Atomic optical filters such as Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filters (FADOFs) or similar technologies can achieve very narrow optical bandwidth close to the scale of atomic linewidth, which can be greatly reduced in cold atoms. However, limited by the number of cold atoms and the size of the cold atomic cloud, the number of atoms interacting with the laser is reduced, and the transmission remains as low as 2%. In this work, we introduce the optical pumping into the cold atomic optical filter to solve this problem. Circular polarized optical pumping can produce polarization of the atomic ensemble and induce dichromatic as well as the Faraday rotation. We demonstrate a cold-atom optical filter which operates on the 87Rb 52S1/2 (F=2) to 52P3/2 (F′=2) transition at 780 nm. The filter achieves an ultranarrow bandwidth of 6.6(4) MHz, and its peak transmission is 15.6%, which is nearly 14 times higher than that of the cold-atom optical filter realized by Faraday magneto-optic effect. This scheme can be extended to almost all kinds of atomic optical filters and may find applications in self-stabilizing laser and active optical clock.


ABSTRACT The solubility of sildenafil citrate (SC) in aqueous mixtures of propylene glycol (PG) was investigated. This study was carried out at different mass fractions of PG ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 at T = 293.2–313.2 K. The solubility of SC in the mixed solutions increased with increasing temperature and PG mass fraction. The solubility values were correlated by two co-solvency models (Jouyban–Acree model and van't Hoff–Jouyban–Acree model). The mean relative deviations (MRD) were 5.7% and 5.5%, respectively. Density of the SC-saturated solutions over the entire solvent composition and temperature range was also measured and the results correlated with the Jouyban–Acree model. Furthermore, the apparent thermodynamic properties, dissolution enthalpy, dissolution entropy and Gibbs free energy change of dissolution process of SC in all the mixed solvents were calculated according to van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. Dissolution of SC in these mixed solvents is an endothermic process.


The paper defines the importance of the argumentative culture of a person in the modern world. It reviews the formation of rhetorical competences in elementary school students through educational disputes. The rhetorical skills are defined as the ability to influence an individual or audience with verbal methods during interpersonal or collective communication and are seen as a structural component of communicative competence. Communicative competences are considered the most important, as they include universal learning actions tied to ability to facilitate the dialogue, present personal opinions and rationalize them, while being prepared to resolve conflicts by cooperation and accounting for the interests of both sides. Communicative speech activity the dispute has learning and developmental opportunities in the classroom. The main method chosen for the creation of rhetorical competences in elementary school students is the educational dispute. The conditions pertaining to the most effective formation of rhetorical competence through the educational disputes are defined and validated: learning how to make a reasoning, training how to pick different theses or arguments, creating educational situations with a difficult question, using formulas defined by the


The information terminal bus stop has been studied widely. It is reported that the information terminal bus stop for citizen support is effective for the purpose of improving citizens' convenience. In particular, the bus location system is considered important for the purpose of eliminating users' concern about what time will it arrive?, Will it arrive at all?; thus, there is a great deal of research. Because conventional systems need the communication charges, there are problems including introduction and maintenance costs are high. Therefore, a method using Wi-SUN has been proposed. However, Wi-SUN has a short transmission distance characteristic and requires many repeaters. The problem of introduction cost has not been solved. In order to solve this problem, we propose a bus location system using LoRa. The proposed system was able to reduce the number of the repeaters and bus stops to 1/4 or less compared with the system using Wi-SUN. The proposed system is superior to the system using Wi-SUN in terms of installation cost.


Progressive loss of productivity and plant diversity is a major in global rangelands. In African rangelands ecosystems, this process is partly attributed to heavy and uncontrolled grazing by livestock and wildlife, leading to land degradation. Therefore, restoring such degraded rangelands is critical for enhancing ecosystem health and securing the livelihoods of millions of people. Active restoration strategies, e.g. reseeding using indigenous perennial grasses has been identified as a viable ecological solution for restoring degraded African rangelands. Grass species indigenous to African rangelands Cenchrus ciliaris L. (African foxtail grass), Eragrostis superba Peyr. (Maasai love grass), Enteropogon macrostachyus (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) Monro ex Benth. (Bush rye grass), Chloris roxburghiana Schult. (Horsetail grass) and Chloris gayana Kunth. cv Boma (Rhodes grass) were established in a semi-arid rangeland in Africa under natural conditions to compare their morphoecological characteristics and suitability for use in ecological restoration. Biomass dry matter yields, plant densities, basal cover, seed production, tiller densities and plant height were measured. Chloris gayana cv Boma and E. superba produced significantly higher dry matter biomass yields and seed production than other species. High biomass and seed production demonstrate their suitability to support livestock production and replenish depleted soil seed banks, respectively. Enteropogon macrostachyus and C. ciliaris displayed significantly higher values for plant densities, tiller densities and basal cover, also a component of establishment and ecological restoration success. Chloris roxburghiana ranked lowest in all the measured morphoecological characteristics. This may be a strong indicator of ecological site-specific characteristic of C. roxburghiana. Successful restoration of degraded African semi-arid rangelands using indigenous grass reseeding can best be achieved through careful selection of grasses to take advantage of their specific morphoecological characteristics. This selection should primarily be informed by the intended use of the rangeland.


It has been suggested that the number of siblings in a family is a surrogate variable for exposure to early infections. Since there may be an association between early respiratory infections and impaired lung function in later life, the aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the number of siblings and pulmonary function. We analyzed pulmonary function data from 677 schoolchildren living in 431 nuclear families.


A new Bayesian evaluation framework enables evaluators to systematically control any imperfections in the data for the first time on a point-bypoint basis, while remaining in harmony with Bayes theorem throughout. Data imperfections include, but are not limited to, inconsistent data, or incomplete information on prior PDF of data or model parameters. The framework introduces a new set of parameters evaluators may judiciously use to moderate the e↵ect of imperfections in data, by defining a set of posterior expectation values of deviations between the data and the model predictions. The final outcome of such an evaluation is a Bayesian posterior probability distribution function that should be used for calculation of any other posterior expectation values. Analytical solutions for this framework are derived for linear models, and iterative solutions are derived for non-linear models. It is demonstrated how this framework converges toward the conventional -minimization evaluation method in the limit vanishing imperfections. This framework can seamlessly include integral benchmark experiments for simultaneous evaluations with (raw a d/or reduced) di↵erential data, and it reveals potentially useful extensions of Bayesian adjustment method implemented in the TSURFER code. 1 Background and Nota n Generalized data vector, denoted by z, is a concatenation of parameter vector, P , and data vector, D: z ⌘ ✓ P D ◆ . (1) Bayes theorem expresses the posterior probability function (PDF), p0(z| ), of generalized data, z, as a product of the prior PDF, p(z| ), and the likelihood function, L( |z ), p0(z| ) = p0(z| ) = N 0L( |z )⇥ p(z| ), (2) 1 whose prior and posterior expectation values are computed by setting f(z) = , but the constraint is imposed on the posterior expectation values only, i.e., on the poste ior PDF, uch that h i0 and 0 equal to the values imposed by evaluator. On the other h nd, prior expectation values of and its prior covariance matrix, , are determined by the prior PDF, p(z| ), and are not constrained. (When applied to line-fitting, (T (P ), D) could be alternatively defined as the nearest distance between each point in the data set, D, and the line defined by T(P).) The posterior PDF is constrained by evaluator-defined posterior expectation v lues, h i0, and by constraining its post ri r covariance matrix 0, that is, 0 ⌘ h( h i0)( h i0)|i0, (11) where posterior expectation values are indicated by primes. Constraints on posterior expectation yields a likelihood function, expressed in the following form in order to simplify the ensuing derivation L( |z, ) L(h i0, 0|z, ) = e 2 ( ) |⇤ ( ) (12) where the vector and the matrix⇤ contain (constant) parameters whose values are determined by the constraints on the posterior expectation values h i0, and the corresponding posterior covariance matrix, '. Combining the prior PDF and the likelihood function into Eq. (2) yields a posterior PDF of the form p0(z| ) N 0L(h i0, 0|z, )⇥ p(z| ), (13) that should be used to compute posterior expectation values of evaluated data, hT (P )i0 and the corresponding covariance matrix. Inserting a normal prior PDF specified by a prior mean values, hzi and the prior covariance matrix, C, into Eq. (2) yields a posterior PDF of the form p0(z| ) N 0L(h i0, 0|z, hzi,C)⇥N (z|hzi,C), (14) which is a special case of posterior PDF that will reveal a generalization of the conventional cost function in the next Section. All conventional evaluation methods implicitly set h i0 = 0 and 0 = 0, for which = 0 and ⇤ = 0, so that L(h i0, 0|z, hzi,C) = Dirac(T (P ) D), and the posterior PDF becomes (after eliminating its dependence on data, D, by integrating1 it over D) p0(P | ) N 0N ((z| D=T (P ) )|hzi,C), (15) which leads to a conventional minimization of 2(P ) appearing in the exponent of the normal PDF above, e (P )/2, i.e., (P ) = (z| D=T (P ) hzi)|C (z| D=T (P ) hzi). (16) 1The posterior PDF will still depend on hDi, since the integration of the posterior PDF over D does not a↵ect prior expectation values, hDi, already present in the posterior PDF. 3 whose prior a d p sterior expectation v lues are computed by setting f(z) = , but the constraint is imposed on the posterior expectation values only, i.e., on the pos erior PDF, such that h i0 and 0 equal to the values imposed by evaluator. On the other hand, prior expectatio values of and its prior covariance matrix, , are determined by the prior PDF, p(z| ), and are not constrained. (When applied to line-fitting, (T (P ), D) could be alternatively defined as the nearest distance between each poin in he data set, D, a th line defined by T(P).) The poster or PDF is constrained by evaluator-defined posterior expect tion values, h i0, and by constraining its posterior covariance matrix 0, that is, 0 ⌘ h( h i0)( h i0)|i0, (11) where posterior expectation values are indicated by primes. Constraints on posterior expectation yields a likelihood function, expressed in the following form in order to simplify the ensuing derivation L( |z, ) L(h i0, 0|z, ) = e 2 ( ) |⇤ ( ) (12) where the vector and the matrix⇤ contain (constant) parameters whose values are determined by the constraints on the posterior expectation values h i0, and the corresponding posterior covariance matrix, '. Combining the prior PDF and the likelihood function into Eq. (2) yields a posterior PDF of the form p0(z| ) N 0L(h i0, 0|z, )⇥ p(z| ), (13) that should be used to compute posterior expectation values of eval ata, hT (P )i0 and the corresponding covariance matrix. Inserting a normal prior PDF specified by a prior mean values, hzi and the prior covariance matrix, C, into Eq. (2) yields a posterior PDF of the form p0(z| ) N 0L(h i0, 0|z, hzi,C)⇥N (z|hzi,C), (14) which is a special case of posterior PDF that will reveal a generalization of the conventiona cost function in the ext Section. All conventional evaluation methods implicitly set h i0 = 0 and 0 = 0, for which = 0 and ⇤ = 0, so that L(h i0, 0|z, hzi,C) = Dirac(T (P ) D), and the posterior PDF becomes (after eliminating its dependence on data, D, by integrating1 it over D) p0(P | ) N 0N ((z| D=T (P ) )|hzi,C), (15) which leads to a conventional minimization of 2(P ) appearing in the exponent of the normal PDF above, e (P )/2, i.e., (P ) = (z| D=T (P ) hzi)|C (z| D=T (P ) hzi). (16) 1The posterior PDF will still depend on hDi, since the integration of the posterior PDF over D does not a↵ect prior expectation values, hDi, already present in the posterior PDF. 3 • We recognize that 1. is equivalent to constraining the posterior expectatio valu s of , and of its covariance ma rix, t 0: For W = 0, that is, in the absence of any covariance between the model parameters, P , and data, D, it becomes: (P ) (P hP i)|M (P hP i) + (T (P ) hDi)|V (T (P ) hDi). (17) When the posterior PDF is a normal PDF, then the expectation values hP i0 are equal to the values P̂ that minimize 2, and, their corresponding posterior covariance matrix, M̂, is evaluated at tha mini um. Data ev luations are then reported as T (P̂ ) an the corresponding covariance mat ix is compu ed in li ear approximation as S|P̂M̂S| | P̂ , where S|P̂ are model sensitivities evaluated at P̂ . The Bayesian evaluation framework for imperfect data empowers evaluators to modify data points, one at a time, even when there may be multiple measured data of an identical quantity. This should be contrasted to modifying an imperfect model when there are several measurements of a same quantity. A simple model, T (P ) = P where P is a single scalar parameter, could be used to illustrate the di↵erence between the two, for prior generalized data hzi = (hP i, hDi) = (2, 1, 3). Then introducing an additive correction to account for a model imperfection would a↵ect the model alone (while keeping the data fixed), whereas accounting for data imperfections enables addressing imperfections at each data point, in this case hDi = (1, 3), while keeping the model fixed. 2 Pos rior PDF: linear mod ls and normal PDFs It is instructive to illustrate some of these concepts when the model, T (P ), is a linear function of parameters, P , and when all PDFs are assumed to be normal, because of the simplifications his case a↵ords, and because the introduced extensions to the conventional 2-minimization method are straig tforward. A generalized cost function is defined by collecting the exponents of the likelihood function, and the prior PDF, on the right hand side of Eq. (14), to obtain p(z| ) N 0e 2X 2(z), (18)


Desmoid tumors of the chest are rare and invasive tumors. We report the case of a 66-year-old patient operated through a Cormier Dartevelle Grunewald incision. After resection of the first two ribs to improve exposition, we proceeded to a careful control of the proximal and distal extremities of the sub-clavian artery that was invaded by the tumor. A termino-terminal anastomosis was performed after removal of the invaded segment. One-piece resection was not possible because of the size of the mass. The resection of the intra-foraminal extension was performed with an intra-thoracic approach by a neurosurgeon. The postoperative course was uneventful.


b Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. cSchool of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. dResearch Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Correspondence to Nafiseh Sheykhbahaei (email: firstname.lastname@example.com). (Submitted: 18 October 2017 – Revised version received: 27 October 2017 – Accepted: 20 November 2017 – Published online: 26 March 2018)


Available bandwidth estimationis a vital component of admission control for quality-of-service(QoS) in both wireline as well aswirelessnetworks. In wirelessnetworks, theavailablebandwidth undergoes fasttime-scalevariationsdueto channel fadinganderror from physical obstacles.Theseeffects are not presentin wireline networks, andmake estimationof availablebandwidth in wireless networks a challenging task.Furthermore, the wirelesschannel is also a shared-a ccessmedium, and the available bandwidth also varieswith the number of hostscontending for the channel. Wirelesslast-hopnetworks employing the IEEE 802.11 protocol in Distributed Co-ordination Function(DCF) modeare becoming increasingly popular. In DCF mode, the 802.11 protocol [1] does not require any centralizedentity to co-ordinate users' transmissions. The MAC layer uses a CSMA/CA algorithm for shared use of the medium. In this extended abstract,we present an available bandwidth estimation schemefor IEEE 802.11-based wirelessnetworks. Our schemedoesnot modify the CSMA/CA MAC protocol in any manner, but gaugesthe effect of phenomena suchasmedium contention, channel fadingandinterference,which influence the available bandwidth, on it. Basedon the effect of the phenomenaon the working of the medium-accessscheme,we estimatethe available bandwidth of a wirelesshost to eachof its neighbors 1.


Conventional weapon test evaluation mostly relied on the on-the-spot test,which consumed more costly.Integrated test evaluation could make full use of all kinds of available prior information to effectively overcome the shortcomings of traditional test evaluation.The types,characteristics and pretreatment of prior information are explained in the paper;how to make prior information from different test conditions transform to the same collectivity and be uniform verified are studied.The integrated test evaluation method and characteristics of the prior information and the on-the-spot test information integration are analyzed and studied,and the operating characteristic(OC) curve of the integrated test evluation method is given.


Modern life is quite comfortable. Less and less physical effort a human spends to meet every day needs. A sedentary lifestyle is becoming habitual for many, but it is important to remember that a young body needs exercise to grow and develop. In order to maintain good physical shape, you should do exercise. As a result, physical qualities develop: endurance, strength, agility, speed, flexibility. First of all physical activity improves not only the physical form, but also promotes the harmonious development of the child, strengthening his health. It is easier to raise a healthy child it quickly acquires the necessary skills and abilities, better adapts to changes in environmental conditions. It is easier to raise a healthy child, which quickly acquires the necessary skills and abilities, better adapts to changes in environmental conditions. An active healthy child is always strong and cheerful. Insufficient motor activity, vice versa, leads to weakness, weakens the body and its resistance to various diseases. Hypodynamia has an negatively affects mental development, reduces efficiency. This indicates a close relationship between mental and physical development. Daily exercise, participation in moving games; long walks are necessary condition for creating an optimal motor that meets the biological needs of the child's body.


This study investigated whether stop consonant perception in listeners with high‐frequency hearing loss could be improved by eliminating nonsimultaneous masking effects of high‐amplitude vowels on consonants in consonant–vowel–consonant (CVC) syllables. Full syllables (FS) contained the consonants /b,d,g/ in all combinations with eight vowels (/■,I,e,ae,■,■,u/). Syllables were produced by a male speaker. Silent‐center (SC) syllables were created by attenuating vowel steady‐state portions to silence. Stimuli were presented to 12 normal‐hearing (NH) and 36 hearing‐impaired (HI) adults under the age of 60. HI listeners had steeply sloping high‐frequency hearing losses. FS and SC conditions were presented at 50 and 80 dB HL. All subjects showed more accurate vowel and consonant identification in the FS vs SC condition and at 50 vs 80 dB. Errors were significantly higher on initial than on final consonants. Acoustic analysis suggested the possibility of both temporal and spectral explanations for this final con...


The article,with examples,discusses the application of the technological dimension chain in the aspects of process accuracy analysis,measurement datum choosing and positioning error calculating to three categories process problems.


Interactions between colleagues in the modern workplace are becoming increasingly complex. Collaboration occurs through informal networks of employees as well as formal reporting structures. However, these informal networks can be unreliable, and are hidden from those outside the network. The Instant knowledge project will improve the handheld information devices used by many in today's workplace to make informal networks more effective. By extracting useful information from mobile communications and using social network analysis techniques, information about communicants' relationships can be inferred. Quantifying properties of these relations enables a social network map to be built. This social map will be used as a basis for developing technologies which enable the exchange of contact information among users, providing them with a communications architecture which better supports work through informal networks than existing infrastructure


Toxic compounds are frequently, but not universally, associated with algal blooms. Several dinoflagellate and diatom species are capable of toxin synthesis. Some bacteria are also capable of synthesizing at least one family of "algal" toxins. Previous work on algal toxins can be broadly grouped in four categories: observations on the variability in toxin production by single species or among strains of a species, frequently as a function of environmental growth conditions; isotope feeding studies to reveal the identity of the substrates that are precursors to the toxin compounds; the genetics of toxin production; and the pharmacological aspects of toxins. Information gleaned from these studies provides a firm foundation for launching more contemporaneous research efforts to understand the biochemistry and molecular biology of toxins. The goals are to develop an understanding of the machinery (i.e. the enzymes and the genes that encode them) required to synthesize toxins, to understand how this machinery is regulated by environmental conditions, and gain insights as to how the toxin biosynthetic genes evolved and(or) have been spread through the marine community.


ABSTRACT The use of restraint and seclusion (R&S) in residential youth treatment centers has been a controversial topic over the past years. This study explored the differences between R&S super users and normal users for residential workers in terms of individual and environmental characteristics over eight weeks. One hundred ninety-eight residential workers completed the questionnaires, and Bayesian independent samples t-tests were conducted to verify the differences between the two groups. The results showed very strong evidence that super users have a greater fear of violence (B10 = 65.57), indeed strong evidence that they perceive more verbal aggression (B10 = 18.264), very strong evidence that they witness more aggression against themselves (B10 = 87.35), and extremely strong evidence that they perceive themselves to be more often victims of physical aggression (B10 = 398.55) than normal users. Moderate evidence also revealed that super users experienced a higher level of traumatic stress and perceived a better work climate than normal user (B10 = 3.751 and B10 = 5.116). Perceived stress, chronic fatigue, acute fatigue, recovery, self-efficacy, compassion fatigue, burnout, and social climate order, and organization (work team's orientation and sense of cohesion) were not statistically associated with R&S (B10 = 0.166 to 0.415).


In this paper, we present the impact of feature extraction process on the dispersion map of composite data points. We analyze this impact in distance space using distance graphs(scatter plots). The dispersion maps of composite data points in different feature spaces are depicted and compared using scatter plots to show differences. Finally, we implement the combined feature spaces as an extension to data life cycle to test its effectiveness on dispersion map of composite data points.


Insurance industry play a key role in advancing the socio-economic of the country. Besides reinstating the social and economic status of the insured citizenry after a loss occurs, the sector contributes significantly to the national economy through, employment of thousands of Kenyans and paying taxes to the Exchequer. This study sought to determine the effect of internal reconciliation strategies on fraud prevention among listed insurance firms operating in Nairobi City County. The fraud triangle theory guided the study. A cross-sectional research design and quantitative approach were adopted. A total of 147 staff working with the aforesaid insurance firms constituted the study population. Out of this population, a sample of 108 respondents calculated using Yamane's formula was obtained using stratified sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used in data collection. In addition to the facilitation of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. The results of the analysis were presented in form of tables. According to the study findings, there existed a positive, strong and statistically significant relationship between internal reconciliation strategies and fraud prevention (r = 0.965; p = 0.00) at p-value = 0.05. The effect of the aforementioned strategies on fraud prevention was also established to be statistically significant (F1, 54 = 722.128; p = 0.00). Therefore, as further indicated by the results of the t-statistics (t = 26.872; p = 0.00) the null hypothesis was rejected. It was concluded that insurance firms gave all their employees performance targets in addition to carrying out frequent internal reconciliations with the objective of minimizing fraud risks. Additionally, it was inferred that internal reconciliation strategies had significant effect on fraud prevention. It is recommended that insurance companies should put in place and implement sound internal reconciliation strategies in order to prevent fraud more effectively.


It is to be noted that in April and in May-June the nuiber of fits largely increased-this was due to the omission of the salt by the attendant; this man was admonished, but his carelessness was repeated, and he was replaced by another who has proved himself thoroughly reliable, with the result seen at the end of the table. It is als'o to be noted that the number of epileptics treated fell from 10 to 8, and ultimately to 6, 1 having been removed to'hospital for an abdominal operation, but the general and almost continuous fall in the number of fits from 113 a month in October, 1907, to October, 1908, when there were only 4 in the month, sufficiently proves the efficacy of the treatment. The greatest number of attacks, 113, occurred in October, 1907, increasing from the previous July, when only 9 instead of 10 men were under treatment, whereas in Table II when 10 men were again under treatment, that is, from April 26th, 1908, to May 23rd, 1908, the number of fits fell 100 below those recorded from September 29th to October 26th, 1907, before any treatment was begun. In observing the effects of the bromide salt treatment, it is found that when the epileptics come under its full influence they become rather listless, stupid, and drowsy; this is the expected result, and a result to be attained; it indicates the point of saturation of the system by the salt, the point when the fits become controlled; the dose daily can then be diminished one half, but not altogether discontinued. The drowsy, listless, symptoms soon pass off and the patient is fit again for work. It should be said that the administration of the salt is not confined to giving a definite amount with the three daily meals, but their bread is specially baked for them, the amlount of common salt usually mixed with the dough is excluded and is replaced by an equivalent quantity of the bromide salt. Some eight or ten years ago two French physicians, MM. Toulouse and Richet, discovered that the desired effects from sodium bromide were interfered with when sodium chloride was allowed to be used in the food. When the common salt was excluded from the food, the good effects of the bromide immediately became pronounced; the cause of antagonism was supposed to be decomposition of the salts in the body when taken together. The results were published in the BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, and Dr. Eurich read a paper on the same results in his -own practice. before a meeting of the Bradford MedicoChirurgical Society. I immediately thlereafter tested the treatment in my private practice, with most satisfactory effects in several cases. The amount of bromide given by experts to patients largely exceeds^the doses given by general practitioners, Dr. McCallum of Kendal, the medical officer of the Starnthwaite colliery and school for epileptic boys, with whom I corresponded after my visit to Starnthwaite, gives 1 to 2 drachms or even more in a day. Our dose may have been a third or sixth of this in mixture, but now the bromide salt we give at meals and with the bread approaches more to his, as he believes, necessary standard. He pushes the doses to saturation of the system, indicated by the diminution or ceasing of the fits, and some degree of drowsiness and stupidity of the patient; but he alleges that this condition does not in any way impair the ultimate intellectual capacity, which returns --when the doses are reduced and the fits subside, but he continues the bromide until assured that the attacks are subdued. It is no use trifling with epilepsy if any permanent resulfs are to be achieved; the treatment must be strong, continuous, and well watched. In some cases the salt produces an eruption, but this can be met by cleanliness and appropriate applications; better the rash a hundred times than the epileptic nerve storm and convulsive spasms of the epileptic fit. There is no proof that the mere place of residence has any influence on the ultimate cure of the disease; change of place does diminish the fits for a time, but they ultimately recur and continue as bad as or worse than before; what is wanted is adequate treatment, not change of place.


Every worker has right for health and safety in the working place such as companies, corporation and so on. The aims of this study is to analyze how the implementation of occupational health and safety workers in PT STCC (Sumatra Tobacco Trading Company). This study are using empirical law study that focused on
 the behavioural of legal community. This study is held at Mei-Juni 2015 in Pematangsiantar, North Sumatera. The data was collected by direct interview with respondents. The assessment of this study are using primary and secondary legal protocol. The result of this study shown that job training for workers are not conducted completely, there is no specifically accommodation or transport guard for workers who getting accident in workplace, incompletely protective equipment for workers, overlimitedworktime and there is no health insurance for all of the workers. The conclusion of this study is the implementation of occupational of health and safety workers should be reexamined in PT STTC Pematangsiantar.


SUMMARY The Nankai subduction fault in southwest Japan is a plate boundary along which large megathrust earthquakes have repeatedly occurred. A previous 2-D thermal model suggested that the updip and downdip limits of the seismogenic zone are closely related to the temperature of the plate interface. We estimated a new temperature distribution for the plate interface based on a 3-D thermal convection model that incorporates revised governing equations, temporal changes in relative plate motion, the shape of the subducted slab, temperature variations related to basin evolution and more heat flow data and model regions than have been used in previous models. The margin-parallel spatial variation in the temperature of the plate interface was caused by spatio-temporal changes associated with the cooling of the Shikoku Basin. The updip limit of the thermally delineated seismogenic zone (thermal seismogenic zone) was approximately parallel to the trough axis due to a spreading rate that increased with distance from a fossil ridge, although the margin-parallel age dependency of the subducting plate was taken into account. The downdip limit of the thermal seismogenic zone was determined by temperature, except in eastern Kyushu, where it was determined by a boundary between the continental Moho depth and the upper surface of the subducting plate. The maximum coseismic slip associated with the 1944 Tonankai (M 7.9) and the 1946 Nankai (M 8.0) earthquakes, and a strongly coupled region estimated from GPS data inversion obtained by previous studies, were both located in the thermal seismogenic zone on the plate interface. Low-frequency earthquakes located at the downdip of the thermal seismogenic zone took place at temperatures of about 400‐500 ◦ C. This may be related to the phase transformation of hydrous minerals in oceanic crust from lawsonite + blueschist + jadeite to amphibole + eclogite and the associated decreases in water content of approximately 2.4 wt%. The thermal seismogenic zone is narrowest off the Kii Peninsula, where the hypocentres of the Tonankai and Nankai earthquakes were located. The narrow seismogenic zone may have determined the rupture initiation points for these earthquakes, as was previously demonstrated by numerical simulations of the earthquake cycle.


The clinical benefit of filgrastim in cytotoxic chemotherapy has been retrospectively evaluated in 16 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. The patients, whose prognosis was poor, were treated with cyclic chemotherapy comprising courses of CISCAII and VBIV. The factors explored were the presence of neutropenia, the number of days with fever, the antibiotic treatments administered, the duration of hospitalization, the incidence of neutropenic fever and anticancer drug dose intensity. The results showed that filgrastim improved patient comfort, but more during CISCAII than during VBIV course. But filgrastim did not allow benefit in anticancer drug dose intensity.


Follow the footsteps of Khmer civilization from Angkor Wat to the center of cultural heritage in northeastern Thailand, Phimai, Phanom Rung and Mueang Tam. This paper is both an introduction and guide to Khmer temples in Isan. The first part begins with historical details tracing the Angkorean from the 8 to 12 century, and introduces a background to the religious traditions of the Khmer, which both inspired and governed the concept and execution of all their art and architecture. The second part is an emphasis on architecture and decorative art, which appear in Khmer temples. In its heyday the main concentration of Khmer temples extended far west to the border and associated with an area of the middle Mekong River in the southern part of northeastern Thailand.


Biodiesel products were produced by alkaline-catalyzed transesterification from crude oil of Jatropha curcas seeds,food waste oil and foodgrade corn oil,respectively.Some parameters of traditional purification operations,such as surplus methanol removal efficiency,separation effect of crude ester from glycerol,etc.were evaluated,improved and optimized.The results showed that the separation time was decreased from 6 h to 40 min and the same product yield of 88.0 % was obtained using centrifugal separation of crude ester from glycerol comparing with settling method.De-methanoling as the first step for biodiesel product purification was favorable on increment of methanol recovery rate and decrement of equipment costs of industrial scale production lines.It is worth to recommend that water washing method,using glacial acetic acid of 0.2 %(mass fraction) on basis of products and then adding warm water of 60 ℃,could break the stable emulsion quickly,and water washing efficiency was improved remarkably.As the benefits achieved,not only washing time was shortened significantly,but also water consumption decreased due to washing frequencies reduced.For the food waste oil,an additional ester distillation column should be applied so that the biodiesel product with higher level ester content(96.5 %),could be obtained.


This paper explores the opportunities and challenges in using virtualization technologies in embedded devices. The uses and requirements that have shaped the current generation of Hypervisors for data centers and server farms are introduced. The paper then explores how Multicore processors and Hypervisors can be used to design embedded devices with more features, higher performance and lower power consumption. However, use in a wide range of embedded devices requires new Hypervisor capabilities. These new requirements are analyzed. Finally, the paper looks into areas of Hypervisor design related to meeting the requirements of embedded devices.


In the paper author discovers three causes of the throttle action,commonplace phenomena and ethic problem in evaluate system of paper from the history of paper opinion,and suggests some methods of improving the evaluate system.


Athletes commonly become injured during competition, emphasizing the necessity for appropriate recovery. This research examines if standard sporting injury treatments and rehabilitation work in China. The issue Despite the high occurrence of sports injuries in China, rehabilitation therapy efficacy research is scarce. Interview-based research addresses such problems. This research examines how different therapy and rehabilitation programs help Chinese athletes recover from competition-related injuries. The researchers interviewed wounded athletes to acquire data. Structured interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from participants regarding their rehabilitation therapies' efficacy, adherence, and results. The study revealed fresh information on the efficacy of evidence-based treatments and rehabilitation methods for Chinese sports injuries. The interviews revealed how different rehabilitation methods impacted on the athletes' recoveries and what variables influenced program adherence and positive results. Based on the findings, medical practitioners, sports trainers, and Chinese athletes should prioritize scientifically backed rehabilitation regimens. Using this data to create individualized rehabilitation programs for athletes with sports-related injuries may improve their chances of a complete and quick recovery. In conclusion, an interview-based study in China revealed the effectiveness of evidence-based sports injury treatment and rehabilitation. The study will help the Chinese sports community better rehabilitate and recover faster.


Nanocrystalline hard magnetic SrFe 12 O 19 (Sr-M) particles incorporated with high dielectric constant SrTi0 3 (STO, up to 15 mol%), which are being investigated as potential materials for microwave absorption, were synthesized simultaneously in one step through a combustion reaction using nitrates and glycine as raw materials. The desired products simply composed of Sr-M and STO can be obtained after calcination of the as-burned nanoparticles products at 900 °C for 1 h. The effects of the STO content on the relative complex permittivity (e r = e' -je"), permeability (μ r = μ' -jμ") and the behavior of microwave absorption in the frequency range of 1 MHz - 1.8 GHz have been investigated. Adding more STO to Sr-M was demonstrated not only to improve e r but also to modify μ r . In addition, it was found that the sintered specimens showed a characteristic of broad-band absorption, and their absorbing efficiencies were enhanced with increasing STO content.


The article contains information concerning production and transportation of oil cargo to Russian maritime ports for export. Some data regarding transportation by different modes of transport is presented. Also some author's considerations of forecasting nature are offered.


The topic of quality control often evokes prolific discussion among those whose business is its administration. Reliable methods for identifying mistakes must be developed in both the manufacture and use of test devices. Unit test devices are uncomplicated to run and provide quick results in a world where speed and simplicity are paramount, yet their very nature as individual assay units introduces questions about the relevance of conventional quality control procedures. Hy-britech's ICON ® QSR ® CKMB assay is a unit test device that requires daily monitoring according to CLIA'88 regulations. The challenge is to ensure that quality-control testing is value-added, assuring clinicians valid patient sample results although controls are run in a separate ''assay.'' We find that conventional quality-control procedures are indeed valid; however, the fundamental difference of unit test devices must be recognized and accounted for by understanding the capability of the assay in each laboratory. INDEXING TERMS: quality control • medical devices How to identify mistakes is of great relevance to both the clinician and the manufacturer. Both want to ensure that the results generated in their laboratories are accurate and require as little testing as possible. Each party, however, approaches this question from a different angle. Whereas the clinician wants to ensure that a given assay run is providing the ''true'' answer for that patient, the manufacturer wants to ensure that a given lot of reagents will provide all clinicians with the ''true'' answer. In some respects, the clinician and the manufacturer have the same goal: the right answer. In other ways, however, the goals are very different. This article explores these similarities and differences, as well as tools that can be used by each to accomplish their goals. Hybritech's ICON test is the example used because it presents particular challenges as a unit test device. In this discussion, a unit test device, or single-use test, is a diagnostic assay in which a result can be obtained from a single sample. Quantitative devices achieve this result without reliance on a calibration curve that is external to the device. Examples of qualitative or semi-quantitative unit test devices include Hybritech's ICON HCG Serum and Urine and over-the-counter pregnancy tests. Examples of quantitative unit test devices include Hybritech's ICON QSR CKMB and the i-Stat (i-Stat Corp., Princeton, NJ) point-of-care blood analyzers. The ICON QSR CKMB ImmunoConcentration TM Assay is used for the quantitative measurement of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme …


There has been no such engineering method until now to enable water curing in the vertical surfaces of concrete after the removal of formworks. The Aqua curtain wet curing system has been developed with the purpose of supplying the suf-ficient water on vertical surfaces of concrete. Aqua curtain prevents rusting of reinforcing bars by making the surface of concrete denser. In this way, Aqua Curtain also contributes to realize more resistant and long-life concrete structures. In other words, implementation of this system leads to improve the endurance and economy of concrete structures by reducing the consumption of resources.


We consider the theory of erosion and investigate connections to the theory of optimal transport. The mathematical theory of erosion is based on two coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. The first one describing the water flow can be considered to be an averaged Navier-Stokes equation, and the second one describing the sediment flow is a very degenerate nonlinear parabolic equation. In the first half of this work, we prove existence, uniqueness, and regularity properties of weak solutions to the second model equation describing the sediment flow. This forms the basis to define an optimal transport problem for the movement of sediment; the second half of this work is devoted to this optimal transport problem for the sediment. We solve the optimal transport problem. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the optimal transport problem distinguishes a particular class of solutions to the model equation. The movement of sediment according to the solution of the optimal transport problem is identical to the movement of sediment according to these solutions of the model equation. The physical interpretation is that if the sediment flows according to the model equation on the surface of separable solutions consisting of valleys separated by mountain ridges, that are observed in simulation and in nature, then the sediment is ``optimally transported.''


Moral violation among students, from elementary school until high school, is increasing both in quantity and quality. The government has put in effort to overcome this problem through moral and ethic lessons. On the other hand, parents encounter problems in upholding the rules for children. In the other words, parents have not found an effective way to plant moral lessons (Andayani, 2000). An effective form of communication results from the combination of father child and mother chils interaction quality, using persuasive expressions persistently, avoiding physical punishments, and expressions indicating self esteem (Elizabeth and Cardlyn, 1999; Maria, 1999). A qualitative method was used in the case study. The research subjects consist of pre-school students until first graders of 4 to 7 years old. Student's interaction, both with teachers at school and with parents at home, was observed with structureless observation method, and followed by interview with teachers and parents. The observation settings are as follows : 1) houses; 2) Sunday school; 3) Play group; 4) Taman Siswa Elementary School; 5) Kindergarten. Findings : 1) Toleration, honesty, courage, and forgivingness are moral values which are more often conveyed by teachers to students at school; 2) moral values which are taught concerns more with the completion of school works; 3) not many teachers covey warnings in Javanese language; 4) warnings conducted by parents consist of a more angry characteristic and not of advice; 5) moral value taught at home concerns more with obedience toward parents, disciplinary and diligence.   Key words     :   persistent persuasion


This article tries to highlight the condition of human development in the contest of Nepal. The topic is framed as part of the general issue of gender, caste/ethnicity, regional rural and urban disparities. This study is based on descriptive as well as analytical in nature. Sources of information in this study are secondary nature like published and unpublished research papers, human development annual reports and national and international journal articles. Data are presented in to tabular form and they are analyzed in to descriptive form. The first Human Development Report was launched in 1990 by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen. Since then reports have been released most years, and have explored different themes through the human development approach, which places people at the center of the development process. Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a series of annual Human Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index (HDI) is computed for each country. Nepal has been publishing the Nepal Human Development Report since 1998, with the focus shifting considering the needs of the country. In the 1990-2018 period, Nepal's human development index score rose from 0.380to 0.579, an increase of 52.6 percent and life expectancy at birth increased by 16.1 years to 70. 5 years. Notable progress in human development has taken place in Nepal. However, across gender, region and local groups, large disparities persist.


Despite closing output gaps and tightening labor markets, inflation has remained low inthe euro area. Based on an augmented Phillips Curve framework, we find that thisphenomenon-sometimes attributed to low global inflation-has been primarily causedby a remarkable persistence of inflation, keeping it low despite the reduction in slack. Thisfeature is shown to be specific to the euro area (in comparison with the United States).Monetary policy needs to stay accommodative to help guide inflation back to target.


The tasks engaged upon by a civil or structural engineer when designing a road or multistorey structure would appear to be ideal for digital computers. Some of the reasons why engineers do not use computers more heavily are examined and the fundamental difficulty due to the variable nature of the work is outlined. Some successful applications in structural and highway engineering are described where the calculation steps are sufficiently well ordered for a standard computer program to be successful. A new development, that of problem‐oriented language is described showing the advantages such systems have over conventional programs. Reference is made to GENESYS, a General Engineering System now being developed for the Ministry of Public Building and Works of the United Kingdom, which allows problem‐oriented languages to be devised for use in application.


We are living in an era of knowledge explosion. The meaning of knowing has shifted from being able to remember and repeat information to being able to find and use it (Simon, 2000). Practical learning has been proved as an effective way to arouse learner's curiosity and deepen the understanding on a given subject. To perform practical learning more effectively, supervisors are necessary to recommend proper learning material and give instructions in the learning process. Up to now, however, human beings are the only candidate to act as supervisors in the learning process which has hindered the learner's practical learning activity. In this paper, we propose a computing system which can substitute human beings to act as supervisors to recommend proper experimental learning contents to the learner and help the learner to accomplish the experiment process.


Hypertension, as the most common cardiovascular disease SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, propionate, and so on) are (CVD), occurs with a high morbidity. The disease attacked a population of about 1.13 billion in 2015 globally, and its produced by the gut microbiota from indigestible polysaccharides and play an important role in BP. They are prevalence exceeds 27.9% in Chinese aged >18 years. Unfortunately, lifestyle modifications and medical interventions fail to control the disease in a third of patients. Human gut microbiota can regulate immunity, inflammation, and metabolism. For decades, increasing evidence has shown that the activity and composition of microbiota are related to health status (like influencing blood lipid and glucose), which provides a new insight into the mechanism of hypertension.


According to the carrier leak problem of time domain signal,a radio frequency correction algorithm capable of eliminating LTE terminal carrier leakage is proposed.The algorithm put timing,frequency offset,the carrier leak estimations on the received time-domain signal,and correct respectively to eliminate carrier leakage to avoid the test effect derived from direct current component.Through the simulation of the time domain signal before and after the algorithm,the simulation results show that this algorithm can eliminate carrier leak.


The ketone metabolism pathway is a principle procedure in physiological homeostasis and induces cancer cells to switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. We conducted a two‐phase analysis for associations between genetic variants in the ketone metabolism pathway genes and survival of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by analyzing genotyping data from two published genome‐wide association studies (GWASs). In the discovery, we used a genotyping dataset from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial in the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. We used Bayesian false discovery probability (≤0.80) for multiple testing correction to evaluate associations between 25,819 (2,176 genotyped and 23,643 imputed) single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 162 genes and survival of 1,185 NSCLC patients. Subsequently, we validated the identified significant SNPs with an additional 984 NSCLC patients from the Harvard Lung Cancer Susceptibility GWAS study. Finally, we found that three independent and potentially functional SNPs in three different genes (i.e., PLIN2 rs7867814 G>A, SULT2A1 rs2547235 C>T and UGT1A9 rs2011404 C>T) were independently associated with risk of death from NSCLC, with a combined hazards ratio of 1.22 [95% confidence interval = 1.09–1.36 and p = 0.0003], 0.82 (0.74–0.91 and p = 0.0002) and 1.21 (1.10–1.33 and p = 0.0001), respectively. Additional expression quantitative trait loci analysis found that the survival‐associated PLIN2 rs7867814 GA + AA genotypes, but not the genotypes of other two SNPs, were significantly associated with increased mRNA expression levels (p = 0.005). These results indicated that PLIN2 variants may be potential predictors of NSCLC survival through regulating the PLIN2 expression.


Are people allowed to unilaterally secede from their mother state? Was it proper for countries like Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Kosovo to break away from their mother countries? On the face of it, unilateral secessions impair the territorial integrity of states which is a core principle in international law. Unilateral secessions allow people or peoples to determine their political status. However, states have been hesitant to recognise states which have been formed as a result of unilateral secessions since they will be viewed by the international community as supporting separatism. International law is silent on the issue of unilateral secessions despite the fact that unilateral secessions have been considered an 'evil' to the territorial boundaries of a state. I seek to address the delicate balance between unilateral secession and the principle of territorial integrity of states. I argue that unilateral secessions need to be regulated by international law.


SUMMARY Increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may lead to increases in agricultural soil carbon and nitrogen storage, but the impact is likely to be small and is uncertain due to limitations in other resources (e.g., nutrients, water) and interactions with climatic changes. Since only a small percentage of carbon added to the soil becomes stabilised, the impact of CO2 fertilisation of crops is considered to be very small compared to deliberate efforts to increase soil carbon by improved agricultural management. Even if agricultural soil carbon stocks are increased, carbon credits cannot be claimed under the Kyoto Protocol since the increases are not directly human-induced, a condition which must be met in order for any carbon sink to be included in emission reduction targets.


Ischaemia with normal coronary arteries (INOCA) may result in disabling symptoms and has an association with adverse long-term prognosis. The diagnosis of INOCA necessitates invasive coronary angiography to perform a physiological evaluation of microvascular function.
 The conjunctiva has a readily assessable microvascular network in which physiological parameters can be evaluated. We compared conjunctival haemodynamics in patients with and without coronary microvascular disease (MVD) to assess if systemic microvascular dysfunction was present in this coronary artery disease sub-group.

 In this study, we recruited patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for the investigation of angina or angina equivalent symptoms. All patients had physiologically insignificant epicardial disease (FFR≥0.80) and underwent a physiological evaluation of coronary microvascular function. We compared a group with evidence of coronary MVD (IMR≥25 or CFR<2.0); to a group of controls without MVD (IMR<25 and CFR≥2.0).
 The conjunctival microvasculature was imaged using a previously validated combination of a smartphone and slit-lamp biomicroscope. The conjunctival vasculature was assessed using a semi-automated process of vessel diameter measurement and erythrocyte tracking to obtain haemodynamic parameters of microvascular function.

 A total of 111 patients were included (43 MVD and 68 controls). There were no differences in baseline demographics, co-morbidities, epicardial coronary disease severity or regular pharmacological therapies between the groups. Mean coronary flow reserve (CFR) was lower and mean index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) higher in the MVD cohort (CFR 2.5±1.3 vs 5.2±2.5, p<0.001 and IMR 28.4±11.8 vs 13.7±5.0, p<0.001).
 A total of 2295 conjunctival vessels were analysed. The mean number of vessels per patient was 21.0±12.8 (3.2±3.5 arterioles and 14.8±10.8 venules). Significant reductions in axial/cross-sectional velocity, wall shear rate and wall shear stress were observed in the MVD cohort. Table 1 demonstrates a comparison of conjunctival physiological parameters between the groups.
 The most marked differences were observed in conjunctival arterioles. Due to the heterogenous size distribution of microvessels, arterioles were categorised into 2 diameter sub-groups (10–25 μm and 25–40 μm) for analysis (Table 2).

 The reductions in microvascular blood flow velocity and rate that form the basis for the diagnosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction can be observed non-invasively in the bulbar conjunctiva microcirculation. Conjunctival vascular imaging may have utility as a non-invasive imaging modality to both diagnose microvascular dysfunction and augment conventional cardiovascular risk stratification.

 Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Belfast Trust Heart Trust Fund and Northern Ireland Chest Heart and Stroke


Introduction: Post-traumatic subtalar joint arthritis is uncommon and the majority results as a consequence of either an intra-articular calcaneal or talar fracture. A unique case of management of subtalar joint arthritis is described using autologous microfragmented adipose cells therapy.
Case Report: We presented a 48-year-old male with symptomatic left subtalar joint arthritis, which was managed conservatively with analgesia and multiple steroid injections. During surgery, fat cells were aspirated from the abdomen and transferred to the Lipogems kit for mechanical breakdown of adipose tissue for around 20 minutes. Final 10ml of the product was injected into the subtalar joint. Patient was followed up at regular intervals and Visual analogue score (VAS), Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scores (FAM-ADL) were collected.
Results: No perioperative complications were noted relating to abdominal liposuction and intra-articular injection of lipoaspirate and during the follow-up period. Improvement in VAS, MOX FQ and FAM-ADL scores was noted up to 6 months of follow-up.
Discussion: The subtalar joint plays a central role in load transmission and movement at the hindfoot and its malalignment and arthritis lead to impaired function and pain. Intra articular injections of fat cells and their regenerative potential in degenerative joint diseases have been well documented in literature. Lipogem technique has been used in knee, hip and ankle arthritis, but it is not documented to use in the subtalar joint.
Conclusion: This unique case report demonstrated the successful use of a single-dose autologous micro fragmented fat cells therapy leading to functional improvement in subtalar joint arthritis with no complications.


According to the Population and Housing Census, Department of Statistics Malaysia, there are 126,810 single mothers among the 11·4 million women in Malaysia with Selangor has the highest number of single mothers (16,748) in the country. Meanwhile, the amount of single mothers in Kelantan has been increased to 70,000 people, comprising both divorcees and widows. There are a total number of 16,344 single mothers whose aged less than 59 years old and 25,110 single mothers with the age range of more than 60 years old that are registered under Kelantan Secretariat of Women, Family and Welfare in 2014. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to determine the nutritional status and health profile of single mothers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A total of 100 single mothers aged 18–59 years old were involved in this study. Assessment of blood glucose, blood pressure, height and weight were done to each respondent. Food consumption based on the 24-hours diet recall was recorded and analyzed using Nutritionist ProTM version 5.4·0 software. Results showed that the random blood glucose level of 82·0 % single mothers was normal (within 4·4–8·0 mmol/L), 18·0 % exceeded 8·0 mmol/L although only 10·0 % of them were diagnosed with diabetes based on clinical history. Meanwhile, 46·0 % had normal blood pressure level, 21·0 % were under pre hypertension stage, 17·0 % under stage 1 hypertension and 11·0 % under stage 2 hypertension. However, based on their clinical history, only 24·0 % were diagnosed with hypertension. It was found that the mean weight of single mothers was 62·00 ± 12·61 kg, the mean height was 150·97 ± 20·25 cm while Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26·20 ± 4·99 kg/m. The result showed that 33·0 % of the subjects have normal BMI, 6·0 % of them fall in the category of underweight, 39·0 % were overweight and 22·0 % were obese. Five percent of the subjects aged 19–29 years had meet 74·0 % of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of energy consumption for Malaysia, 57·0 % aged 30–50 years achieved 70·6 % of the RNI while 38·0 % aged 50–59 years meet 69·5 % of the RNI.


The present study was designed with the objectives to assess heavy metals' concentration in Hudiara drain water and investigation of the concentration of heavy metals in different fodder crops grown with this drain water and the determination of heavy metals in milk of cattles grazing these contaminated fodder crops. A survey was conducted and ten different sites were selected along Hudiara drain after entering Lahore. Five water samples and three samples of crops from a each site. The samples were processed, stored and then analyzed for heavy metals like Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, Zinc, Iron, Copper and manganese. Lead pollution was not found, whereas, Cadmium, Chromium and Nickel contamination was shown in Hudiara drain water. Similarly, Zinc pollution was not found in Hudiara drain water regarding irrigation and Iron, Copper and Manganese contamination was present in Water samples. Most of the fodder crops samples were contaminated with all heavy metals having levels of heavy metals above the Recommended Concentrations. It is noted that Pb+2 of Hudiara drain and irrigated Pb+2 of fodder crop were in positive correlation and negative correlation between Pb+2 and Cr+2, Ni+2, Cu+2. There is positive correlation between Cd+2 and Cr+2, Fe+2 and also negative correlation between Cd+2 and Pb+2, Cd+2, Ni+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, Mn+2 of fodder crop irrigated with Hudiara drain.


Partial discharge (PD) may have a significant effect on the insulation performance of power apparatus. Therefore, identification of PD sources is of interest to both power equipment manufacturers and utilities. With the development of PD measurement techniques, data analysis, signal processing and pattern recognition are gaining more interest. Research to date has considered varieties of different identification parameters such as phase resolved information, statistical operators, pulse shape analysis, pulse sequence analysis, frequency spectrum and wavelet analysis, which are also combined with so-called classifiers such as fuzzy logic, neural networks (NN) and learning machines. This paper investigates the performances of PD source identification using a support vector machine (SYM) based on different feature parameters. Due to the unique characteristics of SVM, some feature parameters that are not suitable for other classifiers are applicable. In this paper, comparisons of recognition rate and generalization capability between different feature parameters are discussed. Investigation reveals that recognition rate and generalization capability are influenced by the input PD parameters. Initial results indicate that, by using appropriate kernels and feature parameters, the automatic identification results obtained by using the support vector machine technique are very encouraging


In the aftermath of the AZF accident which occurred in Toulouse, France on 21 September 2001, several initiatives have been taken to reform French industrial risk policy. The reorganization of control agencies has been a crucial aspect of these efforts. In this paper, I intend to produce a reliability diagnosis regarding the delivery of operating permits by these agencies, in order to answer the following question: did the reorganization improve or undermine the reliability of the agencies' decisions? Based on Larry Heimann's analytical framework, my empirical analysis combines counter factuals and interviews, and transfers causal arguments from post-accident studies to normal operational agencies. This method yields interesting insights regarding the reliability gains and losses which could ensue from the various organizational transformations that the agencies experienced. Mostly, it emphasizes why some aspects of the reform are likely to have consequences contrary to those which were anticipated by policymakers. Beyond the French case, the analysis also sheds new light on the advantages and drawbacks of using third party reviewers for the public control of risk-laden private activities.


By using Runge-Kutta algorithm,the differential equations that describe the evolution of super-Gaussian pulse in optical fibers were calculated.The numerical result indicates that width of pulse and chirp of frequency are oscillating with the increasing of distance if normalized coefficient of the second-order dispersion is appropriate and initial chirp is small enough,and increasing jitter of frequency and phase resulted in the increase of distance.The normalized coefficient of the second-order dispersion and initial chirp(10~(-4))were obtained that can guarantee the conformal transmission of the pulse under circumstance of given set of values of the factor(≤7)of sharpness of super-Gaussian pulse.The important parameters of super-Gaussian pulse deviated widely from initial values in the process of transmission in optical fibers if coefficient of the second-order dispersion is too big or too small,or initial chirp is too big.


Warfarin is widely used as one of the coumarins anticoagulation drugs in the clinical.Every physician has been disturbed by its narrow therapic index and bleeding complications.It is a difficult thing for the doctor to use it rationally.However,recently,with the rapid development of molecule biology,some research find that gene polymorphism of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics cause the individual variability in drug response.In this review,we focus on the latest development in pharmacogenomics of warfarin at home and abroad in order to give some suggestions for the individual use of warfarin.


AHPCN-10 contains 2 invited papers selected from the ones submitted to the HPCC-10 main track, and thus all the papers were peer reviewed by members of the HPCC-10 program committee. The symposium covers a broad range of topics in the field of high performance computing and networking such as parallel and distributed system architectures, parallel and distributed software technologies, parallel and distributed algorithms, embedded systems; grid, cluster and peer-to-peer computing; web services and internet computing, performance evaluation and measurement, distributed systems and applications, high-performance scientific and engineering computing, database applications and data mining, biological/molecular computing, mobile computing and wireless communications; network protocols, routing, algorithms; pervasive/ubiquitous computing and intelligence; autonomic, reliability and fault-tolerance; and trust, security and privacy. We thank the authors for submitting their work and the members of the HPCC-10 program committee for managing the reviews of the symposium papers in such short time.


Received for publication 20 November 1981 and in revised form 13 April 1982. cell type. Second, erythrocytes infected with trophozoites and schizonts of P. vivax or a knobless strain of P. falciparum, both of which continue to circulate in vivo, did not bind to either target cell type. Third, transmission electron microscopy showed that infected erythrocytes attached to the amelanotic melanoma cells via knobs. Weconclude that cultured human endothelial cells and an amelanotic melanoma cell line share common determinants on their surface and that the mechanism of binding to these two different cell types is similar. The amelanotic melanoma cell line offers a useful substitute for endothelial cells in binding studies requiring large numbers of target cells.


Many studies have been done on the elongated styloid process. The close proximity of styloid process to vital neurovascular structures in the neck makes it clinically significant. Eagle's syndrome is characterized by craniofacial and cervical pain due to an elongated styloid process. The normal length of styloid process is between 20 mm-25 mm1. However, the length of styloid process varies between 15.2mm-47.7mm according to Moffat et al2 study. The present case report of a female skeletal remains sent for expert opinion from Medical Officer of Primary Health Center Kalahangaraga, Gulbarga district, highlights the skull bone with bilateral styloid process measuring 40 mm on right side and 55 mm on left side.


In this paper, robust output feedback stabilization for multimachine power systems is considered. The power system is interconnected by a set of subsystems through a network transmission which is nonlinear and has an associated nonlinear bound. The uncertainty of the input matrix, and the mismatched uncertainty associated with the interconnections are both considered. Under some mild conditions, a decentralized sliding mode control scheme is developed. The conservatism of the obtained results is reduced by fully using the system output and the structures of uncertainties. Finally simulation results for a 3-machine power system are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Gene expression profiling has yielded a new molecular taxonomy of DLBCL in which 3 subtypes are distinguished; germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, derived from a germinal center B-cell; activated B-cell (ABC) subtype, derived from a post-germinal center B-cell; and primary mediastinal B-cell (PMBL) subtype, likely derived from a "thymic" B-cell. To define the effect of pathobiology on treatment outcome, immunophenotype has been used as an "approximate surrogate" biomarker for molecular taxonomy. Recent studies suggest that rituximab (R) benefit is primarily in BCL-6− (Winter et al Blood107:4207, 2006) and BCL-2+ (Mounier et al Blood101:4279, 2003) DLBCL, both more frequent in post-germinal center subtypes. Conversely, R-CHOP appears equivalent to CHOP in BCL-6+ DLBCL, which comprise up to 75% of all cases. We analyzed the outcome of DA-EPOCH-R using the immunophenotypic biomarkers BCL-6, BCL-2, MIB-1, CD10, MUM-1, and GCB vs ABC subtypes by the method of (Hans et al Blood 103:275, 2003). Patients had untreated de novo DLBCL excluding PMBL, stage II-IV, HIV-, and adequate organ function. No patients received radiation. Characteristics of 72 patients include median (range) age 50 (19–85); stage III/IV 69%; and High Intermediate/High International Prognostic Index (3–5) (IPI) 40%. Of 71 evaluable patients, response is CR/CRu 94%. At the median potential follow-up of 43 months, PFS is 82% and OS is 79% (Fig 1). PFS by Low/Low Intermediate (0–2) and High Intermediate/High (3–5) IPI is 93% and 64%, respectively, at 43 months. PFS by BCL-6 (Fig 1), and BCL-2 and GCB vs. ABC (Fig 2) is shown. PFS of DLBCL with MIB-1 80% was 92% and 81%, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival outcome by CD10 or MUM-1 expression (data not shown). Distribution by immunophenotype is shown below for patients with available tissue. In conclusion, DA-EPOCH-R appears equally effective among all biomarker subgroups. Of note, DA-EPOCH-R is highly effective in BCL-6+ DLBCL, in which R does not appear to be very useful, suggesting the DA-EPOCH regimen itself may be highly effective in this group. The CALGB has initiated a Phase III randomized study of R-CHOP vr. DA-EPOCH-R to determine if DA-EPOCH-R represents a treatment advance. Gene expression profiling will be performed to assess the effect of the new molecular taxonomy and tumor biology on outcome.


The effects of logging on three species of common skinks were estimated from censuses in four age classes of forest: unlogged, just logged, 1-year logged and 10–15 year regrowth. The effects of topography (ridge and gully) were examined in each age class. Afire in November 1980 occurred fust after the initial census was completed. Another census was taken in December 1980 to assess its immediate effects. Further censuses were carried out each December from 1981 to 1984. An intense drought overlapped from 1980 to 1983 with the census period. Lampropholis guichenoti occurred in about equal numbers in unlogged and recently logged forest, but its numbers were reduced in the 10–15 year regrowth forest. This was attributed to changes in the amount and pattern of sunlight reaching the ground. A similar pattern of response was found for Lampropholis delicata. The numbers of Eulamprus heatwolei, a gully species requiring partial shade, were lowest in the exposed, recently-logged forest, but had increased in the 10–15 year regrowth class to about equal their numbers in unlogged forest. Fire reduced the numbers ofL. guichenoti on ridges but had no immediate impact on numbers of tire other species, while drought markedly depressed numbers of all species. Lampropholis guichenoti recovered more quickly from the drought than did L. delicata, but the numbers of E. heatwolei were still declining 19 months after the drought broke. The drought also revealed a habitat (ridge/gully) difference between the two Lampropholis species. The management of these species in commercial forests requires that some areas, particularly gullies, be reserved and the logging sequence modified to prevent the creation of widespread stands of uniform regrowth.


Over the years, the theory and practice of corporate governance has gained a strategic position with respect to large and quoted corporate entities. However, little attention has been paid to the study and implementation of corporate governance in in small and medium enterprises. This has created a void in theory and literature in this area. This has led the author to embark on a discourse of how the principles of corporate governance can be used to nurture small and medium business to large and quoted companies which is presented in this work. This includes the usefulness and challenges of implementation of corporate governance in small and medium businesses.


Abstract If salmonids attempt to optimize their energy gain, then one could assume that all fish with knowledge of a particular environment would occupy the same habitat if it were not already occupied by a competitively dominant individual. We attempted to determine whether individual cutthroat trout introduced at separate times would select the same channel units within sections of stream when all larger trout were removed from those sections. Cutthroat trout disproportionately used pools, but not to the exclusion of riffles despite the absence of larger fish. In only one of seven sections did different cutthroat trout select the same channel unit throughout the study. In the remaining sections, they did not consistently occupy the same channel unit. We believe that incomplete knowledge of the available habitat, or little difference in food availability among a few habitats, may have caused the lack of consistent habitat selection.


The need for legal certainty as progress and change in societal life. This article seeks to provide a description of legal practices in society that emphasizes a legal sociology approach to comprehending the laws, whether they are appropriate, different from or even at odds with the laws in the law book, or unwritten laws that are accepted as legitimate by society. This change has continued since antiquity, modern times, and even this age of civility or globalization.  There are many approaches and methods or approaches that can be used in building justice, including in the sociology of law approach.  Studies related to the method approach have recently experienced a dynamic development along with the needs and demands of the community. Theoretical studies and empirical research seek to answer various problems about the effectiveness of the work of law in the entire institutional structure of law in society. This legal sociology approach expects to describes the state of society complete with interrelated social structures and symptoms. It is used because the normative goal of the law is to have a good balance in society, the process of law is in the society itself, thus it can be said that society is the source of law, and the law cannot be separated from the social environment. It emphasizes the study of the relationship between law thinking and its social base and does not see the law as an esoteric area. The study of legal sociology using various approaches may give a positive contribution in understanding and developing law products and build a guaranteed life in accordance with applicable laws and regulations as well as community compliance with the law.


A procedure is proposed to promote the acceptance of a simulation model. The procedure actively involves potential users of the simulation. Several alterna tive approaches for the statistical analysis of the experimental results are suggested. Two contrasting experiences in applying the procedure to actual simulation projects are discussed.


Data are presented from critical experiments with mixed PuO2-UO2 fuels containing 30.0, 14.62, and 7.89 wt% Pu and having H/X (H:Pu + U) atomic ratios of 47.4, 30.6, and 51.8, respectively. In addi...


Radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) are widely used for contact actuators and capacitive switches, and involve metal–dielectric contact. In these devices, the structure is activated by an electrostatic force, whose magnitude changes as the gap closes. It is advantageous to model fluid and structural mechanics and electrostatics within a single comprehensive numerical framework to facilitate coupling between them. In this article, we extend a cell-based finite-volume approach popularly used to simulate fluid flow to characterize structure–electrostatics interactions. The method employs fully implicit second-order finite-volume discretization of the integral conservation equations governing elastic solid mechanics and electrostatics, and uses arbitrary convex polyhedral meshes. Results are presented in this article for a fixed-fixed beam under electrostatic actuation.


How we understand Descartes's physics rests on how we interpret his ontological commitment to individual bodies, and in particular on how we account for their individuation. However, Descartes's contemporaries (notably, Cordemoy and Leibniz) as well as contemporary philosophers (notably, Kenny and Garber) have seen Descartes's account of the individuation of bodies as deeply flawed. In the first part of this paper, I discuss how the various problems and puzzles involved in Descartes's account of the individuation of bodies arise, and the relevance of these problems for his physics. With an eye toward resolving these puzzles, I argue for an interpretation of the Cartesian ontology in which bodies are not individuated by motion but, instead, are mind-dependent. As part of this reading, I demonstrate the sense in which we can clearly and distinctly perceive bodies, and also the senses in which the real, conceptual, and modal distinctions apply to them.


Spatial division multiplexing using conventional orbital angular momentum (OAM) has become a well-known physical layer transmission method over the past decade. The mode-group (MG) superposed by specific single-mode plane spiral OAM (PSOAM) waves has been proved to be a flexible beamforming method to achieve the azimuthal pattern diversity, which inherits the spiral phase distribution of conventional OAM wave. Thus, it possesses both beam directionality and vorticity. In this article, it is the first time to show and verify a novel PSOAM MG based multiple-in–multiple-out (MG-MIMO) communication link experimentally in a line-of-sight (LoS) scenario. A compact multimode PSOAM antenna is demonstrated experimentally to generate multiple-independent controllable PSOAM waves, which can be used for constructing MGs. After several proof-of-principle tests, it has been verified that the beam directionality gain of MG can improve the receiving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) level in an actual system. Meanwhile, the vorticity can provide another degree of freedom (DoF) to reduce the spatial correlation of MIMO system. Furthermore, a tentative long-distance transmission experiment operated at 10.2 GHz has been performed successfully at a distance of 50 m with a single-way spectrum efficiency of 3.7 bits/s/Hz/stream. The proposed MG-MIMO may have potential in the long-distance LoS backhaul scenario.


Tethered spacecraft missions to the Jovian system suit the use of electrodynamic tethers because: 1) magnetic stresses are 100 times greater than at the Earth; 2) the stationary orbit is one-third the relative distance for Earth; and 3) moon Io is a nearby giant plasma source. The (bare) tether is a reinforced aluminum foil with tens of kilometer length L and a fraction of millimeter thickness h, which collects electrons as an efficient Langmuir probe and can tap Jupiter's rotational energy for both propulsion and power. In this paper, the critical capture operation is explicitly formulated in terms of orbit geometry and established magnetic and thermal plasma models. The design parameters L and h and capture perijove radius r p face opposite criteria independent of tape width. Efficient capture requires a low r p and a high L 3/2/h ratio. However, combined bounds on tether bowing and tether tensile stress, arising from a spin made necessary by the low Jovian gravity gradient, require a high r p and a low L 5/2/h ratio. Bounds on tether temperature again require a high r p and a low L 3/8/(tether emissivity)1/4 ratio. Optimal design values are discussed.


Anastasia Sizykh - 1st year Master Program student at Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba, Intern Research Fellow at Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, HSE. E-mail: email@example.com order to find out the causes of universities waning popularity as a place of work, the researcher sets the following tasks: to analyze specific features of an academic career to determine at which stage it starts to lose its appeal; to reveal influences in choice of postgraduate courses as an alternative to introduction to the labour market, as well as to reveal influences in choice of a university as a place of work; to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of taking postgraduate courses and working at a university. The researcher conducted 27 semi-structured inter views with the facult y and postgraduates in th ree Russian higher education institutions and one Canadian one: the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics, Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk) and University of Winnipeg (Winnipeg, Canada). On the basis of the findings maps of career lines are produced as patterns of changes in terms of positions (job positions or geographical ones) during a persons job cycle; the research also revealed types of careers followers of which are of potential interest for Russian universities in terms of professional personnel reinforcement. The researcher found that motivation to take postgraduate courses is not limited by an interest to scientific work but is mostly connected to alternative objectives (like achieving a certain status, draft evasion) or to absence of any definite goal (reluctance to leave the university because of an attachment to it, a sense of discomfort because of the necessity to search for a job outside it). It is shown in the article that on the whole the academic career structure in Canada is similar to that in Russia, but perception of advantages and disadvantages of a work in an academic setting is different for each country.


This paper presents a structured framework for evalu- ating proposals for scientific activities in wilderness. Wilderness managers receive proposals for scientific activities ranging from unobtrusive inventorying of plants and animals to the use of chainsaws and helicopters for collecting information. Currently, there is no consistent process for evaluating proposals, resulting in confused and frustrated scientists and managers, as well as lost opportunities for gaining valuable information about a wilderness. The framework presented here is based on two premises: that both benefits and impacts are fully considered, and that communication between scientists and managers occurs at the beginning of the evaluation process. Every year, managers in four different federal agencies receive hundreds of proposals for scientific activities to be conducted within designated wilderness. These proposals have included inventories of the plants and animals within a wilderness, marking amphibians and small mammals by toe-clipping and using radio collars on large mammals, removal of individual plants and animals for tissue analysis, and use of motorized equipment such as chainsaws or helicopters for collecting data and the installation of perma- nent plots and devices for recording data. Wilderness poses a unique set of opportunities and constraints on research (Butler and Roberts 1986, Franklin 1987, Greene and Franklin 1989), yet there is only vague legal and policy direction to guiding evaluation of proposed scientific activi- ties. Each of the four wilderness agencies (USDA Forest Service, and the USDI Bureau of Land Management, Na- tional Park Service, and Fish and Wildlife Service) have their own evaluation procedures, and individual offices within an agency sometimes evaluate proposals in different ways. Further, evaluation procedures may not comprehen- sively consider the full range of ecological and social impacts. Inconsistent evaluation procedures leads to frustration and a lack of understanding between managers and scientists and, sometimes, the perception of arbitrary and capricious decisions in approving or denying proposals for scientific activities in wilderness. The goal of this framework is to provide a systematic and comprehensive process for evaluating proposals to conduct


The fine structure and strength of an austenitic alloy N26Kh5T3 that underwent discontinuous decomposition were studied. After low-temperature deformation to 20%, the strength of this alloy is higher by a factor of 1.6 than that of the alloy after deformation in the as quenched state, and the γ phase contains, along with strain-induced martensite, also packets of deformation twins, which serve as the sites for the precipitation of intermerallic compounds upon subsequent aging.


ABSTRACT It has been observed that there is a dispersed phase of particles in vacuum residue that is associated with the heptane insoluble asphaltenes. The particles are in the size range of 100 Aˇ. In this paper we present rheological and small angle X-ray scattering(SAXS) data for the vacuum residue of Arabian Medium/Heavy crude oil that suggests the dispersed particles flocculate at elevated temperatures. We find the asphaltenic particles are stabilized below 200 ° C against the attractive dispersion forces between asphaltenic particles by an adsorbed layer of non-asphaltenic molecules. However the strength of the interaction holding the adsorbed layer to the particles is only about 1.8 kcal/mole(3kT), and so this layer is dissipated as the temperature is increased. We estimate the particles are unprotected at 200 °C. The strength of the attraction due to the dispersion force is about 7kT in this state, and so the dispersion becomes thermodynamically unstable with respect to flocculation. Additionally,...


We study the behavior at infinity in time of any global solution 𝜃 ∈ 𝒞 ( ℝ + , 𝐻 2 − 2 𝛼 ( ℝ 2 ) ) of the surface quasigeostrophic equation with subcritical exponent 2 / 3 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1 . We prove that l i m 𝑡 → ∞ ‖ 𝜃 ( 𝑡 ) ‖ 𝐻 2 − 2 𝛼 = 0 . Moreover, we prove also the nonhomogeneous version of the previous result, and we prove that if 𝜃 ∈ 𝒞 ( ℝ + , 𝐻 2 − 2 𝛼 ( ℝ 2 ) ) is a global solution, then l i m 𝑡 → ∞ ‖ 𝜃 ( 𝑡 ) ‖ 𝐻 2 − 2 𝛼 = 0 .


Abstract Aim The study examined the local dose distribution as well as the time course of skin exposure of hand and fingers from [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC synthesis using a self-shielded synthesis module. Methods A compact calibrated electronic dosimeter (ED) with a miniaturized probe was used for real-time measurements of skin dose equivalent Hp (0.07) (reference point: left and right index finger). A time resolved assessment of exposure during radiotracer production was performed. Additionally, thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) were used to determine local dose distribution for five different positions (e. g. fingertips). Cumulated Hp (0.07) estimated by ED was analysed and correlated with the measurements obtained by a TLD positioned close to the ED. Results The cumulative skin exposure from the production process measured by ED, was 74.7 ± 32.7 µSv/GBq and 40.1 ± 14.3 µSv/GBq for the right and left hand, respectively. The exposure recorded by the ED was in the average 19.4 % ± 40.0 % (median = 21.3 %) lower compared to the results from TLD. Highest exposure was recorded during synthesis (guided hand: 24.5 ± 12.2 µSv/GBq) and measuring of product yield including preparation of probes for quality control (guided hand: 36.1 ± 12.7 µSv/GBq). The highest local exposure was measured by a TLD close to the tip of the index finger of the guiding hand (range: 773–1257 µS/GBq). Conclusion The chosen methodology using ED, proved to be a good concept for identifying procedure steps with an increased exposure level and to determine the time course of skin exposure and to identify procedure steps for further optimization of handling. Furthermore, miniaturized electronic dosimeters may be used for online surveillance of local exposure rates at hands and fingers.


In this issue of the International Journal of Urology, Neupane et al. present their study on prognostic factors of prostate cancer mortality in the Finnish randomized study of screening for prostate cancer. The authors should be applauded for their excellent analyses of a cohort of nearly 8000 prostate cancer patients with a median follow-up period of no less than 16 years. The prediction of prostate cancer mortality at diagnosis is of the utmost importance, as it should guide the decision for a specific treatment strategy, which could be active treatment with curative intent, active surveillance, watchful waiting or palliative treatment. Neupane et al. showed large effects of PSA, Gleason score and prognostic risk group on the prostate cancer mortality, and only small effects of age and comorbidity. This could give the false impression that one should only look at tumorrelated characteristics rather than taking into account the patient-related characteristics when predicting the prostate cancer mortality. However, one should keep in mind that the majority of patients with prostate cancer still die from other causes. Just 9% (734/7948) of prostate cancer patients in the Finnish trial died of the disease at a median follow-up of 16 years, underlining the importance of age and comorbidity in the prediction of prostate cancer mortality. Within the Finnish trial, no men were screened above the age of 71 years. The age-standardized prevalence of any comorbidity according to the modified Charlson Comorbidity Index was just 9% in prostate cancer patients in the screening arm and 11% in the control arm, respectively. Unfortunately, daily clinical practice is substantially different: wide-scale opportunistic screening of men with little or no chance of benefit of screening based on their age and comorbidities is ongoing, especially in the Western world. Screening of these men has a substantial effect on their quality of life. Thus, age and comorbidity should be taken into account before the decision to screen or not to screen, and as such avoid diagnoses that can only cause harm. After the prostate cancer diagnosis has been made, age and comorbidity might actually be of more importance than the PSA level and Gleason score when choosing a treatment strategy. Unfortunately, we are currently still unable to accurately predict prostate cancer mortality in the long term, even with the combination of tumor-related and patient-related characteristics.


Many governments have design policies to increase public awareness level about design and its adding value on products and services. One of these policies are design promotion activities like seminars, exhibitions and publications which are essential to increase the awareness of citizens and companies about the benefits of design. Design awards are one of these design promotion activities that provide companies reputation and publicity. Especially international design awards are significant to promote the product and the company itself in the global  context. In this study, design promotion have been identified and the activities belonging to design promotion and the differences between design policy and design support have been revealed. Finally, the role of design awards as a promotion activity have been presented and four design schemes (Design Turkey Industrial Design Award, IF Design Award, Red Dot Design Award, and Good Design Award) have been compared in terms of different dynamics and promotion activities.


The Pupil-mapping Exoplanet Coronagraphic Observer (PECO) medium-class mission concept is a 1.4-m space-based optical telescope with a high-performance Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph. PECO detects and characterizes exoplanets and their host systems at 2 λ/D (0.15") separation at high contrast (~1e-10). The optical design images in 16 filter bands from 400-800 nm, producing simultaneous low-resolution target spectra. PECO will characterize terrestrial planets in the habitable zones of ~20 nearby F, G, K stars at spectral resolution of R~15, as well as over a dozen radial-velocity planets and over a hundred gas giants and exozodiacal dust disks. We discuss PECO's expected science performance and simulated data products over its three-year mission lifetime.


1,1-Diarylalkanes are important structural frameworks which are widespread in biologically active molecules. Herein, we report a reductive relay cross-coupling of alkyl bromides with aryl bromides by nickel catalysis with a simple nitrogen-containing ligand. This method selectively affords 1,1-diarylalkane derivatives with good to excellent yields and regioselectivity.


The principles of operation of a MEMS-based magnetometer designed on the magnetoelastic effect are described. The active transduction element is a commercial (001) silicon microcantilever sputter coated with an amorphous thin film of the giant magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D [(Dy 0.7 Tb 0.3 )Fe 2 ]. The easy axis of magnetization of the Terfenol-D film lies in the plane of the microcantilever and along the acicular direction. In addition to the magnetostrictive transducer, basic components include: (a) mechanical resonance of the coated-microcantilever through coupling to an ac magnetic field; and, (b) detection by optical beam deflection of the microcantilever motion utilizing a laser diode source and a position-sensitive detector. The sensitivity of this magnetostrictive magnetometer is currently 1 μT, which is three orders of magnitude better than a magnetometer based on a similar-sized piezoresistive cantilever.


Objective: To probe the diagnosis and treatment method of cases with esophageal perforation. Methods: The clinical materials of 16 cases of such patient from 1996 to 2004 were analyzed retrospectively in diagnosis and treatment. Results: The confirmed diagnosis before operation was obtained by X-ray, CT, thoracentesis, contrast examination of upper digestive tract and gastroscope. 2 cases were undergone primary esophageal neoplasty and neck drainage, 3 cases endured primary esophageal neoplasty and drainage of pleural cavity, 4 cases were operated with drainage of pleural cavity and jejunofistulaization, esophageal partial resection and esophagogastrostomy for 4 cases, placed esophageal stand for 2 cases and one patient free operation. 6 patients died after operation (37.5%). 7 cases occurred complication (43.8%). Conclusion: To diagnose early, close fistula and prevent infection might be the rational measure for reducing complications and decreasing mortality.