The term "knowledge building," introduced in the late 1980s, has gradually acquired a distinctive meaning within the family of constructivist approaches in education. It refers to the creation of knowledge as a public good. It represents a positive answer to questions raised in a 1994 paper: "Can a school class, as a collective, have the goal of understanding gravity or electricity? Can it sustain progress toward this goal even though individual members of the class may flag in their efforts or go off on tangents? Can one speak of the class--again, considered as a community, not as a mere collection of individuals--achieving an understanding that is not merely a tabulation of what the individual students understand?" New concepts such as Hakkarainen's "epistemic mediation," Stahl's "group cognition," Scardamalia and Bereiter's "improvable ideas" and their distinction between "belief mode" and "design mode" offer insight into how community advances in understanding are achievable. Focus of the Symposium A paper titled "Computer Support for Knowledge-Building Communities" (Scardamalia & Bereiter, 1994) is frequently cited as the definitive representation of knowledge building theory, pedagogy, and technology. However, all of these elements have undergone considerable subsequent development, not only by the original authors and their collaborators but also by others who, while recognizing the early work as a starting point, have proceeded either to infuse new ideas into the original conception or to embed the basic ideas of knowledge building in different theoretical frameworks. The key concept that continues to distinguish knowledge building from other constructivist approaches in education is that of creating knowledge as a public good, as distinct from its construction as mental content or as situated practice. Outside of education, the concept of knowledge creation has taken shape referring to the same process (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995). In fact, "knowledge building" and "knowledge creation" may be treated as equivalent terms (Paavola & Hakkarainen, 2005). In an educational context, however, it becomes important to establish in what sense students may be thought to create new knowledge (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 2010). More generally, the question "How is it possible?" looms much larger in education than it does in business and research contexts where knowledge creation is pursued. This symposium brings together thinkers who have been working at basic theoretical levels to establish sound and fruitful conceptions of knowledge building/knowledge creation. Among the ideas featured in this symposium are "epistemic mediation," "group cognition," "improvable ideas," and a distinction between "belief mode" and "design mode." Because of the diversity of ideas represented, this symposium is designed as a highly interactive one between the contributors and the audience, with the chair person moderating the discussion. Contributors and Presentations The role of epistemic mediation in knowledge building (Hakkarainen, Ritella, & SeitamaaHakkarainen) The evolutionary history of human cognition appears to involve cultural invention of epistemic technologies, such as writing, that radically collectivize cognitive processes traditionally thought of as taking place within the human mind—resulting in what we here discuss as epistemic mediation. By epistemic mediation, we refer to a process of deliberately re-mediating personal or collective inquiry by creating shareable epistemic artifacts, such as texts, graphs, and models. It involves efforts of crystallizing, integrating, and synthesizing one's view at the edge of knowledge and understanding and using the resulting knowledge artifacts as a stepping stone for reaching a higherlevel understanding at subsequent cycles of inquiry. The advancement of knowledge-creating inquiry appears to depend on a sustained struggle to crystallize evolving understanding in a growing network of epistemic artifacts. These artifacts, in turn, provide implicit or explicit hints and guidelines regarding promising directions of advancement and ways of going beyond the existing epistemic horizon. From an evolutionary perspective the present tremendous expansion of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a continuation of the same process of epistemic mediation that took place at the advent of modern civilization and changed the architecture of human cognition as radically as earlier leaps in biological evolution (Donald, 2001). Collaborative technologies empower even elementary-school children in transforming their intangible ideas to digital and, thereby, also materially embodied artifacts with which they can be interact across long periods of time. In order to capitalize on epistemic mediation it appears, however, essential to cultivate shared knowledge practices that channel the participants' efforts into systematic pursuit of knowledge advancement. Knowledge building and other forms of serious inquiry cannot rely on mere oral interaction but must capitalize on epistemic mediation involved in systematic production of epistemic artifacts textual or graphic in nature. The principal vehicle of epistemic mediation is writing that allows externalization, objectification, and materialization of the processes of thinking and reasoning for shareable epistemic artifacts in interaction with which subsequent inquiry takes place. As Brockmeyer and Olson (2009) argued, writing is not just recording of thought but constitutes its own system that has significant social, intellectual, and cultural consequences. This system relies on material-symbolic practices that enable creation of new kinds of epistemic objects, such as questions and theories, with which we can be in interaction. In order to elicit pursuit of novelty, knowledge-building inquiry has to capitalize on extended cognitive circuits that break boundaries between minds, bodies, artifacts and environments (Clark, 2008). In order to cultivate capacities of pursuing challenging inquiries, students have to be intellectually socialized to expand and augment their cognitive resources by deliberately working at external memory fields and writing for creating knowledge. As a social practice, writing is mediated by literate genres, i.e., socially and culturally recognizable, ritualized, and repeated production of typified epistemic artifacts in human collectives (Bazerman, 1988; 2004; Prior, 1998). Beyond genres of reporting textbook knowledge, the participants of technology-mediated learning have to learn to master academic writing focused on using writing as a tool of extending their thinking and deliberately generating new ideas and working theories. Epistemic mediation appears both to require and assist formation of a specific kind of identity as a prospective builder and creator of knowledge. Bereiter and Scardamalia's knowledge building framework aims at making a Copernican revolution in education in terms of putting student-generated ideas at the center of education. When engaged in collaborative knowledge building, students are, in a very concrete way, engaged in working with imagined and anticipated objects that materialize and take their shape only after sustained collaborative efforts forcefully constrained by requirements of reaching coherent understanding or creating a functional product. Such open-ended objects appear to generate constantly novel questions and become more and more complex when pursued: Objects of knowledge appear to have the capacity to unfold infinitely. They are more like open drawers filled with folders extending infinitely into the depth of a dark closet. Since epistemic objects are always in the process of being materially defined, they continually acquire new properties and change the ones they have. But this also means that objects of knowledge can never be fully attained, that they are, if you wish, never quite themselves. (Knorr-Cetina, 2001, p. 181). Technology-mediated learning environments and corresponding practices provide valuable resources for knowledge-creating inquiry in terms of assisting in building on, synthesizing, and rising above epistemic artifacts created. It appears that CSCL environments are children of hybridization in terms of providing material technology for sustained working with shared digital (but materially embodied) artifacts. Such knowledgeware technologies and associated practices of knowledge building allow working with distributed epistemic artifacts, and, thereby, elicit collectivization of inquiry and learning. Integrating CSCL technologies as instruments of one's activity is a developmental process in its own right; cultivation of innovative inquiry practices within a learning community is not possible without sustained iterative and expansive efforts at creating an adequate chronotope. Hence, technology enhances learning only through transformed social practices. Understanding knowledge building as a small-group cognitive process (Stahl) Knowledge building, whether carried out in classrooms, laboratories, or businesses, is almost always carried out in small groups. Accordingly, understanding it requires a theory appropriate to the level of small-group phenomena. The theory of group cognition (Stahl, 2006) stakes out the domain of group meaning-making processes as a new domain for scientific inquiry. Importantly, it distinguishes this domain from the traditional domains of sciences of individual learning and of the development of social practices in communities. The move from the individual to the group level of description as foundational entails an important philosophical step: from cognitivism to post-cognitivism (Stahl, 2011). Although the literature on small groups and on post-cognitivist phenomena provides illuminating studies of the pivotal role of small groups, it does not account for this level of description theoretically. In the final analysis it is almost alwa


Cognitive social structures introduce the individual cognitive to the social network analysis,which is a new branch in social network research.This paper reviews the concept,measurement,empirical research and case study of cognitive social networks,analyzes problems existing in the literature,and provides a number of recommendations in method and content.


Background: Quetiapine is frequently prescribed to people with personality disorder diagnoses, but this is not supported by evidence or treatment guidelines. Aims: To examine associations between periods of quetiapine prescribing and self-harm events in people with personality disorder. Method: Self-controlled case series using linked primary care and hospital records covering the period 2007–2017. We calculated incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for self-harm events during periods when people were prescribed (exposed to) quetiapine, as well as periods when they were unexposed or pre-exposed to quetiapine. Results: We analysed data from 1,082 individuals with established personality disorder diagnoses, all of whom had at least one period of quetiapine prescribing and at least one self-harm episode. Their baseline rate of self-harm (greater than 12 months before quetiapine treatment) was 0.52 episodes per year. Self-harm rates were elevated compared to the baseline rate in the month after quetiapine treatment was commenced (IRR 1.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–2.34) and remained raised throughout the year after quetiapine treatment was started. However, self-harm rates were highest in the month prior to quetiapine initiation (IRR 3.59; 95% CI 2.83–4.55) and were elevated from 4 months before quetiapine initiation, compared to baseline. Conclusion: Self-harm rates were elevated throughout the first year of quetiapine prescribing, compared to the baseline rate. However, rates of self-harm reduced in the month after patients commenced quetiapine, compared to the month before quetiapine was initiated. Self-harm rates gradually dropped over a year of quetiapine treatment. Quetiapine may acutely reduce self-harm. Longer-term use and any potential benefits need to be balanced with the risk of adverse events.


Since the early 1990s, when it was first released, Java has become one of the most widespread programming languages. Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and also Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) have attracted more and more projects which are Java–based. This paper presents a brief survey on the tools and facilities that make Java such an attractive option for parallel simulation developers. Nevertheless, several drawbacks and lacks of the language are also exposed.


We propose combining high-resolution time stamping and adaptive windowing to improve velocity estimation in affordable kinesthetic devices with low-cost sensors and limited computational power. Preliminary results with simulations and a test bench suggest an improvement in accuracy.


The invention discloses an indoor wireless positioning information fusion method which comprises the following steps: (1) setting at least one fixed anchor point; (2) sampling and measuring the accelerations of a moving person in three directions of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis; (3) carrying out integral operation on the obtained accelerations to obtain the instantaneous speeds of the moving person in the three directions; (4) carrying out integral operation on the obtained instantaneous speeds to obtain the movement distances of the moving person in the three directions; and (5) positioning the moving person by utilizing the received signal strength indication. The invention can practically combine distance measurement positioning and inertia positioning, and can still realize high precision of indoor positioning with lower cost on the premise of failure to previously set multiple anchor points.


In descriptive geometry,the issue of intersection lines is commonly regarded difficult.When the projections of intersection lines are tried to gain,the approach of auxiliary surface is always applied—using intersections points of two sets of lines of section to get the points on lines of intersection.Because of the complexity of lines of intersection, illustrating them seems more cumbersome.Through examples of intersections among plane bodies and intersections among curved surface bodies,this article primarily focuses on the approach that can graphically illustrate the relatively difficult and complicated lines of intersection and provides the lines of intersection between triangular prism K-DEF and triangular pyramid and the lines of intersection between oblique elliptic cylindrical surface and ring surface.It is true that as long as choosing projecting planes and directions is according to graphs and putting them on the positions that are advantageous to solving the problems,then applying one oblique projection shift can obtain the lines of intersections, which is comparatively flexible and simple.Only applying one shift,this method can solve the problems on graphical representation,comparing to that Orthographic Projection Method has to adopt many times of projection shifting to figure out.


Based on ARM and μC/OS-Ⅱ,the video monitoring system design is presented.The ARM single-chip microcomputer control system,include power supply circuit,reset circuit,SDRAM NAND FLASH interface circuit,and USB interface circuit.JTAG interface circuit,etc..The system is applied successfully in digital video for monitoring after transplant of μC/OS-Ⅱ and debugging.


tion, would explain the leaders' revolutionary behavior in terms of unsuccessful coping with the Oedipal conflict, perhaps punctuated by a need to repress "homoerotic libido" (Bychowski). Psychohistory, on the other hand, would employ the conceptual tools of Freud, Erikson, Lasswell and others more circumspectly and try to integrate the properly psychodynamic factors with those stemming from the social and historical milieu. Psychohistory would exclude putting all top revolutionary leaders in the same mold, but leave open the possibility that some important revolutionary leaders share clear and distinct personality traits. If these traits do not exactly constitute a "syndrome" (i.e., a mandatory list of necessary conditions), they make a set of "family resemblances" that no researcher can afford to ignore.


The present invention relates to a device of an active volatile substance diffused to the ambient air or enclosed spaces, comprising a solid casing or housing and a solid carrier containing said volatile substance wherein said solid support is provided at least one recess formed on the housing slot, the at least one depth and the width of the groove is selected relative to the solid carrier component containing an active substance, such that the ratio of the evaporation surface of the solid carrier arranged within the recess mass of the solid carrier, the means effective during the working life can be obtained substantially constant release rate and total evaporation amount of evaporation of the active volatile substances. In order to obtain a good appearance, the grooves may be made of various geometric shapes. Active substance may be made of volatile fragrance, deodorant, disinfectant or insecticide composition.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate alternative strategies to enhance participant interaction in library focus groups. Design/methodology/approach – Descriptive alternatives strategies are suggested as techniques to enhance participant interaction in library focus groups. Findings – There are no findings as such, rather this is a paper which suggests different approaches than have hitherto be tried in library focus groups. Originality/value – There has not been a similar article or set of proposed alternative strategies on this subject in so far as library focus groups are concerned.


Non-parametric metrics of interdaily stability (IS), relative amplitude (RA), and intradaily variability (IV) characterize between- and within-day rest-activity rhythms. Prior research has reported differences in these metrics by age and race/ethnicity, but these differences have not been widely assessed in children and adolescents. Therefore, we investigated associations of these metrics with sociodemographic factors across the lifespan, including children, in a US-representative cross-sectional study.

 Rest-activity metrics were derived from actigraphy data (wrist-worn GT3X+ ActiGraph devices) measured over one week in the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Pregnant participants and participants with < 4 days of valid data were excluded; missing activity data were imputed and pooled using Rubin's rule. Population-weighted linear and ordinal logistic regression (quartiles) models were fit to examine the associations of age, gender, smoking, body mass index (BMI), income-to-poverty ratio, and self-reported race/ethnicity with rhythmicity measures. Stratified analyses by age groups were conducted.

 There were n=12,526 participants aged 3-80 years. In adjusted analyses, IS and RA (higher: stronger rhythms) decreased with age and were lower among men, whereas IV (higher: weaker rhythm, greater fragmentation) increased with age (p< 0.05). Higher income-to-poverty ratio associated with higher RA (1-unit OR=1.11, 95%CI:1.06,1.16) and IV (1-unit OR=1.10, 95%CI:1.07,1.13). Greater BMI associated with lower RA and IS and higher IV (p< 0.05). Smoking associated with decreased values for all metrics. Compared to the non-Hispanic White group, the Asian, non-Hispanic Black, and Other/Multiracial groups were more likely to have lower RA, lower IS, and higher IV (p< 0.05). Compared to the non-Hispanic White group, the Mexican American (OR=0.83, 95%CI:0.72,0.95) and Other Hispanic (OR=0.83, 95%CI:0.73,0.94) groups were less likely to have higher IV. Analyses stratified by age (≤18, >18 years) resulted in similar patterns among the Asian, non-Hispanic Black, and Other/Multiracial groups (p< 0.05).

 Rest-activity rhythms differ by age, gender, BMI, income, smoking, and race/ethnicity, representing possible windows for public health intervention and sleep health promotion. Differences in rest-activity measures by race/ethnicity begin in childhood, are evident in early adolescence, and persist throughout adulthood. Future analyses will evaluate the contribution of environmental factors to these differences.

 NIH-NHLBI T32HL007901, R35HL135818


Bangladesh is one of the disaster prone areas of South Asia as well in the world, because of its geographical characteristics, complex topographical features, mighty rivers system, monsoon climate and the coastal morphology. Since 1972 the country has experienced total 297 natural disasters. Of them flood and storm are common disasters which represents 47.47%and 28.96% respectively of the total disasters. More or less each and every year Bangladesh has been experiencing the disaster flood and since 1972 total 86 floods occurred in Bangladesh which killed total 42279 people. But it's a good news that the trend of deaths by this disaster have been decreasing because the Government of Bangladesh have taken different steps such as flood action plan, flood management model study, flood hydrology study, flood forecasting and warning study, national water policy, national water management plan, irrigation and drainage projects, construction of flood embankments and flood shelters. For the overall natural disaster management the country has institutional and regulative framework, which is monitored and implemented by different ministries and departments collaborating with different national and international organizations. Keyword: Disaster, flood, floodplain, vulnerability, trend, management, framework Cite this Article Abdul Baten, Pedro Arcos Gonzalez, Rafael Castro Delgado. Natural Disasters and Management Systems of Bangladesh from 1972 to 2017: Special Focus on Flood. OmniScience: A Multi-disciplinary Journal . 2018; 8(3): 35-47p.


Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) based normal distribution transform (NDT) is a popular localization algorithm in smart vehicles for its robustness and accuracy. To meet the requirement of higher speed of smart vehicles, LiDAR point clouds become increasingly large due to the increase of not only the number of laser channels but also their frame rates. However, previous NDT implementations fail to achieve real-time performance when handling large point clouds because they require an enormous number of search operations and perform intensive computations per search operation. To address this issue, we propose an optimized NDT algorithm and its FPGA implementation. First, we effectively speed up each search operation by proposing a new non-recursive and memory-efficient data structure, called occupation-aware-voxel-structure (OAVS). Second, we significantly reduce the number of search operations by removing redundant searches with an optimized semantic-assisted OAVS-based NDT algorithm (SEO-NDT). Third, we further improve the real-time and energy efficiency by proposing a streaming FPGA accelerator architecture for SEO-NDT. Compared with the state-of-the-art embedded CPU and GPU implementations, our FPGA implementation achieves up to 35.85x and 2.44x execution time speed up, respectively.


A series of urethane acrylate resins (UARs) having various amounts of hard segment were synthesized from poly(oxypropylene) diols (PPOs) with different molecular weights and characterized. The relationship between the morphologies and mechanical properties of these UAR (UARX-Y-Z, in which X means the molecular weight of PPO, Y means the content of hard segment, and Z means the content of comonomer) networks was investigated in detail. It was found that the morphology of the UARX-Y-Z network was related to the contents of hard segment and the comonomer (methyl methyacrylate—MMA) as well as the molecular weight of PPOs. The UAR1000-0-34 network synthesized from PPO210(Mn = 1000) is a homogeneous system due to the good compatibility between the PPO210 and the MMA segment. TheUAR1000-0-60 network exhibits the morphology of partial microphase separation resulting from increasing the length of the MMA segment, so as to decrease the miscibility between the soft and hard segment. For the UAR1000-30-34 network having a higher content of the hard segment, the hard segments tend to form domains with the limited short-range and long-range order, leading to the formation of the microcrystallites, and therefore it shows higher tensile strength and elastic modulus. For UAR400-0-34 network with lower molecular weight PPO204 (Mn=400), a high glass transition temperature and some microcrystallites were observed. Such a network exhibits the best mechanical properties over all UAR networks studied. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1532–1537, 2000


The 1972 novel Petals of Blood marks Ngugi wa Thiong'o's growing interest in strong women characters like Wanja. Wanja succeeds in areas where women literary figures traditionally do not. In her relationship to the land, her strength as a mother/nurturer figure for the entire village, and her ability to forge her own destiny, Wanja is a female figure rife with agency and power. She steadfastly resolves to accompany others in their return to the city despite the unpleasant memories it holds for her, and she continues the trek even after she is raped. She improves Abdulla's business with her knowledge of advertising and marketing and eventually makes a significant profit for them both through her appropriation of the theng'eta drink. Her final turn to prostitution, though certainly a tragic and cynical decision on her part, is also a reasoned and logical solution to the problems she faces. As the only primary woman figure, Wanja's character at first glance carries auspicious—if tenuous—hopes for African women and for their depiction in the works of a growing body of the African canon and postcolonial literature more generally. This agency is precisely the part of Wanja's characterization that is so uncritically appealing to many feminists. We find Wanja a refreshing change from traditional, passive, melodramatic, male-dependent, lackluster heroines. As a result, Ngugi has a long


We present for the first time a fully operational 77-GHz silicon-germanium (SiGe) single-chip four-channel transceiver module with four integrated antennas assembled in an embedded wafer-level ball grid array (eWLB) package. This eWLB module has a size of 8 mm × 8 mm and a footprint with a standard ball pitch of 0.5 mm. The module includes four half-wave dipole antennas that are realized using the thin-film redistribution layer (RDL) of the eWLB. The antennas are connected to the transceiver chip using 100-Ω differential coplanar strip (CPS) lines realized in the RDL. The ground plane on top of the printed circuit board (PCB) is used as a reflector for the integrated antenna. Due to integration of the antenna in the package, all mm-wave signals are restricted to the package and no mm-wave transitions to the PCB are required. Moreover, the position of the reflector on the top metallization of the PCB is of great advantage, as it makes the integrated antenna unconstrained by the actual PCB material. Thus, the module can be assembled on any type of PCB. We show that using four radiating elements, it is possible to realize radar system with basic 2D beamforming capabilities. The presented results demonstrate the importance of coherent chip-package co-design and the excellent potential of the eWLB for mm-wave system-in-package (SiP) applications.


Machine learning is one of the strongest driving forces behind modern computer vision systems, giving rise to impressive results on practical tasks like image classification and body part recognition. One of the prerequisites for making such systems work is the availability of large and accurately labelled training data sets. Of similar importance is how to find an optimal data representation for the task at hand. In the computer vision community, much effort has gone into the careful design of appropriate representations (aka features), i.e. SIFT, HOG or Shape Context are examples of ingeniously engineered representations, exploiting prior knowledge about the tasks to be accomplished. However, in the recent years increasing efforts have been spent on addressing also the data representation problem by means of machine learning techniques, in order to reduce the dependency on properly designed, hand-crafted features by jointly learning of classifiers and the representations they operate on. This trend has mostly been stimulated by the successful application of deep architectures to representation learning. In such architectures, multiple sequences of non-linear processing stages generate data representation hierarchies, that are ultimately able to describe highly complex compositions in the data. However, it is known that deep learning architectures require substantial experience for hyper-parameter tuning.


Abstract : Since nerve cells of large sizes were isolated from various nuclei of cat brain stem; for each isolated nerve cell, its gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) content was measured and the GABA concentration calculated. In two cats, cerebellar vermis was removed, and 9 and 40 days after the operation, large cells were dissected out from Deiters' nucleus. GABA concentrations in the isolated nerve cells of the operated cats were: Deiters' cells, dorsal part, 1.7 plus or minus 0.6 mM; Deiters' cells, ventral part, 2.7 plus or minus 0.4 mM. Purkinje neurones of cerebellar vermis send their axons to the dorsal part of Deiters' nucleus. The present results suggest that GABA exists in a high concentration in Purkinje axon terminals attached to the nerve cell bodies of dorsal part of Deiters' nucleus. (Author)


The development of community-based tourism is an alternative approach to improving the welfare of a community. Based on this concept, community service activities are carried out to strengthen tourism management competencies for the community in the Sawarna Beach Area. The activities are carried out using off-site and on-site concepts through the application of training modules and workshops on the preparation of an electronic catalog. Pokdarwis Tanjung Layar as a partner for community service activities shows full support in the form of participating in all series of activities and providing input on packaging thematic tour packages. The results of this activity are in the form of 5 (five) electronic catalogs regarding the theme of tourism products in the Sawarna Beach Tourism Area, namely adventure, culture, nature, fishing and geoparks. This community service activity is expected to be followed up by tourism actors in the Sawarna Beach Tourism Area in order to sharpen and expand the benefits of the activities that have been carried out.


Nowadays, games exist everywhere in people's daily life, and game theory methods should not be just formulas and words in books, but also brought into people's daily life, helping people to solve many practical problems in life. This paper selects the most common problem in the life of postgraduate students - the choice of thesis direction between postgraduate students and their supervisors, takes Nash equilibrium as the theoretical support point, analyses the "prisoner's dilemma" model in game theory, combines with the payment matrix, and finds the solution to the problem. The solution to the problem is the application of game theory in daily life, which demonstrates the close connection between games and life.


Advancements in healthcare are extending the lives of individuals with dementia, and rehabilitation services are needed to address skills and abilities needed to maintain function and independence as long as possible. Individuals with dementia have the capability for learning when information is presented using specific strategies, tools, and techniques. Rehabilitation professionals should capitalize on implicit memory, use of specific cueing methods, error-free learning situations, use of external devices and environmental modification, and facilitory communication techniques. Rehabilitation professionals must also advocate for therapy for this group and increase awareness of the benefits that can be obtained by individuals with dementia.


Adopting the principle of organic conceptual diagram,using carnauba wax,beeswax,paraffin wax as raw materials,the formulation of pearl polishing wax emulsion was designed.Also discussed was the influence of temperature and time of emulsification as well as types of emulsion on the stability of emulsified wax.The results indicated that the stability of emulsified wax is good when it is made under the conditions of emulsion temperature of 95℃,emulsifying tim e of 30min,stirring speed of 1000-1500 r/min by using phase inversion methods.


Mobile telecommunication is a complex physics and engineering subject, which most of the population does not fully understand. In addition, lay people do not adequately realize that scientific studies on biological effects and health consequences of RF unavoidably have uncertainty and may provide conflicting results and trigger discussion among scientists. Unfortunately, while trying to simplify the matter, actions of various interest groups, and in some cases incompetent and irresponsible reporting by the mass media have exacerbated the controversies.


Due to increasing use of land surveying practices along with technology advancements, a necessity for appropriate tools for task accomplishment has been occurred. A computer application program has been developed to make land surveying applications into a single user-friendly desktop operation to reduce the complexity of the surveying work. In the developed software (SCAD2006) the processing in outline and by the nature of snapshot provides a static view of activities. SCAD2006 acts as a bridge between raw data and digital maps because it provides required tools for digitalization. It benefits professional land surveyors in developing countries for efficient completion of mapping tasks. The pilot study revealed that 52% of Sri Lankan land surveyors are currently using this software, which indicates the practicability of it within a short period of time. DOI: 10.4038/suslj.v7i1.1843 Sabaragamuwa University Journal vol. 07 no.1, 2007 pp 48-63


Aiming at the problems of image fusion in spatial domain, such as the extraction of different image sources and difficulty in selecting fusion weights, a new spatial domain image fusion algorithm is proposed. Using the basic principle of matrix similarity, the infrared image matrix is diagonally transformed, the visible light image matrix is mapped on the main eigenvectors, the weighted fusion method is used to process the eigenvalue matrix, and the fusion matrix is diagonalized inversely transformed and reconstructed Fusion image. Experimental results show that while the algorithm fully retains the effective information of the source image, the overall grayscale of the fused image has been significantly improved, and it has a good image quality evaluation index and better visual effects.


Cluster analysis has the aim of grouping several objects of observation based on the data found in the information to describe the objects and their relationships. The grouping method used in this research is the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) and Subtractive Fuzzy C-Means (SFCM) methods. The two grouping methods were applied to the people's welfare indicator data in 42 regencies/cities on the island of Kalimantan. The purpose of this study was to obtain the results of grouping districts/cities on the island of Kalimantan based on indicators of people's welfare and to obtain the results of a comparison of the FCM and SFCM methods. Based on the results of the analysis, the FCM and SFCM methods yield the same conclusions, so that in this study the FCM and SFCM methods are both good to use in classifying districts/cities on the island of Kalimantan based on people's welfare indicators and produce an optimal cluster of two clusters, namely the first cluster consisting of 10 Regencies/Cities on the island of Kalimantan, while the second cluster consists of 32 districts/cities on the island of Borneo.


This is a review of some recent developments in the theory of classical nanoscale fluid dynamics, with tagged particle dynamics as the signature of transport properties. A heuristic analysis of the time asymptotic regime in strictly one-dimensional flow is followed by an exact treatment of the same system, with arbitrary non-interacting point particle dynamics. Stretched time and space coordinates allow us to obtain a universal form — the telegrapher's equation — for the self-dynamics after transients have died down. Attention then shifts to one-particle diffusion in a spatially modulated tubular enclosure, which is analyzed by increasingly sophisticated approximation methods. With this background, single-file fluid flow in modulated enclosures is studied, and preliminary analysis of the "passing region" carried out as well.


Information is provided on the legislative documents of the Russian Federation regulating the activities of organizations in the field of conducting internal audit of industrial safety. The relevance and expediency of applying the process approach at the stage of development and implementation of a system model of internal audit of industrial safety in an organization on the basis of GOST R ISO 19011—2021 is confirmed. The methodological substantiation of the process approach to the development of the industrial safety internal audit model using the well-known PDCA principle is given, the key issues of its applicability are considered. A matrix of processes and sub-processes was compiled in accordance with the typology of processes according to ISO (ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N 544R3), organization management processes, measurement, analysis and improvement processes, main processes and resource management processes, processes were also ranked by levels. The model was developed for creating a system model of internal audit of industrial safety in an organization based on the process approach, SADT structural analysis and design technology, and IDEF0 functional modeling methodology. The development of the main context diagram of the process of organizing and conducting an audit in the IDEF0 notation was carried out. The decomposition of processes of the second and third levels is considered, and all their functional connections are described. The presented process modeling methodology makes it possible to achieve a positive effect in terms of ensuring, minimizing costs and terms for developing a system model of an audit organization and conduct. It is demonstrated that the process approach used in the design of a system model of audit organization and conduct allows structuring the composition of processes, clearly defining the input and output parameters of processes, process participants, resources, ensuring control and adjustment of processes.


Parameter Change Test for Time Series of Counts Youngmi Lee The Department of Statistics The Graduate School Seoul National University In this thesis, we consider parameter change test for time series of counts. First we consider the problem of testing for parameter change in zero-inflated generalized Poisson (ZIGP) autoregressive models. We verify that the ZIGP process is stationary and ergodic and that the conditional maximum likelihood estimator (CMLE) is strongly consistent and asymptotically normal. Then, based on these results, we construct CMLEand residual-based cumulative sum tests and show that their limiting null distributions are a function of independent Brownian bridges. Simulation results are provided for illustration and a real data analysis is performed on data of crimes in Australia. Second we consider bivariate Poisson integer-valued GARCH(1,1) models, constructed via a trivariate reduction method of independent Poisson variables. We verify that the CMLE of the model parameters is asymptotically normal. Then, based on these results, we construct CMLEand residual-based CUSUM tests and derive that their limiting null distributions are a function of independent Brownian bridges. A simulation study are conducted for illustration. We analyze two daily data sets of car accidents that occurred in Sungdong and Seocho counties in Seoul, Korea. Finally, we consider the problem of testing for a parameter change in general nonlinear integer-valued time series models where the conditional distribution of current observations is assumed to follow a one-parameter


similar in some respects to those observed in the CAN-ICU study. However, some differences are important to note, such as a higher prevalence of MRSA among S. aureus isolates. These observations emphasize the importance of continuing local surveillance even when national data are available. We encourage surveillance of common bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in all ICUs. The choice of empirical antibiotic therapy in our ICU should be based on local microbiologic findings rather than on the data provided by the CAN-ICU study.


In this study we explore a newly available unique dataset that links China's international trade transactions to a comprehensive firm-level data in China's manufacturing sector, and establish a number of interesting stylized facts linking firms' key economic performance to their exporting-importing behavior. One novelty of our analysis is we distinguish between ordinary trade and processing trade; the latter involves importing inputs and materials to be assembled and re-exported to the overseas market. Several novel patterns emerge. First, we discover significant heterogeneity within two-way traders – in terms of size, productivity and factor intensity – depending on their engagement in processing exports/imports. Whilst the existing literature typically finds that two-way traders are larger and more productive than one-way traders, we show that pure processing two-way traders are actually the least productive and exhibit the lowest capita/skill intensity compared to one way traders. By contrast, firms conducting both ordinary and processing trade are the largest, most productive and capital intensive among all trading firms. Second, consistent with the market hierarchy hypothesis, larger and more productive firms trade with a larger number of trade partners with tougher market conditions characterized by longer distances and smaller market size. Remarkably, this pattern is highly symmetric between exports and imports, as well as ordinary and processing trade. Third, firms with greater capital and skill intensities source their inputs from countries with higher income per capita, and this pattern holds only for ordinary imports but not processing imports. Fourth, larger firms trade a larger number of products with greater average product complexity as proxied by Nunn's contract intensity measure. Fifth, controlling firm size, more productive and capital intensive firms export less complex products but import more complex ordinary inputs. Whilst some of the above findings confirm existing stylized facts reported for other countries, some patterns we discover are new to the literature and remain to be reconciled with the heterogeneous firm trade theory.


It is a common view, shared by Emergency Department staff and ambulance crews, that a large number of patients unnecessarily use Emergency Service ambulances instead of transporting themselves to the hospital by other, more appropriate means. In this retrospective study, 528 consecutive Emergency Service calls to the Herlev Hospital Casualty/Emergency Department during a six week period were reviewed for relevance. Attention was solely aimed at the relevance of the use of Emergency Service ambulances in each case, but not on patient or health care providers' perception of urgency. All calls resulting in admission to hospital were pre-defined as being relevant. Seventeen point six percent of all calls were deemed irrelevant. Thirty-three percent of all calls not resulting in admission were deemed irrelevant. The results confirm Emergency Department health care providers' and ambulance crews' view that Emergency Service ambulances are used inappropriately by the public.


Summary The goals of the Infant‐Family Resource Program is to facilitate optimal development of infants and their families, reducing the incidence of psychosocial disorder. A multifaceted approach is utilized which consists of basic research, preventive‐intervention services to infants and their families, and the provision of consultation and education to health professionals. This paper provides a description of the program from its inception with special attention to research results and process issues.


Objective To investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the proliferative and capillary canaliculization of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Methods PRP was prepared by twice centrifugal method, and HUVECs (CEV-304) were cultured in vitro and then randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Special culturing media including 5%, 10%, and 20% PRP were added into the HUVECs separately in the experimental group and none in the control group. The proliferation of HUVECs was measured by XTT assay, the cell cycle was tested by flow cytometry, and the ability of capillary canaliculization of HUVECs was tested by tube formation assay. Results HUVECs in experimental group had better shape and higher density than those in control group. XTT method showed that the proliferative activity of HUVECs in experimental group was obviously stronger than that in control group (P 0.01). As compared to the cells in control group, those in S-phase were increased in experimental group (P 0.01), and formed a complete canaliculization and the area of canaliculus was significantly bigger (P 0.05). Conculusions PRP can promote the proliferation and the capillary canaliculization of HUVECs in vitro, and may promote the angiogenesis in the process of tissue regeneration.


We present a de nition of stable generated models for extended generalized logic programs (EGLP) which a) subsumes the de nition of the answer set semantics for extended normal logic programs [GL91]; and b) does not refer to negation-as-failure by allowing for arbitrary quanti er free formulas in the body and in the head of as rule (i.e. does not depend on the presence of any speci c connective, nor any speci c syntax of rules). We show how to solve classical ATP problems in the framework of extended disjunctive logic programming (EDLP) where neither Contraposition nor the Law of the Excluded Middle are admitted principles of inference. Besides being able to solve classical ATP problems in a monotonic reasoning mode, EDLP can as well treat commonsense reasoning problems by employing its intrinsic nonmonotonic inference capabilities based on stable generated models. EDLP thus proves itself as a general-purpose AI reasoning system.


Single crystals of pure potassium acid phthalate (KAP) and nickel-magnesium (Ni-Mg), cobalt-magnesium (Co 2+ -Mg 2+ ) and lithium-magnesium (Li 1+ -Mg 2+ ) co-doped potassium acid phthalate crystals were grown by an isothermal evaporation method. Good quality and optically transparent single crystals of pure and bimetallic doped KAP were grown. Enhancement of the metastable zonewidth was achieved by the addition of co-doped novel bimetallic impurities in KAP solution. The induction period and various critical nucleation parameters such as radius of critical nucleus, number of molecules in the critical nuclei and the critical free energy change were calculated based on the classical theory for homogeneous nucleation. The induction period decreases exponentially with supersaturation ratio and hence the nucleation rate increases with the increase of supersaturation ratio for all systems. Subsequent incorporation of these bimetallic co-doped impurities into the crystal would allow the growth rate to achieve its maximum value. The induction period is found to increase with the incorporation of Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Li 1+ ions doped along with Mg 2+ ions in KAP. It is anticipated that these larger cations play a vital role in the growth mechanism and it favors to reduce the formation of secondary nucleation by positioning the doped metal ions into the interstitial sites. DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i2.4102 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences , Vol. 33, No. 2, 189-197, 2009


Excerpt To the editor: According to the recent paper of Dr. Cattran and colleagues (1), peritoneal dialysis leads to more severe and sustained hypertriglyceridemia than hemodialysis. Since higher v...


More and more college students have poor eyesight and are becoming increasingly fat with less explosive force and a decline in physical strength.In the present colleges and universites where most students are the only child in their families,it's absolutely necessary to acquire a guiding ideology of "health first".The physical culture of college students in an indispensable part in the education of students,contributing to their healthy growth.The paper focuses on student-centered methods of training students inside and outside P.E.classes in an attempt to make students actively and conscientiously participate in physical exercises.


This work examines how the so-called postethnophilosophical phase in African philosophy − propounded by Osha (2011) − fits into the perceived trajectory of the discipline and its overriding emancipatory mandate. The work appropriates ideas from arguably the two most popular "posts": postmodernism and postcolonialism. This is done to analyse how the postethnophilosophic turn (in its attempt to transcend the discourses of ethnophilosophy and to be postethnophilosophy) opens up new possibilities for African agency and the creation of knowledge. The work argues that postethnophilosophy should concern itself with the analytic task of unmasking the darker side of modernity in order to open up those horizons and experiences once held hostage by modernity and coloniality. It is within this context that a truly global and polycentric knowledge landscape can emerge. In its quest to expose and dismantle hegemonic discourses of colonial modernity, postethnophilosophy finds itself located within the same theoretical horizon occupied by postmodernism and postcolonialism, ready to benefit from their auto-critical habit.


Effect of powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum and root
knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Dahlia variabilis has been
studied. The growth of plants was considerably reduced when inoculated
with two pathogens. The population of nemtode was more when
inoculated with two pathogens. However, the size of females
(Morphometric values) of M.incognita was significantly reduced when
inoculated with powdery mildew fungus.


The germination and early development of cotton in the Namoi Valley, New South Wales, was examined in three seasons, and related to temperature by regression analysis and by growing degree day (GDD) summations. Temperature variation was achieved by planting date and season. It was found that cotton development between planting and squaring would cease below 11.4°C. A delay of one week in planting decreased the planting to emergence phase by 0.9 days, the emergence to squaring phase by 2.2 days and the squaring to flowering phase by 0.4 days. Therefore, the selection of cultivars for cold tolerance should concentrate on the emergence to squaring phase in particular. For wet soil, increasing temperature was strongly associated with per cent and speed of emergence. For dry soil, temperature had a smaller effect.


In this communication we demonstrate the implementation of an external cavity fiber grating laser with a side mode suppression ratio higher than 40 dB utilizing a Fabry-Perot laser diode with a facet containing an antireflection coating which thickness is controlled by a technique allowing the direct observation of the laser resonance behavior during the application process.


Here, for the first time, we report the decomposition of SO3 within an intermediate-temperature range using a catalytic membrane reactor. We achieved a remarkable level of O2/SO3 selectivity at 18.7 (Knudsen selectivity: 1.6) and a significant increase in SO3 conversion at 600 °C. In addition, normalized Knudsen-based permeance (NKP) through the microporous silica membrane allowed us to provide the first report on the molecular size of SO3 molecule (0.470 nm).


Marshall's annual "Take Our Children to Work Day" event June 18 will offer children a variety of hands-on educational activities designed to educate them about NASA's mission.


Abstract : The purpose of the paper is to investigate effects of a discontinuous, inhomogeneous magnetic field and gravitational effects on the growth rate of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in inhomogeneous plasmas within the framework of ideal MGD. It is shown that an increasing nonuniform magnetic field with a sole component in the direction of the flow has a destabilizing effect as soon as a critical magnetic field is reached. (Author)


High entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit an unusual combination of high fracture strength and ductility. However, atomic mechanisms responsible for crack propagation in HEAs are still not clear, which limits further improving the damage tolerance. Here we investigate effect of crystal orientation on the crack-tip behaviors in single-crystal HEA CrMnFeCoNi using atomic simulations to explore fracture micromechanism. The formation of deformation twinning and activation of multislip systems are observed during the propagation crack with the $(001)\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ orientation, consistent with the previous experiments. Under the $(\overline{1}10)\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ orientation, the amorphous region takes place throughout the crack growth, and is difficult to occur in traditional metal materials. Dissimilarly, for the $(1\overline{1}\overline{1})\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ orientation, the blunting and slip bands occur at the front of the crack tip by switching the slip mode from the planar to wavy slip, observed in recent transmission electron microscopy experiments. The chemical disorder leads to the obvious fluctuation of flow stress, but hardly affects the deformation mechanism at the crack tip. Compared to traditional metals and alloys, the high local stress concentration induced by coupling effect of severe lattice distortion and tension strain leads to the structure transformation from crystallization to amorphization at the crack tip in HEA. While the presented atomic simulations and the associated conclusions are based on CrMnFeCoNi HEA, it is believed that the current deformation mechanism at crack tip could also be applied to other face-centered-cubic HEA.


A novel microwave photonic link to simultaneously realize high spectral efficiency and optimization of chromatic-dispersion-induced power fading based on dual-drive polarization division multiplexing Mach–Zehnder modulator (PDM-MZM) is proposed and demonstrated. Two microwave vector signals are IQ modulated on an optical carrier in one polarization state via the upper sub-MZM (IQ modulator) of the PDM-MZM. The optical carrier with orthogonal polarization state is unmodulated and transmitted together with the modulated optical signal. At the receiver, a polarization controller and polarizer are cascaded to change the phase of the optical carrier. By properly changing the phase of the optical carrier, the two microwave vector signals are respectively recovered and the chromatic-dispersion-induced power fading is optimized simultaneously. Since two microwave vector signals are transmitted over a single optical carrier, the spectral efficiency of the link is doubled. A proof-of-concept experiment is performed. The transmission of a 50-Msym/s 16-QAM signal and a 100-Msym/s QPSK signal both at 6 GHz over a 25-km SMF is realized, and its transmission performance in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) and bit error rate (BER) is evaluated. The optimization of the chromatic-dispersion-induced power fading is also verified by the experiment.


We study the performance of the gateway selection architecture (GSA), developed within the framework of the EU ambient networks integrated project, which provides support for gateway discovery, management, and selection for mobile nodes within dynamic routing groups. A routing group (RG) is a cluster of nodes in physical proximity, aware of the group membership, especially in the context of the Ambient Networks architecture, with a common goal of optimizing mobility management and routing functionality in the group. We present two examples on how GSA can be introduced using existing protocols, namely MIP and HIP. Our simulation studies show the benefits gained from group formation when compared to same functionalities implemented in every individual node, and compare the GSA optimized signaling strategy with other competitive approaches.


Abstract The retrieval of aerosol size distributions from solar aureole measurements, in the past, have been made tractable by assuming the single-scattering approximation, since the inclusion of multiple scattering by solving the complete radiative transfer equation would make such retrievals prohibitively expensive. Recently, ways have been sought to improve the accuracy of such retrievals without increasing the computational effort afforded by the single-scattering approximation. This has led to the development of a perturbation approximation, which makes allowance for molecular multiple scattering; aerosol multiple-scattering events are largely ignored. In this paper, the derivation of an empirical expression to account for this molecular multiple scattering is discussed, and the accuracy of this approximation is illustrated by some examples of the direct problem for the solar aureole.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the perceptions that undergraduate students formed and provides further insight into the relationship between perceived teaching quality (with its descriptors) and student motivation. Design/methodology/approach - The paper reports the findings from a survey of student perceptions of quality teaching and its interaction with various motivational orientations that students exhibit in higher education. The proposed hypotheses and conceptual model were tested using regression and correlation analyses, as well as analysis of variance from a survey of 271 undergraduate students in programs at two different universities. Findings - The findings document the explanatory role of various motivations in students' perceptions of teaching quality: correlation analysis found intrinsic motivation to be positively correlated with the perceived teaching quality, while extrinsic motivation was found to be moderately correlated, suggesting that motivational orientation dimensions are influential in students' assessments of their teaching experience in school. Intrinsic motivation with its possible states and factor loadings showed strong positive impact on the teaching quality and students' evaluation, even after accounting for the reputation (general opinion) of the educational institution (or program). Thus, we cannot ignore the value-added nature of various motivational orientations and their influence upon the perceptions of students. Surprisingly, few differences in perception based on gender, age, and country of birth (ethnicity) were found. Young students (less than 25-year old) and Canadian- and American-born students exhibited significant negative reactions (difference) to perceived teaching quality; in contrast, female students exhibited positive reactions towards it. Practical implications - The results presented here will assist researchers, professors, and higher-education administrators by capitalizing on students' existing intrinsic motivation and understanding the relationship between student perceptions of teaching quality and their degree of motivation to further expand and implement a better quality-assurance educational system. A viable strategy to enhance and further motivate students extrinsically and intrinsically in their learning will significantly enhance their perceptions. Originality/value - The article explores for the first time the link between students' motivational orientations and their perceptions about teaching quality.


Effects of ethanol concenttration, temperature, material-solution ratio and extraction time on extraction rate of total flavonoids from 'Enwuyemi'Gynostemma pentaphyllum were studied, and the extraction technology was optimized by orthogonal test L9(34). The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are ethanol concenttration 70%, material-solution ratio 1:10, water bath temperature 90 ℃ and extraction time 1 h. Under the conditions, the extraction rate of total flavonoids is 4.1%.


Analysing the database of asteroid models from inversion techniques (DAMIT) � , we found that the spin axis of asteroids do not avoid the ecliptic plane, which had been widely understood since the early days of asteroid physical studies. Previously observed depopulation was probably caused by the EAM methods bias, which is absent if the asteroid shapes are modelled as more complex rather than triaxial ellipsoids.


Research team conducted 8 phenomenological interviews with pre-practicum counseling students at a southeastern research university regarding the students' experiences of learning to be a counselor. Seven themes emerged from analyzing transcripts of the audiotaped individual interviews: the journey, decision making, self-doubt, counseling is, learning, boundaries, and differences. Results indicate that students view their experiences as a journey permeated with self-doubt.


In this paper, a network performance evaluation algorithm is proposed based on BP neural network. This system collects 8 network parameters in a local area network, and classifies the performance of network into three states: excellent, good and unqualified. Verification and analysis results show that the accuracy of the proposed network performance evaluation algorithm reaches up to 90% by K-fold cross validation test. The experiments indicate that this proposed algorithm is robust and effective. Moreover, the calculation time of this system is less than 1ms. It could be effectively applied for a real-time network performance evaluation.


With characteristics of large investment,long construction period and high security risk,influenced by factors such as price rises in recent years,development cost in complex field kept increasing year by year.While compared to the production in single well which remained fairly constant,there were increasing contradictions between input and output.How to effectively reduce the cost of development to achieve maximum investment benefit becomes the key for complex field development.With Northeastern Sichuan Gas Production District of Southwest Oil and Gas Company as an example,investment control measures for engineering construction projects in the complex gas field are concluded as follows:a)to attach great attentions on project early-stage decision-making and strengthen the source control;b)to strict to the investment plan and keep the schedule seriously;c)to strengthen procurement,onsite visa and warning management through the whole operation and strengthen cost control of whole process;d)to carry out project postevaluation analysis and improve management level.


An efficient method is described for the mild and rapid tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols using a catalytic amount of N-chlorosaccharin (1 mol %) and 3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran under solvent-free condition at room temperature. Benzylic alcohols and phenols containing electron withdrawing or donating groups in various positions of phenyl ring, cinamyl alcohol, primary, secondary, tertiary as well as cyclic alcohols are converted to their corresponding tetrahydropyranyl ethers in short reaction times and in excellent yields via the present method. Primary benzylic alcohols in the presence of secondary ones and also primary or secondary aliphatic alcohols in the presence of tertiary ones can be efficiently tetrahydropyranylated with excellent selectivity via this method.


Objective To evaluate the antioxygenation of soybean isoflavone.Methods The antioxygenations of soybean isoflavone,vitamin C and rutin were compared on the base of the elimination tests of DPPH.free radical and hydroxide free radical as well as the oxidation resistance test of linoleic acid.Results Soybean isoflavone could scavenge both of free radicals above.Comparable with rutin,it had a better effect on the elimination of hydroxide free radical.Conclusion Soybean isoflavone is a good scavenger for hydroxide free radical.


It is well known that the AKR activity has a close correlation with substorm activities, especially with aurora activity and AE index. It is also known that magnetic storms are always accompanied by substorms


Investigations on the green algal seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Kützing for their insecticidal and inhibition effect on Spodoptera litura Fabricius were conducted under laboratory conditions in Department of Entomology. Experimental results on the larvicidal action of acetone extract exhibited no effect up to 24 hours of treatment. C. antennina acetone extract @ 10 per cent concentration demonstrated the highest larval mortality in all the periods of observation and a gradual increase in mortality was observed up to 7 day (66.67%). Even though the larval mortality was gradual among the treatments, pupation was at variable level among the treatments and the pupal to adult conversion was comparatively lower in all the treatments. Adult emergence data exhibited pupal: adult conversion ratio of 1:0.54 C. antennina 10 per cent treatment whereas in control and solvent control the ratio was 1:0.92.


We test alternative hypotheses on a sample of Chinese stock dividends. The inverse Mills ratio, a signal about future performance, is positively related to announcement returns but does not predict higher future performance. Analysts do not revise their earnings forecasts after the announcement date. Our results are more consistent with liquidity‐based theories. We find that managers choose higher stock dividend ratios if share prices deviate more from the industry‐wide average. Increases in proportional spreads, depth, and the number of trades and decreases in average trade size, and price impact suggest greater participation of liquidity and small investors following stock dividends.


The treatment of storm water in urban areas becomes a necessity to recover the good chemical and ecological state of superficial waters. The Segteup project aims at developing, optimizing and validating a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands dedicated to storm water treatment, and achieving a deep analysis of its performances in terms of hydraulic buffering as well as assessing its purification ability for organic matter, ammonium and some specific compounds like metals and HAP. The survey is planned in a phase of experimentations on large pilots, to study different types of conception, as well as a real-scale phase. A model like CW2D will be used to represent its operation and evolution with time. In order to give some technical advice to decision makers in charge of urban runoff, the survey will widen the thought of the adaptation of filter design to the French national context through different combined systems features by means of a model. The conditions of acceptability of this type of technical solutions by the users in the neighbouring area and by the technicians will also be clarified.


1. Serum postheparin lipolytic activities (PHLA), triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were determined in children with kwashiorkor before and after treatment and also in normal control children. 2. Using the range (571–1650 μmol/l) of serum triglyceride of the control children as normal, five (20%) of the twenty-five children with kwashiorkor had low (less than 570μmol/l), thirteen (52%) had normal (571–1650, μmol/l) and seven (28%) had high (more than 1650 μmol/l) serum triglyceride levels. 3. The serum PHLA did not show any definite correlation with the level of circulating triglycerides, although the lowest levels of PHLA were found in the malnourished children with highest triglyceride level. 4. While the hepatic PHLA in the malnourished children was significantly less than control value, the extrahepatic PHLA did not differ significantly. 5. After treatment, serum PHLA rose significantly and the mean levels were within normal range. 6. Our findings suggest that a defect in catabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein caused by a low hepatic PHLA may cause hypertriglyceridaemia in children with kwashiorkor.


The article introduces the technical characteristic and executive technology of the braced girder and anchored cable, taking the example of braced girder and anchored cable combined support in the open - off cutting timbering in the 7518 working face in the Wuyang coal mine. It clarifies the strengthening function of the braced girder and anchored cable in the complex and difficult conditions of the drift timbering. It provides the experiential reference to the generalized application of the technology of braced girder and anchored cable in the open - off cutting in the big section working face.


Lobichnus variabalis Kemper 1968 has, until now, previously only been reliably documented from the Cretaceous of north Germany. Herein, the ichnotaxon is recorded and described from the early Devonian (Lochkovian) Chapman Sandstone of the Dockendorff Group of Maine, northeastern U.S.A. This occurrence extends both the geographic and stratigraphie range of the ichnotaxon and confirms its status as a useful and valid ichnotaxon.


Results obtained from pot and field experiments showed that potassium deficiency stress restrained the growth of 81394, a variety sensitive to potassium deficiency, which had the genetic characteristics of high dry products and low potassium concentration. But different potassium, application had little effect on the growing and potassium accumulation in Fujiandao, a vareity tolerant to potassium deficiency. The K use efficiency (KUE) of Fujiandao was higher than that of 81394 under K deficiency condition at earlier growing stage, while it was just the opposite under potassium sufficient condition or at later growing stage. The K efficiency (KE) of Fujiandao was always higher than that of 81394. The nitrogen content and N/K were higher under K deficiency condition, which caused the nutrient unbalance in rice. Such appearance of 81394 was more distinct than that of Fujiandao. Potassium-deficiency could also promote the sodium uptake and accumulation, especially in the root of Fujiandao, which meant sodium and potassium substitution in the root should be one of the mechanisms of high potassium deficiency tolerance.


The development and dispersal of early farming practices dominates the post-glacial archaeological record in many parts of the world, including the Indo-Pacific region. The Papua New Guinean highlands have recently been added to a growing list of claimed independent centres for the transition to agriculture. In most areas, though, available data favour the diffusion of farming practices from a limited number of centres. Underpinning these debates is continuing uncertainty as to causal factors. Current concepts emphasise the role of environmental fluctuations and risk management strategies. However, problems and anomalies persist, including the failure of farming to appear in some regions, notably in Australia, and the dubious food value of some early domesticated species. A prevailing assumption about the transition is that it was predicated on acquisition of food for human consumption. A new model is outlined, positing a key role for the use of clothing. Evidence for an increasing utilisation of natural fibres to manufacture textiles is especially relevant. This model of early farming addresses outstanding theoretical and substantive issues. It also offers an innovative perspective on the relationship between farming and other post-glacial trends witnessed in many, though not all, human societies.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the degree of fiscal decentralization on economic growth in the South West Region of Aceh Province for the period 2011-2019. The data used are secondary data obtained from the Provincial Statistics Agency (BPS) and districts/cities in the South West region of Aceh Province, as well as from related agencies that have relevance to the subject matter of this research. This study uses a simple linear regression analysis model. The variables used are economic growth (dependent variable) and fiscal decentralization (independent variable). The results showed that the degree of fiscal decentralization in the South West Aceh region had a positive effect on economic growth in the South West Aceh. It is hoped that the District / City Governments of the South West of Aceh Province can increase economic growth, and explore productive and potential economic sectors that can influence the degree of fiscal decentralization in the South West Region of Aceh Province. Keywords: Economic Growth, Fiscal Decentralization.


Tourism area landscape design culture is soul and support for tourism area landscape design and actual significance of tourism landscape design can be realized by presenting different culture features and improving culture taste and culture contents. The Paper plans and designs landscape and discusses modern landscape with permanent vital force to create unique charm and the importance of integrating traditional culture and modern culture by aiming at recognition and visual characteristics design problems of tourism area landscape design in Kunming City, Yunnan Province and by integrating regional culture characteristics. Modern culture and traditional culture shall be integrated and history and present shall be combined to form very harmony and unification with local original-ecology landscape and cultural landscape. The Paper finally analyzes how to integrate traditional culture and modern culture in landscape design.


Flux rotating in the plane of laminations of amorphous materials or electrical steels can cause additional losses in electrical machines. To make full use of laboratory rotational magnetization studies, a better understanding of the nature of rotational flux in machine cores is needed. This paper highlights the need for careful laboratory simulation of the conditions which occur in actual machines. Single specimen tests must produce uniform flux over a given measuring region and output from field and flux sensors need careful analysis. Differences between thermal and flux sensing methods are shown as well as anomalies caused when the magnetisation direction is reversed in anisotropic specimen. Methods of overcoming these problems are proposed. >


This study explores whether positive and negative aspects of social networks influence parenting strengths and distress. Our sample is drawn from the Getting Access to Income Now (GAIN) study, a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate a child maltreatment prevention program in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Using prerandomization baseline survey data on the subgroup of respondents who identify as Black or African American mothers (N=402), we find that supportive social networks are associated with higher parental resilience, better parental emotional competence, and lower levels of parental distress. Social networks high in negativity had more negative parenting outcomes, but this relationship was moderated by the positive aspects of social networks. Social network positivity was more important than social network negativity in predicting positive outcomes. Findings may inform prevention strategies utilizing social networks and have critical implications for culturally sensitive practices and programs designed to amplify the strengths of Black mothers.


Clinical Presentation: A 46 year old morbidly obese male presented to the emergency room with acute onset of dysphagia to solid food after having lunch. Patient was only able to swallow small quantity of liquid. Patient denied excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, abdominal pain or chest pain. Past medical history was significant for recent laparoscopic band ligation for weight reduction. There was no previous history of achalasia or reflux symptoms. He was not taking any medications. He was neither an alcoholic nor a smoker. Physical exam revealed a morbidly obese male in no acute distress. Endoscopic examination was performed which revealed mildly dilated esophagus with moderate amount of saliva. A grape was noted in the distal esophagus. It appeared to cause intermittent distal esophageal obstruction. Attempts at pushing the grape through the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) with the scope were hampered by the slithering of the grape along the side of the scope. Attempts to grasp the grape with tripod forceps were unsuccessful due to slippery surface of the grape. A unique approach was adopted to retrieve the grape. An esophageal band ligator was applied to the tip of the scope. The grape was suctioned and anchored into the barrel and removed successfully.


Multisensory intervention in the NICU was implemented in a randomized study population of preterm infants ≤32 wk GA at birth with neurosonogram findings of grade 3-4 intraventricular hemorrhage &/or cavitary periventricular leukomalacia (CNS Injury). A stress-reduced environment was in place for all infants. The experimental group received a program of in-hospital Auditory, Tactile, Visual and Vestibular (ATVV) intervention sessions for 15 min. each, twice a day, 5 days/ week, for 3-6 weeks by trained nurses, beginning at 33 weeks postconceptional age after informed consent. Infants were polygraphically monitored for heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO2, temperature, color and behavioral state before, during, and after intervention. A matched group of infants with normal neurosonograms were compared, with and without ATVV. Infant groups were comparable with regard to Apgar scores (p>.78), GA at birth (p>.35), medical(Minde p>.70) and social factors (p>.05), except for fewer male intervention infants (p=02). Parents were trained regarding continuation of intervention at home. The infants were evaluated blindly in a multidisciplinary developmental follow-up program at 2, 4, 8, and 12 mo. corrected age: physical and neurological and motor assessment, Bayley mental and motor testing. A total of 39 infants were enrolled, 20 intervention, 19 control--22 infants have been evaluated thus far at 12 mo. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of percent CNS injured infants scoring < 50(moderate/severe delay) on the Bayley scales at 12 mo. revealed significantly fewer numbers in the intervention group (p<.05).Table


Anodic film oxide was deposited in a alcohol-glycol-water (AGW) solution on n-GaAs for passivation purpose in stripe technology for laser diodes. The characteristics of anodic oxide were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Rutherford backscattering (RBS) analysis and elastic recoil detection (ERD) techniques. The result indicates a complex oxide structure in the phase base Ga2O3:As2O3(1:1) joined together with carbon bonds. Due to the presence of carbon in anodic oxide, laser diodes are exposed to rapid degradation during operation.


We describe an efficient purely functional implementation of deques with catenation. In addition to being an intriguing problem in its own right, functional implementation of catenable deques is the tool required to add certain sophisticated programming constructs to functional programming languages. Our solution has a worst-case running time of O(1) for each push, pop, inject, eject and catenation. The best previously known solution has an O(log$\sp* k)$ time bound for the $k\sp{th}$ deque operation. Our solution is not only faster but simpler, and indeed we hope it may be practical.
We also describe a purely functional representation of sorted lists, implemented as finger search trees. We obtain our representation as a generalization of a particular deque data structure, but one can also view it as a new kind of finger search tree. The time bounds for access, insert, and delete that our implementation achieve are the same as the best known bounds of any ephemeral implementation of these operations using finger search trees. The representation we present is the first that address the issues of persistence and pure functionality, and the first for which fast implementations of catenate and split are presented. Our solution is simple to implement and can be competitive with existing structures even in an ephemeral setting.
The motivating insight in our work is a general technique that we call recursive slow-down. Recursive slow-down is an algorithmic design principle that can give constant worst-case time bounds for operations on data structures. We expect this technique to have additional applications. To implement recursive slow-down, we use a scheme related to a redundant binary representation of numbers.


F. N. Karmatz is bureau chief for Business Week in Boston, a post into which he recently moved after managing the Chicago bureau for that publication since 1956. Trained in the graduate school of University of Chicago, he was editor and publisher of the Chicago Review from 1952 to 1955. He taught composition to Roosevelt University students in the evening for five years. In this country where newspapers are free from governmental pressures on what they may and may not print, journalists agree that there are few good dailies. Most feel there are fewer than a dozen. By &dquo;good&dquo; they mean those offering accurate and broad coverage to local, national, and international events; but more than that, to be good means that space is given on its own merit, apart from the influence of the editor's, publisher's, or advertiser's views and feelings. Reporters, however unscholarly they be, have one very practical way of judging the merits of their newspapersin terms of the freedom they have to investigate and then report what they find and know. Few can feel completely free. However, this is not to say that news-


As the requirements of centralized control and management of using project of renewable energy projects are more quantity of devices,wide distribution,special work environment,this paper proposed a system solution based on ZigBee technology for renewable energy using equipment to centralized control and manage,designed and implemented testing control node based on ZigBee technology,set up wireless transmission network with a mesh topology,and solved the difficulties of traditional wired control network cabling,high cost,low expansion flexibility. In the application of clusters solar hot water project,it is shown that this system has the characteristic of easy networking, large capacity,expansion flexibility,high self-organization capability and low cost.


Five storied pagoda is built of wood and is known as a high earthquake proof structure. The pagoda is composed of the frame and the center column. The center column is structurally independent of the frame structure. Many researchers have mainly been interested in its dynamic characteristics under the earthquake. They have focused on the acceleration response of the pagoda. This time, we observed not only its dynamic characteristics under seismic load but also under strong wind load. We focused on the displacement response of the pagoda. By integrating the acceleration data twice, the displacement of the structure was obtained. Under low level earthquake, the pagoda swayed about the central axis of the structure. On the other hand, the pagoda was statically deformed by the wind pressure and swayed in the deformed central axis of the structure. The dynamic behavior of the pagoda in the wind is distinctly different from that of the earthquake.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


The temporal dimension has received relatively less attention than its spatial counterpart in the policy transfer literature. In other words, researchers have given priority to demonstrating which govemments or institutions policies have been transferred from or to, rather than how long this takes, the impact of historical pathways, and the timing of transfer. In addition, policy transfer also faces challenges from translation, which takes a more constructivist approach to the movement of policy. This paper aims to explicate the different perspectives on time, and to find ways in which translation may be used to complement policy transfer. The theoretical framework is applied to the adoption of long-term care policies in Germany, Japan, and Korea.


The experimental density distribution of a xenon‐gas jet into vacuum through a nozzle, is studied by means of an interferometric method, using an interferometer of Michelson. Such results are shown in this contribution. The xenon‐gas jet is produced from a supersonic nozzle. It is studied for its usability as a EUV light source. The conversion efficiency of EUV (Extreme Ultra Violet) plasma radiation (induced by laser) depends on cluster density. Its characterization is very important.The intention to find varied sources of EUV radiations from the interaction laser‐gascluster, has pushed us to study the throw of the xenon gas in vacuum, and the formation of the clusters. The purpose of the present research is that to optimize the characteristics of the gaseous target and then to individualize the fittest zone, where the above mentioned interaction will be realized. In our work the gas‐injection nozzle is a convergent‐divergent type with conic profile. We can find the gas‐injection zone with higher density...


This article begins a series on promoting research through social media. This opening article focuses on how and why two human resource development journals have expanded their social media activities. Particular attention is given to the intentionality behind creating and implementing a social media plan to bridge the traditional field of research with the opportunities available through the use of current social media outlets. Initial evidence is presented concerning the impact of these efforts. Subsequent articles will focus on efforts by individual researchers to make use of social media to disseminate research.


From the perspective of the development of ethnic groups, the research pays special attention to the inheritance and protection of special small ethnic folk sports culture. Using the research methods, such as anthropological fieldwork, ethnic Literature, non structural interview method and so on, Gejia's Wushu culture has been excavated and sorted, and oral History and discourse deconstruction on the materials collected has been done, too. The result shows that Gejia's In order to survive and develop, Gejia have created rich and colorful martial arts culture. The martial arts culture penetrates into every aspect of Gejia people's lives, embodies Gejia people's martial national character and national character. They express their memory of ancestors of Gejia people by Wushu, strives for the survival by Wushu, to pray good for the coming year, to pray peace and prosperity for the coming year by Wushu, to pray thrive by Wushu by Wushu, to comfort the dead by Wushu and so on. It lifts Gejia people's national spirit, improves the national prestige of Gejia people,and adds the brightness for the Chinese nation's sports culture too. Gejia's Present Survival Situation Gejia has had a tradition of admiring martial since ancient times. Gejia claims to be offspring of Yi who was Shooting Heroes. Their historical and living geographical area, ritual activities (Harong shooting sunbird), clothing (shooting-sun hat or cap with red tassels) and legend legend (shot-sun legeng) and so on are very closely linked with Houyi. At the same time, Gejia 's ancestor drum, building-sacrifice of Gejia and so on are related with Chaoshi(The first ancestor of Chinese civilization). Many cultural prints in Chinese Classical Literature Before 500 BC such as " Sacrifice ancestor by killing elephelent) have remained well in Gejia. Currently, Gejia was included in the nonmaterial cultural heritage protection project of national paragraphs 1 and 3 at the provincial level; And, is one of the world's 18 ethnic culture circle (The United Nations protect world local culture foundation evaluation) . Gejia is now temporarily classified as one of the miao nationality by the government, but in language, dress, Gejia's beliefs and so on have a significant difference comparing with Miao Nationality. Ethnic psychology is not same, either. Gejia now has about 50000 people, living in the coastal area of qingshui river In Guizhou province. One name makes one village. The big families that with a race gathering. There live Liao, Luo, Li, Wang and other names and other 20 names. Huang ping, Kaili, Guanling and so on at Qiandongnan prefecture are the the main distribution area, about more than 20000 people. Huangping county is the greatest concentration one of counties. Fengxiang Village at Chongxing Town in Huangping County has 2000 people, which is biggest village of Gejia. Fengxiang Village lies in Chongxing Town which lies 30 kilometers in the southeast of Huangping county. Liao name is big name at Fengxiang Village. The village has more than 620 households, more than 580 households is Liao name. The village is divided into upper Fengxiang and lower Fengxiang, including Wan Zitou village, Baolao Village, Futong Village, Pailou Village, Datang Village, Laozhai Village. Gejia here is rice nationality, living by farming, which is known by the less population, unique customs,strange clothes and so on. All of Gejia's family history life, ritual activities, clothing and legends, batik, embroidery, lusheng dance,Harong Festival, trample kiss, 6th International Conference on Electronics, Mechanics, Culture and Medicine (EMCM 2015) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 759 Xiang zhumu, etc contain abundant wushu culture.There is rich cultural connotation, by which we can study the culture and history of Gejia martial arts.. Investigation of Gejia Cluture Research Angle and Area of Investigation. From the perspective of the development of ethnic groups, the research pays special attention to the inheritance and protection of special small ethnic folk sports culture. Using the research methods, such as anthropological fieldwork, ethnic Literature, non structural interview method and so on, Gejia's Wushu culture has been excavated and sorted, and oral History and discourse deconstruction on the materials collected has been done, too. Historical documents come from guizhou Miaozu and Dongzu autonomous prefecture, ethnic and religious affairs committee library, national library documents center, non-material cultural heritage protection center, the theory literature from the academic network retrieval of reading show, China knowledge network, etc. Data types cover the theory of ethnic group related journals and books, Gejia history, etc. Fieldwork takes Fengxiang Village, Chongxing Town, Huangping County, Kaili City as the axis, taking Wangba Village, Yaozhai Village, Huangmao Village, Matang Village, Tangdu Village and its surrounding areas as the extension area. Research contents mainly have: the ancient inscriptions, ancient wood carving, ancient architectural structures, such as wushu culture heritage field information contained in the ancient literature of Gejia; Religious rituals, ritual scenario, situation of groups participating in the activities, qualitative observation of Gejia people martial arts culture scenario. Gejia has its national language, but has no national characters, events. The historical development lines of ethnic groups relies on clothing graphic art, oral narrative, lusheng dance, lusheng songs and lyrics, ancient ancient words, forms and etiquette of ancestor worship, legends and inheritance and so. Culture Background of Gejia Martial Arts Culture The Offsprings Regarding Bow as Their Life and Arrow Culture Gejia claims to be "Como", the other titles include "beefy pocket", "beefy head", "beefy" events, "Gejia" and so on. Gejia history can be traced back to the Qin and Han dynasties[1].Therefore, We can see from the historical documents, in 940 AD[2][3], Han nationality called Gejia's ancestors "pimple pocket" . Gejia has a long history, which can be proved from their custom in the name and also shows that the Gejia have been living in Fengxiang Village areas for at least 700 years or 800 years. According to the Gejia that their ancestors called Yi. Gejia men regard the bow as their lives. The shrine honors with bows and arrows . Bows and bows are also engraved on the tombstone of their ancestors' graves. Archer entire population regard bows and arrows as Holy things. Therefore, Gejia was engaged in some long-term national study of scholars as "bow tribe." Family love leather bow is also reflected in their costumes and everyday life: leather home woman stuck in a red disc on his head like a cone Yinzan Houyi Shooting Down the Sun, Flanagan arrows, men's clothes batik with a bow and arrow graphics, more than labor, Gejia has even archery as a recreational activity, to express their reverence and worship bows. Martial Quality Shown by Clothes Gejia was a tribe that was good at fighting in the ancient. Gejia says that Hou Yi is their and ancestors were generals, distinguished themselves. Their traditional martial spirit reflects in their clothes. Commonly known as "Gejia men have three treasure: bows and arrows, waist Lusheng and swords " [4]. Clothing is a carrier of culture of the nation, from Gejia's clothing we can deeply feel the Gejia has intense martial feelings. The flowers of Gejia man headdress represent bow. Chicken feather and Phoenix tail symbolize arrow tail. The double-bow silver-pieces represent the double bow that their ancestors used when they fought and hunt. Gejia women also plays the role of soldiers.Gejia women's dresses are like armor that warriors wore when they fought in the ancient battle by which to commemorate the military exploits and history of their ancestors, which is the symbol of Gejia successful procreation and historical heritage with a rich culture and rich history. Gejia's headdress is a pattern with arrow shooting sun. there are bows and arrows, bowstring, bow in their silver hairpin. The piece around the head is crescent-shaped, which is the Gejia ancestors recorded about shooting,


On 20 September 1978, the German daily newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung analyses French policy on Europe and outlines the joint efforts of the French President, Valery Giscard d'Estaing, and the German Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt, aimed at establishing a stable economic and monetary policy in Europe.


The E-PPR78 model is a predictive version of the widely used Peng–Robinson equation of state in which the binary interaction parameters are estimated by a group-contribution method. With the 24 groups available before the writing of this paper, such a model could be used to predict fluid phase equilibrium of systems containing hydrocarbons, permanent gases (CO2, N2, H2S, H2, CO, He, and Ar), mercaptans, alkenes, and water. During the process of the Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), it is often necessary to know thermodynamic properties of mixtures containing carbon dioxide, water, hydrocarbons, and trace gases, such as nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, or nitric oxide. Basically, except sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and nitric oxide, most components encountered in systems regarding CCS processes could be modeled with the E-PPR78 model. So in order to predict the phase behavior and estimate energetic properties (e.g., enthalpy or heat capacity changes on mixing) of such ...


Objective To investigate the antibiotics using during perioperative period in our hospital and to formulate management strategy to guide reasonable drug using in clinics.Methods The antibiotics using of 658 patients with operation during perioperative period were investigated and evaluated rationally.Results The using rate of antibiotics during perioperative period in our hospital was 92.4%,including 72.9% for Ⅰ class incision,100% for Ⅱor Ⅲ class incision.The using rate of antibiotics before or during operation was lower,including 20.5% for Ⅰclass incision,31.6% and 39.5% for Ⅱ and Ⅲ class incision respectively.However,the using rate of antibiotics after operation was higher and the duration was longer.Lots of irrationalities in antibiotics using during perioperative period in our hospital were found.Conclusion There were some deficiencies in antibiotics using during perioperative period in our hospital including wide medication indication,non-appropriate medication opportunity,higher starting point of selecting antibiotics and low detection rate of etiology.It's necessary to strengthen the management and to use antibiotics rationally.


The use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has come a long way and has drawn interest in higher educational institutions as a catalyst for teaching, learning and assessing learning. A number of universities have embarked on a journey to delivering education to students with the use of ICT infrastructures. The aim of such delivery is to improve accessibility to teaching related materials to both students and lecturers. The services provided via the infrastructures are made accessible through computing devices. The accessibility of such materials on- and off-campus plays a major role in the success of e-learning implementation. In this paper, the implementation and accessibility of e-learning system in higher educational institutions in Namibia are investigated. Three higher educational institutions in Namibia were used for the study.