The aim of this paper is to reconstruct Brouwer's justification for the intuitionistic revision of logic and mathematics. It is attempted to show that pivotal premisses of his argument are supplied by his philosophy. To this end, the basic tenets of his philosophical doctrine are discussed: the concepts of mind, causal attention, intuition of two-ity and his repudiation of realism.The restriction of intuitionistically allowable objects to spreads and species is traced back to Brouwer's concept of intuition that is a defining feature of his notion of mind. On the other hand, it is argued that his objections to some laws of classical logic result from the rejection of the rule of double negation elimination, which in turn follows from both, the claim that rules of logic should preserve evidence for assertions rather than truth, and too restrictive a concept of evidence.


With a direct radiator loudspeaker, one has essentially an acoustic doublet, the energy from the front and back, differing in phase by 180°. It can easily be shown that the response spectrum depends on the length of the baffle. Because most transistor radios are small, the physical dimensions of the baffle must be small also. How does one account for the apparent presence of these lower frequencies in these small radios? By using three or four audio‐oscillators, it can be easily demonstrated that these lower frequencies are supplied by the asymmetry of the ear and are not actually in the transistor radio radiating system itself. A similar situation in optics will be demonstrated. Thus, the ear has been created almost with a prior knowledge that man would need help in imperfect radiating systems so that an acceptable reproduction of a symphony orchestra would be possible.


On the basis of introducing the implementation method of variable fuel injection rate, the calculation model of a single-cylinder ultra high pressure common rail diesel engine was built, and the accuracy of this model was verified with experiments; then the effects of different fuel injection rates and fuel injection advanced angles on the performance of the ultra high pressure common rail diesel engine were analyzed with this model. The results show that the variable fuel injection rate can be realized by adjusting the opening time of electric-controlled pressure amplifier and injector solenoid valve in the ultra high pressure common rail system. With the lagging of pressurization time, the cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, heat release rate and NOx emissions of the diesel engine decrease, while the soot emission rises. The ultra high pressure rectangle injection rate can make the diesel engine acquire best power and economy performance. With the increasing of fuel injection advanced angle, the cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, heat release rate and NOx emission of the diesel engine rise, while the soot emission decreases first and then rises, the too small or too large fuel injection advanced angle can both reduce the power and economy performance of the diesel engine. The high fuel injection rate that matches small fuel injection advanced angle can improve power output and reduce fuel consumption of the diesel engine, and there is an optimal fuel injection advanced angle for each fuel injection rate to make the diesel engine performance achieve the best.


A surgical instrument operable to expand anastomotic ring device. The instrument comprises a ring deployment of the anastomotic ring and configured to receive the anastomotic ring deployment mechanism by the actuating force. The instrument further comprises an electroactive polymer, configured to receive a voltage from a power source. The electroactive polymer is configured to convert the voltage to a mechanical actuation force. The electroactive polymer is further configured to actuation force to the ring deployment mechanism to expand anastomotic ring.


In online retail, the conflict between the different interests of all customers to different commodities and the commodity classification structure of Web site will make most customers access overabundant Web pages. To solve the problem, building a Hidden Markov Model(HMM) to make the Web site adjust itself according to the users' visits to Web sites is one of the ways. Based on the initialization of hidden Markov Model, same results can be achieved by utilizing the theories of cellular automata extended model and less time was spent. This throws some light on the adaptation of Web site based on CA extended model.


In recent years, more and more emphasis is put on supercritical fluid technology. There are two main reasons: first, supercritical fluids have many unique properties; second, this technique causes little or no pollution [1-3]. Supercritical fluids (SCFs) have many unique properties near the critical point; the fluid physical and chemical properties such as viscosity, density, diffusion coefficient, solvation capability, dielectric constant are sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure. Viscosity and diffusion coefficients are close to those of gases, the density and the solvation ability are close to those of liquids. So far, supercritical fluid technology has been applied in many areas such as extraction and separation technology [4], petrochemistry [5], analytical techniques [6], chemical reaction engineering, materials science, biotechnology, etc. [7, 8], and has broad prospect. Preparation of particles is an important part of the chemical industry. Particles which have different properties can be used as stationary phases, adsorbents, catalyst carriers, etc., supercritical fluid anti-solvent process technology applications have attracted attention in this regard [9, 10]. The principle of the anti-solvent process (SAS) is: Many substances are soluble in organic solvents, but insoluble in a certain gas or a supercritical fluid. Meanwhile, under high pressure, the solubility of CO2 and other gases in many organic solvents is high, resulting in volume expansion of the solvent, therefore, when the gas or supercritical fluid is dissolved in the solvent, the solvent capacity for dissolving the solute decreases, and under appropriate conditions part or all of the solute can be precipitated which is called antisolvent process (SAS). In the anti-solvent process, the nature of the precipitate (particle size, crystal type, etc.) can be adjusted by pressure, temperature and speed of the gas dissolution. SAS techniques have applications in many areas such as natural products isolation, explosive fragmentation [11], preparation of drug particles [12], recrystallization of inorganic substances [11], etc. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) originates from spatial fluctuations of the electronic density within a material. It is ideally suitable for investigating the geometric structure of inhomogeneous materials containing regions in which fluctuation or variation in electron density extends over distances of about 0.4 nm to 200 nm (e. g., nanomaterials or porous materials). The Xray intensity emitted from a common X-ray source is always very low, so that the application of SAXS is limited. By using synchrotron radiation with high intensity as X-ray source, SAXS measurement can be well improved [13, 14]. Our work is to make use of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) study of polystyrene conformational changes in the supercritical fluid anti-solvent process. X-ray scattering like other light scattering is caused by the unevenness of the system. For example, there are particles of dust and water vapor in the atmosphere, the electron densities of the atmospheric dust and water vapor are different. When the light illuminates the subject, they produce scattered light. If the size of the particles (as the polymer solution) dispersed in uniform media is a few microns, because the X-ray waves are much smaller than visible light, only a small range of angles (θ<2o) of the scattered light can be observed [15]. The intensity of the scattered *To whom all correspondence should be sent: E-mail: email@example.com


Background: To assess quality of life (QOL) in patients with advanced lung cancer. Patients and Methods: A prospective study of 78 patients cared at home and at a palliative care unit (PCU) with 2 QOL assessments was conducted. Results: Fifty patients completed the study. In the EORTC QLQ-C30 role, cognitive, social functioning, global QOL, fatigue, pain, dyspnea, and appetite deteriorated; nausea/vomiting improved; dyspnea was more intense in the case of in-home patients. In the EORTC QLQ-LC13 hemoptysis improved; pain in other parts was more intense in the PCU patients. Pain (Visual Analogue scale) was more intense in the PCU patients; the level of activity (Karnofsky) decreased in the case of patients treated at home. Conclusions: QOL deteriorated with few differences between home and the PCU patients.


CSG method is a new technique proposed for RCC,the centre of this technique is the application of CSG(cement sand and gravel) for dam construction. CSG is a material made by adding a little amount of cement in rock-like materials such as riverbed gravel or excavation muck that can be obtained easily near dam sites,and mixing briefly and rolling with vibration rollers,which can be considered as a lean RCC.CSG dam is a symmetrical trapezoid-shaped dam,the strength of CSG is relatively not stronger compared with concrete.On the other hand,because the stress occurred in a symmetrical trapezoid-shaped dam is small,the required strength of its material can be low.Therefore,CSG can be used to construct a trapezoid-shaped dam.It is proved by practice that CSG dam has such advantages as greater safety,short construction period,low construction costs and better environment protection,so it is attracting much more attention in Europe and Japan currently.The design,construction and structural analysis for the CSG cofferdam in the upper course of Daotang dam,as the practice of CSG dam for the first time in China,are introduced here,and the characteristics of CSG method and the advantages of the method applying in temporary structures such as cofferdam and so on are clarified.Based on the results of material tests and site rolling experiments,the characteristics of CSG material and some useful technical parameters of CSG method are gotten.All these could provide experiences for the application of CSG method in China.


A substantial part of contemporary R&D policy in developed countries is focused on the support of R&D in the private sector. Such intervention is theoretically justified by a higher propensity to innovation and consequently to higher competitiveness, which promotes sustainable economic growth. Most of the empirical research done so far focuses mainly on the leverage effect, the effect on innovation activity or on estimating the crowding out effect of public support. Although the outcomes of this research are quite contradictory, only a few studies focus on the effect of public support of private R&D on the private bodies' performance indicators, which are naturally connected with a company's economic sustainability. In this article we use counterfactual design and show that the R&D policy of supporting the private sector leads to higher innovation activity, but it does not lead to higher value added and productivity for supported subjects, at least in the short run. Such a finding suggests a possible flaw in R&D policy implementation—it is questionable if higher innovation activity is truly effective if it is not followed by a positive effect on production (value added) and productivity, and if it does not have a positive effect on competitiveness or lead to sustainable economic growth.


Crime Profiling This publication intends to present a topic, the efficiency and the applicability of which have greatly divided the opinion of the experts. This method is a criminal analytical-evaluating activity technique that can facilitate the ongoing process of the investigation and its possible direction, thus, it has an investigation-supporting role. This method aims to support serialised cases or when the subject is unknown.


A traditional two-level 3-φ voltage source inverter topology operated with remote state pulsewidth modulation (RSPWM) can achieve constant common-mode voltage (CMV) without using additional passive components. However, apart from the poor harmonic performance, this topology suffers from the drawbacks of reduced dc bus utilization, increased semiconductor requirement, and higher losses. To address these issues, this letter presents a new H10 inverter topology for two-level three-phase inverter applications. The proposed topology can achieve constant CMV or zero CMV without requiring additional passive components. Compared with the RSPWM approach, the proposed H10 topology has 50% higher dc bus utilization, superior harmonic performance, reduced semiconductor requirement, and lower losses. A comparison of the proposed topology with the existing two-level solutions for CMV reduction reveals that the proposed H10 has the lowest total switch voltage rating and phase current total harmonic distortion (THD), considering zero CMV performance. Various experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype are presented to validate the theoretical claims.


A practical and efficient disposal of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in waste transformer oil by a chemical dechlorination process has been reported. The transformer oil containing commercial PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1242, 1254 and 1260) was treated by the required amounts of PEG 600 (polyethylene glycol 600), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and aluminum (Al), along with different reaction temperatures and times. The reaction of PEG with PCBs under basic condition produces arylpolyglycols, the products of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The relative efficiencies of PCB treatment process were assessed in terms of destruction and removal efficiency (DRE, %). Under the experimental conditions of PEG600/KOH/Al/100 o C/2hr, average DRE of PCBs was approximately 78%, showing completely removal of PCBs containing 7-9 chlorines on two rings of biphenyl which appear later than PCB no. 183 (2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptaCB) in retention time of GC/ECD. However, when increasing the reaction temperature and time to 150 o C and 240 min, average DRE of PCBs including the most toxic PCBs (PCB no. 77, 105, 118, 123 and 169) in PCB family reached 99.99% or better, with the exception of PCB no. 5 and 8 (2,3-diCB and 2,4'-diCB). In studying the reaction of PEG with PCBs, it confirmed that the process led to less chlorinated PCBs through a stepwise process with the successive elimination of chlorines. The process also permits complete recovery of treated transformer oil through simple segregating procedures.


The current and potential role of males in family planning is often underestimated. The use of female contraceptive methods tends to require more outside assistance than the use of male methods; therefore, the role of males is less visible and harder to document. Furthermore, males often exert considerable influence over their wives' contraceptive choices but this influence is exerted in the privacy of the home rather than in clinical settings. The value of condoms and of male sterilization procedures is also underrated. The condom is effective, is not associated with negative side effects, and is easy to distribute and to use. In addition, it provides protection from sexually transmitted diseases. Its use should be encouraged. Vasectomies, compared to female sterilization procedures, are simpler to perform and are associated with fewer complications. Efforts to simplify vasectomies even further are also being made. Investigators are currently attempting to occlude the vas by injecting a mixture of alcohol and formaldehyde through the skin. Other investigators continue their efforts to develop a male contraceptive pill; however, since males produce new sperm throughout their reproductive life span, it is more difficult to induce infertility in men than in women. The use of drugs to inhibit sperm production may also induce sperm maturations. Clinical trials of alpha chlorhydrin, which interferes with the sperm maturation process have been conducted, and in 1978 the Chinese began to use gossypol to suppress sperm production. Most of the male contraceptive agents currently being investigated offer little promise and it may be at least 10 years before an effective male pill is produced.


Never has the human race experienced such rapid and diverse change as during the 20th century. War and famine, technological revolution, social and political upheaval have turned the world and its people upside down. This book follows the dramatic story of the century's optimistic early days, through the unimaginable horrors of war, to the "global village" of its closing years. The story is told using images from the archives of the Hutton Getty Picture Collection and "The Independent". Opening with the Exposition Internationale in Paris in 1900, the book travels full circle, arriving at the end of the century in London as another exhibition takes shape at the Millennium Dome. The pictures that chart the decades focus year by year on the essence of the events that changes the world forever. The camera opens a window not only on the deeds of the figures who will find their place in the history books but also on the lives of the unremembered majority. An informed text reveals what lay behind the images and presents them in a worldwide setting, looking beyond the pictures themselves to where they fit into the global story.


Water flow and sediment movement in a double suction centrifugal pump are simulated with an Euler-Lagrange multiphase flow model and the effect of the two different blade outlet angles on the erosion rate of blade was predicted with a particle erosion model.The results show that the blade's inlet and outlet are usually severely destroyed by sediment erosion and the average erosion rate on the suction side is always greater than that on the pressure side.The impact angle is one of the major factors which influence the erosion rate of blades.Decreasing the blade's outlet angle,the erosion rate at the blade is decreased but the pump head is also decreased slightly.


This paper develops a closed-form three-dimensional passive bearings-only localization algorithm based on the method of instrumental variables. The proposed localization algorithm is shown to attain a significant reduction in bias and root-mean-square error vis-à-vis orthogonal vector and pseudolinear estimators. It also has less computational requirements than a maximum likelihood estimator thanks to involving no iterative computations that are prone to instability problems. Further complexity reduction is shown to be achievable by averaging bearing measurements over finite-length non-overlapping windows. Simulation studies are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed instrumental variable estimation algorithm in a radar localization application.


Chassis dynamometer testing in connection with high-resolution FTIR spectroscopy was used to measure the non-regulated emissions such as methane(CH₄), nitrous oxide(N₂O) and ammonia(NH₃) as well as the regulated emissions such as carbon monoxide(CO), total hydrocarbon(THC) and nitrogen oxides(NO x ). A LPLi type passenger car and a LPGi type passenger car were used. As C3 content of LPG fuel increases, CO and THC emissions were decreased but NOx was increased in LPLi passenger car. In a LPGi type passenger car, however, the opposite trend was observed in exhaust emissions.


Although diode mixers have been supplanted by cryogenically cooled SIS and HEB mixers for ultra lownoise radio-astronomical purposes; Schottky mixers are still the best solution for most other scientific and commercial applications. Their room temperature operation, broad signal and IF frequency bandwidths and overall robust operation, coupled with their modest LO power requirements and relative sensitivity make them ideal for atmospheric studies and modern test and measurement systems, such as VNA frequency extenders. This paper will discuss the ongoing development of low-noise Schottky mixers that operate across complete waveguide bands without LO power tuning and without DC bias requirements. These subharmonically pumped mixers are being developed to achieve very compact and easy to operate receiver systems that are ideal for planetary missions. As an example, the figure shows the measured mixer noise temperature of a WR1.9SHM being developed as a prototype for a proposed atmospheric probe for Venus. The goal is to cover the frequency band from 440-590GHz with only a few milliwatts of LO power (220-295GHz) and a noise temperature of less than 2,000K, DSB. Results for an optimized version of this mixer will be presented at the conference.


PURPOSE: To realize a highly precise duct system design in a flue gas duct system, and provide a flue gas duct system capable of selecting a gas exhausting machine having a proper capacity to reduce the gas exhausting equipment cost. CONSTITUTION: This system has a vertical duct 12, a plurality of branched flue gas ducts 16 branched and arranged through a branching part every floor, and a flue gas hole 20 having a blade for opening and closing a passage, and an airtight damper 23 for airtightly opening and closing the duct by a blade is formed in the branching part between the vertical duct 12 and the branched flue gas duct. The airtight damper 24 interlocks with the opening and closing of the blade of the flue gas hole 20 to open and close the damper blade. The air tight damper 24 also holds an air leak quantity less than 1.0m 3 /min per m of the circumferential length at a static pressure of 100mmAq, and a gas exhausting machine substantially bears only the negative pressure load of a gas generating space when the gas exhausting machine is driven. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO


A search is commenced directed towards understanding the fundamental elements that underlie the generation of nonuniformity correction information in dynamic infrared scene projection systems.


Executive compensation is significantly increasing in countries where there is a low level of restriction or regulation on the subject matter. The debate as to whether the owners (shareholders) of the companies should get involved in the determination of compensation for executives is still inconclusive. Some researchers and practitioners are of the view that board members who have oversight responsibility over the corporate governance system must be left to determine the executive compensation and that the State should not interfere in the work of companies. Others however believe that the State has responsibility towards providing a conducive business environment for companies, including shareholders' rights and assets. This working paper seeks to provide the descriptions about the specific provisions that were passed in the Swiss Referendum of a new resolution to put a cap on Executive Compensation for companies operating in Switzerland; a review of the pro's and con's of the action; the writer's own opinion about the proposal and the voting pattern in respect of the referendum (with particular emphasis on previous readings, research and best practices in executive compensation). The paper ends by discussing theoretical underpinnings and global best practices of executive compensation in similar jurisdictions and the world's corporate financial centres. The objective analysis of the Swiss March 2013 Referendum on Executive Compensation is based on several studies, global trends, theoretical underpinnings and best practices in executive compensation, and thus supports any regulations or provisions which allow compensation to be tied to performance of corporations.


Telaranea consobrina, T fragilis, and T palmata, new species from Australasia, are described and illustrated. Telaranea clatritexta (Stephani) Engel & Merrill and T quadricilia (Stephani) Engel & Merrill of Australasia and T. fernandeziensis (Stephani) Engel & Merrill from Juan Fernmindez are new combinations. Frullania neocaledonica of New Caledonia is proposed as a new name for Frullania caledonica (Schuster) Schuster, an illegitimate name. The following new taxa and new combinations, together with those previously published (Engel & Merrill, 1995), are the result of a phylogenetic study of the genus Telaranea, which is currently in preparation by the authors. The names are here published separately to make them immediately available for use. Studies on Australasian Hepaticae have also revealed a nomenclatural change required in the genus Frullania. Telaranea clatritexta (Stephani) Engel & Merrill, comb. nov. Basionym: Lepidozia clatritexta Stephani, Spec. Hep. 3: 583. 1909. TYPE: Australia. Western Australia: Swan River, Drummond, ex Herb. Kew (G). Lepidozia complanata Herzog, Memoranda Soc. Fauna F1. Fenn. 27(1950-1951): 92. fig. 39. 1952. Syn. nov. Telaranea complanata (Herzog) Engel & Merrill, Phytologia 79: 251. 1995 [June 1996]. TYPE: Australia. Western Australia: without specific loc., Goebel (holotype, not seen). In a previous paper (Engel & Merrill, 1995), we published the combination Telaranea complanata (Herzog) Engel & Merrill. Further studies have revealed that Lepidozia clatritexta Stephani is the same taxon, and a transfer to Telaranea is therefore required. Telaranea consobrina Engel & Merrill, sp. nov. TYPE: Tasmania. Eastern slope of Black Bluff just below summit, S of Bumrnie, 1250 m, 21 Mar. 1977, Engel 15799 (holotype, F; isotype, HO). Figure 1. Species nova T. meridianae affinis disco folii basin versus 8 cellulis lato, lobis angustioribus, amphigastriis latioribus brevioribusque, hyalodermate conspicuo differt. Plants soft and flexuous, ascending to suberect, pale green, medium in size, to 6 mm wide, including branches. Branching rather regularly 1-pinnate, the branches of the Frullania-type, at times becoming flagelliform; first branch underleaf undivided (very rarely bilobed), broadly acuminate to lanceolate. Ventral-intercalary branches not seen. Stems with cortical cells distinctly differentiated, thinwalled, in 13-14 rows; cortical cells in section slightly to distinctly larger than the numerous (4953) medullary cells. Leaves on main shoot obliquely spreading, contiguous, the disc plane or weakly convex, the lobes ventrally decurved, the insertion distinctly incubous, the disc broader than high; leaves 475-600 /m wide x 440-525 /m long, the leaves 4(5)-lobed to 0.4-0.5, the lobes straight to moderately divergent. Lobes narrowly acute to acuminate, 4-5 cells wide at base, often 4 cells wide in basal sector, then biseriate for 2-3 tiers, terminating in a short uniseriate row of 2-3 cells (or sporadically a single cell or 2 laterally juxtaposed cells); lobe cells ? isodiametric to short rectangular, thin-walled. Leaf disc somewhat asymmetrically cuneate, the disc (5)6-7(8) cells high (from median sinus base to leaf base), 13-16 cells wide in distal portion narrowing to 8(9) cells wide in basal portion. Cells of disc thin-walled, median cells short rectangular, 24-38(42) /m wide x 42-49 /m long, the cells in + irregular rows; cuticle smooth. Underleaves somewhat smaller than leaves, 1.7-2.3x stem width, 4(5)-lobed to 0.4-0.45, the lobes narrowly acut , 3-4 cells wide at base and biseriate for 1-2 tiers, ending in a uniseriate row of 2-3 short cells; disc symmetrically broadly cuneate (wider than high), 4-5 cells high (median sinus), 14-18 cells wide. Asexual reproduction lacking. Androecia and gynoecia not seen. Taxonomy. This species strongly resembles T meridiana of New Zealand, with broad, almost lonNOVON 9: 339-344. 1999. This content downloaded from 220.127.116.11 on Fri, 09 Dec 2016 05:48:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


Co-simulation is a versatile technique for splitting a large system model into multiple components that can then be solved in parallel on interconnected simulation platforms. This is most useful for interconnecting diverse Real-Time platforms (possibly from different vendors). A challenge emerges from the discrepancy of the time base between the systems. Even a minute difference in the frequencies of the forcing functions (i.e. stiff voltage and current sources in simulations of electrical systems) will cause spurious drifting and low frequency oscillations in the simulation results. A resolution is proposed in this paper based on a synchronization signal originating from one platform called the master and sent to the others. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through implementation on actual hardware, namely an interconnection between RTDS™ and Typhoon HIL platforms.


Rational eye movements in reading combining uncertainty about previous words with contextual probability Klinton Bicknell & Roger Levy {kbicknell, firstname.lastname@example.com UC San Diego Department of Linguistics 9500 Gilman Drive #108, La Jolla, CA 92093-0108 USA Abstract While there exist a range of sophisticated models of eye move- ments in reading, it remains an open question to what ex- tent human eye movement behavior during reading is adaptive given the demands of the task. In this paper, we help to an- swer this question by presenting a model of reading that cor- rects two problems with a rational model of the task, Mr. Chips (Legge, Klitz, & Tjan, 1997). We show that the resulting model is closer to human performance across two measures, support- ing the idea that many components of eye movement behavior in reading can be well understood as a rational response to the demands of the task. Keywords: computational modeling; rational analysis; eye movements; reading Introduction Choosing when and where to move one's eyes during reading is one of the most complicated skilled tasks humans perform. While there are a number of computational models achiev- ing good numerical fits on eye movement data from read- ing (e.g., Reichle, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2006; Engbert, Nuth- mann, Richter, & Kliegl, 2005), it is still unclear to what ex- tent the complex behaviors observed are rational responses to the demands of the problem itself and to what extent they arise from the idiosyncrasies and restrictions of human cog- nition. Legge, Klitz, and Tjan (1997) started to answer this question with Mr. Chips, a model which predicts eye move- ments that approximate an optimal solution to one formaliza- tion of the task of reading. Legge et al. pointed out that their model's behavior exhibits a number of patterns also found in human reading, providing evidence for understanding those behaviors as rational responses to the task. Despite its suc- cess, however, the Mr. Chips model oversimplifies two im- portant aspects of the problem of reading, and also has empir- ical problems accounting for human reading behavior in two domains. In this paper, we propose a model extending Mr. Chips that removes these two oversimplifications to make the model's task more similar to that faced by humans. We show that the resulting model also remedies the two empirical defi- ciencies in Mr. Chips, further supporting the notion that many aspects of human reading behavior can be explained as ratio- nal responses to the demands of reading. The essentials of the problem of making eye movements in reading are determining how long to leave the eyes in a given spot and – when a reader decides to move them – where to go. These decisions are made sequentially to pro- duce the alternating sequence of fixations (relatively stable periods) and saccades (movements) that characterizes the eye movement record. The past 30 years have seen a prolifera- tion of experimental studies investigating this topic, which have answered a number of low-level questions such as the nature of the perceptual span and constraints on saccade la- tency as well as questions concerning the relationship be- tween eye movements and higher-level cognitive processes such as the effect of word frequency and predictability (see Rayner, 1998 for an overview). Sophisticated computational models have been developed based on these findings, the most well-known of which are E-Z Reader (Reichle, Pollat- sek, Fisher, & Rayner, 1998; Reichle et al., 2006) and SWIFT (Engbert et al., 2005). Both E-Z Reader and SWIFT assume that lexical processing (or word recognition) is the primary driver for eye-movements in reading, and both have enjoyed considerable success, in large part because they achieve very good fits to eye movement data from reading in a number of contexts, using a relatively small number of parameters. De- spite their empirical strength, they fail to illuminate the rea- son why human reading behavior looks the way it does in one crucial respect – the extent to which it resembles a rational response to the problem posed by reading. One leading approach for answering such questions is that of rational analysis (Anderson, 1990), a paradigm in which one formalizes the goals and cognitive and physical con- straints relevant to a problem and develops a model of optimal behavior under those condition. To the extent that the behav- ior of the model is similar to that of humans, this provides a new way of understanding the reason why human behavior looks the way it does – it is the best way to solve the problem. The relationship between rational models and models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT is well understood in terms of Marr's (1982) levels of analysis. Marr distinguishes three levels of mutually-constraining analyses that can be performed on cog- nitive processes: the computational level, which specifies the nature of the computation being performed, the information relevant to solving it, and the way to combine that information to solve it; the algorithmic level, which specifies the represen- tation for the input and output and the algorithm by which the agent goes about solving it; and the implementational level, which specifies how the representations and algorithm are re- alized neurally. In these terms, rational models generally pro- vide answers at the computational level of analysis. Models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT help us to understand the al- gorithmic level, but cannot answer questions about the extent to which human reading is rational. Legge et al. (1997) presented a computational level analy-


American Physical Therapy Association 2012 Annual Conference and Exposition June 6–9, 2012 Tampa, FL Website http://www.apta.org/AnnualConference/ • Society for Research into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida (SRHSB) 56 Annual Meeting July 25–28, 2012 University of York, York, UK Website http://www.srhsb.org/meetings-and-events.aspx • The American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM) 65 Annual Meeting September 12–15, 2012 Westin Harbour Castle Toronto, Ontario, Canada Website http://www.aacpdm.org/meetings/ • American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT) ASHT's 35th Annual Meeting October 18–21, 2012 San Diego, CA Website http://www.asht.org/meeting/ • 62 Congress of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting October 6–10, 2012 Chicago, IL Website http://www.neurosurgeon.org/ • Closing the Gap 30 Annual Conference October 17–19, 2012 Minneapolis, MN Website http://www.closingthegap.com/conference/ • American Academy of Pediatrics AAP National Conference and Exhibition (NCE) October 20–23, 2012 Ernest N. Morial Convention Center New Orleans, LA Website http://www.aapexperience.org/ • American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM & R) Annual Assembly and Technical Exhibition November 15–18, 2012 Georgia World Congress Center Atlanta, GA Website aapmr.org/assembly/pages/aapmr-2012-annualassembly.aspx •


PurposeConsidering the characteristics and barriers faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the need to be competitive in the current scenario of high demand for sustainability, this paper aims to propose drivers for developing corporate sustainability in SMEs based on the most influential theoretical and empirical studies and the authors' experience.Design/methodology/approachThe scientific method used in this study was content analysis of recent literature (2015–2021), specifically the 30 most cited articles on sustainability in SMEs from the Scopus database. This methodological approach has already been tested and validity by other scientific studies. From this content analysis, elements for the development of sustainability in SMEs were identified. Subsequently, in light of the authors' experience, these elements were grouped by affinity, giving rise to the drivers that aim to guide owners and managers of SMEs in the transition to sustainability.FindingsThe major finding of this paper is the proposition of drivers for the development of sustainability in SMEs. They were proposed considering the reality of these companies to be adequate to their resources and structure and to be simple to apply. Thus, these drivers guide the owners and managers of SMEs in actions that make them more prosperous, fair and green and, consequently, more competitive.Originality/valueThis work contributes theoretically to deepening the recent body of knowledge on sustainability in SMEs and fills the gap that indicates the need for accessible and flexible management solutions oriented to the development of sustainability in SMEs.


This paper describes angle measuring principle and signal's digital processing method of Nautical Electronic Sextant, based on single chip microcomputer and rotary encoder.And it gives the related software design method.The system works reliably.


The Textbook publication system is important in securing professionalism, independence and political impartiality of education. The current History textbook publication system in Korea is the official certification system. In 2013, Gyohak-sa's Textbook for High schools was criticized for poor deliberation. many factual fallacies and biased views of history. The minister of education announced improvement plans for the history textbook publication system itself. He suggested the resurrection of the government-designated textbook system, as well as the revival of the editorial officer. Members of the history and historical education circle opposed such suggestion. The Korean history textbook certification system of 2010 and 2013 have been exposing many problems. Members of the deliberation council lacked specialty, and the timetable for examination was extremely short. Both the Government-designated textbook and officially certified textbook could affect professionalism, independence and political impartiality of education. A Free publication system would be ideal for securing political impartiality of education.


A thin-film electron emitter device having a multilayer structure, the structure consists of between upper and lower electrodes sandwiching an insulating or dielectric layers. The upper or "top" electrode is formed are sequentially stacked on the dielectric layer at the interface layer, intermediate or "middle" layer and a surface layer. The intermediate layer is made greater than the surface layer by sublimation enthalpy of sublimation enthalpy sublimation enthalpy, but less than the interface layer material. In appropriate circumstances, the surface layer can be omitted, thereby providing a three-layer structure instead of a two layer structure.


Embodiments provide a cryogenic cooling system, method and apparatus of the present invention, the system comprises the following components: an integrated heat spreader, the electric water pump, generator controller, motor controller left and right motor controllers, generators, motors and the left and right motor, motor controller connected to the left and right motor controller connected in parallel to form a parallel motor controller unit; motor left and right motors are connected in parallel to form a parallel motor unit; generator controller, parallel motor controller unit, a generator, and the parallel connected in series between the motor unit to form a low-temperature cooling circuit; integrated within the radiator coolant through the electric water pump output to the low-temperature cooling circuit, and by the low-temperature cooling circuit back to the integrated heat spreader. Thus, the hybrid vehicle can solve the same problem of excessive temperature difference between the components, ensure efficiency and service life of components.


Today, the production of boiled-smoked pork products is aimed at using intensive salting methods using technological methods of injection with multi-component brines and subsequent mechanical processing. This makes it possible to improve both the organoleptic characteristics of pork products (tenderness, consistency) and the economic indicators of the efficiency of the enterprises. The article presents the results of studies of the effect of multicomponent brines on the main functional and technological characteristics of boiled-smoked pork products. The influence of multicomponent brines on such indicators as the output of the finished product, physical and chemical indicators, organoleptic indicators has been studied.


Abstract

We investigate the contribution of the strange five-quark component to the properties of the proton and , namely, the strange quarks' contribution to the following properties: charge radius, spin, magnetic dipole moment, electric form factor, magnetic dipole form factor, and the axial form factor, with four different nonrelativistic constituent quark models. The four models we consider are of the cluster compositions of (3,2) and (4,1). For (3,2) clustering, we consider two possible configurations of (3,2), one -like and the other -like. For the (4,1) clustering, the two configurations considered are one with quark in S-wave and one with quark in P-wave. The two (4,1) configurations were previously studied by Riska and Zou. We improve their calculation by explicitly removing the CM motion in the model wave function. We also correct some errors in their results. We find that the -like (3,2) configuration can describe the strangeness properties of the proton as well as the (4,1) configuration with quark in S-wave.


Gram-positive bacteria are decorated by many surface proteins including single molecule wide, elongated adhesins that form projections from the bacterial surface with "sticky" ends to provide adherence to host cells, other bacteria, and extracellular surfaces. The C. perfringens adhesin Cpe0147 contains 11 repeat Ig-like domains that form a long stalk that projects a "sticky" adhesin domain from the bacterium surface. Each of the repeat domains contains an intramolecular ester bond formed spontaneously between the side chains of threonine and a glutamine residues [1,2]. These cross-links provide greatly enhanced mechanical, thermal, and often proteolytic stability to the entire adhesin. We have previously shown, using thermal stability experiments and circular dichroism, that single domain mutants unable to form cross-links, appear to be either unfolded or highly dynamic in solution. This poses a conundrum: how can these critical intramolecular ester bonds form if the protein domains are inherently unstable and unfolded until the bond is formed? Our working hypothesis is that while single domains are inherently unfolded or dynamic, when part of the full polymer, adjacent domains cooperatively induce folding and bond formation even though they are separated in space by ~20 Å [1]. We are examining a combination of domain constructs using size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS), differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering (Fig. 1), and X-ray crystallography experiments to understand the potential for cooperative folding in these elongated, multi-domain surface proteins that allow bacteria to exist and flourish in a harsh host environment.


We report on results of a new investigation into the Q0 degradation phenomenon observed in original CEBAF cavities when assembled into cryomodules. As a result, the RF dissipation losses increased by roughly a factor of two. The origin of the degradation, first observed in 1993, has remained unresolved up to current period, despite much effort. Recently, a new investigation has been launched, in parallel with cryomodule refurbishment. Systematic measurements are conducted with respect to the magnetic shielding effects of the double-layer shields and the magnetic properties of various components within the inner shield. This resulted in the new discovery of strongly magnetized strut springs as a major source of remanent magnetic flux near a cavity inside of all magnetic shielding. New springs with superior magnetic properties have been found, evaluated and implemented. Preservation of Q0 from vertical testing to cryomodule testing in tunnel at 5 MV/m gradient in the range of 7988% has been measured. Studies for complete Q0 preservation and possible Q0 remediation for those 330 cavities already installed in CEBAF are carried out and preliminary results are also presented.


This is a guest editorial for the Journal of Information Literacy. The information literacy world I invite you to explore appears to be a richly-layered one. Maybe it was because I have been reading lately about underlands – hidden layers and deep networks, created by nature and by humankind, beneath our feet in cities and countryside – that I was particularly struck by the shift towards a deeper and contextualised approach to information literacy. Many of the papers in this issue are concerned with understanding and developing information literacy in relation to our multi-layered, everyday existences, the different roles and experiences through which we all engage with information.


Objective To explore the yield formation and photosynthetic characteristics of restorer line Yazhan series hybrid combination of rice,the relationship between yield and yield components,and the contribution of photosynthetic related factors to yield,so as to provide technical support for the breeding of hybrid line restorer line and high-yield cultivation. Methods In this experiment,two restorer lines Yazhan and Huazhan were used as male parents,and eight sterile lines such as Nongxiang A were used as female parents.Eight groups of 16 hybrid combinations were prepared as experimental materials.Field planting and conventional water and fertilizer management were used to analyze the yield,composition factor,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate and other factors of the hybrid combinations of the two restorer lines,so as to compare the characteristics of the two restorer lines and their differences in photosynthetic performance. Results The results showed that the yield of the other 6 hybrid combinations was higher than that of the corresponding Huazhan combinations except for the C Liangyou and Quanliangyou hybrid combinations,and the yield advantage of the hybrid combinations was generally stronger than that of the Huazhan combinations.Path coefficient analysis showed that the effective panicle number and 1 000-grain weight per panicle were the main factors affecting the yield formation of Yazhan series hybrid combinations,and the grain number and seed setting rate per panicle played a secondary role,and both reached a significant level.During the period from the tillering stage to the grain filling stage,the chlorophyll content of Yazhan and their hybrid combinations dropped faster than that of Huazhan and their hybrid combinations,but the absolute value of chlorophyll content was higher than that of Huazhan and their hybrid combinations all through to the filling stage,the net photosynthetic rate of Huazhan series hybrid combinations was higher than that of Yazhan in the earing stage,but in the tillering stage and filling stage,the net photosynthetic rate of Huazhan series combinations was generally lower than that of Yanzhan series hybrid combinations,which showed that in the filling stage higher net photosynthetic rate was the key to increased production.The differences in yield formation and mechanism of the combinations were also discussed from the perspective of sink-source relationship,photosynthesis and chlorophyll,and the research results were of certain reference significance for further breeding and improvement of the restorer lines,hybridization and high-yield cultivation of the hybrid combinations. Conclusion As a restorer line,Yazhan has a better combination advantage than Huazhan,and the yield of the hybrid combinations is higher than that of Huazhan.The cultivars with strong photosynthetic ability,tillering ability and late grouting ability should be selected for restorer line breeding.


The paper discusses the problem of formulation and evaluation of a prediction model for creep and shrinkage of concrete. Verification by comparisons to a few subjectively selected data sets is no longer justifiable because computers have made statistical comparisons to the complete existing data bank easy. However, statistics based on the data bank are insufficient. There are three further criteria : (1) After optimizing its coefficients, the model should be capable of providing close fits of the individual test data covering a broad range of times, ages, humidities, thicknesses, etc. ; (2) the model should have a rational, physically justified theoretical basis, and (3) should allow good and easy extrapolation of the short-time tests into long times, high ages at loading, large thicknesses etc. The last criterion is very important because good long-time predictions can be achieved only through updating based on short-time data for the given particular concrete. Various aspects of the B3 and GZ models recently considered by ACI Committee 209, as well as some aspects of the CEF-FIP model, are briefly analyzed in the light of these criteria, clarifying the way to move ahead.


The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in March 2020 has caused unprecedented pressure on public health and healthcare. The spectrum of COVID-19 onset is large, from mild cases with minor symptoms to severe forms with multi-organ dysfunction and death. In COVID-19, multiple organ damage has been described, including lung damage, acute kidney injury, liver damage, stroke, cardiovascular and digestive tract disorders. The aspects of liver injury are different, sometimes presenting with only a slight increase in liver enzymes, but sometimes with severe liver injury, leading to acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation. In patients with chronic liver disease, especially liver cirrhosis, immune dysfunction can increase the risk of infection. Immune dysfunction has a multifactorial physiopathological mechanism, implying a complement system and macrophage activation, lymphocyte and neutrophil activity dysfunction, and intestinal dysbiosis. This review aims to evaluate the most relevant studies published in the last years related to the etiopathogenetic, biochemical, and histological aspects of liver injury in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Liver damage is more evident in patients with underlying chronic liver disease, with a significantly higher risk of developing severe outcomes of COVID-19 and death. Systemic inflammation, coagulation disorders, endothelial damage, and immune dysfunction explain the pathogenic mechanisms involved in impaired liver function. Although various mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver cell have been studied, the impact of the direct viral effect on hepatocytes is not yet established.


Objective To discuss the application effect on health education of clinical nursing pathway on patients with metabolic syndrome.Methods 108 patients with metabolic syndrome in the special wards were randomly selected and divided into experiment group and control group.56 patients in experiment group and 52 patients in control group respectively.The experiment group was systematically practiced with health education plan by means of clinical path.The control group was randomly practiced with routine health education.The effects of the two different health education patterns were compared.Results The standard rate of health education of the experiment group was 98.2%,their satisfaction was 100.0%.The life style(except smoking and drink) between the experiment group and control group was difference after outside hospital 6 months(P﹤0.05).Conclusion Health education based on clinical path can improve metabolic syndrome patients's healthy life style and the standard of health education,thus making patients more satisfied.


INTRODUCTION. In 1859, Urbain Le Verrier recognized in Paris that the precession of Mercury's perihelion could only partially be explained by the gravitational influence of other planets. The cause of a deviation of 38 arcseconds was unknown. Today the exact amount of the gap was shown to be 43". Le Verrier supposed a causal physical explanation by postulating another planet closer to the Sun than Mercury, named Vulcan. Some years before he had been successful by postulating another planet beyond Uranus. On the basis of his calculations of the deviation of Uranus, Neptun was detected. But up to now Vulcan was not detected, we know it doesn't exist.


Abstract : A problem arises when conventional kinematic equations that minimize computational time are used to model a rigid revolute robot arm. Mathematical singularities result when successive link axes line up such that their angles are 0 or 180 degrees. This may result in erratic of singularity. One solution is to spend a minimum amount of time at the singular position or to avoid this position altogether. Another solution is to use other sets of equations, instead of the regular resolved-rate equations, to model the robot arm. This thesis shows how using equations based on Newton's Second Principle of dynamics for three link, two degree of freedom manipulator, the problem of singularity is avoided. The equations are demonstrated in a simulation program. Keywords: Robotics, Robot, Simulation, Singularity, Modeling, Dynamic equations of Motion, Free body analysis.


Objective:To investigate the expression of Bag-1 and HSP70 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. Methods:S-P immunohistochemistry was used to detect Bag-1,HSP70 proteins in 36 cases of cervical cancer,64 cases of CIN and 20 cases of normal control. Results:The positive rates of Bag-1 were 15.00%(3/20),48.72% (19/39),80.00% (20/25),83.33% (30/36) in normal control,CINⅠ-Ⅱ,CINⅢ and cervical carcinoma respectively. Compared with each group,expression of Bag-1 was significantly enhanced (P0.05),but the difference of positive frequency of Bag-1 in CINⅢ and cervical carcinoma was not significant (P0.05); The positive rates of HSP70 were 15.00% (3/20),48.72% (19/39),72.00% (18/25),86.11% (31/36) in normal control,CINⅠ-Ⅱ,CINⅢ and in cervical carcinoma respectively. Compared with each group,expression of HSP70 was significantly enhanced (P0.05),but the positive frequency of HSP70 in CINⅢ and cervical carcinoma was not significant (P0.05); There was significant correlation between Bag-1 and HSP70 in cervical carcinoma (r=0.393,P=0.016). Conclusion:Bag-1 and HSP70 overexpression may play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of cervical cancer. Bag-1 and HSP70 protein in the development of cervical carcinoma enhance each other.


This paper makes simple exploration into the contents and existing problems of sci-tech security work and the assumption of strengthening sci-tech security work after WTO entry.


Received 26 February 2013; accepted 9 October 2013An alternative to the E-kdiagram is proposed as a mean of teaching the concept of hole to undergraduate students who have never studiedQuantum Mechanics. Some background on the application of Quantum Mechanics to crystalline solids is given in order to discuss theconcept of effective mass and the concept of hole. Then, the so-called


Structure/property relationships of foods as affected by processing and storage role of water in phase transition phenomena in foods selected aspects of glass transition phenomena in baked goods phase/state transitions in foods - chemical, structural and rheological changes rheology of structure development and loss during gelation and melting segregative interaction in biopolymer co-gels transitions of edible fats and triglycerides - theory and applications phase transitions in chocolate and coatings gelation of globular proteins understanding phase transitions and chemical complexing reactions in the 7S and 11S soy protein fractions crystallization phenomena in the frozen state phase transitions in ice cream phase transition and transport phenomena in frying of foods.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the health behaviors by a risk level of metabolic syndrome (MS) among petty merchants in traditional markets. Methods: The data were collected through questionnaires and physical examination on abdominal circumstance, triglyceride, HDL, blood pressure, and FBS of 177 subjects in S city, Korea. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, -test (or fisher`s exact test) and ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: The prevalence of MS was 15.8%, and risk group was 72.9%. The abdominal circumstance and triglyceride levels were higher in MS group than those of the risk group and normal group. The HDL and systolic blood pressure levels were also higher in MS group than those of the normal group. Conclusion: The prevalence of MS and risk groups was high among petty merchants in traditional markets. However, these merchants did not practice health behaviors nor take institutional health management benefit. Therefore, governmental level community based health management services are requested for them.


A new linear motor with soft magnetic composite material was designed and made.The efficiency of the motor with soft magnetic composite material was significantly higher compared with that of the motor with conventional laminated silicon iron sheets.Based on the voltage equation and the mechanical equation of the linear motor,the Matlab/Simulink model of the linear motor was obtained.A control system hardware of the motor was built based on DS1104 control board.Simulated and experimental results show that the two are basically the same.The conclusions obtained are useful for further study of the small capacity motor with soft magnetic composite material.


Metadiscourse is essential in establishing pragmatically effective academic written communication. However, little is known about how metadiscourse is used in written texts produced by tertiary level second language learners. This corpus-based linguistic research study aims to explore the frequencies and usages of metadiscourse markers in student essays written by Turkish learners of English and investigate the divergences from native speaker norms. As reference corpora, British Academic Written English (BAWE) and British National Corpus (BNC) were used. We found that in academic discourse, regardless of experience in writing (novice or expert) and L1 language background, interpersonal metadiscourse markers are used more frequently than textual metadiscourse markers. The commonalities between novice non-native and expert native writers together with differences between two native speaker groups suggest that pragmatic competence, particularly metadiscourse use, develops by experience regardless of L1 background.


Abstract The phase-matched generation of the optical second harmonic was investigated in the chiral smectic C* phase of a classical ferroelectric liquid crystal (DOBAMBC). The phase-matching was achieved either by incidence angle or by temperature tuning. The temperature behaviour of the second order nonlinear susceptibility was studied.


: The paper presents the results of the effect of different fertilizers on concentration of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of juvenile seedlings of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). The seedlings were produced in 2014 in the seedling nursery of Institute of forestry in Belgrade. The trial was set up in a random block system with three types of fertilizers and a control in three replications. Three types of pigments have been examined: chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids. The leaf sampling was carried out in the beginning of June 2014. The highest concentration of photosynthetic pigments was found in the leaves of seedlings treated with the preparation Osmocote® Exact Standard 5-6 M and the lowest in the seedlings which were not treated. The highest mean value had chlorophyll a (0.522mg/g) in treatment with Osmocote® Exact Standard 5-6 M and the lowest mean value had chlorophyll b (0.213mg/g) in the control sample. The results showed that the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of eastern black walnut juvenile seedlings varied depending on the fertilizer that was applied. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the proper fertilizer can increase the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in leaves and therefore the intensity of photosynthesis which contributes to increasing the biomass production. This paper researched the effect of different nutrition preparations on concentration of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of juvenile seedlings of eastern black walnut ( Juglans nigra L.). The following photosynthetic pigments were examined: chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids. The results


The class I MHC allele HLA-B27 is highly associated with the human spondyloarthropathies, but the basis for this association remains poorly understood. Transgenic rats with high expression of HLA-B27 develop a multisystem inflammatory disease that includes arthritis and colitis. To investigate whether CD8αβ T cells are needed in this disease, we depleted these cells in B27 transgenic rats before the onset of disease by adult thymectomy plus short-term anti-CD8α mAb treatment. This treatment induced profound, sustained depletion of CD8αβ T cells, but failed to suppress either colitis or arthritis. To address the role of CD8α+β− cells, we studied four additional groups of B27 transgenic rats treated with: 1) continuous anti-CD8α mAb, 2) continuous isotype-matched control mAb, 3) the thymectomy/pulse anti-CD8α regimen, or 4) no treatment. Arthritis occurred in ∼40% of each group, but was most significantly reduced in severity in the anti-CD8α-treated group. In addition to CD8αβ T cells, two sizeable CD8α+β− non-T cell populations were also reduced by the anti-CD8α treatment: 1) NK cells, and 2) a CD4+CD8+CD11b/c+CD161a+CD172a+ monocyte population that became expanded in diseased B27 transgenic rats. These data indicate that HLA-B27-retricted CD8+ T cells are unlikely to serve as effector cells in the transgenic rat model of HLA-B27-associated disease, in opposition to a commonly invoked hypothesis concerning the role of B27 in the spondyloarthropathies. The data also suggest that one or more populations of CD8α+β− non-T cells may play a role in the arthritis that occurs in these rats.


This paper presents a wide-range time-to-digital converter (TDC) which can provide medium and small quantized steps for different wireline clock solutions. The TDC adaptively reuses the slow chain from a Vernier structure to cover $\gt4$ ns input range with only 16-pair delay cells, rendering a fast loop locking in a digital Phase-Locked Loop. Additionally, an optional 1-bit fractional TDC helps to improve the Vernier resolution by $\gt85$%, which further eases Vernier resolution requirement for more delay unit saving. Simulated in a 5nm FinFET process, the TDC consumes 0.93mW from 0.875V supply at a sampling clock of 156.25MHz. Depending on the fractional TDC on or off, the design achieves $\sim 1.8$ ps or $\sim 16$ ps resolution, respectively.


Provides research guidance for students in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling program and the Counselor Education and Supervision program study and writing resources at St. Mary's and available online


Although born in India, like others of his class and generation Rudyard Kipling was sent back to England for his schooling. From 1878 he attended the United Services College (USC) at Westward Ho! in North Devon, a school that had been recently established under the headmastership of a family friend, Cormell Price, to accommodate the children of Indian Army officers unable to afford the fees of institutions such as Wellington College, originally established to prepare boys for the military academies at Sandhurst and Woolwich. The school was later to provide the inspiration for Kipling's Stalky & Co., a collection of stories first assembled for publication in book form in 1899 and re-issued, with five further tales, in 1929. The reception of this work and the characters within it was not universally favourable, the school upon which it was based was in many ways atypical of the standard English public school (if ever such a thing existed), and, although unquestionably a 'school story', it is not in line with the tradition fathered by Tom Brown.


This essay examines the history of European empire building and health work in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on four patterns that shed light on the ethics of outside interventions: (1) the epidemiological and bodily harms caused by conquest and economic development; (2) the uneven and inadequate health infrastructures established during the colonial era, including certain iatrogenic consequences; (3) the ethical ambiguities and transgressions of colonial research and treatment campaigns; and (4) the concerted and inadvertent efforts to undermine African healing practices, which were not always commensurable with introduced medical techniques. This kind of historical analysis helps us home in on different kinds of ethical problems that have grown out of past asymmetries of power—between people, professions, states, and institutions—that shape the nature of international health systems to this day. What do we learn about ethics and international health systems when we look to the past? This essay considers this question by examining the history of colonialism in subSaharan Africa, focusing on the harms of conquest and on the treatment and research campaigns sponsored by nascent medical services. At over 11 million square miles, Africa is the second-largest continent (after Asia) and was the last massive region of the world that Europeans colonized (between 1880 and 1910). The timing and scale of European colonization matter. This was a period when germ theories of disease began to predominate in many parts of the world and pharmaceutical treatments and vaccination campaigns were on the rise [1, 2]. It was also a time when hygienic regimes in cities became more uniform [3]. These new ideas and techniques increased people's faith that diseases could be mastered and human lives extended, if only the new knowledge were applied. By exploring the ethical dimensions of medicine in colonial Africa, we can begin to appreciate the moral complexity not only of past interventions but also of international health systems today, given their roots in imperial dynamics. Indeed, historical analysis of the unintended—and the willful—harms produced during the colonial period bring to light various lessons for the present since these patterns linger and continue to affect people's perceptions and practices.


This article aims to analyze how users of online social networks, organized in two different collectives, reacted to the pandemic context, identifying their forms of interaction and investigating how relationships on digital platforms, especially on Facebook, can influence individual and collective behaviors. From the methodological frameworks of content analysis and in depth hermeneutics, two female groups with an expressive performancein the current political scenario were analyzed: "Women United Against Bolsonaro" and "Women of the Right United for Brazil". The results obtained show the polarization in the positions regarding the pandemic coping measures and the significant presence of misinformation among the shared contents, that is, the sieve of the groups' positioning was more due to the political-partisan bias than to reliable scientific-institutional sources.


In tunnelling operations, Occupational Safety and Health (OS&H) and Environmental Protection of the areas close to the tunnel portal become even more critical in case of rock formations potentially containing asbestos, quartz, radioactive elements, etc. In order to limit the workers' exposure and the environmental impact becomes in these cases of paramount importance to preliminarily analyze and quantify the possible presence of the pollutants in the rock and, if necessary, to implement suitable measures to avoid/minimize their emission from the winning and mucking operations. However, in case of asbestos minerals, to obtain reliable results from the preliminary analysis is a challenging task, due to the complex patterns of occurrence of asbestos within the host rock. Consequently, the definition of special monitoring, alarm and control systems is essential during the tunnel excavation. The paper summarizes the results of a thorough study aimed at defining the most suitable monitoring techniques in uncertain situations and the residual criticalities, essentially due to the delay between the beginning of the pollutant release at the tunnel face and its detection. The final part of the work deals with the possible innovative prevention solutions suitable to minimize the previously mentioned delay and ensure the safety of the workers along the time necessary to stop the activities and evacuate the tunnel, on hold of the activation of a special "asbestos" organization.


The diploma thesis is a comparative study of idiomatic expressions using toponyms or anthroponyms somehow related to toponymy. Italian idiomatic expressions that meet the definition are compared to the ones existing in the Czech language. The goal of the thesis is to demonstrate that – frequently due to a common etymology – even in such a specific field of lexicon as the idiomatic expressions are, there exists a certain level of correspondence between the Italian and the Czech languages.


Background: Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is one of the chronic complications that occur in approximately 80% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. This condition is a results of metabolic, vascular, and immunological disorders. Objective: To determine the profile of electroneuromyography (ENMG) examination of DPN patients at neurology clinic of Saiful Anwar General Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional observational descriptive study was carried out at Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang from June 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015, with purposive sampling method. A total of 43 DM patients with symptoms of polyneuropathy fulfilling inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria were examined for ENMG. ENMG examirnation were including distal latency, amplitude and nerve conduction velocity of 4 motoric nerves (median, ulnar, tibial, peroneal) & 3 sensory nerves (median, ulnar, sural), and F waves of ulnar, median and peroneal nerves of the left and right extremities. Results: Of the 43 patients evaluated in this study, the mean sensory sural nerve conduction velocity was 13.01 m/s. The majority type of nerve damage in diabetic polyneuropathy patients in this study were mixed type (52.33% in the median nerve, 60.47% in the ulnar nerve, 72.10% in the tibial nerve, and 54.65% in the peroneal nerve in motor nerve studies and 80.23% in the median nerve and 88.37% in the peroneal nerve in the sensory nerve studies). Conclusion: The nerve damage that occurs in DPN patients at Saiful Anwar general Hospital is severe, with the majority being the axonal demyelinating type, especially in the sensory nerve fibers in the inferior extremities.


Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to the prediction of the growth rate of mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, in a solid culture. Cell mass is conventionally measured by analysing the concentration of glucosamine which is a component of the cell wall. The correlation between the concentration of glucosamine obtained by the conventional method and that obtained by NIR spectroscopy was examined by multiple regression analysis. The value predicted by NIR spectroscopy was in fairly good agreement with that obtained by the conventional method. This result suggests that NIR spectroscopy is applicable to the prediction of growth rate in the solid culture and gives a useful method for the control of mushroom production.


In this paper, we research the combination of two neurons in the Cellular Neural Networks (CNN). Our proposed method is inspired from the two-layer CNN. Compare to twolayer CNN the data from each neurons are send using templates A1 and B2. We apply this method to image processing of gray scale image and binary image. From two examples in simulation, we confirm proposed method have great potential in image processing. I. I NTRODUCTION Cellular Neural networks (CNN) were introduced by Chua and Yang in 1988 [ 1][2]. The idea of the CNN was inspired from the architecture of cellular automata [ 3][4] and neural networks [ 5][6]. Unlike the conventional neural networks, the CNN has local connectivity property and since the structure of CNN resembles the structure of animals' retina, they have been successfully developed in various image processing applications [ 7]. Wiring weights of the cells are established by parameters called a template. The template is used to decide the performance of CNN. In previous study of CNN, single-layer and two-layer CNNs have been introduced with many kinds of templates. For high performance processing, two-layer CNN have been proposed [8]. In this study we are not using parameter "template C" to carry the data between both layers. As a new approach, we propose a combination of two neurons for one cell in CNN. In the propose method, two templates are used simultaneously. In order to investigate the process, we apply the method to binary image. Frankly speaking, we also consider that the propose method is the new characteristic to investigate the behavior of CNN and the image feature when value is directly transferred into the next neuron using templates A, B andI. The list of this paper is structured as follows. In Sec.II, we describe about two-layer CNN. In Sec.III, we explain the propose method. In Sec.IV, we show example of simulation result from the combination of two kinds of templates. Finally in section V, we conclude the article. II. T WO-LAYER CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS In this section, we explain about the structure of two-layer CNN. The basic circuit unit in the CNN is called a cell. Each cell in the CNN only take interaction communication with the cell in neighborhood. The values of each cell change according to the neighbor cells. In the CNN, output value also depends on parameters called a template. The CNN is contain with feedback templateA, control templateB and constant bias I. In previous paper, the two-layer CNN has been introduced. The two-layer CNN have been confirmed to have more efficient structure for image processing. The two-layer CNN is a combination of two set of the single-layer CNN. The different point from the single-layer CNN is that the two-layer CNN has coupling templates C12 andC21. The templates are used to connect and transferred the data between first and second layers. The state equations and the output equations for the twolayer CNN are given as follows. State equation: dvx1ij dt = −vx1ij + i+1 ∑


There are both empirical and theoretical arguments for the thesis that external factors have an impact on domestic institutional quality. Consequently, external factors may have large effects on domestic income via local institutions. This paper investigates the role of external factors by estimating the impact of openness and the institutional environment of proximate countries on local institutions and local income. In a 107-country cross-section, we find that both openness (in trade, and especially FDI) and the institutional indicators of nearby countries have an independent impact on local institutional indicators. The effects on income levels are not symmetric, however. We estimate that trade openness plays a major role as a direct determinant of the income level, and a smaller role in determining local institutions. By contrast, institutions of nearby countries are a prime determinant of local institutions, but carry no direct effects on local income levels.


Abstract Blends of ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) rubber with thermoplastic polyolefins such as low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), high molecular weight polypropylene (PP), and polypropylene random copolymer grade (PP‐R) were prepared by melt mixing. The physico‐mechanical properties, equilibrium swelling in benzene, and aging properties of the binary blends were investigated, analyzing the effect of the rubber/thermoplastics ratio and the type of the thermoplastic material on these properties. The data obtained indicate that EPDM/PP‐R blend in 20/80 w/w% shows the highest physico‐mechanical properties with improved retained tensile strength at 90°C for 7 days. This blend ratio also gives excellent retained equilibrium swelling in benzene at room temperature for 7 days, although EPDM/LDPE blend in 80/20 w/w% imparts the highest retained elongation at break at 90°C for 7 days.


Background: Infection due to the wound has been a major health concern worldwide. Objectives: The study was aimed to characterize and determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns of some bacteria associated with untreated wound infection among secondary school student at Kura Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 24 samples were collected from the subjects with untreated infected wound from July 2018 to December 2018. The wound swab samples were inoculated onto Nutrient agar, Blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. Each colony was re-inoculated into freshly prepared agar plates until a pure colony was obtained. Isolates were identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using agar disk diffusion method. Result: The result showed that a total of 124 isolates were recovered belonging to seven different species, namely, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, coagulase negative staphylococcus species (CoNS), and Streptococcus faecalis. The most prevalent isolate was S. aureus with 24 isolates which accounted for 19.4% of the total isolates recovered. The antibiotics susceptibility pattern of the isolates showed that S. aureus is susceptible to the entire antibiotic used except amoxicillin. Streptococcus also showed resistivity to all the antibiotics except gentamicin. E. coli showed resistivity to augmentin and amoxicillin. Klebsiella is resistant amoxicillin, P. mirabilis showed resistivity to erythromycin and amoxicillin while CoNS was resistant to amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: It is concluded that bacteria are one of the etiological agents of wound.


Gender classification is one of the most interesting and challenging problems in computer vision and has been widely studied based on facial images. However, the images of human we taken from the real-world surveillance are mostly full body and relatively blurry, which is much more difficult to classify due to different poses and backgrounds in unconstrained scenarios. In this paper, we propose a new network structure based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), which is less complicated and has a small number of layers. Moreover, it can achieve a high accuracy with even trained with limited data. We evaluate our method on the dataset collected from real-world video surveillance and compare various learning algorithms including Alex Net and Google Net. The experimental results showed that the proposed model achieved better results than the tested state-of-the-art network structures.


In the present investigation hydroethanolic extracts of Vitex negundo leaves (Blue and green colour) were evaluated for their antioxidant, antiplatelet, antihemolytic and in-vitro antivenom potential against Naja naja and Daboia russelii venoms. Preliminary phytochemicals followed by GCMS analysis was carried out to identify possible chemical compounds. Both the extracts exhibited free radical scavenging effects against DPPH, OH- , NO- radicals and H2O2 in concentration dependant manner. However, blue leaf of V.negundo exhibited better scavenging effect when compared with green leaf. Various pharmacological potentials such as antihemolytic, antiproteolytic, antifibrinolytic and phospholipaseA2 inhibition were assessed and effective venom neutralizing potential was proven upon in-vitro treatment with the extracts of Vitex negundo leaves. Findings of the present study revealed that blue leaf extract of Vitex negundo has exerted potent antioxidant and venom neutralizing effect when compared with green leaf extract. This could be due to the presence of various phytoconstituents in both blue and green leaf extract which would help to develop potent antidote therapy against Naja naja and Daboia russelii envenomation.


The molecular band appearing at AV = 770 cm - 1 on the blue wing of the intercombination Cd (326.1 nm) line broadened by Cd pressure has been investigated. This band was interpreted as a rainbow satellite accompanying thedipole-forbidden Cd (314.1 nm) line associated with the 5 3 P 2 → 5 1 S 0 transition. The profile of this band has been calculated using the semiclassical model developed by Szudy and Baylis. To obtain this profile the interatomic potential of the molecular state 1 α and the dipole moment associated with this band have been modified to give the best fit profile with the experimental one.


The present invention relates to a method for producing a conical ring, preferably in the form of an intermediate ring of a multiple cone-synchronization, comprising the steps of: applying a first friction lining of a first material on a surface of a flat carrier ring; Forming the planar is provided with the first friction lining carrier ring to form a cone ring and applying a second friction lining of a second material to the second, by the conical forming surface of the support ring.


Rough beer clarification in large-sized breweries is mainly carried out using powder filters. In this work, it was attempted to explain why two rough beer samples yielded quite different filtrate volumes (~965 vs. 2,068 hL) from industrial-scale powder filters coated with equal doses of filter-aids of the same nominal permeability, but of different lots. By resorting to a bench-top dead-end filtration apparatus, the above 50% reduction in beer filterability was attributed to the lots used, the permeability of the corresponding filter cakes slightly varying from ~0.19 to 0.25 Darcy. When using a bench-top plant equipped with a 0.8-μm ceramic tubular membrane operating under constant values of the transmembrane pressure difference (3.73 bar), feed superficial velocity (6 m.s), and temperature (1.5 °C), the volumes of permeate recovered, as well as the limiting and average permeation fluxes, were not statistically different. Thus, membrane clarification of rough beer may overcome the intrinsic variation in the particle size distribution of commercially available filter-aids of the same nominal permeability.


We demonstrate the optical assembly and control of SPM-like probes, using holographic optical tweezers. We show that these probes can exert a force in excess of 60pN with a force sensitivity of 50fN.


The heuristic search community traditionally uses A* as the baseline algorithm for their research methods. Research papers in the road networks community, however, often build upon Dijkstra's algorithm and use Bidirectional Dijkstra's algorithm as their baseline. This thesis investigates the performance of A* and Bidirectional Dijkstra in road networks to see how they compare and to see if there is a principled explanation for the different approaches. Our analysis reveals why Bidirectional Dijkstra can perform well in this domain, but also shows a simple mistake that can be made when building test problems that hurts the performance of A*.


We propose a belief-formation model where agents attempt to discriminate between two theories, and where the asymmetry in strength between confirming and disconfirming evidence tilts beliefs in favor of theories that generate strong (and possibly rare) confirming evidence and weak (and frequent) disconfirming evidence. In our model, limitations on information processing provide incentives to censor weak evidence, with the consequence that for some discrimination problems, evidence may become mostly one-sided, independently of the true underlying theory. Sophisticated agents who know the characteristics of the censored data-generating process are not lured by this accumulation of ``evidence'', but less sophisticated ones end up with biased beliefs.


Overview Why Freedom? Freedom Methodology Overview Methodology Benefits of Freedom Economic Benefits of Freedom Information-Hiding Secrets Chapter Overview Information-Hiding Concepts Contrast with Traditional Design Contrast with Current OO Practice What Are Requirements? Chapter Overview Definition of Requirements Definition of Design Definition of Implementation Design and Implementation Constraints Freedom Requirements Process Chapter Overview Enterprise Process Models Bounding the Black Box Context Diagrams Requirements Process Example Problem Enterprise Process Model Example Problem Black Box Bounding Example Problem Context Diagram Quality Requirements Chapter Overview Types of Requirements Measuring Software Quality Where's the Developer? 'ility Mapping Example Problem Quality Requirements Stimulus Identification and Cohesion Chapter Overview What Is a Stimulus? Stimulus Sets Functionality Screens Programmatic Protocols Example Problem Functionality Screen Example Problem Programmatic Protocol Stimulus Organization and Architecture Chapter Overview Stimulus Set Architecture New Stimulus Response Functionality Trees Sample Functionality Tree Example Problem: Programmatic Interface Functionality Tree Example Problem: Reverse Engineering the External Interface Architecture Example Problem Functionality Tree Alternate Kickoff Approaches Functionality Tree Neutrality Reusable Requirements Chapter Overview Repetitive and Reusable Stimulus Sets Reusable Requirements Components Example Reusable Requirements Component Example Problem Reusable Requirements Incremental Development Chapter Overview Requirements Prioritization Example Problem Requirements Priorities Responses and Behavior Tables Chapter Overview Types of Responses Behavior Tables Response Recording Languages Response Recording Syntax Example Problem Behavior Tables Requirements Encapsulation Design Chapter Overview Requirements Encapsulation Design Rule Canonical Design Architecture Example Problem Functionality Module Architecture Requirements Encapsulation Chapter Overview Functionality Modules Common Service Modules Functionality Module Structure Example Problem Functionality Module Interface Prototyping Chapter Overview Purpose of Prototypes Types of Prototypes Example Problem Interface Mockup Requirements Evolution Chapter Overview Handling the Ripple Effect of Change Requirements Change Example Appendices A Software Requirements Specification B Cost Savings Estimate Details C Glossary


A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1991 and 1992 to evaluate 4 herbicides for the control of weeds in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). All weed-control treatments reduced density and dry matter of weeds infesting chilli field except metolachlor@ 0.5-1.0 kg/ha, which was found ineffective on broad-leaf weeds. Out of the 4 herbicides, pendimethalin@ 1.0 kg/ha was found most effective (87.3%) on grassy weeds, followed by metolachlor @ 1.0 kglha (80.0%) and oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg/ha (73.4%). However, best control of the broad·leaf weeds was achieved by firstname.lastname@example.com kg/ha (92.0%), followed by its lower dosages (0.1-0.2 kg/ha) and pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha (74.4%). Oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg/ha showed improvement in crop growth and fruits/plant, giving the maximum dry-chilli yield (2 210 kg/ha) compared with the other weed-control treatments.


The molecular morphology and the local dynamics of a series of aromatic terpolyesters based on p-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroquinone, and isophthalic acid were investigated using X-ray diffraction and high-resolution solid-state 13 C NMR. Correlations between the existence of well-defined crystalline forms and the local mobility of the individual polymer units were established. In certain cases, polymers containing less than 30% p-hydroxybenzoic acid exhibit a crystalline reorganization upon annealing, giving rise to a change in the dominant crystalline form. The 13 C chemical shift tensor parameters were determined from the spinning sideband intensities for the polymers containing 27 and 80% p-hydroxybenzoic acid


According to the results obtained by a full tailing bin model test, the authors analyse qualitatively fluidizing characteristics of full tailing material in a vertical tailing bin, such as critical fluidizing rate, locally scattering, inclined positive flow and bed expansion channel using the fluidization theory. On this basis, a theoretical calculation model of relevant parameters is established, providing the basis for designing process parameters of the full tailing filling system.


Previous research on children's use of non-finite verb forms in finite contexts -Root Infiniti ves (RIs) -distinguished two types of the latter: those that describe an on-going activity ("extensional" ), and those that are produced in the context of children's wishes, desires, or intentions (" intensional" ). This study provides a syntactic account of children's intensional RIs. We argue that the aspects of the children's grammar involved in generating intensional RIs (e.g. Tense/Agr system) are completely adult-li ke. On the basis of a quasi-experimental study of the spontaneous speech corpus of the Russian child, Varvara (CHILDES, Protassova 1988, MacWhinney and Snow 1990), we show that the syntactic structure of an intensional RI is that of a complement of an intensional predicate li ke want in adult Russian. The intensional predicate itself undergoes PF deletion under identity with its linguistic antecedent, in accord with the theory of surface anaphora of Hankamer and Sag (1976). The linguistic antecedent may be recovered in two ways: 1) from the previous discourse recorded in the transcript; 2) from the child's " internal monologue" which is assumed to be part of the linguistic discourse by virtue of the child's Theory of Mind, a naïve psychological framework underlying the young children's system of knowledge and beliefs. Although RIs accounted for in the second way are not adult-li ke, their non-adult status is not due to any property of children's grammar, but a result of a particular stage in psychological development.


Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has been recognized as a significant evolutionary force in the origin and diversification of vertebrates, plants, and other organisms. Acropora, one of the most speciose reef-building coral genera, responsible for creating spectacular but increasingly threatened marine ecosystems, is suspected to have originated by polyploidy, yet there is no genetic evidence to support this hypothesis. Using comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic approaches, we analyzed five Acropora genomes and an Astreopora genome (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) to show that a WGD event likely occurred between 27.9 and 35.7 Million years ago (Mya) in the most recent common ancestor of Acropora, concurrent with a massive worldwide coral extinction. We found that duplicated genes became highly enriched in gene regulation functions, some of which are involved in stress responses. The different functional clusters of duplicated genes are related to the divergence of gene expression patterns during development. Some gene duplications of proteinaceous toxins were generated by WGD in Acropora compared with other Cnidarian species. Collectively, this study provides evidence for an ancient WGD event in corals and it helps to explain the origin and diversification of Acropora.


Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) is used in the transit industry to achieve schedule adherence and reduce supervisory costs. Passengers benefit only indirectly. A more direct benefit is a Personal Portable Transit arrival-time-receiver, to provide a real time estimate of the time to arrival of the bus, subway, special needs/handicapped passenger transit pick-up, or high occupancy vehicle.


Neutron resonance densitometry (NRD) has been proposed to quantify nuclear materials in particle-like debris of melted spent nuclear fuel formed in severe nuclear reactor accidents. The NRD is a hybrid technique of the neutron resonance transmission analysis and the neutron resonance capture analysis. We have studied the statistical uncertainties of the neutron resonance transmission analysis by using the linear absorption model. Particularly, the effects of impurities and sample thickness on the uncertainties were examined.


ABSTRACT This contribution has, essentially, four objectives. The one of paramount importance is the selection -following a both thematic and diplomatic criteria-, of a wide range of documents to study the historical conquest and repopulation of the Eastern part of the Kingdom of Granada, carried about the Crown of Castile, between 1433 and 1568. The results are presented as a corpus or collection of texts, all of them preceded by an abstract or diplomatic regesta, and applying some updated and versatile transcription and edition criteria. Secondly, we adopt an organization of the obtained documentary sources according to their authorship and origin, their diplomatic typology and the textual tradition, going beyond the common classifications followed by the models and principles of traditional Diplomatics and providing a new approach to documents. From the mentioned classification, we focus the diplomatic and textual analysis on the study of document types, and we compare them to previous models in order to establish their degree of innovation. Finally, we try to channel the versatility of new technologies and the contributions of other disciplines, namely History, Philology, Law, etc. in order to obtain a textual transcription as close as possible to their original context.
With these purposes, we have applied an integrative and multidisciplinary methodology that uniquely considers the principles of Paleographic and Diplomatics, and particularly Diplomatics, but adopting an updated approach to texts, adapted to Modern Age documentary sources and considering the contributions of the mentioned disciplines. Owing to that, on the one hand, we specifically insist on adopting a transcription and edition criteria based on the principles of accuracy to text, facilitation of its comprehension and versatility, as well as a complete previous abstract or diplomatic regesta that allows the researcher for making a mental image about the contents of the document and their formal characteristics (size, material, state of preservation, etc.). On the other hand, in the diplomatic study that preceeds the collection of texts, we follow the four mentioned criteria of classification of documents: authorship, origin, documentary types and textual tradition. However, we adopt an institutional approach which goes beyond the traditional Diplomatics. Furthermore, the corpus or collection of texts is previously situated on its geographical and historical context by two introductory chapters (the second and third ones), in addition to the inevitable state of the investigation and the epistemological approach (first chapter). In the end, in order to provide a better and graphic display of contents, we have used images and pictures, maps, graphs and charts, which summarise the text.
The results demonstrate a high and satisfactory achievement of the marked objectives. In that way, thanks to the representative and varied corpus obtained, consisting of 1,159 documents in total -400 of them unpublished and 759 as abstracts of published ones-, we reduce the lack of an unifying criterion of transcription and edition on previous published documentary collections. Besides, we provide a solid base for the development of a big documentary collection related to the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada by the Castilians.
Regarding the classification of documents and their autorship in particular, it is interesting to distinguish between the institution that produces the document and its author or grantor, two concepts to which we could add another that brings attention to the person who entitles the document. This is particularly important in the case of real documents, in which we should notice the separation between the actio and conscriptio in the documentary issue process. In regards to the origin of documents, specifically if they come from a chancery or a notary's office, many clarifications are due, like the big difficulties to apply the traditional equalization between chancery and presence of seal, and its keeper or custodian; the possibility that in some cases there is not a chancellor or a legal clerk, or the conjunction of different duties in a single person. Concerning the documentary types, we appreciate three important aspects to consider: on the one hand, the maintenance of medieval typical models, specially in the case of the most majestic or pragmatic ones (like privileges and letters of privilege, or legal mandates and schedules, respectively); on the other hand, the existence of relevant changes in the shape and content of documentary types that endure, particularly in the same diplomatic category; or a progressive appearance of new models, specially in an internal administrative level.
To summarise, we find as a final conclusion that we observe a documentary transition period between the age of Trastamaras and the age of Habsburgs, between tradition and innovation, as a consequence of two causes, not only the development of Modern State and the increase of bureaucracy, but also the new needs of ruling the conquered territories of the Spanish Monarchy (The Canaries, Granada, the Americas, etc.). Finally, in addition to this, we reaffirm the necessity of a higher development of Diplomatics with a renovated and global perspective.


The nitric and acid was used to oxidative modify carbon nanotube,and the adsorption of Fe~(3+) by modified carbon nanotube was investigated.The results showed that the adsorption ability and efficiency for Fe~(3+) are much higher than before.The adsorption isotherm is in accord with Freundlich equation in the research temperature scope.