting has led to the development and diffusion of a variety of sophisticated
ticketing reservation systems. These reservation systems have transformed the manner in which a destination and its travel products are packaged, marketed and eventually sold to the consumer. Presently, conventional ticketing transactions without IT supported are not cost-effective nowadays. With the evolution and emergence of Internet technology, there comes a new way of ticketing transaction-electronic ticketing.
 In this study focused only to the development of a prototype for the KTMB e-ticketing reservation system comprises of a database that is built using MySQL database application software, Apache server as the web server and ASP as its application server. The methodology used is object-oriented development using the Unified Modeling Language-UA Approach. The development of KTMB prototype system applied all phases of the SDLC.


In its present state, the analysis of the wood industry system in Tanimbar archipelago only covered the South part of the Yamdena island. In this part of the island, the wood industry system feeds the demand of the local villages and of Saumlaki. Among the villages of South Yamdena, two villages (Wermatan and Ilngei) are remarkable with their high level of wood activities. Thus these are analysed in the following sections. In the north part of the Island, the system feeds the local villages, the city of Larat, but also some outer markets. While the structure of the system is certainly very similar to what has been analysed in the southern part of the island, the quantities may defer in a great proportion.


This article investigates the contribution of the Norwegian integrated marine management (IMM) plans to marine environmental protection and conservation. These plans have been described as international best practice, and the government's goal is 'for Norway to be a pioneer in developing an integrated ecosystem-based management regime for marine areas'. The plans pursue other objectives, including sustainable use and value creation, but this article focuses on their contribution to environmental objectives. By means of a problem analysis, the article outlines three approaches to 'marine environmental protection and conservation' that contribute thereto in profoundly different ways. The contribution of the IMM plans to each of these approaches is examined, leading to the conclusion that two are embedded in the plans, which therefore primarily contribute to some reduced harm, as opposed to contributing to long-term marine environmental protection. This suggests that integrated marine plans and policies are relevant for more restricted environmental objectives.


At the end of the fulcrum year of 1989 Casper W. Weinberger, Reagan's exsecretary of Defence, rejoiced over the "enormously heartening, daily rejection of Communism" in Eastern Europe and issued an appeal (Weinberger, 1989). As publisher of the business magazine Forbes, which subtitles itself "Capitalist Tool," Weinberger admonished his readers that the United States could "profit in every sense of the word" from these events, but that it all "starts with geography" (Weinberger, 1989). Less than a decade later, 1997 proved to be as pivotal as 1989 – this time economically more than politically – as the neo-liberal globalization from which Weinberger eagerly sought to profit showed the first signs of fatal weakness. Overproduction in Asia after an extraordinary 30-year industrial revolution transformed with lightening efficiency into a global stock market meltdown. But in geographical circles, 1997 may turn out to be significant for other reasons: it was also the year in which a very different vision of global geography was launched, one which puts a radical twist on Weinberger"s assertion of the importance of geography.


This paper investigates the stability of robust Nash equilibria for evolutionary games which are subject to the external dynamic disturbances. The robustness of Nash equilibria here has the connotation that no matter how the disturbance evolves the action for each player is always optimal with respect to the disturbance. Firstly, robust Nash equilibria is proposed for disturbed evolutionary games. Existence of robust Nash equilibria is also discussed. Then stability of robust Nash equilibria is studied by converting it to the set stability of logical dynamic system from a given initial set to the destination set, equivalently. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of the robust Nash equilibria of deterministic disturbed evolutionary games and random disturbed evolutionary games are presented, respectively. An example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Long‐range‐ordered structures of nanoparticles with controllable orientation have advantages in applications toward sensors, photoelectric conversion, and field‐effect transistors. The assembly process of nanorods in colloidal systems undergoes a nonequilibrium process from dispersion to aggregation. A variety of assembly methods such as solvent volatilization, electromagnetic field induction, and photoinduction are restricted to suppress local perturbations during the nonequilibrium concentration of nanoparticles, which are adverse to controlling the orientation and order of assembled structures. Here, a confined assembly method is reported by locally controlling free‐volume entropy in nonequilibrium fluids to fabricate microstructure arrays based on colloidal nanorods with controllable orientation and long‐range order. The unique fluid dynamics of the liquid bridge is utilized to form a local region, where the free volume entropy reduction triggers assembly near the three‐phase contact line (TPCL), allowing nanorods to assemble in 2D closest packing parallel to the TPCL for the maximum Gibbs free energy reduction. By manipulating the orientation of liquid flow, microstructures are assembled with programmable geometry, which sustains polarized photoluminescence and polarization‐dependent photodetection. This confined assembly method opens up perspectives on assemblies of nanomaterials with controllable orientation and long‐range order as a platform for multifunctional integrated devices.


This paper deals with the validation of an EMI model to predict electromagnetic interferences (EMI) produced by power converters. A direct AC to AC matrix converter (MC) has been selected as experimental setup for the paper, but the modeling method can be applied to other converter topologies. The method is based on obtaining a high frequency equivalent circuit, using a combined time and frequency domain approach based on: "EMI source identification→ propagation path impedance→ derived disturbance". The advantages of the proposed procedure are the computational time reduction and the lack of convergence problems, which may arise when using pure time domain procedures. The paper is focused on the prediction of common mode (CM) EMI of a matrix converter. The simulation results of this case will permit the calculation of currents which leak through the ground connections. Two different EMI sources are compared: one based on PWM waveforms obtained from MATLAB® model and a second one where these data are obtained experimentally from a MC prototype. This procedure allows the comparison of EMI spectra when using simulated waveforms or real source waveforms.


We present capacity scaling laws for random wireless ad hoc networks under (n, m, k)-cast formulation, where n, m, and k denote the number of nodes in the network, the number of destinations for each communication group, and the actual number of communication group members that receive information (i. e., k les m les n), respectively and when nodes are endowed with multi-packet transmission (MPT) or multi-packet reception (MPR) capabilities. We show that Theta(T(n)radicm/k), Theta(1/k), and ThetaT2(n) bits per second constitute a tight bound for the throughput capacity of random wireless ad hoc networks under the protocol model when m = O (T-2(n)), Omega(k) = T-2(n) = O(m), and k = Omega(T-2(n)), respectively. This result applies to both MPR and MPT, where T(n) denotes the transceiver range, which depends on the complexity of the nodes. For the minimum transceiver range of Theta (radic(log n/n)) to guarantee network connectivity, a gain of Theta(log n) for (n, m, k)-casting is attained with either MPT or MPR compared to the capacity attained when transmitters and receivers can encode and decode at most one transmission at a time (i.e., point-to-point communication).


1. We studied the life history responses of Daphnia pulex under different biotic conditions. In a factorially designed experiment, we tested the impacts of water conditioned by the invertebrate predator Chaoborus, low and high food level (10 000 and 100 000 Scenedesmus cells ml–1), and exposure to toxic Microcystis (5000 cells ml–1) on twelve D. pulex clones originating from different habitats. Our aim was to compare the phenotypic plasticity of different clones, and to study the interactions among biotic factors.

2. Individuals cultured in Chaoborus-conditioned water started to reproduce at a larger size than individuals cultured in water not conditioned by the predators. We found interactions between food level and Chaoborus-conditioned water on age at first reproduction and total offspring number. In addition, the impact of the Chaoborus treatment on the size at first reproduction was reduced by Microcystis exposure.

3. Clonal differences were found in the degree of phenotypic plasticity of different life history traits. However, there was no obvious connection between the original habitat of the clone and the degree of plasticity.


The ever increasing need to provide a suitable derivative of a term governed by context where derivative can either stemmed word or hypernym of a word has spurred a lot of research activities in information retrieval communities. In this paper, we are concerned with providing context centric derivatives of a term which can be useful in any search engine for obtaining better search results. Personalized Terms Derivative (PTD) provides derivative of terms based on the context surrounding the term. We also emphasize how the PTD (Personalized Terms Derivative) provides greater capabilities or enhance capabilities of an existing search engine like Solr and Elastic Search to perform boolean search effectively. This problem is a vital cog in the wheel of text analytics world. It can also be extended to improvise the result of keyword extraction, abstractive summarization, and POS parser tree.


The complexity of labirynth's construction is inseparably connected with the complexity of its symbolical meanings. For centuries mankind − driven by various feelings − has given labirynth figurative meanings. Poetry, painting and all other kinds of art have shown the world as a maze. Cinema as well. This work is an attempt of following the labirynth motive in chosen film works. In each of the cases a labirynth will be discussed in the context of its relations with a man. Researcher focuses mainly on the way the labirynth affects the people inside him.


Recibido: 9 Febrero 2013 / Revisado: 2 Marzo 2013 / Aceptado: 15 Abril 2013 /Publicacion Online: 15 Junio 2013 Abstract: The article deals with the analysis and reactions from the United States pertaining to the piazza Fontana massacre (1969) and the explosion of Italian terrorism. The work assesses these components through the most relevant and influential American newspapers and magazines and the analysis of the CIA, the White House, the Department of State, and the American Embassy in Rome. First, the article examines the widespread evaluations of the Italia n situation at the moment of the December 12 th bombings and the reactions to terrorist attacks or violent episodes already occurred in Italy. Second, it analyzes American reactions to the piazza Fontana massacre. Finally, it focuses on the different American comments about the possible consequences of the bombings on the Italian political system.


The population pyramid evokes graphical inference about several aspects of demography that go beyong population structure itself. A top-heavy pyramid suggests that the population is aged and aging, while a pyramidal pyramid suggests that the population had and has high fertility. By association with high fertility we might infer high mortality. From other details in the profile we infer past wars and famines . Age-heaping suggests an innumerate or superstitious population, and so we silently conclude that the population also has a lower average educational attainment, and expect to see a wide base. Such judgements are of course subject to the bias of the beholder, but we must admit that these are the kinds of thoughts that a pyramid evokes — the kinds of things we look for. Age (and sex) is of technical use as the primary classifying variable for demographic rates. Rates are segmented by age because demographic phenomena show stable and consistent patterns over age; in order to make a statement about the population as a whole, it is held, one must purge rates of age structure. Of course, if age-specific rates themselves depend on age-structure, then we have a vicious circle, as Stolnitz and Ryder (1949) so eloquently pointed out. Age virtually always results significant in well-specified statistical models of demographic phenomena. We conclude that age is paramount to both parlour demography and serious demography. It therefore behooves the demographer to be explicit about the meaning of age. We use age to explain other phenomena, and these demographic forces lend phenomenological meaning back to age. Here we are just interested in the integer value itself. We all know that age is counted as the number of years that have passed since the event of birth. Age is in this way backward-looking. For this reason we consider the pyramid to be a reflection of the past. Age-structured demographic models therefore have this implicit connection to


This paper explores the effect of three-dimensional rotations on two-qubit Bell states and proposes a Bayesian method for the estimation of the parameters of the rotation. We use a particle filter to estimate the parameters of the rotation from a sequence of Bell state measurements, and we demonstrate that the resultant improvement over the optimal single qubit case approaches the 2 factor that is consistent with the Heisenberg limit. We also demonstrate how the accuracy of the estimation method is a function of the purity of mixed states.


Urolithiasis and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system are of great importance in recent times. Only urolithiasis affects about 15 % of the population. Therefore, the development of new domestic drugs for the treatment of urinary system disorders is an urgent task. In the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, there are medicinal products of plant origin that exhibit antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic effects, as well as dissolve concrements and eliminate them from urine. Aim of the work. To determine the optimal composition of antiadhesive components for the production of effervescent tablets with a thick extract of silver birch leaves. Materials and methods. During the experiment, the effects of macrogol 6000, macrogol 4000, glycine and fumaric acid on the technological characteristics of the model granulates and the resulting tablets were investigated. In the experiments, modern equipment and techniques were used to study tablets ejection force, granules fluidity, strength of tablets, disintegration of tablets. Results. Macrogols of 4000 and 6000 showed the best results in all studies. With satisfactory flow rates, they showed a high anti-adhesive ability and the resulting tablets had the highest rates of crushing resistance. Macrogol 4000 has the most optimal anti-adhesive properties, while the most intense reduction in the pressure of pushing tablets from the matrix is observed at its content under 4 %. Macrogol 6000 has satisfactory lubricating properties, but at a concentration of 6 %. Thus, based on the performed studies, it has been found that for the production of effervescent tablets with a thick extract of silver birch leaves it is advisable to use the macrogol 4000 (or macrogol 6000) as the antiadhesive component. Conclusions. Hydrophilic lubricants (macrogols 4000 and 6000, glycine, fumaric acid) were used to determine the optimal composition of anti-adhesive excipients to produce effervescent tablets with a thick extract of silver birch leaves, among which the best results for all were shown by macrogols 4000 and 6000. According to the results of the research, as the antiadhesive component for the preparation of tablets with thick extract of silver birch leaves, macrogol 4000 was selected which showed high antiadhesive ability and the obtained tablets had the highest indices for resistance to crushing, while the most intense reduction of the pressure of pushing out tablets from the matrix was observed at macrogol 4000 concentration up to 4 % in tablet mass.


As integrated technologies are scaling down, there is an increasing trend in the process,voltage and temperature (PVT) variations of highly integrated RF systems. Accounting for these variations during the design phase requires tremendous amount of time for prediction of RF performance and optimizing it accordingly. Thus, there is an increasing gap between the need to relax the RF performance requirements at the design phase for rapid development and the need to provide high performance and low cost RF circuits that function with PVT variations. No matter how carefully designed, RF integrated circuits (ICs) manufactured with advanced technology nodes necessitate lengthy post-production calibration and test cycles with expensive RF test instruments. Hence design-for-test (DFT) is proposed for low-cost and fast measurement of performance parameters during both post-production and in-field operation. For example, built-in self-test (BIST) is a DFT solution for low-cost on-chip measurement of RF performance parameters. In this dissertation, three aspects of automated test and calibration, including DFT mathematical model, BIST hardware and built-in calibration are covered for RF front-end blocks. First, the theoretical foundation of a post-production test of RF integrated phased array antennas is proposed by developing the mathematical model to measure gain and phase mismatches between antenna elements without any electrical contact. The proposed technique is fast, cost-efficient and uses near-field measurement of radiated power from antennas hence, it requires single test setup, it has easy implementation and it is short in time which makes it viable for industrialized high volume integrated IC production test. Second, a BIST model intended for the characterization of I/Q offset, gain and phase mismatch of IQ transmitters without relying on external equipment is introduced. The proposed BIST method is based on on-chip amplitude measurement as


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, adverse serum lipids, and elevated body mass index in midlife, may harm cognitive performance. It is important to note that longitudinal accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors since childhood may be associated with cognitive performance already since childhood, but the previous evidence is scarce. We studied the associations of cardiovascular risk factors from childhood to midlife, their accumulation, and midlife cognitive performance. Methods: From 1980, a population-based cohort of 3596 children (3–18 years of age) have been repeatedly followed up for 31 years. Blood pressure, serum lipids, and body mass index were assessed in all follow-ups. Cardiovascular risk factor trajectories from childhood to midlife were identified using latent class growth mixture modeling. Cognitive testing was performed in 2026 participants 34 to 49 years of age using a computerized test. The associations of the cardiovascular risk factor trajectories and cognitive performance were studied for individual cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular risk factor accumulation. Results: Consistently high systolic blood pressure (β=–0.262 SD [95% CI, –0.520 to –0.005]) and serum total cholesterol (β=–0.214 SD [95% CI, –0.365 to –0.064]) were associated with worse midlife episodic memory and associative learning compared with consistently low values. Obesity since childhood was associated with worse visual processing and sustained attention (β=–0.407 SD [95% CI, –0.708 to –0.105]) compared with normal weight. An inverse association was observed for the cardiovascular risk factor accumulation with episodic memory and associative learning (P for trend=0.008; 3 cardiovascular risk factors: β=–0.390 SD [95% CI, –0.691 to –0.088]), with visual processing and sustained attention (P for trend<0.0001; 3 cardiovascular risk factors: β=–0.443 SD [95% CI, –0.730 to –0.157]), and with reaction and movement time (P for trend=0.048; 2 cardiovascular risk factors: β=–0.164 SD [95% CI, –0.318 to –0.010]). Conclusions: Longitudinal elevated systolic blood pressure, high serum total cholesterol, and obesity from childhood to midlife were inversely associated with midlife cognitive performance. It is important to note that the higher the number of cardiovascular risk factors, the worse was the observed cognitive performance. Therefore, launching preventive strategies against cardiovascular risk factors beginning from childhood might benefit primordial promotion of cognitive health in adulthood.


Patients treated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are at risk of new‐onset tuberculosis (TB) or reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Association between TB/LTBI and interleukin (IL)‐23 inhibitors for psoriasis is unclear. Patients with LTBI typically initiate LTBI therapy before receiving biologics.


Abstract A sequence of numerical simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model configured for particular times during the late Quaternary shows that simulated El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events decrease in frequency from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to today, in accord with linear stability theory, but increase in amplitude. Diagnostic analyses indicate that altered momentum fluxes from midlatitude eddy activity caused by changes in orbital forcing (in the Holocene) and topographic forcing (at the LGM) regulate the strength of climatological easterlies and therefore affect both the tropical mean state and the characteristics of interannual variability. The fact that climatic teleconnections associated with paleo-ENSO are fundamentally different during these times suggests a way in which to reconcile some of the existing discrepancies amongst interpretations of proxy records and numerical paleoclimate simulations.


Diamond deposition by multi-cathode DC PACVD has been investigated. Five cathodes were independently connected to their own DC power supplies. The voltage and current of each cathode were varied up to 700 V and 3.5 A, respectively. The plasma formation and the diamond deposition behaviour on a substrate of 3 inch in diameter were investigated by optical emission spectroscopy, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The plasma formed by five cathodes was non-uniform, which was depended on the geometry of cathode array. The growth rate and the quality of diamond film were closely related to the spatial distribution of the plasma.


The most significant feature of plants on desert steppe is the deficient species,with most of them being xerophilous.These plants are of high-degree spatial heterogeneity and close to the natural environments.Differences in small terrains will inevitably lead to changes in the species diversity of plant communities and the spatial heterogeneity on different scales.Effects of different micro-landforms on the spatial heterogeneity of plant communities on desert steppe were studied in September,2011in the desert steppe that had been hill-closing afforested for almost ten years in the experimental area in Yanchi County, Ningxia,with the grassland communities' spatial differentiations in different slope places being researched in scales using line transects.The results are as the following:the spatial heterogeneity of plant communities differs in different slope aspects and different slope positions;the subshrubs function group is of most obvious patchiness in the spatial distribution,perennials function group following behind;annuals function group shows a higher degree of patchiness in shady slopes but much lower in sunny slopes;as for the succession of the grassland plants function groups,the perennials function group has developed to a relatively stable state,the subshrubs function group is in the growing period,and the annuals function group grows better in the shady slopes than in the sunny slopes.


The authors describe the use of an action research approach in designing a management development scheme which successfully commands the support of line management. The client was a large company, which had previously operated management development on an ad hoc basis, but had come to see a more planned approach as crucial to a total strategy aimed at business turnaround.


The results of a study carried out for the Swedish Transport Administration on fire detection in road tunnels is presented. Laboratory tests and numerous large-scale tests were carried out in order ...


Underlined portions of the text below represent corrected symbols that appeared in the derivation of equation 2 on p. 1711. Assume that the centers of granules are distributed randomly and uniformly over the cell volume , except for those regions in which steric hindrance does not allow the presence of a granule larger than a certain diameter because of overlap with the cell boundary. Then the probability to find the center of a granule of radius at a distance d from the boundary of a cell with radius is given by (1) where 4 ␲ (r 0 Ϫ d) 2 dr is the volume of a shell of width dr at distance (r 0 Ϫ d) from the center of the cell. p ␳ (d) ␳ r 0 p ␳ d () 0 for d ␳ Ͻ const 4␲ r 0 d Ϫ () 2 for d ␳ Ͼ и    ϭ


The paper detailed introduced the composition,structure and working principle of coarse coal slime dense medium cyclone,and then analyzed the actual separation effect by its single machine check testing.The industrial experiment show that the coal slime dense medium cyclone has a high separation efficiency,and its feed amount can be adjusted flexibly according to the coal quality,obtained better application result.


We present a fast feature matching approach based on coherence and geometry constraints. Our method first estimates the epipolar geometry between the images with a small number of feature points, then uses the epipolar geometry constraint and the coherence among the matches to guide the matching of the remaining features. For the rest of the feature points, we firstly reduce the scope of the candidate matching points according to the epipolar geometry constraint. After that, we use the coherence constraint, which requires the matching points of neighboring feature points to be neighbors, to further reduce the number of the candidate matching points. Such a strategy can effectively reduce the matching time and retain more correct matches which are filtered by David Lowe's ratio test. Finally, we remove the mismatches roughly with the coherence among the matches. We validate the effectiveness of our method through matching and SfM results on various of public datasets.


To estimate the economic cost of urinary incontinence in community‐dwelling Australian women aged 18 years and over for the year 1998.


The Light Force Accelerometer (LFA) is an optical inertial sensor in which radiation pressure from two counter-propagating laser beams optically confines a glass microsphere. Inertial acceleration of the device results in microsphere displacement along the sensitive axis, which is subsequently nulled by optical forces to provide an acceleration measurement. A simple calculation that takes into account fundamental noise processes in the LFA (i.e., shot noise and RIN in the laser beams) places the sensitivity limit of this accelerometer at < 100 ng. By incorporating widely available, inexpensive optical components into a simple design, a high-precision LFA could provide an appealing alternative to other sensors of comparable performance. Previous work on the LFA revealed instabilities in proof mass position detection caused by the asphericity of microspheres. In this thesis, an alternative method for position detection which was less sensitive to shape-irregularities in microspheres was investigated. Results indicated that resolution of microsphere motion was enhanced significantly when the new detection method was implemented. This improvement. however, did not eliminate the position instabilities observed previously. Capabilities for optical trapping with two counterpropagating beams in air were also developed in this work. Trapping with feedback position control in air was demonstrated for the first time, but long-term trapping in vacuum was prohibitively difficult due to destabilizing mechanical vibrations. For a microsphere in atmospheric pressure, the estimated bias stability was 318 jig after 300 seconds of averaging, and the approximate short-term sensitivity was 500 pg/v/ Hz. Stabilization of mechanical vibrations and precise calibration of power measurements to acceleration will allow this two-beam trap to probe the performance limits of the LFA. Thesis Supervisor: Shaoul Ezekiel, Sc.D. Title: Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Thesis Supervisor: Richard Stoner, Ph.D. Title: Principal Member of the Technical Staff


Hydrothermal performances of two water-cooled thermal management systems (TMSs) for cooling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are compared through three-dimensional simulations of laminar flow and heat transfer in TMSs, as well as conduction heat transfer with volumetric heat generation inside the battery cell. Maximum cell temperature and temperature variation across the cell are used to evaluate thermal performances of TMSs. The TMSs are different from each other by location of outlet manifold. In the bottom outlet (BO) design, the outlet is located at the bottom of the TMS's case, while in the middle outlet (MO) design, the outlet manifold is located at the middle of the TMS's case. Both designs provide safe operational temperature for LIBs, although the thermal performance of BO design is slightly higher than that of the MO design. This is due to distribution of water over a larger surface area in the BO TMS compared with the MO TMS. To provide a better insight on practical applications of TMSs, their thermal performances are described based on pumping power. Due to a shorter path from the inlet to the outlet in the MO design, compared with the BO design, the pressure drop is lower in the MO TMS. As a result, at a given flow rate, the MO TMS operates with a lower pumping power compared with the BO TMS. The present study suggests that selecting an appropriate TMS highly depends on design priorities. If the main goal is to maintain the cell temperature as low as possible, the BO design is an effective TMS. If the design goal is to minimize the pumping power, the MO TMS is an effective cooling system.


Purpose: ensure increase of effectiveness of training process's control by means of operative correction of training loads of different qualification judo wrestlers' heart beats rate indicators. Material: the research was conducted on the base of Brest SCJSOR № 1. Judo wrestlers of different sport qualification (age 17-19 years old, n=15) participated in the research. Monitoring of judo wrestlers' heart beats rate was carried out with the help of system "Polar". Results: we have found factorial structure of functional fitness in every profile of sportsmen. Model characteristics of judo wrestlers were supplemented with the most important sides of functional fitness. Analysis of indicators of restoration effectiveness indicators (REI) in both groups of judo wrestlers showed high level of organism's responsiveness to training load of special and power orientation in comparison with speed power load. We have worked out algorithm of operative correction of training loads by indicators of heart beats rate in training process, depending on orientation and intensity of loads' physiological influence on judo wrestler. Conclusions: Telemetric on-line monitoring of sportsman's heart beats rate and calculation of REI permit to objectively assess effectiveness of training's construction and of micro-cycle in total and


The invention discloses a kind of high-temperature vacuum heat insulation composite material with ceramic package, it is characterized in that being made up of ceramic foam core and ceramic package, the complete coating ceramic foam core material of ceramic package, ceramic foam core is sic foam, Alumina Foam, any of zirconium oxide foam, ceramic foam thickness is 5 ~ 30mm, ceramic foam porosity is 70% ~ 90%, ceramic package is silicon carbide ceramics, silicon nitride ceramics, aluminium oxide ceramics, any of silicon oxide ceramics, without penetrability duct in ceramic package, ceramic package wall thickness is 3 ~ 10mm, Ceramic shell internal pressure is less than 1000Pa.The material can be used under 1500 DEG C of environment above, material internal low pressure can effectively suppress the convection heat transfer' heat-transfer by convection of gas, so that material has extremely low thermal conductivity coefficient, material core is perforated foams, and material weight can be significantly reduced under identical heat-insulating efficiency.


Recently, the technology of generating and detecting terahertz (THz) waves by using ultrashort pulse lasers has made great progress. In this paper, we describe THz spectroscopies and imaging with the intention of applying them to diagnostics of plasmas in the future. After a brief description of the method of generating and detecting THz pulses with a femtosecond laser, the principle of THz time-domain spectroscopy is described. The THz magneto-optical effect measurement system up to the magnetic field of 10 T and down to 5 K is also shown. These systems are used to characterize solid state plasmas in semiconductors. The transmission- and reflection-type imaging systems are described and some examples of measurements are shown. Finally, the application of the THz technology to fusion plasma diagnostics is proposed.


A method of model based failure detection in self repairing flight control systems is dealt with in this article For the first time, the method of parity space is adopted for producing residual sequences and testifying the probability ratio so as to achieve test results under certain confidence level To fulfill the accuracy and real time requirement simultaneously, a combination of alert detection, verification detection and isolation detection is used to detect control surface failure probability ratio


T cells follow a triphasic distinct pathway of activation, proliferation and differentiation before becoming functionally and phenotypically "exhausted" in settings of chronic infection, autoimmunity and in cancer. Exhausted T cells progressively lose canonical effector functions, exhibit altered transcriptional networks and epigenetic signatures and gain constitutive expression of a broad coinhibitory receptor suite. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of exhausted T cell biology and examines cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a state of dysfunction or exhaustion is established, and mechanisms by which exhausted T cells may still contribute to pathogen or tumour control. Further, this review describes our understanding of exhausted T cell heterogeneity and outlines the mechanisms by which checkpoint blockade differentially engages exhausted T cell subsets to overcome exhaustion and recover T cell function.


This paper analyzed the characteristics of p-multiplier and the load distribution of H-pile group installed in weathered soil under horizontal loading. The results of this study conducted in pile arrangement (23, 33), the pile center to center spacing (2D, 4D, 6D), and soil density (relative density: 40%, 80%) were drawn as follows. As to the average horizontal loading applied to each pile in pile groups, the fewer number of piles was, the larger average horizontal resistance became. As the result of analysis on p-y curves of single piles and pile groups according to the pile distance and the soil density, as the pile spacing was increased from 2D to 6D, the interaction coefficients of pile group showed 0.85~0.94 (piles in the front row), 0.57~0.79 (piles in the middle row), and 0.60~0.71 (piles in the rear row) in the loose ground and showed 0.76~0.82 (piles in the front row), 0.58~0.73 (piles in the middle row), and 0.53~0.70 (piles in the rear row) in the dense ground. As above, the wider pile distance was, the larger interaction coefficient value was shown among piles. In addition, piles in the front row showed bigger interaction coefficients than that of piles in the middle and back row.


With the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the active distribution network (ADN), how to enable joint planning of DERs under the uncertainty of distributed generations (DGs) has become a challenging problem. This study establishes a two-stage joint planning model considering doubly-fed induction generator, photovoltaics (PVs) with the ancillary services of PV inverter, distributed energy storage systems and different types of controllable loads in the ADN. To address the uncertainties of DGs, a two-stage data-driven distributionally robust planning model is constructed. The proposed model is solved in a `master and sub-problem' framework by column-and-constraint generation algorithm, where the master problem is to minimise the total cost and find the optimal planning decision under the worst probability distributions, and the sub-problem is to find the worst probability distribution of given uncertain scenarios. Besides, the original mixed-integer non-linear planning problem is converted into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming problem through second-order cone relaxation, Big-M and piecewise linearisation method. The numerical results based on 33-bus system verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.


This paper presents the design and fabrication of a novel chipscale micromanipulator with multiple fingers that can be independently actuated and coordinated to manipulate and assemble micro-scale objects within a predefined workspace on the chip. The manipulator chip has an overall footprint of 5 mm × 5 mm and the workspace area for micromanipulation is about 4600 μm2 . The micromanipulator is integrated with tiny piezoelectric actuators and enclosed in a specially designed and precision machined compact housing, which has an overall size of 5 cm × 5 cm × 1.5 cm, to isolate the workspace area of the manipulator to minimize external disturbances. The topology and shape of the miltifingered micromanipulator chip were obtained through a systematic design optimization process maximizing the operating workspace of the micromanipulator, and a prototype was fabricated in silicon using the standard microfabrication processes. Preliminary experiments have confirmed the predicted behavior of the micromanipulator fingers as well as the feasibility of controlling multiple fingers to achieve a coordinated action to grasp a micro-scale object as commanded by the user.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Tribo-electrostatic separation is a clean technology that enables the recycling of plastics contained in granular waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). The granules are first charged using a tribocharging device and then separated in a horizontal intense electric field generated between two vertical electrodes energized with two high-voltage supplies of opposite polarities. The aim of this paper is to perform a comparison between three different tribocharging devices commonly used: the fluidized bed, the static charger, and the tribo-cyclone. The study was carried out using the same granular sample comprising 50% PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) and 50% HDPE (High-density polyethylene) particles of 1–2 mm average granulometric size. In spite that particles acquire higher electric charge using the cyclone device, separation efficiency is better with the fluidized bed device.


This paper deals with an experience of cooperative research carried out in the context of the EU Sixth Framework Program's Integrated Project NEEDS (2004–2008), and in particular in the research stream 2a "Modelling internalisation strategies including scenario building", co-ordinated by the IMAA CNR. The main objective of this work is to analyse scenarios with generated partial equilibrium technology rich energy models of 29 countries (EU-25 States plus Iceland, Norway, Romania, Switzerland), integrated into a Pan-European model, capable of analysing the impacts of different policies and price mechanisms, evaluating them also at a technology level both at the country level and from an EU wide perspective. All these models, characterised by a multi-period structure (base-year: 2000, last milestone year: 2050), will include the most important life-cycle emissions, materials, and costs analysed by other NEEDS research streams (LCA and ExternE). This paper describes the current status of the work carried out in the Research Stream 2a, including the basic methodological assumptions.


The effect of children's cartoons in the motion advertisement on product marketing The research deals with animated cartoons for children in motion advertising and explains the concept of marketing and its connection with optimal ways to satisfy the needs and desires in a competitive and profitable manner with the successful marketing management to make appropriate efforts to achieve an exchange of its products with prospective markets. The research also shows the difference between common confusion between marketing and advertising, as they are seen as two sides of the same coin, although there are some points of agreement or similarity between them, but this does not negate the existence of points of difference as well. It explains what marketing is not propaganda, and how propaganda cannot perform the role of marketing, as it exposes research to marketing tools, to achieve marketing goals. The most important contributions to modern marketing and helping companies to see the importance of changing perceptions from product focus to market and customer focus. The research presents models of animated cartoons for children as it is the thing that attracts their attention in anything, whether on clothes, bags, food products, or advertisements on television or on social media, especially if they are known to them. Where the use of the target cartoon characters known to them in advertisements, especially healthy food advertisements, it will be profitable for the production of the company and also beneficial to the child.


Primary study objectives were to characterize pain and explore differences between adolescents and adults with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and evaluate associations between pain-related outcomes and mobility. Purpose: Primary study objectives were to (a) characterize pain and explore differences between adolescents and adults with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) and (b) evaluate associations between pain-related outcomes and mobility. Methods: People who can walk and with AMC completed pain-related questionnaires. Results: Sixty-three participants (28 adolescents and 35 young adults) were recruited. Pain was reported in the past week by 81% of participants; intensity ratings were similar between age groups. Per the McGill Pain Questionnaire, pain severity was significantly lower among adolescents. Adults had a greater number of painful regions compared with adolescents. Greater 7-day average pain intensity, McGill Pain Questionnaire scores, and number of painful regions were associated with reduced functional mobility. Conclusions: As most adolescents and young adults with AMC have at least mild pain, and pain is associated with mobility, future longitudinal investigations of pain and its functional consequences are warranted.


ABSTRACT "Global Britain" has become the framing concept for post-Brexit foreign policy pursued by successive Conservative prime ministers. Despite exaggerated rhetoric to the contrary, this has not led to a significant shift in Britain's Gulf strategy, but rather intensified the pursuit of the existing network of bilateral relationships underpinned by security cooperation, defence exports and inward investment. A modest uplift of UK military presence in the Gulf has not demonstrably increased UK influence in the region or over the regional decisions of the Trump administration. This leaves the UK more exposed to risk from deteriorating relations between the US and Iran. It also highlights the delicate balance between Britain's increasing focus on pursuing domestic economic objectives and its modest defence, diplomatic and security contribution to stability in the Gulf. As Saudi Arabia and the UAE pursue increasingly active and independent regional policies, the UK must reappraise commitments implicit in its interdependent trade- and security-focused strategy to prepare for the possibility of difficult choices, both between allies and about the nature of UK involvement in future regional conflicts.


Abstract The paper presents the concept of genetic algorithm based optimization for the EMG pattern recognition system controlling the hand prosthesis. The recognition of EMG signals for determining the hand movements is made by a linear neural network discriminating between five predefined grasps. The input feature vector for the classification was established using AR model, and its coefficients became the features. The genetic algorithms are used to optimize the number of elements in the input feature vector and simultaneously maintain the recognition efficiency at the same level. Experimental results show a good efficiency in the optimization method maintaining the performance of the recognition system for the studied grasp movements' repertoire.


Ph.D. training worldwide, including Doctoral education in Engineering fields, has been in trouble for some time [1]. These last turbulent times (Pandemic, energy, inflation, and war crises) have only increased the problems previously reported by the 3rd cycle students and early career researchers, including chronic lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship [2]. It is also reported that Ph.D. candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. In the last two decades, opposite decisions took place in Europe concerning the curricula of Doctoral programs. In the years 2010s, a large number of classes was added to the Ph.D.s, contributing to almost residual time for thesis research in the first year of the programmes. However, ten years later, an abrupt change took place and almost all classes were removed from the Ph.D. curricula, creating a void in (hard and soft skills) training and leaving all the responsibility of training to the supervisor. Ph.D. students reported guidance and isolation issues in the first year. Moreover, today's little Ph.D. training is fully dedicated to the obtention of their Ph.D. and not to their role in society after the Ph.D. defense [3].This work discusses a new approach to doctoral STEAM education in the actual doctoral programs' framework, where few classes take place. This approach considers a novel Ph.D. training, both hard and soft skills development, through special intensive weeks, called Immersive Weeks. In these, distributed during the first year, Ph.D. students exclusively participate in several workshops, acquiring the tools for accomplishing both a successful Ph.D. and a future job. Pilots of this approach took place at the University of Aveiro with large success, while some improvement suggestions have also been pointed out by students.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of employers' responses to the restroom requests of transgender employees, and to assess the ability as educators to reduce transphobia in the students. Design/methodology/approach – Subjects were 194 undergraduate business students at a medium-sized public university in the northeastern USA who were enrolled in an undergraduate course in organizational behavior. During class, they read a brief case which asked the students to play the role of a CEO in Little Rock, Arkansas, receiving a complaint from a female employee about using the same restroom as a coworker who is transitioning from male to female. Findings – The most inclusive response was also the rarest, with only 27 percent of students recommending unisex bathrooms. Hostile actions, forcing the transitioning employee to use the men's restroom, were recommended by 38 percent of those who correctly realized that an employee would be unprotected by sexual orientation discrimination ...


Operative atlases are like cameras: some, like wide-angle lenses, attempt full coverage. Others have telephoto focus on a limited field. This book is in the telephoto category. It sharply outlines nine new operations chosen with care by the two editors from Dundee, Scotland, and Dublin. The authors are from the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. It is one of the first in a series, each of which will be devoted to a surgical specialty. The purpose of the book is to provide the experienced surgeon with a description by well-known surgeons of new and as yet unfamiliar operations. Most of the authors are enthusiastic devotees of the operations they describe. Freeark is fittingly reserved, however, about the many transiently touted operations designed to achieve weight reduction. His sensible thesis, however, is that if a surgeon chooses to perform such procedures, it behooves him to be acquainted with what


–-Tonal patterns in spoken language carry rich semantic and sentiment information. However, they may differ significantly from dialect to dialect, even within the same language. Therefore, understanding dialect-specific tonal patterns plays an important role for developing intelligent and customized speech understanding and generation technologies. The present study adopts phonetic experiments to systematically investigate the citation tone and tone sandhi patterns of Liaocheng and Tai'an dialects that belong to the Shangdong dialectal region in China. It aims to provide empirical data for the theoretical analysis and explore the diversities of tonal phenomenon within Shandong (Hereinafter, as SD) dialect. Results demonstrate that both of these two dialects have four citation tones, i.e., Tone 1(14), Tone2 (51), Tone3 (55), and Tone4 (35) in Liaocheng dialect; Tone 1(14), Tone2 (51), Tone3 (55), and Tone4 (213) in Tai'an dialect. Due to the difference of Tone4 between these two dialects, Tai'an dialect exhibits more kinds of tone sandhi patterns than Liaocheng dialect. This result lies in the devious tone4 in Tai'an dialect, which triggers more tonal variations in disyllabic sequences.


Patch testing with sitagliptin at concentrations of 5% and 20% in white petrolatum resulted in a negative response. A drug lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST) was also negative. The patient refused a challenge test. Although patch testing and DLST were negative, we diagnosed our case as a maculopapular drug eruption caused by sitagliptin by the patient's medication history, eruption and clinical course. Regarding the relationship between DPP-IV and skin, DPP-IV is associated with substance P (SP), because SP is degraded by DPP-IV. SP is released during the activation of sensory nerves, and causes vasodilation, edema and pain. SP is normally degraded by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). However, when ACE is inhibited, SP is inactivated by DPP-IV. In this context, SP contributes to ACE inhibitor-associated tracheal edema in animal models. In addition, it has been reported that plasma DPP-IV activity is decreased in some patients during ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema. This suggests that pharmacological inhibition of DPP-IV by sitagliptin could increase the risk of angioedema in patients taking ACE inhibitors, although angioedema was not recognized in our case. In fact, 14 postmarketing cases of sitagliptin-associated angioedema when combined with ACE inhibitors indicated that sitagliptin induced the severe angioedema or angioedema-related symptoms, such as tongue swelling. Five of the 14 cases were hospitalized, two were admitted to an intensive care unit and one was intubated. Although there is no direct evidence to diagnose our case as a drug eruption caused by sitagliptin, even in Japanese postmarketing reports of sitagliptin, there were 23 cases of drug eruption, including two cases of Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Thus, it seems that although there has been only one case report published, drug eruption caused by sitagliptin is not rare, leading to a lack of recognition of sitagliptin-induced allergic reaction. It is for this reason that we report our case.


Cloud Robotics is the application of the cloud computing concept to the robot. It utilizes modern cloud computing infrastructure to distribute computing resources and datasets. A cloud based localization technique is proposed in this paper to allow the robot to identify its location relative to a road network map in the cloud. The update of the road network map and the extraction of the robot-terrain inclination model (RTI model) are running in the cloud. A particle filter localization is achieved on the mobile robot based on the local RTI model sent from the cloud. Experiments were carried out for validation of the proposed cloud based localization technique. Preliminary results show that this method could be potentially applicable to long-term autonomous.


..................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...........................................................................1 Problem Statement....................................................................................1 Purpose of the Study.................................................................................2 Hypotheses.............................................................................................3 Definition of Variables..............................................................................5 Methodological Approach...........................................................................8 Significance of the Study............................................................................9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................10 Postschool Outcomes of Youth with Significant Disabilities.................................10 Community Participation of Youth with Significant Disabilities.............................14 Predictive Factors Relevant to Community Participation......................................21 Background on Youth with Significant Disabilities............................................27 Summary.............................................................................................33 CHAPTER 3: METHODS...................................................................................35 Participants...........................................................................................35 National Longitudinal Transition Study Data Set...............................................38 Criterion Variables..................................................................................40 Community Presence......................................................................41 Community Involvement..................................................................41 Social Engagement.........................................................................42 Predictor Variables..................................................................................42 Youth Domain...............................................................................43 Family Domain.............................................................................44 School Domain...............................................................................45 Community Domain........................................................................46


The upper beech forest line has a very complicated shape in a mountain valley running in the W-E direction. On the shady northern slope it reaches an average of 1659 m above sea level, while on the insolated southern slope, about 1760 m. It was found and proven statistically that the altitude of the boundary is dependent on the relative isolation (r = 0.309, α = 0.01), exposition and relief of the territory.


Inclusion-free single crystals of LiBeBO3, Li6Be3B4O12, and Li8Be5B6O18 are obtained from molten fluxes containing Li2CO3, BeO, and B2O3 by spontaneous crystallization (Pt crucible, cooling from 1000 °C in steps of 5 °C, 4—6 h holding time per step).


Nanocrystalline Ca2Gd8Si6O26 (CGS): Sm3+ phosphors were synthesized by solvothermal reaction method. The structural and morphological properties of the samples were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra along with decay properties were investigated as a function of Sm3+ concentration. Under 405 nm excitation wavelength, the photoluminescence spectra showed three emission peaks at 565 nm (4G5/2 → 6H5/2) and at 650 nm (4G5/2 → 6H9/2), and with an intense orange emission at 600 nm (4G5/2 → 6H7/2). Based on the orange emission performance, the Sm3+ concentration was optimized to be at 2 mol%. The low voltage cathodoluminescence (CL) properties were also performed for 2 mol% Sm3+-doped CGS phosphors as a function of accelerating voltage (1–5 kV). From the CL spectra, the reddish-orange emission was observed. The calculated Commission International De I-Eclairage chromaticity coordinates are in close proximity to the chromaticity coordinates of Nichia corporation developed amber light emitting diodes.


Although it has been well established that the drug efflux pump P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) protects the brain against the entry of cytotoxic drugs, its real in situ localization, i.e., at brain capillary endothelial cells or on astrocyte foot processes, is still controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of P‐gp and of multidrug resistance‐associated protein (Mrp1), another drug efflux pump, in cultured neonatal rat brain astrocytes and in cultured brain capillary endothelial cells. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis showed that the mdr1b gene was preferentially expressed in astrocytes, whereas both mdr1a and mdr1b mRNA were detected in endothelial cells. Moreover, the mrp1 gene encoding Mrp1 was expressed in both cell types. Western blotting analysis revealed higher expression of P‐gp in endothelial cells as compared with astrocytes, but higher expression of Mrp1 in astrocytes. Moreover, P‐gp and Mrp1 expression was not modified in more differentiated astrocytes obtained when cultured with db‐cAMP for 48 hr. Our functional analysis of P‐gp showed a modest effect of P‐gp modulators (CsA, verapamil, PSC 833) on the uptake of colchicine (a substrate of P‐gp) by astrocytes, whereas they increased by about 50% the uptake of vincristine (a common substrate of P‐gp and MRP) by astrocytes. MRP modulators (genistein, probenecid, and sulfinpyrazone) did not modify the uptake of colchicine but increased that of vincristine with a major effect found for sulfinpyrazone. Moreover, indomethacin, probenecid, and sulfinpyrazone increased the uptake of fluorescein (a substrate of MRP but not of P‐gp). Taken together, our results provide the first biochemical and functional evidence supporting the expression of P‐gp and Mrp1 in rat cultured astrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 60:594–601, 2000 © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Kim, Jang Gi; Yoon, Jo Duk.2012.Development and operation of workers' compensation insurance scheme in S. Korea,Report,SeoulKDI School of Public Policy and Management,Knowledge Sharing Program: KSP Modularization,98


greater weight was given to the positions of major contributors. The American complaint, shared by a number of other, principally Western, members, was that the organization had become over-burdened, inefficient, and dominated by a Third World majority which trampled over the values and views of those who carried the largest share of the budget. The American threat has subsided after a series of financial and management reforms. These include a reduction of high-level staff positions, greater controls on expenditures, and agreement to adopt consensus procedure in reviewing the programme and budget, thus retaining the principle of one state, one vote, but ensuring that the approved budget has the concurrence of major contributors. Still, the financial condition of the United Nations remains precarious as members continue to be deeply in arrears in their payments, especially the United States. Moreover, efforts to revise the organization's role


A detailed impact analysis of high-frequency material and printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication technology on antenna design for 77/79 GHz automotive radar application has been performed. Based on the same single patch antenna layout, three antenna samples were fabricated by a commercialized PCB manufacturer (Tech-1) using three different mainstream high-frequency materials (Mat-1: RO3003, Mat-2: NF30, and Mat-3: R5515). Additionally, a fourth sample was fabricated by another PCB manufacturer (Tech-2) using high-frequency material (Mat-2: NF30). According to probe-based on-board antenna measurement results, reflection coefficient and radiation pattern of the four antenna samples are characterized and compared with each other. With the same PCB technology, high-frequency material leads to a center frequency shift of maximally 2.2 GHz. With the same high-frequency material, PCB technology violation leads to a center frequency shift of maximally 1.2 GHz. Radiation pattern form at center frequency was not quite affected at E- and H-plane. Maximum 5 dB of amplitude value variation could be due to impedance matching, resistive/material loss, which are effected by overall fabrication accuracy.


We have incorporated an active-learning assignment, Reading Papers Using Key Sentences, in an upper-level Introduction to Chemical Research course. Although key sentences are typically used to help authors write with clarity and organization, we have found that this assignment helps students improve upon and practice reading journal articles for comprehension. A recent survey of the Fall 2011 class shows that on a scale of 1–5 (1 = not at all; 3 = somewhat; 5 = very much), students found that the key sentence assignment helped them to identify key words and concepts, understand the author's point, and evaluate information. Students have reported that the exercise helped them to prepare slides for their final oral presentation; we have also observed improvement in their average grades on the midterm reading assignment exam since we started doing the key sentence assignment in the Fall of 2010.


Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is taking on bilingual education in the 21st century. In this particular context, Spain, this approach has firmly taken hold. Due to mainstreaming, or the move to entirely bilingual schools, diversity has been put at the forefront of research. Charged with bolstering language learning competences in Spain, a country with notoriously poor foreign language competence and an unbalanced tradition with bilingual education, CLIL has now risen to meet the challenge to cater to the wide spectrum of students and foment access to high quality, functional language education. Thus, analyzing the perceptions of those implementing these classes, the teachers, is critical to gauge how the CLIL methodology is working with all types of students. Through the use of ADiBE protocol and instruments, this study explores six teachers' perceptions at the secondary education level in Andalusia through the use of questionnaires, one-on-one interviews, and classroom observations. The results show how diversity is being attended to by teachers in this particular context, while simultaneously casting light on the obstacles and limitations that are still in need of addressing.


Transformations of THF–1-boraadamantane 1 into 1-(1-hydroxyethyl)adamantane 5 and the hydrochioride salt of 1-(1-aminoethyl)adamantane (rimantadine) 9, based on a series of 1,2-anionotropic rearrangements in the corresponding 'ate'-complexes, are presented.


Abstract 2-Thioxc-3,5,7-trisubstitutcd-I-[2′.3′,5′-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyllpyrido [2,3-d]pyri midin-4(IH)-ones have been prepared by the condensation of trimethylsilyl derivative of 2-thioxo-3,5,7-trisubstituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(IH)-ones with β-D-ribofuranose 1-acetate-2,3,5-tribenzoate in 65%-78% yield. The structure of the synthesized ribofuranosides and their precursors have been established by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. These derivatives have been screened for their antimicrobial activity.


In electricity supply systems, short circuits can cause damage to the equipment, endanger human lives or interrupt operations. The dynamic and thermal stresses from short circuits play a major role in the dimensioning of stations and equipment. This is why the calculation of short circuits is so significant in planning and operation when it comes to the safety and profitability of electricity supply systems. Both maximum (station design) and minimum (protection equipment parameter adjustment) short-circuit currents must be defined for all relevant technical and operational situations in the systems. The necessary calculation methods should provide the most accurate and safe results with a minimum complexity.


Numerical simulations of an ultrashort pulse propagation in a one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal are carried out. It is known that the relaxation of cubic nonlinearity is the reason for the effect of pulse self-trapping in such a multilayer system. In this paper we study further implications of this effect. It is shown that the trapped light absorbs additional low-intensity pulses which cannot be self-trapped per se. On the other hand, such low-intensity pulses are subject to the so-called induced trapping when light becomes trapped due to a collision of two such pulses. We consider the conditions for this effect in cases of both co- and counter-propagating pulses.


Background and aims To investigate the value of urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) kidney injury molecular-1 (KIM-1) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) following childhood cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods 67 patients accepted CPB assigned to acute kidney injury group (group AKI) ornon-acute kidney injury group (group non-AKI). Samples were taken regularly after CPB 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Results The incidence of AKI was 34%, including 15 cases with Risk stage AKI, 4 cases with Injury stage AKI, 3 cases with Failure stage AKI, 1 cases with Loss stage AKI. Comparing with the non-AKI group, the levels of urinary NGAL/Cr was much higher than that of controls after CPB 24 h. The levels of urinary NGAL/Cr were higher than that of controls after CPB 48 h. The values for the AUC were determined for urine KIM-1 as 0.698 and 0.662 after CPB 24 h and 48 h. Comparing with the pre-operation, the levels of urinary IL-18/Cr were higher than that of controls after CPB 30 min. AKI group has a higher level than that of non-AKI group after CPB 4 h. Conclusion In this study, our results identify that possibly urine NGAL, KIM-1 and IL-18 are more significative than Scr for early detection. However, the exact clinical value needs to be further elucidated.


Introduction U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) regulations require all large CAFO operators to ensure proper application of manure, litter, and other process wastewater to land under the control of the CAFO. Land application must be in accordance with a nutrient management plan that establishes application rates for each field based on the technical standards each state has established for nutrient management. Generally, that means the operator may only apply animal manures and wastewaters to land at rates that meet the nutrient needs of current or intended crops grown on the land. A thorough discussion on establishing agronomic rates for a CAFO is presented in CAFO Fact Sheet #25: Making Decisions Abaout Application Rates.


This paper presents our work on vowel system detection as part of a project of automatic language identification using phonological typologies. We have developed a vowel detection algorithm based on spectral analysis of the acoustic signal and requiring no learning stage. It has been tested with two telephone speech corpora: with a French corpus provided by the CNET, 7.4% of detections are false while about 25% of the vowels present in the signal are not found; and experiments with 5 languages of the OGI-TS corpus result in 88.1 % of correct detection and about 15 % of non-detection. We also present the vector quantization (VQ) LBG-Rissanen (1980, 1983) algorithm that we use for vowel system modeling. Preliminary experiments are reported.


TUERE have been many records of North American birds wintering in the tropics or even as far south as the South Temperate Zone and the Antarctic, and such migratory movement is too well known to need more than passing comment here. We have also some data on the travels of South Temperate Zone species of Africa and Australia northward into tropical regions of their own longitudes, but South America has not been documented to the same extent. It is not uncommon, therefore, to hear the statement made that South American birds do not migrate, a statement which is quite erroneous, as will be seen. A few writers have noted the disappearance or reappearance of certain species at certain places and seasons, but there has been little evidence to show where the period of absence has been spent. Within the tropics there is some wandering, evidently in relation to food supply. Such is the case with the Wood Ibis which has been reported to go from the Amazon to the Orinoco during that season when the enormous inundation of the Amazon Valley buries the shallows which these birds require for their feeding. Various hummingbirds, such as Rhodopis vesper atacamensis of Chile, appear to be found in their known haunts only at certain seasons. It is possible that their movements may be governed by the flowering seasons of certain plants, but it is also possible that the cause may be no more than that which operates in better-known migrations. A somewhat comparable condition exists in species like Agelaius thilius which keeps to the marshes in breeding time but is more widely distributed in winter. This, as Dr. Chapman has maintained in his studies of Wagler's Oropendola on Barro Colorado, is, in its way, a true migration. Our own Red-winged Blackbird does the same thing. In the Andean regions there is occasional altitudinal movement from higher elevations to lower and return, such as occurs in Cinclodes oustaleti of Chile as well as in various North American birds. A


"I believe, there might be excellent use made of the Barometer for predicting of Hurricanes, and other Tempests, especially at sea; since I am credibly informed, that a person of quality, who lives by the sea-side . . . can by the Barometer almost infallibly foretell any great tempest for several hours before it begins."


Genus and Species. Sus scrofa. Locus. Pig serotonin receptor subtype 2 alpha ( HTR2A) and pig endothelin-B receptor ( EDNRB) . Source and Description of Primers. Heterologous primers for EDNRB were obtained from Leslie Lyons through the CATS project (Lyons et al., 1997) and primers for HTR2A were designed from highly conserved human (M86841) and mouse sequences (X72222). Primers ( EDNRB forward: 5¢AATTGTTTTAATTTGGGTGGTCTC3¢ and EDNRB reverse: 5¢-AGCCACCAGTCTTTAGCTGTC-3¢; HTR2A forward: 5¢-CCCTAGAGAAAAAGCTGCAGA-3¢ and HTR2A reverse: 5¢GACACGGGCATGACAAGGA-3¢) were used to amplify pig homologous fragments by standard PCR. Pig genomic fragments amplified with heterologous primers were sequenced to confirm homology. An 81% similarity over 125 bp was found in the exon 3 region of the EDNRB gene between human and the new pig sequence-tagged sites ( STS) . A 100% sequence similarity was found for 115 bases of the exon 1 region of HTR2A gene between our STS and a pig HTR2A cDNA sequence (accession no. S78208). Pig-specific primers were designed from the pig STS obtained in this study ( HTR2A forward: 5¢CCCTAGAGAAAAAGCTG CAGA-3¢ and HTR2A reverse: 5¢-GCAGAGGCCACCGGTA-3¢) to increase the PCR efficiency.


3D-memory and processor-memory structures are promising applications of 3D-IC technology. With 3D integration, the effective density of memories can increase and the interconnect distance from processor to memory can be shortened. Due to their stacked structure, the upper dies behave as shields blocking outer particles from reaching lower dies, and it makes an error rate of the top layer largest among all layers. Therefore, it is important to improve reliability of upper dies in the 3D-ICs. A novel ECC scheme for 3D-memory to secure reliable operations by enhancing ECC capability of upper layer memories is introduced in this paper. The proposed scheme does not require additional redundancies. Instead, it utilizes unused spare columns of lower layer memories to store additional check-bits of upper layer memories. It forms an asymmetric ECC organization across different layers which enhances ECC capabilities in upper layers. Experimental results show that the proposed method can tolerate more than three times of a bit-error rate compared to the conventional method.